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0 5 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24298 Fri, 27 Oct 2023 16:58:28 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24298 24298 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24301 Fri, 27 Oct 2023 17:02:18 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24301 24301 0 4 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24325 Tue, 31 Oct 2023 17:35:34 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24325 24325 0 3 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24434 Tue, 28 Nov 2023 14:29:59 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24434 24434 0 5 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24436 Tue, 28 Nov 2023 14:30:29 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24436 24436 0 5 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24438 Tue, 28 Nov 2023 14:30:42 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24438 24438 0 4 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24445 Tue, 28 Nov 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Jun 2024 21:54:23 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24788 24788 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24794 Mon, 01 Jul 2024 22:45:34 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24794 24794 0 3 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24854 Thu, 11 Jul 2024 19:04:26 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24854 24854 0 4 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24942 Fri, 23 Aug 2024 23:45:59 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24942 24942 0 2 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24944 Fri, 23 Aug 2024 23:46:51 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24944 24944 0 5 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24946 Mon, 26 Aug 2024 17:34:23 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24946 24946 0 3 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=24974 Wed, 11 Sep 2024 22:01:13 +0000 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https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25269 Mon, 18 Nov 2024 15:02:59 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25269 25269 0 1 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25275 Mon, 18 Nov 2024 15:19:29 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25275 25275 0 3 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25287 Fri, 22 Nov 2024 20:38:27 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25287 25287 0 2 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25311 Mon, 02 Dec 2024 22:53:38 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25311 25311 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25378 Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:08 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25378 25378 0 4 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25380 Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:25 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25380 25380 0 2 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25382 Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:46 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25382 25382 0 5 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25394 Mon, 13 Jan 2025 16:51:14 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25394 25394 0 1 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=63 Sat, 16 Jan 2010 20:00:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=63 This listing represents the papers and extended abstracts accepted to the AEJMC conference. This may not represent the finalized papers presented at the actual conference. Due to personal decisions of the authors, they may not present at the conference.   2023 Paper Abstracts (Available on the AEJMC Conference website.) Abstracts of papers presented during the 2023 Conference in Washington, DC. 2022 Paper Abstracts (Available on the AEJMC Conference website.) Abstracts of papers presented during the 2022 Conference in Detroit, MI. 2021 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented during the 2021 AEJMC Virtual Conference. 2020 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented during the 2020 AEJMC Virtual Conference. 2019 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2019 AEJMC Conference in Toronto, Canada. 2018 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2018 AEJMC Conference in Washington, DC. 2017 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2017 AEJMC Conference in Chicago, IL. 2016 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2016 AEJMC Conference in Minneapolis, MN. 2015 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2015 AEJMC Conference in San Francisco, CA. 2014 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2014 AEJMC Conference in Montreal, Canada. 2013 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2013 AEJMC Conference in Washington, DC. 2012 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2012 AEJMC Conference in Chicago, IL. 2011 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2011 AEJMC Conference in St. Louis, MO. 2010 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2010 AEJMC Conference in Denver, CO. 2009 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2009 AEJMC Convention in Boston, MA. 2008 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2008 AEJMC Convention in Chicago, IL. 2007 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2007 AEJMC Convention, in Washington, DC. 2006 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2006 AEJMC Convention, in San Francisco, CA. 2005 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2005 AEJMC Convention, in San Antonio, TX. 2004 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2004 AEJMC Convention, in Toronto, Canada. 2003 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2003 AEJMC Convention, in Kansas City, MO. 2002 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2002 AEJMC Convention, in Miami Beach, FL. 2001 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2001 AEJMC Convention in Washington, DC. 2000 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 2000 AEJMC Convention in Phoenix, AZ. 1999 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 1999 AEJMC Convention in New Orleans, LA. 1998 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 1998 AEJMC Convention in Baltimore, MD. 1997 Paper Abstracts Abstracts of papers presented at the 1997 AEJMC Convention in Chicago, IL.]]> 63 3 10 0 http://www.aejmc.org/abstracts/ Sat, 16 Jan 2010 20:05:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=74 74 5 7 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=76 Sat, 16 Jan 2010 20:06:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=76 Journalism & Mass Communication Directory established 1983 Journalism & Mass Communication Directory lists more than 400 schools and departments of journalism and mass communication. This reference guide includes information on journalism education organizations, national funds, fellowships and foundations in journalism, as well as media and professional associations and information centers. Published annually, the Journalism & Mass Communication Directory also provides a complete AEJMC membership roster with brief biographical sketches.     Production Manager Felicia Brown AEJMC Central Office Ph: 803-772-3508 Subscriptions Manager Pamella Price AEJMC Central Office Ph: 803-772-3507 Advertising Opportunities Fred Williams AEJMC Central Office Ph: 803-798-0274 AEJMC, 234 Outlet Pointe Blvd., Suite A, Columbia, SC 29210-5667 Switchboard: 803-798-0271 • Fax: 803-772-3509]]> 76 5 4 0 http://www.aejmc.com/home/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/AdvertisingKit2020-Updated-2-13-20.pdf Sat, 16 Jan 2010 20:17:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=85 85 182 5 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=184 Sat, 23 Jan 2010 03:35:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=184 Searching the AEJMC Web Portions of the AEJMC Web site are hidden in what Chris Sherman and Gary Price call "The Invisible Web." Some information at AEJMC is kept in databases, and is thus hidden from normal search engine queries. The only way you can get at this information is through AEJMC's search engines. This applies to * The AEJMC Diversity Database * The J&MC Abstracts For the rest of the AEJMC Web site, you may use a Google search limited to aejmc.org.]]> 184 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=275 Mon, 25 Jan 2010 03:10:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=275 Search Hint: Be general. The search tool will locate any match containing the string you enter in the box. If you search the Last Name field for "son" the tool will find "jackson", "johnson", "nelson" etc. Emmanuel C. Alozie with University of Southern Mississippi Jane D. Brown with University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill Michael E. Abrams with Florida A & M University June N. Adamson with University of Tennessee Patricia Albela with Jo-Ann Huff Albers with Western Kentucky University Linda Aldoory with University of Maryland Leigh Stephens Aldrich with California State University - Sacramento Laurence B. Alexander with University of Florida Harrell T. Allen with East Carolina University Sandra Allen with Poynter Institute for Media Studies Harry Amana with University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill Julie Andsager with Washington State University Kwadwo Anokwa with Butler University Terry Anzur with University of Southern California Osei Appiah with Chandra Arts with Pikeville College Chris Ayeni with Cristina Azocar with San Francisco State Univ Anantha S. Babbili with Middle Tennessee State University Nora Baker with Southern Illinois University - Edwardsville Gail Baker with University of Florida Tamara Kay Baldwin with Southeast Missouri State University Cecelia Baldwin with San Jose State University Bala Baptiste with Indiana University]]> 275 184 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=281 Mon, 25 Jan 2010 03:11:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=281 Searching the AEJMC Web Portions of the AEJMC Web site are hidden in what Chris Sherman and Gary Price call "The Invisible Web." Some information at AEJMC is kept in databases, and is thus hidden from normal search engine queries. The only way you can get at this information is through AEJMC's search engines. This applies to

• The AEJMC Diversity Database
• The J&MC Abstracts

]]> 281 184 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=2637 Fri, 05 Nov 2010 17:52:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/ INTRODUCTION

Some of the information below came from the AEJMC Subcommittee on Educational Strategies and Technological Change (Nov. 2010).

Other information and links were provided from other other organizations.

GENERAL INFORMATION

About.com http://www.about.com

A good place to actually start a project -- especially for students who seem rusty with their Boolean syntax (or are having trouble grasping the concepts in the first place). Basically, About.com is a series of pages organized by topic, each hosted by a Guide (named and pictured--nothing anonymous). Not only is it a good tool for basic (and, on some pages, sophisticated) searching, a possible model of how Web journalism is evolving. If you call each guide an editor or a gatekeeper, I think you'll see what I mean. For each topic the Guide writes feature articles, provides news summaries, and assembles links to both articles and resources within and external to their own site. The Guide also manages chat groups and devises focused questions for the chats. Each Guide usually has a regular time when they are available on line for live talk. About.com is journalism--it provides selected, edited news, but it seems to be fully exploiting the qualities of the medium. I also find it interesting that they avoid words like "editor" or "reporter" but do use words like "news" and "articles."

The Alertbox: Current Issues in Web Usability http://www.useit.com/alertbox/

This site contains links to a number of columns about the online community. Columns include: "Trust or Bust: Communicating Trustworthiness in Web Design," "Bill Gates Shopping List to build the Internet Desktop," "Personalization id over-rated," "How people read on the Web" and "How to write inverted pyramids in cyberspace." Future columns will deal with web research and video and streaming media.

BizWeb http://www.bizweb.com

BizWeb provides complete site maps by topic, from antiques and art to Web service and software. It offers favorite categories (computer retailers, computer software, flowers, gifts, aviation, hobbies, music, employment and Web services) and favorite shopping sites.

Business Wire http://www.businesswire.com

This site provides the day's news, industry and company specific news and a variety of articles on business-related topics.

Contentious http://www.contentious.com

Contentious is a monthly web-zine designed primarily for professional writers, editors and others involved in creating online publications. The publication examines the differences in online media and between online and other media, the availability and type of job opportunities that exist online, the success of journalists (rather than marketers) in producing quality sites and the editorial rules that are emerging for Web sites. The web-zine features an editorial, interviews with online editors and writers and examinations of the best and worst online content.

C-SPAN https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwuiFita4PM&t=134s

This link offers a 3 1/2 minute tutorial on how to search in the C-SPAN archives.  An excellent teaching and research resource, the archives offer 245,000 hours of searchable C-SPAN video to users free of charge.  For more information, visit the website of the Center for C-SPAN Scholarship & Engagement at cla.purdue.edu/cspan.  For help in adding C-SPAN video to your classroom, email CCSE at CenterforCSPAN@purdue.edu.

Editing for the Web http://www.towson.edu/~lieb/editing

This site provides an online tour of media companies that use the World Wide Web; there are links to sites being discussed so users can learn from other examples. "Editing for the Web" also suggests training methods for web editors and offers pointers on how to make Web products work. There are a number of tips offered on how to make a good Web site, from design features to testing and marketing your site to the desired audience. Interesting features include discussions of the history of electronic publishing, job opportunities in Web publishing and legal and ethical issues involved in working in this medium.

The European Journalism Centre http://www.ejc.nl

The European Journalism Centre in Maastricht, Netherlands is an independent, non-profit institute for further training, a forum for journalists, media executives and journalism educators. It is where journalists from around Europe - and beyond- can meet one another, build networks, voice their views and receive additional training. Sample posting: A report on "Future of the Print Media" with a focus on European print media, which is interesting for its suggestion that media professionals and educators worldwide are all grappling with the same issues.

Experts.Com http://www.experts.com

Experts.Com is an internet directory that links users to experts on a particular subject or subjects. The site links journalists, attorneys and other researchers to political resources, professional speakers, authors and consultants.

FedStats http://www.fedstats.gov

This site is a collection of the statistics gathered by more than 70 United States federal government agencies. It is maintained by the Federal Interagency Council on Statistical Policy to provide the public with easy access to the statistics produced by the government. Users can search the database, look for fast facts or connect to the individual agencies? home pages.

Freedom Forum http://www.freedomforum.org

Freedom Forum provides information on constitutional freedoms (the First Amendment, fee press, free speech, religion and assembly) and on other legal issues (international journalists, technology) that affect the media.

"How I Got That Story" Webinars http://www.scripps.com/foundation

Bring some of the nation's finest print and broadcast journalists into your classroom with webinars that feature The E.W. Scripps Company's award-winning professionals and recipients of our Scripps Howard Awards. Access the archive free of charge at www.scripps.com/foundation.

Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. http://www.ire.com

IRE's Resource Center has more than 12,000 stories (print and broadcast) on database and tip sheets designed to improve reporting. The site also lists reporter contacts and resources for specific beats.

Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, September 1998 issue http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue1/

This site for the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication has a well-done special issue (Sept. 98) on research on online journalism. It includes articles on the changing role of the online journalist, finding information in online newspapers, who pays for content, online communities and online newspapers, etc.

jQuery Cheat Sheet for Beginners https://websitesetup.org/jquery-cheat-sheet/

Whether you’re an avid jQuery developer or just someone who is starting out, this jQuery cheat sheet will help you out. Other great website guidance tools may also be found on this website. (Resource courtesy of WebsiteSetup)

The Library of Congress http://www.loc.gov

Users can read about American history, visit an online gallery, search for general information, get forms and information from the copyright office and see Congress at work. In the "Using the Library" section, clicking on "Explore the Internet" lets users browse government resources.

Marylaine Block http://www.marylaine.com

Marylaine Block has spent more than 22 years as a librarian and is the author of a number of online columns. One major feature offered by the site is "Best Information on the Net," which Block created for St. Ambrose University. It includes categories like 'Hot Paper Topics,' 'Reference Desk,' 'Faculty Resources' and 'Looking for Work.' A number of Block's other sites can be accessed at marylaine.com: a weekly e-zine for "information junkies" called 'Ex Libris,' a column on American life called 'Observing US,' and 'Neat New Stuff I Found This Week.'

MED/AEJMC Teaching Ethics Resources http://www.teachingethicsresources.org

MED’s Teaching Ethics Resources website is a compilation of resources for all MED members and anyone who teach media or journalism ethics including advertising, public relations and entertainment ethics. We hope it will inspire and encourage you.

MediaSource http://www.mediasource.com

This site provides headline and feature news, allows users to get online press kits for a variety of companies, to contact industry experts, obtain press releases and provides news on trends and new products. It also features the Middleberg/Ross Media in Cyberspace Survey, a survey of journalistsí use of the Internet.

National Press Club http://npc.press.org

The National Press Club site provides users with membership information, a job bank and a listserv sign-up. One of the best aspects of the site, however, is the Eric Friedheim Library. This ìlibrary is a non-profit organization that provides facts, statistics and articles to journalists world-wide. "Reporter's Resources" is a page dedicated to collecting resources for reporters. There are also links to an urban studies collection and to archives maintained by the Press Club Foundation.

Knight Digital Media Center http://www.knightdigitalmediacenter.org/new_media_resources/

Located at the Online Journalism Review web site, this listing provides useful journalistic Internet resources, as recommended by journalists who use them regularly in the course of their reporting. Each topic contains a list of links to selected Internet sites and a general description of most of them. There are also step-by-step user guides to some of the sites.

Plagiarism.org http://www.plagiarism.org

This service is the largest of several new online detection services that help professors fight plagiarism from the Internet. Its database is enormous. You can upload the papers yourself and have the service check them over or you can require students to do so. With this latter option, you register your class, then each student sends the paper to the service and it in turn sends to you a report on each paper's "degree of originality." Students report they like it when professors use the service because they feel more motivated if they know cheaters will be caught. The magazine Yahoo Internet Life did a test of this service and two others (Integriguard and Essay Verification Engine) in its May issue. Plagiarism.org caught all the forgeries. Integrid caught about half and Essay Verification caught none. The founder of Plagiarism.org is John Barrie, a Berkeley grad student who felt the Internet spawned the problem, so the Internet should solve it. The advantage of using something like Plagiarism.org is students believe you are Net savvy, but if you don't use it and get a paper you're suspicious of, the simplest way to test it is to take a unique or unusually worded phrase and run it in altavista.com. Be sure to put quote marks around the phrase or the search engine will bring back documents that have any of the words in the phrase.

The top three are blatant--("you forgot to study, a paper's due tomorrow, we have the solution," etc.). The last two claim their papers are for reference only. The papers often are quite good and there's no crime in CITING these papers. It's passing them off as their own work that is wrong.

Additional Resources:

1. 1. http://www.papermasters.com
   2. http://www.cyberessays.com
   3. http://www.greatpapers.net
   4. http://www.academictermpapers.com
   5. http://www.termpapersolutions.com

Plagiarism on Campus Resources to Help Detect, Prevent and Avoid Classroom Plagiarism for Teachers and Students http://www.affordablecollegesonline.org/college-resource-center/plagiarism-prevention-and-awareness/

This online guide includes a wealth of information and resources, such as: - An inspection of the differences between intentional and accidental plagiarism - Best practices and tips on avoiding plagiarism - Plagiarism resources for students and teachers including a list of tools for proper citation

ProfNet http://www.profnet.com/

ProfNet is a subsidiary of PR Newswire that allows users to reach sources through e-mail queries and by searching a database of 2,500 "experts." Searches can be limited to academic, corporate and public service sources. Users can also read reporters' comments, see what news organizations have been assisted by ProfNet or visit the PRN press room.

Learn about how to prevent plagiarism and copyright and trademark infringement SecureYourTrademark.com

This site is a service of the Law Office of Xavier Morales. Intellectual property involves the creation of artistic designs, writings, names, logos, and ideas. Intellectual property includes writings, artwork, computer programs, trademarks, industrial designs, copyrights, patents, lay-out designs, and trade secrets. Intellectual property falls into one of two distinct categories, including copyrights and trademarks. Authored manuscripts, songs, paintings, and textile designs typically fall under copyrighted material. Brand names and logos generally fall under trademarks. Sole proprietors, small businesses, and corporate entities can file for copyright, patent, and trademark registration to prevent plagiarizers and violators from infringing their work.

Social Media Tips Tweet up with your colleague, By Amy Falkner, Syracuse University

Virtual Reference http://refdesk.com

This site lets users search the web, dictionaries and other reference sources for stock information, weather around the world and quotes. It has links to major news organizations like the AP and CNN, as well as radio, newspaper, magazine, internet and technology news sites. The research tools section allows users to find anything from acronyms to ZIP codes with the click of a button.

Web Page Design for Designers http://wpdfd.com/

This site is designed for people who already have knowledge of typography and design in print mediums and now want to use this knowledge to create online. Writer and designer Joe Gillespie says: ìWhen I started this site in August 1996, it was with the intention of helping other graphic designers make the transition from print to web design as I did. The site provides information on typography and graphics and provides links to a number of Web design resources.

Web Pages That Suck http://www.webpagesthatsuck.com

Vincent Flanders uses this site to discuss and illustrate design flaws by linking users to the pages that he dislikes. However, Flanders does include links to sites that he says are designed properly. He also provides helpful tips for designers, like "The Number 1 Overlooked Design Mistake." According to Flanders, "The purpose of WebPagesThatSuck.com (WPTS) and its related sites is to provide easy-to-read and understand information about how to make your Web sites successful."

The Well http://well.com/

The Well is a group of more than 260 electronic villages that facilitate discussion on numerous topics. Categories include parenting, speculation on the future, and pop culture. Although users can read from one conference without registering (by going to Inkwell.com), users must join The Well in order to access the electronic villages and participate in discussions.

Web Style Guide http://www.info.med.yale.edu/caim/manual/contents.html

The Yale site is a project that developed as a way to integrate multimedia software design, graphic interface design and book design with the World Wide Web. That is to say, the site combines traditional editorial approaches to writing with the technical skills necessary to create an informative and exciting Web page. Features include: How to identify your target audience; Developing a statement of purpose for the Web site; Knowing your main objectives and your long-term goals; Creating an outline of the content of the Web page. The site also discusses design strategies, incorporating multimedia effects into a site and editorial style.

<< Teaching Resources

]]> 2637 2632 3 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=2649 Fri, 05 Nov 2010 18:02:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/ AEJMC Resources: Reports Future of The First Amendment: 2016 Survey of High School Students and Teachers A Knight Foundation Report As debates around free speech, censorship and public trust in media continue to intensify, a new survey shows that high school student support for the First Amendment is the highest it has been in the last 10 years. The national study of 11,998 high school students and 726 teachers is the sixth in a series of national surveys of high school students and teachers commissioned by the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation over the last 10 years. It holds important implications for the future of the First Amendment. It also provides insights to journalists and news organizations as they explore ways to increase audience engagement and address issues with public trust. See the Report ****************************** Report and Recommendations of the Task Force on AEJMC in the Global Century By the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Media education is changing. New media technologies, shifting media business models and the evolution of International Information Networks are reshaping media practices worldwide. Most countries now consider media essential to society. They have expanded teaching and research about media. They have created new public and private schools of media education. They have produced growing numbers of media teachers and scholars. They are dealing with soaring growth in student enrollments. See the Report (PDF). ****************************** Report of the Task Force on the Status and Future of Doctoral Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Seventeen scholar-teachers representing a broad cross-section of AEJMC-affiliated programs worked on this project, which resulted in two presentations at the AEJMC national convention, in 2004 and 2005, and now, this final report.  See the Report (PDF). ****************************** Diversity Report Assessing Efforts and Policies Related to the Recruitment and Retention of Minority Faculty at Accredited and Non-Accredited Journalism and Mass Communication Programs. See the Report (PDF). See Diversity Report Appendixes (PDF). ****************************** Journalism and Mass Communication Education: 2001 and Beyond TABLE OF CONTENTS

• "Introduction" by Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver
• "Task Force on the Professions in the New Millennium" report from the Task Force on the Professions
• "Information Technology: Implications for the Future of Journalism and Mass Communication Education" report from the subcommittee on Educational Strategies and Technological Change
• "New Media Summit Report" summary of a panel session at the AEJMC 2000 Convention
• "Into the 21st Century: The Challenges of Journalism and Mass Communication Education" report from the subcommittee on Inclusivity

Articles published by the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication in March 2001. Copyright 2001. << AEJMC Resources]]> 2649 2632 8 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=9870 Fri, 21 Sep 2012 14:47:32 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=9870 J&C MONOGRAPHS CLASSICS SELECTION PROCESS The task suggested by Jennifer McGill and the Publications Committee was daunting. For the 100th AEJMC anniversary, choose the top ten pieces published in Monographs since 1966. With more than 200 articles from many of the most renowned members of our field, daunting is an understatement. However, the current editorial board of Kevin Barnhurst, University of Illinois at Chicago, Genelle Belmas, Cal State University, Fullerton, Sheri Broyles, University of North Texas, C. Patrick Burrowes, Penn State Harrisburg, Sharon Dunwoody, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Jennifer D. Greer, University of Alabama, Barry Hollander, University of Georgia, Kathleen S. Kelly, University of Florida, Kevin R. Kemper, University of Arizona, Charles Lubbers, University of South Dakota, Joseph J. Marren, Jr., Buffalo State College, Kathleen K. Olson, Lehigh University, Daniel Panici, University of Southern Maine, Carol J. Pardun, University of South Carolina, Paula Poindexter, University of Texas at Austin, Susanna Hornig Priest, George Mason University, Henry Puente, California State University, Fullerton, Sujatha Sosale, The University of Iowa, H. Denis Wu, Boston University, Kyu Ho Youm, University of Oregon immediately took up the challenge and provided a list of about 30 recommendations. I came up with the final ten after I inputted the titles into Google Scholar and noted the number of citations for each one. I realize that this process probably biases toward older works (although only three of the 30 were from this century). Regardless, I am proud of the final ten overseen by four Monographs editors and appreciate our organization that makes the articles easily available to you. Live long and publish. Paul Martin Lester California State University, Fullerton Editor, J&C Monographs  

Classic J&C Monographs Articles

JMC Monographs 163 • September 1997 Eric S. Fredin Rethinking the News Story for the Internet: Hyperstory Prototypes and a Model of the User		Journalism Monographs 103 • June 1987 Pamela J. Shoemaker with Elizabeth Kay Mayfield Building a Theory of News Content: A Synthesis of Current Approaches
JMC Monographs 152 • August 1995 Craig Trumbo Longitudinal Modeling of Public Issues: An Application of the Agenda-Setting Process to the Issue of Global Warming		Journalism Monographs 49 • May 1977 Margaret A. Blanchard The Hutchins Commission, The Press and the Responsibility Concept
Journalism Monographs 147 • October 1994 W. James Potter Cultivation Theory and Research: A Methodological Critique		Journalism Monographs 46 • November 1976 James E. Grunig Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory
Journalism Monographs 126 • April 1991 Everett M. Rogers, James W. Dearing, Soonbum Chang AIDS in the 1980s: The Agenda-Setting Process for a Public Issue		Journalism Monographs 37 • November 1974 John Dimmick The Gate-Keeper: An Uncertainty Theory
Journalism Monographs 125 • November 1991 John J. Pauly A Beginner’s Guide To Doing Qualitative Research In Mass Communication		Journalism Monographs 24 • August 1972 Maxwell E. McCombs Mass Media In The Marketplace

]]> 9870 5 8 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=9898 Fri, 21 Sep 2012 17:32:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=9898 J&MC QUARTERLY CLASSICS SELECTION PROCESS Developing a list of the top 50 classic Journalism Quarterly and Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly articles for AEJMC’s centennial celebration has been a piece of research in itself, one that has involved contributions from hundreds of AEJMC members and collaboration with editors and editorial board members of Quarterly. The process began in September 2011. As we worked to compile the list, we wanted as much membership involvement as possible. We started by inviting nominations from the full AEJMC membership and from members of the J&MCQ Editorial Advisory Board. I also issued a personal invitation for nominations and recommendations from previous editors — Guido Stempel, Don Shaw and Jean Folkerts. All nominations were considered and became our starting pool of articles. The next step was to try to narrow the pool down. Drawing on a number of resources— professors Stempel, Shaw and Folkerts for a second round, as well as major citation studies (i.e., multiple studies that identified the most-cited works in our field) and even Google Scholar—and my own experience as a mass communication theory professor, researcher, and editor, I finally assembled a list of 50 articles that I hope our members agree have been influential in our field. It is an impressive list of articles, ranging from examinations of early journalism issues, like AEJMC founder Willard Bleyer’s article “What Journalism Schools are Trying to Do,” to more contemporary research questions and inquiries, like Thomas Johnson and Barbara Kaye’s oft-cited article on “Wag the Blog: How Reliance on Traditional Media and the Internet Influence Credibility Perceptions of Weblogs among Blog Users.” It represents the rich depth and the breadth of our work, in terms of both substance and method. Daniel Riffe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Editor, J&MC Quarterly  

Classic J&MC Quarterly Articles

Journalism Quarterly 1930s • 1931-Bleyer-35-44		Journalism Quarterly 1940s • 1949-Schramm-259-69
Journalism Quarterly 1950s • 1950-White-383-90 • 1955-Breed-277-328 • 1956-Gieber-423-32 • 1957-Westley-31-8 • 1959-Nevins-411-22		Journalism Quarterly 1960s • 1960-Nixon-13-28 • 1960-Deutschmann-345-55 • 1963-Samuelson-491-617 • 1964-Westley-Severin-45-50 • 1964-McLeod-529-77 • 1965-Carter-29-34 • 1966-Greenberg-665-70 • 1967-Shaw-3-31 • 1969-Jacobson-20-8 • 1969-Stempel-699-706
Journalism Quarterly 1970s • 1970-Chaffee-647-66 • 1971-Kline-211-21 • 1973-Donohue-652-9 • 1974-Robinson-587-94 • 1977-Chaffee-466-76 • 1978-Blumler-219-30 • 1978-Carey-846-55		Journalism Quarterly 1980s • 1981-Stone-51-5 • 1982-Whitney-60-5 • 1983-Folkerts-28-34 • 1984-Smith-97-141 • 1985-Weaver-87-94 • 1985-Nord-227-35 • 1986-Gaziano-451-62 • 1989-Lacy-40-8 • 1989-Donohue-807-45
Journalism Quarterly 1990s • 1990-Drechsel-1062-70 • 1991-Shoemaker-781-95 • 1992-Blanchard-5-17 • 1992-Hindman-48-64 • 1992-Walden-65-88 • 1992-Entman-341-61 • 1992-Stevenson-543-53 • 1993-Riffe/Aust/Lacy-133-39		J&MC Quarterly 1990s • 1996-Grimes/Dreshsel-169-180 • 1996-Hindman-708-21 • 1997-Kitch-477-89 • 1997-McCombs-703-17 • 1998-Johnson/Kay-325-340 • 1998-Bunker/Davis-464-477
J&MC Quarterly 2000s • 2000-Campbell-405-422 • 2001-Shoemaker-233-46 • 2004-Johnson/Kay-622-642

]]> 9898 5 7 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=12274 Thu, 13 Jun 2013 15:36:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=12274 Click links below to view the Spanish versions of the abstracts in each volume.

		Volume 90 See the Spanish Translations: • Volumen 90 Número 4 Invierno 2013 (Volume 90 Number 4 Winter 2013) • Volumen 90 Número 3 Otoño 2013 (Volume 90 Number 3 Autumn 2013) • Volumen 90 Número 2 Verano 2013 (Volume 90 Number 2 Summer 2013) • Volumen 90 Número 1 Primavera 2013 (Volume 90 Number 1 Spring 2013)
		Volume 68 See the Spanish Translations: • Volumen 68 Número 4 Invierno 2013 (Volume 68 Number 4 Winter 2013) • Volumen 68 Número 3 Otoño 2013 (Volume 68 Number 3 Autumn 2013) • Volumen 68 Número 2 Verano 2013 (Volume 68 Number 2 Summer 2013) • Volumen 68 Número 1 Primavera 2013 (Volume 68 Number 1 Spring 2013)
		Volume 15 See the Spanish Translations: • Volumen 15 Número 4 Invierno 2013 (Volume 15 Number 4 Winter 2013) • Volumen 15 Número 3 Otoño 2013 (Volume 15 Number 3 Autumn 2013) • Volumen 15 Número 2 Verano 2013 (Volume 15 Number 2 Summer 2013) • Volumen 15 Número 1 Primavera 2013 (Volume 15 Number 1 Spring 2013)

]]> 12274 5 9 0 http://www.aejmc.org/home/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/AEJMC_Summit_Report.pdf Thu, 01 Aug 2013 18:36:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=12503 12503 3 13 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=13399 Tue, 10 Dec 2013 14:17:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=13399 These are helpful resources that may assist paper presenters and paper reviewers during the AEJMC conference paper submission process. Resources for Paper Presenters:

• Remove hidden data and personal information by inspecting documents, presentations, or workbooks (Courtesy of Microsoft Office) • GO>>
• Remove hidden data and personal information in PDFs: Sanitize document (Acrobat Pro DC) (Courtesy of Adobe Support) • GO>> ALSO: How to remove properties in Adobe Reader (Yahoo Search) • GO>>
• Paper Presenter FAQs • GO>>
• Paper Presenters, Moderators & Discussants Session Suggestions (PDF) • GO>
• Poster Board Example (PDF) • GO>>
• Poster Board Tips (JPG) • GO>>

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Resources for Paper Reviewers:

• Sample Reviewer Organizer Sheet • GO>>
• Reviewers Guide: How to Review Extended Abstracts • GO>>
• Extended Abstracts: AEJMC 2020 Research Chair Training • GO>>

Articles:

• About Poster Sessions (By Sheri Broyles) • GO>>
• “Poster Child? Not Bad” (By Jack Rosenberry) • GO>>
• About High Density Sessions (By Chuck Lubbers) • GO>>
• How Discussants Prevent Discussion (By Herbert Jack Rotfeld) • GO>>

]]> 13399 3 11 0 About Poster Sessions]]> https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slider&p=23459 Tue, 15 Nov 2022 14:55:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slider&p=23459 23459 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slider&p=24104 Fri, 29 Sep 2023 15:50:17 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slider&p=24104 24104 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slider&p=24174 Mon, 02 Oct 2023 23:17:17 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slider&p=24174 24174 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slider&p=24175 Mon, 02 Oct 2023 23:17:20 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slider&p=24175 24175 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25396 Mon, 13 Jan 2025 16:51:43 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slide&p=25396 25396 0 3 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slider&p=25399 Wed, 15 Jan 2025 00:21:59 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?post_type=ml-slider&p=25399 25399 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/ Thu, 12 Nov 2009 19:50:00 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=2 The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a nonprofit, educational association of journalism and mass communication educators, students and media professionals. The Association’s mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to cultivate the widest possible range of communication research, to encourage the implementation of a multi-cultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice and a better informed public.]]> 2 0 2 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/scholarship/ Thu, 07 Jan 2010 15:22:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=3 Awards and Calls AEJMC Award Recipients Collaborative Scholar Program Emerging Scholars Program Senior Scholars Program IDL Program Visiting Professor Grants Conference Papers]]> 3 0 3 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/publications/ Thu, 07 Jan 2010 15:28:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=5 AEJMC with questions regarding subscription address changes or other member publication questions.

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AEJMC Scholarly Journals AEJMC offers three online scholarly journals that are produced by SAGE Publications. AEJMC members may enjoy free access of full online versions of the journals by visiting the Publications page after logging into the AEJMC Community. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (JMCQ)  eISSN: 2161430X | ISSN: 10776990 – 4 issues Journalism & Mass Communication Educator (JMCE)  ISSN: 21614326 | ISSN: 10776958 – 4 issues

Journalism & Communication Monographs (JCM) eISSN: 21614342 | ISSN: 15226379 – 4 issues

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AEJMC Division & Interest Group (DIG)  Journals Some AEJMC Divisions and Interest Groups (DIGs) publish journals featuring research related to their special area of mass communication. These journals are available by joining the DIG for an additional fee.

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AEJMC Newsletter AEJMC produces a newsletter containing news about the association as well as calls for work and award nominations and AEJMC Conference announcements. AEJMC News Online newsletter – 4 issues]]> 5 0 6 0 https://convention2.allacademic.com/one/aejmc/aejmc22/ Tue, 06 Oct 2020 13:00:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=47 47 3 12 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=11460 Thu, 04 Feb 2021 11:00:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=11460

JOIN US!

Upcoming Chat date: TBA

#AejmcChats

Join the conversation. AEJMC Chats features conversations on Twitter between academics and professionals on current topics in journalism and mass communication education and practice. Chats will be hosted by @AEJMC several times per year.

Tweets by AEJMC

]]> 11460 21137 7 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=14052 Wed, 16 Jul 2014 18:45:49 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=14052

Resources:

• Predatory Journals

• The Future of Journalism Education

]]> 14052 3 5 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=15557 Tue, 15 Sep 2015 13:39:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=15557

THE AEJMC eDIRECTORY SITE IS UNDER CONSTRUCTION. CHANGES AND UPDATES CANNOT BE MADE AT THIS TIME. PLEASE CONTACT THE AEJMC MEMBERSHIP DIRECTOR WITH QUESTIONS. (2/17)

The Journalism & Mass Communication Directory is Digital!

Enjoy the  online eDirectory including features such as instant updates, searchable keywords and the option to add your photo or logo! This member service offers the opportunity to have participating AEJMC member and ASJMC school information available from any computer, tablet or mobile phone. The eDirectory has replaced the paper JMC Directory that members used to receive. Updates are easy, and can be done year-round.

AEJMC eDirectory Instructions

Please view the instructions below and contact Pamella Price, AEJMC Membership Director if you have any questions. We also encourage your feedback to help make the new AEJMC eDirectory as successful as possible. PLEASE NOTE: Membership address changes to their eDirectory should also be sent to the AEJMC Membership Director. The membership system is not connected to the eDirectory.

• Create Your Account: Click here (or use the activation email you received directly from eDirectory) to create your eDirectory account using the email address we have on file for you. You will click "create your account" on the top right corner.
• Password is your AEJMC Member #. Click here if you need your member #.
• Listing: You should then see your personal listing, which you may "edit" however you wish.
• Description is what would be equivalent to your listing in the paper directory. Please put your information here. You may put a bio or something similar in the "Summary Description" portion.
• Keyword Search is a new feature - you may add any relevant keywords for your entry, for example if you are a member of a division or interest group, you may add that keyword here.
• Contact Info - please add all of the contact info you would like to display with your listing.
• Images is a new feature - you may add your picture or school logo here.
• Once you finish updating your AEJMC eDirectory listing, please click Submit at the bottom of the page.

contact Pamella Price, AEJMC Membership Director with questions or comments, or if you would like to opt out of this service. Thank you for being the best part of AEJMC!]]> 15557 197 4 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=15803 Tue, 17 Nov 2015 18:03:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=15803 AEJMC 2015 Graduate Student Info Expo Participating Schools These schools participated in AEJMC’s 2015 Graduate Student Info Expo held Aug. 8 during the AEJMC Conference in San Francisco. Details of the schools’ journalism/mass communications graduate programs can be found below. (DOWNLOAD THE PDF FILE) Boston University Bowling Green State University Michigan State University Pennsylvania State University Syracuse University Temple University University of Kansas University of Kentucky University of Miami University of Minnesota University of Missouri University of Oklahoma – Gaylord College University of Oregon University of Texas at Austin Boston University College of Communication In the Boston University College of Communication (COM), new media, innovation, communication, and a passion for storytelling intersect. Students at COM gain an edge on their peers by understanding and doing what communication is today – and what it will be tomorrow. And, the city of Boston and the surrounding areas provide an unmatched higher education atmosphere and a wealth of job and internship opportunities for students. At COM, we're breaking new ground with graduate programs in Media Ventures, Emerging Media Studies, and Cinema and Media Production. But we’re also reinventing traditional industries and infusing them with the latest new media technologies: programs in Public Relations, Journalism, and Advertising rest at our core. Our complete list of program offerings: Advertising (MS) Applied Communication Research (MS in Mass Communication) Cinema and Media Production (MFA) Communication Studies (MS in Mass Communication) Emerging Media Studies (MA and PhD) Film and TV Studies (MFA in Film) Journalism (MS) Mass Communication and Law (JD/MS Dual Degree) Media Ventures (MS) Public Relations (MS) Science Journalism (MS) Screenwriting (MFA) Television (MS) For more information, please visit: www.bu.edu/com.grad www.twitter.com/bucomgrad www.facebook.com/bucomgrad Bowling Green State University School of Media & Communication The graduate programs in the School of Media & Communication at Bowling Green State University offer students a variety of options to aid them in their academic and professional pursuits. The School offers a Ph.D. program, a generalist MA, three MA specializations, and three graduate certificates. The School prides itself in providing a collaborative environment where multiple perspectives and approaches to the study of media and communication thrive and contribute to mutual enrichment. As one of the nation’s most diverse programs in media and communication, our doctoral program is founded on the principle of inclusiveness. The doctoral program in Media and Communication is designed to prepare students for a career in scholarship, academic research, and teaching at the university and college levels. Our generalist MA program offers great breadth and depth to meet a broad spectrum of scholarly needs for students. Students in this track are preparing for doctoral study and a future academic career. The master’s program also offers three specializations: International/Intercultural Communication: This specialization is designed to meet the increasing needs of individuals and organizations to communicate more effectively in international/intercultural contexts. It enhances students’ capacity for effective communication by raising international/intercultural understanding and sensitivity. Social & Interactive Media: This specialization is designed to meet the needs of a rapidly changing media and communication industry while providing intellectual leadership to the study of social and interactive media. Founded primarily on the social scientific knowledge of social and interactive media for their strategic applications, this program also exposes students to the process of online and interactive media production to help them better understand the technology and apply it to their practice or research. Strategic Communication: This specialization is designed for media and communication professionals working in corporations, non-profit organizations, and media companies to coordinate and execute various communication functions such as public relations, advertising, and social media. The program is geared toward professionals with a minimum of three years of professional experience who desire to update their knowledge and skills to advance in their current positions or to explore new career opportunities. These specializations are also available as graduate certificates: Graduate Certificate in International/Intercultural Communication; Graduate Certificate in Social & Interactive Media; Graduate Certificate in Strategic Communication. Michigan State University School of Journalism Master's of Arts Degree in Journalism Our master's students have different backgrounds and different reasons for pursuing a master's degree. Some of our students may be grouped into one of the following areas: • Are returning professionals who want to update their skills. • Have a BA in another area and want a new career in journalism. • Come straight from a journalism undergrad degree and want to pursue a specialization. • Want to kick-start a career in academia and pursue a Ph.D. Our program has a track for professional development and a track for academic and research training. We can accommodate students wanting to learn fundamental skills in journalism, the latest communication technologies, a specialization, applied or academic research methods or better understand the relationship between society and media. Our students graduate with a great project to show to prospective employers, or an internship that might open doors to a new job or a thesis to gain experience in research and theory in a topic that inspires them. Special concentration areas include health, environment and science; international and journalism education. For more information, please see the academic catalog and the admissions process. You may also contact the director of the journalism grad program: Geri Alumit Zeldes, Ph.D., alumitge@msu.edu Media and Information Studies Ph.D. The School of Journalism is a collaborator in the Media and Information Studies (M.I.S) Ph.D. program. Students choose Journalism as their home department if they would like to study any aspect of journalism (text and visual communication) and its relationship to societies in our global village. Our students also study the industry, audiences and traditional media and innovative technologies influences. And, they work with faculty on issues concerning social media, health and environment, and international studies, among myriad other topics of their choosing. We invite you to join other students in this exciting interdisciplinary field that is at the intersection of the social sciences, traditional media and socio-technical systems. Students develop and apply knowledge about media and information and communication technologies. They become active scholars, teachers, and leaders in media and information fields in industry and at universities across the globe. Our M.I.S. Ph.D. program is ranked among the top 10 of all doctoral programs in communication in the United States, according to the National Research Council (NRC). Our faculty and the colleges Ph.D. programs were placed No. 1 in educating researchers in communication technology, and were in the top four in mass communication, according to the most recent National Communication Association (NCA) rankings. In addition, we were ranked third in faculty publications and student authorship in a study reported in The Electronic Journal of Communication. For more information about studying journalism through the Media and Information Studies program, please contact Geri Alumit Zeldes, Ph.D., atalumitge@msu.edu. Penn State College of Communications M.A. in Media Studies and Ph.D. in Mass Communications The College of Communications at Penn State offers the M.A. in Media Studies and the Ph.D. in Mass Communications. The curriculum allows students to design a program of study tailored to their interests, choosing from an array of classes that explore theory and research methods in mass communication. Students work closely with advisers and faculty committees in choosing course work to support and expand their expertise. Doctoral students are provided mentorship and experience in classroom teaching. The college’s special enterprises – including the Media Effects Research Laboratory, the Arthur W. Page Center for Integrity in Public Communication, the John Curley Center for Sports Journalism, and the Institute for Information Policy – bring faculty members and students together around cutting-edge research initiatives. Students and faculty have jointly presented research at dozens of conferences. They also have published articles in numerous scholarly journals including the Journal of Advertising, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, Computers in Human Behavior, Journal of Sports Media, and Newspaper Research Journal. Students receive generous support for travel to conferences. They may also apply for internal research grants and they receive guidance in seeking external funding. Graduates of the college hold faculty positions at an array of colleges and universities including Bates College, Virginia Tech, Louisiana State University, Clemson University, Susquehanna University, Niagara University, Elon University, University of Missouri, University of Florida, and University of Connecticut. They also hold positions at AccuWeather, Nickelodeon, Media Kitchen, and the Pacific Telecommunications Council. Syracuse University Newhouse School The Newhouse School at Syracuse University is one of the nation's premier communications schools where talented students come to study and learn from top industry professionals. We pride ourselves on the highest caliber education made possible by an incredible, forward-thinking faculty and state-of-the-art facilities. We offer 13 on-campus, professional master's degree programs in public communications, most of which can be completed in one calendar year. They are: Advertising; Arts Journalism; Audio Arts; Broadcast and Digital Journalism; Computational Journalism; Documentary Film and History; Magazine, Newspaper and Online Journalism; Media and Education; New Media Management; Photography; Public Diplomacy; Public Relations; Television, Radio and Film. We also offer a part-time, online master's degree in Communications with three different tracks: advertising, public relations, and journalism innovation; an executive master's program in Communications Management for public relations professionals; an academic master's program in Media Studies; and a doctoral program in Mass Communications. Temple University School of Media and Communication Temple University's School of Media and Communication provides graduate education that excels in new media, social engagement and global development. The School of Media and Communication is located in Philadelphia – the ideal location to pursue graduate education in media and communication. Philadelphia is the fourth-largest media market, and is well positioned between Washington, D.C. and New York City. This cosmopolitan, diverse and fast-moving city is an excellent setting to study and pursue opportunities. Master of Journalism The Master of Journalism (M.J.) degree is designed for students who want to work in today’s every-changing media environment. Academic and professional course work emphasizes a multimedia/multi-platform approach grounded in a solid understanding of reporting, writing, editing, ethics and law. The M.J. program is committed to helping aspiring journalists develop into engaged and innovative professionals. Media Studies and Production, M.A. Designed to be flexible, the M.A. program involved students in the study of media industries and technologies, social and cultural processes of communication, and media networks and organizations. The program prepares students for an array of post-graduate career options in communication. Students may complete professional media training and internships or they may pursue a course of study toward a doctoral program. Communication Management, M.S. Students learn to manage and apply strategic communication as part of a leadership team. Using advanced skills in research management, problem-solving and issues management, students gain relevant management and communication competencies to build effective relationships between all types of organizations and their publics. Globalization and Development Communication, M.S. This one-year program involves 30 hours of course work on communication theory and research methods. While the Globalization and Development Communication program includes training in research skills and theory, it emphasizes effective action and involves a practicum capstone experience. It tailors academic training to the needs of practitioners, policy makers and project managers. Media and Communication, Ph.D. The Media and Communication curriculum offers a strong foundation in research and methodology and is oriented around the institutions and social processes of media and communication. Students are mentored through individualized courses and participate in faculty research and publications. University of Kansas School of Journalism and Mass Communications The University of Kansas School of Journalism and Mass Communications offers both academic and professional graduate experiences, including an accredited integrated marketing degree, a traditional master’s degree, a hybrid online certificate program, and a Ph.D. Integrated Marketing Communications The Integrated Marketing Communications Master of Science in Journalism program trains professional communicators to find solutions for business problems from a managerial perspective. The curriculum emphasizes the integration of marketing communications specialties, including research, marketing ethics, writing, creativity, innovation, branding, sales and leadership. The program is designed for part-time, evening study to accommodate working adults. KU’s integrated marketing degree is one of just 24 graduate programs accredited by the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications. Digital Content Strategy KU’s master's degree in digital content strategy provides skills in data and social media while giving students the flexibility to complete most of their work online. The program is built on two specialty certificates, one in social media strategy and one in gathering, analyzing and communicating data. Students may complete either of the certificates or combine both for a master's degree. Courses will match journalism instructors with data and media experts from KU Libraries, providing a unique perspective on today's information landscape. The program begins June 2016 with five days of instruction on the Lawrence campus. The rest of the certificate courses will be offered online, followed by another brief stay on the Lawrence campus. Master of Science in Journalism The Lawrence-based Mass Communications MSJ program offers professional and thesis courses, emphasizing the study of real-world media issues, critical thinking skills, and media use. The program provides advanced professional and scholarly skills that will allow you to operate at the highest levels of the industry. In the two-year program, students take advanced seminars and a concentration of their own choosing. Ph.D. in Journalism and Mass Communications KU’s Ph.D. program offers innovative and rigorous education in research skills leading to original research and the creation of knowledge. The Ph.D. program prepares students to enter academia at tenure-track positions with exceptional teaching and research skills. Working closely with faculty, students develop a rich portfolio of publishable empirical and theoretical research that prepares them for positions at Research I institutions. For more information, please check out the website (http://journalism.ku.edu/degrees) or contact Associate Dean Scott Reinardy (Reinardy@ku.edu; 785-864-7691, or Administrative Assistant Jammie Johnson (jamjohn@ku.edu; 785-864-7949). University of Kentucky College of Communication and Information The College of Communication and Information offers programs leading to the Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Communication, as well as a dual master option through the School of Library and Information Science. Additionally, we offer the unique opportunity to obtain Graduate Certificates in Health Communication, Instructional Communication, and Risk Sciences independent, or as part, of the graduate degree. We approach the study of communication and information as social sciences with an emphasis on both theory construction and empirical research methods in order to generate knowledge about communication and information as core processes. Our students benefit from broad foundational understanding of the disciplines, as the 54 graduate faculty in the program draw from each academic unit in the College of Communication and Information (i.e. the Department of Communication, the Department of Integrated Strategic Communication, the School of Journalism and Telecommunications, and the School of Library and Information Science) as well as outside of the college (i.e. the College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the College of Medicine, and the College of Public Health). Students may develop a program of study emphasizing (or combining) research areas such as health communication, information studies, instructional communication, media and mass communication, as well as risk and crisis communication. We have a long history of encouraging collaboration among communication and information professionals to conduct research that will contribute to the well-being of citizens. Our program is designed to serve the needs of students whose goals may include teaching and academic research, professional research, or communication and/or information careers in the media or other organizations. Many of our doctoral students secure tenure-track positions at Research I institutions. Other successful graduate placements include research director for the Cancer Information Service, senior health communication specialist for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and associate vice president for a large health care system. We invite you to visit the University of Kentucky and see for yourself why we are so proud of this prestigious program. University of Miami School of Communication The 4-year fully funded Ph.D. program focuses on communication for social change including health, environmental, international, intercultural, and organizational communication, as well as journalism studies and media development. In essence, students will conduct research, engage in immersive experience, and translate these into evaluation-based practice for the well being of the world. The 18-month Journalism MA program in the Department of Journalism and Media Management is a converged program that works for both students with experience or with undergraduate courses in journalism as well as those with no background. The program is an intensive combination of academic study and hands-on practice designed to develop competitive, high-level, cross-platform digital storytelling skills appropriate for today’s media landscape. The 2-year Public Relations MA program in the Department of Strategic Communication combines hands-on learning and instruction in theory and communication research. Through engaging coursework, students learn to promote a client’s business, image, product, or service in the national and international marketplace and develop the skills to become successful strategists, managers, and communicators. Students graduate fully prepared to practice in today’s quickly evolving digital world. The 2-year Communication Studies MA program in the Department of Communication Studies helps students develop an advanced understanding of the human communication process and the interdisciplinary nature of the communication field. Students may select the General Communication Studies, Health Communication, or Organizational Communication track. The program specializes in the rapidly developing field of health communication through collaborative work with UM’s Miller School of Medicine and other campus resources. The 2-year MFA in Interactive Media program in the Department of Cinema and Interactive Media aims to prepare a new generation of innovators and leaders in the field of interaction design. Its mission is to explore the use of technology, design, and human behavior, and their impact on communication. The multidisciplinary curriculum brings together students from different backgrounds to learn about games, mobile, data visualization, interaction design, and other emerging technologies. The program was ranked a top 25 graduate game design program by The Princeton Review. The 3-year MFA in Motion Pictures program in the Department of Cinema and Interactive Media emphasizes critical understanding of moving image practice in diverse social and cultural contexts for the creation of work that is relevant and impactful. Students may pursue a flexible specialization in Producing, Directing, Screenwriting, Editing, Cinematography, Sound, and Interactive Media creation. The annual Canes Film Showcase in Los Angeles screens student work for film professionals and provides a unique one-on-one critique from inside Hollywood. University of Minnesota School of Journalism & Mass Communication The graduate program at the University of Minnesota School of Journalism & Mass Communication prepares students to conduct research in the mass communication field through interdisciplinary coursework and research projects tailored to student interests. Students study and develop research in collaboration with award-winning faculty and, upon graduation, are prepared to become the next generation of mass communication researchers. Ph.D. in Mass Communication The program prepares independent scholars for academic careers in teaching and research in mass communication and related fields. Students will gain a solid foundation in the discipline through multifaceted exploration of the theories and methods that influence the shape and scope of mass communication research. See more at http://cla.umn.edu/sjmc/graduate/degrees/phd-mass-communication M.A. in Mass Communication The curriculum’s interdisciplinary nature allows students to develop unique research projects tailored to individual interests. Upon graduation, students are prepared to begin doctoral study, a career in communications policy or research, or as an educator at a community college. Learn more at http://cla.umn.edu/sjmc/graduate/degrees/masters-programs/ma-mass-communication Dual Degree The M.A./J.D. or Ph.D./J.D. dual degree is conducted in partnership with the Law School. This degree prepares students to conduct scholarly research in the field of mass communication and law concurrently. Upon graduation, students will be prepared for a career in media law or communications policy. See more at http://cla.umn.edu/sjmc/graduate/degrees/majd-phdjd-mass-comm-law-dual-degree Top Reasons to Choose the University of Minnesota: Top Funding Opportunities Minnesota offers one of the best funding packages in the country. Packages include tuition waivers, graduate research or teaching appointments, salary stipends, health care benefits and $1,500 annual conference travel stipends. Located in Thriving Media Market The University of Minnesota is located in the heart of Minneapolis-St. Paul, which is home to more than 300 advertising/PR agencies, two daily newspapers, six television stations and 15 Fortune 500 companies. Research Facilities From focus group rooms to eye-tracking devices, our program offers top-of-the-line research facilities, and houses two research centers, the Silha Center for the Study of Media Ethics and Law and the Minnesota Journalism Center. Students receive office space and access to state-of-the-art technology. Alumni Network Our alumni hold prominent positions within academia both nationally and internationally, including deans, chairs, directors, directors of graduate study, as well as professorships at top-ranked universities. Interdisciplinary Study Students explore multiple areas of mass communication through interdisciplinary research. From political science to public health, students can diversify research and collaborate with faculty across the university. University of Missouri School of Journalism The Missouri School of Journalism is a recognized leader in graduate study in journalism and strategic communication, and conferred the first master’s and doctoral degrees ever awarded in our field in 1921 and 1934, respectively. The Missouri School of Journalism has over 20 program models in the on-campus and online master’s programs, and 8 areas of faculty focus in the doctoral program. Our graduates hold leadership positions at major news outlets, magazine titles, broadcast networks and cable stations as well as global public relations and advertising agencies. They are award-winning faculty at outstanding colleges and universities who conduct major research studies. Doctoral graduates of recent years are now on the faculties of Kansas and Kansas State, Oklahoma and Oklahoma State, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana State, Mississippi, Florida and Florida State, Oregon, and other accredited journalism programs. You will find a rich intellectual environment at the Missouri School of Journalism. The doctoral faculty consists of 18 respected scholars in every area of journalism, mass communication and strategic communication. There are an additional 16 doctoral faculty from across our campus that hold courtesy appointments in journalism and are actively involved with our doctoral students. Our school has 8 centers and institutes where graduate students are involved in all aspects of research. Your student peers will be some of the most prolific producers of research in the field, as witnessed by our top performances at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. We look forward to speaking with you about the many opportunities that await graduate students who join us in the pursuit of better mass communication processes. If you have specific questions about how you can best make use of our educational program, please don’t hesitate to contact us. You can find more information online at http://journalism.missouri.edu. University of Oklahoma Gaylord College of Journalism and Mass Communication Graduate programs at the Gaylord College of Journalism and Mass Communication allow students from various professional and academic backgrounds to collaborate with leading faculty – and each other. Gaylord Graduate programs provide support and flexibility for achieving individual goals. Master’s level classes are scheduled to accommodate working professionals, and assistantships and fellowships are available for both master’s and doctoral students. The Master of Arts (M.A.) program is designed for students seeking an advanced degree in Advertising, Creative Media Production, Journalism, Media Management and Public Relations. The Master of Professional Writing (MPW) program is designed to develop and refine commercial and professional writing skills for students interested in writing fiction, nonfiction, novels and screenplays. The Doctoral (Ph.D.) program allows students to work with leading research faculty on projects across the field of communication and mass communication. Individual research interests are encouraged. Our program includes three broad categories: Media Arts, News and Information and Strategic Communication. The program features a strong grounding in a range of theoretical foundations,  research methods, an emphasis on regular interaction between students and faculty about research, an expectation of student excellence in teaching and opportunity for flexible, interdisciplinary study in an outside area of concentration. University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication The University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication graduate programs provide a dynamic environment for storytellers and scholars to build on their professional strengths, engage with world-class faculty and develop the foundation necessary to succeed in the ever-changing media and academic landscape. Our interdisciplinary curriculum offers students the opportunity to expand their skillsets and earn credentials needed to achieve their goals. Through small group and individual instruction, rigorous coursework, and the integration of theory and practice, SOJC graduate programs will prepare students to become leaders and innovators in their fields. At our Eugene campus, students are immersed in a rich academic setting with master’s and PhD programs in Media Studies, as well as a professional master’s program in Journalism. Advanced graduate courses enable students to develop their understanding of the emergent media landscape and prepare for their professional futures. Our Portland campus is located in the heart of an exciting urban media hub in Old Town. Portland’s unique culture offers an ideal backdrop for students interested in pursuing a master’s degree in Multimedia Journalism or Strategic Communication. Evening and weekend classes at the George S. Turnbull Center aim to meet the needs of working professionals seeking to advance in their careers. University of Texas at Austin School of Journalism A Ph.D. from the University of Texas School of Journalism is a research-intensive degree, preparing student to become active and productive researchers in quantitative and qualitative approaches. The degree is flexible, allowing students to specialize in topics of their choice rather than predetermined areas. Students from Texas are among the most prolific producers of papers at conferences such as AEJMC. The professional master's program allows students to specialize in one of four tracks – accountability journalism, culture/entertainment/sports, visual storytelling, and international journalism. UT also has a research and theory master's degree, preparing students for a Ph.D., and a hybrid of the professional/research and theory degree. For more information, please visit http://journalism.utexas.edu/graduate/graduate-program]]> 15803 2632 11 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=17265 Thu, 29 Jun 2017 15:58:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=17265 South Asia Research Microtalks on at AEJMC 2017

This e-book features all extended abstracts presented at the AEJMC South Asia Initiative Research Microtalks session on August 11, 2017, at the 100^th annual conference of the AEJMC, Chicago, IL.

Click the image below to view the South Asia Research.

[caption id="attachment_17274" align="aligncenter" width="350"] Click to View this Resource[/caption]]]> 17265 2632 10 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=17360 Fri, 25 Aug 2017 16:26:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=17360 Master Class: Teaching Advice for JMC Professors The following provides links and documents to help you in teaching whatever mass communication class you’re instructing. If there is something here you can’t find, please drop teaching chair Chris Roush a note at croush@email.unc.edu, and he’ll try to help you.  

SYLLABUSES

• Terrorism and Communication (COM 4416, undergraduate) By Jonathan Matusitz, UCF-Sanford/Lake Mary: http://www.aejmc.org/home/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Terrorism-and-Communication-Syllabus-Conference-Website-Official.pdf
• Symbolism in Terrorism (6425, graduate) By Jonathan Matusitz, UCF-Sanford/Lake Mary: http://www.aejmc.org/home/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Symbolism-in-Terrorism-Syllabus-Conference-Website.pdf
• University of Iowa School of Journalism and Mass Communication syllabus bank: https://clas.uiowa.edu/sjmc/resources/syllabi
• Cal State-Long Beach Department of Journalism and Mass Communication syllabus bank: http://www.cla.csulb.edu/departments/journalism/academics/syllabi-scos/
• Coastal Carolina University’s “Introduction to Journalism and Mass Communication” syllabus: http://www.newsu.org/node/455305
• University of Texas Moody School of Journalism syllabus bank: https://journalism.utexas.edu/undergraduate/undergraduate-course-syllabi
• Sample journalism syllabuses from Journalist’s Resource: https://journalistsresource.org/syllabi
• University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications syllabus bank: https://www.jou.ufl.edu/academics/course-syllabi/
• University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill School of Media and Journalism syllabus bank: http://parklibrary.mj.unc.edu/course-resources/syllabi/
• Loyola University Chicago's School of Communication syllabus bank: https://www.luc.edu/soc/resources/course-syllabi/
• University of Colorado syllabus bank: https://syllabus.colorado.edu/

ASSIGNMENTS

From the University of Minnesota:

• Journalism 310 | Analysis of "Must Read Journalists" Evaluation of columnists' writing (Southern Illinois University)
• Journalism 3173 | Gender Point of View Exercise: Write a Narrative Scenario assignment for male and female students
• Journalism 5606W | The "Scholasticus" Review Class review
• Journalism 5606W | Travel Focus on symbolic qualities of observed experience
• Journalism 5606W | Bar Study Analysis about distinctiveness, difference, and culture
• Journalism 5606W | Literary Analysis Questions prompting students for their analyses
• Journalism 5606W | Memoir Analysis of an episode in students' lives
• From SchoolJournalism.org: https://www.schooljournalism.org/lesson-plans-4/
• From Mindy McAdams at the University of Florida on teaching online journalism: https://mindymcadams.com/tojou/2008/journalism-students-blogging-assignment/
• From the AEJMC Public Relations Division: http://aejmc.us/prd/sample-assignments/
• From PublicRelationsMatters.com: http://publicrelationsmatters.com/category/assignment/
• From the American Marketing Association: https://www.ama.org/academics/Pages/7-Easy-Advertising-Classroom-Projects.aspx

RUBRICS

From the University of Minnesota:

• Journalism 310 | Story Assignment Grading Considerations Guidelines involving veracity, clarity, grammar, attribution, and quality of the lead and the closing (Southern Illinois University)
• Journalism 3173 | Specifications for Article Assignment Criteria to guide student work and evaluation of peers
• Journalism 3173 | Guidelines for Critiquing Magazine Articles Criteria to assess the quality and efficacy of magazine articles
• A video project rubric: https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?sp=yes&code=Z829XX&
• Public relations student assessment and rubric tool, from the University of Florida: my.jou.ufl.edu/pur-meetings/files/2012/02/Public-Relations-Student-Assessment-and-Rubric-Tool.doc
• Grading rubric for public relations campaigns class: http://aejmc.us/mcs/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2015/11/campaign-pres-and-plan-book_4005.pdf
• Grading rubric for advertising campaigns final project: https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=R75A97&sp=yes&

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

• Teaching Tips from the AEJMC Teaching Committee
• Safety Study Guide for Journalism Students [PDF]
• Newspaper/Online: Award-winning Teaching Tips
• Lake Wobegon Meets Grade Inflation: Are All Our Students Above Average? (St. Louis Conference 2011 Plenary Session)
• Effective Teaching Workshop (Denver Conference 2010 Workshop)
• AEJMC Teaching and Tenure Tips [PDF]
• Teaching in an Age of Entitlement (Chicago Convention 2008 Plenary Session)
• AEJMC e-book: Effective Strategies for Teaching in the Digital Age: 2011 Teaching Workshop S in St. Louis [PDF]
• Workshop schedule + Participant biographies for 2011 AEJMC Workshop on “Effective Strategies for Teaching in the Digital Age” [PDF]

  ---

• Rubric on Class Participation - By Rob Wells [PDF]
• Classroom Observation Memo - By Chris Roush [Word Doc]
• Classroom Observation Checklist [PDF]
• Assessment Grade Sheet - (UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Journalism and Mass Communication) [PDF]
• Media Analysis Assignment Grading Matrix [PDF]
• Participant Observation Assignment Grading Matrix [PDF]

TEACHING CONTEST IDEAS/WINNERS

• Great Ideas for Teachers: http://www.aejmc.org/home/2010/11/giftbooklets/
• The elected Committee on Teaching Standards offers the “Best Practices in Teaching” series booklets. The booklets are created using the winning entries from the AEJMC Best Practices in Teaching Competition. Booklets are distributed at the Teaching Panel Sessions at past AEJMC Conferences. The booklets can be found here: http://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/09/best-practices-in-teaching-booklets/

MASTER CLASS

MASTER CLASS: Teaching Advice for Journalism and Mass Communication Instructors From the AEJMC Elected Standing Committee on Teaching Edited by Chris Roush About the Book In Master Class: Teaching Advice for Journalism and Mass Communication Instructors, members of the AEJMC Elected Standing Committee on Teaching take readers behind the scenes to explain the teaching strategies, preparation tips, exercises, and project ideas that have, in many cases, earned them university and national teaching awards. It is designed to benefit everyone from instructors-in-training who are about to teach their first class to more experienced professors who are looking for ways to freshen their approach in the classroom. ]]> 17360 2632 2 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=17445 Thu, 14 Sep 2017 19:21:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=17445 Recommendations from the 2016-2018 AEJMC Presidential Task Force on Bridges to the Professions

The following report is under consideration by the AEJMC Board of Directors:

Task Force Members

Co-Chairs: Dr. Deb Aikat, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and Dr. Battinto Batts, Scripps Howard Foundation

Committee Members Professor Jake Batsell, Southern Methodist University

Professor Sue Burzynski Bullard, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (Served from 2016 until October 2017)

Dr. Sonya Duhé, Loyola University New Orleans, 2017-2018 ASJMC Preside

Ms. Gina Gayle, Syracuse University (Served from August 2017)

Dr. Nancy L. Green, Southern Newspaper Publishers Association, AEJMC Council of Affiliates Chair

Ms. Vicki Krueger, The Poynter Institute (Served from 2016 until October 2017)

Dr. Paul Parsons, Elon University

Ms. Vidisha Priyanka, The Poynter Institute (Served from August 2016 through December 2017, and from April 2018)

Dr. Paul S. Voakes, 2016-2017 President of AEJMC (Dr. Voakes formed this Task Force in August 2016 and served as Task Force member from August 2017)

Ex-officio members: Dr. Jennifer D. Greer, 2017-2018 President of AEJMC, Alabama (Served from August 2017)

Ms. Jennifer McGill, Executive Director, AEJMC and ASJMC

]]> 17445 2 5 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=17959 Wed, 04 Apr 2018 12:17:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=17959 Browse this page for calls for work from related organizations and resources. E-mail new calls to AEJMC. Papers, Proposals, Editors & Other Information of Interest   Mott/KTA Research Book Award Presented annually since 1945 for the best book about journalism/mass communication based on original research. The winner receives $1,000 and a plaque. Entries are due in early December. Named for Frank Luther Mott, noted historian and KTA leader. To enter, mail six copies of the book to Beverly Horvit, Kappa Tau Alpha, Neff 203, Missouri School of Journalism, Columbia, MO 65211-1200 to be received by December 9. CALL FOR BOOK CHAPTERS Communicating Resiliency and Efficacy in a Digital Age: Mediated Communities To be published 2024 by Emerald Publishing Edited by Juliet Pinto, Stephen Mainzer, and Lola Xie. Proposal Abstract Deadline: June 30, 2023 Full Manuscripts Deadline: Nov. 1, 2023 Community resiliency, collective- and self-efficacy, and individual coping have become buzzwords across academic disciplines and applied research areas as climate change continues to impact communities across the globe. This book presents theoretical foundations, applied case studies, and interdisciplinary examples that interrogate the interfaces of community, communication, media, health, and the environment toward identifying leverage points in addressing challenges both theoretical and practical. We seek empirical and conceptual approaches from diverse international perspectives. By engaging scholars across disciplines in the social sciences and humanities, we intend to provide new examinations of how these concepts intersect across academic disciplines, and how new understandings and applications may result. See complete call.]]> 17959 3 3 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=18396 Thu, 30 Aug 2018 20:41:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=18396

Spotlight presentations are given at the AEJMC Conference by association members with expertise in various topics. The handouts offered below share useful ideas and tips on those topics, as well as provide links to online resources.

Presented at the 2019 Conference

Getting the Money: Grant-Writing • Kim Bissell, University of Alabama ‘Scholarsourcing’ with AEJMC / Peter Lang: A Unique Book Publishing Opportunity for AEJMC Members • Carolyn Bronstein, DePaul University and Erika Hendrix, Peter Lang Celebrating 60 Years of Barbie: Empowering Women in Communication • Casey Fiesler, University of Colorado Boulder How to Get THAT Job • David T. Z. Mindich, Temple University 12 Tips for Navigating Tenure & Promotion • Emily Metzgar, Indiana University How to Use CSPAN Video Resources to Teach the Next Generation of Journalists • Howard Mortman, CSPAN

Presented at the 2018 Conference

Only in Washington: Tips for Navigating the Library of Congress • Joe Campbell, American Getting That Job • Earnest Perry, Missouri Getting Published • Kathryn Harrison, Peter Lang Publishing Getting the Money: Grant Writing • Kim Bissell, Alabama Fast-tracking Changes to Your Curriculum • Tom Reichert and Andrea Tanner, South Carolina]]> 18396 2632 5 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=18403 Thu, 30 Aug 2018 21:04:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=18403 INFOACTIVE — This site is a how-to primer for creating publishable eye-grabbing infographics. Created by Trina Chiasson, a Donald W. Reynolds Journalism Institute research fellow. Site also features an e-book titled Data + Design: A Simple Introduction to Preparing and Visualizing Information. It’s an open-source, 299-page tome available for free downloading on the main infoactive.co website, written by more than 50 contributors in 14 different countries. https://infoactive.co The Journalism Center on Children and Families: LIFELINES — Stories from the Human Safety Net. A site that features reporting on social work. This is a helpful link for J-schools and social work schools to deepen mutual understanding and respect — http://www.humansafetynet.com/ Knight News Challenge Bridge Grants — Learn more about these projects and download the open-source software created through the program — http://www.knightfoundation.org/apps/ The Knight News Challenge Bridge Grants provided funding for AEJMC members to develop innovative and creative applications of software already created through the Knight News Challenge. The goal is to implement these projects in the classroom to enhance the education of future journalists. Through the Knight Foundation grant, 21 projects have been funded. Information on these projects are outlined below by grant year.  Grant recipients will be happy to share information and advice for duplicating their projects on your campus. For more information on the specific projects, contact information is provided for the person who developed each project. While the AEJMC/Knight Bridge Grant program is now over, a new micro-grant program has been created through the Online News Association. For more information, see the link below.

• 2014 Mini Workshop (AEJMC 14 Montréal Conference)
• 2014-15 Project Winners
• 2012-13 Project Winners
• 2011-12 Project Winners

Challenge Fund for Innovation in Journalism Education — The Online News Association is working with several journalism foundations to award $35,000 micro-grants to schools to fund collaborative news experiments. Learn more about this program at http://journalists.org/2014/04/04/2014-challenge-fund-winners-experiments-for-maximum-impact/ Free teaching resource on the future of journalism — Searchlights and Sunglasses: Field Notes from the Digital Age of Journalism — published by Knight Foundation in collaboration with the University of Missouri's Donald Reynolds Journalism Institute. Link: searchlightsandsunglasses.org]]> 18403 2632 6 0 http://www.aejmc.com/home/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/2021ConferenceOpportunitiesPromo.pdf Mon, 21 Oct 2019 15:48:44 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=19553 19553 182 4 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=21144 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=21144 21144 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=21145 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=21145 21145 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=21146 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=21146 21146 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=22709 Fri, 11 Mar 2022 15:47:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=22709

AEJMC 2022 Conference

Conference Session Room Requests

AEJMC reserves all meeting space at the conference hotel during the AEJMC conference; access to hold meetings of any kind is subject to AEJMC approval and hotel staff will work with you once given the all-clear from AEJMC staff. If you are an outside party (affiliated association member, university, or corporate partner) wishing to host an event during the 105th Annual AEJMC Conference, please fill out the form below. Rooms are limited and will be assigned on a first-come, first-serve basis for all meetings including sessions, breakfast meetings, lunch meetings, receptions, etc.

• There is no charge for the room itself for Council of Affiliate members.
• There is no charge for groups wishing to host a reception.
  • Note: If requesting a slot for a social, make certain the request is for the 8:45 p.m. slot on Thursday or the 8:15 p.m. slot on Friday, conforming with AEJMC programming policies.

• For universities wishing to host non-reception sessions, the following fees will be assessed:
  • Small Programs (fewer than 9 FTEs) and International Programs — $350
  • Medium Programs (9 to 17 FTEs) — $500
  • Large Programs (18 to 39 FTEs) — $700
  • Extra Large Programs (40 and more FTEs) — $900
• Corporate Partner Sessions may be hosted by corporate partners for a $1,000 fee per 90-minute time slot

You will be contacted by Amanda Caldwell, AEJMC Interim Executive Director/ Conference Manager, to process payment before space is assigned.

We will do our best to accommodate all requests, but space is not guaranteed. This year’s conference will run from Tuesday (pre-conference workshop sessions) until Saturday afternoon; Wednesday through Friday the main conference runs from 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.  There is no official lunch break; attendees take breaks on their own.

The AEJMC Council of Divisions, which oversees conference programming, has adopted a policy of allowing related groups to schedule session(s) as space is available.  Due to the increasing number of groups wishing to do this, the Council's intent is to allow each group one programming session as well as one session for a business meeting, if needed.

If you have questions about this form request, please contact Amanda Caldwell at Amanda@aejmc.org.

Once you have been assigned a room, AEJMC staff will contact you to introduce you to hotel catering staff (if applicable) who will work with you on your food and beverage options.

Please fill out this Partner Session Request Form to request meeting space at the 2022 AEJMC Annual Conference.

]]> 22709 263 1 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=22761 Fri, 11 Mar 2022 20:47:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=22761

#AEJMC22: Detroit Conference Opportunities

Target a relevant audience of journalism and mass communication educators and students at the college level, all in one location. Raise your brand awareness by exhibiting, advertising or sponsoring at the AEJMC 2022 Conference in Detroit. EXPO dates during the conference: August 3-5.

(Deadlines have been extended! Ad & Booth Reservation deadline: June 1 • Ad copy deadline: June 15)

Questions About Opportunities or Reservations?

► Find your answers in the Conference Opportunities FAQ Sheet

► Get the rates in one place on the Advertising & Exhibiting Rate Card

Conference Program Ads

Get your advertisement into the hands of every conference attendee by advertising in our conference program. Color ad, black & white ad, facing pages and special placement packages available.

► See Rate Card for package details and pricing.

► RESERVE SPACE (Deadlines have been extended! Reservation deadline: June 1 • Ad copy deadline: June 15)

Exhibit Booths

Display your products at the conference and interact one-on-one with attendees. EXPO dates during the Detroit conference: August 3-5. Standard or Digital displays options are available.

► See Rate Card for package details and pricing.

► RESERVE SPACE (Deadline has been extended! Reservation deadline: June 1)

Joint Display

Don’t have enough book titles to justify sending a representative to the conference? Send your books to us and we’ll display them at the conference! EXPO dates during the Detroit conference: August 3-5.

► RESERVE SPACE (Deadline has been extended! Reservation deadline: June 1)

Sponsorship

Spread the hospitality of your organization by sponsoring a conference activity and gain additional visibility and recognition of your brand.

► See Annual Conference Sponsorship Levels.

► Contact amanda@aejmc.org to learn about available sponsorship options.

Discounts

ASJMC members and Council of Affiliates receive a 10% discount on booth purchases and conference program full-page and half-page advertising. If you are an ASJMC member or Council of Affiliates, you will receive an email to reserve at your discounted rate. (No agency or cash discounts are given.)

► Contact samanatha@aejmc.org for additional details.

]]> 22761 263 2 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/scholarship/convention-papers/ Sat, 16 Jan 2010 19:57:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=57 Online Research Papers (All Academic Site) Online papers on the All-Academic Site are available from the 2007 conference to the present. Copies of presented papers will be offered free-of-charge to AEJMC members on a password protected site. Papers will only be available if authorized by individual authors. Instructions for obtaining conference papers are e-mailed to AEJMC members and may also be accessed by the links located in the upper left box of the All-Academic website. Members may visit the site multiple times and retrieve papers at no charge each time. This service is a member benefit and the association wants to preserve free access to the conference papers.* *To abide by the All Academic contract, the association must insist that AEJMC members do not provide their personal password to anyone who is not a current member of AEJMC. Some papers presented at the conferences may not be available on these sites. Conference Paper Archive by Year (Papers are available after the Conference.)

• 2024 Conference Papers
• 2023 Conference Papers
• 2022 Conference Papers
• 2021 Conference Papers
• 2020 Conference Papers
• 2019 Conference Papers
• 2018 Conference Papers
• 2017 Conference Papers
• 2016 Conference Papers
• 2015 Conference Papers
• 2014 Conference Papers
• 2013 Conference Papers
• 2012 Conference Papers
• 2011 Conference Papers
• 2010 Conference Papers
• 2009 Conference Papers
• 2008 Conference Papers
• 2007 Conference Papers

_____________________________________________________________________

AEJMC non-member access to conference paper archive

All Academic is committed to making research available to scholars at a reasonable price. Conference papers are available for download to non-members of AEJMC for a user fee.

AEJMC non-member access fees for downloading AEJMC conference papers at All Academic:

• First downloaded paper - $7
• Each additional paper (in purchase session) - $5

_____________________________________________________________________

Submitting authors who decline, will not have their abstract or paper(s) featured on any archival site. Inclusion of papers in the archive DOES NOT CONSTITUTE PUBLICATION. It is merely a distribution of a conference paper.

Content Disclaimer - All Academic does not guarantee the academic merit of any publication in the archive. Published papers vary widely from conference to conference and journal to journal. Scholars should check the depth and rigor of peer-review with individual associations and journal editors. A user fee applies to any downloaded paper regardless of content. In addition, views represented in the All Academic Paper Collection are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions, values or views of All Academic, Inc.]]> 57 3 9 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/publications/dig-journals/ Sat, 16 Jan 2010 20:10:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=81 Division and Interest Group Journals Several of AEJMC's divisions also publish journals featuring research related to their special area of mass communication. These journals are available by joining the division for an additional fee. Sign-up online now! For information on manuscript submissions, please visit web site addresses below or e-mail journal editors.   Advertising Division Journal: Journal of Advertising Education Editor: Jay Newell, Iowa State University Website: http://journals.sagepub.com/home/adv Broadcast and Mobile Journalism Division (Formerly the Electronic News Division) Journal: Electronic News Editor in Chief: Debora Wenger, University of Mississippi Associate Editor: Keren Henderson, Syracuse University Website: https://journals.sagepub.com/editorial-board/ENX Communication Technology Division Journal: Journal of Communication Technology Editor: Theo Plothe, Savannah State University Website: https://joctec.org Communication Theory & Methodology Division Journal: Communication Methods and Measures Editor: Lijiang Shen, Pennsylvania State University Associate Editors: Marko Bachl, University of Hohenheim, Germany and Ye Sun, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Website: https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/hcms20/current Cultural and Critical Studies Division Journal: Journal of Communication Inquiry Editor: Thomas P. Oates, University of Iowa Website: https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/journal/journal-communication-inquiry?gclid=Cj0KCQjw5oiMBhDtARIsAJi0qk1Nl2HWArxxyjnnjXNh8b9Gsg9oIY5kVwprb3e5A0lzpJJhBiMvh1gaAtfGEALw_wcB#description History Division Journal: Journalism History Editor: Pam Parry, Southeast Missouri State University Book Review Editor: Sonya DiPalma, University of North Carolina at Asheville Website: https://journalism-history.org/ International Communication Division Journal: International Communication Research Journal Editors: Uche Onyebadi, Texas Christian University Website: https://icrj.pub/ Law Division Journal: Communication Law and Policy Editor: Amy Kristin Sanders, The University of Texas at Austin Website: https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/hclw20/current Magazine Division Digital-only Journal: Journal of Magazine Media Editor: Kevin Lerner, Marist College Website: https://www.aejmcmagazinemedia.org/journal Mass Communication and Society Division Journal: Mass Communication and Society Editors: Mike Schmierbach, Pennsylvania State University Electronic submissions accepted: https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/hmcs20/current Media Ethics Journal: Journal of Media Ethics Editor: Patrick Lee Plaisance, The Pennsylvania State University Associate Editors: Christopher Meyers - California State University, Bakersfield Website: https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/hmme21/current

Newspaper & Online News Division Journal: Newspaper Research Journal Editor: Kristoffer D. Boyle, Brigham Young University Book Review Editor: Matthew Haught, University of Memphis Electronic submissions accepted: https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/newspaperresearchj Website: https://journals.sagepub.com/home/nrj

Public Relations Division Journal: Journal of Public Relations Research Editor: Sung-Un Yang, Indiana University Website: https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/hprr20/current

Journal: Journal of Public Relations Education Editor-in-Chief: Adrienne A. Wallace, Grand Valley State University Website: https://journalofpreducation.com/ Visual Communication Division Journal: Visual Communication Quarterly Editor: Lawrence J. Mullen, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Associate Editor: T.J. Thomson, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane Book review editor: David Staton, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley Website: http://vcquarterly.org/index.html Community Journalism Interest Group Online Journal: Community Journalism Journal Editor: Hans K. Meyer, Ohio University Website: https://tccjtsu.com/community-journalism-journal/ Small Programs Interest Group Digital-only Journal: Teaching Journalism and Mass Communication Editor: Michael Longinow, Biola University Website: https://community.aejmc.org/smallprogramsinterestgroup/publications/journals

]]> 81 5 2 0 Journal]]> https://www.aejmc.com/jobads/ Sat, 23 Jan 2010 03:35:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=182 182 0 6 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/officers/ Sat, 23 Jan 2010 03:38:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=188 President Elected by the AEJMC membership. Board of Directors Elected by the AEJMC membership. Elected Committees Members are elected by the AEJMC membership. Appointed Committees Selected by the AEJMC President. Division Officers Elected by the Division's membership. Interest Group Officers Elected by the Interest Group's membership. Commission Officers Elected by the Commission's membership. AEJMC leaders are committed volunteers of the association expected to carry out duties as assigned.]]> 188 2 2 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/groups/ Sat, 23 Jan 2010 03:38:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=190 There are various groups within AEJMC, including Divisions, Interest Groups and Commissions (DIGs). Members are encouraged to join a "DIG" to connect with other professionals to share interests, community and knowledge. Most conference sessions are sponsored by the AEJMC divisions. Conference sessions also may be sponsored by AEJMC interest groups and the Commission on the Status of Women. The acronyms next to each DIG name are AEJMC Programming Group Abbreviations.

AEJMC Divisions

Learn more about each Division and access their websites A division represents a specific area of JMC study or concern. Any member may join.  The division is created by a majority vote of the membership following approval by AEJMC’s Board of Directors, and elects its own officers.

ADVD – Advertising BAMJ — Broadcast and Mobile Journalism SHER – Communicating Science, Health, Environment, Risk  CTEC – Communication Technology CTAM – Communication Theory and Methodology CCSD – Cultural and Critical Studies HIST – History INTC – International Communication LAWP – Law and Policy MMAG – Magazine Media MCSD – Mass Communication and Society ETHC – Media Ethics MMEE – Media Management and Economics MACD – Minorities and Communication NOND – Newspaper and Online News PLCD – Political Communication PRDV – Public Relations  SCHJ – Scholastic Journalism VISC – Visual Communication

Interest Groups

Learn more about each Interest Group and access their websites An interest group represents 25 or more members who share a common interest compatible with the association’s purposes.  An interest group is approved by the Board of Directors for a finite term of one to three years, but the term may be renewed.

COMJ – Community Journalism IG ESIG – Entertainment Studies IG ICIG – Internships and Careers IG LGBT – Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer IG PJIG – Participatory Journalism IG RMIG – Religion and Media IG SPIG – Small Programs IG SPRT – Sports Communication IG

Commissions

Learn more about each Commission and access their websites A commission represents an area of broad concern, one that cuts across divisional lines.  Any member may join.  A commission is created through approval of the membership and elects its own officers.

CSGE – Commission on Graduate Education CSMN – Commission on the Status of Minorities   CSWM – Commission on the Status of Women

Other Related Groups

CoAF – Council of Affiliates: The AEJMC Council of Affiliates is composed of JMC professional associations/foundations that want to support the association and JMC education.

CoDV – Council of Divisions CCJA – Community College Journalism Association

Note: Standardized four letter designations were set in Chicago and revised in Dallas in 2012.]]> 190 2 3 0 Interest Groups]]> https://www.aejmc.com/home/membership/ Sat, 23 Jan 2010 03:39:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=197 AEJMC Online Membership Community AEJMC now has an online membership community. Existing AEJMC members may use the member login button (above) to access your membership account. If you are not a member, then click here to join: https://aejmc.users.membersuite.com.

• Membership Renewal: here
• Login tutorial: here
• Login instructions: here

Features include a full AEJMC Online Community with networking opportunities; division, interest group and commission websites; awards and calls; program information; an association-wide calendar; conference information; events & education; discussion boards; file sharing; ability to customize your membership profiles; and more! Membership benefits include subscription to Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, Journalism & Communication Monographs and AEJMC News newsletter; online job listings; the opportunity to attend the AEJMC annual conference; networking and contacts; and quarterly webinars on timely topics. Your AEJMC membership is for 12 months. Membership dues do not include membership to AEJMC divisions or interest groups, but you may join any groups you wish through the membership community. > MEMBERSHIP FORM > MEMBERSHIP CATEGORIES & DUES

Regular Member Faculty members engaged in journalism and mass communication education. Lifetime Member $5,000 – $5,200 (Two payment options: Pay in full ($5,000) or pay in four yearly installments ($1,300 per installment for a total of $5,200) – if you choose the installment option, you will receive the free conference registration upon payment completion.) Anyone may choose to be a lifetime member. Includes automatic renewal. Dues include one conference registration per year for the duration, a yearly invitation to the President’s Reception held at the conference, a special recognition pin to wear and recognition in the conference program. Associate Member Professionals, other than faculty, dealing with journalism and mass communication education. Student Member Students in journalism and mass communication not eligible for regular membership. AEJMC Council of Affiliates AEJMC Council of Affiliates membership offers organizations and associations a unique opportunity to work with and get to know journalism and mass communication faculty and administrators. The organizations that are currently members of the Council of Affiliates include professional communicators, businesses and associations around the globe interested in journalism and mass communication education. Learn about the benefits of becoming one of our prestigious regular or sustaining Council of Affiliates members today! Contact AEJMC for information.

All amounts listed in USD (CURRENCY CONVERTER Powered by OANDA) Membership dues based on self-reported gross annual income, regardless of membership category.

> MEMBERSHIP TUTORIALS

• How to Join AEJMC as a New Member
• 4 Quick steps to renew your AEJMC membership.
• How to update your membership profile in less than 3 minutes.
• How to join or add a Division or Interest Group to my member profile.
• How to print your membership receipt. Log into your Community Membership Account 1. Click on your photo or (gray circle in top right corner) 2. Click “My Profile” 3. then “My Account” 4. then “View Account History” 5. Click “Order ID” (in blue - This will bring you to a screen that have 5 tabs listed in the middle area.) 6. Click the tab for “Payments” 7. then “Payment #” (in blue) 8. Click Print Make sure your communication preferences tab is toggled ON. (Blue means On)

]]> 197 0 2 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/strategic-plan/ Sat, 23 Jan 2010 03:40:27 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=203 The AEJMC Strategic Plan "AEJMC could be the most influential academic association among media practitioners and media policy makers. We are the largest association of media scholars. We are more successful than we have ever been. For 95 years, our members have helped shape the understanding of the field for those who practice it . . . We know our fields and our disciplines face challenges. We know we should offer leadership in shaping the future of our field. Individually, we have taken steps to respond. The strategic planning process gives us the chance to decide how our Association should lead." — AEJMC President Charles Self, “The Challenge of Shaping Change” from AEJMC News, November 2007

AEJMC Strategic Directions

Direction 1: Transform teaching, scholarship and service to promote storytelling, innovation and engagement across platforms Possible Strategies: • Inspire continuous learning • Embrace emerging roles • Integrate journalistic values and communication expertise into digital products • Encourage entrepreneurship • Connect audiences and engage citizens in communities • Recognize data and analytic patterns • Appreciate unique dynamics of the evolving digital landscape Direction 2: Become Primary Resource for Scholarship Possible Strategies: • Help Members Enhance Their Research and Teaching • Create Support for Scholarship Online • Be Clearinghouse for Journalism and Mass Communication Resources • Enhance Regional Conventions, Local Chapters • Build Caucuses among Groups Direction 3: Strengthen Identity, Image and Influence Possible Strategies: • Enhance Web Presence • Expand Expertise and Influence in the Academy, Industry and Public • Strengthen Brand and Increase Awareness • Improve Academy Prestige • Revisit, Clarify, Update the Mission and Core Values • Expand All Services Year-round • Evaluate Elected Opportunities for Members Direction 4: Engage Globally and Multiculturally Possible Strategies: • Create Council for Global interaction among professionals and academics in the United States and other countries. • Enhance AEJMC journals and the convention to better reflect global concerns and issues • Create a Council for Multi-cultural or “under represented” groups among academics and professionals in the United States • Create a Council of AEJMC Units Working on Issues of Marginalized Groups Direction 5: Develop Financial Strategies Possible Strategies: • Generate additional revenue to create financial independence from dues • Reallocate or reduce operating expenditures Direction 6: Develop Membership Programs    Possible Strategies: • Promote Graduate Student Membership • Promote International Membership • Promote Professional Membership • Retain Members • Develop teaching and research programs July 2017

AEJMC Strategic Plan Progress Report

View a list of activities created/implemented as a result of the plan.

Directions Approved

The AEJMC membership approved the eight proposed Strategic Directions during the Chicago Convention in August 2008. A 12-member Strategic Plan Implementation Committee began work on specific objectives and tactics after the approval. The first two programs created as a result of the Strategic Plan were the Emerging Scholars Research Grants and the Presidential Comments process.

Download Documents

• Executive Summary (PDF)
• Frequently Asked Questions [FAQs] (PDF)
• Full Report - AEJMC: The Next 100 Years, Moving Into Tomorrow (PDF)
• Strategic Plan Timeline (PDF)
• SWOT Analysis (PDF)
• literature review (PDF)
• Environmental Scan Summary Report (PDF)
• Environmental Scan PowerPoint Presentation (PDF)
• Emerging Themes from the Environmental Scan (PDF)
• Practical Vision: What must be in place in 3-5 years to reach our full potential? (PDF)
• Contradictions: What is blocking us from moving toward our practical vision? (PDF)
• Roundtable Feedback collected at the 2007 Annual Convention in Washington, DC (PDF)
• Strategic Directions: What innovative practical actions will deal with the contradictions and move us toward our practical vision over the next 3 years? (PDF)

]]> 203 2 9 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/resolutions/ Sat, 23 Jan 2010 03:40:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=205

2024 AEJMC Year

2023 AEJMC Year

2022 AEJMC Year

2013 AEJMC Year

2011 Conference, St. Louis, MO

2010 Conference, Denver, CO

2008 Convention, Chicago, IL

2007 Convention, Washington, DC

2006 Convention, San Francisco, CA

2004 Convention, Toronto, Canada

2003 Convention, Kansas City, MO

1997 Convention, Chicago, IL

1995 Convention, Washington, DC

______________________________________________________________

How an AEJMC Resolution is Passed

Any AEJMC member can propose a resolution, and each year the Resolutions Committee of the Professional Freedom and Responsibility Committee shepherds resolutions submitted by AEJMC members or divisions and interest groups to the floor of the business meeting. What are resolutions? Resolutions allow AEJMC members to speak with a collective voice. They are statements on topics, issues or concerns related to our professional freedom and responsibility mission. The statements go beyond just articulating a problem or concern. Every resolution should end with at least one or two action steps that the membership is calling on others to take or that be taken within our organization. Attached is an example of how a typical resolution Is formatted. Why do we have resolutions in AEJMC? This is part of our responsibility to the mass media professions we represent. More than a resolve to act individually like many people make at the beginning of a new year, an organization’s resolution is a concrete statement of where we stand collectively. Often a resolution taken collectively can be used by us individually to speak out on an issue or to advocate on a matter of great importance. How do I submit a resolution for consideration? Your proposed resolution is submitted first to the Elected Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility (PF&R). This group of AEJMC members whom you elected Is empowered to vet and craft resolutions to be sent forward for further discussion by the AEJMC Board of Directors and then the full AEJMC membership. Where do I submit a resolution? All resolutions may be submitted to the AEJMC resolutions chair. The e-mail with the resolutions should be sent to AEJMC. Questions about the process can be directed to this year’s resolutions chair. Who’s involved in the resolutions process? In addition to the PF&R Elected Standing Committee, the Board of Directors will consider all resolutions and then every member has an opportunity to voice opinions/concerns about a resolution before it is voted on by the membership. When must I submit a resolution for consideration? All resolutions should be submitted to the PF&R Committee by no later than June 1. This allows ample time for initial review and then presentation of the resolutions to the AEJMC membership at our annual conference in August. What makes a good and likely successful proposed resolution?

1. Have a clear idea of what you want to see done and how to do it.
2. Make sure that your proposal is based on facts.
3. Gather feedback from your peers prior to submittal.
4. Provide context for your proposal.
5. Consider opposition and shape your proposal accordingly.
6. Be clear and direct.

View an example here.]]> 205 2 10 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/code-of-ethics/ Sat, 23 Jan 2010 03:40:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=207

Preamble and the Core Values

Recommended Ethical Professional Freedom & Responsibility Guidelines

Recommended Ethical Research Guidelines

Code of Ethics for Teaching Journalism and Mass Communication

]]> 207 2 6 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/officers/elected-committees/ Sat, 23 Jan 2010 04:17:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=232 Elected standing committee members are elected by the AEJMC membership and serve staggered three-year terms.   The Professional Freedom and Responsibility Committee

• AEJMC Professional Freedom and Responsibility Committee Members (10.24)
• About the Committee

  The Committee on Research

• AEJMC Research Committee Members (10.24)
• About the Committee
• Ethical Research Guidelines (Code of Ethics)

  The Committee on Teaching

• Committee on Teaching Members (10.24)
• About the Committee

  The Publications Committee

• AEJMC Publication Committee Members (10.24)
• About the Committee

  Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC)

• View current ACEJMC representatives (10.24)
• About the Council

]]> 232 188 5 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/officers/appointed-committees/ Sat, 23 Jan 2010 04:18:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=234 Appointed Standing Committees Appointed standing committee members serve staggered three-year terms and are appointed by the AEJMC president.

• AEJMC Finance Committee (10.24)
• AEJMC Membership Committee (10.24)
• AEJMC Nominations and Elections Committee (10.24)
• AEJMC/ASJMC Human Resource Committee (10.24)
• AEJMC Committee on Career Development (10.24)
• AEJMC/Gene Burd Awards Committee (10.24)

  Annual Committees Appointed annual and ad hoc committee members are appointed by the AEJMC president. Members serve one-year terms.

• No committees at this time.

  Task Forces A task force is appointed by the president to investigate a particular broad-based issue. The appointment is on a short-term basis.

• AEJMC Presidential Task Force on Undergraduate Research and Engagement (11.24)
• AEJMC Presidential Task Force on AEJMC’s Diversity, Equity & Inclusion (DEI) (11.23)

]]> 234 188 7 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/job-ads/rates/ Mon, 25 Jan 2010 03:07:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=255 PAY & UPLOAD JOB AD (Rates as of October 1, 2024) Rates Choose from three price options:

• Standard $425 • One AEJMC Website Job Posting • Job listing on the AEJMC Website is posted for 60-days • Includes a logo and link to your school’s website with your listing • A posting on the Job Board in the AEJMC Community (an exclusive online community for AEJMC members). • A link to Job Postings are emailed directly to all AEJMC members.
• Upgrade $525 • One AEJMC Website Job Posting • Job listing is posted for 60-days • Includes a logo and link to your school’s website with your listing • A posting on the Job Board in the AEJMC Community (an exclusive online community for AEJMC members). • A link to Job Postings are emailed directly to all AEJMC members. • Two distributions of your job announcement via AEJMC Twitter - 15K (One Tweet at the time of posting and one more Tweet 30-days after your initial posting.)
• Premium $625 • One AEJMC Website Job Posting • Job listing is posted for 60-days • Includes a logo and link to your school’s website with your listing • A posting on the Job Board in the AEJMC Community (an exclusive online community for AEJMC members). • A link to Job Postings are emailed directly to all AEJMC members. • Four distributions of your job announcement via AEJMC Twitter - 15K (Four Tweets spread out over a your 60-day posting.) • Stats available upon request.

Agency discounts are not given. ONLINE AD SUBMISSION, PAYMENTS AND CONFIRMATION INFORMATION

• PAY & UPLOAD JOB AD/LOGO (a Word file is preferred for ad) (JPG or PNG is preferred for logo).
• Payment with a credit card is required when your ad is uploaded. AEJMC accepts VISA, MasterCard, Discover and American Express. Receipts are automatically sent to the email address that you provide after payment is complete. PLEASE KEEP THIS INFORMATION FOR YOUR RECORDS AS PROOF OF PAYMENT.
• A confirmation of your ad posting including a screenshot will be emailed from AEJMC after your ad has been posted on our website. Contact (kyshia@aejmc.org) with your ad posting questions.

RULES Display Ads are not accepted. AEJMC does not issue refunds or credit for online ads that have been posted on our website unless the advertiser requests the ad to be removed from the website within the first five business days of posting. Subject to approval by AEJMC.]]> 255 182 2 0 https://community.aejmc.org/conference/home Mon, 25 Jan 2010 03:08:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=263 2025 AEJMC Conference San Francisco, CA Leading in Times of Momentous Change: Individual and Collective Opportunities Thursday, August 7 - Sunday, August 10 (Pre-conference day — Wednesday, August 6) San Francisco Marriott Marquis • 780 Mission Street | San Francisco, California  94103 #AEJMC25 2025 AEJMC Conference logo is courtesy of Callie Hribar, University of South Carolina Faculty Sponsor: Van Kornegay, University of South Carolina]]> 263 21137 1 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/events/post-conference-info/ Mon, 25 Jan 2010 03:09:11 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=265

AEJMC 2024 Conference

Philadelphia Marriott Downtown, Philadelphia, PA • August 8-11 (Pre-conference day: August 7)

• Paid Attendees (as of 08/11/2024)
• Regular Members – 1132
• Student Members – 565
• Retired Members – 15
• Guests – 87
• Exhibitors – 35
• Speakers – 157
• Student Paper Winners – 84
• Staff – 9
• Total Sessions Programmed – 313
• Total Submissions – 2260
• Extended Abstracts Submitted – 850
• Full Papers Submitted – 1410
• Total Accepted – 1062
• Accepted Extended Abstracts – 303
• Accepted Full Papers – 725
• Rejected Submissions (EAs and Full
• Papers combined) – 1118
• DQed Submissions (EAs and Full Papers combined) – 75
• Withdrawn Submissions (EAs and
• Full Papers combined) – 39
• KiddieCorp Childcare Guests – 14 (12 families)
• Guide Downloads – 842
• Guide Unique Sessions – 41,884

 

AEJMC 2023 Conference Marriott Marquis Washington, DC, Washington, D.C. • August 7-10 (Pre-conference day: August 6)

Total Conference Attendees — 1848 Regular Members — 932 Student Members — 489 Retired Members — 17 Guests — 144 Speakers/Staff/Exhibitors — 266 Total Sessions Programmed — 324 Total Submissions — 1979 Total Extended Abstracts Submitted (EA) — 684 Total Full Papers Submitted — 1295 Total Submissions Accepted — 980 Faculty/Student Submissions — 545 Student Only Submissions — 435 Competition Acceptance Rate — 49.51% View the 2023 Keynote Session recording on The AEJMC YouTube Channel

 

AEJMC 2022 Conference Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center, Detroit, MI • August 3-6 (Pre-conference day: August 2)

Total Conference Attendees — 1508 Paid Attendees (as of 07/16/2022) — 1181 Regular Members — 792 Student Members — 360 Retired Members — 29 Total Sessions Programmed — 297 Total Submissions — 1605 Total Extended Abstracts Submitted (EA) — 605 Total Full Papers Submitted — 1000 Total Submissions Accepted — 794 Faculty/Student Submissions — 424 Student Only Submissions — 370 Competition Acceptance Rate — 49.47% Twitter — 13.4k mentions, 86.2 m reach (mostly U.S.) View the 2022 General Session recording on The AEJMC YouTube Channel

 

AEJMC 2021 Conference Virtual Conference • August 4-7 (Pre-conference day: August 3)

Total attendees: 2157 Sponsors: 7 / Exhibitors: 10 Total panels programmed: 284 (within conference platform) Total papers submitted: 1590 (EA = 553/ full papers = 1037) Total papers/abstracts accepted: 764 (EA= 200 / full papers = 564) Total number of top student paper winners: 62 Acceptance rate 48.6% for overall competition. Conference Microsite aejmc.org/events/virtual21 Stats: Aug. 3, Pageviews: 3,640; Aug. 4, Pageviews: 4,189; Aug. 5, Pageviews: 3,647; Aug. 6, Pageviews: 2534; Aug. 7, Pageviews: 1045. Site visitor top 10 countries: U.S., China, India, South Korea, Hong Kong, Canada, Singapore, U.K. Germany, Japan Second AEJMC Conference held entirely virtually. (Conference was conducted virtually, because of the continued health safety concerns of the world COVID19 Pandemic.)

 

AEJMC 2020 Conference Virtual Conference • August 6-9 (Pre-conference day: August 5)

Total attendees: 1,852 Speakers/Sponsors: 289 Exhibitors: 8 Total papers/abstracts submitted: 1620 (EA = 496 / full papers = 1124) Total papers/abstracts accepted: 653 (EA = 117 / full papers = 536) Total panels programmed: 322 Paper winners: 61 Conference Microsite Acceptance rate 49.2% for overall competition. First AEJMC Conference held entirely virtually. (Conference was conducted virtually, because of the 2020 world COVID19 Pandemic.)

 

AEJMC 2019 Conference Sheraton Centre Toronto, Toronto, Canada • August 7-10
	Total attendees: 2,094 Speakers/Sponsors: 54 Exhibitors: 23 Papers Submitted: 1458 Papers Accepted: 699 Paper Winners: 84 Twitter accounts that used #AEJMC19: 1,739 Downloads of Conference App: 881 Conference App Conference Microsite Conference Photos Keynote Conference Photos App Stats, By Samantha Higgins, AEJMC PR Director

 

AEJMC 2018 Conference The Renaissance Hotel Downtown, Washington, DC • August 6-9
	Number of paid attendees: 1,694 Guests: 572 Number of papers submitted: 1558 Number of papers accepted: 780 Paper Winners: 83 Exhibitors: 131 Speakers/Sponsors: 153 Conference Microsite Conference App (2nd largest AEJMC Conference) Click to view the Business Meeting Powerpoint Presentation: [caption id="attachment_18722" align="alignleft" width="200"] 2018 AEJMC Business Meeting[/caption]

 

AEJMC 2017 Conference Chicago Marriott Downtown, Chicago, IL • August 9-12
	Number of attendees: 2,487 Exhibitors: 52 Number of papers accepted: 720 Paper Winners: 78 Number of Mobile App downloads: 1,158 Number of Twitter followers @aejmc: 9,439 Conference Microsite

 

AEJMC 2016 Conference The Hilton Minneapolis Hotel, Minneapolis, MN • August 4-7
	Number of attendees: 2,080 Number of sessions: 340 Pre-conference activities: 27 Number of papers accepted: 774 Number of Mobile App downloads: 919 Number of Twitter followers @aejmc: 8,524 Number of "AEJMC" Tweets: 1,172 Number of Job Hub Interviews: 400+ Conference Microsite

 

AEJMC 2015 Conference San Francisco Marriott Marquis Hotel, San Francisco, CA • August 6-9
		Number of attendees: 2,427 Number of sessions: 377 Number of papers accepted: 943 Number of Twitter followers: 7,783 Number of Mobile App views: 9,102 Conference Microsite

 

AEJMC 2014 Conference The Le Centre Sheraton Montreal Hotel, Montréal, Canada • August 6-9
		Number of attendees: 2,312 Number of sessions: 370 Number of papers accepted: 910 Tweets or retweets using#aejmc14: 11,576 Traffic on Facebook during the conference: 8,925 Mobile App unique downloads: 2,270 Pounds of materials shipped to Montreal: 6,360

 

AEJMC 2013 Conference Renaissance Washington, DC Downtown Hotel, Washington, DC • August 8-11
		Number of attendees: 2,513 Number of sessions: 379 Number of papers presented: 899

 

AEJMC 2012 Conference

Chicago Marriott Downtown, Chicago, IL • August 10-13

• Number of attendees: 2467
• Number of sessions: 363
• Number of papers presented: 878
• A Special Resolution for AEJMC from the City of Chicago
• AEJMC 2012 Conference Program (PDF file)

 

AEJMC 2011 Conference

The Renaissance St. Louis Grand Hotel, St. Louis, MO • August 10-13

• Number of attendees: 2192
• Number of sessions: 355
• Number of papers presented: 896

• AEJMC 2011 Conference Program (PDF file)
• AEJMC 2011 Resolutions

 

AEJMC 2010 Conference

The Sheraton Denver Downtown Hotel, Denver, CO • August 4-7

• Number of attendees: 2189
• Number of sessions: 372
• Number of papers presented: 853

• AEJMC Conference Program (Word .doc files) Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday
• AEJMC 2010 Resolutions
• Exploration of Outside Publishers for AEJMC Journals
• 2010 AEJMC Logo Competition After much discussion during the Denver Conference, the AEJMC Board did not select a winner in the recent logo competition. It was a unanimous decision. During the conference, about 900 attendees (of the 1,700 paid attendees) voted for their favorite from six semi-finalists, and narrowed the pool down to two finalists. Based on the votes, each finalist received about 22% of the total vote.The Board was looking for a logo that reflected the association’s unique mission and reach within the academy. The group expected a design that would look modern and exciting, yet still capture our many facets of journalism and mass communication. Neither logo met that expectation. The association created a 100^th anniversary logo that was used during our centennial year in 2012. The logo was adapted as the association’s logo after the centennial year.

 

AEJMC 2009 Convention

The Sheraton Boston Hotel, Boston, MA • August 5-8

• Number of attendees: 2435
• Number of sessions: 365
• Number of papers presented: 861
• An Examination of AEJMC Member Perceptions of the Integrity of the Competitive Paper Review Process PowerPoint • PDF

]]> 265 21137 3 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/events/future-conferences/ Mon, 25 Jan 2010 03:09:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=267 The AEJMC Conference Manager and the AEJMC Board of Directors jointly select conference sites at several years in advance. See future AEJMC Conference sites listed below. Contact AEJMC with questions about conference locations.

2026 • New Orleans, LA August 4-8 Thursday – Sunday / Pre-Conference – Wednesday New Orleans Marriott Hotel rate: $189.00 Single/Double	2027 • Chicago, IL August 9-12 Monday – Thursday / Pre-Conference – Sunday Sheraton Grand Chicago Riverwalk Hotel rate: $259.00 Single/ Double
2028 • Washington, DC August 7-10 Monday – Thursday / Pre-Conference – Sunday Marriott Marquis Washington, D.C. Hotel rate: $279.00 Single/ Double	2029 • New Orleans, LA August 7-11 Thursday – Sunday / Pre-Conference – Wednesday New Orleans Marriott Hotel rate: $189.00 Single/Double

FAQs: Why did we choose that city? How AEJMC conference sites are selected. AEJMC August Conference Rotation Area 2024 - 2028 [PDF] AEJMC August Conference Rotation Area 2029 - 2033 [PDF] RFP • Request for Proposal for AEJMC 2024 Annual Conference [PDF]]]> 267 21137 2 0 https://wjec.info/ Mon, 25 Jan 2010 03:10:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=273

The World Journalism Education Council (WJEC) is a coalition representing academic associations worldwide that are involved in journalism and mass communication at the university level. By bringing organizations from six continents together, the Council hopes to provide a common space for journalism educators from around the world and to focus on issues that are universal in the field.

It is an outgrowth of the first World Journalism Education Congress that was held in Singapore in June 2007 and drew 450 delegates from 45 countries. The WJEC is an informal group with no secretariat. The World Journalism Education Council began as the planning group for the Congress, beginning with its first meeting in Toronto in 2004.

The Council’s major projects have been the adoption of a Declaration of Universal Principles of Journalism Education (approved June 2007) and the World Journalism Education Census.

WJEC2025]]> 273 21137 8 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/groups/divisions/ Wed, 03 Feb 2010 03:13:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=406

Related Links

• Interest Groups
• Commissions
• Division Journals

Advertising (ADVD) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/advertisingdivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS As a bridge between academia and the professional community, Advertising division serves the advertising industry today and tomorrow. The division hosts five paper competitions (research, teaching, PF&R, special topics, and student) and presents three awards (for the top faculty paper, top student paper, and outstanding professional service) at AEJMC annual conventions. It runs a pre-conference workshop annually on advertising teaching, and publishes the Journal of Advertising Education and AdNews, a divisional newsletter. The Division is currently striving for three major goals: to increase its membership, particularly among graduate students and ethnic minorities; to find more ways to better demonstrate its appreciation for high-quality research activities; and continue to build and maintain good relationships with other divisions. Broadcast and Mobile Journalism (BAMJ) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/broadcastandmobilejournalismdivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Broadcast and Mobile Journalism division (formerly named the Electronic News division [EEND] and originally named the Radio-Television Journalism division [RTVJ]) focuses on the teaching, practice, and research of electronic news. The division maintains close ties with the industry through the major professional organization for broadcast and online journalists, the Radio-Television News Directors Association (RTNDA). Goals of the Broadcast and Mobile Journalism include enhancing engaged learning of radio, television and online journalism at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The division also fosters research and scholarly inquiry into broadcast and online journalism through publication of the journal, Electronic News. The Broadcast and Mobile Journalism promotes a sense of public service, professional responsibility and freedom among practitioners and academics in radio, television and online journalism. Communicating Science, Health, Environment and Risk (SHER) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/communicatingsciencehealthenvironmentriskdivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS Communicating Science, Health, Environment & Risk division (ComSHER) was approved as a division in 2010. The mission of the CommSHER division is to provide a forum for the advancement of the field of science communication and the professional development of its members. Current objectives of the division include: (1) Providing a community for those interested in science communication and to facilitate ethical and responsible practices; (2) Encouraging acceptance of “science” to include the environment, health and technology, not just science in the narrowest sense, and (3) Supporting a diversity of research methodologies and approaches in an ongoing effort to facilitate robust research in the area. (The group was initially established as the Science Communication Interest Group in 1991 and officially changed it's name to Communicating Science, Health, Environment, Risk Interest Group in Fall 2009 to more accurately reflect the depth of what the field of science communication currently covers.) Communication Technology (CTEC) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/communicationtechnologydivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Communication Technology division brings together researchers, teachers and professionals who are interested in how new communication technologies are changing media and society. The division has attracted scholarship pertaining to innovative uses of new media technologies such as blogging and podcasting, and to technology adoption and digital divide issues. Communication Theory & Methodology (CTAM) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/communicationtheorymethodologydivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Communication Theory & Methodology (CT&M) division was created in the mid-1960s. The division’s goal is to advance the study of communication through theory-based, methodologically sound research across subdisciplines. As part of its focus on quality research, CT&M was the first AEJMC division to use discussants at the AEJMC convention. While other divisions of AEJMC are now also involved in communication research, no other division focuses so clearly on or devotes as much of its convention programming space to research. Cultural & Critical Studies (CCSD) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/culturalcriticalstudiesdivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Cultural and Critical Studies division encourages humanistic, interdisciplinary research into communication. Perspectives with a range from literary, and cultural and critical analysis to creative and philosophical essays. It sponsors research-paper sessions, theme presentations, and other scholarly activity at the yearly convention of AEJMC. History (HIST) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/historydivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS The History division focuses on all aspects of journalism and mass communication history. Its members work in a variety of areas and methods, but their primary goal is the same: to illuminate the historical functions and contexts of mass media and associated fields. The division strives to maintain strong communications between members by publishing a quarterly newsletter and maintaining a web site and list serve. We offer several annual awards, including a Book Award, the Covert Award for the best journal article on journalism history, and Best Convention Papers awards for the top three student papers presented at the annual conference. International Communication (INTC) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/internationalcommunicationdivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS The International Communication division was launched in 1965. The division’s main focus has been the study of processes and effects of mass communication in the international arena. With increasing globalization and rapid technological convergence, and shifting geopolitical realities, the division has expanded its interests that now span the discourses of international and global as they pertain to journalism and media. The division publishes “International Communication Research Journal.” Law and Policy (LAWP) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/lawpolicydivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Law and Policy division is dedicated to exploring the wide range of legal and policy issues that surround mass communication and free expression by supporting members’ research and teaching efforts in those areas. Law and Policy division members conduct research on topics as diverse as first amendment issues, defamation, privacy invasion, copyright law, broadcast regulation and legal protections for newsgathering, among others. The division also plays a prominent role in AEJMC’s efforts to promote professional freedom and responsibility by serving as a bridge between academic discourse and public understanding on topics of free expression through its Speakers Bureau. Magazine Media (MMAG) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/magazinemediadivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Magazine Media division is a dynamic group of journalism educators and scholars who teach courses on the production and business of magazines—broadly re-defined to include many new forms in the current digital world—and study their cultural roles and effects on society and audiences. The division’s members are professors and students at higher-learning institutions who share a continued interest and/or professional experience in magazine writing, editing, design, and management, along with a passion for longform and lifestyle journalism. The division publishes Magazine Matter, a biannual newsletter, and Journal of Magazine Media, the peer-reviewed journal. Digital AND print versions of the journal are available. The digital version of the Journal of Magazine Media is included in the membership fee for the Magazine Media division. Mass Communication and Society (MCSD) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/mcsd/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Mass Communication and Society division (MC&S) spans both traditional disciplines, such as advertising, public relations and journalism, and newer, convergent areas of study. We also encourage a variety of methodological approaches to the study of media and its many societal influences. One of the largest and most active of the AEJMC divisions, MC&S promotes research, teaching, and professional freedom and responsibility, as well as typically co-sponsoring AEJMC’s annual midwinter conference. Our division is also known for the generous recognition it provides to both faculty and graduate students, such as research grants, top teaching awards, dissertation award, and our service award. The division also publishes Mass Communication and Society, a well-known research journal published by Taylor and Francis Group. Media Ethics (ETHC) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/mediaethicsdivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Media Ethics division includes more than 300 scholars research and teaching in the fields of mass communication ethics. Since its inception in 1999, the division has been committed to favorably impacting the media professions by promoting academic/professional partnerships, ethical analysis, and ethics education. Media Management, Economics & Entrepreneurship (MMEE) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/mediamanagementeconomicsandentrepreneurship/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Media Management, Economics & Entrepreneurship division promotes teaching, research, and public service activities in mass media management and economics. We seek to provide an international platform for an exchange of minds to share experiences, ideas and visions in Media Managements, Economics & Entrepreneurship. We thereby focus on five main goals: research, teaching, internationality, promotion of young academics, and professional freedom and responsibility. The mission of this organization is to serve its members and AEJMC by research, publishing and discussing issues related to media management and economics. Excellent research papers in our field take part in our Best Paper Award at AEJMC’s annual conference. Minorities and Communication (MACD) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/minoritiescommunicationdivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Minorities and Communication division (MAC) is committed to advancing research, teaching and professional freedom and responsibility scholarship and initiatives that explore the relationship between racial and ethnic minorities and mass communication. Our programming and service center on critical economic, political, legal, ethical, and social issues that define the role racial and ethnic minorities have played, and are playing, in media and mass communication education. As such, MAC also has a pragmatic aim to promote cultural literacy and diversity among academics, professionals, and students, and to heighten knowledge and strengthen skill sets to manage the complexities and respond to the disparities that manifest in a multicultural media landscape. Newspaper & Online News (NOND) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/newspaperandonlinenewsdivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Newspaper & Online News division (formerly named the Newspaper Division) examines key concerns facing journalism education, the newspaper industry and society; topics include ethics, new technology, readership, minority recruitment and the media's role in society. Publishes Newspaper Research Journal and the division newsletter, Leadtime. Visit the Newspaper Research Journal Website: https://journals.sagepub.com/home/nrj. Political Communication Division (PLCD) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/politicalcommunicationdivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Political Communication Division was approved as a division in 2019. (The group was initially established as an Interest Group in 2010.) The division's mission is to promote scholarship and teaching concerned with the interplay of communication and politics, and to provide resources and networking opportunities for political communication faculty, graduate students, and professionals. Public Relations (PRDV) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/publicrelationsdivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS AEJMC's Public Relations division is the largest organization of public relations educators in the world. Its 500+ members represent institutions of higher learning in the United States and about two dozen countries around the world. The Public Relations Division advances public relations teaching, research, and professional freedom and responsibility through: research paper competitions for faculty and graduate students at its annual convention; sponsorship of Journal of Public Relations Research; discussions, faculty paper competitions, and a monograph series related to teaching public relations; a quarterly membership newsletter; special programs to promote international research by graduate students and diversity among prospective educators; and liaison with professionals in the field. Also see the PR Division GUIDE TO MEMBERSHIP. Scholastic Journalism (SCHJ) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/scholasticjournalismdivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Scholastic Journalism division provides a liaison between secondary school journalism teachers/media advisers and college-level journalism educators. Members are often student press association directors who run summer workshops, press days and conferences. Some primary concerns include journalism education standards, teacher training and student free expression rights. Through programming at the summer convention and at its midwinter meeting at The Poynter Institute, the Division works to support its members and stimulate interest among others in regarding issues and trends in scholastic journalism. Visual Communication (VISC) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/visualcommunicationdivision/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Visual Communication division of AEJMC is devoted to the study of visual communication and issues concerning the professional practice of visual media production for presentation. The division members represent a broad spectrum of methodology and application on all types of visual media—advertising, broadcast, digital imaging, film, graphic design, multimedia, Web design, photojournalism, propaganda images, visual images and culture, visual literacy, and visual aspects of political campaigns, etc. The division publishes Visual Communication Quarterly and hosts the annual Best of the Web competition with the Communication Technology Division, the AEJMC logo competition, the Creative Projects competition, and student and faculty paper competitions.]]> 406 190 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/groups/interest-groups/ Wed, 03 Feb 2010 03:13:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=410 Click on the interest group’s name to visit their website.

Related Links

• Divisions
• Commissions
• Division Journals

  Community Journalism (COMJ) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/communityjournalisminterestgroup/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Community Journalism Interest Group was established in 2004. Community media constitute the vast majority of news outlets, but are often overlooked or dismissed by scholars in lieu of major regional, state, national, and international media. The Community Journalism Interest Group focuses on the role of journalism in community, focusing primarily on small- or niche-market media outlets (what we call "The bottom of the iceberg.") Community journalism has distinct benefits and challenges compared to larger media outlets, and that is why the group was formed and continues to grow. Entertainment Studies (ESIG) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/entertainmentstudiesinterestgroup/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Entertainment Studies Interest Group was established in 2000. ESIG represents a unique niche in AEJMC. It is the only interest group or division that specializes in entertainment studies, which includes sports, video games and entertainment media. ESIG provides unique programming and serves as a research outlet in the areas of research, teaching and PF&R. ESIG is a frequent co-sponsor a mid-winter convention geared toward graduate students. Internships and Careers (ICIG) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/internshipscareersinterestgroup/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Internships & Careers Interest Group (ICIG), established 1994, exists to promote knowledge about careers and internships in journalism and mass communication to AEJMC’s membership and to educators and professionals everywhere. Our membership is open to any educator or professional with an interest in journalism careers and includes faculty members, administrators, career counselors and journalism practitioners. We sponsor convention programming that aims to explore important issues and recent trends regarding careers in the various journalism fields and industries. We encourage and support research that examines critical issues in the field experience, service-learning and career worlds. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer (LGBT) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/lgbtqig/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer interest group (LGBTQ) was established in 2003 with the desire and ability to create dialogue and support scholarship about LGBTQ concerns that should be discussed in classrooms nationwide. Our mission is to help journalism and mass communications professors integrate LGBTQ issues and perspectives into JMC education and to support research into these issues and perspectives. For information on academic resources on sexual orientation issues in the news media, visit the website of the NLGJA website. Participatory Journalism (PJIG) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/participatoryjournalisminterestgroup/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Participatory Journalism Interest Group (formerly named the Civic and Citizen Interest Group) began in 1994 during the formative years of civic / public journalism, which was focused on using journalistic practices to foster civic engagement. As time has passed, interests of the group and its membership have turned to new ways of expressing this engagement, especially through citizen-based participatory journalism, leading to a corresponding change of the group's name to the Participatory Journalism Interest Group in 2013. As blogging, hyper-local media, and audience contributions to online news operations of mainstream media have grown, PJIG has developed into a vibrant community of scholars interested in research and teaching about these phenomena. Religion and Media (RMIG) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/religionmediainterestgroup/events/officers CURRENT OFFICERS The Religion and Media Interest Group was established in 1996. The RMIG is dedicated to the exploration of the intersection of media and religion in our world. We encourage scholarly analysis (both quantitative and qualitative) of this intersection in three areas: (1) religion portrayed in secular media; (2) the manner in which religious institutions and organizations use the media to propagate their message; and (3) the impact of religion and/or religiosity of media consumers and its impact on their media use. Small Programs (SPIG) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/smallprogramsinterestgroup/communities/officers CURRENT OFFICERS The Small Programs Interest Group was established 1994. SPIG is a forum primarily for faculty in small programs whose primary emphasis is teaching, advising and mentoring undergraduate students. Some of our members teach in small journalism and mass communication departments in large universities. Others consider their departments small because their colleges or universities are small. Each member decides how he or she defines small. Typically, members are in programs that require them to be teachers first. SPIG helps its members accomplish this task by frequently offering programs at the AEJMC convention that focus on teaching. SPIG convention panels and the listserv are cited as reasons that some members choose to remain in AEJMC. Teaching Journalism and Mass Communication Journal, published by the Small Programs Interest Group. Sports Communication (SPRT) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/sportscommunicationinterestgroup/home CURRENT OFFICERS The Sports Communication Interest Group was established in 2010. SPORTS is designed to support AEJMC members who are scholars and teachers of sports-related courses, including those in the areas of journalism, broadcasting, advertising/marketing and sports information/public relations with a balanced agenda that focuses on teaching, scholarship and issues of professional freedom and responsibility.]]> 410 190 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/groups/commissions/ Wed, 03 Feb 2010 03:14:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=412 Click on the commission’s name to visit their website.

Related Links

• Divisions
• Interest Groups

Commission on Graduate Education (CSGE)

Website: https://community.aejmc.org/commissionongraduateeducation/home Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/aejmcGSIG CURRENT OFFICERS The Commission on Graduate Education (formerly the Graduate Student Interest Group and founded as the Graduate Education Interest Group) provides support and representation for students within AEJMC. The group was created in 1993 (renamed in 2011 and changed to a commission in 2022) by students dedicated to addressing student issues and amplifying the student voice within the larger body of the AEJMC. A substantial portion of the group’s student-centered programming takes place at the annual AEJMC national convention. Commission on the Status of Minorities (CSMN) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/commissiononthestatusofminorities/home CURRENT OFFICERS Investigates and proposes ways to achieve racial and cultural diversity in journalism/communication programs and curriculum. A complete list of current officers is available. Commission on the Status of Women (CSWM) Website: https://community.aejmc.org/commissiononthestatusofwomen/home CURRENT OFFICERS The purpose of CSW is to advocate for the improvement of the status of women in journalism and mass communication education as well as in the journalism and mass communication workforce. The commission should promote feminist scholarship in journalism and mass communication and plan and present programs.]]> 412 190 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/aejmc-history/ Fri, 25 Jun 2010 14:15:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?page_id=1172 1931 Conference Photo[/caption] On November 30, 1912, a group of 18 journalism educators voted to create an organization called the American Association of Teachers of Journalism. The association’s mission was two-fold: to hold an annual conference of those interested in the teaching of journalism, and to collect statistics relating to schools, courses and teaching in journalism. [caption id="attachment_3357" align="alignright" width="100"] Willard G. Bleyer[/caption] Willard G. Bleyer of the University of Wisconsin at Madison, who spearheaded the movement to create the group, was elected the first president. Dues were set at $1 per year for AEJMC members at the 1931 conference. Through the years the group grew steadily, and by 1924 had passed a resolution (proposed by Bleyer) to create a Committee on Research for the association and devote part of the annual conference program to presentation of research results. The next step in this research focus was the creation of a journal to showcase the best research in the field. Originally called the Journalism Bulletin, the first editor was Lawrence Murphy of the University of North Dakota. Dues were raised to $3, with $2 going to support the new journal. In 1950, AATJ was renamed the Association for Education in Journalism and in 1964, the membership approved a new constitution that created special interest divisions and elected standing committees in AEJMC’s three key areas: Research, Teaching Standards, and Professional Freedom and Responsibility. At the 1965 convention, AEJMC approved its first 10 divisions: Advertising, Communication Theory and Methodology, International Communication, Graphic Arts, History, Magazine, Newspaper, Public Relations, Radio-Television Journalism, and Secondary Education. The divisions would plan convention programs in their areas, and were to report on these activities to the elected standing committees. In 1982, the association added and Mass Communication to its name to reflect the rapid changes taking place in the field. In January 1999, the association purchased a 6,500 square-foot office building in Columbia, South Carolina, for its first permanent headquarters at a cost of $307,000. One year later fundraising to pay down the $218,000 mortgage on the building had netted more than $20,000 from individual AEJMC members, and $150,000 from three foundations: The William Randolph Hearst Foundation, The Freedom Forum, and The Gannett Foundation. Through the years, the organization continued to adapt to meet the demanding and rapid changes in the field of journalism and mass communication. As AEJMC entered the Year 2000, it had grown to some 3,300 members worldwide and was publishing three quarterly research journals, two annuals and six newsletters each year. The future looked especially exciting as AEJMC added online publishing to its list of accomplishments with the Fall 2000 issue of Journalism and Mass Communication Abstracts. In 2006, AEJMC ventured farther into uncharted digital terrain with an updated web site, and in 2007 with the addition of an online forum, news center and job board. Annual conventions have produced record numbers for the association with more than 2,600 attending the 2007 Annual Convention in Washington, DC. From 2007 to 2008, the association designed a strategic plan to help shape and guide the future of the association. The plan was the foundation for initiatives highlighting new areas of focus in research, outreach and diversity. In 2009, the President’s Advisory Council was formed to allow the president to weigh in on important issues central to the association’s mission. The association's program, AEJMC Emerging Scholars, awards research and teaching grants to encourage innovative and timely projects in journalism and mass communication; and the AEJMC Equity & Diversity Award recognizes academic units for progress and innovation in racial, gender and ethnic equity and diversity in hiring, initiatives, climate, and institutionally embedded support. The association has web and social media presence on X, Facebook, and Instagram. Each conference season, the association features a website devoted to promoting the summer AEJMC  Conference. In 2020 the association had its first virtual conference due to health and safety issues resulting from the COVID19 world pandemic. Today, the association continues evolution with the pace of a rapidly changing environment and discipline and serves members from all over the world with its programs, awards, divisions and interest groups and commissions.]]> 1172 2 12 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/publications/aejmcnews/ Fri, 01 Oct 2010 13:00:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=78 established 1912 ISSN: 07478909 AEJMC News is the newsletter of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. It contains news about AEJMC, the Divisions and Interest Groups of AEJMC and journalism/mass communication education. The newsletter also contains calls for work and award nominations, as well as AEJMC Conference news and announcements. AEJMC News is published four times a year. Email Us | Phone: 803-798-0271 AEJMC, 234 Outlet Pointe Blvd., Suite A, Columbia, South Carolina 29210-5667

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AEJMC News Issues

See the most recent issues of AEJMC News issues below. To order printed or past issues of AEJMC News, contact AEJMC. Digital issues powered by Yumpu

		LATEST ISSUE AEJMC News, January 2025 AEJMC 2025 Conference Paper Competition; AEJMC PF&R Awards Calls; Best Practices in Teaching Competition Call; Research Grant to Support Innovative News Audience Studies; LLK Outstanding Early-Career Woman Scholar Award; Barrow Award; Visiting Professor Program, and more.
		AEJMC News, October 2024 Post 2024 Conference Info; WJEC 2025; AEJMC Standing Committee Research Calls; Burd Award for Research in Urban Journalism Studies Call; Webinar Series Schedule; AEJMC-Peter Lang Scholarsourcing Series Call.
		AEJMC News, July 2024 AEJMC Election Results; JMCE & JCM Editors Selected;  2024 AEJMC Award Winners; AEJMC Senior/Emerging Scholars Calls; 2024-25 IDL Jennifer McGill Fellows Announced; Scripps Howard Award Administrator of the Year and Teacher of the Year Calls.
		AEJMC News, March 2024 2024 AEJMC Election; Call for Journalism & Communication Monographs Editor; Call for IDL Fellows; Diversity and Inclusion Career Development Fellowship for Graduate Students; the Gene Burd Urban Journalism Award Call.

]]> 78 5 3 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/scholarship/idl-program/ Sun, 24 Oct 2010 03:40:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=199 The Institute for Diverse Leadership in Journalism and Communication is dedicated to increasing the number of people of color and women who serve as chairs, deans, directors, and endowed chairs in journalism and communication education. Additionally, the Institute seeks to elevate the number of women and people of color who hold professorships and occupy educational and professional board seats with journalism and communication organizations, as well as those who take leadership positions in higher education. The Institute fosters the philosophy that change comes from the top and that by making journalism and communication administration more multicultural, there will be more emphasis on making student bodies, faculties, staffs, organizations, and curricula more diverse. To serve this mission, the Institute has designed leadership training and mentoring programs that will assist, inspire, and encourage aspiring leaders to achieve their goals of entering the journalism and communication administrative ranks. Jointly sponsored by AEJMC and ASJMC, The Institute was created in Spring 2015. An earlier version of The Institute existed from 1999 to 2009. Called the Journalism and Mass Communication Leadership Institute for Diversity (JLID), it was developed by then presidents Marilyn Kern-Foxworth (AEJMC) and Shirley Staples Carter (ASJMC). See the list of JLID program graduates.

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The IDL Fellows

IDL Program Goals

The goal of this program is to provide a year-long institute that will provide administrative training for people of color and women. The program seeks to develop a core group of potential leaders for journalism and communication programs who will not only be hired for administrative positions, but will succeed in them.  The program will:

• help individuals understand their leadership strengths and weaknesses;
• provide a toolbox of strategies and information that will facilitate successful academic administration;
• strengthen management, team-building and problem-solving skills;
• provide information about ACEJMC standards and its accrediting process;
• match each fellow with a current administrative mentor to provide a day-to-day look at the job, and provide a week-long shadow visit at the administrator’s campus; and
• provide advice on finding the right administrative fit, as well as interviewing tips.

]]> 199 3 7 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/groups/current-officers/ Fri, 01 Oct 2010 20:31:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/ 2395 190 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/groups/current-interest-group-officers/ Fri, 01 Oct 2010 22:02:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/ 2414 190 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/groups/commission-officers/ Sat, 02 Oct 2010 03:40:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/ 2421 190 2 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/council-of-affiliates/ Fri, 05 Nov 2010 17:12:24 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/ About Council of Affiliates members include communication professionals, businesses and associations around the globe interested in journalism and mass communication education. AEJMC Council of Affiliates memberships continue to offer organizations and associations a unique opportunity to work with and get to know journalism and mass communication faculty and administrators.  

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Membership

An Association Membership to the Council of Affiliates includes membership for one primary contact, typically the organization’s executive director, and three additional memberships for other organization representatives. The primary contact receives online access to all of AEJMC’s journals, including all past issues, and access to the members-only sections of the AEJMC Community.  The three additional members added to this group membership are not active members of AEJMC, and they do not have access to AEJMC member benefits. But the primary contact and additional members all enjoy either complimentary or reduced rates for our annual conference. Member organizations are invited to work with the AEJMC Council of Affiliates chair for annual conference programming. Contact Saviela Thorne, AEJMC Membership Coordinator for information.

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Member Benefits

Detailed membership benefits include the following: 

• Representatives from member organizations are invited to work with the AEJMC Council of Affiliates chair for annual conference programming. 
• Member organizations will have access to AEJMC publications (Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, Journalism & Communication Monographs, and AEJMC News) and the new AEJMC Community and Discussion Boards. 
• Each member organization receives an individual AEJMC membership with complete membership benefits (divisional, interest group and commission rates would still apply). 
• Each member organization receives one complimentary individual annual conference registration while up to three additional members from the organization receive 50% off conference registrations if they are not participating on panels. 
• Council of Affiliates members receive 40% off advertising rates for full-page or half-page advertisements in all AEJMC publications. 

]]> 2628 2 4 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/resources/ Fri, 05 Nov 2010 17:43:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/

Best Practices in Teaching

Master Class Publications

Career Development

Trailblazers

Links

]]> 2632 0 4 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/scholarship/emerging-scholars-program/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 15:12:17 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=4143 lillian@aejmc.org.

Tips for Creating a Strong Proposal The successful research project should contribute to the body of knowledge, should be designed so that it could be executed successfully, and should be within the abilities of the researcher to complete. To demonstrate that your project has these characteristics, we suggest the following for your proposal:

• Make sure the proposal is well developed and clearly explains your project. • Explain the importance of the topic and the broad implications that this research can have. • Follow the specific categories from the call to make it easier for the reviewers evaluate. • Spell out the anticipated outcomes – What article(s) will be produced? How does this study advance our knowledge in the area? • Provide a title for the proposal. It helps crystallize the topic in the reviewer’s mind right off the bat. • Describe methods clearly and succinctly. How will you select your sample? How and why will the sample allow you to address the aims of the project? How will you analyze the sample? • Make sure the budget provides details. You should break out the categories and list exactly how the funds will be used. • Explain how this grant will assist in completing the project. If the project requires more funds than available, explain where the rest will come from so the work can be completed.

• Read Tips for Creating that Perfect Research Grant Proposal from 2019 AEJMC Senior and Emerging Scholars.

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Emerging Scholar Recipients for 2024

• Yee Man Margaret Ng, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign “The Twitter Exodus: Negotiating the Transition from Twitter to Mastodon among Journalists”
• Benjamin Toff, University of Minnesota “Evaluating Differences in Trust Toward Audio- versus Text-based Modes of News”

Read the Abstracts for the 2024 Emerging Scholar Recipients

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Emerging Scholar Recipients for 2023

• Megan Duncan, Virginia Tech “Relationships between Geographical Political Sorting, Discussion Networks, and Audience Perceptions of News Bias”
• Ciera Kirkpatrick, University of Nebraska-Lincoln “Examining Health Information Seeking on TikTok and the Impact of TikTok Message Features on Young Women’s Health-Related Attitudes, Perceptions, and Behavioral Intentions”

Read the Abstracts for the 2023 Emerging Scholar Recipients

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Emerging Scholar Recipients for 2022

• Desirée Schmuck, School for Mass Communication Research at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium “Modern Political Educators or Sources of Fake News? Influencers’ (Mis-)Information About Political Topics on Social Media”
• Jieun Shin, University of Florida “Evaluating the Quality of News and User Engagement on Social Media”

Read the Abstracts for the 2022 Emerging Scholar Recipients

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Emerging Scholar Recipients for 2021

• Yan Huang, University of Houston “Correcting Vaccine-Related Misbeliefs Through Vicarious Self-Persuasion:  Effects of Storytelling and Refutation”
• Joanna Strycharz, University of Amsterdam, and Claire Segijn, University of Minnesota “A Change in Media Diet as a Result of Corporate Surveillance. A Comparison between the United States and Europe”

Read the Abstracts for the 2021 Emerging Scholar Recipients

Emerging Scholar Recipients for 2020

• Russell Clayton, Florida State “Examining E-Cigarette Users’ Psychological, Affective, Attitudinal, and Behavioral Responses to Freedom-Threatening Anti-Vaping Public Service Announcements”
• Viorela Dan, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, and Stephanie Van Stee, Missouri-St. Louis “Verbal-Visual Mismatch: The Disclosure Section of Televised Direct-to-Consumer Advertising and Its Effects on Consumers”
• Wenlin Liu, Houston “Examining the Role of Community Communication Resources and Disaster Storytelling in Building Community Resilience”

Emerging Scholars Recipients for 2019

• Jeanine Guidry, Nicole O'Donnell and Jay Adams, Virginia Commonwealth “Promoting Pro-Environmental Behaviors through Visual Social Media”
• Lindsay Palmer, Wisconsin-Madison “A Cultural History of the Committee to Protect Journalists”
• Jason T. Peifer, Indiana “(Re)Building Credibility: Understanding How Transparency, Locality, and Perceived Importance Can Contribute to Fostering Media Trust”
• Meghan Sobel, Regis and Karen McIntyre, Virginia Commonwealth “The Role of the Media in Post-conflict Development in Three East African Nations”

Emerging Scholars Recipients for 2018

• Suzannah Evans Comfort, Indiana University “Responsibility, Vulnerability, and Climate Change: Toward a Model of Influences on Climate Journalism in Developing Countries”
• Julia Daisy Fraustino, West Virginia University, and Amanda K. Kennedy, St. Mary’s University “Care in Action: Disaster Communication Ethics and Preparedness in Vulnerable Communities”
• Summer Harlow, University of Houston, and Danielle Kilgo, Indiana University “Disrupting the Protest Paradigm: Toward a Model of the Sociological Effects, Routines and Norms Influencing Journalistic Coverage of U.S. Protests”
• Candi S. Carter Olson, Utah State University “Act Like a Lady: Women’s Press Clubs and the Rise of the Twentieth Century Newswoman”

Emerging Scholars Recipients for 2017

• K. Hazel Kwon and Monica Chadha, Arizona State University “News Proximity and Social Media Framing of Terrorism: A Computational Approach toward Large-Scale Framing Research”
• Yu-Hao Lee, University of Florida “Feeling Right about the News: A Motivated Information Processing Examination of the Effects of News Headline Framing on Selective Exposure and Elaboration”
• Bryan McLaughlin, Texas Tech University “Tales of Conflict: Political Transportation and Political Polarization”
• Ivanka Pjesivac and Sun Joo (Grace) Ahn, University of Georgia “Virtual Reality Journalism: Emotions and News Credibility”

Emerging Scholars Recipients for 2016

• Mary Angela Bock, Texas at Austin “Black and Blue: The Discourse of the Police Accountability Movement”
• Brett G. Johnson, Missouri “Measuring New Norms of Intolerance Toward Extreme Speech: Assessing Public Opinion of Extreme User-generated Content and the Extralegal Practices of Managing Such Speech”
• Ammina Kothari, Rochester Institute of Technology “UK Media Coverage of the Syrian Humanitarian Crisis”
• Jessica Gall Myrick, Indiana “Making the Environment Healthy: An Experimental Test of the Effects of Framing Climate Change as a Public Health Issue”

Emerging Scholars Recipients for 2015

• Jan Boehmer, University of Miami “Motivating News Engagement: How Social Cues Affect Learning From News”
• Lindita Camaj, University of Houston “Media Use of Freedom of Information Law to Set the News Agenda in Bulgaria”
• Gerry Lanosga, Indiana University “The Emergence of Professional Prizes and the Development of Journalistic Professionalism in the U.S.”
• Edson C. Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University “What’s the Buzz? Find Out How Buzzfeed is Transforming the Journalistic Field

Emerging Scholars Recipients for 2014

• Gang (Kevin) Han, Iowa State University “Mapping Health Information Flow and Knowledge Diffusion on Microblogging: A Social Network Analysis of Social Influence on Twitter”
• Seth Lewis, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities “Big Data and Journalism: Epistemology, Expertise, and Ethics”
• Hyunjin Seo, University of Kansas “Roles of Visuals During Syrian Conflicts: Toward a Theoretical Model of Visual Propaganda in Social Media Age”
• Nikki Usher, George Washington University “For-Profit News Start-ups and the Future of Journalism”

Emerging Scholars Recipients for 2013

• Miao Guo, Ball State University “Double Vision: Examining Second Screen Usages and Impacts in a Social Television Viewing Environment”
• Beth Knobel, Fordham University “The Watchdog Still Bites: How Accountability Reporting is Evolving in the Internet Era”
• Marcus Messner, Virginia Commonwealth University, and Marcia DiStaso, Penn State University “Turning to the Wiki-Doctor? A Study of Wikipedia Health Information Use and Perceived Credibility by Internet Users and Doctors”
• Jingsi Wu, Hofstra University “Entertainment and Public Sphere in Contemporary China”

Emerging Scholars Recipients for 2012

• Elina Erzikova, Central Michigan University “Submissiveness and Subversiveness: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Interdisciplinary Analysis of Russian Media’s Trajectories”
• Celeste Gonzalez de Bustamante and Jeannine Relly, University of Arizona “Silencing Mexico: A Study of Influences on Mexican and U.S. Journalists Reporting along the Northern Border”
• Robert Handley, University of Denver “Are Global Journalistic Practices and Global Epistemology Emerging? Evidence from Multinational and Extra-National Journalistic Partnerships”
• Weirui Wang, Florida International University, and Nan Yu, North Dakota State University “The Power of Acculturation: Understanding Online Information Seeking Among New Immigrants”

Emerging Scholars Recipients for 2011

• Jennifer Stevens Aubrey, Missouri “Teen Pregnancy and Health Literacy: An Entertainment Education Approach to Examining the Impact of 16 and Pregnant”
• Jiyoung Cha, North Texas “Social Television: Redefinition of Social Interaction among Television Viewers in the 21st Century”
• Jakob D. Jensen, Purdue “The Influence of Ethnic Newspaper Consumption on Cancer Prevention Behaviors: A Test of the Cognitive Mediation Model”
• Susan Keith, Rutgers “Homegrown Media Criticism: The U.S. Journalism Review Movement, 1958-1977”

Emerging Scholars Recipients for 2010

• Bill Herman, Hunter College & Minjeong Kim, Colorado State University “The Internet Defends Itself: The Network Neutrality Debate on the Web”
• Heather LaMarre, University of Minnesota “Citizen Journalism and Social Media in the 2010 Election: A Multi-method Approach to Understanding Emerging Trends and Innovations in Mass Communication Campaigns”
• Jasmine McNealy, Louisiana State University “A Survey of Subpoenas Against Anonymous Internet Speakers and Outcomes”
• Leigh Moscowitz, College of Charleston “Gay Marriage in the News”

]]> 4143 3 5 0 https://aejmc2.wufoo.com/forms/2024-online-aejmc-invoice-payment Tue, 25 Sep 2012 18:15:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=9913 9913 182 6 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/aejmc-statements/ Thu, 28 Feb 2013 17:18:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=11277 AEJMC Statements are an AEJMC Strategic Planning Initiative. This process was endorsed by the AEJMC membership at the Boston Business Meeting, August 7, 2009.  

Process

An elected three-member subcommittee of the Standing Committee of Professional Freedom and Responsibility helps inform and advise the AEJMC President of important issues. All statements, once agreed upon by the President and Advisory Council, undergo a round of second-stage vetting with all AEJMC Division and Interest Group PF&R chairs, chairs, and heads of the Commission on the Status of Minorities and Commission on the Status of Women. The President and Advisory Council consider all feedback. The President has the final decision on what statement is issued. Information on the statement process and calls for ideas for statements are disseminated to members during the year.  

PAC Members and AEJMC Statements

President's Advisory Council Members		AEJMC Statements
2022-23		2022-23 Statements
N/A		• 07/24/23 — AEJMC & ASJMC support the Protect Reporters from Exploitative State Spying (PRESS) Act introduced in U.S. Congress • 10/19/23 — A Statement from the Organizations’ Leadership Supporting Leadership Diversity
2021-22		2021-22 Statements
N/A		• 03/11/22 — AEJMC and ASJMC joint statement in support of the citizens, residents and those fleeing the Ukraine
2020-21		2020-21 Statements
N/A		• 05/24/21 — A Statement from the Organizations' Leadership Supporting UNC Faculty • 12/21/20 — AEJMC and ASJMC joint statement supporting the use of the title of “doctor” for those who have earned a terminal degree beyond the master’s level and condemning all forms of misogyny
2019-20		2019-20 Statements
N/A		• 06/09/20 — ASJMC and ASJMC joint statement on arrests and violence toward journalists covering protests across the country — June 2020
2017-18		2017-18 Statements
N/A		• 08/22/18 — AEJMC Board urges educators, journalists to be thoughtful in coverage of hate speech • 04/18/18 — AEJMC & ASJMC Presidential Statement to U.S. Sinclair-owned Stations
2016-17 PAC		2016-17 Statements
• Paul Voakes, Colorado • Hong Cheng, Virginia Commonwealth • Amy Reynolds, Kent State • Dean Kruckeberg, North Carolina-Charlotte		• 02/09/17 — AEJMC Presidential Statement to President Donald Trump
2015-16 PAC		2015-16 Statements
• AEJMC President, Lori Bergen, Colorado-Boulder • Debashis Aikat, North Carolina-Chapel Hill • Dean Kruckeberg, North Carolina-Charlotte • Hong Cheng, Virginia Commonwealth		• 09/06/16 — AEJMC Voices Concern Over Recent Threats to Reporter Privilege • 06/03/16 — Journalism Educators Urge Social Media Platforms to Ensure Ethical Transparency in Curating and Disseminating News • 04/19/16 — AEJMC Urges State of New York to Reexamine Ethics Guidelines That Encroach on the First Amendment
2014-15 PAC		2014-15 Statements
• AEJMC President, Elizabeth L. Toth, Maryland		• 09/09/15 — AEJMC Calls Upon Politicians and Journalists to Ensure Civility in Election Campaigning
2013-14 PAC		2013-14 Statements
• AEJMC President, Paula Poindexter, Texas-Austin • Jane Singer, City University London • Dean Kruckeberg, North Carolina-Charlotte		• 08/27/14 — Journalism Educators use Tragedy in Ferguson, Mo. as Teachable Moment to Commend the Press, Condemn Arrests of Journalists and Remind the Public of the First Amendment’s Power • 05/21/14 — Journalism Educators call on Kansas Board of Regents to Reverse New Social Media Policy • 11/25/13 — Journalism educators call on 60 Minutes to rethink Benghazi report correction
2012-13 PAC		2012-13 Statements
• AEJMC President, Kyu Ho Youm, Oregon • Dwight Brooks, Middle Tennessee State • Jane Singer, Iowa • Dean Kruckeberg, North Carolina-Charlotte		• 07/04/13 — Journalism Educators Urge President Obama to Further Transparency in the Federal Government • 06/19/13 — Journalism Educators Urge Wisconsin Lawmakers to Support — not Condemn — the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism • 05/23/13 — AEJMC & ASJMC Condemn the U.S. Government's Actions Against the Press, Defends Public's Right to Information • 04/09/13 — AEJMC Statement on Open-Access Electronic Journals and Nuisance Lawsuits • 03/25/13 — AEJMC President Releases a Statement on Leak Prosecutions
2011-12 PAC		2011-12 Statements
• AEJMC President, Linda Steiner, Maryland • Kathy Bradshaw, Bowling Green State • Dwight Brooks, Middle Tennessee State • Lillie Fears, Arkansas State		• 01/12/12 — AEJMC Supporting FCC’s Proposed Rule Change for Media Transparency • 11/21/11 — First Amendment Rights of Occupy Movement & of Journalists Covering It • 08/29/11 — Presidential Statement of Respect for Evonne H. Whitmore
2010-11 PAC		2010-11 Statements
• AEJMC President, Jan Slater, Illinois • Kathy Bradshaw, Bowling Green State		• 03/22/11 — AEJMC Supports Federal Funding of Public Media
2009-10 PAC		2009-10 Statements
• AEJMC President, Carol Pardun, South Carolina • Marie Hardin, Penn State • Paul Lester, California State University-Fullerton • Julianne Newton, Oregon		• 06/11/10 — Response from AEJMC President, Carol J. Pardun • 06/07/10 — AEJMC: Obama’s Promised “Change” Lacks Transparency • 11/03/09 — Prosecutors Investigate Students; AEJMC Urges Subpoena Quash • 10/07/09 — AEJMC Supports Free Flow of Information Act

 ]]> 11277 2 11 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/contact-aejmc/ Fri, 15 Mar 2013 19:35:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=11410 Hours: Monday to Friday — 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. EST

Phone: 803.798.0271

Mailing Address: P.O. Box 21647 · Columbia, SC 29221  USA

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AEJMC Office Team

Click on the staff member's image below for direct contact information.

[wpm_team_showcase id="8"]]]> 11410 2 1 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/scholarship/senior-scholars-program/ Mon, 01 Apr 2013 19:14:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=11688 lillian@aejmc.org.

Tips for Creating a Strong Proposal The successful research project should contribute to the body of knowledge, should be designed so that it could be executed successfully, and should be within the abilities of the researcher to complete. To demonstrate that your project has these characteristics, we suggest the following for your proposal:

• Make sure the proposal is well developed and clearly explains your project. • Explain the importance of the topic and the broad implications that this research can have. • Follow the specific categories from the call to make it easier for the reviewers evaluate. • Spell out the anticipated outcomes – What article(s) will be produced? How does this study advance our knowledge in the area? • Provide a title for the proposal. It helps crystallize the topic in the reviewer’s mind right off the bat. • Describe methods clearly and succinctly. How will you select your sample? How and why will the sample allow you to address the aims of the project? How will you analyze the sample? • Make sure the budget provides details. You should break out the categories and list exactly how the funds will be used. • Explain how this grant will assist in completing the project. If the project requires more funds than available, explain where the rest will come from so the work can be completed.

• Read Tips for Creating that Perfect Research Grant Proposal from 2019 AEJMC Senior and Emerging Scholars.

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Senior Scholar Recipients for 2024

• Kalyani Chadha, Northwestern University “Digital Alternative Journalism in India: Analyzing an Emergent Phenomenon and Its Implications for the Indian Public Sphere”
• Renita Coleman, University of Texas at Austin “Expanding Affective Intelligence Theory: How Voters’ Feelings of Disgust toward the Candidates Affect Voting Intention in 2024”

Read the Abstracts for the 2024 Senior Scholar Recipients

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Senior Scholar Recipients for 2023

• Rosie Jahng, Wayne State University “Exploring Twitter Bots Message Strategies to Encourage Social Media Upstanders against Anti-Asian Disinformation”
• Jungmi Jun, University of South Carolina “Cancer Communication Ecologies of Asian Americans in the United States”

Read the Abstracts for the 2023 Senior Scholar Recipients

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Senior Scholar Recipients for 2022

• Carolyn A. Lin, University of Connecticut “Assessing the Effectiveness of Interactive Disaster Communication: Piloting a Storm Preparedness Mobile App”
• Kimberly Mack, University of Toledo “Rock Criticism in Black and Brown Publications”

Read the Abstracts for the 2022 Senior Scholar Recipients

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Senior Scholar Recipients for 2021

• David R. Davies, University of Southern Mississippi “Ira B. Harkey, Jr., and the Pascagoula Chronicle: A Forgotten Crusader for Racial Justice in Mississippi”
• Roselyn Du, Cal State University, Fullerton “Algorithmic Audience in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Tailored Communication, Information Cocoons, and News Literacy”

Read the Abstracts for the 2021 Senior Scholar Recipients

Senior Scholar Recipients for 2020

• Amanda Hinnant, Ryan J. Thomas, Yong Volz, Missouri “Discourses of Journalism Database”
• Melissa Tully, Iowa “Misinformation and News Literacy in Kenya”

Senior Scholar Recipients for 2019

• Daniela Dimitrova, Iowa State “Terrorists, Migrants or Asylum Seekers? Understanding the Media Framing of Refugees”
• Lawrence Pintak, Washington State and Brian J. Bowe, Western Washington University “Mediatization of Islamophobia in the 2018 Election”

Senior Scholar Recipients for 2018

• W. Joseph Campbell, American University “When Polls Go Bad: The Wary Interplay of Journalism and Survey Research”
• Emily T. Metzgar, Indiana University “The American Narrative: U.S. Information Diplomacy Since World War II”
• Kim Walsh-Childers, University of Florida “Developing Criteria for Assessing the Quality of News Coverage of Health Policy: Toward Improving Coverage to Better Inform Citizens and Policymakers”

Senior Scholar Recipients for 2017

• Deb Aikat, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill “Friending Facebook and Trusting Twitter: News Agendamelding in India’s Networked Public Sphere”
• Glenn Cummins and Trent Seltzer, Texas Tech University “Cognitive and Emotional Processing of the Enhanced State of the Union”

Senior Scholar Recipients for 2016

• Melissa A. Johnson, North Carolina State “Ethnic Museum and Cultural Center Communication: Building Relationships with Communities”
• Linda Lumsden, Arizona “Journalism for Social Justice: A Cultural History of Social Movement Media from ‘Common Sense’ to #blacklivesmatter”

Senior Scholar Recipients for 2015

• Carolyn Lin, University of Connecticut “Tailoring Mitigation with Ease and Efficiency: The Promise of a Disaster Preparedness Mobile App"
• David Mindich, St. Michael’s College “A Cultural Biography of James Gordon Bennett Sr.”

Senior Scholar Recipients for 2014

• Stephen Bates, University of Nevada Las Vegas “From Championing Freedom of the Films to Feeding the Hollywood Blacklist: The Odyssey of Hutchins Commission Researcher Ruth Inglis”
•  Randal Beam, University of Washington “Deciding When and How to Cover Suicide”
•  Kim Bissell, University of Alabama “Weight Problems in Children”

Senior Scholar Recipients for 2013

• Sheri Broyles, North Texas and Alice Kendrick, Southern Methodist “Nation Building through Advertising: A Look Inside Communist Cuba”
• Heloiza Herscovitz, California State University Long Beach “Media, Democracy and the State: Brazil’s Daily Battlefield”

]]> 11688 3 6 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/aejmc-logo/ Wed, 08 May 2013 17:48:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=12015 Download AEJMC Logos:

Small 181 x 114 px 

Medium 502 x 310 px

Large 1050 x 648 px

]]> 12015 2 14 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/events/past-conference-locations/ Tue, 24 Jun 2014 15:43:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=14007 AEJMC Historical Conference Locations 2024 August 8-11....................................... Philadelphia, PA 2023 August 7-10....................................... Washington, DC 2022 August 3-6……………............…........... Detroit, MI 2021 August 4-7………………............…........... Virtual Conference The 2021 site was originally New Orleans, LA. Scheduled as an online conference because of the continued COVID19 Pandemic. 2020 August 6-9………………............…........... Virtual Conference The 2020 site was originally San Francisco, CA. Rescheduled as an online conference because of the COVID19 Pandemic. 2019 August 7-10………………............…........... Toronto, Canada 2018 August 6-9………………............…........... Washington, DC 2017 August 9-12………………............…........... Chicago, IL 2016 August 4-7…………............………… Minneapolis, MN 2015 August 6-9 .................................. San Francisco, CA 2014 August 6 - 9 ................................. Montréal, Canada 2013 August 8 - 11 ................................. Washington, DC 2012 August 9- 12 ........................................... Chicago, IL 2011 August 10 - 13 ..................................... St. Louis, MO 2010 August 4 - 7 ........................................... Denver, CO 2009 August 5 - 8 ........................................... Boston, MA 2008 August 6 - 9 ........................................... Chicago, IL 2007 August 9 - 12 ................................. Washington, DC 2006 August 2 - 5 ............................... San Francisco, CA 2005 August 10 - 13 ............................... San Antonio, TX 2004 August 4 - 7 ................................... Toronto, Canada 2003 July 30 - August 2 .......................... Kansas City, MO 2002 August 7 - 10 ................................ Miami Beach, FL 2001 August 5 - 8 ................................... Washington, DC 2000 August 9 - 12 ....................................... Phoenix, AZ 1999 August 4 - 7 .................................. New Orleans, LA 1998 August 5 - 8 ...................................... Baltimore, MD 1997 July 30 - August 2 .................................. Chicago, IL 1996 August 10 -13 ...................................... Anaheim, CA 1995 August 9 - 12 ................................. Washington, DC 1994 August 10 -13 ........................................ Atlanta, GA 1993 August 11 - 14 .............................. Kansas City, MO 1992 August 5 - 8 ................................ Montreal, Canada 1991 August 7 - 10 ........................................ Boston, MA 1990 August 9 - 12 ................................ Minneapolis, MN 1989 August 10 - 13 ............................... Washington, DC 1988 July 2 - 5 ........................................... Portland, OR 1987 August 1 - 4 ......... Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 1986 August 3 - 6 .......................... University of Oklahoma 1985 August 3 - 6 ..................... Memphis State University 1984 August 5 - 8 ............................. University of Florida 1983 August 5 - 10 ..................... Oregon State University 1982 July 25 - 28 .......................... Ohio University-Athens 1981 August 8 - 11 .................. Michigan State University 1980 August 10 - 13 ............................ Boston University 1979 August 5 - 8 ........................... University of Houston 1978 August 13 - 16 .... University of Washington-Seattle 1977 August 21 - 24 ...... University of Wisconsin-Madison 1976 July 31 - August 4 ............... University of Maryland 1975 August 16 - 20 .. Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada 1974 August 18 - 21 ................ San Diego State University 1973 August 19 - 22 ............... Colorado State University 1972 August 20 - 23 ... So. Illinois University at Carbondale 1971 August 21 - 25 ............. University of South Carolina 1970 August 16 - 20 . American University, Washington, DC 1969 August 24 - 27 ....... University of California-Berkeley 1968 August 25 - 29 ......................... University of Kansas 1967 August 27 - 31 ......... University of Colorado-Boulder 1966 August 28 - Sept 1 ........ University of Iowa-Iowa City 1965 August 22 - 26 .......................... Syracuse University 1964 August 26 - 30 ............. University of Texas at Austin 1963 August 25 - 29 ...................... University of Nebraska 1962 August 26 - 30 .............. University of North Carolina 1961 August 27 - 31 ...... University of Michigan-Ann Arbor 1960 August 29 - Sept 2 ........... Pennsylvania State University 1959 August 25 - 29 ............ University of Oregon-Eugene 1958 August 25 - 29 ....... University of Missouri-Columbia 1957 August 26 - 30 .............................. Boston University 1956 August 28 - 31 .................... Northwestern University 1955 August 22 - 26 ......... University of Colorado-Boulder 1954 August 31 - Sept 2 . Univ of New Mexico-Albuquerque 1953 August 24 - 27 ..................... Michigan State College 1952 August 25 - 29 .......................... Columbia University 1951 August 27 - 29 ........................... University of Illinois 1950 August 28 - 30 ...... University of Wisconsin-Madison 1949 August 30 - September 1 .... University of Minnesota 1948 September 1 - 3 ... University of Colorado at Boulder 1947 December 29 - 31 ....................... Temple University 1947 January 9 - 11 .................................... Lexington, KY 1946 January 24 - 26 ..... Ohio State University-Columbus 1st joint AASDJ & AATJ convention since 1941 1945 January 26 - 27 ....................................... Chicago, IL 1944 January 14 - 15 ............................ Chicago-informal 1943 January 8 - 9 ................................ Chicago-informal 1942 ............................................................................. None 1941 December 27 - 30 ............................ Des Moines, IA 1940 December 27 - 29 Columbia & New York Universities 1939 ............................................................................. None 1938 December 27 - 29 .................................. Topeka, KS Constitution changed to biennial conventions 1937 December 28 - 30 ..................... Ohio State University 1936 December 30 - 31 .................................. St. Louis, MO 1935 December 27 - 30 .............................. Washington, DC 1934 December 27 - 29 ..................................... Chicago, IL 1933 December 27 - 30 ...................................... Chicago, IL 1932 ........................ Convention cancelled-Great Depression 1931 December 27 - 28 ................. University of Minnesota 1930 December 29 - 31 ............................ Boston University 1929 December .......................................... Baton Rouge, LA 1928 December ............................................. Ann Arbor, MI 1927 December ................................................ Iowa City, IA 1926 December ............................................ Columbus, OH 1925 December ............................................. New York City 1924 December .................................................. Chicago, IL 1923 December .................................................. Chicago, IL 1922 December ............................. Northwestern University 1921 December .............................. University of Wisconsin 1920 December ................................. University of Missouri 1919 no convention held, WWI 1918 no convention held, WWI 1917 April .......................................................... Chicago, IL 1916 April ............................................ University of Kansas 1915 no convention held 1914 December ................. Columbia University, New York 1913 Nov 28-29 ............... University of Wisconsin-Madison 1912 Founded November 30 in Chicago, Illinois]]> 14007 21137 4 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/officers/past-presidents/ Tue, 24 Jun 2014 16:29:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=14016 Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication 1983-Present 2024 Linda Aldoory, American University 2023 Deb Aikat, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2022 Susan Keith, Rutgers University 2021 Tim P. Vos, Michigan State University 2020 David D. Perlmutter, Texas Tech University 2019 Marie Hardin, Penn State University 2018 Jennifer D. Greer, University of Alabama 2017 Paul Voakes, University of Colorado, Boulder 2016 Lori Bergen, University of Colorado, Boulder 2015 Elizabeth Toth, University of Maryland 2014 Paula M. Poindexter, Texas at Austin 2013 Kyu Ho Youm, Oregon 2012 Linda Steiner, Maryland 2011 Jan Slater, Illinois at Urbana 2010 Carol J. Pardun, South Carolina 2009 Barbara B. Hines, Howard 2008 Charles C. Self, Oklahoma 2007 Wayne Wanta, Missouri-Columbia 2006 Sharon Dunwoody, Wisconsin-Madison 2005 Mary Alice Shaver, Central Florida 2004 Jannette L. Dates, Howard 2003 Theodore L. Glasser, Stanford 2002 Joe S. Foote, Arizona State 2001 Will Norton, Jr., Nebraska-Lincoln 2000 Marilyn Kern-Foxworth, Texas A&M 1999 Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, Florida International 1998 Stephen R. Lacy, Michigan State 1997 Alexis Tan, Washington State 1996 Pamela J. Shoemaker, Syracuse 1995 Judy VanSlyke Turk, South Carolina 1994 Maurine Beasley, Maryland 1993 Tony Atwater, Rutgers 1992 Terry Hynes, California State, Fullerton 1991 Ralph Lowenstein, Florida 1990 MaryAnn Yodelis Smith, Wisconsin Centers 1989 Thomas A. Bowers, North Carolina 1988 David H. Weaver, Indiana 1987 Sharon M. Murphy, Marquette 1986 Dwight L. Teeter, Jr., Texas at Austin 1985 Douglas Ann Newsom, Texas Christian 1984 Everette Dennis, Oregon 1983 Richard Cole, North Carolina Association for Education in Journalism 1951-1982 1982 Kenneth Starck, Iowa 1981 Del Brinkman, Kansas 1980 Richard G. Gray, Indiana 1979 Mary A. Gardner, Michigan State 1978 James Carey, Iowa 1977 Kenneth Devol, California State, Northridge 1976 Edward Bassett, Southern Cal 1975 Edwin Emery, Minnesota 1974 Bruce H. Westley, Kentucky 1973 R. Neale Copple, Nebraska 1972 Hillier Krieghbaum, New York U. 1971 Wayne Danielson, Texas 1970 William E. Ames, Washington 1969 James W. Schwartz, Iowa State 1968 Robert L. Jones, Minnesota 1967 Harold L. Nelson, Wisconsin 1966 DeWitt C. Reddick, Texas 1965 Edward W. Barrett, Columbia 1964 William E. Porter, Michigan 1963 Theodore E. Peterson, Illinois 1962 Kenneth N. Stewart, California-Berkeley 1961 Charles T. Duncan, Oregon 1960 Fred S. Siebert, Illinois 1959 Mitchell V. Charnley, Minnesota 1958 Warren K. Agee, Texas Christian 1957 Norval N. Luxon, North Carolina 1956 Kenneth R. Marvin, Iowa State 1955 Roscoe Ellard, Columbia 1954 George E. Simmons, Tulane 1953 Earl English, Missouri 1952 J. Edward Gerald, Minnesota 1951 Ralph O. Nafziger, Wisconsin American Association of Teachers of Journalism 1912-1950 1950 Henry Ladd Smith, Wisconsin 1949 A. Gayle Waldrop, Colorado 1948 Roland E. Wolseley, Syracuse 1947 Marcus M. Wilkerson, Louisiana State 1946 Curtis D. MacDougall, Northwestern 1945 Frederic E. Merwin, Rutgers 1944 Frederic E. Merwin, Rutgers 1943 Douglass W. Miller, Syracuse 1942 Douglass W. Miller, Syracuse 1941 Ralph O. Nafziger, Minnesota 1940 Charles L. Allen, Northwestern 1939 Charles L. Allen, Northwestern 1938 Edward N. Doan, Ohio State 1937 Blair Converse, Iowa State 1936 C. Gayle Walker, Nebraska 1935 Kenneth E. Olson, Northwestern 1934 William L. Mapel, Washington & Lee 1933 Ralph L. Crosman, Colorado 1932 Ralph L. Crosman, Colorado 1931 Lawrence R. Murphy, Illinois 1930 John E. Drewry, Georgia 1929 E. Marion Johnson, Minnesota 1928 Grant M. Hyde, Wisconsin 1927 F.J. Lazell, Iowa 1926 M.G. Osborn, Louisiana State 1925 N.A. Crawford, Kansas State 1924 J.W. Piercy, Indiana 1923 F.W. Beckman, Iowa State 1922 E.W. Smith, Stanford 1921 Willard G. Bleyer, Wisconsin 1920 H.F. Harrington, Northwestern 1919 Wartime, no convention 1918 Wartime, no convention 1917 Fred N. Scott, Michigan 1916 James M. Lee, New York U. 1915 Merle Thorpe, Kansas 1914 Merle Thorpe, Kansas 1913 Talcott Williams, Columbia 1912 Willard G. Bleyer, Wisconsin]]> 14016 188 3 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/scholarship/award-recipients/ Tue, 24 Jun 2014 17:03:41 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=14019 Baskett Mosse Award for Faculty Development The Baskett Mosse Award for Faculty Development was created by AEJMC and the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications in honor of the late Baskett Mosse, executive secretary of the Accrediting Committee for 26 years. The award recognizes an outstanding young or mid-career faculty member and helps fund a proposed enrichment activity. (Not awarded annually. Next award year is 2025.) 2024 — Not awarded this year 2023 — Amy Simons, Missouri 2022 — Not awarded this year 2021 — Karen Assmann, University of Georgia 2019 — Michelle K. Baker, Pennsylvania State 2017 — Janice Collins, Illinois 2015 — Kim Smith, North Carolina A&T 2013 — Homero Gil de Zúñiga, Texas at Austin 2011 — Murgur Geana, Kansas 2009 — Barbara Friedman, North Carolina 2005 — Robert Kerr, Oklahoma 2003 — Sandra Chance, Florida 2002 — Laura Castañeda, Southern California 2001 — Andrew Mendelson, Temple 2000 — Jan LeBlanc Wicks, Arkansas-Fayetteville 1999 — Debashis Aikat, North Carolina 1998 — Lauren Tucker, South Carolina 1996 — Sue A. Lafky, Iowa 1995 — Kathleen Fearn-Banks, Washington 1994 — Laurence B. Alexander, Florida 1993 — Glen Cameron, Georgia 1992 — Joy Morrison, Alaska-Fairbanks 1991 — Lael Morgan, Alaska-Fairbanks 1990 — C. Zoe Smith, Marquette 1989 — Stephen R. Lacy, Michigan State                Charles Salmon, Wisconsin-Madison 1988 — Terry Hynes, California State, Fullerton 1987 — Tony Atwater, Michigan State 1986 — Patrick S. Washburn, Ohio 1985— Margaret Ann Blanchard, North Carolina 1984— Donna Lee Dickerson, South Florida (first) Eleanor Blum Distinguished Service to Research Award This award was created by the AEJMC Elected Standing Committee on Research to recognize a person who has devoted a substantial part of his/her career to promoting research in mass communication. It is named in honor of the first recipient, Eleanor Blum, a communication librarian. This is not an annual award. 2024 — Clifford Christians, Research Professor Emeritus, Illinois 2023 — Patricia Moy, Washington 2022 — No award winner this year 2021 — Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State 2020 — Linda Steiner, Maryland 2019 — Melvin DeFleur, Louisiana State (posthumously) 2017 — Esther Thorson, Michigan State 2016 — Paula Poindexter, Texas at Austin 2014 — Dan Riffe, North Carolina-Chapel Hill 2008 — Maurine Beasley, Maryland 2007 — Patrick Washburn, Ohio 2006 — James W. Tankard, Jr., Texas at Austin (posthumously) 2005 — Margaret Blanchard, North Carolina (posthumously) 2004 — Everette E. Dennis, Fordham 2003 — James A. Crook, Tennessee 2001 — Barbara Semouche, North Carolina 1996 — Frances Wilhoit, Indiana 1989 — Guido Stempel, III, Ohio 1986 — Ed Emery, Minnesota 1983 — Raymond B. Nixon, Minnesota 1980 — Eleanor Blum, Illinois (first)

Gene Burd Award for Excellence in Urban Journalism Winners The Gene Burd Award for Excellence in Urban Journalism is named after Gene Burd, Professor of Journalism at the University of Texas, who endowed the Urban Communication Foundation who gives this award. The purpose of the Award is to reward and thereby improve the practice and study of journalism in the urban environment by recognizing high quality urban media reporting, critical analysis, and research relevant to that content and its communication about city problems, programs, policies, and public priorities in urban life and culture. Each year, AEJMC presents this award at the AEJMC Conference. 2024 — Suzette Hackney, USA Today 2023 — Yvonne Latty, Temple 2022 — Natalie Moore, WBEZ in Chicago 2021 — Gabrielle Gurley, The American Prospect 2020 — No Award 2019 — Lolly Bowean, Chicago Tribune 2018 — Brian Lehere, Brian Talks New York Radio Show 2017 — Jeff McCarter, Free Spirit Media 2016 — Robert Campbell, The Boston Globe 2015 — Ben Katchor, cartoonist and author 2014 — Sommer Mathis, CityLab 2013 — Tom Condon, The Courant 2012 — Blair Kamin, Chicago Tribune 2011 — Susan Szenasy, METROPOLIS Magazine 2010 — Joel Kothin, Urban Historian          and Inga Saffron, Philadelphia Inquirer 2009 — Paul Goldberger, The New Yorker 2008 — Paul Goldberger, Whole Earth Catalog 2007 — Peter Applebome, New York Times          and Joel Garreau, Washington Post 2006 — John King, San Francisco Chronicle Gene Burd Award for Research in Urban Journalism Studies The purpose of this annual grant is to stimulate research that explains, enlightens, inspires, and improves the practice and study of journalism and communication in order to advance our understanding of journalism in urban environments. 2024 — Gyo Hyun Koo, Howard University for Promoting Inclusive Narratives: Enhancing CommunityDriven Journalism in Reporting Urban Youth Crime 2023 — Kelsey N. Whipple, Massachusetts Amherst, for Parachute Journalism: How Local and Regional U.S. Journalists Construct and Perceive National Coverage of Crises in their Communities 2022 — Ayleen Cabas-Mijares, Marquette University, and Joy Jenkins, University of Tennessee, for For the Neighborhood: Examining the Role of Local Digital News in the Creation and Disruption of Territorial Stigma  2021 — George Daniels, University of Alabama for Exploring the Role of Black Newspapers Filling Urban Government News Coverage

Paul J. Deutschmann Award for Excellence in Research This award is named in honor of Paul J. Deutschmann, who was a central force in the movement to study journalism and mass communication scientifically. He helped establish and develop the College of Communication Arts at Michigan State University, and served as director of its Communications Research Center. This award is presented by the AEJMC Elected Standing Committee on Research. This is not an annual award. 2024 — Wayne Wanta, Florida 2023 — Jane Singer, City, University of London 2022 — Annie Lang, Indiana University Bloomington 2021 — Glen T. Cameron, University of Missouri 2020 — Daniel Riffe, North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2019 — Esther Thorson, Michigan State 2018 — S. Shyam Sundar, Pennsylvania State 2017 — Steve Reese, Texas at Austin 2015 — Pamela J. Shoemaker, Syracuse University 2013 — Lee Becker, Georgia 2011 — Sharon Dunwoody, Wisconsin-Madison 2010 — Stephen Lacy, Michigan State 2009 — David Weaver, Indiana 2007 — Guido H. Stempell, III, Ohio 2005 — Donald L. Shaw, North Carolina 2004 — Clifford Christians, Illinois 2003 — Melvin DeFleur, Boston 2001 — Ivan Preston, Wisconsin-Madison 2000 — James Grunig, Maryland 1999 — Steven Chaffee, Stanford 1998 — Maxwell E. McCombs, Texas at Austin 1997 — Jack M. McLeod, Wisconsin-Madison 1996 — George Gerbner, Pennsylvania 1995 — Richard F. Carter, Washington 1994 — Phillip Tichenor, Minnesota                George Donohue, Minnesota                Clarice Olien, Minnesota 1993 — Wayne Danielson, Texas at Austin 1991 — Scott Cutlip, Georgia 1985 — Bruce Westley, Kentucky 1981 — Harold L. Nelson, Wisconsin-Madison 1979— J. Edward Gerald, Minnesota 1973 — Wilbur Schramm, Iowa 1972 — Ralph O. Nafziger, Minnesota/Wisconsin-Madison 1969— Chilton R. Bush, Stanford (first) Krieghbaum Mid-Career Award Formerly known as Krieghbaum Under 40 Award, the Krieghbaum Mid-Career Award honors AEJMC members who have shown outstanding achievement and effort in all three AEJMC areas: teaching, research and public service. The late Hillier Krieghbaum, former New York University professor emeritus and 1972 AEJMC president, created and funded the award in 1980. Annual award. 2024 — Emily Vraga, Minnesota 2023 — Ryan Thomas, Washington State 2022 — Linjuan Rita Men, University of Florida 2021 — Karen McIntyre, Virginia Commonwealth 2020 — Edson C. Tandoc Jr., Nanyang Technological                 Janet Yang, Buffalo-The State University of New York 2019 — Sun Joo (Grace) Ahn, Georgia 2018 — Shirley S. Ho, Nanyang Technological 2017 — Jakob D. Jensen, University of Utah 2016 — Jörg Matthes, Vienna 2015 — Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Vienna 2014 — Yan Jin, Virginia Commonwealth 2013 — John Besley, Michigan State 2012 — Susan Robinson, Wisconsin-Madison 2011 — Sri Kalyanaraman, North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2010 — Dietram Scheufele, Wisconsin-Madison 2009 — Kimberly Bissell,  Alabama 2008 — Patricia Moy, Washington 2007 — William P. Eveland, Jr., Ohio State 2006 — David S. Domke, Washington 2005 — Dhavan V. Shah, Wisconsin-Madison 2004 — Clay Calvert, Pennsylvania State 2003 — Julie Andsager, Washington State 2002 — David T.Z. Mindich, Saint Michael’s 2001 — Erica Weintraub Austin, Washington State 2000 — Carolyn Kitch, Temple 1999 — David Atkin, Cleveland State 1998 — Edward Adams, Angelo State 1997 — Annie Lang, Indiana 1996 — John Ferré, Louisville 1995 — Wayne Wanta, Oregon 1994 — Stephen D. Reese, Texas at Austin 1993 — Marilyn Kern-Foxworth, Texas A&M 1992 — Carroll Glynn, Cornell 1991 — Jeff Smith, Iowa 1990 — Pamela Shoemaker, Texas at Austin 1989— Robert Drechsel, Wisconsin-Madison 1988 — Jane D. Brown, North Carolina 1987 — Theodore Glasser, Minnesota 1986— Sharon Dunwoody, Wisconsin-Madison 1985— Lee Becker, Ohio State 1984— Ellen Wartella, Illinois 1983— David Weaver, Indiana 1982— Everette Dennis, Oregon 1981— David Rubin, New York (first) Nafziger-White-Salwen Dissertation Award This award is named for pioneering journalism and mass communication educators Ralph O. Nafziger and David Manning White, who donated the royalties from their book Introduction to Mass Communication Research to fund the award. The award recognizes and encourages outstanding dissertation research in journalism and mass communication. Michael Salwen’s name was added to the award in 2008. Salwen, who died in 2007, was a co-author of An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, the royalties of which now help fund this award. Annual award. Year listed is year award was presented. 2024 — Tamar Wilner, Texas at Austin 2023 — Chelsea Peterson-Salahuddin, Michigan Adviser: Aymar Jean Christian, Northwestern 2022 — Rana Arafat, City University of London Advisers: Jolanta A. Drzewiecka and Russ-Mohl 2021 — Scott Memmel, University of Minnesota Adviser: Jane Kirtley, University of Minnesota 2020 — Qun Wang, Rutgers Adviser: Susan Keith, Rutgers 2019 — Pallavi Guha, Maryland (Now at Towson) Advisers: Kalyani Chadha & Linda Steiner, Maryland 2018 — Brooks Fuller, Louisiana State University Adviser: Cathy L. Packer, professor emeritus, North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2017 — Jieun Shin, University of Southern California Adviser: Lian Jian, University of Southern California 2016 — Rodrigo Zamith, Massachusetts-Amherst Adviser: Seth Lewis, Minnesota 2015 — Summer Harlow, Texas at Austin Adviser: (Co-advisers) Dr. Thomas J. Johnston and Dr. Mercedes de Uriarte, Texas-Austin 2014 — Scott Parrott, North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adviser: Rhonda Gibson, North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2013 — Brendan Watson, North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adviser: Daniel Riffe, North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2012 — Dean Smith, North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adviser: Cathy Packer, North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2011 — Matthew W. Ragas, DePaul Adviser: Spiro Kiousis, Florida 2010 — Jeremy Littau, Lehigh Adviser: Esther Thorson, Missouri 2009 — Leigh Moscowitz, College of Charleston Adviser: Radhika Parameswaran, Indiana 2008 — Ronald J. “Noah” Arceneaux, San Diego State Adviser: Jay Hamilton, Georgia 2007 — David Cuillier, Washington State Adviser: Susan Denté Ross, Washington State 2006 — Kathy Roberts Forde, North Carolina Adviser: Ruth Walden, North Carolina 2005 — Young Mie Kim, Illinois Adviser: David Tewksbury, Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2004 — Zala Voicic, Colorado at Boulder Adviser: Andrew Calabrese, Colorado at Boulder 2003 — Mark Avrom Feldstein, North Carolina Adviser: Margaret A. Blanchard, North Carolina 2002 — Carolyn Bronstein, DePaul Adviser: James L. Baughman, Wisconsin-Madison 2001 — Edward Alwood, North Carolina Adviser: Margaret A. Blanchard, North Carolina 2000 — Dhavan V. Shah, Wisconsin-Madison Adviser: Daniel B. Wackman, Minnesota 1999 — Barbara Zang, Missouri Adviser: David Nord, Indiana 1998 — Craig Trumbo, Cornell Adviser: Garrett O’Keefe, Wisconsin-Madison 1997 — David Scott Domke, Minnesota Adviser: Hazel F. Dicken-Garcia, Minnesota 1996 — Paul Voakes, Indiana Adviser: Robert Drechsel, Wisconsin-Madison 1995 — Karen S. Miller, Georgia Adviser: James L. Baughman, Wisconsin-Madison 1994 — Jane Rhodes, Indiana Adviser: Margaret Blanchard, North Carolina 1993 — Caroline Schooler, Stanford Adviser: Steven Chaffee, Stanford 1992 — Mark D. West, North Carolina Adviser: Jane Brown, North Carolina 1991 — Namjun Kang, Syracuse Adviser: George Comstock, Syracuse 1990 — Bob McChesney, Wisconsin-Madison Adviser: William Ames, Washington 1989 — Diane C. Mutz, Wisconsin-Madison, Adviser: Steven Chaffee, Stanford 1988 — Vincent Price, Michigan, Adviser: Donald F. Roberts, Stanford 1987— John R. Finnegan, Jr., Minnesota, Adviser: Hazel Dicken-Garcia, Minnesota 1986 — Jeffery Smith, Wisconsin-Madison Adviser: Jim Baughman, Wisconsin-Madison 1985— Richard Kielbowicz, Minnesota Advisers: Ed Emery, Minnesota; and Hazel F. Dicken-Garcia, Minnesota 1984— Ron Tamborini, Indiana (first) Adviser: Dolf Zillmann, Indiana AEJMC Presidential Award Given to dedicated and long-serving AEJMC members by the current AEJMC president. The award recognizes distinguished service to journalism and mass communication education. This award is presented on an as-appropriate basis. 2023 — Alberto Ibargüen, Knight Foundation 2020 — Kyu Ho Youm, Oregon 2019 — Special statement regarding the 2019 recipient 2018 — Charles Self, 227 International, LLC 2017 — Sharon Dunwoody, Wisconsin-Madison 2016 — Barbara Hines, Howard 2015 — Pam Bourland-Davis, Georgia Southern 2014 — Carolyn Stroman, Howard 2013 — Douglas Anderson, Pennsylvania State 2011 — David T.Z. Mindich, St. Michael’s 2010 — Suzette Heiman, Missouri 2009 — Candace Perkins Bowen, Kent State                 Alexis Tan, Washington State 2008 — Keith Sanders, Missouri                  Silvia Pellegrini, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 2007 — Donald Shaw, North Carolina at Chapel Hill                 Maxwell McCombs, Texas at Austin 2006 — David Weaver, Indiana                 Cleveland Wilhoit, Indiana 2005 — Kim Rotzell, Illinois (posthumously) 2004 — Lee Becker, Georgia                 Trevor Brown, Indiana 2003 — James Carey, Columbia                 Clifford Christians, Illinois 2002 — Terry Michael, Washington Center for Politics and Journalism                 Roberta Win, Voice of America 2001 — Susanne Shaw, Kansas                David McHam, Houston 2000 — Karen Brown Dunlap, Poynter Institute                 Oscar Gandy, Pennsylvania 1999 — Mark Goodman, Student Press Law Center 1998 — Jennifer H. McGill, AEJMC/ASJMC 1997 — Lionel Barrow, Jr., Howard 1996 — Gerald M. Sass, The Freedom Forum Steven Chaffee, Stanford 1995 — Sue A. Lafky, Iowa Harry Heintzen, Voice of America 1994 — Edwin Emery, Minnesota 1993 — Orlando Taylor, Howard                Vernon Stone, Missouri 1992 — Sharon Brock, Ohio State                Carol Reuss, North Carolina 1991 — Bill Taft, Missouri John Merrill, Louisiana State 1990 — Wilma Crumley, Nebraska 1989 — Hillier Krieghbaum, New York 1988 — Fred Zwahlen, Oregon State 1987 — Félix Gutiérrez, Southern California 1985 — Al Scroggins, South Carolina 1984 — Bill Chamberlin, North Carolina                Gerald Stone, Memphis State

The Charles E. Scripps Award for the Journalism & Mass Communication Administrator of the Year This award is given in collaboration with the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC). It is open to any past or present administrator of a school, department of journalism or mass communication at accredited or non-accredited schools. 2023 — Ann Brill, Kansas (Awarded in 2024) 2022 — David D. Kurpius, Missouri (Awarded in 2023) 2021 — David Boardman, Temple University (Awarded in 2022) 2020 — Lucy Dalglish, University of Maryland (Awarded in 2021) 2019 — Susan King, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Awarded in 2020) 2018 — Diane McFarlin, University of Florida (Awarded  in 2019) 2017 — Don Heider, Loyola University Chicago (Awarded  in 2018) 2016 — Maryanne Reed, West Virginia University  2015 — Michael Bugeja, Iowa State 2014 — Al Tims, Minnesota 2013 — Lori Bergen, Marquette 2012 — Tim Gleason, Oregon 2011 — John Lavine, Northwestern 2010 — Paul Parsons, Elon 2009 — Chris Callahan, Arizona State 2008 — Marilyn Weaver, Ball State 2007 — David Rubin, Syracuse 2006 — Shirley Carter, South Carolina 2005 — Tom Kunkel, Maryland 2004 — Will Norton, Nebraska-Lincoln 2003 — John Hamilton, Louisiana State 2002 — Richard Lee, South Dakota State 2001 — Trevor Brown, Indiana 2000 — Jo Ann Huff Albers, Western Kentucky 1999 — No award presented this year 1998 — Bob Ruggles, Florida A&M 1997 — Terry Hynes, Florida 1996 — Doug Anderson, Arizona State 1995 — Reese Cleghorn, Maryland 1994 — Ralph Lowenstein, Florida 1993 — Ed Bassett, Washington 1992 — Richard Cole, North Carolina 1991 — Walt Bunge, Ohio State 1990 — Jim Carey, Illinois 1989 — Neale Copple, Nebraska-Lincoln (First) The Charles E. Scripps Award for the Journalism & Mass Communication Teacher of the Year This award is given in collaboration with the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC). Full-time faculty member teaching in any of the disciplines of journalism and mass communication who, over the years, has consistently demonstrated an environment of excellence by ongoing contributions to the improvement of student learning. 2023 — Nicole Kraft, Ohio State 2022 — Rachel Young, Iowa (Awarded in 2023) 2021 — Nicole Smith Dahmen, University of Oregon (Awarded in 2022) 2020 — Kathleen Culver, University of Wisconsin-Madison (Awarded in 2021) 2019 — Jennifer Thomas, Howard University (Awarded in 2020) 2018 — Jinx Broussard, Louisiana State University (Awarded  in 2019) 2017 — Sheri Broyles, University of North Texas (Awarded  in 2018)  2016 — Allan Richards, Florida International University 2015 — Carolina Acosta-Alzuru, Georgia 2014 — Carol Schwalbe, Arizona 2013 — Cindy Royal, Texas State San Marcos 2012 — Jennifer George-Paliliois, Ball State 2011 — Douglas Ward, Kansas 2010 — Joe Saltzman, Southern California 2009 — Chris Roush, North Carolina Chapel Hill 2008 — Charles Davis, Missouri 2007 — Elinor Grusin, Memphis

AEJMC First Amendment Award The AEJMC First Amendment Award recognizes professionals with a strong commitment to freedom of the press, and who practice courageous journalism. Created in 2006, the award is presented by the Professional Freedom & Responsibility Committee. Annual award. 2024 — Errin Haines and Staff, The 19th 2023 — Margaret Sullivan, Syndicated Columnist 2022 — Steven Waldman, Report for America 2021 — Omar Jimenez, CNN 2020 — Shane Bauer, Mother Jones 2019 — Nikole Hannah-Jones, The New York Times Magazine 2018 — Ronan Farrow, Jodi Kantor and Megan Twohey, The New York Times 2017 — The Pulitzer Prizes 2016 — Reporters Without Borders 2015 — Floyd Abrams, 1st Amendment Attorney 2014 — Joel Simon, Committee to Protect Journalists 2013 — First Amendment Center, Nashville, TN 2012 — Carole Simpson, Broadcaster 2011 — Michael Kirk, Frontline Filmmaker 2010 — Nat Hentoff, Syndicated Columnist 2009 — Seymour Hersh, The New Yorker 2008 — Clarence Page, Chicago Tribune 2007 — Helen Thomas, UPI, Hearst 2006 — Molly Ivins, Synidcated Columnist (first) AEJMC Tankard Book Award The Tankard Book Award was established to honor James W. Tankard, Jr. of Texas at Austin. A former editor of Journalism Monographs, the award recognizes his many contributions to the field of journalism and mass communication education. Award established in 2007. 2024 — Alan K. Chen and Justin Marceau for Truth and Transparency: Undercover Investigations in the Twenty-First Century 2023 — Henrik Örnebring and Michael Karlsson, Karlstad University, Sweden, for Journalistic Autonomy: The Genealogy of a Concept 2022 — Celeste González de Bustamante, University of Texas at Austin, and Jeannine E. Relly, University of Arizona, for Surviving Mexico: Resistance and Resilience among Journalists in the Twenty-First Century (University of Texas Press) 2021 — Bearing Witness While Black: African Americans, Smartphones, & the New Protest #Journalism [New York: Oxford University Press, 2020] • Allissa V. Richardson, University of Southern California 2019 — Networked News, Racial Divides: How Power and Privilege Shape Public Discourse in Progressive Communities • Sue Robinson, Wisconsin, Madison 2018 — The News Untold: Community Journalism and the Failure to Confront Poverty in Appalachia • Michael Clay Carey, Samford University 2017 — Democracy’s Detectives: The Economics of Investigative Journalism • James T. Hamilton, Stanford University 2016 — Radical Media Ethics: A Global Approach • Stephen Ward, Wisconsin-Madison 2015 — Making News at The New York Times • Nikki Usher, George Washington University 2014 — Shaping Immigration News: A French-American Comparison • Rodney Benson, New York 2013 — Into the Fray: How NBC’s Washington Documentary Unit Reinvented the Newsby • Tom Mascaro, Bowling Green State 2012 —Radio Utopia: Postwar Audio Documentary in the Public Interest by • Matthew C. Ehrlich, Illinois 2011 —About to Die: How News Images Move the Public by • Barbie Zelizer, Pennsylvania 2010 —Journalism’s Roving Eye: A History of American Foreign Reporting by • John Maxwell Hamilton, Louisiana State 2009 — The Environment and the Press: From Adventure Writing to Advocacy by • Mark R. Neuzil, St. Thomas 2008 —Dark Days in the Newsroom: McCarthyism Aimed at the Press by • Edward M. Alwood, Quinnipiac 2007 — The African-American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom by • Patrick S. Washburn, Ohio (first) AEJMC-Knudson Latin America Prize The AEJMC-Knudson Latin America Prize will be given annually to a book or project concerning Latin America or coverage of issues in Latin America. The work must make an original contribution to improve knowledge about Latin America to U.S. students, journalists or the public. This award was endowed by the late Jerry Knudson, an emeritus professor at Temple University. 2024 — Martin Echeverría and Frida V. Rodelo for Political Entertainment in a Post-Authoritarian Democracy: Humor and the Mexican Media -and- Summer Harlow for Digital-Native News and the Remaking of Latin American Mainstream and Alternative Journalism 2023 — Claudia Labarca, Gabriel Sadi and Damion Waymer, for Special Issue: Towards a Latin American Perspective in PR Theory and Practice (Published in the May 2022 issue of Public Relations Inquiry) 2022 — Celeste González de Bustamante, University of Texas at Austin, and Jeannine E. Relly, University of Arizona, for Surviving Mexico: Resistance and Resilience among Journalists in the Twenty-First Century (University of Texas Press) 2019 — News Media Coverage of Environmental Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean • Bruno Takahashi, Juliet Pinto, Manuel Chavez and Mercedes Vigón 2018 — Liberation Technology in El Salvador: Re-appropriating Social Media Among Alternative Media Projects • Summer Harlow, University of Houston 2017 — Media Movements: Civil Society and Media Policy Reform in Latin America • Maria Soledad Segura and Silvio Waisbord 2016 — Reporting the Cuban Revolution • Leonard Ray Teel, emeritus Georgia State 2015 — Deep Down Dark: The Untold Stories of 33 Men Buried in a Chilean Mine and the Miracle That Set Them Free • Hector Tobar, University of Oregon 2014 — Crisis of Governance in Maya Guatemala: Indigenous Responses to a Failing State • John P. Hawkins, Brigham Young University, James H. McDonald, Southern Utah University, Walter Randolph Adams, Iowa State University (first) AEJMC Equity & Diversity Award The AEJMC Equity & Diversity Award recognizes Journalism and Mass Communication academic programs that are working toward, and have attained measurable success, in increasing equity and diversity within their units. Programs must display progress and innovation in racial, gender, and ethnic equity and diversity over the previous three-year period. Created in 2009. Annual award. 2024 — The School of Journalism & Media and Tombras School of Advertising & Public Relations, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2023 — Department of Journalism and Strategic Media, University of Memphis 2022 — Department of Communications at California State University, Fullerton 2021 — University of Missouri School of Journalism 2020 — S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University 2019 — Reynolds, School of Journalism, University of Nevada, Reno 2018 — Klein College of Media & Communication, Temple University 2017 — Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication, Arizona State University 2016 — Mayborn School of Journalism, University of North Texas 2015 — College of Communication and Information Sciences, University of Alabama 2014 — Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication, Iowa State University 2013 — College of Communications, Pennsylvania State University 2012 — Annenberg School for Journalism, University of Southern California 2011 — School of Journalism & Mass Communication, Texas State University, San Marcos 2010 — School of Communications, Elon University 2009 — Manship School of Mass Communication at Louisiana State University (first) Dorothy Bowles Award for Outstanding Public Service The Dorothy Bowles Award for Outstanding Public Service will recognize an AEJMC member who has a sustained and significant public-service record that has helped build bridges between academics and professionals in mass communications either nationally or locally, and, been actively engaged within the association. Created in 2012. Annual award. 2024 — Chris Roberts, Alabama 2023 — Matt Ragas, DePaul 2022 — Joe Grimm, Michigan State 2021 — Sharon Bramlett-Solomon, Arizona State University 2020 — Bill Cassidy, Northern Illinois                 Carol Holstead, Kansas 2019 — Jan Leach, Kent State 2018 — Donald K. Wright, Boston 2017 — Sandra Utt, Memphis 2016 — Rosental Alves, Texas at Austin 2015 — Wat Hopkins, Virginia Tech 2014 — Don W. Stacks, Miami 2013 — Judy VanSlyke Turk, Virginia Commonwealth 2012 — Candace Perkins Bowen, Kent State (first) Outstanding Contribution to Journalism Education This award, presented by the Commission on the Status of Women in Journalism Education, recognizes a woman who has represented women well through personal excellence and high standards in journalism and mass communication education. Not an annual award. 2023 — Cory Armstrong, Nebraska-Lincoln 2021 — Amanda Hinnant, Missouri 2020 — Nicole Kraft, Ohio State 2019 — Stacey J.T. Hust, Washington State 2017 — Lucinda D. Davenport, Michigan State 2016 — Mia Moody-Ramirez, Baylor 2015 — Julie Andsager, Tennessee 2014 — June Nicholson, Virginia Commonwealth 2013 — Geneva Overholser, Southern California 2012 — Barbara B. Hines, Howard 2011 — Linda Steiner, Maryland 2010 — Diane Borden, San Diego State 2009 — Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, Florida International 2008 — Esther Thorson, Missouri 2006 — Judy VanSlyke Turk, Virginia Commonwealth 2002 — Wilma Crumley, Nebraska-Lincoln 2000 — Douglas Ann Newsom, Texas Christian 1998 — Jennifer H. McGill, AEJMC/ASJMC 1997 — Carol Oukrop, Kansas State 1996 — Carol Reuss, North Carolina 1994 — Maurine H. Beasley, Maryland 1992 — Jean Ward, Minnesota 1991 — MaryAnn Yodelis Smith, Wisconsin 1990 — Ramona Rush, Kentucky 1989 — Mary Gardner, Michigan State 1988— Donna Allen, Women’s Institute for Freedom of the Press, Washington, DC 1983— Cathy Covert, Syracuse 1982— Marion Marzolf, Michigan (first) Robert Knight Multicultural Recruitment Award This award is presented annually by the Scholastic Journalism Division to organizations or individuals who have made outstanding efforts in attracting high school minority students into journalism and mass communication. Created in 1987. 2023 — R. J. Morgan, Mississippi 2020 — Ed Madison, Oregon 2019 — Tori Smith, Northern Arizona 2018 — Acel Moore High School Journalism Workshop, The Philadelphia Media Network 2016 — Kimetris Baltrip, Kansas State 2015 — George Daniels, Alabama 2014 — Steve O'Donoghue, California Scholastic Journalism Initiative 2013 — Linda Florence Callahan, North Carolina A&T State 2012 — Illinois Press Foundation and Eastern Illinois University High School Journalism Workshop 2011 — Joseph Selden, Pennsylvania State 2010 — University of Arizona School of Journalism 2009 — Michael Days & Staff,Philadelphia Daily News 2008 — June O. Nicholson, Virginia Commonwealth 2007 — Ed Mullins,Alabama 2006 — NO AWARD GIVEN 2005 — Linda Ximenes,Ximenes & Associates 2004 — Diana Mitsu Klos,American Society of Newspaper Editors 2003 — Vanessa Shelton,Iowa 2002 — Walt Swanston,Radio and Television News Directors Foundation 2001 — Doris Giago,South Dakota State 2000 — Linda Waller, Dow Jones Newspaper Fund 1999 — Marie Parsons, Alabama 1998 — Lucy Ganje, North Dakota 1997 — California Chicano News Media Association, San Diego Chapter 1996 — Barbara Hines, Howard 1995 — Diane Hall, Florida A&M 1994 — Mary Arnold, Iowa 1993 — Alice Bonner, The Freedom Forum 1992 — Richard Lee, South Dakota State 1991 — Thomas Engleman, Dow Jones Newspaper Fund 1990 — Robert Knight, Missouri 1989 — George Curry, The Chicago Tribune, Washington, DC, Bureau 1988— Craig Trygstad, Youth Communication, Inc., Washington, DC 1987— Pittsburgh Black Media Federation (first) MaryAnn Yodelis Smith Research Award This award was created in 1991 by the Commission on the Status of Women in honor and memory of MaryAnn Yodelis Smith of Minnesota and Wisconsin, 1989-90 AEJMC president. 2023 — Sahar Khamis, Maryland, College Park 2021 — Lisa D. Lenoir, Missouri 2020 — Jennifer Huemmer, Ithaca                 Lauren Britton, Ithaca 2019 — Karin Assmann, University of Maryland and Stine Eckert, Wayne State 2017 – Chelsea Reynolds, California State-Fullerton 2016 — Tania Rosas-Moreno, Loyola-Maryland 2015 — Dustin Harp, Texas at Arlington 2014 — Stacey J.T. Hust and Kathleen Boyce Rodgers, Washington State 2013 — Cory Armstrong, Florida 2012 — Shayla Thiel-Stern, Minnesota 2011 — Marilyn Greenwald, Ohio 2010 — Sheila Webb, Western Washington 2009 — Elizabeth Skewes, Colorado 2008 — Margaretha Geertsema, Butler 2007 — Barbara Barnett, Kansas 2006 — Marie Hardin, Pennsylvania State 2005 — Jan Whitt, Colorado 2004 — Radhika Parameswaran, Indiana                 Kavitha Cardoza, Illinois at Springfield 2003 — Susan Henry, California State-Northridge 2000 — E-K Daufin, Alabama State 1999 — Marilyn Kern-Foxworth, Florida A&M 1998 — Sue A. Lafky, Iowa 1997 — Kathleen Endres, Akron 1996 — Linda Steiner, Rutgers 1995 — Carolyn Stewart Dyer, Iowa (first) Lionel C. Barrow Jr. Award for Distinguished Achievement in Diversity Research and Education Created in 2009, the award recognizes outstanding individual accomplishment and leadership in diversity efforts within the Journalism and Mass Communication discipline. Created by the AEJMC Minorities & Communication Division and the Commission on the Status of Minorities, the award honors Barrow’s lasting impact, and recognizes others who are making their mark in diversifying JMC education. 2024 — Dorothy Bland, North Texas 2023 — Bey-Ling Sha, California State Fullerton 2022 — Sharon Bramlett-Solomon, Arizona State University 2021 — Earnest Perry, University of Missouri 2020 — Meta Carstarphen, Oklahoma 2019 — Rochelle Ford, Elon 2018 — Mia Moody-Ramirez, Baylor 2017 — Loren Ghiglione, Northwestern 2016 — Joel Beeson, West Virginia 2015 — Alice Tait, Central Michigan 2014 — Marilyn Kern-Foxworth, Marketing and Media Consultant 2013 — Clint C. Wilson II, Howard 2012 — Federico Subervi, Texas State San Marcos 2011 — Félix Gutiérrez, Southern California 2010 — Robert M. Ruggles, Florida A&M 2009 — Paula M. Poindexter, Texas at Austin (first) Lee Barrow Doctoral Minority Student Scholarship Sponsored by the Communication Theory and Methodology Division, the scholarship is named for Dr. Lionel C. Barrow, Jr., of Howard University in recognition of his pioneering efforts in support of minority education in journalism and mass communication. The scholarship assists a minority student enrolled in a doctoral program in journalism or mass communication. 2023 — Joshua D. Cloudy, Texas Tech 2022 — Kristina Medero, Ohio State 2021 — Krishna Madhavi P. Reddi, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill 2018 — Qun Wang, Rutgers 2017 — Osita Iroegbu, Virginia Commonwealth 2016 — Adrienne Muldrow, Washington State 2015 — Diane Francis, North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2014 — Jenny Korn, Harvard 2013 — Dominique Harrison, Howard 2012 — Rowena Briones, Maryland 2011 — Adrienne Chung, Ohio State 2010 — Eulalia Puig Abril,Wisconsin-Madison 2009 — Emily Elizabeth Acosta,Wisconsin-Madison 2008 — Troy Elias,Ohio State 2007 — Yusur Kalynago, Jr.,Missouri 2006 — Omotayo Banjo, Pennsylvania State 2005 — Jeanetta Simms,Central Oklahoma 2004 — Susan Chang,Michigan State 2003 — T. Kenn Gaither,North Carolina 2002 — Mia Moody-Hall,Texas at Austin 2001 — George Daniels,Georgia 2000 — Maria E. Len-Rios,Missouri 1999 — Meredith Lee Ballmer,Washington 1998 — Osei Appiah 1997 — Alice Chan Plummer, Michigan State 1996 — Dwayne Proctor,Connecticut 1995 — Dhavan Shah, Minnesota 1994 — Qingnen Dong, Washington State 1993 — Shalini Venturelli, Colorado 1991 — Diana Rios, Texas at Austin 1990 — Jose Lozano 1989 — Jane Rhodes, North Carolina 1987 — James Sumner Lee, North Carolina 1985 — Barbara McBain Brown, Stanford 1983 — Dianne L. Cherry, North Carolina 1982 — Tony Atwater, Michigan State 1981 — Sharon Bramlett, Indiana 1980 — Federico Subervi, Wisconsin-Madison 1979 — Gillian Grannum, North Carolina 1978 — Paula Poindexter, Syracuse 1977 — John J. Johnson, Ohio 1975 — Norman W. Spaulding, Illinois 1974 — Rita Fujiki, Washington 1973 — William E. Berry, Illinois                 Clay Perry, Indiana                 Sherrie Lee Mazingo, Michigan State 1972 — Richard Allen, Wisconsin-Madison (first)

AEJMC Presidential Leadership Excellence Award 2023 — Felicia Greenlee Brown, Assistant Director 2016 — Jennifer H. McGill, Executive Director (Retired) 2016 — Lillian Coleman, Project Director 2016 — Pamella Price, Membership Coordinator (Retired) 2015 — Richard Burke, Business Manager (Retired) 2015 — Fred Williams, Conference Manager (Retired) AEJMC Presidential Stellar Service Award 2023 — Cassidy Baird, Conference & Events Coordinator 2023 — Kyshia Brown, Website Content/Graphic Designer 2023 — Amanda Caldwell, Executive Director 2023 — Lillian Coleman, Project Director 2023 — Felicia Greenlee Brown, Assistant Director 2023 — Samantha Higgins, Communications Director 2023 — Saviela Thorne, Membership Coordinator

]]> 14019 3 4 0 http://www.aejmc.com/home/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/2025Visiting-Professor-Program_Final120924.pdf Mon, 06 Jun 2016 14:25:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=16255 Scripps Howard /AEJMC Newsroom Visiting Professor Program Information for our upcoming program will be available soon. Questions about the Scripps Howard /AEJMC Newsroom Visiting Professor Program should be directed to Lillian Coleman, AEJMC Project Director at lillian@aejmc.org.]]> 16255 3 8 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/resources/trailblazers/ Tue, 19 Jul 2016 13:29:45 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=16460 AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity Oral History Project

About

The AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity’s oral history project is a series of recorded interviews with key individuals who have made a difference in the efforts furthering diversity in journalism, its education and research.

Coordinators

Committee Chair: Dr. Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez, The University of Texas at Austin | mrivas@austin.utexas.edu Executive Producer: Trent R. Boulter, PhD Student, The University of Texas at Austin | trboulter@utexas.edu

Tips to Conduct Oral History Interviews

Steps to Doing the Interview  | Sample Interview Index  | Interview Agreement  | Criteria for Selecting Interviewees  | Interview Guidelines and Suggested Questions

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Interviews

View AEJMC video interviews below of AEJMC Trailblazers: Loren Ghiglione | Ramon "Ray" Chavez | Felix Gutierrez | Barbara Hines | Lawrence Kaggwa | Lillian Kopenhaver | Larry O'Donnell | Paula Poindexter | Gerald M. "Jerry" Sass | Linda Shockley | Reginald Stuart | Federico Subervi | Clint Wilson. See additional interviews at the Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin  

		Interview with Loren Ghiglione Professor Emeritus, Northwestern University. Conducted by: Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez Direct Link | Index 2:31:47 | August 6, 2015
		Interview with Ramon "Ray" Chavez Instructor at the University of Oklahoma. Conducted by: Martin Do Nacimento Direct Link | Index 2:05:10 | April 18, 2014
		Interview with Felix Gutierrez Professor Emeritus, University of Southern California; Vice President, Freedom Forum Pacific Coast Center. Conducted by: Kyle Huckins Direct Link | Index 46:13 | August 7, 2014
		Interview with Barbara Hines Professor Emeritus, Howard University; AEJMC President 2008-2009. Conducted by: Rochelle Ford Direct Link | Index 41:45 | June 4, 2014
		Interview with Lawrence Kaggwa Professor, Howard University. Conducted by: Rochelle Ford Direct Link | Index 51:42 | June 4, 2014
		Interview with Lillian Kopenhaver Conducted by: Barbara Hines Direct Link | Index 32:54 | November 12, 2015
		Interview with Larry O'Donnell Conducted by: Linda Shockley Direct Link | Index 1:08:07 | July 14, 2015
		Interview with Paula Poindexter Associate Professor, University of Texas at Austin; Creator of News Engagement Day and AEJMC Past President. Conducted by: Paula Poindexter Direct Link | Index 1:10:29 | May 14, 2014
		Interview with Gerald M. "Jerry" Sass Conducted by: Frank Sotomayor Direct Link | Index 2:02:11 | April 21, 2015
		Interview with Linda Shockley Managing Director, Dow Jones Newspaper Fund. Conducted by: June Nicholson Direct Link | Index 1:17:52 | June 8, 2013
		Interview with Reginald Stuart Newspaper Correspondent and Corporate Recruiter. Conducted by: Martin Do Nacimento Direct Link | Index 1:10:46 | March 30, 2014
		Interview with Federico Subervi Associate Professor, Kent State University; Director, Latinos and Media Center; Chair, AEJMC Commission on the Status of Minorities. Conducted by: Martin Do Nacimento Direct Link | Index 1:15:41 | May 7, 2014
		Interview with Clint Wilson Professor Emeritus, Howard University; Head, AEJMC Minorities and Communication Division. Conducted by: Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez Direct Link | Index 1:36:45 | August 8, 2013

 ]]> 16460 2632 7 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/resources/master-class-publications/ Thu, 06 Jun 2019 13:07:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=19220

ORDER TODAY Save 30% off with code RLFANDF30 at

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	Instructing Intersectionality: Critical and Practical Strategies for the Journalism and Mass Communication Classroom Edited By Nathian Shae Rodriguez — The AEJMC Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Interest GroupThis edited volume will guide instructors through the practice of integrating intersectionality into courses and curriculum in both undergraduate and graduate courses. The chapters will incorporate phenomenology and real-life examples from authors who have employed intersectional content and strategies in their own respective teaching and research to help instructors create more inclusive, critical, and reflective educational spaces. This edited volume will not only offer tips, strategies, case studies, and activities, but also invaluable sagacity that comes from the lived experiences of the authors, most of whom will be from intersectionally diverse backgrounds. The focus of the collection will be to teach intersectionality, rather than on understanding intersectionality itself. https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781538193013/Instructing-Intersectionality-Critical-and-Practical-Strategies-for-the-Journalism-and-Mass-Communication-Classroom
	Teaching Media Ethics: Integrating Ethics Across the Mass Communication Curriculum Edited By Nicole Kraft and Kathleen Bartzen Culver - The AEJMC Media Ethics Division Teaching Media Ethics gives journalism and mass communication instructors the ideas and tools they need to effectively incorporate media ethics into courses across the curriculum. It covers ethics-intensive courses from the undergraduate to the graduate level, as well as how to incorporate ethics into other classes related to reporting and strategic communication. The volume also includes nine chapters focused on key specializations, such as sports and social media, and critical issues, such as reporting on mental health. It offers thought-provoking chapters on diversifying the ethics curriculum, inclusive teaching practices and challenges to traditional notions of media ethics. The only book of its kind in the realm of media ethics, this volume aims not to teach students directly but instead to “teach teachers” how to address ethics in their own classrooms and engage students effectively. It emphasizes practical advice and suggestions for activities and resources. Teaching Media Ethics has something for instructors at all stages of their careers and should be particularly useful to graduate students and faculty who are developing their approaches to journalism and mass communication classes. The authors, leading ethicists and award-winning teachers, approached their chapters with an emphasis on making it as easy as possible to deliver teaching in ethics. https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781538183076/Teaching-Media-Ethics-Integrating-Ethics-Across-the-Mass-Communication-Curriculum
	Teaching Race: Struggles, Strategies, and Scholarship for the Mass Communication Classroom Edited By George L. Daniels and Robin Blom - The AEJMC Minorities and Communication Division When it comes to teaching about race, journalism and mass communication faculty from various backgrounds must deliver instruction that acknowledges the challenges surrounding the topic while facilitating the learning of undergraduate and graduate students. Race should be a topic infused across the curriculum at the undergraduate and graduate level in institutions large and small, public and private. This takes a holistic approach with authors from a range of racial and ethnic backgrounds at small, mid-size, and large research institutions offering their insights. More than teaching tips, the chapters here offer wisdom grounded in the research of the scholarship of teaching and learning, which allows scholars to both inform their teaching with empirical research and share successful pedagogy with others. https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781538154564
	Testing Tolerance: Addressing Controversy in the Journalism and Mass Communication Classroom Edited By Candi Carter Olson and Tracy Everbach - The AEJMC Commission on the Status of Women Tough topics are inescapable for journalism and mass communication academics. If it’s in the news, journalism and mass communication instructors have to discuss it in class. In Testing Tolerance, Candi Carter Olson and Tracy Everbach of the AEJMC Commission on the Status of Women bring together a broad range of perspectives, from graduate students to deans, in conversation about ways to address tough topics in and out of the university classroom. Helping instructors navigate today’s toughest topics through discussions of the issues and pertinent terminology, this book provides hands-on exercises and practical advice applicable across student and instructor levels and disciplines. Readers will gain an understanding of the issues and acquire tools to address these topics in sensitive, yet forthright, ways. https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781538132685
	The Graduate Student Guidebook: From Orientation to Tenure Track Edited By Katherine A. Foss - The AEJMC Board of Directors Graduate school is an important and confusing time, filled with many questions about the inner-workings of academia and decisions students must make about their futures. The Graduate Student Guidebook: From Orientation to Tenure Track offers an overview of this experience, featuring expert advice on the many different steps and challenges encountered in master’s and doctoral programs. In the current academic climate, initial decisions—like choosing an advisor—critically shape future opportunities. Students need a consistent, reliable, and up-to-date resource. In this authoritative guide, faculty from various universities, positions, and backgrounds offer sage advice, responding to concerns identified by graduate student members themselves. Moving through the text, readers learn about the transition from undergrad to graduate-level expectations, special considerations for students of marginalized groups, graduate assistantships, the importance of key decisions, comprehensive exams, writing the thesis or dissertation, publishing, conferences, navigating the job search, and making a career in a tenure track position. https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781538141298
	Master Class: Teaching Advice for Journalism and Mass Communication Instructors Edited By Chris Roush - The AEJMC Elected Standing Committee on Teaching In Master Class: Teaching Advice for Journalism and Mass Communication Instructors, members of the AEJMC Elected Standing Committee on Teaching take readers behind the scenes to explain the teaching strategies, preparation tips, exercises, and project ideas that have, in many cases, earned them university and national teaching awards. It is designed to benefit everyone from instructors-in-training who are about to teach their first class to more experienced professors who are looking for ways to freshen their approach in the classroom. https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781538100523

]]> 19220 2632 4 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/resources/career-development/ Tue, 16 Jun 2020 03:00:43 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=20070

Committee

The AEJMC Committee on Career Development The AEJMC Committee on Career Development works to:

• Implement plans for institutionalizing career service sessions at AEJMC conferences
• Foster coordination among AEJMC groups that conduct career development sessions
• Hold its own unique recurring career development events related to careers and
• Support AEJMC initiatives to aid underrepresented groups in journalism and mass communication education.

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Information Materials for Career Development

 

Completing your doctoral studies

• 4 Strategies for Completing Your Dissertation (https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2019/10/16/advice-successfully-finishing-your-dissertation)
• How to find a postdoc position that’s right for you (https://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2020/04/how-find-postdoc-position-s-right-you)

Fellowships

• Open Society Foundations (https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/grants)
• Various journalism fellowships (https://journalism.berkeley.edu/costs/fellowships/)

Postgraduates

• Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver Center for the Advancement of Women in Communication (https://carta.fiu.edu/kopenhavercenter/)
• Nafziger-White-Salwen Dissertation Award (http://www.aejmc.com/home/scholarship/aejmc-award-calls/)
• Scripps Howard Academic Leadership Academy at Newhouse (https://newhouse.syracuse.edu/centers/scripps-howard-leadership-academy-at-newhouse/)

Trainings for skills courses

• Investigative Reporters & Editors (https://www.ire.org/)
• Media Innovation Lab (https://www.masscomm.txstate.edu/media-innovation.html)
• Poynter Teachpalooza (https://www.poynter.org/teachapalooza-front-edge-teaching-tools-for-college-educators-2/)

Journalism Affinity Groups

• National Association of Black Journalists (https://nabjonline.org/)
• National Association of Hispanic Journalists (https://nahj.org/)
• Asian American Journalists Association (https://www.aaja.org/)
• Indigenous Journalists Association (https://indigenousjournalists.org/)
• Southeast Asian Journalists Association (https://www.saja.org/)
• Trans Journalists Association (https://transjournalists.org/)
• NLGJA: The Association of LGBTQ Journalists (https://www.nlgja.org/)
• Maynard Institute (https://mije.org/)

Workplace Diversity Training

• Freedom Forum Institute –Workplace Integrity Training/Power Shift Project (https://www.freedomforuminstitute.org/initiatives/power-shift-project/)

]]> 20070 2632 5 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/publications/journals/ Tue, 01 Oct 2024 11:00:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=68 Our scholarly journals are a member benefit. AEJMC members may enjoy free access of full online versions of the journals by visiting the Publications page after logging into the AEJMC Community. Email AEJMC with questions regarding subscription address changes or other member publication questions. AEJMC Scholarly Journals are produced and distributed by SAGE Publishing.

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Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (JMCQ) is the flagship journal of the AEJMC. This quarterly, peer-reviewed journal is ranked Q1 in the Journal Citation Reports and focuses on research in journalism and mass communication. Established in 1924, it is the oldest refereed scholarly journal in mass communication and provides leadership in scholarship for the field. It serves all the divisions and interest groups of AEJMC and publishes original articles and book reviews on topics including but not limited to theoretical and methodological developments in journalism and mass communication, international communication, media technologies and society, advertising, public relations, journalism history, media law and policy, media management and economics, political communication and health communication. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Established 1924 eISSN: 2161430X | ISSN: 10776990 - 4 issues Editor: Daniela Dimitrova, Iowa State University (Term: Oct. 1, 2024 – Sept. 30, 2028) (Oct. 1, 2020 – Sept. 30, 2024) Book Review Editor: Gregory P. Perreault, University of South Florida

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Journalism & Mass Communication Educator (JMCE) addresses the professional needs of the journalism and mass communication educator and administrator on both collegiate and secondary levels. Publishing quarterly, JMCE is the largest, highest circulation, and oldest of any scholarly journal in the world devoted to education in journalism, public relations, advertising, mass communication, media studies and related fields. Featured articles include: • teaching techniques • new courses and technology to help promote excellence in the classroom • statistical information on student enrollments and career interests • trends in curriculum design • surveys and opinion polls This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Established 1944 eISSN: 21614326 | ISSN: 10776958 - 4 issues Editor: Vincent Filak, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh (Term: Oct. 1, 2024 – Sept. 30, 2028) Book Review Editor: Robin Blom, Ball State University

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Journalism & Communication Monographs (JCM) serves the AEJMC membership and scholars and readers in adjacent fields by publishing original, scholarly works that are too long or too short as articles or too specialized for book form. One of the goals of the monograph series has been to publish scholarly work from the entire field, whether the methodology was historical, legal, behavioral, or critical. The journal will seek to provide a venue for scholarly works, particularly those that provide a critical or applied synthesis of significant scholarship, that speak to the broader field of journalism and mass communication, seeking to establish Monographs as a readily available resource for understanding and advancing theory, methodology, and/or practice. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Established 1966 eISSN: 21614342 | ISSN: 15226379 - 4 issues Editor: Lindsay Palmer, University of Wisconsin-Madison (Term: Oct. 1, 2024 - Sept. 30, 2028)

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Journal Advertising & Promotion

SAGE Marketing Solutions

]]> 68 5 1 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/officers/president/ Tue, 01 Oct 2024 11:00:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=228 Teresa Mastin, Michigan State University 2024 AEJMC President Teresa Mastin is Michigan State University’s vice provost and associate vice president for faculty and academic staff affairs. In this role she is responsible for envisioning, leading and implementing the university’s strategic commitment and priority to advance faculty and academic staff success in addition to fostering an academic climate of respect, care, diversity, equity and inclusion at the university. Previous to this role, Mastin served as the interim dean of MSU’s College of Communication Arts and Sciences, or ComArtSci. While in that role, she focused on fostering a college culture of communication, connection and celebration; preparing the ComArtSci landscape for the smooth onboarding of its incoming dean; and encouraging reflection on what it means to be a 21st-century land-grant institution. Prior to stepping into the role of interim dean, Mastin served as a professor and chairperson for the Department of Advertising and Public Relations in ComArtSci. She earned her doctorate in mass media from MSU, her master’s in public relations from California State University, Fullerton, and her bachelor’s in theology/liberal arts from Ambassador College. Read More on the MSU website. Teresa Mastin's bio is courtesy of the Michigan State University website.]]> 228 188 1 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/officers/board-of-directors/ Tue, 28 Sep 2021 11:00:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=230 AEJMC Board Directors for the 2024 – 2025 term President Teresa Mastin, Michigan State University President-Elect Bey-Ling Sha, Texas Tech University Vice President Mia Moody, Baylor University Past President Linda Aldoory, American University PF&R Committee Chair George Daniels, University of Alabama Research Committee Chair Yong Volz, University of Missouri Teaching Committee Chair Tiffany Gallicano, University of North Carolina, Charlotte Publications Committee Chair Teri Finneman, University of Kansas Council of Divisions Chair Meredith D. Clark, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Council of Divisions Vice-Chair Avery Holton, University of Utah Council of Affiliates Chair Karla Gower, University of Alabama, Plank Center Commission on the Status of Women Chair Erin Whiteside, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Commission on the Status of Minorities Chair Kathleen McElroy, University of Texas at Austin Commission on Graduate Education Chair Patrick R. Johnson, Marquette University ASJMC President Emily Metzgar, Kent State University ASJMC President-Elect Hub Brown, University of Florida AEJMC/ ASJMC Executive Director Amanda Caldwell AEJMC/ ASJMC Assistant Director Felicia Brown]]> 230 188 4 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/about/constitutionbylaws/ Fri, 16 Dec 2022 11:00:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=398 Constitution/Bylaws for the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication AEJMC Constitution (adopted August 11, 1990) Slightly revised Aug. 12, 1992; Aug. 13, 1994; Aug. 12, 1996; Aug. 7, 1998; Aug. 6, 1999; Aug. 1, 2003; Aug. 12, 2005; Aug. 4, 2006; Aug. 11, 2007; Aug. 12, 2011; Aug. 10, 2013; Aug. 5, 2022; Nov. 19,2022 and Feb. 21, 2023. Constitution ARTICLE I — ESTABLISHMENT Section 1 The name of the corporation shall be the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Inc., hereinafter referred to as the corporation or AEJMC. Section 2 The corporation has been organized and established as a non-profit South Carolina corporation under Section 33-31-10, et. seq. SC Code of Laws, 1976, as amended. The purpose of the corporation shall be the improvement of education in journalism and mass communication to the end of achieving better professional practice, a better informed public, and wider human understanding. The corporation seeks to achieve this purpose through the functions of (a) encouraging high academic and professional standards for education in mass communication; (b) fostering scholarly research and inquiry in mass communication and facilitating the publication and distribution to the public of reports based on such activity; and (c) supporting freedom of communication consonant with the ideal expressed in the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Section 3 The functions of teaching, research, and public service recognized in Section 2 shall be undertaken by each division of this corporation as well as by the full membership of the corporation. Section 4 This corporation shall not afford pecuniary gain, incidentally or otherwise, to its members, and no part of the net income or net earnings of this corporation shall inure to the benefit of any members, private shareholders, or individuals, and no substantial part of its activities shall consist of carrying on of propaganda, or otherwise attempting to influence legislation. This corporation shall not participate in, or intervene in (including the publishing or distribution of statements), any political campaign on behalf of any candidate for public office. Section 5 This corporation is committed to the achievement of inclusiveness in the professions of journalism and mass communication, in its own membership, and in participation in its programming. The corporation will not discriminate on the basis of gender identity, race, color, religion, age, ethnicity/ national origin, disability/ differently abled, sexuality or sexual orientation, marital status, family/parental status. In efforts to achieve this goal of diversity and inclusion of membership and participation, the corporation has charged the Commissions with monitoring and upholding the highest standards of diversity, inclusion and justice in the profession and the corporation on a regular basis, report its findings to the membership, and take affirmative steps to rectify problems. ARTICLE II — MEMBERSHIP Section 1 Membership shall be by individuals and by educational or professional journalism and mass communication organizations. Eligible individuals and organizations are those concerned principally with teaching, research, or public service in journalism or mass communication and those concerned principally with practicing in the various fields of journalism and mass communication. Section 2 Co-founding affiliate status is hereby recognized for the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC). Other organizations may gain affiliate status in accordance with the Bylaws. ARTICLE III — OFFICERS Section 1 Officers of the corporation shall include a president, a president-elect, and a vice president, chosen in the manner provided in the Bylaws. Duties for each office include those specified in the Bylaws. Section 2 The affairs of the corporation shall be administered by the Board of Directors, which shall include the officers specified in Article III, Section 1, and other members as provided in Article III of the Bylaws. The Board of Directors shall in all respects be the agent of and shall be responsible to the membership of the corporation, as prescribed in the Bylaws. ARTICLE IV — MEETINGS AND ELECTIONS Section 1 The corporation shall meet at least once a year, as provided in the Bylaws. Section 2 The corporation shall elect all officers listed in Article III, according to procedures specified in the Bylaws. ARTICLE V — DIVISIONS AND INTEREST GROUPS Section 1 A group of AEJMC members who share a specific interest compatible with those of the corporation may become a division of AEJMC according to provisions in the Bylaws. Functions and responsibilities of divisions are specified in this Constitution and in the Bylaws. Section 2 Members of the corporation who share a common interest compatible with the purposes of AEJMC may form an Interest Group of AEJMC in accordance with procedures and requirements specified in the Bylaws. ARTICLE VI — COUNCILS Section 1 There shall be a Council of Divisions and a Council of Affiliates of the corporation. Section 2 The Council of Divisions shall consist of one representative of each division and of representatives of other bodies specified in the Bylaws. Representatives shall be selected in accordance with the Bylaws. Section 3 The functions of the Council of Divisions shall be to plan the annual meeting’s programs and to represent the membership’s diverse interests to the Board of Directors. Section 4 The Council of Affiliates consists of a representative from each professional or educational organization granted affiliate status in AEJMC. The function of the Council of Affiliates is to afford member organizations a voice in the direction and programs of AEJMC. ARTICLE VII — COMMITTEES AND COMMISSIONS Section 1 The following standing committees shall be elected to carry out the functions of the corporation stated in Article 1, Section 2: A. Committee on Teaching B. Committee on Research C. Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility D. Committee on Publications Section 2 The following standing committees shall be appointed to carry out policies of the corporation: A. Committee on Membership B. Committee on Finance C. Committee on Nominations and Elections D. Committee on Career Development Section 3 The membership and duties of each standing committee shall be as provided in the Bylaws. Section 4 Other committees, including joint committees with other associations, may be appointed by the president or the Board of Directors. Their terms and duties shall be specified in the Bylaws or approved by the Board of Directors. Section 5 The following commissions shall be established to address issues outlined in Article I, Section 5. The commissions will be formed according to provisions in the Bylaws. Functions and responsibilities of the commissions are specified in the Bylaws. A. Commission on the Status of Women B. Commission on the Status of Minorities C. Commission on Graduate Education ARTICLE VIII — ENDOWMENT AND GRANTS Section 1 All gifts for endowment purposes shall constitute endowment funds. The Committee on Finance shall manage such funds, as provided in the Bylaws. Section 2 The corporation may seek and receive grants or other financial support pursuant to its purposes, as specified in the Bylaws. ARTICLE IX — PUBLICATIONS Section 1 The corporation shall produce such publications as are deemed appropriate to its purposes. These shall be administered according to the Bylaws. ARTICLE X — AMENDMENTS Section 1 This Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the voting membership by an online ballot distributed to each member in good standing, provided that sufficient notice of the proposed amendment be submitted in writing to all members as specified in the Bylaws. ARTICLE XI — POWERS, LIMITATION Section 1 All the powers of the corporation and those granted to divisions and committees shall be exercised only so that its operations shall be exclusively within the contemplation of Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code 1954, as now enacted or as hereafter amended. ARTICLE XII — PROMULGATION Section 1 This Constitution and Bylaws shall become effective upon approval by the membership. ARTICLE XIII — DISSOLUTION Section 1 Upon dissolution of this corporation any surplus property remaining after the payment of its debts shall be disposed of by transfer to an organization or organizations described in Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as now enacted or as hereafter amended, in such proportions as the Board of Directors of this corporation shall determine. ARTICLE XIV — SAVINGS PROVISION Section 1 If necessary, this constitution is to be considered part of the Bylaws. AEJMC Bylaws ARTICLE I — ESTABLISHMENT Section 1 There shall be a consolidated central office headed by an executive director, and housing support personnel, and membership and other records of the corporation, except for those records submitted to the AEJMC archives. The location of the central office shall be determined by the Board of Directors. Section 2 The fiscal year of the corporation shall be from Oct. 1 to Sept. 30. ARTICLE II — MEMBERSHIP Section 1 Classifications of membership, with their respective qualifications, are: Regular members, who shall be university or college faculty members engaged in education for journalism and mass communication; Associate members, who shall be other persons engaged in journalism and mass communication education or shall be persons with professional interests; Student members, who shall be students in journalism and mass communication and who are not eligible for Regular membership; Affiliate members, which are educational or professional journalism and mass communication organizations. Section 2 Dues shall be fixed by the Board of Directors, subject to approval by the membership. Persons or institutions paying more than the required dues for their classification shall be designated Contributing Members. Section 3 Membership is on a continuing basis from year to year. A member in good standing is one whose dues of any year are paid in advance. The membership year for each new member of the corporation shall extend for 12 months from the date payment of dues is received by the central office. Dues notices shall be sent annually from the central office at least 30 days before membership expires. If, after being sent an appropriate second notice, members fail to pay dues by the expiration date, the members are no longer in good standing and lose all membership privileges, including voting, publications, and the right to hold office. All paid-up members shall receive Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, Journalism and Communication Monographs, and AEJMC News. Memberships are subject to approval by the Committee on Membership as provided in Article VII, Section 9 of the Bylaws. Section 4 All members in good standing are eligible to vote. Regular, Associate, and Affiliate members in good standing are eligible to hold office in divisional and non-divisional positions. The executive director shall have available before any vote a list of members in good standing, and only those members shall be eligible to vote. Eligibility for student members to hold office in divisions, interest groups, and commissions shall be determined by individual group bylaws. Section 5 Affiliate members shall be entitled to use central office facilities and to deposit their funds with the AEJMC central office, subject to charge for extra services rendered and cost of extra materials. Section 6 Affiliate status is granted or revoked by action of the Board of Directors. ARTICLE III — OFFICERS Section 1 The Board of Directors shall consist of the president, the president-elect, the vice president, the immediate past president, the heads of the elected standing committees, two officers designated by the Co-founding Affiliate, two officers designated by the Council of Divisions, and an officer designated by the Council of Affiliates, and one officer each designated by the Commission on the Status of Women, the Commission on Graduate Education, and the Commission on the Status of Minorities. The executive director shall be a non-voting member. The Board of Directors shall have the power to fill all vacancies in elected offices pro tempore. Section 2 The president shall appoint all officers and committee members not otherwise provided for in the Bylaws. In case of the death, inability to act, or resignation of the president of AEJMC, the president-elect shall become president to serve until the end of their elected term as president, and the vice president shall become president-elect. Section 3 Terms of office of all officials elected by the AEJMC membership, and of the committee members appointed by the president, shall be for one calendar year following their election or appointment — from October 1 to September 30 — unless otherwise specified in the Bylaws or appointment/election criteria. Section 4 The executive director shall be appointed by the Board of Directors for a term specified by the Board of Directors at the time of appointment. Section 5 The president shall be the principal officer of the corporation and shall establish its policies, with the advice and consent of the Board of Directors. The president shall chair the Board of Directors, and shall be responsible for preparing and presenting an annual report at the annual meeting on all matters of policy. They shall have a discretionary fund in an amount set by the Board of Directors. Section 6 The president-elect shall succeed the president and shall serve as chair of the Committee on Finance. In consultation with the executive director, the president-elect shall prepare a budget and submit it to the Board of Directors at its annual meeting and shall report at the annual meeting on the fiscal condition of the corporation. Section 7 The vice president shall succeed the president-elect, shall serve on the Board of Directors and the Committee on Finance, and shall perform other duties assigned by the president. Section 8 The executive director shall be the administrative officer of the corporation, shall serve as its secretary, shall be general manager of the central office and shall be business manager of AEJMC publications. The executive director shall report to the president, and shall perform duties assigned by the president and the Board of Directors, shall initiate programs consistent with the goals and policies of AEJMC, shall submit reports of corporation business, shall maintain membership and convention records, and shall have responsibility for collection and disbursement of funds. The executive director may serve as administrative officer of the Co-founding Affiliate and may appoint deputies and office staff consistent with the approved AEJMC budget. The executive director shall give a surety bond to the corporation in an amount set by the Board of Directors. The executive director, under supervision of the Committee on Finance, shall arrange for annual audits by a certified public accountant of AEJMC accounts and those of AEJMC publications. Section 9 The Board of Directors shall approve all matters of financial policy for the corporation including acting on the proposed budget before the beginning of each fiscal year. Its annual meeting shall be held at the time and place of the AEJMC annual meeting. Other meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the president at any time, and also upon request of a majority of the Board members. In the interim between meetings, matters may be submitted to the members of the Board of Directors in writing or via email and votes cast in writing of via emails. These votes shall have the effect of votes at any official meeting. Section 10 The Board of Directors shall encourage inclusiveness in gender, race and culture in the membership and programming of the corporation. It shall monitor the status of women and minorities in the corporation and in journalism education on a biennial basis and report its findings to the membership. The Board of Directors may ask the Commission on the Status of Women, the Commission on the Status of Minorities, and the Commission on Graduate Education to conduct these studies under the sponsorship of the Board of Directors. ARTICLE IV — MEETINGS AND ELECTIONS Section 1 The annual meeting of the association, of its divisions and of the co-founding affiliate shall be held coincidentally. Special meetings of AEJMC or of the co-founding affiliate may be called by their respective Board of Directors. Section 2 The place of the annual meeting shall be selected by the Board of Directors. The Board will seek feedback from the Council of Divisions and elected standing committees prior to making its decision. Section 3 Decisions of the corporation and of its Board of Directors shall be effected by a majority of members voting, except that Bylaws may be suspended only by a three-fourths majority of those present and voting. Section 4 Robert’s Rules of Order, current edition, shall be the manual for parliamentary procedure in the meetings of this corporation and its Board of Directors. Section 5 This shall be the uniform nomination and election procedure for the vice president, members of the elected standing committees and the association’s representatives to the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC). Not less than six months before each annual meeting, the executive director of the corporation shall provide nomination forms to all members. Such forms shall be returnable to the chair of the Nominations and Elections Committee by the date specified by the committee. The date specified shall not be less than 21 days from the date forms are distributed. The date may vary from year to year but shall be selected to encourage maximum response from the members and to enable the committee to complete its work in a timely manner and meet other deadlines indicated in the Bylaws. The Nominations and Elections Committee shall give serious consideration to the results, but the poll shall be advisory only. Section 6 The Nominations and Elections Committee shall provide to the executive director a ballot containing the names of at least two members for every elective office and committee at least four months before the annual meeting. The Nominations and Elections Committee shall also provide to the executive director a summary of the professional record of candidates for all offices. Section 7 The executive director shall prepare an online ballot that conforms to the Nominations and Elections Committee’s reports and that provides space for write-in candidates for each elective office. One copy of the online ballot shall be distributed to each member in good standing at least three months before the annual meeting. The executive director shall also distribute to each member in good standing a summary of the professional record of all candidates for office. Section 8 The voting period shall close 30 days following distribution of ballots. Completed ballots shall be returnable to the office of the executive director, who shall notify all members in good standing of the results at least one month before the annual meeting. If a tie occurs between candidates for an office, a runoff shall be conducted by the Nominations and Elections Committee by ballot of the membership prior to the annual meeting. ARTICLE V – DIVISIONS AND INTEREST GROUPS Section 1 Interest Groups of 75 or more voting members shall be formed and recognized by action of the Board of Directors. Petition requesting creation should include a description of the program planned by the Interest Group in each of the three AEJMC functions: teaching, research, and public service, with at least 100 voting member signers. At least 75 voting members must pay dues to become members of the Interest Group by Oct. 1st in order for the interest group to be formed. Dues collection and funds for a recognized Interest Group shall be handled by the central office. Formal status as an Interest Group is normally for a finite term of one to three years, but is renewable by Board of Directors action. Each Interest Group shall report annually to the Board of Directors. An Interest Group in good standing may petition to become a Division after it has undergone at least one positive five-year assessment, following the procedure outlined in Article V, Section 2. The 75- member requirement does not apply to Interest Groups existing as of Oct. 1, 2012. Section 2 A new division shall be created from an interest group in good standing by a majority vote of the annual meeting. Before that vote, the Board of Directors must approve of a petition signed by 10 percent of the voting members of this corporation. The Interest Group must have at least 125 voting members in order to petition for divisional status. The petition shall include a description of the program planned by the division in each of the three AEJMC functions: teaching, research, and public service; and a detailed explanation of the need for the change in status. Section 3 Divisions and interest groups shall report annually, not later than June 15, on their current year of activities. These reports shall be used during each group’s assessment process. Each division and interest group will be assessed every five years by an Assessment Committee composed of one member of each elected standing committee and the chair and vice chair from the Council of Divisions. The officers of each group being assessed in any given year will meet with the Assessment Committee during the annual convention and discuss the group’s activities and projects over the five-year period. The Assessment Committee will report to the Board of Directors on these meetings and recommend any actions that might be needed as a result of the assessments. Divisions and interest groups may be dissolved in two ways: 1) any group may voluntarily seek to be dissolved through a majority vote of its members. Such recommendation would go directly to the Board of Directors, which may grant the request, or 2) through action of the corporation’s members during the annual business meeting, on the recommendation of the Board of Directors. The Assessment Committee can offer such a recommendation to the Board of Directors following the five- year assessment of the division or interest group. If such a recommendation is made, the division or interest group may request and thus receive a hearing by the Board of Directors. The hearing should be held no later than the next regular meeting of the Board of Directors. If the Board of Directors determines that dissolution of the division or interest group is necessary, it must notify AEJMC membership of the motion to dissolve at least 30 days prior to a vote during the annual business meeting. Section 4 Eligibility for membership in divisions and interest groups shall be determined by the divisions and interest groups themselves. However, no person eligible for membership in AEJMC may become a member of any division or interest group without first becoming a member of AEJMC by paying the appropriate dues. AEJMC officers who fail to pay dues on time or who become ineligible to hold office will be replaced by action of the AEJMC Board of Directors at its next meeting or by mailed ballot. Section 5 Divisions and interest groups shall be empowered to assess dues on their members other than those required for corporation membership. Section 6 The chief officer of each division and interest group shall be designated as “head.” Section 7 Divisions and interest groups shall be entitled to use central office facilities at cost for their programs. All division and interest group funds must be deposited with the AEJMC central office. Section 8 Divisions and interest groups shall plan programs for the annual meetings in cooperation with the Council of Divisions. ARTICLE VI — COUNCILS Section 1 The Council of Divisions shall consist of the chief officer or other representative designated by each of the divisions and interest groups, of the Council of Affiliates, of the Commission on the Status of Women, of the Commission on the Status of Minorities, and of the Commission on Graduate Education. It shall annually choose a chair, a vice-chair, and such other officers as may be required. The Council establishes its own operating procedures, subject to approval by the Board of Directors. Section 2 Each professional or educational organization granted affiliate status in AEJMC shall name a representative to serve on the Council of Affiliates. The elected head of the Council shall be a member of the Board of Directors and the elected vice head shall be a member of the Council of Divisions. ARTICLE VII — COMMITTEES AND COMMISSIONS Section 1 The elected standing committees on Teaching, Research and Professional Freedom and Responsibility shall each have twelve members and the standing committee on Publications shall have nine members. No more than one Regular, Associate, or Affiliate member from any school shall serve on the same committee, nor shall one Regular, Associate, or Affiliate member serve on more than one elected standing committee at one time. Student members are not eligible to be elected to or serve on the standing committees. All terms shall be for three years. No person shall serve more than two consecutive elected terms on a standing committee. An individual who serves two consecutive elected terms may return to the committee after an interim of two years. The committee shall choose annually a chair. Section 2 The elected standing committees on Teaching, Research, and Professional Freedom and Responsibility shall serve AEJMC on matters relevant to their respective functional areas. They shall initiate programs in these areas consistent with AEJMC policy. They shall participate in the division and interest group assessment process, and one representative from each standing committee shall serve on the Assessment Committee. The members of the elected standing committees shall serve as liaisons to divisions and interest groups in their programs and help them meet their responsibilities in these functional areas. Section 3 If a member of an elected standing committee does not fulfill the duties of office during their three-year term, and specifically does not: participate in the activities of the committee, or send required materials for which they were responsible, or attend the main committee meeting at the conference, then the Board of Directors, through established procedures, may deem that person’s seat on the committee vacant. The established procedures will allow the inactive committee member to respond and participate in the discussions regarding the status of the seat. The Board of Directors may then fill the remaining years of the position through its authority from the Bylaws Article III, Section 1, or through the next regular election. Section 4 The elected standing Committee on Teaching shall be primarily concerned with teaching excellence: • Principles of Curriculum. • Principles of Leadership. • Principles of Course Content and Teaching Methods. • Principles of Assessment • Additional matters related to teaching as identified by the committee or the AEJMC membership. This committee shall bring before the annual meeting such resolutions on such matters as it considers appropriate. Section 5 The elected standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility is particularly concerned with freedom of expression legally and intellectually, ethical issues among media educators and practitioners, media criticism and accountability, minority affairs, and liaisons between educators and professionals. This committee shall bring before the annual meeting such resolutions on these matters as it considers appropriate. Section 6 The elected standing Committee on Research is responsible for: • Policies that will enhance the scholarly activities of AEJMC • Conferral of academic honors on behalf of AEJMC for meritorious scholarly achievements • Liaison with other associations and organizations concerned with communication processes. This committee shall bring before the annual meeting such resolutions on such matters as it considers appropriate. Section 7 The elected standing Committee on Publications shall administer the publications of the corporation, and shall have the responsibility of recommending to the Board of Directors a qualified AEJMC member for the editorship of Journalism and Communication Monographs, Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, and Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. The editor of each AEJMC publication is appointed by the Board of Directors upon recommendation by the Committee on Publications. The Board of Directors shall be the final authority for policy concerning AEJMC publications. Section 8 The size of each appointed standing committee shall be appropriate to the work of the committee. No more than one member from any school shall serve on the same committee, nor shall one member serve on more than one appointed committee at one time. Each committee shall have a chair who shall be appointed by the president, except that the president-elect shall chair the Committee on Finance. A representative of the Council of Affiliates may be named to any committee under the same conditions as applied to any other member. Terms shall be for three years with one-third of the members appointed each year by the president. Section 9 The appointed standing committees and commissions shall initiate programs in their respective functional areas consistent with AEJMC policy. They shall advise and recommend actions to the Board of Directors. Section 10 The appointed standing Committee on Membership shall administer the membership policies of the corporation, and shall have the responsibility of reviewing qualifications for membership in AEJMC. Section 11 The appointed standing Committee on Finance— under the guidance of its chair, the president-elect and in consultation with the president — shall supervise the fiscal records of the corporation, including the annual audits arranged by the executive director. The committee shall review the fiscal condition of AEJMC, shall recommend to the Board of Directors any changes deemed desirable and, under the supervision of the Board of Directors, shall have overall responsibility for the coordination of fundraising activities. The Committee on Finance, in consultation with the president and executive director, shall recommend to the Board of Directors policies regarding investment of the corporation’s reserves. Withdrawals from the corporation’s long-term reserves shall be recommended in advance by the executive director and approved by the president and president-elect. Section 12 The appointed standing Committee on Nominations and Elections shall be responsible for soliciting and making nominations for all AEJMC elected offices, and for the conduct of elections, in accordance with the Constitution and Bylaws. Section 13 The appointed standing Committee on Career Development works to: • Implement plans for institutionalizing career service sessions at AEJMC conferences, • Foster coordination among AEJMC groups that conduct career development sessions, • Hold its own unique recurring career development events related to careers, and • Support AEJMC initiatives to aid underrepresented groups in journalism and mass communication education. Section 14 The incoming president may, in consultation with the Board of Directors, appoint such other committees as may be deemed necessary. Their duties shall be approved by the Board of Directors. Section 15 There shall be three Commissions: The Commission on the Status of Women, The Commission on the Status of Minorities, and the Commission on Graduate Education. All Commissions shall serve both advocacy and programming roles on behalf of their respective bodies. Section 16 Any interested member of the corporation may be a member of the Commission on the Status of Women, the Commission on the Status of Minorities, and the Commission on Graduate Education. Section 17 Commissions shall be empowered to assess dues on their members other than those required for corporation membership. Section 18 The chief officer of each commission shall be designated as “head.” Section 19 Commissions shall be entitled to use central office facilities at cost for their programs. All commission funds must be deposited with the AEJMC central office. Section 20 The Commissions shall plan programs in a manner similar to divisions for the annual meetings in cooperation with the Council of Divisions. Section 21 A representative of each commission shall serve as a voting member of the Board of Directors. Section 22 A representative of each commission shall serve as a voting member of the Council of Divisions. Section 23 The elected standing committees and commissions shall report annually at the meeting. The appointed standing committees shall report annually to the Board of Directors. ARTICLE VIII — ENDOWMENT AND GRANTS Section 1 Unless otherwise dedicated by the donor, all earnings of the endowment funds shall be placed in the general fund of the corporation. Section 2 The endowment funds of the corporation shall be handled outside the regular budget of AEJMC. Section 3 The corporation may receive grants or financial support for special purposes that are consistent with the corporation’s objectives. Any grants or financial support for AEJMC publications and activities shall be received with the understanding that such financial support does not grant or imply any control whatsoever over such publications and activities by the granting agency, nor any endorsement by AEJMC of the granting agency’s policies or activities. All grant proposals must be submitted to the AEJMC president for consultation with the chair of the AEJMC Finance Committee and chair of the External Funding Committee. Grant proposals for AEJMC or division publications must also be considered by the Committee on Publications, which must also approve such a proposal before it may be submitted to the president. ARTICLE IX — PUBLICATIONS Section 1 The official publications of the organization are Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, Journalism and Communication Monographs, and AEJMC News. Section 2 AEJMC News shall contain annually the minutes of the AEJMC business meeting and membership votes. The financial reports of the corporation shall be posted annually on the AEJMC website. Section 3 The editors of Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, and Journalism and Communication Monographs shall be appointed for three-year terms. The editors of AEJMC publications shall appoint subordinate and advisory editors. The editor of each AEJMC publication shall exercise final authority on editorial content. As specified in Bylaws, Article V, Section 6, the AEJMC Executive Director shall serve as business manager of AEJMC publications, and, subject to Publications Committee review, shall direct all business and fiscal matters. ARTICLE X — AMENDMENTS Section 1 These Bylaws may be amended by a majority of the voting membership by an online ballot distributed to each member in good standing. Section 2 Amendments to the Constitution and to these Bylaws must be submitted in writing to all members of the corporation at least 20 days in advance with an online discussion forum before the online vote. Certification by the executive director that notice has been given shall be conclusive. Section 3 Changes in AEJMC dues must be made under rules for change in the Bylaws.]]> 398 2 8 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/scholarship/awards-calls/ Tue, 02 Apr 2024 10:00:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=18030 Calls for AEJMC Award Nominations AEJMC membership is required for application of AEJMC Awards. Many AEJMC calls for award and grant nominations have been revised. One of the directives during the past year for AEJMC leaders has been to revise language in all calls to better reflect inclusivity and diversity. So, if you are nominating or self-nominating, please be sure to follow the new guidelines below.

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International Coordinator Position Opens to Assist AEJMC Journals

The AEJMC Publications Committee is now accepting applications for an international coordinator to help AEJMC’s three flagship journals. The coordinator will recruit and coordinate team members to enhance international communication and relationships on behalf of AEJMC, specifically for Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, and Journalism and Communication Monographs. Duties include working with team members to promote journal content on diverse social media platforms to international audiences, as well as organizing Zoom events for international scholars. The coordinator will work with the journals’ editors and Publications Committee to create a variety of strategies to better engage the international scholarly community. The position is a two-year renewable term with an annual stipend of $1,000. Qualifications: Applicants should be full-time faculty members of any rank with a demonstrated capacity for leadership and strong project management skills. Prior experience with social media promotion preferred. Proficiency in a language other than English preferred. To apply, send a CV and a one-page letter of interest to AEJMC Publications Committee Chair Teri Finneman at finnemte@gmail.com by noon Eastern Time March 25, 2025.

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• NOW ACCEPTING APPLICATIONS AEJMC Equity & Diversity Award ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS JANUARY 15, 2025 — APRIL 15, 2025 An AEJMC Professional Freedom & Responsibility Committee Award The AEJMC Equity & Diversity Award recognizes journalism and mass communication academic units that are working toward, and have attained measurable success, in increasing equity and diversity among their faculty, staff and students.  The unit must display progress and innovation in racial, gender, and ethnic equality and diversity during the previous three years. Deadline is April 15, 2025. See complete call.
• AEJMC First Amendment Award ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS DECEMBER 15, 2025 — FEBRUARY 15, 2026 An AEJMC Professional Freedom & Responsibility Committee Award Created in 2006, the AEJMC First Amendment Award recognizes individuals or organizations who demonstrate a strong commitment to freedom of the press and who practice or support courageous journalism. Note: AEJMC members are not eligible to receive this award.
• AEJMC-Knudson Latin America Prize ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS OCTOBER 1, 2025 — JANUARY 15, 2026 An AEJMC Standing Committee on Research Award This is an annual award given to a book or project concerning Latin America or coverage of issues in Latin America. Submitted works must make an original contribution to improve knowledge about Latin America to U.S. students, journalists or the public. This award was endowed by the late Jerry Knudson, an emeritus professor at Temple University. Knudson was a long-time AEJMC member whose research and publications focused on Latin America.
• Baskett Mosse Award for Faculty Development ACCEPTING APPLICATIONS NOVEMBER 15, 2025 — MARCH 1, 2026 An AEJMC and ACEJMC Award Created by AEJMC and ACEJMC in honor of the late Baskett Mosse, executive secretary of the Accrediting Committee for 26 years, the Baskett Mosse Award for Faculty Development recognizes an outstanding young or midcareer faculty member in journalism or mass communication. (Not awarded annually.)
• Best Practices in Teaching Competition ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS DECEMBER 15, 2025 — FEBRUARY 15, 2026 An AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Competition This competition honors innovative teaching ideas from JMC colleagues. Each year, the AEJMC Teaching Committee selects winners in a themed competition highlighting different areas across the journalism and mass communication curriculum. Winning entries are published in an e-booklet. The 2025 Best Practices Competition invites submissions centered on teaching and the ethical applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and emerging media technologies (e.g., AR/VR) in media disciplines.
• Dorothy Bowles Award for Outstanding Public Service ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS DECEMBER 15, 2025 — MARCH 1, 2026 An AEJMC Professional Freedom & Responsibility Committee Award The Dorothy Bowles Award for Outstanding Public Service recognizes an AEJMC member who has a sustained and significant public-service record that has helped build bridges between academics and professionals in mass communications, either nationally or locally, and been actively engaged within the association.
• Eleanor Blum Distinguished Service to Research Award ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS OCTOBER 1, 2025 — DECEMBER 15, 2025 An AEJMC Standing Committee on Research Award The Blum Research Award was created to recognize people who have devoted substantial parts of their careers to promoting research in mass communication. It is named in honor of its first recipient, the late Eleanor Blum, a long time communications librarian at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign.
• NOW ACCEPTING APPLICATIONS Krieghbaum Mid-Career Award ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS DECEMBER 15, 2024 — MARCH 15, 2025 An AEJMC Professional Freedom & Responsibility Committee Award The Krieghbaum Mid-Career Award honors AEJMC members who have shown outstanding achievement and effort in all three AEJMC areas: teaching, research and public service. The late Hillier Krieghbaum, former New York University professor emeritus and 1972 AEJMC president, created and funded the award in 1980. Nominees must also be AEJMC members in good standing at the time of the nomination and during the preceding two years. Deadline: March 15, 2025. See complete call.
• Paul J. Deutschmann Award for Excellence in Research ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS OCTOBER 1, 2025 — DECEMBER 1, 2025 An AEJMC Standing Committee on Research Award The Paul J. Deutschmann Award for Excellence in Research recognizes a body of significant research over the course of an individual’s career. The award is named in honor of Paul J. Deutschmann, who developed the College of Communication Arts at Michigan State University. It serves as the AEJMC Research Award, recognizing the top scholars in the association who have made a major impact on the research of the field during their career. The Deutschmann Award is based on demonstrable influence on the field and is therefore not necessarily awarded every year.
• Nafziger-White-Salwen Dissertation Award ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS SEPTEMBER 1, 2025 — OCTOBER 15, 2025 An AEJMC Standing Committee on Research AwardThe award recognizes excellence in Ph.D. dissertation research that demonstrates potentially significant impact and importance in the field of journalism and communication research and includes a monetary prize. The award is named for Ralph O. Nafziger and David Manning White, authors of Introduction to Mass Communication Research, and Michael Salwen, coauthor of An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research.
• Tankard Book Award ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS OCTOBER 1, 2025 — JANUARY 15, 2026 An AEJMC Standing Committee on Research Award This award recognizes the most outstanding book in the field of journalism and communication. It also honors authors whose work embodies excellence in research, writing and creativity. First presented in 2007, the award is named in honor of Dr. James Tankard, Jr., posthumous recipient of AEJMC’s 2006 Eleanor Blum Distinguished Service to Research Award, former editor of Journalism Monographs and a longtime University of Texas at Austin journalism professor.
• NOW ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver Outstanding Early-Career Woman Scholar Award ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS NOVEMBER 15, 2024 — APRIL 1, 2025 A Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver Center for the Advancement of Women in Communication at Florida International University and AEJMC Commission on the Status of Women Award This recognition is designed to honor early-career women faculty researchers and encourage them as they pursue their research agendas in the academy. (This award is administered by AEJMC.) Deadline: Nominations are due April 1, 2025. See complete call.
• NOW ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS Lionel C. Barrow Jr. Award for Distinguished Achievement in Diversity Research and Education ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS DECEMBER 15, 2024 — MAY 1, 2025 An AEJMC Minorities and Communication Division and AEJMC Commission on the Status of Minorities Award The award recognizes outstanding individual accomplishment and leadership in diversity efforts for underrepresented groups by race and ethnicity, in journalism and mass communication. Nominations are due May 1, 2025. See complete call.
• The Gene Burd Award for Research in Urban Journalism Studies ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS OCTOBER 1, 2025 — NOVEMBER 15, 2025 An Urban Communication Foundation and AEJMC Award The purpose of this annual grant is to stimulate research that explains, enlightens, inspires, and improves the practice of journalism and communication in order to advance our understanding of journalism in urban environments. It may be awarded to faculty, graduate students, or a team of both.
• NOW ACCEPTING PROPOSALS The Gene Burd Urban Journalism Award ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS FEBRUARY 15, 2025 — APRIL 30, 2025 An Urban Communication Foundation and AEJMC Award This This $5,000 award recognizes high-quality urban reporting or critical analysis relevant to city problems, programs, policies, and public priorities in urban life and culture. The award is for a journalist with a distinguished record of work in urban journalism. Nominations are due April 30, 2025. See complete call.
• Journalism & Mass Communication Administrator of the Year Award ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS JULY 1, 2025 — OCTOBER 15, 2025 A Scripps Howard Fund and AEJMC Award Full-time administrator of a journalism, mass communication or communication program who, over a period of years, has consistently demonstrated an environment of leadership excellence by ongoing contributions to the improvement of learning and teaching. Open to accredited and non-accredited schools.
• Journalism Teacher of the Year Award ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS JULY 1, 2025 — OCTOBER 15, 2025 A Scripps Howard Fund and AEJMC Award This call is open to full-time faculty members or teaching journalism who, over a period of years, has consistently demonstrated an environment of excellence by ongoing contributions to the improvement of student learning. Open to nominees who teach students how to gather, assess, create, and present news, information and commentary via print and electronic media. Nominees may be from accredited or non-accredited schools, but must consistently teach primarily journalism courses.
• AEJMC Senior Scholar Grants ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS JULY 1, 2025 — OCTOBER 1, 2025 An AEJMC Program The AEJMC Senior Scholars Program awards grants to senior (typically tenured) scholars to fund innovative and timely research projects in journalism and mass communication. Applicants must be AEJMC members.
• AEJMC Emerging Scholar Grants ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS JULY 1, 2025 — OCTOBER 1, 2025 An AEJMC Program The AEJMC Emerging Scholars Program award research and teaching grants to emerging scholars to fund research or teaching proposals to encourage innovative and timely projects in journalism and mass communication. Applicants must be current AEJMC faculty members.
• The Research Grant to Support Innovative News Audience & News Engagement Studies ACCEPTING NOMINATIONS DECEMBER 15, 2025 — MARCH 1, 2026 An AEJMC and News Engagement Day Award The Research Grant to Support Innovative News Audience & News Engagement Studies encourages the exploration of the news audience and news engagement in new ways to answer never before asked theoretical and real-world questions relevant to today’s times and the future.  The winning proposal receives $3,000. This research grant replaces the News Audience Research Paper Award.

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Calls for Papers, Proposals & Editors

• • NOW ACCEPTING SUBMISSIONS Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly – Special Issue: Call for Submissions Hidden, Yet Pervasive: Social Inequality in Journalism (Research) Andreas A. Riedl¹, Thomas Hanitzsch¹, Thomas R. Schmidt2, & Nik Usher^{3 1}LMU Munich, ²University of California San Diego, & ³University of San Diego Special Issue Editors Social inequality is typically understood as the unequal distribution of (economic) resources, power, and prestige within society, where conditions of high inequality grant privileges, opportunities, and rewards to individuals in certain positions while denying them to others (Ballantine et al., 2019). Forms of social inequality are growing globally (e.g., Piketty, 2014) and lie at the heart of many burning problems of our time, ranging from political polarization over climate change to the societal impact of generative AI. The 2024 Human Development Report by the United Nations identifies social inequalities as a key to addressing today’s grand challenges. In a deeply mediatized world, public discourses around social inequality are pivotal to how these challenges develop and unfold—positioning journalism research at the forefront of their analysis. Deadline for full-paper submissions: September 1, 2025. See complete call.
  • NOW ACCEPTING SUBMISSIONS AEJMC Champions of Editing Linda Shockley Award for Excellence in Teaching AEJMC is seeking submissions for the 2025 Champions of Editing Linda Shockley Award for Excellence in Teaching. Dr. Deborah Gump launched the Champions of Editing, formerly known as the Breakfast of Editing Champions, about 20 years ago. In the spirit of celebrating excellence in teaching editing, the Champions of Editing is announcing a teaching prize open to AEJMC members from all divisions, interest groups, etc. The prize will highlight innovative approaches to teaching editing. Editing is a nearly universal component of journalism and mass communication. Submission deadline: May 15, 2025. See complete call.
  • NOW ACCEPTING SUBMISSIONS Mass Communication and Society – Call for Editor Transition period begins January 1, 2026 Official term is January 1, 2027, through December 31, 2029 The Mass Communication and Society (MC&S) Division of AEJMC is now seeking applications for Editor for Mass Communication and Society, published by Taylor & Francis. Mass Communication and Society, the MC&S Division’s flagship publication, is a refereed journal that publishes articles on a wide variety of topics that advance mass communication theory, especially at the societal or macrosocial level. It publishes original research and book reviews on topics related to mass media practices, content, effects, messages, and research methods. The journal welcomes both qualitative and quantitative approaches, with a strong preference for social-scientific perspectives. Membership of the AEJMC MC&S Division provides a free subscription to the journal. Application Deadline: April 18, 2025. See complete call.
  • NOW ACCEPTING APPLICATIONS 2025-26 AEJMC-MCSD Diversity and Inclusion Career Development Fellowship for Graduate Students Applications are now being accepted for the 2025-26 AEJMC-MCSD Diversity and Inclusion Career Development Fellowship for doctoral and master’s students from historically marginalized and underrepresented groups. Sponsored by the AEJMC Committee on Career Development and Mass Communication and Society Division, this fellowship is established to help with those graduate students’ career preparation (which includes, among other topics, diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility). Applications due by Friday, April 11, 2025. See complete call.

   ]]> 18030 3 1 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=18717 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18717 18717 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=20940 Tue, 04 Jan 2022 11:00:26 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20940 The Call for Papers and Call for Extended Abstracts are now closed. The deadline was April 1, 2021.

2021 AEJMC Call for Papers Quick Links

2021 AEJMC Uniform Paper Guidelines

2021 AEJMC Extended Abstract Call

2021 AEJMC Paper Competition Group Calls

REVIEW LINK FOR ALL ACADEMIC

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Important Dates:

·                     Submission Deadline - April 1, 2021 midnight [CDT/GMT-5]

·                     Reviews: April 2 through May 3

·                     Scoring papers from May 3 through May 10

·                     Program copy due to central office May 14

·                     Notifications from May 14 through May 19

·                     Site opens for Reviews to be seen May 20

·                     Final Extended Abstract Papers uploaded in All Academic, July 15

·                     Final Proof Copy due June 14

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2021 AEJMC Uniform Paper Guidelines

The programming groups within the Council of Divisions of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication invite submission of original, non-published, English language only research papers to be considered for presentation at the AEJMC Conference, Aug. 4 to 7, 2021, in New Orleans, LA. Specific requirements for each competition — including limits on paper length — are spelled out in the listing of groups and research chairs that appear below. Papers are to be submitted in English only. AEJMC supports acceptance of synchronous “live” video or video-taped paper presentations as an alternative format for presenters unable to attend the annual conference due to the pandemic, financial constraints, and/or institutional policies regarding travel. All research papers must be uploaded through an online server to the group appropriate to the paper’s topic via the ALL ACADEMIC link on the AEJMC website. The following uniform call will apply to ALL AEJMC paper competitions. Additional information specific to an individual group’s call is available at the end of the uniform call information. 1. Submit the paper via the ALL ACADEMIC link to the AEJMC group appropriate to the paper’s topic. Format should be Word, WordPerfect, or a PDF. PDF format is strongly encouraged. 2. The paper must be uploaded to the server no later than 11:59 P.M. (Central Daylight Time) Thursday, April 1, 2021. 3. Also upload a paper abstract of no more than 75-words. 4. Completely fill out the online submission form with author(s) name, affiliation, mailing address, telephone number, and email address. The title should be printed on the first page of the text and on running heads on each page of text, as well as on the title page. Do NOT include author’s name on running heads or title page. 5. Papers uploaded with author’s identifying information WILL NOT BE CONSIDERED FOR REVIEW AND WILL AUTOMATICALLY BE DISQUALIFIED FROM THE COMPETITION. ALL AEJMC DIVISIONS, INTEREST GROUPS AND COMMISSION PAPER SUBMISSIONS WILL ABIDE BY THIS RULE WITHOUT EXCEPTION. 6. Papers are accepted for peer review on the understanding that they are not already under review for other conferences and that they have been submitted to only ONE AEJMC group for evaluation. Papers accepted for the AEJMC Conference should not have been presented to other conferences or published in scholarly or trade journals prior to presentation at the conference. 7. Student papers compete on an equal footing in open paper competitions unless otherwise specified by the individual division or interest group. Individual group specifications are appended to this uniform call. 8. Papers submitted with both faculty and student authors will be considered faculty papers and are not eligible for student competitions. 9. At least one author of an accepted faculty paper must attend the conference to present the paper. If student authors cannot be present, they must make arrangements for the paper to be presented. 10. If a paper is accepted, and the faculty author does not present the paper at the conference, and if a student author does not make arrangements for his/her paper to be presented by another, then that paper’s acceptance status is revoked. It may not be included on a vita. 11. Authors will be advised whether their papers have been accepted by May 20 and may access copies of reviewers’ comments from the online server. Contact the paper chair if you are not notified or have questions about paper acceptance. Special note: Authors who have submitted papers and have not been notified by May 20 MUST contact the division or interest group paper chair for acceptance information. The AEJMC Central Office may not have this information available. 12. Authors of accepted papers retain copyright of their papers and are free to submit them for publication after presentation at the conference. Important Paper Submissions Information • Upload papers for the AEJMC 2021 New Orleans, LA, Conference beginning Jan. 15, 2021. Paper submitters should follow instructions on the front page of the submission site to create an account and complete the information required. • Deadline for paper submissions is April 1, 2021, at 11:59 p.m. CDT. Any submissions after this time will not be accepted. • Before submitting your paper, please make certain that all author-identifying information has been removed and that all instructions have been followed per the AEJMC uniform paper call. Take every precaution to ensure that your self-citations do not in any way reveal your identity. There are three solutions to issues of self-citation:

(1) Remove language that signals the author of the published work is also the author of the current paper. For example, the author may simply use “in a previous study, researchers…” rather than “in a previously published pilot study, I…” or “As I argued in…” This is not always possible since authors may desire to build on their previous works, but wording can be rewritten to avoid obvious self-citation in many cases.

(2) Eliminating the citations altogether is another option and helps remove the awkward inclusion of “Author, Date” self-citations in the reference list. This may risk having the authors seem unknowledgeable by failing to refer to work that reviewers may commonly know. But often there is no problem by using another citation in its place.

(3) Ultimately, combining the two strategies described above may be the best solution. Authors are encouraged to remove personal pronouns and other descriptive language surrounding their work that might reveal a redacted name or pinpoint the source of an existing work. It may be best to cite your work sparingly without any signal of authorship.

By carefully considering the wording surrounding citing your own work, it is often possible to eliminate issues that have caused conference paper disqualifications in the past simply by revising wording around the self-cited works. Simply put, cite your own work as if it were being cited by another author—not yourself. • A COVER SHEET or a sheet with the 75-word required ABSTRACT that is included with a paper upload should be EXCLUDED from the page number limits set by all AEJMC Groups. Papers uploaded with author’s identifying information displayed WILL NOT BE CONSIDERED FOR REVIEW AND WILL AUTOMATICALLY BE DISQUALIFIED FROM THE COMPETITION. All AEJMC Divisions, Interest Groups and Commission will abide by the rules below WITHOUT EXCEPTION. NOTE: Contact Felicia Greenlee Brown with comments, concerns and other Conference Paper Call inquiries at Felicia@aejmc.org.

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The Call for Papers and Call for Extended Abstracts are now closed. The deadline was April 1, 2021.

2021 AEJMC Extended Abstract Call

AEJMC will accept extended abstracts for 2021 conference. In light of the continued extraordinary and historic disruptions to the lives of faculty members and graduate students as a result of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, AEJMC will accept extended abstracts as well as full papers in all divisions and interest groups for the 2021 conference. The extended abstract format is suitable for authors who are sufficiently along in the research process to address the content elements described below but have not had sufficient time to prepare the full paper. The extended abstracts must be at least 750 words long but no more than 1,500 words. Extended abstracts must include a reference list and a 75-word summary of the abstract (the reference list and summary are not included in the word count). Extended abstracts may be submitted to only one division or interest group. Extended abstracts must be uploaded as a single file to the AEJMC All-Academic site by the existing conference deadline of 11:59 p.m. CDT April 1, 2021. Authors whose extended abstracts are selected for presentation at the conference must still submit their full paper, with all identifying author information, to the All-Academic site by 11:59 p.m. CDT, July 15, 2021. To preserve the value of fully developed research papers, long a hallmark of the AEJMC conference, extended abstracts will not be eligible for division, interest group or conference-wide awards. Divisions and interest groups can program extended abstracts as they see fit in regular paper sessions, high density sessions or poster sessions, and will specify allotted presentation time as appropriate. Content and Formatting Guidelines 1. As noted previously, length of extended abstracts must be at least 750 words but no more than 1,500 words. A 75-word (max.) summary of the abstract should precede the abstract itself. References and summary are excluded from the word count. 2. Extended abstracts should contain all of the same content sections/elements that would normally be used in the division or interest group’s paper submissions, including the study’s purpose, literature review, research questions and/or hypotheses, method, findings and discussion/conclusion. The main difference, however, is the length of this submission format. 3. For authors considering the extended abstract option, data collection and analysis must be at least 75% complete in order to meaningfully report tentative findings and conclusions. Authors should clearly report in the Method and Findings sections how far along the data collection and analysis phases are, respectively, and explain what steps remain and the anticipated value/contribution of these steps, so that reviewers can assess the foundations on which conclusions are based. Extended abstracts will be reviewed and scored using evaluation criteria specific to the abstracts and not the same as those used for full papers. 4. When submitting in this format, authors must select the “Extended Abstract” option in All Academic AND include the words “Extended Abstract” at the start of their paper title (e.g., “Extended Abstract: [Your paper title]”). Authors should clearly indicate the same on the title page of their submission. Submissions that are not appropriately labeled may be rejected. 5. When creating the file for upload, please insert the 75-word summary of the abstract at the beginning of the extended abstract, so that this is what readers and reviewers see first. 6. As with full paper submissions, please ensure all identifying author information has been removed for extended abstract submissions and that title pages do not contain author information. Please reference the AEJMC Uniform Paper Call (ABOVE) for information about how to ensure this information is removed in order to ensure a blind review. 7. Other than the extended abstract format (including length differences) and ineligibility for award competitions, all other AEJMC Uniform Paper Guidelines apply. Please review these ABOVE. For questions, please contact Katie Foss (katie.foss@mtsu.edu), Council of Divisions head, or Jan Boyles (jboyles@iastate.edu), Council of Divisions vice head. [caption id="attachment_7150" align="aligncenter" width="240"] Review link for All Academic[/caption]

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The Call for Papers and Call for Extended Abstracts are now closed. The deadline was April 1, 2021.

2021 AEJMC Paper Competition Group Calls

Divisions

Advertising Division (ADVD)	Communicating Science, Health, Environment, Risk Division (SHER)	Communication Technology Division (CTEC)
Communication Theory and Methodology Division (CTAM)	Cultural and Critical Studies Division (CCSD)	Electronic News Division (ENDD)
History Division (HIST)	International Communication Division (INTC)	Law and Policy Division (LAWP)
Magazine Division (MAGD)	Mass Communication and Society Division (MCSD)	Media Ethics Division (ETHC)
Media Management and Economics Division (MMEE)	Minorities and Communication Division (MACD)	Newspaper and Online News Division (NOND)
Political Communication Division (PLCD)	Public Relations Division (PRDV)	Scholastic Journalism Division (SCHJ)
Visual Communication Division (VISC)

 

Interest Groups & Commission

Community Journalism Interest Group (COMJ)	Entertainment Studies Interest Group (ESIG)	Graduate Student Interest Group (GSIG)
Internships and Careers Interest Group (ICIG)	Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Interest Group (LGBT)	Participatory Journalism Interest Group (PJIG)
Religion and Media Interest Group (RMIG)	Small Programs Interest Group (SPIG)	Sports Communication Interest Group (SPRT)
Commission on the Status of Women (CSWM)

]]> 20940 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/events/ Wed, 17 Feb 2021 01:29:05 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=21137 2025 AEJMC Conference Leading in Times of Momentous Change: Individual and Collective Opportunities Thursday, August 7 – Sunday, August 10 (Pre-conference day — Wednesday, August 6) San Francisco Marriott Marquis • 780 Mission Street | San Francisco, California 94103 2025 AEJMC Conference logo is courtesy of Callie Hribar, University of South Carolina Faculty Sponsor: Van Kornegay, University of South Carolina

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]]> 21367 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/scholarship/collaborative-scholar/ Fri, 11 Jun 2021 19:36:43 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=21585

2023 Collaborative Scholars Recipients

• Proposal: The Holocaust as a Polarizing Metaphor for Emotion-laden Political Conversations on Social Media Student: Amy Ritchart, College of Communication & Information Sciences, The University of Alabama Faculty: Rebecca K. Britt, (Associate Professor), Department of Journalism and Creative Media, College of Communication & Information Sciences, The University of Alabama READ THE ABSTRACT
• Proposal: Polarization by Examining How Targeted Ideological Messaging through Use of Moral Cues May Stimulate Political Participation and Influence Attitudes in Support for Green Energy Student: Alexandrea Matthews, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida Faculty: Jay D. Hmielowski, (Associate Professor), Department of Public Relations in the College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida READ THE ABSTRACT

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2022 Collaborative Scholars Recipients

• Proposal: The Influence of Mediated Healthcare Environments on Preventative Healthcare-Seeking Intentions Student: Amy Huber, (Student) School of Communication, Florida State University Faculty: Rachel Bailey, (Associate Professor), School of Communication, Florida State University Read the Abstract
• Proposal: Do Black Lives Matter in the Empathy Machine? Creating a Shared Reality to Disrupt Whiteness with Immersive 360-Degree Videos Student: Haley R. Hatfield, (Student) Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia Faculty: Sun Joo (Grace) Ahn, (Associate Professor), Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia Read the Abstract
• Proposal: Getting the truth out: The Professional Practices and Roles of Central-Eastern European Foreign Correspondents Covering the War in Ukraine Student: Teodora Trifonova, (Student) School of Journalism and Electronic Media, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Faculty: Joy Jenkins, (Assistant Professor), School of Journalism and Electronic Media, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Read the Abstract

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2021 Collaborative Scholars Recipients

• Proposal: Media Advocacy and the Health Belief Model in the Context of COVID-19: A Mixed Methods Study Student: Carl A. Ciccarelli, (Doctoral Student) School of Journalism and Mass Communication College of Information and Communications, University of South Carolina Faculty: Brooke W. McKeever, (Associate Professor, Associate Dean), School of Journalism and Mass Communications College of Information and Communications University of South Carolina Read the Abstract
• Proposal: E-raced: Substack, journalists of color, and the entrepreneurial push Student: Nelanthi Hewa, (Doctoral Student) University of Toronto, Faculty of Information Faculty: Nicole Cohen, (Associate Professor), University of Toronto, Faculty of Information/Institute of Communication, Culture, Information and Technology Read the Abstract
• Proposal: “Am I An Influencer?”: Legitimation Strategies of Social Media Influencers of Color in an Emerging Profession Student: Kaley N. Martin, (Doctoral Student) The University of Alabama College of Communication & Information Sciences Faculty: Shaheen Kanthawala, (Assistant Professor), Department of Journalism and Creative Media at The University of Alabama Read the Abstract

]]> 21585 3 4 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/events/webinars/ Fri, 15 Oct 2021 19:32:07 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?page_id=22110

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All current AEJMC members will receive an email to register for the webinar. After registering, members receive a confirmation email containing information about joining the webinar. Contact Samantha Higgins at samantha@aejmc.org with questions. AEJMC Members may find recordings of past webinars in the AEJMC Community. See: https://community.aejmc.org/events/webinars Thank you for being a part of the AEJMC community.]]> 22110 21137 6 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=22284 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=22284 ]]> 22284 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=22409 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=22409

AEJMC 2022 Conference Paper Call

]]> 22409 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=22423 Fri, 21 Jan 2022 14:47:10 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=22423 AEJMC PAPER COMPETITION UNIFORM Call AEJMC will accept extended abstracts for works-in-progress for the 2022 conference. The programming groups within the Council of Divisions of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication invite submission of original, non-published, research papers to be considered for presentation at the AEJMC Conference, August 3 to 6, 2022, in Detroit, MI. Specific requirements for each competition — including limits on paper length — are spelled out in the listing of groups and research chairs that appear below.  Submissions are to be in English only. All research submissions must be uploaded through an online server to the group appropriate to the submission’s topic via THE ALL ACADEMIC WEBSITE. The following uniform call will apply to ALL AEJMC group competitions. Additional information specific to an individual group’s call is available at the end of the uniform call information.

1. Submit via THE ALL ACADEMIC WEBSITE to the AEJMC group appropriate to the submission’s topic. Format should be Word, WordPerfect, or a PDF. PDF format is strongly encouraged.
2. The submission must be uploaded to the server no later than 11:59 P.M. (Central Daylight Time) Friday, April 1, 2022.
3. Also upload an abstract of no more than 75-words.
4. Completely fill out the online submission form with author(s) name, affiliation, mailing address, telephone number, and email address. The title should be printed on the first page of the text and on running heads on each page of text, as well as on the title page. Do NOT include author’s name on running heads or title page.
5. Submissions uploaded with author’s identifying information WILL NOT BE CONSIDERED FOR REVIEW AND WILL AUTOMATICALLY BE DISQUALIFIED FROM THE COMPETITION. ALL AEJMC DIVISIONS, INTEREST GROUPS AND COMMISSION SUBMISSIONS WILL ABIDE BY THIS RULE WITHOUT EXCEPTION.
6. Submissions are accepted for peer review on the understanding that they are not already under review for other conferences and that they have been submitted to only ONE AEJMC group for evaluation. Submissions accepted for the AEJMC Conference should not have been presented to other conferences and cannot be published or appear online prior to the AEJMC conference. In addition, authors must wait until receiving AEJMC paper reviews in May before submitting to a journal or other publication.
7. Student submissions compete on an equal footing in open paper competitions unless otherwise specified by the individual division or interest group. Individual group specifications are appended to this uniform call.
8. Research submitted with both faculty and student authors will be considered faculty submissions and are not eligible for student competitions.
9. If a submission is accepted, and the author does not present at the conference, or make arrangements for the submission to be presented by another, then the acceptance status is revoked. It may not be included on a vita.
10. Authors will be advised whether their submission has been accepted by May 20 and may access a copy of reviewers’ comments from the online server. Contact the research chair if you are not notified or have questions about submission acceptance.

Special note: Authors who have submitted research and have not been notified by May 20 MUST contact the division or interest group research chair for acceptance information. The AEJMC Central Office may not have this information available.

11. Authors of accepted submissions retain copyright of their papers and are free to submit them for publication after receiving paper reviewers’ comments.

Important Submission Information

• Upload submissions for the AEJMC 2022 Detroit, MI Conference beginning January 15, 2022. Submitters should follow instructions on the front page of the submission site to create your account and complete the information required.
• Deadline for submissions is April 1, 2022, at 11:59 p.m. CDT. Any submissions after this time will not be accepted.
• Before submitting your research, please make certain that all author-identifying information has been removed and that all instructions have been followed per the AEJMC uniform call. Take every precaution to ensure that your self-citations do not in any way reveal your identity.

There are three solutions to issues of self-citation:

1. Remove language that signals the author of the published work is also the author of the current paper. For example, the author may simply use “in a previous study, researchers…” rather than “in a previously published pilot study, I…” or “As I argued in…” This is not always possible since authors may desire to build on their previous works, but wording can be rewritten to avoid obvious self-citation in many cases.
2. Eliminating the citations altogether is another option and helps remove the awkward inclusion of “Author, Date” self-citations in the reference list. This may risk having the authors seem unknowledgeable by failing to refer to work that reviewers may commonly know. But, often there is no problem by using another citation in its place.
3. Ultimately, combining the two strategies described above may be the best solution. Authors are encouraged to remove personal pronouns and other descriptive language surrounding their work that might reveal a redacted name or pinpoint the source of an existing work. It may be best to cite your work sparingly without any signal of authorship.

By carefully considering the wording surrounding citing your own work, it is often possible to eliminate issues that have caused conference submission disqualifications in the past simply by revising wording around the self-cited works.  Simply put, cite your own work as if it were being cited by another author—not yourself.

• A COVER SHEET or a sheet with the 75-word required ABSTRACT that is included with a paper upload should be EXCLUDED from the page number limits set by all AEJMC Groups. 

Submissions uploaded with author’s identifying information displayed WILL NOT BE CONSIDERED FOR REVIEW AND WILL AUTOMATICALLY BE DISQUALIFIED FROM THE COMPETITION. All AEJMC Divisions, Interest Groups and Commission will abide by the rules below WITHOUT EXCEPTION. NOTE: Contact Felicia Greenlee Brown with comments, concerns and other Conference Paper Call inquiries at Felicia@aejmc.org. < RETURN TO THE AEJMC 2022 CALL FOR PAPERS]]> 22423 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=22425 Fri, 21 Jan 2022 15:21:02 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=22425 Extended Abstract Call AEJMC will accept extended abstracts for works-in-progress for the 2022 conference. In light of the continued extraordinary and historic disruptions to the lives of faculty members and graduate students as a result of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, AEJMC will accept extended abstracts, as well as full papers, in all divisions and interest groups for the 2022 conference. The extended abstract format is suitable for authors who are sufficiently along in the research process to address the content elements described below. The extended abstracts must be at least 750 words long but no more than 1,500 words. Extended abstracts must include a reference list and a 75-word summary of the abstract (the reference list and summary are not included in the word count). Extended abstracts may be submitted to only one division or interest group. Extended abstracts must be uploaded as a single file to the THE ALL ACADEMIC WEBSITE by the existing conference deadline of 11:59 p.m. CDT April 1, 2022. To preserve the value of fully developed research papers, long a hallmark of the AEJMC conference, extended abstracts will not be eligible for division, interest group, or conference-wide awards. Divisions and interest groups can program extended abstracts as they see fit in regular paper sessions, high density sessions, or poster sessions, and will specify allotted presentation time as appropriate. Content and Formatting Guidelines

1. As noted previously, length of extended abstracts must be at least 750 words but no more than 1,500 words. A 75-word (max.) summary of the abstract should precede the abstract itself. References and summary are excluded from the word count.
2. Extended abstracts should contain all of the same content sections/elements that would normally be used in the division or interest group’s paper submissions, including the study’s purpose, literature review, research questions and/or hypotheses, method, findings and discussion/conclusion. The main difference, however, is the length of this submission format.
3. For authors considering the extended abstract option, data collection and analysis must be in progress beyond the proposal stage to meaningfully report tentative findings and conclusions. Authors should clearly report in the Method and Findings sections how far along the data collection and analysis phases are, respectively, and explain what steps remain and the anticipated value/contribution of these steps, so that reviewers can assess the foundations on which conclusions are based. Extended abstracts will be reviewed and scored using evaluation criteria specific to the Abstracts, which are distinct from those used for full papers.
4. When submitting in this format, authors must select the “Extended Abstract” option in All Academic AND include the words “Extended Abstract” at the start of their paper title (e.g., “Extended Abstract: [Your paper title]”). Authors should clearly indicate the same on the title page of their submission. Submissions that are not appropriately labeled may be rejected.
5. When creating the file for upload, please insert the 75-word summary of the abstract at the beginning of the extended abstract, so that this is what readers and reviewers see first.
6. As with full paper submissions, please ensure all identifying author information has been removed for extended abstract submissions and that title pages do not contain author information. Please reference the AEJMC Uniform Paper Call for information about how to ensure this information is removed in order to ensure a blind review. Extended abstracts that are uploaded with author’s identifying information WILL NOT BE CONSIDERED FOR REVIEW AND WILL AUTOMATICALLY BE DISQUALIFIED FROM THE COMPETITION. ALL AEJMC DIVISIONS, INTEREST GROUPS AND COMMISSION PAPER SUBMISSIONS WILL ABIDE BY THIS RULE WITHOUT EXCEPTION.
7. Other than the extended abstract format (including length differences) and ineligibility for award competitions, all other AEJMC Uniform Paper Guidelines apply. Please review these in the 2022 AEJMC Paper Competition.

For questions contact the research chair of the group to whom you are submitting or the AEJMC central office at aejmc@aejmc.org. < RETURN TO THE AEJMC 2022 CALL FOR PAPERS]]> 22425 0 0 0 https://aejmc2.wufoo.com/forms/aejmc-donations Wed, 04 Jan 2023 20:28:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=23559 23559 197 2 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/events/newsengagementday/ Fri, 29 Sep 2023 16:18:00 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=24098

TUESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2025 A Program of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication

#NewsEngagementDay

On Tuesday, October 7, 2025, everyone is encouraged to read, watch, like, post, listen to, or comment on news, and learn news reporting principles.

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2024 NED Social Media Video Competition Winners Take a look at at the list of winners that have been selected for the 4th the News Engagement Day video competition. View

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Guide for 2024 Voters It is important to be able to trust the sources that provide answers about the candidates and issues prior to casting a vote in the 2024 presidential election. View

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Social Media Video CompetitionThe theme for the 2024 #NewsEngagementDay Social Media Video Competition, our 4th NED video competition, is the presidential election. View

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Get involved with News Engagement Day with ideas designed for:

Online and Print News Reporters, Editors, and Publishers

Broadcast News Directors, Anchors, Reporters, Producers, and General Managers

Journalism and Communication Associations

University and College Faculty, Administrators, Student Media Advisers, and Librarians

Community College Faculty, Administrators, Student Media Advisers, and Librarians

Select the idea that’s right for you; tailor it, use it, and share it.

NED Top 10 Activities

]]> 24098 21137 7 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/resources/best-practices-in-teaching/ Mon, 30 Oct 2023 16:49:01 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=24304 [caption id="attachment_24855" align="aligncenter" width="155"] 2024[/caption]

[caption id="attachment_24019" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2023[/caption] [caption id="attachment_23122" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2022[/caption] [caption id="attachment_21726" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2021[/caption] [caption id="attachment_20258" align="aligncenter" width="155"] 2020[/caption] [caption id="attachment_19239" align="aligncenter" width="155"] 2019[/caption] [caption id="attachment_18304" align="aligncenter" width="155"] 2018[/caption] [caption id="attachment_17528" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2017[/caption] [caption id="attachment_16498" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2016[/caption] [caption id="attachment_15473" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2015[/caption] [caption id="attachment_16499" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2014[/caption] [caption id="attachment_12381" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2013[/caption] [caption id="attachment_9129" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2012[/caption] [caption id="attachment_4874" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2011[/caption] [caption id="attachment_2739" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2010[/caption] [caption id="attachment_2735" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2009[/caption] [caption id="attachment_2731" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2008[/caption] [caption id="attachment_2727" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2007[/caption] [caption id="attachment_2732" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2006[/caption]     << Teaching Resources]]> 24304 2632 1 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/store/ Wed, 10 Jul 2024 00:04:16 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=24829

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POLOS
Donate: $35.00 for AEJMC Polo - Navy/Men's Sizes: S • M • L • XL • 2X • 3X • 4X - Available in Navy or Grey - 65/35 poly/cotton pique - Flat knit collar and cuffs - Metal buttons with dyed-to-match plastic rims - Double-needle armhole seams and hem side vents - Wrinkle and shrink resistant	Donate: $35.00 for AEJMC Polo - Grey/Men's Sizes: S • M • L • XL • 2X • 3X • 4X - Available in Grey or Navy - 65/35 poly/cotton pique - Flat knit collar and cuffs - Metal buttons with dyed-to-match plastic rims - Double-needle armhole seams and hem side vents - Wrinkle and shrink resistant
Donate: $35.00 for AEJMC Polo - Grey/Women's Sizes: S • M • L • XL • 2X • 3X • 4X - Available in Grey or Navy -  60/40 cotton/poly pique - Flat knit collar and cuffs - 4-button placket with dyed-to-match buttons - Side vents	Donate: $35.00 for AEJMC Polo - Navy/Women's Sizes: S • M • L • XL • 2X • 3X • 4X - Available in Navy or Grey -  60/40 cotton/poly pique - Flat knit collar and cuffs - 4-button placket with dyed-to-match buttons - Side vents
TEES
Donate: $25.00 for AEJMC Tee - White/Unisex Sizes: S • M • L • XL • 2X • 3X • 4X - Available in White or Navy - 50/50 cotton/poly - DryBlend moisture-wicking properties - Recycled, high-performing black tear-away label - Non-topstitched, classic width, rib collar - Taped neck and shoulders - Classic fit, seamless body	Donate: $25.00 for AEJMC Tee - Navy/Unisex Sizes: S • M • L • XL • 2X • 3X • 4X - Available in Navy or White - 50/50 cotton/poly - DryBlend moisture-wicking properties - Recycled, high-performing black tear-away label - Non-topstitched, classic width, rib collar - Taped neck and shoulders - Classic fit, seamless body
FLEECE ZIP-UPS Best Sellers!
Donate: $50.00 for AEJMC Fleece - Heather/Unisex Sizes: S • M • L • XL • 2X • 3X • 4X - Non-bulky microfleece - Anti-pill finish - 100% polyester microfleece - Cover stitched seams - Exposed coil zippers - Non-zippered front pockets - Open cuffs and hem	Donate: $50.00 for AEJMC Fleece - Heather/Unisex Sizes: S • M • L • XL • 2X • 3X • 4X - Non-bulky microfleece - Anti-pill finish - 100% polyester microfleece - Cover stitched seams - Exposed coil zippers - Non-zippered front pockets - Open cuffs and hem
ACCESSORIES
Donate: $22.00 for AEJMC 20 oz. Tumbler w/Lid - 20-ounce capacity - Stainless steel straw included - Double Walled Non-Toxic - Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated - Keep Drinks Hot or Cold for up to Approx. 4 hours	Donate: $15.00 for AEJMC 11 oz. Mug - 11-oz. capacity - Dishwasher & microwave-safe - Ceramic material - White exterior - Left hand mugs available
Donate: $10.00 for AEJMC Mousepad - Grey with AEJMC logo - 9.5" x 7.75" (¼" thick) - Rubber Material, Non-slip	Thank you for your ongoing support and dedication to our AEJMC Community. Contact AEJMC with questions.

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The AEJMC Merch Store benefits the AEJMC Cares Program which is designed to support our diverse members with individual needs. This in-house staff program aids with conference support spaces, student member assistance and conference childcare.

By donating to the AEJMC Cares Program you will not only receive select AEJMC merchandise, but you will also support member services and show your commitment to inclusivity and diversity within our association.

]]> 24829 0 9 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/events/regional-meetings/ Wed, 31 Jul 2024 16:28:33 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?page_id=24916 Call for submissions deadline: December 11, 2024, at 5 p.m. EST • View Call https://tarheels.live/aejmcsoutheast2025/

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Call for submissions deadline: December 15, 2024, 11:59 p.m. Central Time • View Call www.ou.edu/gaylord/news-events/aejmc-midwinter-conference

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 ]]> 24916 21137 7 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/advertising-division-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 14:33:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=579 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Jami Fullerton Oklahoma State University-Tulsa Division Vice Head / Program Chair Bobbi Kay Lewis Oklahoma State University Secretary Courtney Bosworth Radford University AdNews Newsletter Editor Stacy James University of Nebraska-Lincoln PF&R Committee Chair Craig Davis Ohio University Research Committee Chair Jay Newell Iowa State University Teaching Standards Chair Cynthia Morton University of Florida Special Topics Paper Chair Frauke Hachtmann University of Nebraska-Lincoln Student Paper Chair Scott Hamula Ithaca College Webmaster Joe Bob Hester University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill << AEJMC Divisions]]> 579 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/communication-technology-division-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 14:34:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=582 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Jim Benjamin University of Toledo Vice Head & Program Chair Marcus Messner Virginia Commonwealth University Research Chair Homero Gil de Zuniga University of Texas-Austin Midwinter Conference Chair Jacob Groshek Iowa State University Teaching Chair Sue Robinson University of Wisconsin-Madison PF&R Chair Amanda Sturgill Baylor University Newsletter Editor Jessica Smith Texas Tech University Membership Chair David Stanton University of Florida Best of the Web Bart Wojdynski University of North Carolina Webmaster Gary Ritzenthaler Listserv Manager Robert Andrew Dunn << AEJMC Divisions]]> 582 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/communication-theory-methodology-division-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 14:35:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=585 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Dominique Brossard University of Wisconsin Vice-Head/Program Chair Hernando Rojas University of Wisconsin-Madison Research Chair/Paper Competition Chair Michel Haigh Pennsylvania State University Teaching Standards Chair Jason Reineke Middle Tennessee State University PF&R Chair Xiaoli Nan University of Maryland Newsletter Editor Mike Schmierbach Pennsylvania State University Barrow Minority Scholarship Chair Rosanne Scholl Louisiana State University Graduate Student Liaison Myiah Hively The Ohio State University Journal Editorial Board Liaison/Blogmaster Andrew Hayes The Ohio State University Membership/Recruitment Chair Michael Dahlstrom Iowa State University Ex-Officio Yvonnes Chen Virginia Tech << AEJMC Divisions]]> 585 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/cultural-critical-studies-division-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 14:36:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=587 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Bob Trumpbour Pennsylvania State University-Altoona Vice-Head & Program Chair Jane Marcellus Middle Tennessee State University Secretary Jacqueline Lambiase Texas Christian University Research Co-Chairs Tricia Farwell Middle Tennessee State University Kyle Reinson St. John Fisher College PF&R Chair Jeanne Criswell University of Indianapolis Teaching Standards Chair Rebecca Kern Manhattan College Newsletter Editor Teresa Housel Hope College << AEJMC Divisions]]> 587 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/history-division-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 15:26:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=598 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head/Program Chair Elliot King Loyola University Maryland Vice Head/Research Chair Ann Thorne Department of English & Journalism Secretary/Newsletter Editor Tim Vos University of Missouri Teaching Chair Joe Hayden University of Memphis PF&R Committee Chair Jane Marcellus Middle Tennessee State University << AEJMC Divisions]]> 598 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/international-communication-division-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 15:28:27 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=603 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Margaretha Geertsema Butler University Vice Head Amy Schmitz Weiss San Diego State University Secretary Tania Cantrell Rosas-Moreno Loyola University Research Chair Melinda Robins Emerson College Markham Chair Seema Shrikhande Oglethorpe University PF&R Chair Manuel Chavez Michigan State University Teaching Standards Chair Vanessa de Macedo Higgins Joyce University of Texas at Austin CSW Liaison Ammina Kothari Indiana University Bloomington Newsletter Editor Nancy Benson University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign << AEJMC Divisions ]]> 603 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/law-and-policy-division-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 15:29:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=606 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Charles N. Davis National Freedom of Information Coalition Missouri School of Journalism Vice-Head Amy Gajda University of Illinois Clerk/Newsletter Editor Kathy Olson Lehigh University PF&R Committee Chair Dan Kozlowski St. Louis University Research Committee Chair/Paper Competition Chair David Cuillier University of Arizona Teaching Committee Chair Minjeong Kim Colorado State University << AEJMC Divisions]]> 606 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/law-and-policy-division-officers-2/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 15:29:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=608 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Charles N. Davis National Freedom of Information Coalition Missouri School of Journalism Vice-Head Amy Gajda University of Illinois Clerk/Newsletter Editor Kathy Olson Lehigh University PF&R Committee Chair Dan Kozlowski St. Louis University Research Committee Chair/Paper Competition Chair David Cuillier University of Arizona Teaching Committee Chair Minjeong Kim Colorado State University << AEJMC Divisions]]> 608 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/magazine-division-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 15:31:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=611 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Ted Spiker University of Florida Vice Head & Program Chair Carolyn Ringer Lepre Marist College Research Chair Rachel Davis Mersey Northwestern University PF&R Chair Jacqueline Marino Kent State University Teaching Chair Jill Van Wyke Drake University Secretary Erin Coyle Louisiana State University Social Networking Chair Lori Blachford Drake University SE Colloquium Chair Sheila Webb Western Washington University Contest Co-Chairs Carol Holstead University of Kansas Pamela Hill Nettleton Marquette University Journal Editor David E. Sumner Ball State University Journal Managing Editor/Webmaster Carol Schwalbe Arizona State University Journal Assistant Editor Elizabeth Hendrickson The University of Tennessee - Knoxville Grad Student Liaison Carolyn Edy University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Membership Chair Viki Goff University of Wisconsin, Green Bay Immediate Past Head Dane S. Claussen Point Park University << AEJMC Divisions]]> 611 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/mass-communication-society-division-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 15:32:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=615 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Donnalyn Pompper Temple University Vice Head & Program Chair Francesca R. Dillman Carpentier University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill Secretary & Newsletter Editor W. Joann Wong Indiana University PF&R Chair Lisa M. Paulin-Cid North Carolina Central University Research Committee Co-Chairs Seungahn Nah University of Kentucky Bu Zhong Pennsylvania State University Teaching Committee Chair Frank E. Dardis Pennsylvania State University Midwinter Conference Chair Janet Bridges Sam Houston State University Graduate Student Liaison Seth C. Lewis University of Texas at Austin Webmaster Kevin Williams Mississippi State University << AEJMC Divisions]]> 615 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/media-ethics-division-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 15:35:27 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=619 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Jack Breslin Iona College Vice Head/Program Chair Shannon Bowen Syracuse University Research Committee Chair Kati Tusinski Berg Marquette University PF&R Committee Chair Chris Roberts University of Alabama Teaching Committee Chair Jenn Mackay Virginia Tech << AEJMC Divisions]]> 619 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/media-management-economics-division-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 15:37:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=623 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Gracie Lawson-Borders University of Wyoming Vice Head/Convention Program Chair Todd Chambers Texas Tech University Research Chair/Paper Competition Chair Dane S. Claussen Point Park University Research Committee Vice-Chair/ Midwinter Conference Paper Competition Chair Sue Wescott Alessandri Suffolk University Newsletter Editor Jim Eggensperger Iona College PF&R Committee Chair Fred Schiff Teaching Committee Chair Amy Jo Coffey University of Florida Secretary Jennifer Wood Adams Auburn University Immediate Past Division Head Hugh J. Martin Ohio University << AEJMC Divisions]]> 623 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/minorities-and-communication-division-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 15:39:27 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=626 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Jennifer Woodard Middle Tennessee State University Vice Head/Program Chair Ilia Rodriguez The University of New Mexico Second Vice Head/Secretary Petra Guerra University of Texas-Pan American Second Vice Head-Elect Felecia Jones Ross The Ohio State University Newsletter Editor/Webmaster James Kiwanuka-Tondo North Carolina State University Teaching Standards Committee Co-Chairs Jerry Domatob Alcorn State University Claire Serant St. John’s University PF&R Chair Lesa Hatley Major Indiana University Faculty Research Chair Yuki Fujioka Georgia State University Student Research Chair Bradley W. Gorham Syracuse University << AEJMC Divisions]]> 626 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/newspaper-division/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 15:40:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=629 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Bill Cassidy Northern Illinois University Vice Head/Programming Chair John Carvalho Auburn University Secretary Claire D. Serant St. John's University Leadtime Newsletter Editor Mike Grundman James Madison University PF&R Co-Chairs Elizabeth Skewes University of Colorado Boulder Judy Polumbaum The University of Iowa Research Committee/Paper Competition Co-Chairs Chris Roberts University of Alabama Jin Yang University of Memphis Teaching Committee Tri-Chairs Bernie Ankney Samford University Brian Carroll Berry College Susan Keith Rutgers, The State University of NJ Webmaster Bob Stepno Radford University Membership Committee Chair Mitch McKenney Kent State University << AEJMC Divisions]]> 629 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/public-relations-division/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 15:41:24 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=632 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Patricia Swann Utica College Vice Head/Program Chair Colleen Connolly-Ahern Pennsylvania State University Vice Head-Elect Heidi Hatfield Edwards Florida Institute of Technology Secretary Brooke Fisher Liu University of Maryland PF&R Committee Co-Chairs Denise Bortree Pennsylvania State University Ginger R. Carter Miller Georgia College & State University Research Committee Co-Chairs (Open & Student Paper competition) Karla Gower University of Alabama Michael Palenchar University of Tennessee Teaching Committee Co-Chairs Brad Rawlins Brigham Young University Susan Grantham University of Hartford Newsletter/Nominations Chair/Communications Director Susan Gonders Southeast Missouri State University << AEJMC Divisions]]> 632 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/radio-television-journalism-division/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 15:42:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=635 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Gary Hanson Kent State University Vice Head Susan Zuckerman Rhode Island College Research Chair Hub Brown Syracuse University PF&R Chair Bill Silcock Arizona State University Teaching Chair Kathleen Ryan Miami University of Ohio Membership Chair Evene Estwick Wilkes University Secretary/Newsletter Editor Dave Cupp University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill << AEJMC Divisions]]> 635 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/scholastic-journalism-division/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 15:43:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=638 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head/Program Chair Vanessa Shelton University of Iowa Vice-Head David Bulla Iowa State University Secretary/Newsletter Editor Peter Bobkowski University of North Carolina PF&R Committee Chair John Bowen Kent State University Teaching Committee Chair Karen Flowers University of South Carolina Paper Competition Chair/Research Chair George Daniels University of Alabama Membership Chair Cheryl Pell Michigan State University Special Projects Chair Linda Puntney Kansas State University Technology/Web Site Chair Adam Maksl Ball State University Division Archivist Bruce Konkle University of South Carolina Commission on the Status of Minorities Liaison Sharon Stringer Lock Haven University << AEJMC Divisions]]> 638 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/visual-communications-division-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 15:44:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=641 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head James D. Kelly Indiana University Vice Head/Program Chair Jennifer George-Palilonis Ball State University 2nd Vice Head Jeremy Gilbert Northwestern University Research Chair Shahira Fahmy University of Arizona PF&R Chair John B. (Jack) Zibluk Arkansas State University Teaching Chair Larry Dailey University of Nevada Best of the Web Chair Phil Loubere Middle Tennessee State University Creative Project Chair Michael Cheers San Jose State University Logo Chair John Freeman Univ. of Florida Membership Chair Lynette Holman The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Journal Editor Paul Martin Lester California State University-Fullerton Newsletter Editor Ellen Mahaffy University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Web Master Keith Greenwood Missouri School of Journalism << AEJMC Divisions]]> 641 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/community-college-journalism-association/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 17:43:24 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=651 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers President Robert Muilenburg Del Mar College Vice President Toni Albertson Mt. San Antonio College << AEJMC Interest Groups]]> 651 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=25033 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=25033 AEJMC members approved resolutions during the 2024 year. October 22, 2024 The AEJMC Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility (PF&R) has endorsed the three proposed resolutions which were developed by the PF&R subcommittee on resolutions and members of the AEJMC Council of Divisions (CoD). AEJMC plays a key role in representing the interests of its more than 2000 members on topics such freedom of information, diversity, equity, and inclusion, as well as academic freedom. In accordance with the recently amended bylaws, three separate online discussion forums were opened in the AEJMC Community for members to discuss the three proposed resolutions. Resolution One: Resolution Two: Resolution Three:]]> 25033 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/civic-citizen-interest-group-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 17:47:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=654 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Mary Beth Callie Regis University Co-Vice Heads/Co-Programming Chairs Deborah Chung University of Kentucky Kirsten Johnson Elizabethtown College Secretary Anne Golden Worsham Brigham Young University Newsletter Editor Jack Rosenberry (Fall 2009) St. John Fisher College Cheryl Gibbs (Spring 2010) Miami University PF&R Chair Burton St. John Old Dominion University Research Committee/Paper Competition Chair Glenn Scott Elon University Teaching Committee Chair Sue Ellen Christian Western Michigan University << AEJMC Interest Groups]]> 654 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/community-journalism-interest-group-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 17:51:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=658 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Doug Fisher University of South Carolina Vice Head Andris Straumanis University of Wisconsin - River Falls Research Chair Joe Marren Buffalo State College Teaching Chair Eileen Gilligan SUNY Oswego PF&R Chair Ralph Hanson University of Nebraska-Kearney Secretary Al Cross University of Kentucky << AEJMC Interest Groups]]> 658 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/communicating-science-health-environment-risk-interest-group-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 17:54:31 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=660 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head LeeAnn Kahlor The University of Texas-Austin Vice Head/Program Chair John Besley University of South Carolina Research Chair Janet Yang State University of NY-Buffalo PF&R Committee Chair Lee Ahern Penn State University Teaching Co-Chairs Marjorie Kruvand Loyola University Chicago Amanda Hinnant University of Missouri Newsletter Co-Editors/Website Co-Editors Chris Clarke Cornell University Elliott Hillback University of Wisconsin-Madison << AEJMC Interest Groups]]> 660 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/entertainment-studies-interest-group-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 18:04:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=664 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Anthony Ferri University of Nevada-Las Vegas Vice Head Danny Shipka Louisiana State University Vice Head-Elect Kelly Poniatowski Duquesne University Secretary Lisa Marshall Muskingum University Newsletter Editor/Social Networking Cynthia Nichols University of Alabama PF&R Committee Chair Maria Fontenot Texas Tech University Research Committee Chair K. Maja Krakowiak University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Teaching Committee Chair David P. Pierson University of Southern Maine Webmaster Carole V. Bell George Washington University Graduate Student Liaisons Kelly Barrows Syracuse University Kelley Crowley West Virginia University << AEJMC Interest Groups]]> 664 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/gay-lesbian-bisexual-transgender-interest-group-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 18:14:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=666 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Tim Edwards University of Arkansas-Little Rock Vice Head/Program Chair Joel Geske Iowa State University Secretary/Newsletter Editor Sunny Tsai University of Miami PF&R Chair Rebecca Kern Manhattan College Research Chair/Paper Competition Chair Rhonda Gibson University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Teaching Chair Tien-Tsung Lee University of Kansas << AEJMC Interest Groups]]> 666 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/graduate-education-interest-group-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 18:16:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=668 Head Jennette Lovejoy Ohio University Vice-Head/Programming Chair D. Jasun Carr University of Wisconsin-Madison Research Committee/Paper Competition Chair Erica Salkin University of Wisconsin Newsletter Editor Ed Simpson Ohio University Webmaster Jessalynn Strauss University of Oregon << AEJMC Interest Groups]]> 668 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/internships-careers-interest-group/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 18:18:52 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=670 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Tony Demars Texas A&M University Vice Head/Program Chair John Chapin Pennsylvania State University-Beaver Secretary/PF&R Chair Ronnie Lovler San Francisco State University Research Chair/Paper Competition Chair/Newsletter Editor Kim McDonough Iowa State University Teaching Committee Chair Gerald McNulty Marist College Webmaster Bil Morrill University of Oregon << AEJMC Interest Groups]]> 670 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/religion-media-interest-group-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 18:23:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=673 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Paola Banchero University of Alaska-Anchorage Vice Head/Program Chair Anthony Hatcher Elon University PF&R Head Myna German Delaware State University Teaching Committee Chair Erika Engstrom University of Nevada-Las Vegas Research Committee Co-Chairs Chiung Hwang Chen Brighan Young University Hawaii Rick Moore Boise State University << AEJMC Interest Groups]]> 673 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/small-programs-interest-group-officers/ Tue, 16 Mar 2010 18:27:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=675 Terms expire October 2009 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Head Vivian Martin Central Connecticut State University Co-Vice Heads Susan Lewis Abilene Christian Ginger Carter Miller Georgia College & State University Teaching Co-Chairs Pam Parry Belmont University Jim Willis Azusa Pacific University Research Co-Chairs Teresa Heinz Housel Hope College John Jenks Dominican University PF&R Co-Chairs Mike Longinow Biola University David Weinstock Grand Valley State University Secretary Pam Parry Belmont University Membership/Liason CSW Ann Colbert Indiana University Purdue-Fort Wayne Newsletter Editor Richard Hendrickson John Carroll University Liason, Commission on the Status of Minorities James Simon Fairfield University Webmaster Mitizi Lewis Midwestern State University << AEJMC Interest Groups]]> 675 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/commission-on-the-status-of-minorities-officers/ Wed, 17 Mar 2010 16:34:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=688 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers President Linda Florence Callahan North Carolina A&T State University Vice President Curtis Lawrence Columbia College-Chicago Secretary John Arnold Howard University Newsletter Editor Diana Rios University of Connecticut << AEJMC Commissions]]> 688 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/commission-on-the-status-of-women-officers/ Wed, 17 Mar 2010 16:36:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=691 Terms expire October 2010 or later Click on linked names to contact officers Chair Jennifer L. Rauch Long Island University Vice Chair/Program Chair Stacey Hust Washington State University Secretary Barbara Friedman University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Research Chair Barbara Barnett The University of Kansas Newsletter Editor Katie Reynolds Place University of Maryland Midwinter Conference Chair Tracy Everbach University of North Texas << AEJMC Commissions]]> 691 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/jlid-fellows-2000-02/ Thu, 18 Mar 2010 18:21:43 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=741 Universities listed were at the time of graduation.

1. Prof. Sandra Birdiette, Wayne State University
2. Dr. Kenneth Campbell, University of South Carolina
3. Dr. Shannon Campbell, University of Kansas
4. Dr. Meta Carstarphen, University of Oklahoma
5. Dr. Qingwin Dong, University of the Pacific
6. Dr. Martin Edu, Grambling State University
7. Dr. Kathleen Fearn-Banks, University of Washington
8. Dr. Camilla Gant, State University of West Georgia
9. Dr. Cathy Jackson, Norfolk State University
10. Dr. Phil Jeter, Florida A&M University
11. Dr. Carmen Manning-Miller, University of Mississippi
12. Dr. Diana Rios, University of Connecticut
13. Dr. John Sanchez, Penn State University
14. Dr. Jeanne Scafella, Murray State University
15. Dr. Linda Steiner, Rutgers University
16. Dr. Karen Turner, Temple University

<< JLID Fellows]]> 741 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/jlid-class-of-fellows-2002-03/ Thu, 18 Mar 2010 18:31:45 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=748 Universities listed were at the time of graduation.

1. Dr. Janet Bridges, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Associate Professor, Department of Communication
2. Dr. Kathleen Endres, University of Akron, Professor, School of Communication
3. Dr. John Omachonu, William Paterson University, Associate Professor, Chair, Department of Communication
4. Dr. Federico Subervi, Pace University, Professor, Chair, Department of Communication Studies
5. Dr. Birgit Wassmuth, Drake University, Professor, School of Journalism and Mass Communication
6. Dr. Jan Whitt, University of Colorado at Boulder, Associate Professor, School of Journalism and Mass Communication
7. Dr. Lynn Zoch, University of South Carolina, Associate Professor, College of Journalism and Mass Communications

<< JLID Fellows]]> 748 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/jlid-class-of-fellows-2003-04/ Thu, 18 Mar 2010 18:37:07 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=750 Universities listed were at the time of graduation.

1. Dr. Eddith Dashiell, Ohio University, Associate Professor, Scripps School of Journalism, Associate Dean, College of Communication, Ohio University
2. Dr. Barbara DeSanto, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Associate Professor, Graduate Program Coordinator, Department of Communication Studies
3. Dr. Nancy Mitchell, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Associate Professor, Department Chair, College of Journalism and Mass Communications
4. Dr. Jan Quarles, Middle Tennessee State University, Professor, Assistant Dean, College of Mass Communication
5. Dr. Sandra Utt, University of Memphis, Associate Professor, Assistant Chair, Journalism Department
6. Dr. Liz Watts, Texas Tech University, Associate Professor, Associate Director, School of Mass Communication
7. Dr. Maria Williams-Hawkins, Ball State University, Associate Professor, Department of Telecommunication, College of Communication, Information and Media

<< JLID Fellows ]]> 750 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/jlid-fellows-2004-05/ Thu, 18 Mar 2010 18:43:05 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=756 Universities listed were at the time of graduation.

1. Dr. Debashis “Deb” Aikat, Associate Professor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2. Dr. Elizabeth V. Burt, Associate Professor, University of Hartford
3. Dr. Dwight E. Brooks, Associate Professor, University of Georgia
4. Dr. Jinx C. Broussard, Associate Professor, Dillard University, Associate Professor, Louisiana State Univ.
5. Dr. Kris Bunton, Professor, University of St. Thomas
6. Dr. Caryl Cooper, Assistant Dean of Undergraduate Studies, Associate Professor, University of Alabama
7. Dr. Judith “Judy” Cramer, Associate Professor, St. John's University
8. Dr. Jennifer Greer, Associate Professor, University of Nevada-Reno
9. Dr. Linda Jones, Director, School of Communication, Associate Professor, Roosevelt University
10. Dr. Therese “Terry” L. Lueck, Professor, The University of Akron
11. Dr. Virginia “Ginny” Whitehouse, Associate Professor, Whitworth College

<< JLID Fellows ]]> 756 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/jlid-fellows-2005-06/ Thu, 18 Mar 2010 18:47:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=759 Universities listed were at the time of graduation.

1. Professor Hub Brown, Associate Professor, Syracuse University
2. Dr. Lillie Fears, Associate Professor, Arkansas State University
3. Dr. Mary-Lou Galician, Associate Professor, Arizona State University
4. Dr. Robyn Goodman, Associate Professor, Alfred University
5. Dr. Derina Holtzhausen, Professor, University of South Florida
6. Dr. Sundeep Muppidi, Associate Professor, University of Hartford
7. Dr. Zeny Sarabia-Panol, Professor, Middle Tennessee State University
8. Dr. James Tsao, Associate Professor, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh

<< JLID Fellows]]> 759 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/jlid-fellows-2006-07/ Thu, 18 Mar 2010 18:51:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=762 Universities listed were at the time of graduation.

1. Louise Benjamin, Associate Professor, University of Georgia
2. Linda Callahan, Professor North Carolina A&T State University
3. Rochelle Ford, Associate Professor, Howard University
4. Louisa Ha, Associate Professor, Bowling Green State University
5. Suzanne Huffman, Professor, Texas Christian University
6. Mary Jean Land, Professor, Georgia College & State University
7. Amy Reynolds, Associate Professor, Indiana University
8. Sharon Stringer, Associate Professor, Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania
9. Barbara Zang, Associate Professor, Worcester State College

<< JLID Fellows]]> 762 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/jlid-fellows-2007-08/ Thu, 18 Mar 2010 18:56:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=767 Universities listed were at the time of graduation.

1. Kathy Bradshaw, Bowling Green State University
2. Carolyn Byerly, Howard University
3. Anita Fleming-Rife, Grambling State University
4. Jon Funabiki, San Francisco State University
5. Sherlynn Howard-Byrd, Alcorn State University
6. Kimberly Lauffer, Towson University
7. Julianne Newton, University of Oregon
8. Humphrey Regis, North Carolina A&T University
9. Felecia Jones Ross, Ohio State University

<< JLID Fellows]]> 767 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/03/jlid-fellows-2008-09/ Thu, 18 Mar 2010 19:05:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=773 Universities listed were at the time of graduation.

1. Brigitta Brunner, Auburn University
2. Heidi Hatfield Edwards, Florida Institute of Technology
3. Marie Hardin, Penn State University
4. Karen Kline, Lock Haven University
5. Teresa Lamsam, University of Nebraska Omaha
6. Loren Mulraine, Middle Tennessee State University
7. Greg Pitts, Bradley University
8. William Sutton, Achieving the Dream
9. Frances Ward-Johnson, Elon University

<< JLID Fellows]]> 773 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/06/officer-resources-cofd-policies-and-procedures/ Fri, 04 Jun 2010 13:06:59 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1112 AEJMC Council of Divisions Policies and Procedures (revised August 2004)

I. Conference Format

Among the first items of business at the annual winter program planning meeting of the Council of Divisions will be the adoption of, and consideration of changes in, policies and procedures for conference planning. Over the years, a standard conference format has emerged. Standardization makes it easier to plan and coordinate program activities, but neither the Council of Divisions nor the Board of Directors should feel obligated to follow the standard format. Changing needs of members and growth in the organization may dictate the modification or elimination of old approaches in favor of new ones. Annual reassessment of format is encouraged as are experimentation and innovation within the confines of available meeting space. A. Conference dates and times of opening and closing sessions, as well as all-conference social events, are set by the conference manager in Central Office. By vote of the Board of Directors, conference dates always include the second Saturday of August and the conference returns to Washington, DC, on a regular, rotating basis. B. Also by action of the Board of Directors, the conference itself is limited to four days. The outgoing Council of Divisions meets on Day 1 and the incoming Council meets on Days 3 and/or 4. The Board of Directors meets on the day prior to the opening of the conference and on Day 4. Division member meetings must be held on Day 2 or Day 3 to allow the early selection of new division heads and vice heads so that they may attend the incoming Council of Divisions session. C. In addition, what has come to be called a pre-conference day of workshops and other special programming of some length (several hours to all-day), takes place the day before the beginning of the conference. Since the number of these activities may be limited by the availability of meeting room space, they must be scheduled through the Council of Divisions at its winter meeting. Though it is also possible to schedule such activities on Day I of the conference at any time before the keynote speech/opening session, these time slots are usually filled by regular programming, which is given a higher priority in the scheduling process. Another option may be to sponsor such programs on the day after the conference ends. In all cases, special programming of this sort is expected to be self-supporting financially and a separate fee is normally charged by the sponsoring division(s). D. To add consistency to the scheduling, a template for the grid blocks will be based on the same starting times for each of the conference days. In addition, each block on the grid between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. during the first three days of the conference will be labeled as being either for panels or for research or for some special activity. On the last day of the conference, the afternoon slots (beginning at 1:30, 3:15, and 5 p.m.) will be open for either research or panels.

II. Program Scheduling Guidelines

A. With few exceptions, all conference activities must be approved by and scheduled through the Council of Divisions at its winter meeting or through the Council's chair between the winter meeting and the time of the conference. B. The exceptions are: 1. Opening and/or closing sessions, keynote speaker(s), AEJMC general business meeting, plenary sessions and certain other all-conference events (scheduled before the winter meeting) 2. Sessions sponsored by the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (scheduled by ASJMC president in cooperation with the AEJMC executive director and the chair of the Council of Divisions after the division scheduling process has taken place.) C. Programming Rights 1. Only the 17 duly recognized AEJMC divisions, the Commission on the Status of Women, the Council of Affiliates and the Community College Journalism Association shall have full programming rights for the winter meeting. 2. Officially constituted "interest groups" shall have limited programming rights and other AEJMC groups (committees, etc.) shall be able to program only through and with the agreement of one of the official programming groups. Committees may also petition the Council of Divisions chair for any available program slots once the division programming process has taken place. 3. Because of the limitations imposed by the number of 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. time slots available in a four-day conference, the total number of Council of Divisions programming groups may not exceed 28 without triggering a reduction in the allocation of programming chips. 4. Since there are now 30 programming groups, the Council of Divisions voted in August 2004 to begin a rotating chip reduction policy. During Year 1 of the reduction (for the 2005 conference), 6 divisions and 1 affiliate group will each give up one chip; 3 interest groups will each give up 1/2 chip. During Year 2 (for the 2006 conference), the same procedure will occur. In Year 3 (for the 2007 conference), 5 divisions and 1 affiliate group will each give up one chip, while 4 interest groups will each give up 1/2 chip. D. Programming Limits 1. Full program rights shall consist of seven program "chips" for the four days of the annual conference. 2. Interest groups with programming rights (Civic Journalism; Community Journalism; Entertainment Studies; Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender; Graduate Education; Internship and Careers; Media and Disability; Religion and Media; SCI Group; and Small Programs interest groups) shall have three and a half program chips. 3. Each regular conference "chip" will correspond to a typical 1 1/2-hour program slot. 4. Regular conference programs which are jointly sponsored by several divisions will cost each 1/2 a chip. 5. Mini-plenary sessions are a type of joint session that highlights special programming by limiting competing programs in a timeslot. A minimum of two time slots will be devoted to mini-plenaries, with four mini-plenaries scheduled per timeslot. Any combination of groups may buy a mini-plenary for two chips (one group could pay two chips; two could pay one each; four groups could pay one-half chip each, etc.). No group may be part of more than two mini-plenaries. 6. The first four juried research paper sessions for each division or interest group will be assessed 1/2 chip apiece. Sessions in excess of that will cost one chip or may be shared with another division, in which case they will cost each division 1/2 chip. 7. Pre-conference activities will be scheduled at the discretion of the Council of Divisions. 8. Division and interest group member meetings and executive meetings must be scheduled, but will not cost a chip. E. Scheduling Restrictions 1. Conference sessions, with the exception of certain business and committee meetings and social functions, may not be scheduled to begin before 8 a.m. nor concurrently with previously-scheduled all-conference functions (plenaries, keynote speaker, etc.). No panel or research session may be scheduled to begin after 5 p.m., unless the session is sole-sponsored and is specifically targeted at the division's members (for example, a honors lecture). 2. No more than 14 sessions may be held concurrently in any time slot including one or two sessions in each time slot reserved for non-CofD organizations. 3. No group may sponsor or co-sponsor more than one activity during the same time slot. 4. Alumni receptions, which are scheduled through the Council of Divisions chair, may not begin before 6:45 p.m. 5. Sessions must be scheduled in the appropriate time slot set aside for either panels or juried research sessions. Panels that feature research topics, however, may go in either type of slot. Mini-plenary slots may be on any topic. Exceptions: 1) once the chip auction ends, groups may move their sessions to any open time on the grid, including an unfilled miniplenary spot; 2) back-to-back sessions may be scheduled into a time slot that conflicts with the type; and 3) in the rare event no open times remain for a type (all panel slots have been filled, for example), a group may schedule regardless of type of slot. F. Program Types 1. Keynote Session(s) -- The keynote is pre-scheduled; content is the responsibility of the AEJMC president. 2. Plenary -- These sessions are designed to appeal to the widest possible range of AEJMC member interests and thus are scheduled without competition in their time slots. There may be from one to three plenaries sponsored or jointly sponsored by AEJMC's standing committees on Research, Teaching Standards, and Professional Freedom and Responsibility. 3. Members' Meetings (formerly called business meetings) -- The AEJMC general business meeting is pre-scheduled in its own time slot. Division and other groups’ business meetings are pre-scheduled on the second and third days of the conference. Those members’ meetings will be set before the chip auction by the CofD chair in consultation with the members of the Council. 4. Receptions and other social activities — All-conference events are pre-scheduled. Alumni activities are scheduled through the Council of Divisions chair after the divisions have scheduled their activities. Individual or shared division socials are scheduled during the winter meeting. Division socials do cost chips unless scheduled off-site. 5. Awards presentation -- Many divisions present their awards at business meetings or at events specially designed to recognize the awardee. AEJMC also recognizes divisional winners through a listing in the printed program at the Kappa Tau Alpha-AEJMC awards session, which is designed to recognize all organization awardees. 6. Joint Sessions -- This term refers to any session that is jointly sponsored by two or more Council programming groups. Care must be taken that all participating groups understand their responsibilities and obligations. Because of the possibility of confusion, a primary sponsor is always designated for multiple-sponsored activities. That division or group should do everything possible to see that the needs and interests of all sponsoring bodies are accommodated. 7. Sole-Sponsor Sessions -- These are sessions, which are arranged by one group, primarily for its members. While joint sessions allow divisions to participate in a greater number of sessions, sole-sponsored sessions are often a good way to focus the interests of the division or interest group while limiting the effects of excessive conference programming. 8. Off-Site Sessions -- Sessions that don’t require conference-hotel meeting space may be scheduled without program chip investments. Off-site meetings, however, may not compete with other events sponsored by the same sponsoring groups and must be announced at the beginning of the Winter Meeting scheduling meeting. Off-site sessions may run longer than sessions in the regular program grid, but it is helpful for them to be timed to correspond with the start and stop times of the regular grid.

III. Program Scheduling Procedures

Although some time is allotted for group caucusing and individual consultations and deliberations at the winter meeting, it is not nearly enough to plan an entire division's convention activities. Groups should have made their decisions on joint activities and determined their conference requirements well in advance of the winter meeting scheduling session. This planning process starts with the development of written one-page joint program proposals by appropriate programming groups. These proposals are due at AEJMC headquarters November 1 and then are mailed to all divisions, interest groups, the commissions on the Status of Women and the Status of Minorities, Council of Affiliates and the Community College Journalism Association. These proposals form the basis for the intra-group discussions and result in the cooperative programming that has come to dominate the conference. At the meeting itself, it is not necessary to have every last detail of sessions firmed up. But it is useful to have a fairly thorough outline of the type of session so that other divisions and other programming groups will have a good idea of whether their participation would be an appropriate investment for their members. For scheduling purposes, divisions should be prepared to list co-sponsors (if any) and to generally characterize the session as it relates to one of AEJMC's three emphases: teaching, research, or professional freedom and responsibility. Divisions should attempt to balance these three areas in their program offerings. A. Participation and Voting 1. While the Council of Divisions' chair, assisted by the vice chair, presides at the winter meeting, that person only votes in the event of a tie. 2. Voting privileges are restricted to the heads (or designates) of divisions and interest groups, the president of CCJA, the chair of the Council of Affiliates, and the chair of the Commission on the Status of Women.3. These representatives, plus one from each interest group with programming authority, will be arranged alphabetically by group around the table with appropriate placecards. B. Others Even though only one person represents each group, it is important that the vice head or other appropriate officer of each group be present and take an active part in the process to provide continuity for the next year. In addition, other representatives of these groups as well as other individuals may attend the meeting to observe or comment on matters to be deliberated, but will not be seated at the meeting table. C. General Items of Business Before the schedule lottery process starts, changes in this policy and procedures for conference planning will be considered as well as other policies up for consideration. Divisional viewpoints on issues relevant to AEJMC will be discussed and information appropriate to convention planning (host city information, division activity evaluations, etc.) will be presented. D. Lottery Procedure It is important for the efficiency of the scheduling process that each division be prepared with the appropriate information for scheduling. The lottery is not the time to make decisions; it is the time to announce them. 1. Members' meetings will be scheduled before the chip auction begins. Times are set at the discretion of the chair of the CofD, who will consult with the leadership of the divisions and interest groups to minimize conflicts among groups who share members. 2. Research sessions, joint sessions (including mini-plenaries), any sole-sponsored sessions, social functions and/or any functions including meals may be scheduled at any time during the chip auction. Once all the chips are gone, executive meetings will be scheduled, followed by 1) moving of sessions to any open times if desired, 2) off-site activities, and 3) finally the pre- (or post-) conference activities. 3. To begin the auction, each group entitled to request time slots will have its name on a lottery slip, which will be placed in a container. 4. A lottery slip will be drawn before the first round to determine which group goes first. Then the groups will proceed in a clockwise fashion from that starting point until each group schedules an appropriate session, announcing the conference day, time slot, co-sponsoring groups and type of session. The Council of Divisions’ chair will determine if the requested slot conflicts with any of the established restrictions and allow the scheduling group opportunity to choose an alternate slot if such is the case. 5. Once the first round is complete, the second round will begin with the group that is one-quarter of the way from the lottery-selected starting point (with 28 groups, the COD chair will move seven spots from the starting of one round to begin the next round). Again, the round proceeds clockwise until each group that wishes to schedule a session does so. The third round would begin at the start of the next group of seven and so on. 6. The fifth round would begin with the group that was second to choose in the first round, so that the group that chose first in the first round will now be the last group in the fifth round. The start of each successive round then moves one-quarter of the way clockwise. By the end of seven rounds (assuming 28 groups), each group will have had an opportunity to go first in a round, and each will have gone last in a round. The process continues until all scheduling is complete. If the number of groups is not divisible evenly by four, the remainders should be allocated equally among each quarter (thus if you had 30 groups, the first and second quarter would have eight groups each, while the third and fourth had seven). 7. For multiple-sponsored sessions, any group participating may schedule the session, so it is best for these groups to coordinate their actions during one of the several brief periods set aside for consultations. This is not intended to allow divisions to "trade" their turns to others. When it is their turn, divisions must either schedule a session in which they are involved or pass. 8. Groups planning back-to-back sessions (two or more consecutive time slots that would allow workshops or special activities) should simply declare their intention on one of the groups’ first turns in the first round. The co-sponsor of the sessions would use its normal turn in the same round to schedule the second session. The best strategy in sole-sponsored back-to-back sessions is for the group to use its first two turns for scheduling the two sessions. Note that back-to-back sessions may schedule into a slot that conflicts with its type (for example, a back-to-back teaching session would require that one of the sessions be scheduled into a time slot reserved for research sessions.). 9. After these sessions are scheduled, a final tally will determine if any chips remain unused. If so, these chips will be combined into a pool available to all who still wish to schedule sessions. Turns will continue until these chips are allotted. Turn taking will continue in the above manner through the scheduling of the pre-conference activities. 10. Once this process has been completed, the programming authority of all Council of Divisions' programming groups will be expended and the remaining time slots will be allocated to ASJMC and then other AEJMC groups on a first-come, first-served basis by the Council of Divisions' chair. This includes time slots that become available through cancellation of an activity by the sponsoring division(s).

IV. Deadlines

A schedule of program-related deadlines will be distributed to appropriate organization, division, group and committee officers each year. << AEJMC Officer Resources]]> 1112 0 0 0 http://twitter.com/aejmconlineads Fri, 04 Jun 2010 17:52:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1127 1127 0 0 0 http://www.aejmcstlouis.org/home/ Fri, 04 Jun 2010 17:57:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1129 1129 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/06/test-a/ Wed, 23 Jun 2010 13:22:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1134 ]]> 1134 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/2010-abstracts/ Thu, 01 Jul 2010 19:03:25 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1208

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Communication Technology (CTEC)

Communication Theory and Methodology

Cultural and Critical Studies

History

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Law and Policy

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Mass Communication and Society

Media Ethics

Media Management and Economics

Minorities and Communication

Newspaper

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Interest Groups:

• Civic and Citizen Journalism
• Communicating Science, Health, Environment and Risk (ComSHER)
• Community Journalism
• Entertainment Studies
• Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender
• Graduate Education
• Internship and Careers
• Religion and Media
• Small Programs

Commissions:

• Status of Women

<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 1208 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/cultural-and-critical-studies/ Tue, 13 Jul 2010 20:15:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1425 Cultural and Critical Studies • Towards 2015: Nollywood's Definitions of Empowerment and Gender Equality for Nigerian Women • AJEORI AGBESE, University of Texas Pan American One of the United Nations' millennium development goals is the promotion of gender equality and women's empowerment. To achieve this goal, organizations around the world are using various tools to inform, educate and sensitize people on its benefits. One such tool is film.  Film is a very powerful cultural tool as people can learn values and norms from it. Its audiences are informed, educated, sensitized and sometimes persuaded on issues. One could argue that movies that use cultural values and norms to address an issue would be accepted as more authentic and representative than one that incorporates foreign values and norms. Therefore, this paper examines how Nigerian movies portray the issue of women's liberation and empowerment. Using three movies, this paper explores the meaning of gender equality and an empowered and liberated woman, her roles, and the role men play in her life in the Nigerian context. Encoding Ideology: How Time Magazine Represents Nationalism and Identities Through Visual Reporting • Tania Rosas-Moreno, Loyola University Maryland; Dustin Harp, University of Texas at Austin; Ingrid Bachmann, University of Texas at Austin • Visual images in news photographs guide people's understandings of people, places and events, especially when news audiences are unable to personally experience those represented images. This qualitative analysis considers the encoding of a census of 41 Time newsmagazine covers through the first five years of the U.S.-led war on Iraq. Four themes surfaced. Images of a sanitized war conveyed the idea of an almost bloodless event. Criticism of the role of President Bush and his administration in the invasion of Iraq was another. Third, a diverse figure of the American soldier whose image transitioned from glorious to realistic and deserving of sympathy was emphasized. Lastly, the portrayal of the other side of the conflict, the enemy, pitted the notions of us versus them. In essence, qualitative research must at least complement quantitative studies to make sense of powerful media messages that serve to encode ideologies of identity. Critical Race Theory and Counter-narratives In the Documentary Biographies of Wright, Ellison, Clarke, and Van Peebles • Ralph Beliveau, University of Oklahoma; Meta Carstarphen, University of Oklahoma • This study examines the rhetorical construct informing film and video documentaries of four prominent 20th century African American male intellectual and artistic icons: Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, John Henrik Clarke, and Melvin Van Peebles.  All four were the subjects of film biographies that have earned various national and international honors and distinctions.  Individually, these films are notable because of their subjects and their accolades.  Collectively, they offer interlocking perspectives on race, history and art that provide insights into the social evolution of key civil rights struggles within the United States.   Finally, these film biographies are important as teaching tools, particularly for their deployment of counter-narratives. Selling News: Exploring Myth in Television Coverage of the Iraq War • Victoria Bemker, Louisiana State University • War is a profitable product for television news. The purpose of this paper is to examine two of the highest-rated television news networks' during the Iraq War to understand how the networks constructed and marketed its war coverage to gain ratings.  This study uses textual analysis to understand how news organization breakdown a complicated event like war to its audience. As past scholars have discussed, narratives and myth is often implored to explain such events. War is an emotional time for often multiple nations and it is important to understand how organizations that say they are stating facts explain such an event to its audience. Eat this, not that: A critical analysis of using media to improve children's health literacy and body image awareness • Kim Bissell, University of Alabama; Scott Parrott, The University of Alabama • The study examined knowledge of, and attitudes toward, nutrition and physical activity among 200 children at a school in the South. A one-month media and health literacy intervention taught children about the importance of proper nutrition, to differentiate between healthy and unhealthy foods, and the importance of physical activity. Qualitative data showed the intervention led to changes in behavior with regards to nutrition and physical activity, a necessary step in the fight against childhood overweight/obesity. As reported from unsolicited feedback from participants, parents, teachers, and administrators, the media and health literacy intervention program proved successful.  Not only were positive changes in cognition, attitudes, and behavior evident, more importantly, the children themselves noted that they considered and thought about health and nutrition in new and different ways.  As the open-ended findings reported above reveal, the participants in this study processed much of the information received about health and nutrition, and they took the next step in terms of bringing their concerns to the people most likely to help them implement a change—their parents. Data from the present study suggests that gains in health literacy are possible; however, the key may lie in finding an intervention program that puts health in a context they are process and understand. These and other findings are discussed. The folk cacography of Woody Guthrie • Matthew Blake, California State University, Chico This essay looks at the methods of composition used by Woody Guthrie in his contributions to the People's World newspaper, during his 18-month period as a contributor.  Focusing on his use of cacography, the author considers Guthrie's methods to be similar to those used by Dunne and Browne during the nineteenth century. News Coverage of the Federal Right of Refusal Regulation: A Feminist Textual Analysis Kathryn Blevins, The Pennsylvania State University • One of the final legislative acts of the Bush Administration was to pass a Health and Human Services Regulation which has the potential to substantially affect millions of women's access to reproductive health care services.  This Regulation, based roughly off of state right of refusal clauses which legally allow health care institutions and professionals to deny care based on moral and religious objections, has been a point of public debate since July 2008 when a controversial draft was leaked to the public.  This paper conducts a qualitative feminist textual analysis to look at the frames of discourse presented in the newspaper coverage of the Regulation.  Results show a shift in the few traditional feminist frames found, and that the overarching frame for the discourse is actually about President Bush vs. President Obama, sidelining women in the discussion almost entirely.  These results therefore also show a need for improved journalistic standards in news stories about prominent women's issues. Stealing past the dragons: Disney's postmodernist pursuit of audiences  in marketing The Chronicles of Narnia • Susan Brockus, California State University, Chico • Disney's participation as marketing- and distribution-only partner for The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe marked a notable departure for the traditionally secular company. In the process of promoting the movie, Disney pursued multiple audiences, even as it ventured toward the colonization of Christianity through promotion of a family-targeted spectacle of global and blockbuster proportions. This concept is developed through exploration of cultural colonization by media via the spectacle. Throwing a Right Cross: U.S. Conservative Counterpublic Discourses on Academic Freedom Christopher Brown, Ohio State University • On September 11, 2001, Ward Churchill wrote an essay suggesting that the attacks on the World Trade Center were a logical response to the depravity of U.S. foreign policy. Many on the U.S. political Right became irate as word of his essay surged across the United States within a few days. In understanding the impact of conservative responses to Churchill's essay, this paper analyzed how right-wing commentators used indecorous, or offensive, forms of communication to strengthen and further their position with regard to academic freedom. Notably, Churchill strategically emerged in U.S. conservative commentators' discourses as the poster child for making sense of how professors practice their academic freedom in the classroom. Discourse analysis revealed the degree to which online discourses of U.S. conservative commentators function to support their engagement with counterpublicity; a mode of resistance typically engaged by marginalized groups. More specifically, the paper examined how conservative commentators on FrontPageMagazine online, a popular conservative website, engaged counterpublic discourses to discredit the practices of academic freedom in the university. Yes We Can?:  Race, Myth and the News Revisited • chris campbell, u. of southern miss. school of mass comm & journalism; Kim LeDuff, U. of southern miss. school of mass comm & journalism; Rockell Brown Burton, Texas Southern University,  School of Communication • This paper revisits the troubling representations of race on local television news identified in Campbell's 1995 book, Race, Myth and the News, by examining local TV news coverage of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday in 2009.  In this myth analysis, the authors discuss the day's coverage in 10 cities and examine two specific stories that aired in Phoenix that typified that coverage.   The authors argue that the myths (marginality, difference and assimilation) that Campbell identified in 1995 persist, and that such myths continue to fuel racist attitudes and ill-informed public policy. Respect My Authori-tah: South Park and the Fragmentation/Reification of Whiteness • Phil Chidester, Illinois State University • As a postmodern parodic television cartoon, South Park has much more to say about race than its crudely stereotypical and even crassly juvenile depictions of the racial Other would suggest. This paper argues that the text manages, instead, to communicate its potent messages about difference largely in and through the absence of the Other. Considering the cartoon as a form of phenomenological experience, interrogating the meanings it generates and perpetuates through its relation to other texts in the cartoon genre, and exploring the program's dialectical role in both effacing and fostering a desire for difference, I trace South Park's reinforcement of viewer perceptions of whiteness as subject position in a contemporary American society. Mythologizing Memories: Veterans, a Memorial, and the Korean War • Suhi Choi, University of Utah • Echoing the nation's belated memory boom in regard to the Korean War at its 50th anniversary, Utah Korean War veterans in 2003 erected a memorial in Memory Grove Park, Salt Lake City. The memorial largely resonates with three mythical scripts - resilience, local pride, and the good war - that emerged from both the local and national contexts of remembrance. I argue that the official commemoration of the war has shifted local veterans' rhetorical positions from potentially subversive witnesses of the peculiar realities of the Korean War to uncritical negotiators who translate local experiences to national topoi. America's Sports Authority: Interrogating Race, Power and Consumption • Catherine Coleman, Texas Christian University • Through socio-historical analysis and ethical theory, this research examines relationships between discourses of race, power, and consumption in definitions of consumer vulnerability and proposes the application of a dialogic ethic of empowerment and responsibility that is grounded in historical circumstance and community. The circumstances and discourses surrounding the sneaker killings of the late 1980s and 1990s and the implication of Nike and Michael Jordan in these crimes is a powerful venue through which to explore expressions of American race relations and is an opportunity to address the dynamics of consumption and power—the power over symbol systems, the power to create meaning, and exertions of power in economic systems. A dialogic ethics is presented as a means by which to approach consumer vulnerability. Mimicking Bollywood in Slumdog Millionaire: A Political Economic Analysis • Nicole Cox, Florida State University; Jennifer Proffitt, Florida State University • In an age when mass media transcend geographic barriers and blend cultural ideologies, the emergence and evolution of the film industry in the twenty-first century is ever-changing. As film-going provides a site for ideological and cultural production, this paper examines the film success, Slumdog Millionaire (SDM), as a product imitative of Bollywood film. Due to its recency, few scholars have critically examined SDM as a product that crosses both cultural and geographic boundaries with political economic ties to the major Hollywood media conglomerates. This research examines the reasons for Hollywood involvement in a film production that is mimetic of the Bollywood film genre in an attempt to better understand the global political economic factors that drive the film industry today. Liberal House on the Prairie Exploring Pioneer Medicine Through the Lens of 1970s Television Katherine Foss, Middle Tennessee State University • Like many pioneer families, disease and tragedy plagued the family and friends of Laura Ingalls Wilder.  As conveyed in the Little House book series and in biographies of Laura Ingalls Wilder, out on the Midwest prairie, a physician's visits were rare and accomplished little.  Only the gravest situations warranted the expense and effort of seeking medical attention.  For example, when Mary Ingalls began to lose her sight from Scarlet Fever, two doctors were called to the Ingalls' home, yet neither could prevent Mary's impending blindness.   In 1974, the television program Little House on the Prairie first aired, fictionalizing Wilder's experience in rural Minnesota.  Unlike the book series, the Ingalls and other townspeople frequently sought care from the local practitioner, the fictional Dr. Hiram Baker, for ailments ranging from sprained ankles to Typhus. This program also addressed other medical issues, including drug addiction and the dangers of patent medicine. This research examined the influence of 1970s context on depictions of medicine in the Little House on the Prairie television series.  Findings indicated that while the TV series visualized some aspects of pioneer life, the political, economic, and social context of the 1970s clearly influenced the show's content, particularly in attitudes toward social injustice, disability acceptance and health care accessibility.  With over 40 million book copies sold and 192 episodes of the show produced, few cultural products have reached as many people as the stories of Laura Ingalls Wilder.  Therefore, these messages, however inaccurate, have likely shaped people's perceptions about frontier medicine. Covering Captain Cool: The Miracle on the Hudson as a Hero Tale • Russell Frank, Penn State • In the tradition of mythological studies of the news, this paper examines coverage of the airline pilot who safely ditched his disabled aircraft in the Hudson River in January 2009 as a hero tale. Specifically, the paper examines a month's worth of coverage of Captain Chelsey Sullenberger's heroics in New York's four major daily newspapers (The New York Times, the Daily News, the New York Post and the Wall Street Journal), a period during which Captain Cool was widely hailed for his skill, his cool, and his modesty - the very model of the American hero. The paper concludes that the Sully stories may be read, collectively, as a chronicle of how a hero behaved, a guide to how a hero should be behave and a case study of journalistic groupthink. News stories are both determined and determinative; that is, in reflecting the culture's mythos, they reinforce that mythos. We Will Be Missed: Self-Commemoration in 2009 Newspaper Failures • Nicholas Gilewicz, Temple University • Despite ongoing newspaper crises, little research exists about the social meanings of newspaper failure. The Rocky Mountain News, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, and the Ann Arbor News ceased daily publication in 2009. Textual analysis of their final editions reveals self-reflexive commemorative formulations and underscores connections between scholarship on the functions of journalism, literature on social memory, and frame theory. In these critical incidents, journalists construct memory texts that defend their claims to authority and cultural value. Photographic Sharing: A Ritual (Over) View Timothy R Gleason, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh • This paper examines the sharing of ideas, techniques, and photographs within James Carey's ritual view of communication approach. It is argued that past and present modes of sharing are historically connected through what Carey called the maintenance of society. Using existing macro and digitally archived micro examples, photography journals from 1890 and 1906, this paper aims to offer an avenue into the cultural history of photography. Photographers used sharing as a collective act of agency. The early history of TV news coverage regarding veteran/soldier opposition to the Vietnam War Mark Harmon, University of Tennessee • GI opposition to the Vietnam War arose early and grew rapidly, sometimes expressed through a vibrant underground press.  Eventually much opposition took the form of Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW).  Network television news was a dominant news source in the 1960s and 1970s.  Contrary to popular mythology, television news did not lead the way on questioning the war.  That only came after the Tet Offensive and with validation of that criticism through official sources. Star-Spangled Controversy: Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf and Media Discourses of Nation, Religion, Race and Sport • Sarah Jackson, University of Minnesota • This paper presents a cultural critique of the public controversy that surrounded Denver Nuggets' player Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf after he refused to stand for the national anthem citing his Islamic faith and America's history of tyranny as his justification. While the NBA and Abdul-Rauf quickly came to a compromise on the issue, extensive and often contentious public debate that explicitly required acknowledgement of cultural ideologies of citizenship and religion was enabled. A literature review that includes sport sociology, critical race theory, cultural studies, and political science scholarship details the intersectionality of ideologies of sport, religion and race in contributing to public and media discourses of nationhood. Specifically examined are the discourses of citizenship that emerged around the controversy and the intersections of this discourse with those of race, religion and politics. A qualitative discourse analysis of Sports Illustrated's coverage of the controversy is presented to demonstrate the hegemonic and counter-hegemonic potential popular media offer in representing moments of dissent by high profile public figures and the social and cultural norms which bind these mediated representations. Ultimately, while Sports Illustrated's discourse is found to both delegitimize and defend Abdul-Rauf, the absences on both sides of this discursive struggle reveal the ways in which dissenting agents are largely silenced and dehumanized in popular culture. Will an Electronic Medical Record Policy Maintain Privacy and Cut Costs?: A Comparison of Frames Hannah Kang, University of Florida; Dae-Hee Kim, Graduate student • This study conducted a framing analysis on Obama's new electronic medical records (EMR) policy in order to investigate media frames and to compare the frames of different types of media. Also, six framing devices including sources, metaphors, exemplars, catchphrases and depictions and effects or consequences were analyzed for each frame. This study identified three framings types that were used in varied types of U.S. newspapers: Applause, Expectancy-doubt, and Antipathy. Candidate Obama in the News: True blue populism and social production of empty signifiers in political reporting • Anup Kumar, Cleveland State University • This paper is about populist politics and the news media. Building on Ernesto Laclau's (2005) argument why empty signifiers are important to understand the politics of populism I propose that empty signifiers also matter to political reporting. They lead to production of emptiness in the news frames. Emptiness is valuable social artifact of articulation to understand production of signification in political reporting. I show in this paper how empty signifiers such as change, hope, we' and Barack Obama's identity emerged as empty news frames in the news in the print media. Trying on Media Literacy: Analysis of Open-Ended Responses to Objectification in Fashion Advertising • Jacqueline Lambiase, Texas Christian University; Tom Reichert, University of Georgia; Mark Adkins, Accenture; Michael LaTour, UNLV • Media literacy has lagged in the U.S., focusing on protection against the disease of mainstream media (VanMeenen, 2009). Studies about advertising media literacy have been focused on effects, rather than theories (Eagle, 2007). This qualitative study analyzes 145 open-ended responses by women and men to fashion advertisements. Toggling attention between the text and the context, participants tested, contested, and made meaning with complex strategies, providing grounded theory that may be helpful in developing new predictive theories about consumer behavior. The Truth About Karma Capitalism: Corporate Mobilization of Compassionate Consumerism, Interactive Labor, and Participatory Citizenship • Hye Jin Lee, University of Iowa • This paper critically examines karma capitalism, a holistic business operation that focuses on corporate social responsibility and consumer values. As I examine how karma capitalism mobilizes consumers' compassion for consumption and affect for consumers' free interactive labor that can benefit businesses I argue how karma capitalism deeply operates within the system of capitalism. Also, I counter the celebratory claims of karma capitalism bringing more accountability and transparency in business practices and leveling hierarchies between consumers and producers by suggesting the possibilities of karma capitalism's role in consolidating corporate power. From Poisonous Weeds to the Shining Spot:  A Discourse Analysis of Presentation of  Chinese Popular Culture by the People's Daily in 1979 and 1993 • Zhaoxi Liu, The University of Iowa • Through a critical discourse analysis of the presentation of Chinese popular culture in the People's Daily, China's No.1 party organ, at two different eras, 1979 and 1993, this study demonstrates how such discourse differs in different historical circumstances. While the key terms in 1979 were politically charged expressions such as condemning the Gang of Four, glorifying Zhou Enlai, let go and ideological emancipation, those that gained currency in 1993 were market economy, money making and personality. Popular cultural forms were very much political tools directly controlled by the Party in 1979, but became mainly entertainment and less controlled by political power in 1993. The Party modified its cultural policies to adapt to different historical, political, economic and social conditions, and the People's Daily presented popular culture in a way mostly resembled the Party's cultural policies. Same Earthquake, Different Story: Cultural Values in the News Coverage of the Sichuan Earthquake in China Youth Daily and the New York Times • Zhaoxi Liu, The University of Iowa; Dan Berkowitz, University of Iowa • Through a textual analysis of the China Youth Daily and the New York Times coverage of the Sichuan earthquake in the first week after the shock, this study compared the difference between the coverage in terms of what was covered and how, in an attempted to show how cultural values both shaped as well as being reinforced by the coverage. The study found the China Youth Daily coverage largely represented collectivism, nationalism and authoritarian values by focusing on group effort, highlighting authorities' relief work, and avoiding individual suffering.  The New York Times, in comparison, maintained individualism, ethnocentrism and altruistic democracy values, by highlighting individual suffering and criticizing the Chinese government. Global Imaginary as Global Village: McLuhan and Mumford Reconsidered • Jack Lule, Lehigh University • This essay is a theoretical and critical exploration of globalization and media. Its starting point is the imaginary, a concept that has enriched scholarship in numerous fields. Briefly reviewing work by Lacan, Castoriadis, Anderson, and Taylor, the essay focuses on the ways those theorists have employed the imaginary in study of how individuals, nations and societies imagine themselves and the world.  The essay extends such work and argues that the intersection of globalization and media today has created new ways of imagining. Drawing here on the writings of Appadurai and Steger, the essay contends that the media have not only physically linked the globe with cables, broadband, and wireless networks, but have also linked the globe with stories, images, myths and metaphors that have helped bring about a global imaginary - the globe itself as imagined community. In the 1960s, McLuhan had anticipated this phenomenon with his controversial conception of the global village. The essay revisits the global village debate, with particular attention to the historian of technology and science, Lewis Mumford, who savaged the global village, a moment in which Carey finds the roots of modern media analysis. Ultimately, the essay argues, globalization is producing a macabre marriage of the visions of Mumford and McLuhan. In the dawning global imaginary, McLuhan's global village is indeed being realized, but it is not the utopia he prophesied. Instead, globalization and media are combining to create a global imaginary of the dark, dystopian world that Mumford dreaded. The Fetus, the Football Game and the First Amendment • Carmen Maye, University of South Carolina • Prior to Super Bowl XLIV, a pro-life advocacy group announced its purchase of a Super Bowl commercial featuring Heisman Trophy winner Tim Tebow and his mother. The ensuing criticism from abortion-rights advocates gave rise to this paper's topic: How might the author of Roe v. Wade, the late Justice Harry A. Blackmun, have viewed arguments presented in criticism of the Tebow commercial, and was Blackmun's free-speech jurisprudence a natural progression or a reversal of field? Conceptualizing the Popularization and Democratization of News • Anthony Nadler, University of Minnesota • This paper argues that critical-cultural media scholars need to seek new ways of understanding popular news. In an effort to counter biases against sensationalistic and tabloid media, many scholars have readily, perhaps unwittingly, accepted economic assumptions that commercially successful news fare reflects the authentic tastes, interests, and desires of popular audiences. I suggest an alternative way of understanding how particular news forms become popular and of the relationship between the popularization and democratization of news. World Narrow Web: Sanitizing Online Participatory Democracy in South Korea • Siho Nam, University of North Florida • The inauguration of the conservative Lee Myung-Bak administration in 2008 signaled a new challenge for Internet-driven participatory, democratic public culture in South Korea. One of the most visible effects was immediately found in media policy. A series of anti-democratic regulations was introduced to control and tame civic participation and public deliberation on the Internet. In light of this, this article first summarizes some main debates regarding the role of the Internet in promoting or hindering democracy. It then takes up the case of the recent spate of Internet content regulation in Korea to shed critical light on how the Internet is reconfigured as a new site of cultural politics. Finally, it advocates anonymity as a constitutional free speech right and ascertains that anonymity in cyberspace contributes to, rather than impairs, the quality of public culture and democracy. I Did it For Me!: Agency and Cosmetic Surgery Advertising • Lisa Pecot-Hebert, DePaul University; Heidi Hennink-Kaminski, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Scholars have debated the feminist critique of female beauty practices for years with the fundamental disagreement revolving around the notion of agency.  Some argue that beauty practices such as cosmetic surgery subordinate and oppress women by coercing them to resculpt their bodies to fit a male-defined vision of femininity.  Others cast women as agents, asserting that the decision to undergo surgery is an active process, one that requires reflexivity. This study used textual analysis to explore how the concept of agency has been employed in cosmetic surgery ads placed in large city magazines.   Three themes emerged: realize, deserve, and control.  This research expands our understanding of how physicians are repositioning cosmetic surgery to women through discourses that empower, appeal to their sense of self, and play upon feminist sensibilities that privilege individual choice. This research also contributes to the literature surrounding the ongoing debate of agency by examining how it plays out in another form of text previously unexamined (physician advertising) and how it touches upon a new player in the beauty system (physicians) rather than prior studies, which focus on idealized images in the media. Selling American Wanderlust: Tourism, Classlessness, and Mobility in Postwar Magazines Richard Popp, Louisiana State University • Using historical methods and narrative analysis, this paper examines how consumer magazines of the mid-1940s through the mid-1960s seized upon mass tourism as an emblem of American mobility and in turn invested it with ideologically-charged notions of classlessness and political freedom. While a small number of working class Americans did take the first lavish trips of their lives in the postwar years, celebratory narratives glossed over the vast majority of people for whom such vacations were still economically out of reach. And while quick to condemn travel restrictions abroad as a mark of totalitarianism, these narratives also ignored the constraints African American tourists met at home as they navigated their way through a segregated country. By framing spectacular vacations as a universal part of American life, magazines collaborated in the business community's long-running campaign to sell the public on free enterprise. In this way, the study casts light on how popular journalism helped to construct a unique American standard of living during a pivotal era in the growth of consumer culture. Moreover, it shows how media have encouraged audiences to draw connections between appealing cultural developments, like mass vacationing, and political ideologies that favor business interests. The Dialectic of Dinner: Cultural Contestations on News Magazine Covers • Joan Price, Marietta College • This paper discusses the situation of food in U.S. culture, as represented in food-related visual images and text on the covers of news magazines over 10 years.  The dialectical frames that emerged in this social construction of food reflected cultural norms and oppositional themes, but generally supported dominant ideology, such as the supremacy of technology over nature and self-reliance over mutuality. Girls between cultures: Media and multicultural identity negotiation in pre-adolescent girls Rebecca Hains, Salem State College; Judi Puritz Cook, Salem State College • This study examines how multicultural girls use media culture in negotiating their own identities. The authors conducted interviews with sixteen pre-teen girls who are immigrants or first-generation Americans. Qualitative data analysis yielded three themes: multicultural competency, evaluating authenticity, and pursuing American girlhood. Discourse about Miley Cyrus, the Hannah Montana star, served as a key unit of analysis, offering examples of the three approaches to the multicultural pre-adolescent identity negotiation process. Understanding the Local and the Global in Mexican Rock Music: An Alternative Theoretical Framework • Magdelana Red, University of Colorado at Boulder • In the available literature, Mexican rock music's import and meaning has been characterized as resistant and counter-cultural without adequately accounting for it as a local phenomenon tied up in global economic, political, and ideological currents. This paper brings the theoretical frameworks of Clifford Geertz and cultural sociology together with the contributions of global media studies and postcolonial theory and offers an alternative analytical framework for the study of this popular cultural form. Accounts of Identity: Gamer identity and the decentered self • Adrienne Shaw, University of Pennsylvania • The institutional construction of identities is a prevalent theme in both media representation and social theory. Drawing on theories of identity which seek to decenter the self, herein I address how identity as a gamer is described by interviewees as something relative and contextual. Rather than look at what it means to be a gamer, I look instead at why individuals do or do not identify as gamers. Expanding the Public Sphere? An examination of print and Web site commentary at the Washington Post • Ed Simpson, Ohio University • Many questions have been raised as to whether Website operations of the mainstream press have enhanced, harmed, or done nothing to the public sphere, which Habermas suggested must have four elements: a public space available to all; topics of general concern; opportunity for feedback, and rational discourse. Using discourse analysis, this study examined and compared 276 Internet comments, representing 11 percent of the more than 2,500 comments associated with President Barack Obama's unusual op-ed column in the Washington Post, and 31 letters to the editor, editorials, and guest columns addressing Obama's economic plans in the print edition of the Washington Post. This study found that the Website did serve to expand the public sphere in four important ways: volume (2,538 comments on the Website versus 31 printed commentaries); directionality (22 percent of the sample pulled from Website commentary was directed at the president, while none were directed at the president in the print edition ); structure (85 percent of the Website commentary was categorized as informal, while none of the print commentary was classified as informal); and content (12 percent of the Website sample offered alternatives and new ideas compared to 22 percent in the printed editorial pages). This study has important implications for the debate taking place both in the academy and the industry about the effect of communication technologies on the public sphere and the role of the traditional media. Hip Hop versus Dancehall: Caribbean Popular Culture, Is It Cultural Hegemony or Contestation? Juliette Storr, Pennsylvania State University • This paper reflects on the dynamism of cultural and ideological terrain in contemporary Caribbean popular culture. For the purpose of this paper, the ideological and cultural terrain is framed by the contest of American popular music, hip hop/rap, and Caribbean popular music reggae dancehall as they negotiate the consent of Caribbean youth in the English speaking Caribbean. 'Up or Out': Shifting Identity, Shifting Cultural Capital: Narratives of Women Online Journalists from 2000 to 2010 • Shayla Thiel-Stern, University of Minnesota • This paper revisits and updates an article presented at a previous AEJMC conference that focused on the identity negotiation and workplace negotiations of women online journalists who worked in the field from the very early days of the Web. By conducting interviews with ten of the women interviewed in the first study, the author explores their career trajectories in a field in flux. New media, old criticism: Bloggers' press criticism and the journalistic field • Tim Vos, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Stephanie Craft, University of Missouri; Seth Ashley, University of Missouri-Columbia • Bourdieu's field theory suggests that the rise of the Internet and blogs could generate a shift in the journalistic field - the realm where actors struggle for autonomy - as new agents gain access. This textual analysis of 282 items of media criticism appearing on blogs reveals an emphasis on traditional journalistic norms, suggesting a stable field. Occasional criticisms of the practicability of traditional norms and calls for greater transparency, however, may suggest an emerging paradigm shift. Mapping discourses about minorities: Locating Thai Muslims on Flickr • Treepon Kirdnark, Bangkok University; Melissa Wall, California State University - Northridge • This paper probes discourses about Thai Muslims occurring through online collaborative maps made available via the world's largest global photo-sharing site, Flickr.  Thailand has long been viewed as a solely Buddhist country even though it has historically been home to many other religions and minority groups.  Our study aims to expand our understanding of social media to include non-Western countries as well as to provide a critical assessment of these participatory media in terms of their abilities to truly alter existing power structures. Crumbling Infrastructure or Job Killer: An Examination of Gasoline Taxes in News Media Discourse Richard Watts, University of Vermont • This paper examines the media discourse surrounding proposed gasoline tax increases in six states: Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Idaho and Oregon. Gasoline taxes provide the majority of the funds for the transportation system in the U.S. yet have failed to keep pace with the costs for maintaining and improving transportation infrastructure. Combined state and federal gasoline taxes in the United States average 40.4 cents per gallon, far lower than most industrialized nations. Aging infrastructure, increased vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and increasingly dispersed populations have all contributed to a massive funding gap between present gasoline tax revenues and transportation systems needs. Researchers use a media frame analysis approach to examine the prominence of certain gas tax issue frames in six states that have recently approved or rejected gasoline tax increases. Results indicate that frequently occurring frames promoting gasoline tax increases emphasize the deterioration of the transportation system, funding shortfalls and job creation. Frames opposing tax increases highlight difficult economic times, more efficient government and general opposition to tax increases. Results are instructive to policy-makers examining gasoline taxes as a transportation funding source. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1425 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/communication-technology-ctec/ Tue, 13 Jul 2010 20:27:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1431 PeaceMaker: Changing Students' Attitudes Toward Palestinians and Israelis Through Video Game Play • Saleem Alhabash, University of Missouri, School of Journalism; Kevin Wise, University of Missouri, School of Journalism • An experiment investigated the effects of video game role-play on change of students' explicit and implicit attitudes toward Palestinians and Israelis. Sixty-nine participants played the Peacemaker, a video game in which people play the role of either the Palestinian President or the Israeli Prime Minister and respond to various scenarios through diplomatic, economic, and military decision-making. Results showed that participants playing as the Palestinian President reported positive change in explicit attitudes toward Palestinians and negative change in explicit attitudes toward Israelis. Participants playing as the Israeli Prime Minister reported no meaningful attitude changes toward both national groups over time. Implicit attitudes were more positive toward Palestinians but did not change significantly over time. Results are discussed in relation to self-persuasion, persuasive games, and attitude change. Facebook and the Self: How Self-esteem, Satisfaction with Life, Self-Consciousness, and General Affect Inform Motivation and Intensity of Facebook Use • Saleem Alhabash, University of Missouri, School of Journalism; Hyojung Park, University of Missouri, School of Journalism; YoungAh Lee, Missouri School of Journalism • A cross-sectional survey of U.S. college students (N=201) examined the relationship between four different psychological measures, and the motivations to use Facebook and the site's usage patterns. Results of a structural equation model analysis showed that different psychological indicators of personality and the self were associated with Facebook usage patterns through specific indirect effects of seven motivations to use the site. Self-esteem positively affected Facebook use intensity and time spent on the site through the need for social connection, while satisfaction with life affected these two variables indirectly through the motivation to use Facebook for status updates. Even the three sub-constructs of self-consciousness (private self-consciousness, public self-consciousness, and social anxiety) took different indirect paths to influencing the dependent variables. Results are discussed within the framework of the Media Choice Model and the uses and gratifications theory. Discussing Politics in the Newly Emerging Venues - Do You Talk Offline, on Mobile or Online? • Soo Young Bae, University of Michigan • This study examines the relationship between citizens' political discussion and political engagement, with a specific interest in the implications of the new mobile and online communication contexts for political discussion. With an analysis of a representative sample of adults in the U.S., this study attempts to explicate the links between traditional and newly emerged forms of political discussions, by focusing on two pertinent characteristics of the political discussants - age and opinion leadership. Screen name interpretation strategy as a corollary of social media experience: Toward a hierarchy of virtual needs • Jaime Banks, Colorado State University • The present study leverages a web-based card sorting task to simulate how social media users stereotype cyberothers based on screen names. Findings indicate the nature stereotyping behaviors depend on users' experience and comfort with social media; a loose continuum suggests that greater social media sophistication associates with less stringent stereotyping and greater likelihood to engage in conversation with a cyberother while less sophisticated users are more stringent and less likely to engage. Pandemic Situation and Health Organizations' Use of Social Media Tools: A H1N1 Flu Context • Masudul Biswas, Louisiana State University • Grounded in outbreak communication strategies, this study explores the use of social media tools by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) in the context of H1N1 flu outbreak in 2009. This study content-analyzed H1N1 flu-related messages including 243 Twitter updates, 251 Facebook messages and comments, and 222 web site posts disseminated by the CDC and the WHO in six actual weeks between April - July, 2009. The findings suggest that Twitter and Facebook facilitated quick and constant dissemination of H1N1 flu-related messages on case investigation/diagnosis, safety/prevention, treatment and flu situation posted on the official web sites of the CDC and the WHO. Showing off MySpace: Examining the effects of sociability on self-presentation of MySpace users • Kris Boyle, Creighton University; Tom Johnson, Texas Tech University • This study examined the effects that sociability has on a user's self-presentation on MySpace, including the amount and type of information users provide on their pages. An analysis of 502 pages revealed that the number of friends and friend photos did predict the number of personal identity items on the user's page. The number of friends negatively predicted the amount of information one was willing to reveal, while the number of friend videos did not predict self-presentation. iWant my iPad! Characteristics of potential adopters of Apple's tablet device • Tim Brown, University of Central Florida; Steven Collins, University of Central Florida; Kim Bissell, University of Alabama • The introduction of the iPad - Apple's tablet device - affords scholars the opportunity to examine the potential reasons for adoption before the device is even released. Using concepts from diffusion research, the technology acceptance model and uses and gratifications, this study sought to determine the characteristics of potential adopters of the iPad among college students, one of the device's target audiences. Results show that students are likely to adopt the device within three years, and that there is a moderate to strong correlation between the perceived usefulness (PU) of the iPad and the intention to adopt. Current iPhone users were more likely than non-smartphone users to predict they would adopt the device and that it would be useful. Interestingly, Hispanic students scored significantly higher on adoption and perceived usefulness measures than other demographic groups. Motivations for student use of social media in education • Tim Brown, University of Central Florida; Amanda Groff, University of Central Florida • This study of 788 college students provides evidence that students compartmentalize their communication tools - social tools for social time, work tools for work time. In addition, students seem to be saying that they have limits as to what kind of academic information they want to receive through personal media channels. The recognition that personal SNS pages would mean that faculty would be able to view students' personal information in addition to academic information does not sit well with the students in this survey. They seem to prefer to stay with formal, professional channels for school work in most cases. There are, however, exceptions. Students are willing to receive information on their personal media (SNS, text, mobile phones) in certain situations, such as emergency information or a change in course schedule; or, in the case of mobile phones, email and CMS information, most likely because of their professional nature. There are also a few students who view potential benefits in social networking in the classroom, specifically Twitter. Old Enough to Surf, Old Enough to Buy: Spokescharacters and Product Pitches on Popular Children's Websites • Erik Bucy, Indiana University; Sojung Claire Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study examines the extent to which product spokescharacters are used for advertising purposes on children's websites, and assess whether commercial sites geared towards young users are complying with industry guidelines calling for a clear separation between advertising and content. A longitudinal content analysis of 101 of the most popular children's sites over a six-year period (2003, 2006, and 2009) found content and advertising integration to be common. The study found that a majority of sites employed characters in their online advertising and most did not identify advertising with an explicit label when characters were featured on their homepages. A similar pattern was found for product-based games that incorporated characters. Branded sites with a recognizable product were much more likely to employ characters in product-based games than non-branded sites, and to use popular characters in their advertising. Moreover, based on the patterns observed from 2003 to 2009, companies seemed to push characters inside their websites rather than on the front pages as well as in product-related games rather than in advertising. Implications for future research and industry regulation are discussed. Perceived Substitutability and Actual Viewership Overlap between Traditional and New Video Platforms • Jiyoung Cha, University of North Texas • This study addresses television firms' fear of rising online video platforms by investigating age variations in 1) the perceived substitutability between online video platforms and television, and 2) actual usage of those video platforms. The findings from this study indicate that an age difference exists in how people perceive online video platforms and television in satisfying their needs to watch video content. Different age groups also differ in their actual use of the video platforms. The impact of social identity gratifications of Facebook use on collective action • Michael Chan, Chinese University of Hong Kong • Drawing from uses and gratifications and social identity theory, this study explores the role of group identification, Facebook use gratifications, and intensity of Facebook use on willingness to engage in collective actions. Respondents from a Facebook group completed an online survey (N=406). Factor analyses revealed that group-driven motivations explained the most variance for Facebook Group use. Further regression analyses showed that the factors explained over 40% of the variance in willingness to engage in collective actions. Factors Affecting e-Book Reader Awareness, Interest, and Intention to Use • Jong-Gu Park, School of Communications, Sogang University; Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida; Young-Ju Kim, Korea Press Foundation; Jaemin Jung, Graduate School of Information & Media Management, KAIST • This study examines the relationship between consumer adoption of e-book readers and demographic, media usage/ownership, and perception variables. It was found that e-book reader awareness, interest, and intention to use were positively related to age, education, income, needs for print media, digital media ownership, consumer innovativeness, and perceived innovation attributes of e-book readers. Overall, demographics were the most influential factors in awareness, consumer innovativeness in interest, and perceived innovation attributes in intention to use. Factors Affecting the Use of Web Portals in the Mobile Internet • Sun-Hee Lee, Media & Culture Contents Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University; Byeng-Hee Chang, Sungkyunkwan University • As the development of mobile Internet technology and devices advances, Internet use and access are becoming more popular among users of mobile devices. However, to date, researches on the use of portals through mobile Internet devices remains insufficient. This study suggested a research model that explains general use of portals in the context of mobile Internet. Specifically, this study proposed that use of the portals on mobile Internet devices would be affected by perceived ubiquitous effects (from previous mobile Internet studies), perceived ease of use (from TAM), Perceived consequences, habit, social factors (from Triandi's mode), attitude, and intention. In addition, this study suggested service-platform fit that can be defined as the suitability of use between the portal service and the mobile Internet device as a new variable. The results of the structural equation modeling analysis showed that perceived consequences, perceived ease of use, and social factors except for perceived ubiquitous effect had significant effects on attitude. Also, habit, perceived consequences, social factors, and intention were found to have effects on use of the portal on a mobile device. Who do you Trust? Source Effects in Online Product Reviews • Xue Dou, Pennsylvania State University; Justin Walden, Pennsylvania State University; Seoyeon Lee, Pennsylvania State University; Ji Young Lee, Pennsylvania State University • Drawing on source credibility literature and theoretical conceptualizations about electronic word of mouth, this study examines how visible sources of product reviews influence people's product judgments. This study finds that reviews made by third party websites and regular Internet users (visible sources) lead to greater trust toward the reviewer (the original source), compared to descriptions from product makers. Findings suggest that the intentions of online reviewers are critical for evaluating opinions about online reviews/products. iPedagogy: Using Multimedia Learning Theory to iDentify Best Practices for MP3 Player Use in Higher Education. • Edward Downs, University of Minnesota Duluth; Aaron Boyson, University of Minnesota Duluth; Hannah Alley, University of Minnesota Duluth; Nikki Kotosky, University of Minnesota Duluth • Some institutions of higher learning have invested considerable resources to diffuse iPods and MP3 devices while knowing very little about learning outcomes tied to their use. An experiment was conducted to examine how systematic variations in the capability of commonly used MP3 technologies facilitate learning. Dual-coding and multimedia learning theories guided the development and editing of a typical college lecture so that it could be presented in a combination of audio and visual forms across small-screen and large-screen displays. Scores on a cued-recall assessment test indicated that dual-coded presentations were substantially more potent learning aids. Depending on the presentation, group mean scores ranged from 56% to 71%. Results are discussed in terms of developing best-practice strategies for those who wish to implement iPod technology into course curricula. How should I reach you? A Quantitative Analysis of Interpersonal Relationship Dialectics in Computer Mediated Communication • David Fry, Colorado State University - Journalism and Technical Communication • The purpose of this research was to examine Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) use to maintain pre-existing intermittent face-to-face contact (IFFC)(months or years in between face-to-face communication) in friend and family relationships. Sustained lifelong communication with both friends and family is important to a happier, longer, and more social life, but both require at least intermittent contact. Using the Dialectical Theory of Relationships as a scope to examine both the human-human and human-computer interaction, when utilizing different CMC methods, gave a better understanding of why communicators choose one method over another. Six media were surveyed including postal mail, telephone, email, instant messaging, cellular messaging, and social networking, using six dialectical contradictions to evaluate strengths and weaknesses in using each particular medium to maintain relationships. The most used medium for IFFC communication was telephone, while the most used CMC method was Email. Telephone proved to be the least difficult, easiest to understand, gave the highest feeling of connection, the most privacy, and provided the best means for supporting a stable relationship. Social networking tools were rated the most fun to use. The quest for national standards in digitizing television: A comparative policy analysis • Hanlong Fu, University of Connecticut; David Atkin, University of Connecticut • China recently has emerged as a serious player in setting ICT standards, evidenced by its presence in major conferences on standardization with the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). While the ATSC standard contributes to the successful completion of the DTV transition in the U.S., China's home-grown DTV standard bears little, to date, on China's relative success in converting one third of her cable households to digital service. In light of these differing outcomes, this paper attempts to identify and compare the strategies behind the quest for national standards of DTV by retracing the key policy initiatives in China and the U.S. This paper found evidence supporting the importance of maintaining a state of equipoise-particularly between industry and governmental policy--is critical to maintain technological innovation and a competitive marketplace. Media, Instability, and Democracy: Examining the Granger-Causal Relationships of 122 Countries from 1946 to 2003 • Jacob Groshek, ISU • Using cross-national time-series data in sequences of Granger causality tests, this study analyzed the democratic effects of media technologies with a sample of 122 countries. This process revealed that communication technologies are vital, but not exclusive or universal prerequisites of democratic growth. As expected by media system dependency theory, media diffusion was shown to have Granger-caused democracy only in countries where media served more information functions and where sociopolitical instability levels were higher. This study further indicated that media diffusion is central to the development of sociopolitical instability, which suggested certain direct as well as indirect macro-level democratic effects of mass media diffusion. The conditions of media system dependency theory also demonstrated an integrative relationship with the economic development thesis. The Role of Provider-Patient Communication and Trust in Online Sources in Online Health Activities • Jiran Hou, The University of Georgia; Minsun Shim, University of Georgia • Provider-patient communication is an important factor influencing patients' satisfaction and their health outcomes. In this study, we examined the association between the perceived patient-centeredness of provider-patient communication and patients' online health-related activities. Using the data on more than 4,000 adults from the 2007 Health Information National Trend Survey (HINTS), we found that as individuals perceived their communication with healthcare providers to be less open and patient-centered, they were more likely to participate in various types of online health-related activities, such as using websites for healthy lifestyles and searching for healthcare providers. In addition, trust in online health information was also found to be a significant predictor of individuals' online information seeking. The results of this study emphasized the important role of provider-patient communication in affecting individuals' health information seeking behaviors. The Influence of Prior Issue Attitudes on Perception Bias and Perceived Message Credibility: Opposing Online Messages about Smoking Bans • Jehoon Jeon, Wayne State University; Hye-Jin Paek, Michigan State University; Thomas Hove, Michigan State University • Using a simulated online discussion board focused on the smoking ban issue, this online survey study investigates whether individuals perceive similar messages differently and how their prior issue attitudes relate to perception bias and perceived message credibility. Findings indicate biased assimilation of media content. Participants perceived the entire online discussion to be congruent with their prior issue attitudes, and they showed a higher perceived message credibility for specific posts supporting their own point of view. The Effects of High-Context and Low-Context Profile and Subjective norm on Attitudes and Behavioral intentions toward Social Network Sites • Bokyung Kim, MU; Hyunmin Lee, University of Missouri-Columbia • Guided by Hall's (1976) cultural context and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this study explored the impact of high and low cultural context elements and perceived subjective norm (invitation from a friend vs. invitation from the Social Networking Site [SNS]) on users' attitudes and behavioral intentions toward SNS. This study found the main effect of cultural contexts of profile page and the interaction effect between contexts and subjective norm on outcome variables. The results theoretically confirmed to the constructs of TPB and expanded the theory to the context of SNS. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. How Does Depression Interact with Different e-Health Systems to Improve Psychosocial Outcomes of Cancer Patients? • Sojung Claire Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Bret Shaw, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dhavan Shah, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Robert Hawkins, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Susan Pingree, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Fiona McTavish, University of Wisconsin-Madison; David Gustafson, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study investigated potential interaction effects of depression and the use of Interactive Cancer Communication Systems (ICCSs) on breast cancer patients' psychosocial health outcomes. Specifically, main and interactive effects of depression and three different ICCS use - Full CHESS, CHESS plus Mentor, and Internet only as control -- with varying degrees of interactivity and presence, on healthcare competency and quality of social life, were examined. Consistent with previous research, this investigation found the main effects of depression on healthcare competency for the first three-month intervention period. That is, breast cancer patients with high levels of depression had lower levels of healthcare competency than those who with low levels of depression. For the interaction effects, both healthcare competency and quality of social life of cancer patients were greatly influenced by the use of different configurations of ICCS services and feeling of depression for the total six months and the second three months of the intervention period. Those who reported high levels of depression as opposed to those who experienced low levels of depression benefited the most when they used the CHESS plus Mentor intervention system for both psychosocial health outcomes. Suggestions for future research and practical implications of what types of e-health services were beneficial to cancer patients were discussed. Why Do College Students Use Twitter? • Mijung Kim, Michigan State University; Mira Lee, Michigan State University • Tweeting is becoming a new social phenomenon. The present research explores why and how college students use Twitter, from the Uses and Gratifications perspective. An online survey of college students identified six motivations of using Twitter: entertainment, passing time, information providing, information seeking, social interaction, and professional advancement. The findings of this study also demonstrated that college students' motivations of using Twitter influenced their Twitter usage behaviors. Sticky News: Online Newspaper Use of Multimedia and Interactivity to Engage Audiences • Lewis Knight, The University of Texas at Austin • This study examines three large online newspapers to see if user experience and/or user engagement play a role in their use of media technology innovation to attract and keep audiences on their Web sites. Findings in this study indicate that consumer preferences of emerging media are now playing a role in how news organizations deliver online content. The we write - you read relationship model of the past is becoming less applicable for digital news delivery. The New News: Orienting to Structural Features and Information Introduced in Online News • Anastasia Kononova, University of Missouri; Kevin Wise, University of Missouri, School of Journalism • Two psychophysiological experiments explored orienting responses (OR) to different interfaces (EmPrint vs. Web) of online news stories. To examine online navigation, the study took a human information processing perspective suggesting that heart rate change is a valid measure of cognitive resource allocation to media message encoding. Experiment 1 showed that the change of static banners from one EmPrint page to another was not drastic enough to elicit OR: people's heart rate did not decelerate more when novel information was presented. For the second experiment, a measure of information introduced (I-squared) was adjusted to the Web to calculate how many novel items are presented on each following Web page during online navigation. This experiment indicated that people immediately allocate cognitive resources to encoding Web pages with low levels of information density and this process takes them less time. On the contrary, individuals tend to spend more time on information-intense Web pages and their heart rates accelerate while navigating such pages. The results are discussed using a cognitive psychological perspective. Gender Differences in Perceptions of Online Intimacy • Linlin Ku, National Taiwan University • This study examines the dimensions of online intimacy, attitudes toward online intimacy, the impacts of online intimacy on the self-reflexive process, and gender differences in perceptions of online intimacy. In-depth interviews and an online survey were conducted. The research findings suggest that intimacy, trust, and respect are still valuable qualities of online relationships. Even so, online relationships are still unique in terms of the virtual nature of the environment where such relationships are developed and nurtured. Online lovers tend to be more satisfying when they are able to master text-based electronic systems and take control of their relationships by taking advantage of the nature of computer-mediated communication. It appears that online relationships allow people to grow; they become more considerate of their partners' feelings. When a relationship terminates, people are willing to accept the outcome, believing a new one will come along soon. Women's attitudes toward online intimacy are in line with expectations of a traditional society. Men tend to pursue romantic love, turn more sentimental when an affair ends, and expect more in the future. Self-disclosure is a multifaceted concept, which deserves further examination. The self-reflexive process also requires more systematic study. Mobile Communication and the Personalization of Public Life: Implications for Open Political Dialogue • Nojin Kwak, University of Michigan; Scott Campbell, University of Michigan; Hoon Lee, University of Michigan; Katie Brown, University of Michigan; Yu Rebecca, University of Michigan; Soo Young Bae, University of Michigan • This study tested theoretical propositions that intensive mobile-mediated discourse in small networks of like-minded close ties contributes to the disruption of dialogue with others in the public sphere. Using two-wave panel data from a representative sample of adults in the US, the study found that attitudes about open political dialogue became more negative with increased mobile-mediated discussion in strong-tie networks that were large and like-minded, rather than small and like-minded as expected. In fact, attitudes toward open dialogue became more positive in the case of the latter. Although attitudes changed significantly over time for these individuals, reported levels of dialogue outside of the network did not. Interpretation of the findings and directions for future research are offered in the discussion. Presence in 3DTV: A Study on the Perceptive Characteristics of the Presence in Three Dimensional Imaging Programs • sang hee kweon, skku; Kyung Ho Whang, Mr • This study tried to research user cognitive about three dimensional imaging through using a concept of presence. presence could occur through a personalize connection if viewers have the connection when they experience new media. At the result of this study, animation shows higher presence than movie in standard imaging program. The Influence of Interdependent Self-Construal on Consumers' eWOM Behaviors in Social Networking Web sites • Doohwang Lee, University of Alabama; Hyuk Soo Kim, The University of Alabama; Jung Kim, University of Alabama • The current study reconceptualized interdependent self-construal as a social cognitive indicator of self-observation that individuals employ for developing and maintaining social relationship. From the social cognitive perspective this study investigated the effects of the relational view on consumers' eWOM behavior for online brand communities and demonstrated that consumers' community engagement self-efficacy had a significant influence on their eWOM behavior intentions directly and indirectly through their cognitive assessment of the potential social outcomes associated with the particular behaviors. Further, this study also found that such social cognitive process of eWOM behavior was strongly instigated when consumers' self-construal were primed to be interdependent rather than independent. Effect of Online Brand Community on Brand Loyalty: A Uses and Gratifications Perspective • Jaejin Lee, University of Florida • This study examined how online brand community characteristics affect online brand community loyalty and brand loyalty by employing a uses and gratifications perspective. The research found that interactivity and reward for activity significantly influenced online brand community loyalty. Moreover, emotive needs and contextual needs in using an online brand community moderate the relationship between online brand community characteristics and online brand community loyalty. Other interpretations and implications of the findings are also discussed. Virtual Experience in Navigation: 2D Versus 3D From the Perspective of Telepresence and Flow • Joonghwa Lee, University of Missouri; Hyunmin Lee, University of Missouri-Columbia; Kevin Wise, University of Missouri, School of Journalism • This study explored the influence of visual dimension (2D/3D) on telepresence and flow in popular virtual navigation interfaces. In a 2 (visual dimension: 2D vs. 3D) _ 2 (message repetition) within-subjects experiment, seventy-one participants navigated four different travel destinations using Google Earth (3D) and Google Map (2D). While participants reported greater telepresence while navigating a 3D environment, there was no significant effect of dimension on flow. Furthermore, ease of use was found to be an important variable in using Google Earth. These results are discussed in terms of practical and theoretical implications for virtual navigation and telepresence. The digital divide exists among cancer patients • Chul-joo Lee, The Ohio State University; Susana Ramirez, University of Pennsylvania; Nehama Lewis, University of Pennsylvania • The digital divide among cancer patients deserves more attention considering the importance of information and knowledge in cancer control. We thus explore the effects of education on cancer patients' cancer information seeking from the Internet, mass media, and interpersonal sources. The sample includes breast, prostate and colon cancer patients diagnosed in 2005 (n=1,971) who were randomly drawn from the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry, and returned mail surveys in fall of 2006 (response rate was 68% for breast, 61% for colon, and 64% for prostate cancer patients). The association between education and cancer-related information seeking is described according to two categories of cancer-related information: cancer-treatment options, and quality-of-life issues. Education is positively related to cancer information seeking from mediated sources and the Internet. Education was also a significant predictor of cancer patients' information seeking about treatments from medical professional sources and other people. The implications of these findings are discussed. Who Gets Their News Online and Why? Exploring the Role of Selective Exposure in the Consumption of Internet News • Shin Haeng Lee, Indiana University - Bloomington Background: Despite substantial evidence that people want access to Internet-based communication with news providers, few studies have examined individual attitudes toward news consumption and the demographic factors associated with the use of Internet news. Objective: The aim of the study is to use nationally representative data to describe what factors (individual attitudes toward news consumption and demographics) are involved in the use of online news communication. Methods: The data for this study are taken from a survey of the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press (Pew, 2008). The Pew Biennial Media Survey measured the public's use of and attitudes toward the news media and news consumption. Adult Internet news users in 2008 (n=918) were included in the present study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors for Internet news consumption. Results: In multiple logistic regression analyses, gender, age, and education variables were significantly associated with the usage of Internet news as a main news source. Also, gender and education were significantly correlated with the frequency of Internet news use. Among the individual attitudes factors, individuals' degree of enjoyment of keeping up with the news is only significantly related to Internet news use as a main effect. When it comes to individual predispositions toward selective news exposure, predispositions toward selective reliance on news sources, interacting with age or education, were negatively associated with Internet news use. Why Hong Kong Youth Blog? : Exploring the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivations for Blogging by Hong Kong Students • Ying LI, City University of Hong Kong • Blogging stickiness and motivations have become a frequently studied topic in blogging research for several years. Yet few research paid attention to the difference between the initial motivation and current motivations. This study proposes to investigate and understand bloggers behaviors through specifying the intrinsic and extrinsic components of their motivations. Two major questions were raised and explored in this study: 1. what the reasons that promote students to initiate blogs are; 2. how the blogging motivations and behavior patterns interact in blog maintaining. Based on a survey of 186 bloggers among City University of Hong Kong, it is found that: three major motivations (practicing a new type of diary, curiosity and thoughts on following the crowd) are the most important motivations in initiating blogging. In maintaining a blog, the hypothesis that social connection motivation is positively related to interaction-oriented behavior while emotion pouring motivation is positively related to self-restriction behavior in expression is supported. On the Global Regularity and Local Uniformity of Human Online Behavior: Exploring the Trajectory of Friendship Formation Behavior on Social Network Sites • ZHANG Lun, City University of Hong Kong • With anthropological data mining, this study firstly examined the time path and the saturation time of friendship formation within individuals, and then explored the relationship of trajectory of friendship formation process between individual and the global level, which extended the diffusion model from single level to multilevel perspective. Specifically, encountered the approach of polynomial logistic regression to fit the time path of friendship formation for each node, interestingly, we found the increase of number of friends within each user typically follows a logistic function with time, indicating that the growth rate of number of friends for each user might slowly increase and then decrease. More importantly, the trajectories appear uniformly, if not identically, across individuals. Our findings contrast with the two existing results claiming that (1) users create a first edge, and never comeback; (2) the level of number of friend addition seems to be uniform over time. Regarding the saturation day of the friendship growth, we have found that it takes on average 290 days for individuals to build up their personal connections online. More surprisingly, we found a self-similar trajectory of growth of friendship between individual and global level. Reconceptualizing Media Dependence: The Impact of ICTs on Social Systems and MSD Theory • Wendy Maxian, Xavier University • This paper reexamines the construct of media dependence proposed within media systems dependency (MSD) theory (Ball-Rokeach, 1985, 1998; Ball-Rokeach & DeFleur, 1976) by redefining dependency within the context of current social and media systems. The rapid diffusion of information communication technologies (ICTs) has allowed individuals unprecedented interaction with media content, and their dependency upon media has changed from one of perceived helpfulness (Ball-Rokeach, 1998) to, as it will be argued, one of perceived necessity. That is, media are necessary for individuals to function in modern social systems. Motivation to access media is inherent in modern, networked societies and MSD is uniquely able to explain individuals' media use. An overview of MSD and the dependency concept is provided, the impact technology has had on both is addressed, alternative conceptualizations of dependency are assessed, and a new conceptual definition of dependency that will strengthen and refine MSD is proposed. Reaching Constituents Online: A Content Analysis of Frames and Design on Obama's Official Blog • Lori McKinnon, Oklahoma State University • To better understand the online communication of Barack Obama, researchers examined the content of his official blog posts during the general election period and during his first 100 days in office. Researchers conducted a quantitative analysis, examining 1,427 official posts. Overall, researchers found Obama's messages to be consistent and carefully constructed. By understanding successful framing elements, candidates can maximize the impact of blog content. Redefining News Through Crowdsourcing the News Gatekeeping Function in Social Media News Aggregators • Sharon Meraz, University of Illinois, Chicago • This study examines the news stories and news sources contained in the top news pages and new news pages of four social media news aggregators against that of traditional media and portal news outlets, three times a day, for an approximate one-week period in June 2008. Examining 2388 unique stories across all outlets, results reveal that social media news outlets are significantly more likely to cite citizen media, with no evidence of traditional media having an A-list, superstar effect in the short head of their long tail media citations. Social media entities were also more likely to stress different news genres and to expose audiences to more unique stories when compared to traditional media. There were also significant differences in the types of news stories that were emphasized on a day-to day-basis in social media news outlets in their top news pages when compared to other media. Further examination reveals that these social sites selectively utilize traditional media's agenda, and often highlight political news items that fail to gain the attention of traditional and portal news outlets on their home pages. The Influence of Cultural Differences on Intention to Upload Content on Wikipedia • Namkee Park, University of Oklahoma; Naewon Kang, Dankook University; Hyun Sook Oh, Pyeongtaek University • This study investigated the factors that influence intention to upload content on Wikipedia within the theory of planned behavior framework. Further, the study compared the associations between the factors in two different cultures, the U.S. and South Korea, focusing on the role of subjective norm. Unlike previous studies' findings, the role of subjective norm was rather minimal even in the collectivist society, South Korea, although it presented a significant indirect effect on the uploading intention. Expanding the List of Social and Psychological Factors that Influence the Gathering of Political Information Online • John H. Parmelee, University of North Florida; Stephynie Chapman Perkins, University of North Florida • This study qualitatively explores what social and psychological factors are associated with motives and patterns of media use when gathering political information online. An analysis of in-depth interviews with 47 college students who searched for political information online during the 2008 U.S. presidential election adds to uses and gratifications research by identifying new social and psychological antecedents that trigger motivations and patterns of media exposure. The findings contribute to past research that has linked social and psychological factors to communication motivations, media use, and media effects. Defending Against Defriending: Understanding Self-censorship of Online Social Network Profiles • Jason Reineke, Middle Tennessee State University; Heather Burchfield, Middle Tennessee State University • Classic theories of public opinion and other mass communication phenomena discuss how perceptions influence communication and vice versa. The purpose of this study is to test whether variables theorized to influence public opinion expression decisions relate to similar decisions about communication on the online social network (OSN) Facebook. A unique snowball sampling technique was used to collect responses from over 600 Facebook users. We found that greater previous experience with defriending, or the termination of a connection on the OSN, was associated with greater OSN self-censorship. Greater fear of social isolation and willingness to self-censor, concepts developed and operationalized in public opinion expression contexts, were also associated with greater OSN self-censorship. Implications and opportunities for future research are discussed. To Blog, or Not to Blog: The Theory of Planned Behavior in the Blogosphere • Amy Reitz, Colorado State University • The paper applies the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to blogging and suggests how the main concepts of the theory can transcend to the blogosphere. In addition, the paper identifies key characteristics of blogging that demonstrate that the extended version of the TPB, that includes identity expressiveness, is an excellent theoretical model to adopt to study intentions to blog. The characteristics include that blogs are public, blogs communicate under a one-to-many communication approach and blogs need to be maintained. With blogging showing no sign of slowing down its growing prominence in popular culture and society, the author argues that it is imperative for researchers to study how and why people create blogs so researchers have an in-depth understanding of the current media landscape. Developing a Content Analysis Approach to Measuring Student Engagement in Constructionist Game Making Learning Environments • Rebecca Reynolds, Rutgers University; Michael Scialdone, Syracuse University School of Information Studies • Globaloria is a technology education program of the World Wide Workshop Foundation that empowers young people in economically disadvantaged and technologically underserved communities to experience a valuable new way of learning through the creation of web and wiki content, including interactive web-games. The program is currently being implemented as a statewide pilot project throughout the state of West Virginia, and offers a comprehensive game-design curriculum via an online social learning network to educators and students. This paper discusses the development of a coding scheme to content analyze and evaluate students' proficiencies in Globaloria, analyzing finished game projects and related wiki postings to infer about valuable learning that resulted from making the game. The coding scheme presents a robust set of game design attributes that map to a theoretical framework of learning objectives the program has prioritized. Students' inclusion of specified attributes in a game indicates that they have gained knowledge in the related learning objective dimension, because to program the game with a given attribute required learning certain skills. The scheme provides both researchers and educational practitioners with a common metric of comparison for student game-design and programming performance. Realistic Mapping vs. Symbolic Mapping: Effects of Controllers on Video Game Experience • Young June Sah, Sungkyunkwan University; Byungyul Ahn, Sungkyunkwan University; S. Shyam Sundar, Pennsylvania State University • Compared to symbolic input devices that require manipulation of a keyboard or joystick, realistic input devices for video games, such as the motion-detecting Wii Remote, provide players with greater freedom of movements. An experiment (N = 98) was conducted with a symbolic (i.e. a keyboard) and a realistic (i.e. steering wheel) controller in a racing game context in order to investigate the difference in players' experience in terms of embodiment, presence, memory recognition, and enjoyment. The moderating effects of players' prior driving experience were also examined. The results of the present study indicated that the realistic controller elicited higher sense of embodiment, presence, and overall enjoyment. Prior driving experience was related to memory recognition. These findings suggest that input devices play a significant role in shaping/forming players' experience in video games. Theoretical and practical implications of the present study were discussed. Are You What You Tweet? Warranting Trustworthiness on Twitter • Andrew Schrock, University of Southern California • The warranting principle dictates that, when forming an impression, information provided by third parties about a person is valued more than information they themselves provide. The current study applies warranting theory to the popular micro-blogging site Twitter, where people connect with others and share bursts of information. In light of the low signal-to-noise ratio on the site and the recent shift towards citizen journalism, evaluating trustworthiness trustworthiness was here considered to be an important consideration when considering if users will follow someone (read their updates and interact with them in the future). In a survey of Twitter users, support for the warranting paradigm with trustworthiness was not found on the site. However, individuals still followed those they found trustworthy, lending support to the idea that the warranting principle is confined to specific conditions. More generally, site-external and site-external resources were more frequently used for evaluating self-provided than other-provided information. Implications are discussed for future new media and CMC research. Sports Journalism and Twitter: A Follow-up Study • Mary Lou Sheffer, University of Southern Mississippi; Brad Schultz, University of Mississippi • This was a follow-up study to survey research (Schultz & Sheffer, 2010) conducted to see how sports journalists were using Twitter as part of their professional journalistic duties. This study took the same approach, but used content analysis of sports journalists' tweets (N = 1,008). Analysis showed a discrepancy between journalist responses and measured content. While journalists said they were using Twitter for breaking news and promotion, the dominant feature of the content analysis was commentary and opinion. There were also differences related to print and smaller media outlets. The implications of such differences were discussed, including a possible paradigmatic shift in journalist approaches. Effect of trust and privacy concerns on social networking: A trust-based acceptance model for social networking systems • Dong-Hee Shin, Sungkyunkwan University • Social network services (SNS) focus on building online communities of people who share interests and/or activities, or who are interested in exploring the interests and activities of others. This study examines security, trust, and privacy concerns with regard to social networking Web sites among 323 consumers using both reliable scales and behavior. It proposes an SNS acceptance model by integrating cognitive as well as affective attitudes as primary influencing factors, which are driven by underlying beliefs, perceived security, perceived privacy, trust, attitude, and intention. Results from a Web-based survey of SNS users validate that the proposed theoretical model can explain and predict user acceptance of SNS substantially well. The model shows excellent measurement properties and establishes perceived privacy and perceived security of SNS use as distinct constructs. The finding also reveals that perceived security mediates the effect of perceived privacy on trust. Based on the results of this study, practical implications for marketing strategies in SNS markets and theoretical implications are recommended accordingly. Stepping out of the magic circle: Regulation of play/life boundary in MMORPG-mediated intimacy Kim Phong Huynh, WKW School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University; Si Wei Lim, WKW School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University; Marko Skoric, WKW School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University • This qualitative study explores the perspectives of players regarding their romantic relationships initiated in massively multiplayer role-playing games (MMORPGs). Twenty six in-depth interviews were conducted via instant messaging (IM) with players of an MMORPG called MapleStory. A three-category typology of players emerged: splitters, migrators and blenders. We also found that players managed the stigma associated with their game-originated romantic relationship via concealment and mainstreaming strategies. The theoretical and design implications of the findings are discussed. Measuring Expected Interactivity: Scale Development and Validation • Dongyoung Sohn, The Ohio State University; Sejung Marina Choi, The University of Texas at Austin • Most previous interactivity literature has implicitly assumed that people perceive the interactivity of a medium from scratch by evaluating it trait-by-trait. As psychologists have long shown, however, we perceive and evaluate an object/person not in a psychological vacuum, but instead based on our expectations toward its category. This study attempts to develop the measures of individuals' category-level expectation toward interactivity, called expected interactivity (Sohn, Ci, & Lee, 2007). Upon specifying three conceptual dimensions underlying expected interactivity - sensory, semantic, and behavioral dimensions, scales for measuring expected interactivity are developed, refined, and validated through multiple studies. Implications for future interactivity research are discussed. Hands Off My TV/Internet!: The Use of Agnotology to Discourage Technological Innovation • Cara Owen, University of Colorado- Boulder; Richard Stevens, University of Colorado • Scholars have begun to study the industry use of Astroturf faux grassroots efforts to sway public opinion. This paper examines the pay-TV controversy of the mid-1960s, analyzing news stories, editorials, letters to the editor, and advertisements. By plotting argument frames against poll data, the researchers found similar Astroturf tactics and frames to those utilized by the telecommunications industry against contemporary network neutrality regulation efforts, suggesting the Astroturf technique possesses a longer history than previously understood. Boosting Their Street Cred: The Establishment of Authority in Podcasting • Bethany Poller, Baylor University; Kristine Davis, Baylor University; Amanda Sturgill, Baylor University • Like other new media applications, podcasting offers those with something to say a chance to build an audience and produce messages for that audience without being vetted by media organizations. While much has been written about the issue of credibility for bloggers, much less has been studied for how podcasters go about establishing credibility and authority. This study represents an early step in this effort. Twenty-one episodes of seven podcasts were content analyzed to determine what techniques the podcasters used to establish authority. The podcasts studied were all talk format, not affiliated with any larger media conglomerate, and were found on iTunes on the main categories page under Top Podcasts. Several podcasts meeting this description were emergently coded to generate a codesheet for consistent content analysis. The final seven podcasts were those that had at least 20 episodes of 30 minutes minutes or more. Two coders examined the podcasts for references to celebrities or experts (prestige references), references to the podcaster's training or experience (self references) and references to standards of podcasting practice such as being responsive to listener feedback and investing money in the podcast. For the podcasts studied, it was found that all three strategies of establishing authority were used, but references to standards of podcasting practice were the most prevalent. An Analysis of public relations and dialogic communication efforts of 501(C)(6) organizations • Dustin Supa, Ball State University; Adriane Russell, Ball State University • The primary purpose of this research is to examine how 501(C)(6) organizations, also known as membership associations, utilize the Web through principles of dialogic communication and how they define their unique public relations efforts. The results of the content analysis and interviews indicate that while many membership associations are using varying aspects of dialogic communication, the majority have room for improvement. Towards a Comprehensive Model of Internet Use: The Influence of Motivations, Gratifications, and Structures • Tang Tang, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh; Emil Bakke, Ohio University • This study sought to empirically test the structure of a theoretical model that instrumental and ritualistic motivations, gratifications, and structures that predict Internet use. Results from the structural equation model indicated that both gratifications and structures were significant positive predictors of Internet use. All together, they explained 87% of the variance in Internet use. Thus, the study advances the theory which conceptualized today's media users as active within structures, and encourages future inquiry. Speaking Up in the 21st Century: The Effects of Communication Apprehension and Internet Self-Efficacy on Use of Social Networking Websites • Brendan Watson, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill • Communication apprehension research has traditionally focused on two forms: written and oral communication apprehension. Both affect the amount an individual is likely to communicate. But to reflect online communication, researchers have recently developed a measure of Computer mediated communication (CMC) apprehension. It attempts to combine the traditional forms of communication apprehension and computer apprehension into a single measure. CMC apprehension has been shown to predict how frequently individuals use email, text messaging and online chat. It has not previously been studied in regards to online social networking. This paper tests the CMC apprehension measure — and Internet self-efficacy — against the traditional communication apprehension measures to see which best predicts use of social networking websites. The Pros and Cons of Teaching a Wholly Online Unit: An Australian Case Study • Niranjala Weerakkody, Deakin University • This exploratory case study examines the teaching of a theory and analysis-based, undergraduate media effects unit offered wholly online at an Australian university. Using autoethnography and content analysis of specific student posts, it found most posts on subject matter were insightful while some submitted none. Technological problems were common and students expected academic staff to solve all problems increasing time spent teaching. The problems of the early stages of online teaching have remained in 2007. Immersive Tendency and Motion as Indicators of Video Game Involvement and Presence • Kevin Williams, Mississippi State University • Seventy-two male undergraduates played one of four video game conditions to determine how personal immersive tendency and motion controls influenced feelings of involvement and presence with the video game. Results indicate that high immersive tendency as compared to low immersive tendency increase both involvement and presence. Motion controls, as compared to traditional thumb controls, increase involvement but not presence. Practical implications for the recruitment of remote operators, such as combat drone pilots, are discussed. Hey BikerGal: Using ALL CAPS=EPIC FAIL!: Identifying message factors that influence the persuasiveness of online comments • John Wirtz, Texas Tech University; Austin Sims, Texas Tech University; Betsy Anderson, University of St. Thomas • This paper presents the results of two studies about the persuasiveness of online comments left in response to online news articles. Three variables - language intensity, message strength, and message discrepancy - were used to predict comment persuasiveness (Studies 1 and 2), credibility, and attitude toward the comment (Study 2). Findings demonstrated a consistent effect of message discrepancy, such that comments were less persuasive when they were discrepant from participants' initial viewpoints (and vice-versa). A message discrepancy x message strength interaction also emerged, where by participants in the high discrepancy condition actually displayed more positive attitudes toward strongly negative messages. The paper discusses theoretical and practical implications of the findings. Silence in Cyberspace: Testing the Spiral of Silence in Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Contexts • Robert Zuercher, University of Kentucky • The purpose of this investigation is to further spiral of silence research by examining both face-to-face and computer-mediated contexts. Despite using an experimental design, no differences in fear of isolation were found. Similarly, no relationship was found between attention paid to news and fear of isolation. No differences in perceptions of opinions expressed in either condition were found. Reasons for such unexpected findings, as well as strengths, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1431 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/communication-theory-and-methodology-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 17:08:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1454 Sex Differences in Health Information Processing Strategies:  The Effect of Sex and Message Appeals (cognitive vs. affective) on College Students' Attitude towards Binge drinking and Intention to Binge Drink • Hoyoung (Anthony) Ahn, University of Tennessee; Lei Wu, Univerisity of Tennessee • Guided by a selectivity model and Fishbein's structural model, this research examines the direct and interaction effects of message appeals and sex differences in anti-binge drinking PSAs on college students' binge drinking attitudes and behavioral intention. A sample of college students (N=250) participated in a 2 (Sex: male vs. female) x 3 (appeals: cognitive vs. affective vs. cognitive and affective) factorial online experiment. Results indicated that combined message appeals (affective and cognitive) shown to females yielded stronger effects by producing lower attitudes toward binge drinking and less intention to binge drinking than did affective appeals shown to female. Also, both affective and cognitive appeals shown to female were significantly more persuasive than either affective or cognitive appeals exposed to male. Affective appeal exposed to male was the least effective. The Fishbein's structural model was used to assess attitudinal changes and is discussed with respect to its usefulness and application to the assessment of health-related campaigns. Sex-Based Differences in Message Processing as a Result of Media Literacy Effects on Perceived Desirability of Sexual Media Messages • Erica Austin, Washington State University, Murrow Center for Media and Health Promotion; Bruce Pinkleton, Washington State University; Yvonnes Chen, Virginia Tech • Secondary analysis of two quasi-experimental evaluations with pretest and posttest groups (N=922, N=1,098) tested the hypothesis that media literacy changed qualitative assessments of desirability among adolescents such that among those who had the media literacy intervention, high desirability perceptions had lessened effects on outcomes of expectancies, efficacy, and attitudes.  Effects differed somewhat for girls and boys.  The results showed media literacy education strengthens logical processing and can diminish the influence of affect on decision making. Modeling Time in Multilevel Models • Michael Beam, The Ohio State University • Linear spline regression and interrupted time-series modeling allows regression slopes to vary between specific events. Combining these techniques with multilevel modeling, researchers can test changes in processes that occur over-time, such as theoretically dynamic models. This paper reviews the literature on linear splines, interrupted time-series and multilevel modeling and provides example analyses for using these tools. Explicating Media Use 2.0: A Theoretical and Empirical Examination of a Key Communication Concept • Andrew Binder, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study offers an exhaustive concept explication of media use by examining three key dimensions: cognitive engagement, medium type, and content domain. In order to explore how these dimensions are inter-related, I analyze survey data that tapped respondents' media use through eighteen indicators. After determining latent factors that yield high internal consistency and construct validity, I conclude by introducing a hierarchy of media use dimensions that reflects the overall relationships among the dimensions. Not Another Materialist Rhetoric Marco Briziarelli, University of Colorado at Boulder In this paper I will attempt to provide an approach to materialist rhetoric by taking a step backward, prior to what Cloud (1994, p.142) considers the ideological turn in critical rhetoric. This project, as the title shows, implies engaging with Greene (1998, 2004, 2006) as I regard his thought as emblematic of a post-structuralist Marxist tendency more and more present in the political left of rhetoric and communication departments. I will also try to go beyond Cloud-s (1994, 2001, 2002) and Aune-s (1994, 2001) reactions to such trend by engaging more directly with what I consider the core concepts of Marxist post-structuralism: a specific understanding of determination and signification. In agreement with Cloud, Macek and Aune (2006, p.74), I maintain that Greene's framework is incapable to provide rational and normative parameters of evaluation of the present conditions. However, I will add to their arguments the consideration that if one wants to pushback against post-structuralist Marxism then one must engage with the main contradiction between a call to praxis and an understanding of determination and signification that seems to inhibit it. In fact, the deficiencies pointed out in Greene's materialist rhetoric originate from a perspective that stops linking societal elements in causal terms and replaces this with a Hall-Althusser informed theory of articulation and with a non substantial and relational understanding power. A New (Methodological) Look at Science Knowledge Gaps: Merging Trend-data to Examine Widening Nanotechnology Knowledge Gaps • Michael Cacciatore, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dietram Scheufele, University of Wisconsin; Elizabeth Corley, Arizona State University • The growing consensus among scholars, scientists, and outreach specialists working in the nanotechnology industry is that the public is largely uninformed about the science behind nanotechnology. Despite major efforts aimed at communicating with the U.S. public about nanotechnology, recent studies have shown that there has been little change in the overall level of nanotechnology knowledge reported by public opinion surveys. Moreover, research has found knowledge gaps forming between the most and least educated (Corley & Scheufele, 2010). However, most of the research on public nanotechnology knowledge levels has examined changes in knowledge for the public as a whole or in simple cross-sectional studies as opposed to examining differences across diverse sets of publics and across multiple data collections. In this study we take a more granular approach by examining U.S. public knowledge levels across different levels of education and media use. We explore changes in knowledge levels and knowledge gaps among nationally-representative samples in 2004 and 2007 for different groups based on education levels and media use using data from two nationally representative telephone surveys. Our results show that increased science Internet use among low education groups can help narrow knowledge gaps that are likely to occur based on education. Interestingly, neither science newspaper use, nor science television use had significant impacts on the formation or leveling of these knowledge gaps based on education. Thus, it appears as though the Internet is uniquely positioned to play a key role in the reduction of nanotechnology knowledge gaps. The influence of mood and information processing on recall: Exploring item-specific, relational and narrative processing • Michael Dahlstrom, Iowa State University; Sela Sar, Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication • While both individual mood states and information processing strategies are present during all forms of communication, their potential interaction remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to investigate if item-specific and relational processing exhibit a mood congruency effect and 2) to explore if narrative processing behaves as an extension of relational processing. Results support the hypothesis that recall of item-specific and relational processing tasks are moderated by mood in the direction of congruency. Results also suggest that while narrative processing does interact with mood, it does not mirror relational processing but instead behaves more similarly to item-specific processing. Group Involvement and the Spiral of Silence: Using Agent-Based Modeling to Understand Opinion Expression • Nick Geidner, The Ohio State University • The spiral of silence is one of the primary social explanations of public opinion formation currently employed in social science research. In short, Noelle-Neumann (1974; 1993) argues that individual-level opinion expression is a function of the opinion climate of the society. This paper adds a macro-level boundary condition to by the theory by examining how group involvement can affect the spiraling process. Using agent-based modeling, a simulation, replicating the assumptions in the spiral of silence, was created. Two other models, which added groups to the simulated society, were also created. Through running and comparing the results of these simulations, it was found that the addition of groups allowed for the survival of the societal-level minority opinions in certain cases. Further research should enhance the models used in this paper and should use agent-based modeling to examine other social communication theories. Learning through Friending: Informational uses of online network sites and individuals' social capital and participation • Homero Gil de Zuniga, University of Texas - Austin; Sebastian Valenzuela, University of Texas at Austin; Nakwon Jung, The University of Texas at Austin Citizens' consumption of media and its effects on the realm of political and civic participation as well as the foundation of social capital have long been scrutinized. Research points out that traditional news consumption  activates people's engagement civically and politically, as well as it facilitates the proliferation of social capital. A recent growing body of research has also tested how digital media use for informational purposes also positively contributes to the democratic process and the creation of social capital. Nevertheless, in the context of today's socially networked society with the rise of Social Network Sites, new perspectives need to be considered. Based on US national data, results show that after controlling not only for demographic variables but also for traditional media use, the use of traditional sources of information online and individuals network size, seeking information via SNS was not statistically significant when it came to predict social capital; however, it does have a positive effect in predicting peoples' civic and political - online and offline - participatory behaviors. Anti-Americanism in the American Mind: National Identity, News Content and Attributions of Blame • Jason Gilmore, University of Washington; Lindsey Meeks, University of Washington. This study theorizes that distinct messages about the causes of anti-American sentiment in the world influence how people arrive at their sense of national identification. We conducted an experiment to examine the impact of these messages on assignments of blame for anti-American sentiment, the cognitive link between these attributions of blame and people's sense of identification with America, and the broader associative network of political and news factors that contribute to formations of national identification. Effects of Political Talk Show Discussion on Mobilizing Citizens: Applying an Approach-Avoidance Motivation Framework • Melissa R. Gotlieb, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Sojung Claire Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Itay Gabay, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Xuan Liang, University of Wisconsin-Madiosn; Chia-I Hou, University of Wisconsin at Madison; Douglas McLeod, School of Journalism and Mass Communication • We use approach-avoidance motivation as a framework for examining the conditions under which exposure to political talk show discussion mobilizes citizens. Results show that debate between uncivil guests produces negative emotions and interacts with style of the host to affect likelihood of participation. When the host is deliberative, incivility facilitates participation, but when the host is aggressive, incivility breeds apathy. Additional analysis reveals adverse effects of the aggressive host on cognitive engagement with the show. The Effects of Random Error in Content Analysis: What Does Intercoder Reliability Really Mean? Joe Bob Hester, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This paper explores random error in content analysis. After discussing current beliefs about percent agreement, chance-corrected agreement measures, and reliability standards, the author presents a technique for estimating the effects of random error. Preliminary guidelines suggest that a minimum 94% percent agreement is necessary to be 95% confident that coding results are within ±5% of the results that would be obtained if random error were eliminated. From Network Society to Social Networks in Mass Communication: Toward a Theoretical and Methodological Integration in the Digital Age • Itai Himelboim, University of Georgia, Telecommunications; Tsan-Kuo Chang, Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong • This paper proposes approaching networks as organizational mechanisms that dictate specific patterns of interaction and communication among social actors.  It formulates an integrated theoretical framework for communication research in the context of Manuel Castells' work on the network society and the interdisciplinary perspectives on network structure.  This paper identifies points of theoretical convergence related to the mapping of these two distinct bodies of literature—the conceptualization of networks as self-organized systems, the dynamics of growing inequalities in networks, and the short distances within networks.  It draws theoretical and methodological implications and future research suggestions to the study of technology and society, and computer-mediated communication. Cultural Predispositions, Mass Media, and Opinion Expression: Examining the Spiral of Silence in Singapore • Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University; Vivian Chen, Nanyang Technological University; Clarice Sim, Nanyang Technological University • This study examines the influence of cultural predispositions and mass media on public outspokenness in Singapore, using the spiral of silence theory as a theoretical framework. A nationally representative telephone survey of 979 adults in Singapore was conducted. Respondents were asked to indicate how likely they would be to publicly express their own opinion and offer a rationale for their own opinion on the issue of legalization of same-sex marriage. Results indicate that fear of isolation and saving face were negatively, while news media use and issue salience were positively associated with individuals' willingness to express their opinion on the issue. Fear of isolation was negatively, while uncertainty avoidance, news media use, and issue salience were positively associated with willingness to offer a rationale. Notably, news media use moderated the influence of fear of isolation and saving face on outspokenness. Our findings partially supported the spiral of silence theory. Putting out Fire with Gasoline: Gamson Hypothesis, Political Information and Political Activity Tom Johnson, Texas Tech University; Barbara Kaye, John Hopkins • This study examined the Gamson hypothesis within the context of the Internet as well as alternative sources of political information. This study found that Dissidents (those high in trust and low in internal efficacy) outnumbered the Assureds (high trust, high internal efficacy) by more than 2-1. In line with the Gamson Hypothesis, Dissidents, are more likely to protest the government than Assureds who confine their political activities to supporting an issue or a candidate. Investigating the process and effect of the reception and provision of emotional social support on breast cancer patients' health outcomes in online cancer support groups • Eunkyung Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Jeong Yeob Han, University of Georgia; Tae Joon Moon, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Bret Shaw, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dhavan Shah, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Fiona McTavish, University of Wisconsin-Madison; David Gustafson, University of Wisconsin-Madison • In order to better understand the process and effect of the social support exchanges within computer-mediated social support (CMSS) groups for breast cancer patients, this study examines 1) the dynamic interplay between emotional support giving and receiving and 2) the relative effects of support giving and receiving on patients' psychosocial health outcomes. Data collected from 177 patients who participated in online cancer support groups within the Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System (CHESS) revealed that those who receive higher levels of support from others have fewer breast cancer-related concerns, while those who give higher levels of support to others reframe their own problems in a positive light and adopt more positive strategies for coping. In addition to these positive effects, we also found that emotional support giving and receiving tend to reinforce each other. The theoretical and practical implications for effective health campaigns for women with breast cancer are discussed. Talking about Poverty: News Framing of Responsibility and the Public's Support for Government Aid to the Poor • Sei-Hill Kim, University of South Carolina; James Shanahan, Boston University; Doo-Hun Choi, University of Wisconsin • Analyzing news articles and transcripts, we examine how the American media have framed the question of who is responsible for poverty. Linking the media content to survey data, we also explore what effects responsibility framing has on the audience. We found that news coverage of poverty focused largely on societal-level causes and solutions. A consequence of the media focusing predominantly on social responsibilities was to elicit more societal attributions of responsibility among the audience. The amount of television news viewing was significantly associated with perceived government responsibility to deal with poverty. The survey respondents also indicated that the greater the amount of news viewing, the more favorable attitudes toward the poor and the greater support for government aid programs. Ambivalence Reduction and Polarization in the Campaign Information Environment:  The Interaction between Individual-Level and Contextual-Level Influences • Young Mie Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Ming Wang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Melissa R. Gotlieb, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Itay Gabay, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Stephanie Edgerly, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study examines how the campaign information environment influences ambivalence reduction, and consequently, attitude extremity or polarization. The study utilized a hierarchical modeling to explore the interaction between the effect of individual-level predispositions and that of contextual-level campaign information environment. The findings suggest that the volume of campaign advertising exerts influences in ambivalence reduction and polarization, presumably functioning as a motivator for communication. The patterns amplified among partisans. The implications are discussed. Why and How Consumers Use the Internet:  Online Uses and Gratifications Revisited Tien-Tsung Lee, University of Kansas; Susan Novak, University of Kansas • Using a national survey of more than 7,000 U.S. consumers, the present study examines the relationships among a wide variety of Internet uses, consumption of traditional media, various personality and demographic characteristics, and several types of civic engagement. It groups 19 different Internet uses into three categories and identifies their predictors. It can be argued that this study has made both a theoretical and methodological contribution to U & G research. Learning from incidental exposure: An investigation of the causal relationship between unintended news encounters online and awareness of public affairs information • Jae Kook Lee, Indiana University • Employing a laboratory experiment, this study investigates the causal relationship between incidental exposure to news online and awareness of public affairs information. Manipulations of incidental exposure to news online were found to influence subjects' recognition and recall of information in the news stories. Subjects in treatment groups recognized and recalled more information about news stories used as stimuli, compared to those in control group. Findings of this study indicate that people can learn about public affairs information via the route of incidental exposure on the Internet. Implications are discussed. H1N1-Pandemic Risk Perception: The Influence of Media Dependency, • Carolyn Lin, University of Connecticut; Carolyn Lagoe, University of Connecticut • When the H1N1 pandemic was first reported last April, young healthy adults, for the first time, were identified as one of the high-risk groups for contracting the virus.  The current study was the first to explore the impact of influenza communication on college students' risk perceptions.  Study results suggest that college students' beliefs and attitudes regarding the threat posed by the H1N1 virus were only moderately influenced by either the media or interpersonal communication channels. Virtually Ethnographic: Considering Method and Methodologies in Virutal Worlds • Rosa Mikeal Martey, Colorado State University; Kevin Shiflett, Colorado State University • In order to explore what ethnographic approaches offer the study of virtual spaces, we discuss a study of communication and behavior in Second Life. Through an examination of two key factors in ethnographic research, defining the site and the role of the researcher, we use our project as a sounding board to suggest how the benefits of ethnographic approaches can be extended past traditional boundaries. We examine the implications of using ethnographic methodologies with what are arguably not ethnographic methods at all. We concludes with implications for performing observational research of different kinds in virtual worlds. Exposure to Counter-Attitudinal News Coverage and the Timing of Voting Decisions Jörg Matthes, University of Zurich • This paper investigates the effects of counter-attitudinal news coverage on the timing of voting decisions. We present two studies that combine representative panel data with an extensive content analysis of news media. Both studies find that mass-mediated cross-pressures delay voting decisions when people hold uncertain prior attitudes. There are some hints that counter-attitudinal coverage accelerates voting decisions when people hold their campaign attitudes with high attitude certainty. Do Hostile Opinion Environments Harm Political Participation? The Moderating Role of Generalized Social Trust • Jörg Matthes, University of Zurich • This paper attempts to reevaluate the democratic implications of opinion diversity by showing that politically hostile opinion environments do not necessarily discourage political participation. Based on representative survey data, we find that a demobilizing effect of hostile opinion environments decreases with rising levels of generalized social trust. For individuals with a low level of social trust, exposure to a hostile social network can dampen participation. The opposite is true for people high in social trust. Spiral of Speaking Out: Conflict Seeking of Democratic Youth in Republican Counties • Mike McDevitt, University of Colorado • A panel study of high school seniors during the 2006-midterm elections shows a striking pattern of Democratic youth thriving when exposed to hostile ideological climates. Democratic adolescents were more likely to disagree in conversations, test opinions, and listen to opponents if they lived in conservative counties compared with Democratic youth living in liberal counties. The results suggest that youth Democratic identity is distinguished from Republican identity as an overtly constructivist, deliberative, and conflict-seeking orientation. Political ad tone, reactance, affect, perceived effects, and political participation • Patrick Meirick, Oklahoma; Gwendelyn Nisbett, OU; Hyunjung Kim, Oklahoma • This study begins with a replication of third-person work on political advertising that takes account of the message desirability of ads from different sides as well as target groups across the political spectrum.  It then extends this approach into the recent examinations of the consequences of perceived media effects for political behavior.  One new wrinkle added in this study was the inclusion of both negative and positive ads.  Negative ads tended to yield lower candidate attitude effects scores across the board, but they also increased third-person perception, mostly through perceived effects on self.  Affect and reactance also are considered as correlates of perceived media effects, TPP, and political participation. The Effects of Comedic Media Criticism on Media Producers Lindsay Newport, Louisiana State University The study analyzed comedic media criticism and the effect it has on the practices of media producers using The Daily Show host Jon Stewart's early 2009 criticism of the work of Mad Money with Jim Cramer host Jim Cramer.   A quantitative content analysis of claims (N=510) pulled from Mad Money transcripts revealed little to no evidence that Stewart's criticism impacted Cramer's work.  Discussion of the results' implication on viewers, their attitudes, the news media, and democracy followed. Anti-Americanism as a media effect? Arab Media, Prior Cognitions, and Public Opinion in the Middle East Erik Nisbet, Ohio State University; Teresa Myers, Ohio State University • Many have attributed anti-American sentiment within Arab countries to a highly negative information environment propagated by regional Arab satellite news channels such as al-Jazeera and al-Arabia. However, empirical evidence evaluating the linkages between media exposure and opinion about the United States remains scant due to data availability and simplistic understanding of media effects. Drawing upon media effects, public opinion, and social identity theory and employing five years of survey data collected across six Arab countries that includes measures of media use behaviors and opinions of nearly 20,000 Arab respondents, this paper examines the relationship between media exposure to Arab satellite TV and opinion about the United States. We also demonstrate how political schemas among Arab audiences play an important role in moderating the relationship between Arab media use and public opinion. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed. Michael Jordan, Michael Vick, or just some guy named Michael: Exploring Priming Effectiveness based on Valence, Mode, and Familiarity Temple Northup, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Francesca Dillman Carpentier, UNC-Chapel Hill • In today's society, it is nearly impossible to escape the influence of the media.  Because of that, there has been no shortage of research exploring the possible effects media messages have on media consumers.  In particular, numerous studies have examined the way the media can act as primes that affect our judgments - often without our explicit awareness.  This study builds on prior research by exploring the effectiveness of a prime based on its modality, valence, and familiarity.  Results suggest that primes are most effective when image and text are redundant in valence, provided the image is concrete in nature.  There is also some support for a negativity bias. Findings are discussed in light of second-generation priming questions regarding when primes will yield effects. Another Condition for Successful Deliberation: A Mathematical Approach • Poong Oh, University of Southern California • This study investigated the conditions under which democratic decision-making processes - majority rule and democratic deliberation - produce better outcomes, which must be distinguished from those that simply satisfy more people. The logical extension of Condorcet's Jury Theorem showed that only when individual voters are informed of at least more than one alternative, the majority rule produces right decisions with a probability higher than 50%, and that as the number of the voters increases, the reliability of the majority's decision accordingly increases. Democratic deliberation, in particular, Fishkin's (1991) Deliberative Polling experiments, possibly increases the likelihood of cross-cutting exposure and thereby produces significant changes in opinions. However, a computational model based on the balance theory (Heider, 1946; 1958) suggested that the opinion changes resulted from deliberative polling experiments were nothing other than those resulted from random fluctuation. Specifically, the deliberation among those who have different views but no preexisting relations with each other does not necessarily produce a better decision; but rather a different one. Furthermore, the computational model suggested that the strong and positive relations between people with different viewpoints, in addition to cross-cutting exposure, were required for successful deliberation. On the other hand, the strong and positive relations only among like-minded people led to group polarization. The study discussed the implications for the new media environment and suggested the direction of future research. The Effect of Narrative News Format on Empathy For Stigmatized Groups • Mary Beth Oliver, The Pennsylvania State University; James P. Dillard, Pennsylvania State University; Keunmin Bae, Pennsylvania State University; Daniel J. Tamul, Pennsylvania State University • The primary aim of this study was to empirically evaluate the extent to which news story format (narrative vs. non-narrative) can initiate empathic processes that might produce more favorable evaluations of stigmatized groups. Participants (N = 399) read one of two versions of a story that described health-care related dilemmas for either immigrants, prisoners, or the elderly. The data showed that the narrative formatted produce more compassion toward the individuals in the story, more favorable attitudes toward the group, more beneficial behavioral intentions, and more information seeking behavior. Although the process could be modeled so as to include a reduced version of the transportation scale (i.e., story involvement), narrative engagement, when measured in this fashion, was not a defining feature of the empathic process. No significant effects of story type were observed on counter-compassionate emotions (i.e., fear, anger, and disgust). The results speak to the potential for narrative news formats to create more egalitarian attitudes toward members of stigmatized groups. Mechanisms of Media Campaign Effectiveness in Children's Physical Activity Contexts:  Expanding Normative Influence in the Theory of Planned Behavior • Hye-Jin Paek, Michigan State University; Hyun Jung Oh, Michigan State University; Thomas Hove, Michigan State University This study explicates mechanisms of media campaign effectiveness in the context of children's physical activity. Our model expands the Theory of Planned Behavior by integrating injunctive and descriptive norms into its normative mechanism. Analysis of a nationally representative evaluation survey among 2,071 tweens indicates that campaign exposure is significantly related to behavioral intention only indirectly. Perceived behavioral control and descriptive norms are more strongly related to behavioral intention than attitudes and subjective and injunctive norms. Effects of Rationality and Discounting Cues on Attitude Changes toward Soft Drinks over Time CHIA-HSIN PAN, CHINESE CULTURE UNIVERSITY, TAIPEI, TAIWAN • This study attempts to investigate the effects of information processing styles and discounting cues on participants' immediate and delayed attitude changes. A 2 (high/low rationality) _ 2 (with/without discounting cue) factorial design was employed to examine the extent to which the persuasiveness of a brand name soft drink's campaign messages to college students. Results revealed the interaction effect between factors on attitude changes over time. Applications on health promotions were suggested. Transportation into Vivid Media Violence and Viewer Fright Reactions • Karyn Riddle, University of Wisconsin, Madison • Prior research exploring transportation into violent narratives suggests that the transportation experience can lead to story-consistent attitudes and beliefs (Green & Brock, 2000). The present study will extend this research by focusing on transportation processes and discrete emotions as outcomes. In an experiment, 76 participants were exposed to vivid and non-vivid versions of a violent television program. Findings suggest that participants were more transported into the vivid version. Furthermore, transported viewers were more likely to experience the discrete emotion of fear than less transported viewers. Finally, transported viewers reported higher excitation levels, perceived the media content as more realistic, and gave the media violence higher ratings of graphicness. Implications for transportation and media violence research are discussed. A Comparative Grouping Method: Studying Meaning Construction Using a Hybrid Approach Sue Robinson, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Andrew Mendelson, Temple University • This article maps a hybrid methodology by fusing elements of experimental design with qualitative techniques. Called a comparative grouping method, this method utilizes focus groups and in-depth interviews and employs experimental-stimulus conditions typically associated with quantitative research within two qualitative studies. This mixed-method research draws on advantages of quantitative measures to better understand meaning construction and gain a more holistic reading of response differences between medium formats. Perceived risk as a mediator of mood effects on the effectiveness of health PSAs: differential effects for high vs. low relevance messages • Sela Sar, Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication; George Anghelcev, Penn State University • Affect, and especially pre-existing affect, is a neglected variable in health communication research. However, the emotional state of an audience right before they encounter a persuasive health message is likely to influence the effectiveness of that message. The present study finds that the effect of pre-existing mood on health message effectiveness is mediated by the perceived risk of contracting the disease mentioned by the message. We examine the underlying psychological mechanisms and reveal how this mediation effect is shaped by the perceived relevance of the message. Results support the hypotheses and have significant theoretical and practical consequences. The Media and Identity Scale: Some Evidence of Construct Validity • John Dimmick, The Ohio State University; Melanie Sarge, The Ohio State University • The current paper presents evidence of the construct validity of the Media and Identity scale, which suggests that a major reason people utilize media is that they find ways to connect the media and its content with their personal and social identities. The first and second sections of this paper review the domain of and scale for the media and identity construct. The third section provides evidence of construct validity of the Media and Identity scale by demonstrating that the measure is empirically related to theoretically relevant variables - media and identity outcomes - which are presented, defined, and tested with a confirmatory factor analysis. Practical utility of the scale is addressed in the discussion section of the paper. Reinforcing Spirals of Negative Affects and Selective Attention to Advertising in a Political Campaign • Christian Schemer, University of Zurich • The present study investigates self-reinforcing spiral processes between negative affect toward ethnic minorities and the attention to political advertising in a direct-democratic campaign dealing with the issue of the asylum law restriction in Switzerland. Based on data from a three-wave panel survey the study found evidence for self-reinforcing spiral processes. Specifically, the initial attention to political advertising elicited negative affects toward asylum seekers in the course of the political campaign. At the same time, these affective reactions enhanced people's attention to political advertising. These findings do not only indicate the presence of self-reinforcing spiral processes. They also suggest that this spiral process is mainly fueled by cues emanating from the political campaign. Value Resonance and Value Framing Effects on Voting Intentions in Direct-Democratic Campaigns Christian Schemer, University of Zurich; Werner Wirth, University of Zurich; Jörg Matthes, University of Zurich • This study offers insights into how news media frames interact with existing value orientations in shaping voter preferences. It is assumed that the news framing of an issue in terms of cherished sociopolitical values influences policy preferences of audience members. This framing effect should be more pronounced when news frames resonate with people's existing value predispositions. These assumptions were tested in a real-world setting of a political campaign in Switzerland dealing with the issue of naturalizations of immigrants. Based on a data set in which the data of a two-wave panel survey were matched with content analytic data, the present research demonstrated frame-resonance effects for news reporting about the pro campaign. That is, framing the issue in terms of the notion that the Swiss people should have the final say in naturalization procedures shaped voting preferences only for voters whose basic values of social order, tradition, and security (high authoritarians) were touched. In contrast, a main effect of the opponents' framing in the news on voting preferences was found. Thus, the majority followed the pragmatic and material framing of the opponents who put emphasis on a fair and pragmatic solution of the naturalization issue. The role of exemplification in shaping third-person perceptions and support for restrictions on video games • Mike Schmierbach, Penn State University; Qian Xu, Penn State University; Michael Boyle, West Chester University • The origins of third-person perceptions remain uncertain. We investigate whether media content might play a role, demonstrating that news content presenting exemplars can increase third-person perceptions and potentially influence support for restrictions on games. Data from an experiment also show that media content explicitly describing content as harmful does not exert a similar effect. Identity salience and policy support: Barack Obama, group identity cues, and message effects Penelope Sheets, University of Washington • On a national stage, a politician's emphasis upon national identity should elicit positive attitudes among voters toward their fellow group-member, the candidate. However, the nation is not the only collective to which American citizens belong; instead, racial, religious, regional, partisan, and other social groups are often salient to individuals, providing a source of positive self-definition and self-esteem that can not be entirely ignored in the face of the national group. These differing, perhaps competing, identities present a navigational challenge for politicians communicating with differing slices of the public. Studies have shown that when white participants are asked directly to think about their racial group (versus their national group), they are less likely to support certain policies. But what happens when racial or national cues are embedded in the policy message itself, which is a more accurate approximation of the real-world political environment? This study reports results of a survey-experiment that examined how policy messages that cue race or nation, attributed to Barack Obama, affect voters' attitudes toward the policy as well as their interpretations of the policy's scope and impact. Respondents had more positive attitudes toward the policy when couched in national (versus racial) cues, although these effects are moderated by respondents' levels of national identification. Game Theory and Mass Communication: Applications and Insights for Future Use • Amy Sindik, University of Georgia • This study examines the contributions game theory has made to the field of mass communication, and offers suggestions for the increased use of game theory in the field.  Previous studies have analyzed game theory in the areas of auctions, competition, online reputation, participant behavior, programming, public relations and strategic management.  However, a gap in the literature exists for an overall examination of game theory's place—and future potential—in mass communication research.  While studies have examined game theory's role in specific areas of mass communication, no one has systematically analyzed the overarching implications of these separate studies.  This paper adds to the theoretical literature by compiling the central findings and analyzing the ways game theory can contribute to future mass communication research.  This study analyzed the body of game theory research by reviewing previous studies that used game theory, provided an overview of game theory's fit in the field, and offered suggestions for future use of game theory in mass communications.  The study found that game theory is most useful in areas of mass communication where rational behavior is valued and recommends that game theory be applied to mass communication research with greater frequency. Emails from the 2008 U.S. Presidential Campaigns: Communication and Mobilization Melissa Smith, Mississippi State University; Barry Smith, Mississippi University for Women The 2008 presidential campaign marked the first time that more than half of all Americans went online to participate in or learn more about the campaigns. Because of this shift toward online and social media, political campaigns are working hard to find ways of reaching potential voters in cyberspace. The Obama-Biden and McCain-Palin campaigns in 2008 attempted to reach and mobilize voters in cyberspace using a variety of methods. The campaigns employed direct-marketing industry tactics in creating effective email messages, which include keeping messages short, offering multiple links within each email message, and encouraging subscribers to forward messages to a friend. This paper analyzes the content and formatting of these campaign email messages to determine their effectiveness.  Email messages sent by the campaigns were coded for a number of different categories. These included seven primary areas: overall multimedia content, political issues, parasocial interaction, mobilization, discussion of the candidate, discussion of the opponent, and campaign news.  A number of differences were noted, including frequency of emails sent, and the McCain campaign's use of issues in the messages, versus the Obama-Biden campaign's attempt to connect more personally with supporters. The Obama campaign seems to have done a better job overall of using email to mobilize supporters. Selecting Daily Newspapers in China for Content Analysis: A Comparison of Sampling Methods and Sample Sizes • Yunya Song, Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong; Tsan-Kuo Chang, Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong • Following similar studies in the United States, this study compares different sampling methods and sample sizes in the selection of daily newspapers in China for content analysis of the news. Consistent with previous research focusing on U.S. daily newspapers, the results show that the method of constructed week sampling is more efficient than simple random sampling or consecutive day sampling, and a single constructed week allows reliable estimates of content in a population of six months of newspaper editions even for highly volatile content variables. The weekday-plus-Saturday constructed week sampling, an oft-used sampling stratification approach in content analyses of Chinese daily newspapers, however, did not perform as efficiently as the full constructed week samples. As many as 12-day weekday-plus-Saturday constructed week samples may be needed for the estimation of the news content, depending on the type of variables being analyzed. Mapping the Intellectual Structure of Framing Research Through Citation and Cocitation Analysis: A Social Network Perspective • Zixue Tai, International Communication Division • Framing has been the most productive line of communication research in the past decade. With the explosive growth of academic literature comes the need for a reflexive study of the nature of knowledge production and patterns of scholarly communication among active researchers in the field. This study combines citation/cocitation analysis with social network analysis (SNA) in examining the intellectual maps and structural relations of the knowledge-sharing networks of framing research by analyzing data from a sample of 125 journal articles published from 2000 to 2008. The results reveal key sets and clusters of citations that point to a number of emerging research fronts and growth areas; it also offers insight on intellectual linkages among key literature. What's a good citizen to do?  Exploring the emergence of civic norms among young citizens Kjerstin Thorson, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study investigates the endorsement of civic norms within a cohort of our youngest citizens, Americans who were 12-17 years old during the 2008 presidential election. It explores the variables that predict endorsement of informed citizen and value-expressive citizenship norms. A typology of citizenship models based on norm endorsement is presented as the precursor to an analysis diagnosing factors that help to build bridges across distinct citizenship models. Materialism, Postmaterialism and Agenda-Setting Effects: The Values-Issues Consistency Hypothesis • Sebastian Valenzuela, University of Texas at Austin • Previous research has found that agenda-setting effects vary according to individuals' need for orientation (NFO). This study posits that values also determine what issues people think are important. Based on content analysis and survey panel data from a representative sample, the study shows that—in addition to NFO—materialist and postmaterialist values moderate agenda-setting effects. The results provide support for a theoretical link between agenda setting and value change theory. Reconceptualizing Political Blogs as Part of Elite Political Media • Aaron Veenstra, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • Despite a literature on blogs that dates back nearly a decade, scholars have yet to reach a consensus conceptual definition for the blog as an object or as a medium. Most research on blogs relies on a broad, shallow structural definition of blogs as sites that display frequently updated posts in reverse-chronological order. However, when blogs or blogging is operationalized, this definition is often disregarded in favor of a third-party tool such as the use of blog index sites (e.g., Technorati, BlogPulse) or reliance on survey respondents to decide what they think blog refers to. The very feature modularity of blogs that makes them so difficult to define has also made it easy for traditional media organizations to adopt many features typically associated with blogs, such as user commenting. Newspapers and magazines have also begun featuring their own blogs, and new publications such as The Huffington Post and Politico blur the boundaries with stylistic diversion from journalistic norms and their pursuit of links from the blogosphere. This paper outlines an approach to online news and political media based not on asserted medium distinctions, but on an analysis of the attributes of news and political sites based on the mix of attributes approach (Eveland, 2003). This approach allows for a more complex understanding of how political media operate and interact online, and a more fine-grained understanding of the effects of social media occur. The Correspondent, the Combatant, and the Comic: How Moderator Style and Guest Civility Shape News Credibility • Emily Vraga, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Mitchell Bard, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Leticia Bode, University of Wisconsin - Madison; D. Jasun Carr, UW-Madison; Stephanie Edgerly, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Courtney Johnson, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Young Mie Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dhavan Shah, University of Wisconsin-Madison • An increasingly competitive media landscape has caused stylistic changes in news programming. This experiment employs a 3x2 design to examine how moderator style and guest tone influence media perceptions. Results illustrate that among the three moderator styles — correspondent, combatant, and comic — the correspondent moderator produced the highest ratings of media credibility and program evaluations without limiting entertainment value. However, guest tone does not directly or indirectly affect perceptions of the program or the media. Internet buzzword or theory-grounded concept?  User-generated content explicated • Justin Walden, Pennsylvania State University • User-generated content has emerged recently as a significant discussion topic in popular and technology-trade publications. Scholars have likewise considered this Web 2.0 phenomenon in research studies. However, a literature review suggests that the concept's key theoretical dimensions and mechanisms are often overlooked in studies. Relying on Chaffee's (1991) guide for concept explication, this article reviews studies in which UGC has appeared, considers current UGC definitions, and proposes modified theoretical and operational definitions that better encapsulate the concept's true essence. Specifically, this paper argues that UGC is: principally tied to Web 2.0 and the Internet; found at websites and available through applications that enable feedback and that foster interactivity; amateur content that is created within a redefined media marketplace in which the user/consumer is activated; and produced by people with a wide range of motivations and who most likely feel a strong sense of agency. This article also discusses concept-specific avenues for future research. Modeling Political Consumerism among Youths: An Ecological Systems Approach • Rob Wicks, University of Arkansas Communication Department; Ron Warren, University of Arkansas Communication Department • Studies of political consumerism (i.e., political- or value-oriented consumerism) are a relatively recent development in the literature on political and civic engagement. This study employs Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory of child development as a first attempt to build an explanatory model of teens' socialization into political consumption behaviors. Structural equation modeling indicates that certain cultural factors (e.g., church attendance, parent education) influence micro-level systems within which children might acquire political consumer behaviors (including parent-child interaction and online media use). State of Ontological Practice Theory • Yaping XU, School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University • Since its birth in 1980s, Gilles Deleuze's Ontological Practice Theory (OPT) triggered a group of studies which applied and testified his redefined cinematic typology and subversive notions that image making as subjective (re-)construction of reality, especially in terms of intercultural bred image makers, to analyze respectively specific transformations appeared amid the formal properties of film. This paper gives a brief explanation to OPT and reviews a group of rigorous research deploying Deleuze's perspectives, finally with a evaluation this theory's powers and limitations, so as to give recommendations to the future research against contemporary pluralistic cultural environment, for a better understanding of the image meaning making process from a bottom-up viewpoint. Motivational Systems and Health Message Framing: Testing Two Competing Accounts Changmin Yan, Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University • This study examines two competing accounts of health message framing. While one camp conceptualizes message frames based on the end state's desirability (the desirability account), the other posits to construe frames according to their outcome probability (the probability account). Through two sets of 2x2 mixed design, motivational systems (behavioral inhibition system and behavioral approach system) by end-state desirability frames (undesirability and desirability) and motivational systems (behavioral inhibition system and behavioral approach system) by outcome probability frames (sure and uncertain), the two models were tested. While message recipients were able to perceive both frame conceptualizations, the outcome probability account was found to offer a better prediction on framing's interaction with motivational systems. Theoretical implications were discussed at the end. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1454 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/history-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 17:17:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1458 Press Freedoms in the American Colonies, 1755-1765: The Public and the Printers Gigi Alford, University of Alabama • During the decade leading up to the Stamp Act of 1765, printers in the American Colonies faced a growing demand for press freedoms. The right to a free press, colonists believed, belonged to the people rather than the printers. In fact, the people often pushed the printers toward greater liberties, creating a dynamic negotiation of the limitations of press freedoms. This discourse, however, was cut short by the revolt against England. Negotiating the Transition from True Woman to New Woman in the Lydia Pinkham Animated Ads of 1890 • Elizabeth Burt, University of Hartford • Negotiating the Transition from 'True Woman' to 'New Woman' in the Lydia Pinkham Animated Ads of 1890 This paper analyzes five illustrated advertisements designed by the Lydia E. Pinkham Medicine Company in 1890. These animated ads all make statements about woman's place in late Victorian society, a time when the traditional True Woman was being challenged by the emerging paradigm of the New Woman. These advertisements reveal aspects of both models and suggest to the modern reader how women in 1890 reading these ads could negotiate the transition between the two. Considering Contempt by Publication, 1800-1830 • Butler Cain, West Texas A&M University • Contempt by publication was one of the earliest methods the American judicial branch used to control media coverage of state and federal court systems. Editors, publishers, and reporters could be fined and jailed if their publications raised the ire of a judge. During this period, American courts began considering under what circumstances this authority should be used to protect the integrity of the judicial process. Meanwhile, free press advocates began arguing against the power. 'Severe in invective': Franc Wilkie, Wilbur Storey, and the improbable 'send rumors' quotation W. Joseph Campbell, American University • This paper scrutinizes the evidentiary record behind the famous anecdote about Wilbur F. Storey's instructing a Civil War correspondent to send rumors if no news was to be found. The paper offers a compelling case that the anecdote about Storey, the editor of the Chicago Times, is quite likely apocryphal. Reasons for doubting whether Storey ever sent such instructions are many, and are discussed in detail. Among the reasons is that the anecdote is thinly documented and uncorroborated, except for a passage in a memoir by Franc B. Wilkie that was published in 1891, twenty-seven years after the instructions would have been sent. The paper draws on a variety of primary and secondary sources, including the literature of false memories and the work of psychologists who have described the difficulties in recovering long-ago memories with any precision. Late to the Game: William Randolph Hearst, the New York Journal, and the Modern Sports Section John Carvalho, Auburn University • William Randolph Hearst has been credited with creating the modern sports section in the New York Journal soon after he purchased it in 1895. Several of Hearst's biographers, however, do not mention this strategy. Is it reflected in the earliest editions of the New York Journal? This article looks at the sports page for the first two months of the Journal to find evidence of the assumed emphasis on developments to the sports section: an increase in pages devoted to sports, bylined articles by popular athletes and writers, banner section flags, extended coverage of high-profile sports events, and use of illustrations. Most developments credited to Hearst were not, in fact, frequently used. Friends of the Bureau: Personal correspondence, and the cultivation of journalist-adjuncts by Hoover's FBI • Matthew Cecil, South Dakota State University • Beginning in the mid-1930s with Director J. Edgar Hoover's initial steps into the public consciousness, the FBI developed an expansive public relations division that maintained advantageous relationships with dozens of reporters, broadcasters and editors. Through mountains of personal letters produced by his staff, Hoover fostered the illusion of interpersonal relationships with journalists like The American Magazine's Courtney Ryley Cooper, Fulton Oursler of Reader's Digest, and Jack Carley of the Memphis Commercial Appeal. In return for Hoover's favor, these friends of the Bureau became reliable supporters, passionate defenders, and even quasi-agents of the FBI. All Things Are As They Were Then: Radio's You Are There • Matthew Ehrlich, University of Illinois • This paper analyzes the 1940s radio series You Are There, originally titled CBS Is There. The series expressed the optimistic liberalism of its producer-director at the same time it reproduced consensual, patriotic interpretations of America's past. Its creative blend of fact and fiction challenged conventional definitions of journalism and documentary while momentous changes were sweeping American broadcasting, underscoring the power and authority of radio news even as television was eclipsing radio as a national medium. Cold War Culture, Broadcast News Documentaries and the Approach of War in Vietnam • James Ettema, Northwestern University • Broadcast documentaries are the medium's most coherent attempt to make sense of the run-up to war in Vietnam. Sounding such themes as France's fiasco and America's exceptionalism they capture both hopes and fears of the cultural moment. As journalism they are not naïve but they are more fretful than probing, more anxious than prescient thus highlighting the role of history and culture in imposing limits on journalism in the performance of its duty to democracy. A Light out of This World: Awe, Anxiety, and Routinization in Early Nuclear Test Coverage, 1951-1953 • Glen Feighery, University of Utah • Above-ground nuclear testing in the early 1950s commanded attention in the news. This study contributes to understanding atomic test coverage as an environmental issue. It examines how national, state, and local newspapers described the blasts, addressed the issue of fallout, and reacted on their editorial pages. Although some scholars have portrayed certain news organizations as propagandistically uncritical of nuclear testing, this study suggests another explanation: that news routines influenced coverage more than disregard for public safety. The president's private life: A new explanation for 'the right to privacy' • PATRICIA FERRIER, AUSTIN PEAY STATE UNIVERSITY • On December 15, 1890, in the Harvard Law Review, Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis criticized the press for overstepping in every direction the obvious bounds of propriety and of decency. Many scholars who have written about the first, major step in recognizing personal privacy say the article was a reaction to press reports of Warren's social life. Perhaps scholars have not looked in the correct places for the explanation of why Warren and Brandeis called for common-law protection of personal privacy. The weekly press in Boston and the daily press in New York provide evidence that a seemingly tenuous link with a former president of the United States may be the key to explaining the genesis of the Warren/Brandeis article. United States v. Shriver and the Rise of the Public Policy Rationale for the Journalist's Privilege: 1894-1897 • Patrick File, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities • This paper explores the historical context surrounding U.S. v. Shriver, a journalist's privilege case in the 1890s. Employing an examination of the case record as well as the professional discourse surrounding it, I argue that U.S. v. Shriver arose at an historical moment that, for the first time, allowed the newspaper industry to employ discursive themes that highlighted the modern newspaper's value as a public service and justified adoption of a journalist's privilege as good public policy. The Communications Circuit of John Hersey's Hiroshima • Kathy Forde, University of South Carolina • In August of 1946, one year after the U.S. bombing of Hiroshima and the end of World War II, the New Yorker published John Hersey's Hiroshima, an account of what happened in the Japanese city from the moment the atomic bomb dropped through the following year, told through the perspectives of six civilians who survived. In this publication and reading history of John Hersey's Hiroshima, I adopt book historian Robert Darnton's well-known conceptual model of the communications circuit—the life cycle of a printed book that includes the roles of author, publisher, bookseller, reader, and, in the case of John Hersey's Hiroshima, other media institutions, such as book clubs, newspapers, magazines, and radio. I attend not only to the institutions and production processes of journalism, which are the usual preoccupations of journalism history, but also to book history's emphasis on the content of journalism and the uses readers made of this content in a given historical moment. An Incitement to Riot: Television's role in the civil disorders in the summer of '67 • Thomas Hrach, University of Memphis • In the summer of 1967 America's cities exploded in violence with riots in poor, black neighborhoods. Many people, including members of Congress, blamed televised news coverage of rioting for spreading violence around the nation. It was that issue that sent the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, better known as the Kerner Commission, to investigate whether the mass media played a role in causing the riots. When the Kerner Commission issued its report on March 1, 1968, television was exonerated. The report said there was no direct connection between television and the rioting. Television's critics had been defused, and Congress took no action against television executives. Yet there was data that was never revealed as part of the report that could have been used to come to a different conclusion. The commission hired a research firm named Simulmatics to produce a content analysis of news media coverage of the riots. Data from the analysis, which is now available in the National Archives, was mentioned only briefly in the report. A full examination of that data lends credence to the criticism that there was a connection between television and the riots. This paper examines how the data fits into criticism of television violence in the 1960s and concludes that there was a more direct connection than the commission reported. Building an American story: How early American historians used press sources to remember the Revolution • Janice Hume, University of Georgia • This study examines histories of the American Revolution published before 1899 to see how they used newspapers and magazines as sources. It seeks to determine how the press helped build America's first real story as an independent nation, distinct from native and colonial origins. These histories did use press sources in myriad ways, and their permanence helped assure that these iconic narratives endured. Findings add to our understanding of the press and American collective memory. Alchemy and Finesse: Transforming Corporate Political Media Spending into Freedom of Speech, 1977-78 • Robert Kerr, University of Oklahoma • This paper documents the late seventies behind-the-scenes battle that forged a five-justice majority for a narrow Supreme Court holding that first brought corporate political media spending within the protections of the First Amendment. It shows that justices on the Court then recognized the holding as a greater alteration of established law than another five-justice majority would maintain in 2010 when it expanded the influence of corporate money on democratic processes far beyond that seventies precedent. Often Caregivers?  Sometimes Wild Women? An Archetypal Study of Sea Captains' Wives in the New York Times, 1851-1900 • Paulette D. Kilmer, University of Toledo • Although conventional wisdom tells us that women were considered bad luck if they appeared anywhere onboard ships other than in the wooden figure carved out of the bow, examination of 500 articles in the New York Times and 100 in the New York Tribune indicates women went to sea with their husbands, brothers, fathers, uncles, and cousins. Moreover, at least from the early 1850s, captains hired stewardesses whose duties might include housekeeping, bookkeeping, medical care, and kitchen supervision to reduce scurvy. The news items reflect Carol S. Pearson's Caregiver archetype, C.G. Jung's Mother archetype, and Clarissa Pinkola Estes' Wild Woman archetype. Science in Advertising: The Role of Research for Richardson-Vicks during the Scientific Advertising Movement • Yeuseung Kim, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This study examines how advertisers and advertising agencies conducted and incorporated research in their work during the time when scientific advertising started to receive attention. Drawing largely on the Richardson-Vicks, Inc. archival materials, this study aims to add to the history of advertising by exploring how over-the-counter (OTC) medication was marketed and specifically, how research was used to support, create, and evaluate Vicks' marketing and advertising efforts. Jessica Mitford's Experiments Behind Bars and the Moral Craft of Investigative Journalism • Amy Snow Landa, University of Minnesota • This paper examines the moral craft and public impact of Jessica Mitford's 1973 exposé titled Experiments Behind Bars: Doctors, Drug Companies, and Prisoners, which was first published as an article in Atlantic Monthly and later as a chapter in Mitford's book Kind and Usual Punishment: The Prison Business. Frontier Fears: The Clash of Indians and Whites in the Newspapers of Mankato, Minnesota, 1863-1865 • Charles Lewis, Minnesota State University,Mankato • This research explores how two Minnesota frontier newspapers contributed to a climate of fear and hatred through their coverage of Indian-related events in the state during the three years following the horrific 1862 Dakota War. Such news did not create the conditions of brutality that persisted in Minnesota after the conflict, but the reporting helped perpetuate a white perspective of cruelty and callousness as well as promote notions of manifest destiny. Piloting Entertainment News: Entertainment Tonight and its Lasting Impact on Television News Programs • Sara Magee, West Virginia University • For more than 25 years Entertainment Tonight has reflected the debate over news and entertainment. Decisions made early on by its creators are forerunners to how television news and entertainment programs are produced today. This paper takes a historical look at the little known period during 1981 when ET was created. Through personal interviews it showcases the struggles faced in bringing this program to life and its impact on media for generations to come. Legacy of the Covenant: Media, Riots, and Racialized Space in Chicago, April 1968 Meagan Manning, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities • By fusing the notion of racialized space, Chicago's storied spatial history, and the content of the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Defender through the month following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., I argue that the content of each paper assumes new meaning for the study of race in American history and illustrates a historical moment when the struggles of America's marginalized populations were thrust to the forefront of American society writ large. Creating a Photographic Record of the First World War: Real History and Recuperative Memory in Stereography • Andrew Mendelson, Temple University; Carolyn Kitch, Temple University • While largely forgotten today, stereograph photography was a 19th-century mass medium that survived well into the 20th century. These photographs produced three-dimensional images for viewers. The purpose of this paper is to examine the visual and verbal discourses of one set of stereographs - the Keystone View Company's 1923 300-card history of the World War I. Since Americans saw few battle images during WWI, this set had a special opportunity to tell a definitive historical story of the war after its close. The Keystone stereograph set, a work of popular history for a lay audience, provided reassuring memory in keepsake form. As such, it is a predecessor to better-known (and more often studied) commemorative media of the later 20th century. A Half Crazy Fellow: Newspapers and the Insanity Plea of the Assassin Charles Guiteau • Justin Murphy, Syracuse University • Charles Guiteau assassinated President James Garfield on July 3, 1881. At his murder trial, he unsuccessfully pleaded insanity. This paper examines media coverage of Guiteau's case, and his insanity defense in particular. It is illustrated that the media coverage of this trial reflected popular frustration with the insanity defense in the late 19th century. Even before Guiteau's trial, Americans had been angered by acquittals based on the insanity dodge. This paper further shows that newspapers took advantage of a major schism in the medical community, seizing upon the uncertainty generated by conflicting 'expert' testimonies to advocate for a politically popular outcome. The Shibboleth of 'Freedom of the Press': The 1940s Newspaper Crisis, Media Criticism, and the Move Toward Regulating the Press • Victor Pickard, New york University • Given the current problems facing journalism, there is reason to pay close attention to previous eras when news industries faced structural crises. These crises often precipitated normative discussions about the role of the press in a democratic society, and the function of government to regulate that role. The following discussion draws on archival materials and press accounts to recover a moment in the 1940s marked by pronounced dissatisfaction towards the press—a moment when structural reform of major media institutions was seriously considered, but ultimately defeated. Narratives of progress in times of faith and optimism in industrial development: Press coverage of Operation Bootstrap in Puerto Rico (1947-1963) • Ilia Rodriguez, University of New Mexico • This research builds upon the definition of development as an ideological field to examine the historical role of the Puerto Rican elite press during the period of industrial development known as Operation Bootstrap (1947-1963). It centers on the how the press became a site where universalist notions of progress and modernity met locally grounded interpretations to produce particular understandings at a time of profound historical change. The investigation is based on the assumption that while actively promoted by the discursive practices of U.S. government agencies and other international policy-making institutions, the central premises of a global ideology of development disseminated during the Cold War were reinterpreted or resignified in the local press to legitimize particular visions of progress as well as particular political agendas and class interests. Herodotus As An Ancient Journalist: Reimagining Antiquity's Historians as Journalists Joe Saltzman, USC Annenberg • The ancient historian is accused of not worrying much about what was true or false, making up quotes, frequently relying on legend rather than fact, often accepting idle rumor, malicious gossip and hearsay as fact. That sounds more like a tabloid journalist than a historian. In this paper, we reimagine Herodotus as the father of journalism rather than Cicero's appellation, the father of history, as we examine how he reported, researched, and wrote his Histories. The Role of the Business Press in the Commercial Life of Cincinnati, 1831-1912 • Brad Scharlott, Northern Kentucky University • In the 1830s two different price currents, which reported market-related news, appeared in Cincinnati but soon failed. In 1844, after the city's economy had matured, the Cincinnati Price Current began and thrived. In 1846, its publisher concurrently became superintendent of the new Cincinnati Merchants' Exchange, and for decades the current and exchange reinforced each other - and as they prospered, the city benefited. However, technological and market changes ultimately led to the decline of both. As if the Sixties never happened: A singing cop, Baltimore's last minstrel show, and the white media narratives • Stacy Spaulding, Towson University • This paper explores a 1982 episode of blackface minstrelsy by a white performer—a Baltimore cop who fought and won a First Amendment battle with the police department over his right to perform in blackface—to decode the surrounding media narratives in a white working class neighborhood on Baltimore's east side. This paper uses historical methodology, rhetorical analysis and a whiteness studies framework to understand minstrelsy and the media as a site of racial and cultural negotiation. Freedom's Vanguard:  Horace Greeley's thoughts about press freedom and ethics in the Penny Press era • Daxton Stewart, Texas Christian University • Horace Greeley, founder of The New-Yorker and The New York Tribune, became one of the most important American journalists during the Penny Press revolution. This historical study examines Greeley's writings about freedom of the press and journalism ethics in pre-Civil War era, focusing on four main themes: legal restrictions such as libel, threats of mob violence against the press, the role of neutrality, and moral duties of the press to the public. Politics as Patriotism: Advertising, Activists and the Press during World War II • Inger Stole, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • This paper traces the battle over advertising regulation in the early 1940s. It outlines the activist critique of WWII advertising and explores the advertising industry's creation of the Advertising Council as public relations tool. It discusses the crucial role that commercial news media played in shaping journalism to promote their commercial interests at the expense of the public interest and explores how the outcome helped shape postwar discussions about the role of advertising. A Celebrated Illustrator and the Man Behind the Man: J. C. Leyendecker and Charles Beach Rodger Streitmatter, American University This paper focuses on J. C. Leyendecker, the most successful American magazine illustrator during the early 1900s. Hundreds of his hand-painted images appeared on the covers of such leading magazines as the Saturday Evening Post and Vanity Fair. Adding to Leyendecker's fame were the high-profile advertisements he created for a long list of companies. The manuscript breaks new ground by illuminating the role that Leyendecker's same-sex partner Charles Beach played in the illustrator's career. Reporters and Willing Propagandists: AEF Correspondents Define Their Roles • Michael Sweeney, Ohio University The early twentieth century witnessed greater journalistic emphasis on professionalism and allegiance to audience. At the same time, war reporting was evolving from open-access, patriotic coverage to greater military control. This study draws on documents in the National Archives to examine how accredited American reporters on the Western Front in World War I defined their roles. It found reporters seeking partnerships with the AEF to shape what they acknowledged as propagandistic, pro-American news stories. Courage and Composure: The framing of the 1916 Easter Rising rebels as heroes in The Irish Times Carrie Teresa, Temple University • This study examines The Irish Times newspaper's coverage of the rebel leaders of the 1916 Easter Rising by utilizing 26 articles published in the newspaper from the beginning of the Rising to the establishment of the Dail Eireann. This study argues that coverage of the Rising framed the rebels as national heroes, despite the political agenda and ownership influence of the newspaper itself, which questions traditional beliefs about ownership influence during political and social unrest. Managing China's Image Abroad: Justification and Institutionalization of International Propaganda in Republican China • Yong Volz, University of Missouri School of Journalism • China's international propaganda was born in the aftermath of the anti-imperialist May Fourth Movement of 1919, and fed by an acute awareness of China's weak position in the world. This study focuses on how Western-trained Chinese intellectuals justified international propaganda within the grand narratives of national crisis, world peace and truth. Their discourses provided legitimacy and means for the Guomindang government to institute a propaganda system to garner international support during its anti-Japanese war. Explaining the Origins of the Advertising Agency • Tim Vos, University of Missouri School of Journalism • This study reopens the investigation into the origins of the advertising agency. By approaching the inquiry from the perspective of sociological institutionalism, new sites of historical exploration are identified. Volney B. Palmer began the first agency in Philadelphia in 1842, but little is known about the events that precipitated the agency. The study concludes that Palmer's work in the canal business played a direct role in launching his ad business. In the Name of the South: Fear-Based Rhetoric, the Southern Media and Massive Resistance David Wallace, University of Colorado at Boulder • During the civil rights movement, Southern editors and journalists capitalized on the values, beliefs, and fears of the South, serving as a propagandistic asset in the successful call for massive resistance. This paper argues that fear-based rhetoric in the Southern press was used to foster and establish an insider-outsider mentality, encouraging both vigilant protection of the Southern way of life as well as suspicion and hostility toward all those who were believed to challenge it. We have no newspapers -dull, dull!  American Civil War Media Dependency • Betty Winfield, University of Missouri; Chad Painter, University of MIssouri School of Journalism • This historical study of Civil War media dependency examines soldiers' letter references to newspapers and magazines. Through a textual analysis, we sought repeated patterns of media dependency. While we found evidence of DeFleur and Rokeach's three major dependency themes of understanding, orientation and entertainment, we also found new media dependencies: validation of experiences, proxy correspondence, personal journalistic acknowledgements, checking mechanisms for accuracy, newspapers as exchange barters, and emotional longings for home. These findings should be useful for future media dependency studies, especially during war when there is a need to reduce ambiguity and have some semblance of normalcy. When the Computer Became Personal: Print Ads for Early Home Computers • Bartosz Wojdynski, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Contemporary research in the psychology of communication technology suggests that many users form parasocial relationships with computers and other devices. Might this phenomenon be rooted in how computers were marketed to a mass audience? This study analyzes magazine advertisements for IBM and Apple home computers from 1981-1984 and analyzes techniques used to make computers seem similar to humans, similar to existing technologies, and necessary for success in modern life. The Failed Attempts to Merge the Scripps and Hearst Wire Services During World War I • Dale Zacher, University of Arkansas at Little Rock • This historical study uses original manuscript materials to trace discussions the Scripps-owned United Press had with William Randolph Hearst's International News Service about a possible merger during World War I. This study breaks new ground in showing that the two for-profit wire services, had trouble competing during the war period. The study argues the merger ultimately did not take place, primarily because of Hearst's concerns he was surrendering too much control to the United Press. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1458 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/international-communication-division-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 17:26:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1462 Bob Stevenson Open Paper Competition Presidential Candidate Preference Based on Issue Salience and Homophily: A Cross-Cultural Analysis • Iti Agnihotri, University of Louisiana at Lafayette; William Davie, University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Lucian Dinu, University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Philip Auter, University of Louisiana at Lafayette • The 2008 U.S. presidential election was significant to the extent in which international issues came to the fore and two major candidates contrasted culturally with each other. An international survey of 249 students from the Middle East and the United States compared the effects of issue competency and homophily toward the two candidates. Findings showed Middle Eastern students preferred Sen. Barack Obama on both dimensions, while American students favored Sen. John McCain for different reasons. From the Periphery to the Center: a Historical Account of ideas Crossing Structural Distance. • Marco Briziarelli, University of Colorado at Boulder • This paper intends to re-assert the value of history in approaching international communication matters. This historical approach will serve here two main objectives: -to give more visibility to a very meaningful historical case, exemplary of what I consider a more ideal model of communication in development compared to the existing one; -as a hermeneutic tool, to make a meta critique of development and communication theory and, at the same time, recuperate the original value of two great thinkers: Gramsci and Freire. From Heritage to Horror: Five newspapers' crisis coverage of the 26/11 Mumbai terrorist attacks • BRIDGETTE COLACO, TROY UNIVERSITY • This study examines media coverage of the November 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks that left 188 civilians killed and 308 fatally wounded. It analyzes 2,119 stories published in 10 daily editions of five English newspapers, examining variables of media frames, content orientation, and 3,794 reporters' sources. India has a booming print media and this study of newspapers in the world's largest democracy makes significant contribution to literature on framing theory and media functions during a crisis. Transnational News Media Role in Building Consensus about Muslim Communities in the EU • Vanessa de Macedo Higgins Joyce, Southern Methodist University • This study explores the influences of transnational media's reporting about 9-11 on European population's feelings about the Muslim population, with a second level agenda-setting analysis. It focuses on how transnational media reduced differences on how demographic subgroups perceived this community. It found support for increased consensus for those using transnational television, weaker support for those using transnational press. Differences arise within the comparison of the 15 EU countries and the specific demographic analyzed. Framing the Sichuan Earthquake on U.S. Television • Daniela Dimitrova, Iowa State University; kejun chu, Iowa State University • This study content analyzed coverage of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake on the top three nightly television news programs, ABC World News, CBS Evening News and NBC Nightly News. Specifically, we looked at how the U.S. media portrayed this international disaster by examining the tone, frames and sources used. The findings indicate that the human interest frame dominated the coverage, which was mostly neutral and often relied on eyewitness accounts. The Art of Criticism: How African Cartoons Discursively Constructed African Media Realities in the Post-Cold War Era. • Lyombe Eko, University of Iowa • African newspaper cartoons are critical journalistic texts that have spearheaded the struggle for democracy and freedom of expression on the continent. Actually, the African satirical press in general, and cartoons in particular, are the most visible manifestations of the post-Cold War political liberalization of the African continent. This article is concerned with African editorial cartoon narratives of the realities of the African media in the post-Cold War era. It was found that African cartoons are irreverent counter discourses that use African mythic idioms to portray a somber picture of media realities on the African continent, deterritorialize authoritarian leaders for purposes of criticism, and boldly resist abuses of power. It was also found that the Mohammad cartoons affair had an impact on African cartoons. One Profession—Multiple Identities: Russian Regional Reporters' Perceptions of the Professional Community • Wilson Lowrey, University of Alabama; Elina Erzikova, Central Michigan university • This study examines perceptions of the journalism professional community by reporters, who work for state and private newspapers in a Russian province. The study found that newspapers with powerful government and oligarchical owners had clear missions, while the paper that struggles to survive as independent lacked clearly articulated goals. Regardless of the type of paper ownership, reporters believed that the journalistic community is disjointed because of the different journalistic values deriving from the professional competition. Analyzing the Spell of War: A War/Peace Framing Analysis of the 2009 visual coverage of the Sri Lankan Civil Conflict in Newswires • Rico Neumann, University of Arizona; Shahira Fahmy, University of Arizona • The goal of this study was to analyze the extent to which the visual coverage of the final stages of the long-lasting Sri Lankan Civil War relied on war and peace frames. Based on the conceptual work of Norwegian scholar Johan Galtung, who viewed war and peace journalism as two competing frames in covering conflicts and wars, we tested his concept empirically by content analyzing news photographs of the conflict in the three leading newswires. Dimming Lights and Deepening Shadows over Press Rights in Kyrgyzstan • Eric Freedman, Michigan State University • In March 2005, a relatively nonviolent uprising ousted an authoritarian president in the former Soviet republic of Kyrgyzstan. In the aftermath of that Tulip Revolution, press rights advocates and journalists welcomed the promise of greatly enhanced freedoms. However, the new regime proved to be as authoritarian and corrupt as its predecessor, and little liberalisation of the press system is evident five years later. The record shows continued physical assaults including murders, of journalists, harassment and libel suits, impediments to access to information, license denials, self-censorship, and only slow movement toward privatising state-owned media. Independent and oppositional media area also remains at financial risk due to the country's weak economy and high poverty level. Thus twenty years after independence and a half-decade after the Tulip Revolution, Soviet propaganda model for a press system is dead in name but many of its major attributes survive, with significant implications for the continuum of authoritarianism in other post-communist nations. Adapting Business Communication to A Culturally Diverse Online Marketplace: Exploring the Effectiveness of Cultural Appeals in Internet Advertising • Gennadi Gevorgyan, Xavier University • With communication accommodation theory and Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions as its main conceptual framework, this study experimentally investigates the role of culture in online marketing communications. By exploring the attitudinal effects of culturally congruent online advertisements, we aim to develop and test a model for bridging the cultural gap in today's online marketplace. Our study builds on previous cross-cultural business research by going beyond traditional channels of communication and by focusing on the effects of culturally congruent marketing messages in online environments. To have a particularly rigorous test of the cultural congruence effect, we manipulated cultural appeals in two distinct samples: American and Chinese. A randomized block experiment with 240 American and 235 Chinese participants revealed significant attitudinal patterns underlying individual reactions toward culturally oriented marketing messages. Our results showed that culturally congruent advertising, while producing favorable ad and brand attitudes, enhances Web-based communication. Cultural appeals are particularly persuasive when targeting consumers with strong ethnic identities. Transborder Journalism: Bypassing the Nation to Engage Europe • Kevin Grieves, Ohio University • Previous research indicates the absence of European journalism, hampering the development of a European public sphere. This empirical study examines regional journalism, largely neglected by earlier research, for signs of European journalism that engages directly with neighbors across the border. Qualitative analysis of transborder broadcast content from the Saar-Lor-Lux region reveals that journalists bypass national centers to cover Europe regionally. This paper addresses what has been described as a blind spot in European journalism research. The Structural Embeddedness of Global News Flow: A Social Network Analysis Approach to International News • Seung Joon Jun, Korea University; Ju-Yong Ha, Inha Univ., Incheon, Korea • This study examined the network of international news flow based on World-Systems theory. Using social network methods, this study attempted to identify the structure of international news and its embeddedness in socio-economic environments of the world-system. It confirmed that the structure pattern of international news flow is similar to what World-Systems theorists have argued. As many communication scholars have argued, the pattern of international news flow is still strongly centered on a few Western countries. Using QAP multiple regression technique this study also found that the structure of the world news is strongly embedded in international economic, political, and cultural contexts. Especially, the economic, diplomatic and interpersonal connections among countries are significant predictor of international news flow. Journalism in a Complicated Place: The Role of Community Journalism in South Africa • john hatcher, University of Minnesota Duluth • One of the great challenges in a world that is becoming more culturally complex is how media can build community between groups with strong cultural cleavages. In no country are these challenges more pronounced than in South Africa, where a new democracy is making concerted efforts to foster media that will help to overcome a history of oppression based on difference. A qualitative analysis that includes interviews with more than 60 journalists and experts in community media found that journalists in South Africa see themselves as community educators whose role transcends simply reporting the news. The results suggest the greatest obstacle in this country is to find a way to encourage media that serve historically marginalized communities. Predicting international news coverage: How much influence do gatekeepers have? • Beverly Horvit, University of Missouri; Peter Gade, University of Oklahoma; Elizabeth A. Lance, University of Missouri • Regression models using a content analysis of 2,500 news stories produced by The New York Times, Associated Press and four other newspapers, paired with a dataset for 191 countries, show U.S. coverage of other countries is highly predictable. Logistics factors (e.g., U.S. economic and military relations) predict coverage much more than gatekeeping variables. Together, the variables explain more than 90 percent of the wires' coverage and 96 percent of the variance in the newspapers' coverage. Rural Use of Internet Technology and Economic Development in Nigeria • Primus Igboaka, Bowling Green State University; Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State University • This study identifies the characteristics of Internet users in a rural population of southeastern Nigeria. Results revealed that among the three innovation attributes (relative advantage, compatibility and complexity), compatibility scored the highest, indicating these users' acceptance of the technology for individual and community use. An analysis of the activities and the users' impetus shows that Internet is used primarily for activities related to economic development, although many began with just communicating by e-mails with friends and family. Agenda Building and the Politics of Regime Legitimacy in East Africa • Yusuf Kalyango, Ohio University • This study examined how the governments of Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania influence public attitudes to legitimize their regimes through the media. It is based on a survey of 1,395 citizens in 15 provinces of East Africa who were selected using a stratified multistage cluster sampling. We examined whether public attitudes towards regime legitimacy vary between users of the state-owned and the privately-owned media, accounting for education levels. Government influence on public attitudes towards regime legitimacy had a negative influence within provinces and had no significant positive influence across provinces when education levels were high. We find that the EAC governments build their political influence by taking advantage of citizens who are less educated, and who lack the basic understanding of their political rights. The utility of this research and its implications are detailed. The Korean Netizens' Online & Offline Collective Activism • HyunMee Kang, Louisiana State Universtiy; Daekyung Kim Kim, Idaho State University • The main concern of the study is the role of internet's mobilization in collective activism and factors to motivate the internet users to partake in collective activities through the candlelight movement in South Korea. As predictors of the Korean netizens' participation in collective activities, the study examined social identity and collectivist orientation as well as reliance on news media, use of the internet, political attitude, and issue involvement. A total of 241 Internet users participated in online survey and the linear regression was employed. The results showed that social identity, collectivist orientation, and reliance on news media are significant predictors of the participation in collective activism. Competition and the Decline of Foreign Television Program Popularity in Indonesia during the 1990s • Tuenyu Lau, self; David Atkin, University of Connecticut • This paper seeks to examine the impact of competition on the popularity of foreign programs in Indonesia during the mid-1990s. Analyzing 1995-1997 ratings data from a television ratings service, the paper suggests that competition has given rise to the popularity of local programs, while foreign program popularity has declined during the same time period. The findings also suggest that cultural proximity is a factor of the popularity of programs. Between 1995 and 1997, Asian programs outnumbered Western programs on the top 100 highest rated program list in Indonesia. Despite the country's population base of 240 million, Indonesian television broadcasting has not been explored in academic and professional venues. The paper explores implications of study findings for filling this void in the literature. Reinforcing Functions of Attention to Affective Coverage and Partisans for Attitudes toward the U.S. Policy of Iraq • Jeongsub Lim, Sogang University • Attention to affective coverage and partisans could reinforce the public's attitudes toward international issues. The present study examines this question by combining a public opinion poll and major media's affective coverage of Iraq. Results show that people who pay attention to affective coverage hold more positive attitudes or more negative attitudes toward the U.S. policy of Iraq, compared to those who do not pay attention to the coverage. Partisans in combination with attention to the Iraq coverage reinforce these nonneutral attitudes toward the policy. Theoretical implications are discussed. Sustainability of Organizational Change in the Newsroom: A Case Study from Australia • Brian Massey, East Carolina University; Jacqui Ewart, Griffith University • Organizational-change concepts were applied in a three-year survey study of the sustainability of an ambitious, ongoing newsroom-change program at a group of corporate-owned regional newspapers in Australia. The results suggest a sustained level of change-based momentum for the program in terms of journalists' openness to change, and their judgments of the goals of change and its effect on their newsrooms. The implication of attitudinal ambivalence toward change as a contributor to momentum for change is discussed. Culture and Metaphors in Advertisements: France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United States • Pamela Morris, Loyola University Chicago • Culture and language are intertwined. Metaphors, based on culture, are ubiquitous in thinking and language. As social artifacts reflecting culture, advertising messages provide the opportunity to compare metaphors in different nations. The goal of this paper is to understand how and why metaphors are used and how they differ across countries, as well as how cultural characteristics are used to create compelling ad messages. Using a content analysis of 87 French, German, Italian, Dutch, and American magazine advertisements, variations in metaphor usage and cultural attributes were examined from four culture-bound product groups: food and beverages, automobiles, insurance and finance, and personal care. Findings provide examples for how culture is reflected in language and symbols. The study shows metaphors are exploited in headlines to capture attention throughout all five countries. However, metaphors and cultural attributes are used differently within nations and employed strategically to capture attention, gain interest, and deliver a persuasive message. The study is important in the context of globalization and the debate for whether or not culture is important in advertising. The exploratory project provides theory in culture, language, metaphor, and advertising, and offers a guide for further research about culture. From Heavy-Handed to a Light-Touch: Protecting Children through Media Regulation in Singapore • Temple Northup, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill • Singapore, the small city-state in the hub of Southeast Asia, is one of the most diverse and connected countries in the world. It also has a reputation, in Western media, as having strict laws coming from a government that rules with an iron fist. In light of this, it would seem likely that the Singapore government would try to heavily regulate all media in order to control what messages are seen and heard by its people. However, this is not actually the case. Through an analysis of government codes and reports about television and the Internet, two very contrasting styles of regulation are used by the Singapore government. With television, strict legislative restraints exist that control exactly what can and cannot be broadcast. In contrast, for the Internet, very few guidelines exist and the government relies more on self-regulation through indirect measures like educational programs. These findings are discussed in light of the government's continued use of children as a justification for any regulations and programs that exist. Through the analysis of the regulations, it becomes clear that the government is interested in passing along the values of social order and social decorum to children. Effect of a Public Service Announcement for Couple Testing for HIV on Beliefs, Understanding, and Intent to Act • Jyotika Ramaprasad, University of Miami • This paper presents results of an effectiveness test for a PSA to encourage HIV couple testing. Participatory formative research in Uganda identified disclosure of HIV positive status between partners as the major issue and couple testing as the solution. A largely text-based with voiceover PSA was created and tested in Uganda, using a pre-post design. Results indicate effectiveness of the PSA, which will be distributed for use in Uganda. International Attitudes Toward America: Relationship Status - It's Complicated • Olga Randolph, Oklahoma State University; Jami Fullerton, Oklahoma State University; alice kendrick, Southern Methodist University • A survey of 67 international students regarding their attitudes toward America, U.S. brands and consumption of U.S. media suggests that their relationship with matters U.S. is, in the words of Facebook syntax, complicated. Respondents felt slightly more favorably toward the U.S. people than the U.S. government, and their region of origin was related to their attitudes. On average, respondents reported that more than one-third of their time with media is spent with U.S. media. Respondents spent the greatest amount of media time with Internet, music, television, books and video. Consumption of U.S. media, and specifically U.S. music and books, was related to attitudes toward Americans. U.S. brands most liked were Apple and Coca Cola; McDonald's was the most disliked brand; and Nike was named as both a most liked and a least liked brand. Four out of five respondents said, however, that they buy branded products and services that they like, irrespective of country of origin. Do journalists have information access? Exploring news media freedom and colonial heritage in 42 nations • Jeannine Relly, University of Arizona, School of Journalism • This cross-national exploratory study examined the environment for journalists in a census of developing nations with access-to-information laws (N = 42). At the end of the 12 years studied, less than one-third of all of the countries (29%) had a news media that was free and independent. The greatest proportion of nations with freedom of the news media were common law heritage countries and these nations had the greatest proportion of positive change in the enabling environment for journalists to work and access information under the access-to-information law. By the end of the study, one in five developing nations with access laws had a context that was not free for the news media to practice journalism; and nearly a third of the nations had negative change in this environment, making it clear that adopting an access-to-information law did not necessarily parallel the diffusion of other democratic norms. A Cross-National Study of Social-Networking Services between the U.S. and Korea • Dong-Hee Shin, Sungkyunkwan University • This study investigated users' underlying motivations for engaging in social networking through social-networking sites and their relationships with behavior. It examined cross-national differences in motivations for participating in social networking between American and Korean users. The design methods were based on the modified Technology Acceptance Model and structural equation modeling was applied to the data gathered. The TAM factors of social-networking services were analyzed cross-nationally, in a comparative fashion, focusing on the differences in the composition of motives in the two countries. While the results illustrate the importance of both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, the two countries show different sets of motivations. Based on the results of this study, practical applications for marketing strategies in social-networking service markets and theoretical applications for cross-country studies are recommended accordingly. A comparative analysis of earthquake-relief public service announcements in China and the United States • Xiaopeng Wang, University of South Florida St. Petersburg • This content analysis examined Chinese PSAs for Wenchuan, China, earthquake relief in 2008 and U.S. PSAs for Haiti earthquake relief in 2010. China is a high-context culture and the United States is a low-context culture. The U.S. PSAs contained more information than the Chinese PSAs. U.S. PSAs were more likely to feature celebrities and explicitly command the viewers to perform an action, while Chinese PSAs used more symbolic associations and emotional appeals. Market-Driven Sensationalism in Global TV News: A Comparative Study of 14 Countries • Tai-Li Wang, National Taiwan University • A recent theme in discussions about the quality of television news is its pursuit of commercial interests, which cause broadcasters to attract viewer attention by sensationalizing news. Previous sensationalism studies have focused on the formal presentation of TV news in a single country. The impact of packing TV news in sensational ways was also investigated. However, in terms of a more global picture, how prevalent are sensational topics and presentation formats? Can the relationship between news competition and news professionalism be established? Currently, very limited empirical research exists, in terms of global perspectives, to study how and why TV news has grown to be so sensationalized in recent years. This study conducted a global TV news content analysis of 14 countries. Additionally, a survey was conducted of TV news researchers for those countries, which gauged the news competition levels and professionalism. The results of this study intend to portray a more global picture of sensationalism in TV news, and to disentangle the long-time speculated relationship between news competition and professionalism. A Comparison of Consumers' Reactions to Cause-Related Marketing in the US and China • Ye Wang, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Weiping Hu, University of Shanghai • A survey was conducted to investigate the influence of cultural orientations, perception of charitable giving as a social norm, and local culture on CRM-related attitudes and behaviors, under the theory of individualism and collectivism by Triandis and Gelfand (1998). The results indicated that the collectivism orientation and local culture were significant predictors, while the influence of charitable giving as a social norm was often through the influence of cultural orientations. Procedural Justice Matters More than Distributive Justice: How the Saddam Hussein Trial Became a Show Trial • Jin Yang, University of Memphis • This study analyzed the New York Times and the Washington Post's coverage of the Saddam Hussein Trial from the justice frame perspective. It found that procedural justice frame was the dominant frame in the trial stories over distributive, interpersonal and informational frames. The identified two negative relationships (between defense sources and procedural justice, between human interest and procedural justice) demonstrated how the procedural justice frame was developed and constructed and pointed to the future research potential. Al Jazeera: Walking a Fine Line Between a Pro-Western Government and Terrorists • khalaf tahat, Arkansas State University; Lily Zeng, Arkansas State University • Al Jazeera, the pan-regional Arab-based network, has been mired in controversy since it was launched by the government of Qatar in 1996. It gains its reputation in the West mostly because of its airing of videos from the militant terrorist group Al Qaeda. Although Al Jazeera attempted to become self-sufficient through advertising during the first few years, the advertising revenue it generated proved insufficient for its operation. The addition of Al Jazeera English (AJE) in 2006 only worsens the financial situation of the network, since Western cable carriers refuse to include it and it thus remains a marginal voice in the Western media market. Till today, Al Jazeera relies heavily on the financial support of the Qatari government, which maintains an excellent relationship with the U.S. This study asks the question: Why does the pro-Western Qatari government support a network that provide coverage that the Western audience sees negative about or even threatens the West? Through an analysis of the relationships involving Al Jazeera, terrorist groups, the Qatari government, and the West, this study seeks to provide an understanding of how Al Jazeera operates amongst a complicated series of relationship. Markham Student Paper Competition Proud, sexy, and highly intoxicated - An expatriate blogger's conceptions about Finns and Americans • Sanna Ala-Kortesmaa, University of Oregon • The primary purpose of this study was to examine how Finns and Americans were represented in a blog written by an expatriate blogger, what kind of discursive practices were used to create these representations, and if the representations differed based on which nationality he was describing. The results of critical discourse analysis suggest that the representations were mostly negative and focused on Finns. Stereotyping, generalization, and over-lexicalization were used in representations, but the use of interdiscursive superstructures steered the interpretation of them from a negative to a humorous level. Making the Case for War: CNN and BBC coverage of Colin Powell's 2003 presentation to the United Nations • Seth Ashley, University of Missouri-Columbia • This paper offers a comparative analysis of news coverage by CNN.com and BBC.com of Colin Powell's speech to the United Nations on Feb. 5, 2003. Ethnographic content analysis examines the coverage, and an institutional analysis examines the news outlets in broader cultural and economic contexts. The paper concludes that the BBC is better situated to enhance rational-critical dialogue and democratic self-governance through inclusion of a greater diversity of sources and a wider array of opinion. Understanding Orientalism: The construction of the 'other' • Adrienne Atterberry, Syracuse University • Because of the changing relations between the East and West, and the fact that formerly unrepresented people now have to ability to represent themselves, this necessitates revisiting the concept of Orientalism. This paper examines the term Orientalism as it has been used since Edward Said's initial definition. This paper includes discussion of the subaltern, globalization, and new media as it concerns the importance of continuing to examine instances of Orientalism and the concept of representation of the Other in general. This paper specifically engages with concepts of self, internalized, Aesthetic, commodified, and techno Orientalism as a way to understand the different instances of Orientalism. A Content Analysis of the New York Times and CNN Coverage of the 2009 Iranian Presidential Election • Kanghui Baek, University of Texas at Austin • This study examines how the New York Times and CNN covered the 2009 Iranian presidential election.This study, in particular, content analyzes the type of events reported and the sources used by the two news entities during the event's time span. This study contributes to an understanding of how the negative and deviant nature of the international event that was covered by the U.S. media that played a leading role in setting agenda in the international context. Festival de Viña del Mar: Articulating Chilean Identity Through a National Media Event • Claudia Bucciferro, University of Colorado at Boulder • This study is an analysis of the Festival Internacional de la Canción de Viña del Mar (Viña del Mar's International Song Festival), which recently celebrated its 50th anniversary in Chile. Within a Cultural Studies framework, it argues that the Festival can be understood as a secular tradition, a media event, and a media ritual conveying meanings that are legitimized by its social and media significance. Using a qualitative approach to review the last three editions of the Festival, this paper explores how issues such as national identity, gender, class, and commodification are presented onstage. It also considers how the Festival constitutes a place for the articulation of a meta-narrative that is relevant for understanding Chilean identity today. Media freedom and corruption: Media effects on governmental accountability in 133 countries • Lindita Camaj, Indiana University • Relying on Transparency International surveys on corruption perceptions and Freedom House surveys of media freedom, this study measures the relationship between media freedom and corruption, accounting for elements of vertical accountability [electoral competitiveness, civil society and voter turnout] and horizontal accountability [judicial independence and political system]. Hierarchical multiple regression results suggests a strong association between media freedom and corruption that runs from more media freedom to less corruption. The significance of the media freedom coefficient is robust even after controlling for vertical and horizontal accountability, confirming previous studies that regard mass media among the most important determinants of political accountability. Further, this study implies that media freedom might have a greater indirect effect on corruption when coupled with strong institutions of horizontal accountability. The data suggest that media freedom have a greater impact on corruption in countries with a parliamentary political system than in those with a presidential system, and that this impact increases as the judiciary independence increases. Understanding media frames that cover an ethnic minority group in a homogeneous country: Expanding a generic frame in minority studies • Moonhee Cho, University of Florida; Jaejin Lee, University of Florida; JIN SOOK IM, University of Florida • The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to examine how the media portray the minority group of international married migrant women in Korea, an ethnically homogeneous country, and 2) to reveal whether the proximity characteristic in news value criteria influences the media coverage in terms of volume, frame selection, and tones. By employing both qualitative and quantitative analysis, the study expanded Semetko and Valkenbug's (2000) generic frames by adding new frames such as the integration and victim frames. Among seven media frames, the integration frame was the most frequently used in news articles covering an ethnic minority group in a homogeneous country. How Two Irish Newspapers Framed the 2007 British Military Withdrawal From Northern Ireland • Dave Ferman, University of Oklahoma • Frame analysis has often been used to study how the media has described and interpreted conflicts, displays of cultural affinity with audiences, and uses elite sources, as well as the relationship between news coverage and editorial stance on an issue. This paper examines these aspects of framing by studying how two Irish newspapers, the Belfast Telegraph and the Dublin-based Irish Independent, covered the withdrawal of British military forces from Northern Ireland in the summer of 2007 The end of the 38-year Operation Banner was a watershed moment in the Troubles and provides an excellent opportunity for framing analysis, given the two newspapers' divergent histories, audiences, and long-standing editorial stances on the conflict and the relationship between Ireland and England. Content analysis of both news and opinion stories printed in a four-month period before and after the withdrawal reveal significant differences in coverage. Pandemic as a Global and Local Health Emergency?: H1N1 News Frames and Its Determinants • Hyejoon Rim, University of Florida; Jinhong Ha, University of Florida • This study examined the message frames and information sources used in H1N1 news coverage between April 1, 2009 and February 28, 2010. Quantitative content analysis of 940 newspaper articles was conducted to examine how message frames and information sources appear differently in H1N1 news media coverage in cross-cultural (i.e., United States and South Korea) and cross-medium contexts (i.e. liberal, conservative and business newspaper). The results show that severity and human interest were the two most prominent frames, and government and health authority sources were most frequently used in the pandemic coverage. We found a positive relationship between frames and sources, which suggests journalists routinely approach certain sources depending on the story frame. U.S. newspapers were more likely to present an attribution of responsibility frame than Korea newspapers, whereas Korea newspapers were more likely to present an action frame. The prominence of frames varied with news institutions. Liberal newspapers were more likely to present the attribution of responsibility frame than conservative newspapers and economic newspapers, while economic newspapers presented the economic consequences frame more frequently than others. Implications of the study are discussed in terms of determinants of news values and their influences on news frames. Social Media and Social Movements: Facebook and an Online Guatemalan Justice Movement that Moved Offline • Summer Harlow, University of Texas-Austin • In 2009, the Guatemalan president was accused of murder, prompting the creation of Facebook pages calling for his resignation. Using interviews and a content analysis of Facebook comments, this study found that the social network site was used to mobilize an online movement that moved offline. Users' protest-related and motivational comments, in addition to their use of links and other interactive elements of Facebook, helped organize massive protests demanding justice and an end to violence. A Political Boss and the Press: The Impact on Democracy of Two Brazilian Newspapers • Summer Harlow, University of Texas-Austin • When Brazil's president was implicated in a bribery scandal in 2005, Antônio Carlos Magalhães, a long-time senator in Brazil's Northeast state of Bahia, emerged as one of the president's most vocal critics. A content analysis of scandal coverage in two Bahia newspapers - one of which Magalhães owned - showed that Magalhães' newspaper succumbed to owner influence, excluding citizens' voices as it covered the senator more extensively and favorably than did the competing newspaper. Thailand's Internet Policies: The Search for a Balance between National Security and Rights to Information • Chalisa Magpanthong, Ohio University • This research reviews communication policy and its application to Thailand's management of Internet resources—a contentious battle between national security ideology and a rationale for communication freedoms in the public interest. It investigates the movement of government policy toward increasing control over the public's use of Internet resources by means of the Computer Crime Act and lese majeste laws, and this research examines public reaction to the government's unbalanced policies. Intellectual Games: International Intellectual Property Rights and the Middle Eastern Video Game Industry • Adrienne Shaw, University of Pennsylvania • This paper analyzes the rhetoric rather than the policy of international Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) as they relate to the Middle Eastern video game industry. It draws on textual analysis, economics literature, and a small number of interviews with gamers and game designers from the region. Monroe Price's Market for Loyalties framework is used to analyze how a dominant discourse in which IPR protections are viewed as a universal good has limited discussions of this nascent industry. Framing Barack Obama's first visit to Africa as president: A comparative analysis of African and non-African news coverage • Etse Sikanku, University of Iowa • This study examined how African (The Daily Graphic, The Daily Nation, AllAfrica.com) and non-African news media (The Times, The New York Times, Associated Press) covered Barack Obama's first visit to sub-Saharan Africa (Ghana). A content analysis of 163 stories found five major themes embedded in media reportage of America's first black president's visit to the continent of his father. This includes: globalization, democracy, responsibility, historical and soft news narratives. Even though coverage was neutral across board, the African newspapers concentrated more on the historical and soft news frames while non-African newspapers reported heavily on the democracy and responsibility frame. The Daily Dance: Agenda-setting, framing, and communication for development at daily State Department briefings • Ed Simpson, Ohio University • In February 2009, the Pew Center's Project on Journalism Excellence released a special report on U.S. foreign press coverage, noting that while the foreign press corps increased dramatically in the last forty years (from 160 to more than 1,490), the coverage merely has been broadened rather than offering increased diversity or depth. In other words, more outlets are carrying essentially the same stories. This study, guided by framing and agenda-setting theory within a context of communication for development, sought to help explain this phenomenon by examining 242 exchanges during a constructed week sampling of daily U.S. State Department briefings. As suggested by framing and agenda-setting theory, this study found that the State Department tended to reinforce U.S. policies regardless of questions asked; that questions tended to come from a U.S. perspective, and that the U.S. development agenda was a minor part of the discourse. The results of this study suggest that the agendas of neither the State Department nor the mainstream press corps have changed significantly from previous research, despite a shift in stated policy and rhetoric. In addition, the results suggest a need for a deeper examination of how the foreign press is incorporated into the flow of information from the State Department. More Troops, More War: A Framing Analysis of International News Coverage of the Troop Surge in Afghanistan • James Ian Tennant, University of Texas at Austin • This content analysis examines coverage of the process leading up to President Barack Obama's decision to send 30,000 U.S. troops to Afghanistan. The focus is on sources used by The New York Times, The Globe and Mail, The Guardian and the Al-Jazeera English website, and the presence of two kinds of frames. The analysis showed that the four media outlets relied heavily on official sources while coverage reflected a similar use of frames. Beyond soap opera for social change: An analysis of Kenya's The Team Melissa Tully, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Brian Ekdale, University of Wisconsin-Madison • We explore how the TV series The Team, Kenya, adapts the entertainment-education model to include morally ambiguous characters and more participation through social networking and mobile screenings. We analyze how The Team uses the metaphor of sport, while online discussions take the metaphor to its more literal meaning about national unity. This research is based on qualitative methods including interviews, textual analysis of the series, and review of internal documents and the show's Facebook accounts. Modernity and Tradition:Technology in Chinese Television Commercials • Ying Xi, School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, China • This article explored China's mediation between tradition and modernity in the television commercials about technology. A double-level framework was developed on the basis of literature review and was empirically tested by analyzing Chinese television commercials about technology-intensity products on two levels: cultural value themes and the way in which cultural themes are presented. The results indicated coexistence of two levels in a single commercial, and found that general cultural patterns (i.e., cultural value themes expressed in commercials) can be changed and adapted into modernization process while specific cultural patterns (i.e., the way of themes presentation) can remain constant. The study also explained the relations between two levels that specific cultural patterns serve as an ideological goal or as a legitimating principle for people's present actions while general cultural patterns serve as criteria or as guidance to direct people's specific actions in their daily life. In addition, the level of modernity was identified as an important factor to influence cultural expression across different product origins. Sensationalism in News: NBC's Coverage of The U.S. Presidents' Visits to China, 1989-2009 • Boya Xu, West Virginia University • This study analyzes NBC's coverage of the U.S. President's visits to China from 1989 through 2009, and investigates the evolving characteristics of media framing over time while exploring the impact of sensationalism on the actual content of media reporting. By examining the reporting techniques, types of layperson speaking, and tone in news reporting in different time periods, using quantitative content analysis, it is concluded that the amount of sensationalist features applied in news making continues to rise over the years, while the media interpretation of international communication is applied within the context of foreign policies and bilateral relations. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1462 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/law-policy-division/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 17:35:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1466 The Associated Press as Common Carrier? • Stephen Bates, University of Nevada, Las Vegas • From the late 1860s until Associated Press v. United States (1945), critics contended that the AP ought to be regulated as a common carrier or public utility. This paper analyzes the common-carrier concept as advocates (and sometimes legislators and judges) have applied it to the AP and other media, including Jerome Barron's arguments for a right of access. It also discusses the doctrine that the government can sometimes regulate the press in order to advance First Amendment interests. Disciplining the British Tabloids: Mosley v. News Group Newspapers • Stephen Bates, University of Nevada, Las Vegas • In 2008, Max Mosley, the head of Formula One racing, won an invasion-of-privacy suit against News of the World. The tabloid had published articles, including hidden-camera photos, charging that Mosley had participated in a Nazi-themed S&M orgy with five prostitutes. This paper criticizes the Mosley ruling. Among other flaws, the ruling reflects a crabbed and elitist view of the press, and it diminishes the role of the media in articulating and enforcing public morality. Conceptualizing the Right to Environmental Information in Human Rights Law • Cheryl Ann Bishop, Quinnipiac University • During the last two decades, there has been increasing understanding that access to environmental information is a key to sustainable development and effective public participation in environmental governance.  This research identifies and explicates the human right to environmental information by analyzing documents and legal rulings from the Inter-American, European, African and UN human rights regimes. It finds that the right to environmental information has broad support; nonetheless, the articulations of this right are not always consistent. The Constitutional Right-to-information on the Individual Level • Kathryn Blevins, The Pennsylvania State University • The constitutional right to government-held information is a muddled legal right, especially in light of government abuses of the Freedom of Information Act in the past decade. This paper provides an overview of the First Amendment jurisprudence regarding an individual's right to government-held information before ultimately arguing that perhaps the right to information should be conceptualized as a constitutional rather than statutory right in light of strong Supreme Court support. Every Picture Tells A Story, Don't It? Wrestling With The Complex Relationship Among Photographs, Words & Newsworthiness In Journalistic Storytelling • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • Using the 2009 opinion by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in Toffoloni v. LFP Publishing Group (and the Supreme Court's March 2010 denial of a petition for a writ of certiorari) as an analytical springboard, this paper focuses on the complex relationship in journalistic storytelling among images, text and newsworthiness and the implications of it for press freedom.  The paper pivots on a key research question: If pictures are crucial to journalistic storytelling, from news to entertainment, then why should judges be able to usurp from the press the First Amendment-protected role of editor and place themselves in the position of arbiter of what counts more in storytelling - words or images - when ruling on a story's newsworthiness? Free Speech, Fleeting Expletives & the Causation Quagmire:  Was Justice Scalia Wrong In Fox Television Stations? • Clay Calvert, University of Florida; Matthew Bunker, University of Alabama • This paper analyzes the U.S. Supreme Court's approach in 2009 in FCC v. Fox Television Stations to the issue of harm to minors allegedly caused by fleeting expletives.  Dissecting Justice Antonin Scalia's language in the case on causation of harm, the paper examines the quantum of evidentiary proof needed by a federal agency to demonstrate causation sufficient to justify restricting the speech in question.  The paper suggests how Scalia's analysis begs the law for an infusion of research from social science fields, including communication.  It also contextualizes the causation issue within a broader framework, illustrating how Scalia's remarks demonstrate doctrinal inconsistency and judicial incoherence on speech-related questions of both causation and redress of harm in areas of law other than indecency, namely with laws targeting video games, commercial speech and trademark. One Click to Suicide: First Amendment Case Law and its Applicability to Cyberspace • Christina Cerutti, Boston College • Websites counseling dangerous activity such as suicide represent uncharted legal territory.  To date, most legal scholarship regarding these sites considers whether they incite imminent lawless action.  As an alternative to incitement, this paper argues that these websites are more productively characterized as instruction manuals that aid and abet unlawful activity.  In support of this approach, this paper proposes a three-tiered legal test for distinguishing between protected and unprotected instruction manuals under the First Amendment. Charting The Right to Publish and the Right to Privacy: Reconciling Conflicts Between Freedom of Expression and the Disclosure of Private Facts • Erin Coyle, Louisiana State University • Legal scholars have suggested the Supreme Court's narrow, fact-tied rulings have favored free expression and provided little clarity on privacy rights.  Little is known, however, about whether lower courts have discussed any free expression values or privacy values when ruling on disclosure of private facts claims since 1989. This paper examines if and how state high court and federal appellate court decisions filed after the U.S. Supreme Court's Florida Star v. B.J.F. ruling have analyzed clashes between free expression and privacy arising in disclosure of private facts cases. During the past twenty years, four states' high courts have clarified for the first time that the common law of their respective states does recognize invasion of privacy by the disclosure of private facts in the past twenty years.  On the other hand, during the 1990s, two states' high courts suggested their states' common law did not recognize the disclosure branch of invasion of privacy.  The courts in those six states reached different conclusions about the constitutionality of the tort.  Most state supreme and federal appellate courts that have considered disclosure cases since 1989, however, have not discussed the constitutionality of the tort.  Almost half the relevant rulings focused on the failure of disclosure of private facts plaintiffs to demonstrate that defendants gave widespread publicity to matters not of legitimate public concern. Few courts suggested that they attempted to reconcile conflicts between freedom of expression and privacy, or even acknowledged the tension between First Amendment interests and privacy interests that Justice Marshall mentioned in Florida Star. In one sense, courts followed the U.S. Supreme Court's practice of relying on principles that sweep no more broadly than the appropriate context of the case. Most state high courts and federal courts of appeals did not balance free expression and privacy interests. Several rulings referred to at least one individual value undergirding privacy law—most commonly the liberty value— and the marketplace of ideas, self-governance, and checking values for freedom of expression.  Some suggested the free expression interests outweighed the privacy interests at issue, but only gave lip service to the traditional concept of balancing competing interests. Most of those rulings engaged in definitional balancing, suggesting that publishing information on a matter of public interest automatically outweighed any privacy interests at stake. Avoiding the Prisoners' Dilemma: Economic Development and State Sunshine Laws • Aimee Edmondson, Ohio University; Charles Davis, University of Missouri • This paper looks at the nexus of freedom of information and local and state governments' economic development negotiations with private business, reviewing all 50 state codes to determine whether officials are free to negotiate and woo private business behind closed doors in the name of job growth for their communities. There has been a push to bring unprecedented secrecy to the process in a state-eat-state battle for jobs with private business insisting upon millions in tax breaks and other incentives. A tire factory or even a private prison could pop up next door and community members may not know about it until after the deal is signed. At least 15 states exempt such negotiations in their sunshine laws. Even more troubling, at least 11 states are hiding those exemptions outside the sunshine law, in the codes that govern economic development agencies themselves. Courts have responded to such secrecy in a mixed manner, ruling that quasi-governmental, nonprofit and private economic development agencies working on behalf of the government are often subject to state sunshine laws. However, in some states, courts have deferred to state statues mandating closure. This paper also offers recommendations for legislative and other types of public policy change to insure transparency in such negotiations. Motivations for Anonymous Speech: A Legal Realist Perspective • Victoria Ekstrand, Bowling Green State University • This paper is interested in the role courts are playing in assisting plaintiffs who want to sue anonymous online speakers. Specifically, it is interested in how courts are interpreting and defining the cultural value of anonymous speech, particularly in online environments. Using a legal realist approach and an interdisciplinary study of the literature in literature studies, communication, history and political science, this paper looks to address why we seek the mask of anonymity in our speech and identify the beneficial and/or harmful motivations for speaking anonymously. It then looks at two recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions on anonymous speech to address whether the law reflects those cultures and traditions of anonymous speech. It concludes that while some motivations for anonymity have been addressed by the U.S Supreme Court, some of the key motivations for anonymous speech online - such as fun and spontaneity - are not central to the Court's discussions. Assessing the Need for More Incentives to Stimulate Next Generation Network Investment • Rob Frieden, Penn State University • Incumbent carriers often vilify the regulatory process as a drain on efficiency and an unnecessary burden in light of robust marketplace competition.  Some claim that regulation creates disincentives for investing in expensive next generation networks (NGNs), and even accepting subsidies for broadband development if the carrier must provide access to competitors. In the worst case scenario, incumbent carriers secure unwarranted and premature deregulation, despite an ongoing need for governments to guard against anticompetitive practices and to promote sustainable competition.   Once a subsidy mechanism is in place, government may not easily wean carriers off such artificial compensation.  In rare instances government may find some key carriers unwilling to accept subsidies and in turn disinclined to pursue expedited NGN development, as is currently occurring in the U.S., because incumbent carriers do not want to provide interconnection and access to competitors.This paper will examine how incumbent carriers in the United States have gamed the incentive creation process for maximum market distortion and competitive advantage.  The paper suggests that the U.S. government has rewarded incumbents with artificially lower risk, insulation from competition, and partial underwriting of technology projects that these carriers would have to undertake unilaterally.   The paper also examines the FCC's recently released National Broadband Plan with an eye toward assessing whether the Commission has properly balanced incentive creation with competitive necessity.  The paper provides recommendations on how governments can calibrate the incentive creation process for maximum consumer benefit instead of individual carrier gain. Network Neutrality and Over the Top Content Providers • Rob Frieden, Penn State University This paper considers whether the Federal Communications Commission has legal authority to impose so-called network neutrality rules on producers of content, applications and software delivered to users via the Internet.  The paper asserts that the FCC lacks jurisdiction and cannot generate compelling policy justifications to expand its regulatory wingspan to include content providers whose products ride on top of a bitstream offered by Internet Service Providers.  The paper provides insights on the line between lawful and reasonable Internet nondiscrimination and transparency requirements and unlawful intrusion of content providers' First Amendment rights.  The paper also provides an assessment of whether governments must regulate or adjudicate network neutrality conflicts related to content as opposed to access via the Internet to content. Fairey v. AP: Is the Obama Hope Poster a Fair Use or a Copyright Infringement? • Laura Hlavach, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • About Jan. 30, 2009, The Associated Press learned that a 2006 Barack Obama photo taken by an AP photographer was the visual reference artist Shepard Fairey used to develop his iconic Obama Hope posters. Fairey found the photo on Google and did not seek any license to use the image. Fairey considered his use fair under U.S. copyright law; The AP did not. Their legal battle continues. What would U.S. Supreme Court precedent hold? When Does F*** Not Mean F***?:  FCC v. Fox Television Stations and Protecting Emotive Speech W. Wat Hopkins, Virginia Tech • The Supreme Court of the United States demonstrated in its current term that it doesn't always deal cogently with non-traditional language.  In FCC v. Fox Television Stations, the justices became sidetracked into attempting to define the f-word and then to determine whether, when used as a fleeting expletive rather than repeatedly, the word is indecent for broadcast purposes.  The Court would do well to avoid definitions and heed Justice John Marshall Harlan's advice in Cohen v. California to provide protection for the emotive, as well as the cognitive, element of speech. The Attack Memorandum and the First Amendment: Adjudicating an Activist Role for Business in the Marketplace of Ideas • Robert Kerr, University of Oklahoma • Decades after leaving the Supreme Court, Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr., remains as well known for a once secret memorandum as for many influential opinions. This analysis of his jurisprudence in relation to his memorandum on advancing business interests in the marketplace of ideas suggests that although he indisputably did so in First Amendment law, he also strove more than popularly believed to maintain limits on those protections in order to preserve other societal interests. The impact of competition on universal service in Korea: A case study • Sung Wook Kim, Seoul Women's University; Krishna Jayakar, Penn State University • A substantial body of theoretical and case study literature exists about the relationship between competition and universal service in developing countries. On the one hand, many scholars have argued that state-owned monopolies in developing countries are not able to mobilize the capital needed for network expansion: the resulting unmet demand for services becomes a motivator for liberalization. On the other hand, the introduction of competition jeopardizes the internal and external subsidies through which the state-owned monopoly kept subscription rates low: the heightened concern about loss of subscribership incentivizes the creation of explicit universal service statutes and funding mechanisms concurrently with or soon after competition is introduced. We show in this case study that universal service in Korea had a unique evolutionary path, which did not conform to either of these expectations. We argue that the outcomes predicted by theory and observed in the case study literature are not intrinsic to the monopoly condition per se, but derive from the strategic choices made by telecommunications managers, regulators and lawmakers in developing countries. Show Me the Money: The Economics of Copyright in Online News • Minjeong Kim, Colorado State University This paper examines copyright in online news through an economic perspective of copyright law. The paper asks: To what extent are news publishers entitled to reap any economic benefits from the online distribution of news? In its analysis, this paper distinguishes between different types of news uses and relies upon the following three branches of law: (1) the fair use doctrine, (2) the hot news doctrine, and (3) laws related to the retransmission of copyrighted programs by cable television. When Even the Truth Isn't Good Enough: Confusion by the Courts Over the Controversial False Light Tort Threatens Free Speech • Sandra Chance, University of Florida; Christina Locke, University of Florida • Journalists are taught that truthful reporting is the best defense to a lawsuit.  However, Florida journalists who reported the truth lost an $18-million false light lawsuit.  The verdict was ultimately overturned by the Florida Supreme Court, but within two months, a Missouri court specifically recognized the tort in a case involving the Internet.  Using recent appellate cases, this paper examines the potential for false light to stifle the media, especially when truthful news is targeted. Balancing Statutory Privacy and the Public interest: A Review of State Wiretap Laws as Applied to the Press • Jasmine McNealy, Louisiana State University • Press organizations have been accused of violating state wiretapping and eavesdropping laws most often in situations involving hidden cameras or microphones.  In these investigations, the news media have turned up truthful information regarding illegal or unethical activities that the press finds newsworthy and the public finds interesting.  Ethics aside, the courts have not always granted First Amendment protection to hidden camera and other surreptitious surveillance investigations by the press.  This article reviews state wiretap laws as they have been applied to the press.  Specifically, this article examines the application of state wiretap laws to the press in light of the Supreme Court's decision in Bartnicki v. Vopper in which the Court found that the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of speech outweighed the privacy interests of those whose private conversation was intercepted without permission. Plaintiff's Status as a Consideration in Misrepresentation and Promissory Estoppel Cases against the Media • Jasmine McNealy, Louisiana State University • Both fraudulent misrepresentation and promissory estoppel require that the plaintiff have reasonably relied upon statements made by the defendant. But what of an additional inquiry into the status of the plaintiff in relation to the journalist in these cases, as a consideration for whether the plaintiff could have reasonably relied upon statements made by the journalist?   Such a consideration could significantly change the jurisprudence surrounding cases involving false statements made by journalists. This paper examines the influence that the status of the plaintiff in misrepresentation and promissory estoppel cases against journalist could have. Obscenity is in the Eye of the Beholder:  Use of Demonstrative Evidence to Delineate Community Standards in Obscenity Cases • Rebecca Ortiz, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Courts have long struggled with the requirement that materials in obscenity cases must be measured against contemporary community standards from the perspective of an average person as determined in Miller v. California. The U.S. Supreme Court failed to provide a specific definition or geographic dimensions of community standards for fact finders to consider. Determining whether something is obscene based upon such a requirement is particularly difficult at the federal level where the community may be defined as the entire nation. Pornographers may, therefore, be uninformed about whether their materials are obscene, namely because the specific community in which a court may find their materials exist and relevant standards are left undefined. Use of demonstrative evidence in obscenity cases may be a crucial tactic for counsel to demonstrate the standards of a particular community, but courts are typically tentative about admitting such evidence. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the use of demonstrative evidence in recent obscenity cases for establishing contemporary community standards and examine court rationales for admission or exclusion of evidence. The paper reveals that courts' acceptance or rejection of demonstrative evidence was unpredictable. Courts were more likely to exclude evidence than admit it for wavering rationales. Findings reveal that by disallowing admission of evidence, the courts may be shifting the burden of proof onto the defense and creating a chilling effect on sexual expression. Public Access to Criminal Discovery Records: A Look Behind the Curtain of the Criminal Justice System • Brian Pafundi, University of Florida Levin College of Law • This research provides a survey of federal and state law regarding access to criminal discovery records. The public availability of criminal discovery records implicates three important pillars of American jurisprudence: public access to the judiciary, a defendant's right to a fair trial and the protection of individual privacy. Florida's public records law opens discovery records to public inspection once exchanged between the opposing parties. This paper determines whether any other jurisdiction grants similar access. Internet Service Provider's Liability for Defamation: South Korea's Balancing of Free Speech with Reputation • Ahran Park, university of Oregon • ISPs in the United States have been totally immunized from publishers' liability for online defamation under the Communications Decency Act § 230. But as the recent Google lawsuit in Italy illustrates, American ISPs are confronting the threat of defamation lawsuits abroad. Therefore, more understanding of ISP policy in foreign countries is necessary, and South Korea provides a noteworthy example of ISP jurisprudence exactly contrary to the U.S. immunity. Statutory laws and courts in South Korea have burdened ISPs with heavy liability for defamation by online users. For instance, the Communication Network Act in Korea punishes online defamation as a crime and compels ISPs to delete allegedly libelous postings promptly. The Korean Supreme Court also held that ISPs should be liable for defamation by third party even when ISPs did not receive any notification related to defamatory postings. This paper discusses ISP liability in the comparative law perspective and maintains that burdening ISPs with strict liability would chill freedom of speech in cyberspace. Libelous Language Post-Lawrence: Accusations of Homosexuality as Defamation • Laurie Phillips, UNC • Just as imputations of race or political affiliation were once defamatory, judges - both within and between states - are returning competing rulings concerning imputations of homosexuality. Functioning as a post-Lawrence v. Texas update to Koehler's (1999) The Variable Nature of Defamation, this paper examines cases between 2004 and 2009 involving imputations of homosexuality. Findings indicate that in 88% of the forty two cases analyzed, defamatory claims failed, yet most judges neglected to directly address the issue. Gay Labeling and Defamation Law:  Have Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Changed Enough to Modify Reputational Torts? • Robert Richards, Penn State University • This paper analyzes the issue of whether labeling someone gay should still be considered defamatory per se.  It traces the history of, what one court called, this far more subtle and difficult question and examines societal attitudes towards homosexuality.  The paper concludes that society has not yet reached the point where homosexuality is no longer viewed, by significant populations, with some level of scorn or ridicule, given such recent events as individuals being physically attacked merely because they are perceived to be homosexual, organizations whose sole purpose is to defeat the rights of same-sex couples to marry, public schools where gay and lesbians can sense the scorn of their fellow students by reading messages on t-shirts, and religions whose members would rather defect than accept homosexual congregants. The convergence policymaking process in South Korea • Dong-Hee Shin, Sungkyunkwan University • In 2009, South Korean government reformed its communications sector through legislation that addresses convergence services. This study traces the policy-making process of the convergence in terms of politics and regulation, and it also examines how the stakeholders' interests are aligned and coordinated in the policymaking process of convergence in Korea. This study investigates the socio-political construction of Korea's strategy for convergence reform with two research questions: (1) what social and political factors influence strategy formulation and (2) how do different interests stabilize ideologies in which actors formulate their strategies based on their interests. Despite the dynamic interactions, the actor-network around convergence has yet not been effectively stabilized, as the politics of convergence is complex and marked by paradoxical features. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding why the convergence debate in Korea has so far been problematic. A Web of Stakeholders and Strategies in the Digital TV Transition: • Dong-Hee Shin, Sungkyunkwan University • This study investigates the development of Korean digital TV transition by tracing the interaction between social and technological entities from various perspectives at different developmental stages. A socio-technical analysis examines the dynamic interactions among the stakeholders in the switchover to digital broadcasting, showing how the various actions taken by leading stakeholders affect diverse groups of stakeholders. In addition to the qualitative analysis, a structural-equation model examines the perceptions and expectations of digital TV consumers in Korea. Consumers' perspectives and expectations suggest the factors that will lead them to adopt DTV, as well as the barriers to adoption. The overall findings show that Korean digital TV transition is the outcome of a proactive strategy by industry players and the Korean government's top-down policy of supporting such a transition. It is argued that the policy of a top-down transition, which overlooks coordination among stakeholders, harms consumers and hinders effective and sustainable development. The case of Korea has implications for other countries that are pursuing digital transition strategies. The Framers' First Amendment: Originalist Citations in U.S. Supreme Court Freedom of Expression Opinions • Derigan Silver, University of Denver • As a mode of constitutional interpretation, originalism holds judges should construe the U.S. Constitution according to framers' intent.  Focusing on rational choice theory, this paper examines the strategic use of originalist citations by Supreme Court justices in First Amendment freedom of expression opinions.  The paper quantitatively examines when justices use originalist citations to strategically advance their policy preferences, insulate their decisions from criticism or persuade other justices to join their opinions.  In addition, it qualitatively explores the content of the justices' originalist citations to determine how the justices are describing the original meaning of the First Amendment.  Thus, the paper adds to the strategic citation literature, advances understanding of how the justices have interpreted the original meaning of the First Amendment and illuminates how originalist arguments have shaped current free expression jurisprudence. Evaluating Public Access Ombuds Programs:  An analysis of the experiences of Virginia, Iowa and Arizona • Daxton Stewart, Texas Christian University • The author conducted case studies of ombuds programs monitoring open government laws in Virginia, Iowa and Arizona.  The offices largely comported with the major tenets of ombuds programs - independence, impartiality, and providing a credible review process - but weaknesses in perceptions of impartiality hurt the development of the Iowa and Arizona programs.  The program with the most perceived success, Virginia's FOI Advisory Council, appeared to embrace the tenets of Dispute Systems Design the most. Mother knows best: Can lessons from the Ma Bell breakup apply to net neutrality policy? • Tom Vizcarrondo, Louisiana State University • The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on October 22, 2009 seeking input from the public regarding network management policy commonly known as net neutrality. The request is the latest step in an ongoing and protracted debate among lawmakers, regulators, Internet industry leaders, and consumers over whether additional regulation is required to ensure that the Internet remains free and open. The different views are almost always defended as being in the best interest of the consumer, although individual motives and benefits often belie such statements. This paper examines many of these arguments, but also focuses on the network management debate within the context of an existing legal framework of court opinions. This paper examines many of these arguments, but also focuses on the network management debate within the context of an existing legal framework of court opinions. In particular, the court-ordered divestiture of AT&T shares many of the issues which are being considered today as part of the net neutrality debate. This paper examines whether lessons learned from this divestiture can be applied to the current debate in order to reach the best possible outcome. This paper finds such lessons, and concludes that these lessons argue for an incremental approach to any new network management policy; further, policies that encourage competition and private sector solutions is desirable over sweeping government regulations. Implications of Copyright in the Context of User-Generated Content and Social Media • Amber Westcott-Baker, University of California Santa Barbara; Rebekah Pure, University of California Santa Barbara • Business models for generating revenue from user-generated content (UGC) are still developing.  In the meantime, many tensions exist between the business interests of companies providing the platforms for user-generated content and the interests of content producers (users). This paper will outline the conflicting interests—users want to create and share content in a way that they control, while companies want to make money and be protected from liability—and the resulting copyright and ownership issues that arise from these tensions. Obama Administration Lifts the Dover Ban: Is the New Policy on Press Access Constitutional? Jason Zenor, University of South Dakota • A corollary of the right to publish must be a right to gather news.  However, in times of war, one of the first rights to be abrogated is the freedom of the press. One of the wartime restrictions has been the Dover Ban, a policy which has restricted press access to arrival ceremonies for fallen soldiers of war. The Dover Ban has been criticized by the press and by veterans, and challenged in court-but was never overturned. In February 2009, the Obama Administration changed the policy so that the press could have access if they received permission from the family of the fallen soldier. Though this change is progress for the free flow of information and is clearly less violative of the Constitution than was the prior outright ban, this article argues that it is still unconstitutional. First, the Dover arrival ceremonies have been traditionally open to public and the press and the history of Dover Ban's creation and enforcement illustrate that it is a content-based regulation. Therefore, the restriction must survive the strict scrutiny test. Accordingly, neither the government's public relations interest nor the privacy interest of the family of a volunteer soldier, are compelling.  Furthermore, the new policy is a de facto license where the family acting as a surrogate for the government decides the whether the press has access based upon whether the family perceives the content of the coverage will be acceptable. Finally, the policy is not permanent and an outright could be reinstated. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1466 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/magazine-division-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 18:43:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1469 Esquire's Man the Kitchenette: Representations of Men, Masculinity & Cooking • Elizabeth Fakazis, University Wisconsin Stevens Point • This paper examines representations of masculinity and domestic cooking in Esquire's Man the Kitchenette, a cooking column for men published in the 1940s.  Using qualitative content analysis, I examine how these representations recoded an interest in food and domestic cooking  (as well as other traditionally feminine interests) as appropriately masculine, nurturing the development of the positive image of the male consumer, and paving the way for the emergence of future men's lifestyle and culinary magazines. Visual Framing of Patriotism and National Identity on the Covers of Der Spiegel • Andrea Pyka, San Jose State University; Scott Fosdick, San Jose State University • Patriotism in Germany has been a controversial issue since the Nazi era. A content analysis revealed that despite the fear and hesitations surrounding the idea of German pride, Der Spiegel, one of Germany's national newsmagazines, showed an increasing visual presence of patriotic and national identity symbols on its covers following key historical events: the building of the Berlin Wall, the reunification of Germany, the adoption of the Euro, and the 2006 World Cup. Photographic Images of Gender and Race Portrayed in Sports Illustrated Kids, 2000-2009 • Ashley Furrow, Ohio University • This study examines photographic images in a popular children's sport magazine called Sports Illustrated Kids for gender and racial differences in the way the athletes are visually portrayed. Gender and/or racial messages in photographs may have a profound impact on children because children understand meanings in pictures before they understand meanings in text.  Since Sports Illustrated Kids caters to young, impressionable readers who are especially vulnerable to the power of photographs, it is important to study the photographic images of gender and race found in its pages.  Content analysis of editorial photographs during a 10-year period reveals that the gender inequality gap in the magazine is more skewed during its second 10 years than it was during the first 10 years of its publication.  As for a racial difference, African American and White athletes have equal coverage, but Asian and Hispanic athletes are still fighting for representation in the magazine. Overall, female athletes remain underrepresented in all editorial photographs and framed more often than men in inferior ways. Hype Artists, Con Men, Pimps and Dopesters: The Personal Journalism of Harry Crews • Ted Geltner, Valdosta State University • During the 1970s and '80s, novelist Harry Crews was a prolific contributor of non-fiction articles for Playboy, Esquire and a number of other publications. His work places him among the writers who defined the genre of literary journalism during this era. This study examines the content, style and innovations associated with Crews' journalism and the author's attitude and approach toward his craft. Madame's Most Excellent Adventures: US News Magazines Coverage of the 1943 and 1948 Visits to the United States by Madame Chiang Kai-shek • Daniel Haygood, Elon University • Henry Luce, a promoter of Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist party during World War II, is accused of using Madame Chiang as part of his strategy to generate support among Americans for the Chinese. This paper reviews US news magazines' coverage of Madame Chiang's two trips to America in 1943 and 1948 to raise American support for China. The analysis demonstrates that Time had a more complex framing of Madame Chiang than other news magazines. Psychological and sociological motives for fashion magazine use among Shanghai's female college students • Zhengjia Liu, Iowa State University • This study investigates the impact of psychological and sociological motives on the use of fashion magazines among female college students in Shanghai. An online survey was conducted. Three psychological motives were found to be significant predictors of fashion magazine use. The sociological motives did not significantly influence fashion magazine use. The findings suggest that sociological motives may not directly affect media use, but are nonetheless related to psychological motivations that predict media consumption. The Growth of International Women's Magazine and Media Portrayal of Women in China • jingyi luo, southern illinois university • Along with the process of globalization is the growth of global media. With the wave of global economy and the spread of transnational companies, the world's biggest global publishing groups have increasingly extended their reach into China, especially the Western publishing groups. Besides, Japanese publishing giants also enter China, including Shufunotom Publishing Group, Kodansha Publishing Group, and Shogakukan Publishing Group. Nowadays, the women's magazine industry in China is mainly constructed of three styles of magazines: Western-style magazines, Japanese-style magazines and Chinese local magazines. Women's magazines deliver media content through a face— the cover. Covers are advertisements of women's magazines to attract readers. Covers are, at the same time, a media genre, which is subject to social changes and indicates social and cultural changes in a society. Through a content analysis on media portrayal of women on the covers of major magazines in China, it was found that the Western-style women's magazine constructed its international image through characteristic global title, Caucasian models and a large proportion of celebrity stories; while the Japanese-style women's magazine tended to portray women as young and fashion to attract readers and advertisers. Facing the competition from international media, it is found that the local women's magazine chose to adjust their style and content but in a similar genre with the international women's magazine. However, whether hybridity or mix was a wise strategy for their growth and how the Chinese local women's magazine industry will prosper is pressing problem for the Chinese local women's magazines. Gourmet Magazine's Depiction of the American Gourmet: A longitudinal content analysis, 1945-2008 • Lanier Norville, The University of Alabama; Jennifer Greer, University of Alabama • A longitudinal content analysis of Gourmet over its 68-year lifespan indicated that, both through topics covered and writing approaches used, the magazine largely defined the American gourmet experience as an elitist pursuit. However, the founding principle of Gourmet - making the gourmet lifestyle more accessible to the average American - was a strong sub-theme throughout the magazine's history. Accessible topics were covered throughout, and articles were written with both elitist and accessible approaches. The Magazine Industry 2000 to 2010 • David E. Sumner, Ball State University • Stories about the print media since 2000 have reported on closings of well-known newspapers and steadily declining circulations of others. The general public assumes that magazines have shared in the same fate. While magazines have struggled to remain profitable and some have folded, the general health of the industry remains greater than that of newspapers. The purpose of this paper is to provide a status report of the economic state of magazines between 2000 and 2010.  It reports data on magazine startups and closings, circulation trends, and revenue trends. This research uses latest available data from trade and proprietary sources not available online or to the general public.  The results note that the number of new magazines launched exceeded the number of magazines that closed or folded between 2007 and 2009. The circulation of 50 leading consumer magazines declined by six percent between 2000 and 2009.  However, 32 gained in circulation while 18 lost circulation during those years. Total magazine revenue grew 1.1 percent annually between 2000 and 2008, and then declined 5.4 percent between 2008 and 2009. The outlook for 2010 remains cautiously optimistic with some sectors and companies reporting revenue increases.  The report concludes that some magazines will have to adapt, restructure or downsize.  More may close. But print magazines will likely remain viable for generations to come. The portability, affordability and accessibility of print magazines cannot be replaced by digital mobile devices. Seeing is Believing: Using Eye Tracking to Examine the Media's Influence on Disordered Eating Risk • Steven Thomsen, Brigham Young University; Hannah Gibby, Brigham Young University; Joseph Eldridge, Brigham Young University • The goal of this study was to test the robustness of magazine affinity as both a direct and indirect causal antecedent to measures of eating disorder risk and empirically observable pupillary reactions (eye movement and fixation density patterns) to ultra-thin body images through a structural equation model. Data were collected from 109 college-age women whose eyes were tracked while they viewed images of ultra-thin body parts taken from popular women's magazines. The women also completed a survey instrument to assess magazine reading habits, internalization of the thin ideal, eating disorder risk, and an inclination to make social comparisons. Findings indicate that magazine affinity, not reading frequency, is the best predictor (both directly and indirectly) of eating disorder risk and visual response to ultra-thin images. What Black Women Need to Know? Breast Cancer Coverage in African-American Magazines • Kim Walsh-Childers, University of Florida; Heather Edwards, SAIC-Frederick • This paper describes an analysis of breast cancer articles from Essence, Ebony and O, the Oprah Magazine. Of 55 articles about breast cancer published during the 6-year period, only three mentioned age as the most important risk factor for breast cancer. The articles were four times as likely to mention family history of breast cancer as a risk factor, and only 40% of articles mentioning the need for regular mammograms were coded as fully accurate. The Consumer-Citizen: Life Magazine's Construction of the Ideal American • Sheila Webb, Western Washington University • This paper examines the first decade of Life and places it in the current debates on citizenship and consumption. As a new definition of citizen developed that related active consumption to participation in democracy, Life visualized this change by tying consumption to the American way of life. Selected photo-essays show how the editors shaped middle class culture through consumption scenarios that informed their audience of taste standards. Methodology: archival research, textual analysis, content analysis. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1469 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/civic-and-citizen-journalism-interest-group-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 18:44:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1472 Citizen Journalism and Cognitive Processing: An experiment on the perceived intent of traditional versus citizen journalism sources • Heather E Akin, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Melissa Tully, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Gerald Stoecklein, UW Madison; Hernando Rojas, University of Wisconsin-Madison • "Using a three-wave longitudinal design with an embedded web-based experiment, this study considers whether manipulating the source of a news report (citizen journalism versus traditional journalism) affects perceived thought-provoking motivations. Results show that respondents perceive a citizen journalism source as intending to be more thought provoking about food issues than a traditional news source. Moreover, previous levels of engagement suggest that those who are less engaged with an issue are the ones who are more likely to see a citizen journalism source as intending to make them think. Findings and implications for future research are discussed." Paper bridges: a critical examination of the Daily Dispatch's Community Dialogues • Rod Amner, Rhodes University • "A South African commercial newspaper, the Daily Dispatch, last year facilitated a series of town-hall-like meetings called the Community Dialogues at a number of townships and suburbs in the city of East London. Drawing on theories of social capital as well as critiques of Habermas's notion of the public sphere, this article examines the first two Community Dialogues, which took place in neighbouring locations - the middle class suburb of Beacon Bay and the informal African settlement of Nompumelelo - on consecutive days. It is critical of claims made by the newspaper that, following the precepts of public journalism, these Dialogues are effective in forming horizontal 'connecting bridges' within and between different geographical zones and heterogeneous social groups in the city. It also critiques the idea that the Dialogues currently provide a forum for public deliberation - and possible consensus formation - between these zones and social groups. Very little journalism has so far been produced under the banner of public journalism in South Africa and there is consequently little research on this topic in this country. This paper hopes to fill a gap in the research literature around the applicability and usefulness of the theories and practices of public journalism in the South African context and also hopes to address the gap in the global civic journalism research literature around the use of community forums in civic journalism." Empowering citizen journalists. A South African case study • Guy Berger, Rhodes University • "Seldom unpacked in the notion of “citizen journalism” is the convergence of “citizenship” and “journalism”. This paper examines Grocott's Mail newspaper in South Africa, which is integrating youth participation through cellphones. This initiative operates with the assumptions that media participation in the form of specifically mobile “citizen journalism”, as distinct from broad User-Generated Content, needs explicit focus on the meanings of citizenship and journalism, and on the mindsets and skills that go with these." Gatekeeping and Citizen Journalism A Qualitative Examination of Participatory Newsgathering • Amani Channel, Student • "For nearly sixty years, scholars have studied how information is selected, vetted, and shared by news organizations. The process, known as gatekeeping, is an enduring mass communications theory that describes the process by which news is gathered and filtered to audiences. It has been suggested, however, that in the wake of online communications the traditional function of media gatekeeping is changing. The infusion of citizen-gathered media into news programming is resulting in what some call a paradigm shift. As mainstream news outlets adopt and encourage public participation, it is important that researchers have a greater understanding of the theoretical implications related to participatory media and gatekeeping. This study will be among the first to examine the adoption of citizen journalism by a major cable news network. It will focus on CNN's citizen journalism online news community called iReport, which allows the public to share and submit “unfiltered” content. Vetted submissions that are deemed newsworthy can then be broadcasted across CNN's networks, and published on CNN.com. This journalism practice appears to follow the thoughts of Nguyen (2006), who states that, “future journalists will need to be trained to not only become critical gate-keepers but also act as listeners, discussion and forum leaders/mediators in an intimate interaction with their audiences.” The goal of the paper is to lay a foundation for understanding how participatory media is utilized by a news network to help researchers possibly develop new models and hypotheses related to gatekeeping theory." Perceived Role Conceptions of Citizen and Professional Journalists: Citizens' Views • Deborah Chung, University of Kentucky; Seungahn Nah, University of Kentucky • "This study aims to identify citizen journalists' role conceptions regarding their journalistic news contributing activities and their perceptions regarding professional journalists' role conceptions. Based on a national survey of 130 citizen journalists, four factors emerged for both citizen and professional journalists' role conceptions: interpreter, adversary, facilitator and mobilizer. Perceptions of civic journalism values were also examined. Analyses reveal that citizen journalists perceive their roles to be generally similar to professional journalistic roles. Furthermore, respondents rated certain roles to be more prominent functions for citizen journalists. In particular, the citizen journalist role of facilitator was rated as significantly more important than those of the traditional press." Incremental versus Impressionistic: Seeking Credibility Differences in Online Political News • Daniel Doyle, Ohio University; Chen Lou, Ohio University; Hans Meyer, Ohio University • This study uses the research technique of online survey to gauge credibility perceptions in Internet political news during the 2008 U.S. presidential campaigns. Researchers experiment for effects in perceptions of credibility in a style of short and incremental professional news stories -- a style which a popular press writer has dubbed the scooplet -- and the diary-like impressionist style of long-form and somewhat informal unpaid citizen journalism. The study contains a review of online credibility research which establishes that user-generated content forges a stronger social connection between content consumer and content creator. This study tests a hypothesis that consumers of online political news perceive user-generated blog entries to be more credible than professionally-produced political news stories. Alternative and Citizen Journalism: Mapping the Conceptual Differences • Farooq Kperogi, Georgia State University • "Although it is customary for some scholars to conflate citizen media and alternative media, I argue in this paper that they are different. In the new media literature, citizen journalism is conceptualized as online “news content produced by ordinary citizens with no formal journalism training.” Alternative journalism, on the other hand, is not merely non-professionalized and non-institutionalized journalism produced by ordinary citizens; it is also purposively counter-hegemonic and “closely wedded to notions of social responsibility, replacing an ideology of 'objectivity' with overt advocacy and oppositional practices.”" Can This Marriage Be Saved? The Love-Hate Relationship Between Traditional Media and Citizen Journalism • Jan Leach, Kent State University; Jeremy Gilbert, Northwestern University • "This paper examines the interplay between traditional newsrooms and non-traditional media in three different markets. It looks at how Fourth Estate journalists interact with Fifth Estate media practitioners and explains similarities and differences in how information is collected and presented online. Several examples of traditional media and new media relationships are identified. The study evaluates whether Fourth and Fifth Estate entities can co-exist and asks: What is the outlook for marriage, or at least a lasting relationship, between traditional media and new media?" Explicating Conversational Journalism: An Experimental Test of Wiki, Twittered and Collaborative News Models • Doreen Marchionni, Pacific Lutheran • "The concept of journalism as a conversation has been richly explored in descriptive studies for decades. Largely missing from the literature, though, are clear operational definitions and empirical data that allow theory building for purposes of explanation and prediction. This controlled experiment sought to help close that gap by first measuring the concept of conversation, then testing it on key outcome measures of perceived credibility and expertise in three online contexts: Wikinews, “Twittered” news and Thorson and Duffy's (2006) “collaborative” style of news. Findings suggest that conversational journalism is a powerful, multi-dimensional news phenomenon, but also nuanced and fickle. The conversational features of perceived similarity to a journalist and online interactivity are key, not only in distinguishing this type of news but in predicting its perceived credibility and expertise. Somewhat problematic is the conversational feature of informality, or casualness, with an audience. There, results suggest journalists can easily cross a line with readers to the detriment of trust." Hungry for News: How Celiac sufferers learn from media, each other • Mitch McKenney, Kent State University • "Celiac Disease, an inherited autoimmune disorder that chronically disrupts the digestive system, leads to health problems unless the sufferer avoids gluten-containing foods. As awareness of the condition has grown, so have the options for Celiacs to connect. This paper examines the online interaction and sharing of news/information among members of the Celiac “community,” using interviews with those dealing in that information, to explore the resources they turn to for news and support." Bloggers' Demographics, Blogging Activities, and Identity Disclosure • nohil park, Missouri University; JiYeon Jeong, Missouri School of Journalism; Clyde Bentley, Missouri School of Journalism • "Despite the critical role that the identity of blog authors plays in making blogs credible information sources, few studies have suggested empirical mechanisms that lead to bloggers' identity self-disclosure. This study aims to examine whether bloggers' demographics and blogging activities (blog use, interactivity, and popularity) have influence on identity disclosure. Results from the analysis of an online survey of 906 Korean bloggers reveal that male and older bloggers who have professional jobs (journalist, lawyer, professor, etc.) are more likely to identify themselves on their blogs rather than others. Moreover, bloggers who have high levels of blog interactivities (commenting, linking trackbacks) are more likely to reveal their identity. However, the time of general blog use and number of visitors to blogs are not any association with bloggers' identity disclosure. This study suggests that bloggers do not hide nor express their identity according to the stay and popularity in the blogosphere, but they disclose their identity depending on their individual differences and interactivities with their blogging partners." What's in a (Missing) Name? Newspaper Online Forum Participants Sound Off about Civility and Anonymity • Jack Rosenberry, St. John Fisher College" • "A survey of participants in online comment forums associated with traditional newspapers indicated that while they dislike the rude nature of the commentary made there, and consider anonymity a proximate cause of that behavior, they still are supportive of keeping the forums anonymous. However, differences in support for anonymity were found on the basis of frequency of participation and on degree of aversion to the negativity. This reflects the same mixed results found in the general literature on anonymous computer-mediated communication, which documents how anonymity's benefits to participation and open expression are balanced off against the lack of accountability that leads to flaming." Blogging the Meltdown: Comparing the Coverage of the Economic Crisis in Journalistic Blogs vs. Non-Journalistic Blogs • Hong Ji, The Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism; Michael Sheehy, University of Cincinnati • "This content analysis examines coverage of the U.S. economic crisis of 2008-2009 by 25 economics blogs. The study sought to identify differences in the coverage by bloggers identified as journalists and non-journalists. The study found that journalist bloggers and non-journalist bloggers focused on different dominant topics in their blog posts, indicating different perspectives in the framing of coverage. The study also found differences in the way that journalist and non-journalist bloggers cited sources and hyperlinks." Reconsidering citizen journalism- An historical analysis • Justin Walden, Pennsylvania State University • "The rise of Web 2.0 publishing platforms has understandably had a dramatic impact on a number of different communication processes and fields in recent years. One area that has been profoundly influenced by the newfound ability for “regular” Internet users to self publish is citizen journalism. This theoretical paper examines current and historical perspectives on the citizen journalism movement, giving particular heed to a review of how recent Internet technologies have given amateur reporters far more reach and influence. This graduate-student produced article traces how today's political bloggers and videographers are countering some centuries-old journalism practices and rechanneling the activism that guided Thomas Paine and other American Revolutionaries. This paper concludes that citizen journalism today is poised to follow a similar historical trajectory of legacy media from the 18th century. This article also argues that academic scholarship needs to shed further light on this trajectory and the seemingly inevitable standardization that will occur with citizen journalism newsgathering practices and presentation styles. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1472 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/community-journalism-interest-group/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 18:46:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1474 Video Expectations for Non-Television Producers of Community News: Two Newspapers' Online Video Strategies • George Daniels, University of Alabama • Since 2008, dozens of community newspapers have started producing their own videos for the Web. Many have re-designed their Web sites to make them more videocentric. This comparative case study found the online videos at The Alabaster Reporter and The Tuscaloosa News, both in central Alabama, were similar in their focus on community leaders yet different in their approach. The Alabaster Reporter implemented a YouTube strategy while The Tuscaloosa News used a franchise strategy. Heart disease in the rural South: A content analysis of the community newspaper coverage • Tracy Loope, University of Florida • Because community newspapers are critical information sources among rural residents, their coverage of heart disease in the rural South was analyzed. Heart disease remains a severe health problem in the South where people are far more likely to die from heart disease than in other areas of the country. Using the Health Belief Model (HBM) to develop the newspaper analysis, this study illustrates the importance of community newspapers' presentation of heart disease information. Results show that newspapers located in areas with high heart disease mortality rates were more likely to present heart disease as a severe threat to readers, showing these newspapers' strong tie to their communities. Further research is required to better evaluate this relationship and find ways to use mass media, specifically community newspapers, to improve heart health among people living in rural areas. The Public Sphere and Web-First Independent News Sites • Mark Poepsel, Missouri School of Journalism • Journalists with varying levels of experience have never-before-seen opportunities to create their own news sites. This ability presents some with an opportunity to create entrepreneurial ventures that could contribute to rational-critical discourse in the 21st Century. This study takes an in-depth, qualitative look at a several successful, locally-focused news sites through the eyes of the people publishing them in order to examine publishers' goals and expectations, economic and journalistic. Experiment and adapt: The mantra of survival for one startup Latino newspaper • Arthur Santana, University of Oregon • Eugene, Ore. has a history of failed Latino newspapers, but a new one is trying something new: adopting a bilingual format and embracing uplifting news. Motivated by a sense of civic duty, three immigrants launched the community newspaper in September 2009. But it has been a rocky start. This case study sheds lights on the deliberations and difficulty that go into the creation of a different kind of community newspaper. After the Storm: Greensburg Residents Discuss an Open Source Project As a Source of Community News • Steve Smethers, Kansas State University • Greensburg was destroyed by an EF5 tornado in May 2007. The famed green sustainable rebuilding effort includes a multimedia telecommunications center, which will produce an open-source community information portal featuring audio, video and textual information round the clock. Prototypes of the portal were shown to focus groups to determine respondents' propensity to use and contribute to the site. Subjects showed willingness to learn the technology, but worry about the site's impact on the local newspaper. Imagining Tibet Online: Discursive Constructions of Nation on Tibetan Website • Nangyal Tsering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities • The paper studies www.phayul.com, the leading online portal of the Tibetan diasporic community, based in India. By looking at the news published on the site, the paper looks at how the website discursively constructs representations of nation online. Even though Tibet is not a nation-state, digital media's critical role in the formation of an imagined community comes across very strongly, particularly in the case of displaced and geographically dispersed people such as the exiled Tibetans. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1474 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/communicating-science-health-environment-and-risk-interest-group-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 18:49:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1477 The Differences That Matter: Identifying Predictors of Attitudes toward Binge Drinking and Anti-Binge Drinking Public Service Announcements among College Students • Hoyoung (Anthony) Ahn, University of Tennessee; Lei Wu, University of Tennessee; Stephanie Kelly, University of Tennessee • Bing drinking is a prevalent problem on college campuses which has been shown to affect students' health, social life, and academic performance. Public Service Announcements (PSAs) are government funded social marketing campaigns whose purpose is to present specific audiences with unbiased information in hopes of inducing beneficial behavioral change. Despite almost three decades of initiative, PSAs targeting the college drinking issue have been largely ineffective at inducing behavioral change. This study sought to better understand the college drinking phenomenon by investigating how norms of drinking acceptability and perspectives of PSAs differ between sexes. A number of sex differences were identified. Findings and implications are discussed for both researchers and PSA practitioners. Models: The Missing Piece in Climate Change Coverage • Karen Akerlof, George Mason University • As the sole tool for projecting future climate trends under conditions of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, climate models form the basis for global warming risk assessments and are inextricably linked to policy formation. In an analysis of media coverage across four U.S. national newspapers from 1998-2007 and 20 media sources frequented by high-knowledge U.S. audiences for the year 2007, there was little mention of climate models overall though comparatively high levels in political commentary outlets. The shifting agenda: A scientific event and its print and online coverage • Ashley Anderson, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dominique Brossard, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dietram Scheufele, University of Wisconsin • While much is known about how science is covered in traditional media, including sources journalists tend to use (e.g. Tanner, 2004) and what news values inform how an issue is covered (e.g. Galtung & Ruge, 1965), scholars are still exploring how scientific issues end up in online media. Here, we analyze as a case study media coverage of a scientific study examining the deaths of Chinese factory workers due to lung damage from their repeated exposure to nanoparticles. We argue that the scientific study results embody the news values that would make them a prime candidate for news coverage. Nevertheless, mentions of the event in traditional print media were nearly non-existent. Online media, on the other hand, covered it widely. We offer an explanation for why the agenda for print and online media were different in this particular context and discuss why this case exemplifies the importance of the online media environment for science communication scholars. Public Information Officers' Perceived Control in Setting Local Public Health Agendas and the Impact of Community Size • Elizabeth Avery, University of Tennessee • Using an agenda-setting perspective, this research analyzes data collected from 281 local public health information officers (PIOs) serving various community sizes, from rural to urban, across the country to reveal how size of their communities as well as state and federal agencies affect public health promotion. Findings reveal low levels of perceived control in setting the local public health agenda among urban PIOs while rural practitioners reported surprisingly high levels of control. Talking Green: Green Quad, Communication Behavior and Environmental Norms • Daphney Barr, University of South Carolina; Caroline Foster, University of South Carolina • The current study explores the role of Green Quad living on student residents' attitudes and tendency to action, including talking, information seeking and conserving/recycling resources, on environmental issues. While residents are talking about the environment, their conversations are frequently inhibited by lack of knowledge, lack of interest within social groups and lack of prompts to talk about these issues. When they seek environmental information, they first turn to the internet and then to resources provided by the Green Quad Residence Hall. Residents indicated concern for reliability and credibility of environmental information. Residents note a lack of internalization of environmental actions and a lack of interest in environmental topics among peer groups. This research related residents' lack of internalization of environmental actions to the lack of environment as a normal part of daily life. Measuring Perceptions of Emerging Technologies: Errors in Survey Self-Reports and Their Potential Impact on Communication of Public Opinion Toward Science • Andrew Binder, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Michael Cacciatore, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dietram Scheufele, University of Wisconsin; Bret Shaw, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Elizabeth Corley, Arizona State University • This study present an extensive comparison of two alternative measures of citizens' perceptions of risks and benefits of emerging technologies. By focusing on two specific issues (nanotechnology and biofuels), we derive several important insights for the measurement of public views of science. Most importantly, our analyses reveals that relying on global, single-item measures may lead to invalid inferences regarding exogenous influences on public perceptions, particularly those related to cognitive schema and media use. Beyond these methodological implications, this analysis suggests several reasons why researchers in the area of public attitudes toward science must revisit notions of measurement in order to accurately inform the general public, policymakers, scientists, and journalists of trends in public opinion toward emerging technologies. The low-down on low-fat and sugar free: Using media to improve children's health literacy, knowledge of nutrition, and attitudes toward eating and exercise • Kim Bissell, University of Alabama; Scott Parrott, The University of Alabama • While a variety of factors may be related to a child's likelihood to be overweight or obese, relatively little is known about the factors most relevant in the prevention of the disease. The overarching objective for this study was two-fold in that it provided broader understanding of children's general level of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior as it relates to health, and it implemented an intervention program designed to increase children's overall health literacy. The health literacy program developed and implemented here integrated critical thinking skills along with project-based and activity-based learning so that participants received more than a one-time lecture on health and physical activity. Results suggest that gains in health literacy are possible. Using experimental data to test the effectiveness of a health literacy program, post-test measures of cognition, attitudes, and behavior related to health, nutrition, and exercise demonstrated significant gains across demographic groups in all three areas. More importantly, the greater gains in all three key areas of health literacy were found in children at the greatest risk of becoming overweight or obese--younger children and non-White children. The present study summarizes the health literacy intervention program and presents results from a pre-test/post-test within-subjects experiment conducted during the fall of 2009. These and other findings are discussed. Emergency Risk Communication in the University Community: Exploring Factors Affecting Use for SMS Emergency-Alert service • Jee Young Chung, University of Alabama; Doohwang Lee, University of Alabama • The present study aims to investigate determinants of college students' use of emergency-alert service provided by their educational institution, especially the use of a Short Message Service (SMS), which has become one of effective communication tools among college students. The results suggested that social norm and individuals' perceived intrusiveness toward the service were primary determinants of being SMS emergency-alert service subscriber. Empowering the Patient to Maximize the HealthCare Exam Andrea Ciletti, Hawaii Pacific University; Penny Pence Smith, Hawaii Pacific University • Previous research has focused on improving health communication, mostly targeting healthcare providers or systems. Recent thinking suggests that patient's health literacy and preparedness may be an important key to a successful outcome. This study considers more patient participation in doctor patient communication, exploring the PACE guide, to assist patients in exam preparation. A patient sample was willing to use the guide, but healthcare providers interviewed about the guide were less confident about its contribution. Amplifying Risk to Activate Protection Motivation: Merck's Gardasil Campaign • Susan Grantham, University of Hartford; Lee Ahern, Penn State; Colleen Connolly-Ahern, Penn State University • In 2006 Merck introduced Gardasil in the United States through its One Less campaign. The campaign highlighted how the three-shot series of vaccines protected against the transmission of HPV and minimized the risk of cervical cancer. The occurrence of cervical cancer has dropped dramatically in recent decades through the use of annual pap smears and no longer ranks in the top 10 of health issues affecting women today. The One Less campaign effectively used social amplification to heighten the perceived health risk associated with HPV. The issue was framed to create the impression that one could either forego the vaccine series, thereby increasing their risk of catching HPV, or undergo the vaccine series and minimize their risk The purpose of this study was to determine how young women (current age 18-25) learned about Gardasil, how the campaign dealt with various dimensions of risk from HPV and cervical cancer and how much of an impact the One Less campaign had on the patient's decision to receive or decline the Gardasil vaccines. Overwhelming, the participants learned about Gardasil from television advertising. Additionally, the participants felt that the campaign addressed the control and empowerment dimensions of the risk associated with HPV and cervical cancer. While the campaign effectively raised awareness about these issues, participants reported that physicians remained the primary sources of influence when the young women chose to receive or decline the vaccine series. Unrealistic optimism: A systematic review of perceptions of health risks. • Sherine El-Toukhy, School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This paper is a systematic review of the literature on optimistic bias in perceptions of health risks. Out of 518 studies, the study included a total of 55 studies that met the inclusion criteria, from 2000 to 2008, to (a) examine the level of support for the optimistic bias phenomenon, (b) identify the most significant predictors or correlates with optimism, and finally (c) examine whether optimistic bias influences health behavior, and if so, in what way. The study found immense support for optimism in perceptions of health risks. People do underestimate their perceptions of health risks. This holds true even in the presence of objective risk factors that require a person to take proactive behaviors. However, other variables exercise an influence on optimistic bias, thus enhancing or diminishing it. These variables fall under one of three categories: individual-specific, target-specific, or situation-specific factors. For individual-specific factors, prior experience/ history with a disease, self-esteem, sense of uniqueness, perceived control and ability to protect oneself were consistently found to be associated with optimistic bias. Similarly, size of the target group and similarity with the target were two target-specific variables that have been found to correlate with optimism. Finally, for situation-specific factors, frequency or commonness of a health risk has been found to correlate with lower levels of optimism. Finally, the relationship between optimism and health behavior was found to be inconsistent. Implications for health communication theory and practice are discussed. Employing Strategic Ambiguity in a Multimedia Message: The Case of Hurricane Charley • Gina Eosco, University of Kentucky; Shari Veil, University of Oklahoma; Kevin Kloesel, OU College of Atmospheric and Geographic Sciences/National Weather Center • This study examines how uncertainty is communicated during hurricane forecasts, specifically focusing on Hurricane Charley in 2004. In the case of Hurricane Charley, the audience's interpretation of the visual representation of a hurricane track projection, called the cone of uncertainty, was that the situation was certain, causing some to forgo preparations that could have limited damage in the wake of the storm. This study explores the verbal and visual message objectives of hurricane forecasters to determine whether strategic ambiguity is employed in presenting the cone of uncertainty. Nineteen interviews with hurricane forecasters are analyzed to determine the objectives of the verbal and visual messages in hurricane forecasts. The study found that forecasters unconsciously use strategic ambiguity for their verbal messages and explores two explanations for why there was still public confusion: inconsistent multi-organizational use of strategic ambiguity, or the power of the visual to unravel the ambiguity A Content Analysis of Prosocial Behavior on Sid the Science Kid • Caitlin Evans, Western Michigan University; Jocelyn Steinke, Western Michigan University • Sid the Science Kid is a science-based educational program aired on PBS. Using Social Cognitive Theory, this study focuses on the potential prosocial behavior displayed in Sid the Science Kid. In the 25 episodes analyzed, the most prevalent prosocial behavior was appreciation/appraisal behavior/giving a compliment followed by cooperation/sharing and close behind was rule adherence/compliance. The current study also found preschool-aged characters displayed more prosocial behavior than adult characters. • The Role of Perceived Risk and Self-efficacy in Health Information Seeking, Preventive Behaviors and Choice of Media Channels • Eun Go, University of Florida • This study examined the ways in which the interaction of perceived risk and efficacy on information seeking and, preventive behavior. In addition, it explored how risk perception and self-efficacy guide people's selection of health information channels in the context of cancer prevention. By identifying the media usage patterns of individuals with regard to their level of perceived risk and self-efficacy, this study aims to provide useful insights into the factors that the effectiveness of health-related messages. Across the Great Divide: Boundaries and Boundary Objects in Art and Science • Megan Halpern, Cornell University • This paper explores collaboration between artists and scientists through participant observation. Four artist/scientist pairs worked together to create ten-minute performances for a festival held in January, 2009 in Ithaca, New York. Each pair created their piece over the course of three two-hour meetings, the first of which employed a cultural probe to open a discourse between the artist and scientist and to facilitate collaboration. My role as a participant observer allowed me to closely observe collaborative processes in which pairs engaged in boundary work and made use of boundary objects. The boundary work helped the pairs establish authority and autonomy within their respective subfields, while at the same time provoking discussions that led to the creation of their projects. The pairs used three types of boundary objects: existing, created, and appropriated. These established a common language by which they could create and present their performances to an audience. Framing Health Disparity News: Effects on Journalists' Perceptions of Newsworthiness • Amanda Hinnant, U. of Missouri; HyunJee Oh, University of Missouri; Charlene Caburnay, Washington University in St. Louis; Matthew Kreuter, Washington University in St. Louis • This study examines health journalist feedback on framing effects of disparity health news. It extends the research of Nicholson et al. (2008), which found that African Americans reacted more positively to colon cancer stories that emphasize the progress African Americans have made against the disease. More specifically, African Americans had positive affective responses and indicated a greater desire for CRC screening when exposed to the progress frame. Participants exposed to the disparity frame reported opposite reactions (negative emotional response/less desire for CRC screening). This study builds on these findings by exposing how health journalists react to disparity and progress frames in cancer communication stories. This double-blind randomized experiment (N = 179) gauged reactions to the progress and disparity frames on news value measures. This study also included a condition in which half of the participants were exposed to the findings from the Nicholson research. Results show that journalists respond more positively to the disparity-frame story than to the progress-frame story in variables across all news value categories. The journalists who saw the Nicholson findings still evaluated the disparity-frame story more positively, but it was across fewer variables. After seeing the Nicholson findings, they did respond more positively to the progress-frame story. Informing journalists of the benefits of using a progress frame could influence story framing on health disparity news. The Cognitive Mediation Model: Factors Influencing Public Knowledge of the H1N1 Pandemic and Precautionary Behavior • Xianghong Peh, Nanyang Technological University; Veronica Soh, Nanyang Technological University; Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University • This study uses the Cognitive Mediation Model as the theoretical framework to examine the influence of motivations, communication, and elaborative processing on public knowledge of the H1N1 pandemic and behavioural intentions in Singapore. Generally, we found that knowledge levels among the public were high. However, the public were willing to engage in basic protective measures rather than H1N1-specific behaviours. Notably, motivations significantly influenced behavioural intentions, as partially mediated by communication, elaboration, and knowledge. Swine Flu Shift: Effects of risk and concern on health information sources during a pandemic • Avery Holton, University of Texas at Austin • A multi-regional survey of United States respondents suggests that the public seeks health information largely from news and health websites, health professionals and newspapers. As a pandemic - the H1N1 virus - elevated risk levels, health concern increased, but health information sources remained relatively unchanged. Those at high risk during the H1N1 outbreak may ultimately have sought health information from two traditional health information sources - the newspaper and health professionals. Testing The Effects of The Social Norms Approach to Correct Misperceptions Related to Sexual Consent • Zijing Li, Washington State University; Stacey Hust, Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University • Norm corrective messages may encourage individuals already practicing healthy behaviors to adopt unhealthy behaviors in an attempt to conform to the norm. Yet, exposure to both descriptive and injunctive norms may alleviate this boomerang effect. An experiment with 394 college students tests the effectiveness of social norms related to sexual consent seeking. Results indicate use of both types of norms has a stronger effect on perceptions and intentions than the use of only descriptive norms. It's Easy Being Green: The Effects of Argument and Imagery on Consumer Responses to Green Product Packaging • Virginia E. Board, Virginia Tech; Lindsay M. Crighton, Virginia Tech; Phillip K. Kostka, Virginia Tech; Justine A. Spack, Virginia Tech; James D. Ivory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University • Although green product advertising is increasingly widespread, the quality and format of green product claims vary substantially. To assess how some elements of green advertising claims influence consumer responses, this study examines the effects of argument strength and imagery used in green product packaging on consumers' perceptions of product packaging credibility, perceptions of product greenness, attitudes toward product, behavioral purchasing intent, and general attitudes toward green product advertising. A 3 (argument: strong, weak, or none) X 2 (image: present or absent) factorial experiment was conducting using different versions of green product packaging on a bottle of laundry detergent. Results indicated that while argument strength influenced perceptions of credibility, product greenness, and attitude, a weak argument was as effective as a strong argument in eliciting purchasing intent. Similarly, the presence of a green seal image influenced purchasing intent regardless of argument strength. These results suggest that though consumers are able to evaluate the quality of green arguments, the mere presence of any green argument or image serves as a cue that affects purchasing intent similarly regardless of format, modality, or quality. Individual Differences, Awareness/Knowledge, and Acceptance Attitude of Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) as a Health Risk on Willingness to Self-discipline Internet Use • Qiaolei JIANG, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • This exploratory study proposed that Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is a health risk and examined the effects of individual differences (such as flexibility/rigidity, stigma tolerance, and face-loss concern), awareness/knowledge, and acceptance of IAD as a new mental illness among urban Chinese Internet users on willingness to self-discipline the maladaptive Internet habit. Data were gathered from an online survey of 497 Internet users in urban China in 2009. Based on Young's (1998) classic definition of Internet addiction and Tao's (2010) Chinese diagnostic criteria, results showed that 12.3% can be classified into the high-risk group. The high risk group tended to be significantly more rigid in personality, more concerned with face-loss, and more aware of IAD as a mental illness. As expected, being flexible, tolerant to stigma, concerned about face-loss, and in the low risk group were found to be more willing to self-discipline their problematic Internet use. Being female, non-student, and with low income tended to be more determined to seek self-help to recover from IAD on their own as addiction clinic in China is still scarce and expensive. Practical health policy implications were discussed. A Content Analysis of Health- and Nutrition-Related Claims in Food Advertisements in Popular Women's and Men's Magazines • Xiaoli Nan, University of Maryland, College Park; Rowena Briones, University of Maryland, College Park; Hongmei Shen, San Diego State University; Hua Jiang, Towson University; Ai Zhang, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey • This article reports a content analysis of health- and nutrition-related (HNR) claims used in food advertisements in popular women's and men's magazines published in the year 2008. A total of 734 food ads were analyzed. Our research shows that the nutrition content claim is the most predominantly used claim and that the health claim is the least used. The use of HNR claims also differ for different types of food and magazines. Stressful university life: The relationship among academic self-efficacy, academic performance, goal characteristics, and psychological well-being of university students in Singapore Hannah Wen Ya Tay, Nanyang Technological University; Zhu Ian Juanita Toh, Nanyang Technological University; Suu Yue Lim, Nanyang Technological University; Elena Owyong, Nanyang Technological University; Younbo Jung, Nanyang Technological University • This study examines how academic concerns influence the well-being of university students by investigating the relationship among academic self-efficacy, academic performance, goal characteristics (i.e., ideal GPA, goal importance, goal motivation, and GPA difference), and psychological well-being (i.e., depression and satisfaction with life). Based on the two-stage stratified sampling method, a self-administered paper-and-pencil survey was conducted with 603 final-year undergraduate students from the two public autonomous universities in Singapore. The results showed that academic self-efficacy negatively predicted students' levels of depressive symptoms and positively predicted their satisfaction with life. The relationship between students' academic self-efficacy and their level of depressive symptoms as well as satisfaction with life was found to be mediated by goal importance and goal motivation. In addition, academic self-efficacy was a significant predictor of academic performance, ideal GPA, goal importance, goal motivation, and GPA difference. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed. The Priming Effects of Entertainment-Education on Viewers' Responses to PSAs: An Application to Binge Drinking among College Students • Kyongseok Kim, The University of Georgia; MINA LEE, University of Georgia • The purpose of this study was to examine the priming effects of an Entertainment-Education message on viewers' responses to a PSA. An online experiment was conducted with 232 participants using a 2 (E-E: present vs. absence) _ 2 (issue involvement: high vs. low) between-subjects design. The results provided evidence of the priming effects of a health message (related to binge drinking) embedded in a primetime drama. The effects were also moderated by issue involvement. Perceived or Real Knowledge? Comparing operationalizations of science knowledge. • Peter Ladwig, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Kajsa Dalrymple, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Dietram Scheufele, University of Wisconsin; Dominique Brossard, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Elizabeth Corley, Arizona State University • This study compares two frequently used operationalizations of science knowledge: factual knowledge of an emerging technology, measured using true-false options, is the same as self-reported nanotechnology knowledge (perceived familiarity). We argue that these measurements - which have been used interchangeably in past research - are conceptually distinct and should be treated as such. Using hierarchal linear OLS regression, we provide evidence that these two measurements do in fact capture different concepts and should be treated differently in the future. Defining obesity: Second-level Agenda Setting in Black Newspapers and General Audience Newspapers • Hyunmin Lee, University of Missouri-Columbia; Maria Len-Rios, U. of Missouri This paper examines how obesity is defined in Black newspapers and general audience newspapers applying the framework of second-level agenda setting theory. A content analysis (N = 391) of a national sample of Black newspapers and general audience newspapers showed that while both Black newspapers and general audience newspapers generally ascribed individual reasons for causing, Black newspapers were more likely than general audience newspapers to suggest both individual and societal solution methods to treat obesity. Additionally, regardless of the audience of the newspaper, negative stories of obesity appeared on front pages. Implications for theory and health communication research are discussed. Influencing Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation Intentions in Singapore based on the Protection Motivation Theory • Shallyn Leow, Nanyang Technological University; May O. Lwin, Nanyang Technological University; Kaiyan Lin, National Chengchi University; Chrong Meng Ng, Nanyang Technological University; Kenneth Mu Mao Chia, Nanyang Technological University Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is crucial for survival during sudden cardiac arrest (Hopstock, 2007). Statistics have shown that the typically low survival rate of cardiac arrest victims can increase manifold when the public is CPR-trained. To date, only 20% of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Singapore receive bystander CPR (Lateef & Anantharaman, 2001). This research aims to help develop CPR promotion campaigns by examining the CPR-learning intentions amongst youths in Singapore, utilizing the Protection Motivation Theory. Comprehensive resource to enhance consumer health informatics evaluation research: A description of a pilot project • Glenn Leshner, University of Missouri; Rob Logan, National Library of Medicine; Glen Cameron, University of Missouri - Columbia • The purpose of this paper is to report on a pilot project that will prepare a master resource of outcome variables and suggested measures to guide comprehensive consumer health informatics evaluation. This pilot project is being conducted in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) National Library of Medicine's (NLM) Office of Communications and Public Liaison as well as NLM's consumer health informatics working group. The resource is envisioned as an online tool kit NLM can use and also will be available as a professional development tool to other consumer health informatics researchers. The resource will be comprised of at least 25 outcome variables, with a specific suggested measure for each variable, and a citation of the source. The variables presented here, which represent a small sample, are health literacy, health orientation, spiritual health locus of control, and self-efficacy. Analyzing Health Organizations' Use of Twitter for Promoting Health Literacy • Hyojung Park, University of Missouri, School of Journalism; Shelly Rodgers, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Jon Stemmle, Health Communication Research Center, Missouri School of Journalism This study explored health-related organizations' use of Twitter in delivering health literacy messages while promoting their images and brands. Content analysis of 571 tweets from health-related organizations revealed that the organizations' tweets were often quoted or republished by other Twitter users. There were some differences among the various types of organizations in regard to addressing health literacy topics in tweets, although in general, most tweets focused on the use of short sentences and simple language. A comparative analysis of Chinese and American newspapers' coverage of the milk scandal in China • Lulu Rodriguez, Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication, Iowa State University; Jiajun Yao, Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication, Iowa State University Anger and panic spread across China in the wake of country's latest food scare—melamine-tainted milk that sickened nearly 300,000 children and caused the death of at least six infants in 2008. This study analyzed the content of news, feature and editorial reports from the Economic Daily (China) and the Wall Street Journal (U.S.) to determine the risk information items present in the coverage. A discourse analysis was also conducted. The two papers differed in five information areas: the government's plans of action; the definition, description and explanation of the cause of disorders and deaths; the extent of assurances made; the number of people harmed; and assignment of blame. The Daily referred to the issue as an event or incident while the Journal called it a disaster and a tragedy. Stories from the Daily contained fewer details about what led to the crisis and emphasized the revitalization of the dairy industry while the Journal expressed concern about the enforcement of food safety laws. The Chinese paper consistently showed a positive attitude toward its government while the Journal took a strong negative position toward Chinese authorities. What Science Communication Scholars Think about Training Scientists to Communicate • Andrea Tanner, University of South Carolina; John Besley, University of South Carolina • This study assesses the volume and scope of the training taking place in the science communication field and explores the views about the skills of several different types of science communicators. Nearly 46% of scholars publishing in academic journals across the sub-fields of science, health, environment and risk communication report conducting formal training for bench scientists and engineers, science regulators, medical personnel or journalists. For most groups, the main focus of training was in the area of basic communication theories and models. There is near unanimity in the field that the science community would benefit from additional science communication training and that deficit model thinking remains prevalent. Effect of ecological, proximal, and psychometric risk perception on reported self-protective behavior for West Nile virus. • Craig Trumbo, Colorado State University; Raquel Harper, Colorado State University; Emily Zielinski-Gutiérrez, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Cindy Kronauge, Weld County Department of Health and Environment.; Sara Evans, Weld County Department of Health and Environment • Little is known about the manner in which individuals perceive risk for West Nile virus and how risk perception may affect protective behavior against exposure. To investigate these questions data were collected using a mail survey. The questionnaire included measures of cognitive-affective risk perception, combined with ecological and proximity risk perception constructs, and the Health Belief Model. Results show that all three of the newer risk perception models provide some power to explain protective behavior. The effect of proximity to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on subsequent optimistic bias and the perception of hurricane risk. • Craig Trumbo, Colorado State University; Michelle Lueck, Colorado State University; Holly Marlatt, Colorado State University; Lori Peek, Colorado State University • In this study we evaluated how individuals living in Gulf Coast counties perceived hurricane risk in the wake of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. The analysis examined optimistic bias and perception of hurricane risk in January 2006, evaluating these concepts as functions of distance from the area of the Katrina-Rita impact. Data were collected by mail survey (n = 824). Results show hurricane risk perception has a number of significant associations, while optimistic bias does not. News media and the social amplification of risk for seasonal influenza. • Craig Trumbo, Colorado State University • The effect news media may have had on patients visiting physicians for influenza was examined for 2002-2008. The basis for this investigation rests on theories of media effects applied to the Social Amplification of Risk. It was hypothesized that controlling for the rate of influenza, a positive relationship exists in which increases and decreases of news media attention to influenza precede increases and decreases in the percentage of patients visiting physicians for flu symptoms. The percentage of visits and the percentage of positive flu tests are taken from the Centers for Disease Control's flu report. Media attention was located through the Lexis/Nexis database as words per week in stories having flu in the headline in 32 newspapers. Time series analysis shows that controlling for autoregressive and seasonal effects, and the actual rate of disease present, news attention in the previous week accounts for a statistically significant portion of the increase and decrease in the number of individuals who go to their physician reporting influenza-like symptoms. Reverse causality was examined and it was shown that controlling for autoregressive and seasonal effects, patient visits did not predict news coverage, while the actual rate of the flu in the previous three weeks did. News Framing of Autism: Media Advocacy, Health Policy & the Combating Autism Act • Brooke Weberling, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Considering agenda setting, framing, and the concepts of media advocacy and mobilizing information, this study presents a content analysis of U.S. news coverage of autism from 1996 to 2006, the year the Combating Autism Act was passed. Findings revealed that science frames decreased over time, while policy frames increased. Medical and government sources were most common in news coverage. Solutions were more frequent than causes; however, mobilizing information was limited. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Exploring the role of online discussion in improving obesity-related health literacy: A content analysis of health literacy domains and eWOM of The Biggest Loser League • Ye Wang, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Erin Willis, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Shelly Rodgers, University of Missouri School of Journalism • The present study evaluated to what extent and at what levels online discussions about weight-management can improve health literacy, and whether and to what extent health-related eWOM in online discussions can counter-balance misleading information in food advertisements. This study found evidence of health literacy domains in discussions of weight-management, and identified self-efficacy as being influential in users' performance of weight-loss behaviors. Evidence of eWOM provides a context for health communication to educate and promote healthy living. Tracking Explanations In Health News. More Attention Is Not Always Needed For Understanding. • Ronald Yaros, University of Maryland • This study investigates the relationship of how readers view health news on a web page and whether certain viewing patterns are associated with different levels of comprehension. Does selective attention always mean comprehension and do explanatory graphics in health news aid comprehension? Participants (N = 20) in an eye-tracking experiment are exposed to two text structures of four health stories with or without explanatory graphics. Recorded eye movements were then associated with robust measures of situational understanding. Based on theory of text comprehension, this study predicted that longer viewing time can indicate little or no explanation in the news more than it indicates interest. Results suggest that longer eye fixations -presumed to indicate more attention in eye-tracking studies - do not always mean a better understanding of complex news. Willing but Unwilling: Attitudinal Barriers to Adoption of Home-Based Health-Information Technologies Among Older Adults • Rachel Young, University of Missouri, Columbia; Erin Willis, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Mugur Geana, University of Kansas; Glen Cameron, University of Missouri - Columbia • The health needs of aging baby boomers will stress the medical system and family caregivers. Proposals for improving health outcomes include technological solutions, but user attitudes toward these solutions are unknown. This study used in-depth interviews to explore barriers to adoption of a home-based system for communicating with physicians, searching for health information, and receiving tailored messages. A thematic analysis revealed technological discomfort, privacy concerns, and perceived distance from the user representation imagined by participants. WHAT PARENTAL FACTOR(S) INFLUENCES CHILDREN'S OBESITY? -Investigating the Possible Relationships between Children's Body Mass Index and • Hyunjae (Jay) Yu, School of Communication, Sogang University; Tae Hyun Baek, University of Georgia • In addition to genetics and nutrition, the notion exists that environmental influences may also indirectly govern childhood obesity. Because children's eating habits and lifestyles are largely determined by parental upbringing, it is worthwhile to examine and discuss the specific weight-determining variables connected to parenting style and the nature of child rearing. This exploratory study tests for connecting relationships between children's obesity level (measured by Body Mass Index) and the parents' television viewing behavior/attitudes. Some of the viewing aspects examined in this study include the parents' average amount time spent watching TV per day, their attitude toward advertisements targeting children, and their opinions about the parents' role in regards to their children's viewing behaviors. Additionally, the researcher examined the parents' BMI to test for a connection between their weight and their children's obesity level. Results showed that, in addition to BMI, the parents' opinions regarding responsibilities for children's TV viewing behaviors significantly influenced the obesity levels of their offspring. Communicating a health epidemic: A risk assessment of the swine flu coverage in U.S. newspapers Nan Yu, North Dakota State University; Dennis Frohlich, North Dakota State University; Jared Fougner, North Dakota State University; Lezhao Ren, North Dakota State University • Media can contribute to the public assessment of a health risk and provide general knowledge of basic preventive methods (Allen, 2002; Dudo, Dhlstrom, & Brossard, 2007). The current study content analyzed the coverage of the 2009 swine flu in major U.S. newspapers to uncover: the general pattern of swine flu coverage in 2009, the presentation of health risk, and the depictions of self-efficacy-related information. The results of this study revealed that the risk of swine flu was frequently depicted with qualitative risk and thematic frames. About one third of the stories compared swine flu to a previous known health risk. Swine flu was less frequently portrayed as a deadly disease or a global risk compared to the previous coverage of avian flu. Social disorders more often appeared as consequences beyond health than economic losses and political disturbances. The depictions of the symptoms of swine flu and general preventive efforts appeared less frequently than the mentions of the H1N1 vaccination. However, newspapers expressed uncertainty about the effectiveness of the vaccination. The Psychophysiology of Viewing HIV/AIDS PSAs: The Effects of Fear Appeals and Sexual Appeals Jueman Zhang, New York Institute of Technology; Makana Chock, Syracuse University • This study investigated the effects of fear and sexual appeals on psychophysiological responses to online HIV/AIDS PSAs. An experiment with a 2 (low vs. high fear appeals) by 2 (low vs. high sexual appeals) within-subject design was conducted (N = 77). Physiological and self-reported data consistently demonstrated that high sexual appeals triggered more attention and greater arousal than low sexual appeals. Self-reported data revealed that high fear appeals elicited more attention and greater arousal than low fear appeals, but physiological data didn't support it. High fear appeals and high sexual appeals were perceived as more effective but they were not recalled better. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1477 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/commission-on-the-status-of-women-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 18:50:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1480 A Comparison of Gender Portrayals in News Content across Platforms and Coverage Areas • Cory Armstrong, University of Florida; Fangfang Gao, University of Florida • With the continuing disparity between male and female mentions in news content, this study seeks to compare how news organizations employ men and women in Twitter feeds and how that connects to portrayals in news stories. In particular, researchers examine how mentions in tweets of men and women may influence mentions in news stories that were linked from tweets. The study employed a content analysis of national, regional and local newspaper and television tweets, along with their accompanying news stories to compare media platforms and coverage areas. Results indicated a positive relationship between male and female portrayals in tweets and portrayals in news content. Further, male mentions were more likely to appear in national news stories than other regions and more frequently than female mentions in print media than in television. Implications were discussed. More of the same old story?: Women, war and news in Time magazine • Dustin Harp, University of Texas at Austin; Jaime Loke, University of Texas at Austin; Ingrid Bachmann, University of Texas at Austin • Feminist media scholarship has long examined the role of women in journalism and criticized the gendered nature of news in general and war coverage in particular. This content analysis of 406 stories from Time magazine explores the intersection of war reporting and gender in the coverage of the war in Iraq. The results show than in war news, women are still scarce. Female reporters accounted for a fifth of the bylines, but tended to cite more diverse sources, including more women. Female sources were mostly private individuals without affiliation, and represented less than a tenth of the subjects cited. These findings indicate that when it comes to war, women are still symbolically annihilated through omission. Mammy Revisited: How Media Portrayals Of Overweight Black Women Affect How Black Women Feel About Themselves • Gina Chen, Syracuse University; Sherri Williams, Syracuse University; Nicole Hendrickson, Syracuse University; Li Chen, Syracuse University • In-depth interviews with 36 black women, ages 18 to 59, reveal that exaggeratedly overweight depictions of black women in television and film had a strong effect on their identity. The women reported portrayals, such as Rasputia in Eddie Murphy's Norbit, were mammy-like and made them feel conflicted over their own identity because of the disconnect between the dominant white ideal of thinness and media portrayals of black women. Social comparison theory is used for interpretation. Plugging old-media values into 'new media': Social identity and the attitudes of sports bloggers toward issues of gender in sport • Marie Hardin, John Curley Center for Sports Journalism, Penn State University; Bu Zhong, Pennsylvania State University; Thomas Corrigan, College of Communications, Penn State University • This research suggests that individual-level, social identity factors in gatekeeping by sports bloggers present a critical dilemma for the exposure and promotion of women's sports. Using a survey of independent bloggers linking their social identities to their attitudes toward women's sports and Title IX, this research suggests that the sports blogosphere will not become an egalitarian space for sports commentary without more participation from female bloggers who cover female athletes and advocate for women's sports. Silent No More: Regan Hofmann and POZ Magazine • Robin Donovan, Ohio University • During the emergence of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the 1980s, AIDS was largely seen as a problem faced by gay men and intravenous drug users. POZ magazine was founded to educate people with HIV and AIDS and provide a way to live positively despite these illnesses. With the addition of Regan Hofmann as editor-in-chief in 2006, that mission was well on its way. Hofmann was such an unlikely face of HIV in the 1990s that she hid her identity from all but her family and closest friends for a decade. This study examines the anonymous columns she wrote for the magazine from 2002 to 2006. In each column, she shared her status with someone, documenting both the reactions she received and the process of becoming more comfortable with disclosure. The columns exemplify her personal and professional transformation from hiding her HIV status with shame to publicly announcing her identity on POZ's cover in April 2006. Gender violence in the Twilight phenomenon: A feminist analysis of blood, lust and love • Meenakshi Durham, University of Iowa • This paper seeks to interrogate the tensions in the construction of masculinity in the Twilight books and films, vis-à-vis issues of implicit and overt gender violence. The analysis addresses the overarching research question, How is gender implicated in the vampire mythology of Twilight? A combination of feminist rhetorical analysis and semiology are used to examine the verbal and visual texts at work in the Twilight books and films. The analysis identifies four dominant themes in these texts: (1) the representation of violence as an inherent and presumptive characteristic of masculinity; (2) the portrayal of male violence as an acceptable and justifiable by-product of male-female relationships; (3) the continual imperilment of girls in situations from which they were rescued by boys; and (4) the definition of masculinity in terms of a dualism wherein good boys recognized and repudiated their own instinctive predilection for violence and bad boys allowed it to go unchecked. I conclude that Twilight works rhetorically and visually to coax audiences to expect boys to be violent and girls to be compliant in regard to that violence. Framing Gender Amid Crisis: A Woman University President Faces the Press • Frank Durham, CCS • Women in positions of leadership are more likely than men to be framed according to dominant, gendered themes, in ways, which limit their access to power. This text analysis of the role of gender in the framing process that is evident in coverage by the Iowa City Press-Citizen takes the case of University of Iowa President Sally Mason as she faced two crises in 2007-08. In the first, she was confronted with an alleged rape by two football players of a woman athlete in the Hillcrest dormitory on campus. In the second, she was called to respond to the floods, which inundated the University campus, as well as much of Cedar Rapids and Iowa City. As it finds that Mason was framed differently in each case, the study theoretically interrogates how dominant gender ideology played a role in the framing process. Agency, Activism or Both? Feminism and Mothering in the Pubic Sphere • Katherine Eaves, University of Oklahoma • Until fairly recently mothers and issues relating to motherhood have been relegated to the private. In the late 1960s, however, the personal became political, giving women and mothers the freedom to talk about elements of their lives that were previously deemed inappropriate for public discourse. This new found freedom, coupled with the proliferation of electronic media, particularly niche media geared toward women and mothers, has led to a considerable amount of public political discourse about motherhood issues. This paper specifically examines the concepts of agency and activism as they relate to mothering in feminist public spheres, and examines the ways in which feminist Web sites about motherhood promote agency and activism. Mother as Mother and Mother as Citizen: Mothers of Combat Soldiers on National Network News • Karen Slattery, Marquette University; Ana Garner, Marquette University • This study examines national television news images of mothers of U. S. combat soldiers during the first seven years of the Iraq War. News stories presented mothers as archetypal good mothers engaged in maternal work long after their childrens' deployment. Mothers were depicted as vocal vis a vis their position on the Iraq war, a contrast to the historical depiction of archetypal patriotic mother who is stoic and silent. The resulting image is more complex suggesting the archetype may be shifting. Building bias: Media portrayals of postpartum disorders and mental illness stereotypes • Lynette Holman, UNC-Chapel Hill • Postpartum depression (PPD) is a disorder that affects one in 10 new mothers. Symptoms include fatigue, anxiety, and excessive concerns about the baby or alternatively, feeling detached from the baby. Only about one in 1,000 new mothers develops postpartum psychosis. Only 4% of these women commit infanticide; however, they make the news. Through a content analysis of 11 years of print media coverage of postpartum disorders, this study illuminates the media's misrepresentation of these disorders. From Social Control to Post-Feminism: A Longitudinal Analysis of Reporting on Title IX by Journalist Gender • Kent Kaiser, Northwestern College, University of Minnesota Tucker Center for Research on Girls and Women in Sport • This longitudinal study uses quantitative content analysis of frames to investigate differences in newspaper coverage, by journalist gender, on Title IX as it relates to women in sports. The investigation seeks to discern whether female journalists, when given an explicit opportunity to advocate for women's rights and advancement in a traditionally male domain, a) succumb to social control and therefore conform to the male hegemonic dynamics of newsrooms, b) embrace a feminist predisposition to advocate for women and promote equality or c) distance themselves from the feminist view in post-feminist fashion. The study's findings suggest that female journalists may have succumbed to social control in the earliest years of Title IX, as their use of frames was similar to that of their male colleagues. Later, female journalists asserted more advocacy frames than their male colleagues, consistent with a feminist style. Yet in the most recent years analyzed, female journalists returned to using frames more like their male colleagues. The findings suggest that, rather than the lack of a critical mass of female journalists, a transformation from social control, to a feminist style, to a post-feminist style is operative in the assertion of Title IX advocacy and opposition frames over time. Sex & Glamour in the Hillbilly Field: The Objectification of Women in Country Music Videos • Ann McClane-Bunn, Middle Tennessee State University • Despite its rich history as an authentic American art form, country music remains a largely untapped area of scholarly research, especially where women in music videos are concerned. This has been particularly true since 2000, when Viacom, Inc., the parent company of MTV Networks, purchased Country Music Television (CMT). Applying framing theory, objectification theory and the male gaze theory, this thesis employs textual analysis to examine country music videos' portrayal of women before and since the Viacom purchase. The findings indicate three prevalent frames: Focus on Women's Bodies, Women's Gratuitous Presence and Scantily Clad Women. This research identifies parallels between women in country music videos and women in advertisements, suggesting that a musical genre once called the heart of America has become an industry that uses women as sexual objects. Furthermore, this study briefly discusses the implications that such reckless and needless use of women may have on society. Gender Framing in the 2008 Presidential Election • Erin O'Gara, University of Iowa • This study examines newspaper coverage of the Democratic and Republican presidential and vice presidential candidates in the 2008 U.S. election through the lens of framing theory. The study especially focused on the ways in which gender was framed in newspaper coverage of the election. A total of 225 newspaper articles randomly collected from The New York Times, the Chicago Tribune and USA Today were content and textually analyzed. The results show that the media continued to cover male and female candidates in very different ways. The discussion of gender and the one female candidate was stereotypical and used harsher and more negative language than that used for the male candidates. This suggests that contrary to what some believed were improving conditions for female political candidates, the media still put a much greater emphasis on their gender. In doing so, the media are sending a message to potential voters that they are somehow less qualified than their male counterpart: women first, politicians second. Examining Effects of Romance Consumption on Feminism and Social Media Use • Kristin Russell, Kansas State University; Ruochen Qiu, Kansas State University • Previous research has analyzed feminist themes in romance media mainly through content analysis. The present study attempts to examine the association among romance consumption, feminism and social media use through a cross-sectional survey method. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the more females consumed romance, the less feminist ideas they maintained and that the more females consumed romance, the more they participated in romance-based social media. However, no relationship between romance-oriented social media and feminist ideas was found. Newspaper Coverage of Cindy McCain and Michelle Obama during the Presidential Election • Tiffany Shoop, Shenandoah University • This research project examined a sample of three prominent newspapers' coverage of Cindy McCain and Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election. One of the major findings of this research project was the common reference made in the newspaper articles to controversies related to McCain and Obama, raising the question of if increased coverage of controversies is one of the prices paid for having it all, both personally and professionally, as a presidential candidates' spouse. Navigating the Invisible Nets: Challenges and Opportunities for Women in Traditionally Male-Dominated South Asian Newsrooms • Elanie Steyn, Gaylord College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Oklahoma; Kathryn Jenson White, Gaylord College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Oklahoma • Invisible nets, labyrinths, glass ceilings and other obstacles create obstructions along women's paths toward leadership positions, including those in media settings. Expanding on exploratory research, this paper investigates newsroom management expectations and experiences related to communication and teamwork as managerial competencies among a sample of female journalists in Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Using a quantitative research design, the researchers outline opportunities and challenges for women in navigating these obstacles in traditionally male-dominated South Asian newsrooms. Gender Framing on the Covers of Media Guides • Lacey Duffy, Ackerman McQueen; Natalie Tindall, Georgia State University • Past research on women, sports, and the media has produced two consistent themes: Female athletes are not given equal media attention compared to men, and when portrayed, women are more often framed in traditionally feminine and passive roles compared to men. This exploratory study explored gender framing of 2006-2007 Big 12 Conference intercollegiate athletic media guides through a content analysis of 97 athletic media guide covers from sports having both male and female versions. Overall, the majority of male and female athletes on all of the guides examined were portrayed on court, in uniforms, in action, and with sporting equipment. Male and female athletes were not portrayed in sexually suggestive poses. The majority of these athletes were also pictured from eye level and from close or medium range. Examining New-technology-related Content in Women's and Men's Magazines: 2007- 2009 • Wei-Chun Wang, Ohio University • Women are often marginalized in discussions of new technology as portrayed in the media. To examine whether traditional gender biases exist in magazines, this study explored new-technology-related content in popular magazines intended for three groups: men, women and general interest readership. Different from previous research which analyzes the image and advertisements in magazines, this research analyzed the content of magazines, and thus, can be seen as an exploratory study in the field. Through the content analysis approach, this study examined a total of 216 issues of popular magazines from 2007 to 2009. Results indicate that from the 2,967 women's magazines' articles sampled, only one article (0.034%) was found that related to technology. Also, among all magazines, news magazines whose readership includes more men than women provided more content oriented to new technology. Results reveal that traditional social roles are reinforced, with males being considered to have more knowledge of IT and new technological subjects. What is Sexy? How Young Women Ages 19-26 Define Sexiness in the Media and in Real Life • Meng Zhang, University of Florida • Women ages 19-26 participated in a qualitative research on the topic of what is sexy. The study revealed that these women defined sexy broadly as attractive for both men and women, yet their personal ideals of sexiness tended to diverge from what they believe represented in the media. The women in general considered sexy a compliment although there were mix feelings about being sexy. Media were both direct and indirect sources of their feelings and thoughts about sexiness. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1480 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/entertainment-studies-interest-group-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 19:01:31 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1486 How (and why) Can Tragic Drama be Enjoyable? Cognitive, Affective, Physiological, and Motivational Accounts • Dohyun Ahn, University of Alabama • The hedonic principle governs human behaviors including media selection. However, the enjoyment of tragic drama poses a challenge to the hedonic principle. Two questions arise from this challenge: (1) why do people, particularly lonely individuals, select tragic content, and (2) why is the intensity of sadness positively associated with the degree of enjoyment of such negatively valenced content? This review suggests that feeling sad for others can be enjoyable, because (1) cognitively, it feels nice to feel bad for others' pain, instead of being insensitive, (2) affectively, feeling sad for others enables individuals to feel the sense of social connection, (3) physiologically, the vagus nerve regulates the fight-or-flight system so that individuals can care for others, and (4) motivationally, the mu-opioid system rewards individuals for feeling sad for others. Who lives, who dies, and why? Doctors, diseases, and mortality in TV medical dramas • Julie Andsager, University of Iowa; Rauf Arif, School of Journalism & Mass Comm., University of Iowa; James Carviou, The University of Iowa; Kyle Moody, University of Iowa; Erin O'Gara, University of Iowa • We examined contemporary, primetime TV medical dramas to ascertain implicit messages about the nature of disease, patients, and doctor-patient relationships. Cultivation and social identity theories undergirded the study. Forty randomly selected episodes of ER, Grey's Anatomy, House, and Private Practice indicated that male doctors outnumbered female doctors. Female patients presented significantly different diseases/conditions than males. White doctors and minority doctors dealt with different types of cases. The diversity suggested in medical dramas is not straightforward. Deconstructing Dust: Postmodern Superhero Extraordinaire or a Stereotype in Disguise? • Arthur Bamford, University of Denver • In 2002, a young Afghani woman and devout Muslim called 'Dust' joined the ranks of one of Marvel Comics' most popular teams: the X-Men. This paper discusses the findings of a pilot study conducted with two interpretive communities: one comprised of comic book fans, and another of Muslim students, and considers whether or not Dust ought to be considered a vanguard, positive portrayal of an Arab, Muslim young woman in a medium that has historically vilified, marginalized, and/or ignored each of those three distinctions. In addition, this research considers comic books as what Baym (2005) has called discursively integrated texts, and explores how efficacious real-world social and political commentary is when it is interwoven into comic book narratives. In with the Tweens: Appeal of Disney's High School Musical Among College Students • Kelly Barrows, Syracuse University • This study examines the appeals of Disney's High School Musical franchise for non-target audiences. When the original movie was released, current undergraduate students were beyond the targeted tween market. Using the lens of uses and gratifications, focus groups of self-fans explored enjoyment of the movies. The results show that in addition to emotional appeals of an escapist movie, the movies are able to provide viewers with a form of conversational capital to use with friends. Watch What Happens: How People Watch and Talk About Reality Television • Kelly Barrows, Syracuse University; Simone Becque, Syracuse University • The purpose of this study was to explore how people watch and talk about reality television. Previous research reveals that motivations for watching reality television differ from those for serialized television. In a survey, college students indicated which reality shows they watched and answered follow-up questions regarding the shows. The 274 responses indicate reality television is typically watched in a group setting and that men and women watch different types of reality television. Who Is the Loser?: A Critical Analysis of Contestant and Trainer Communication about Weight Loss on The Biggest Loser • Kim Bissell, University of Alabama; Lauren Reichart-Smith, Auburn University • This study used textual analysis to examine The Biggest Loser contestant comments during the weigh-in portion of the reality television show to determine how contestants framed their weight loss throughout the season. The overarching themes that emerged from the analysis of 13 episodes were themes of disappointment, expectations, game-play, positivity, and not being able to see the forest for the trees. While the reality-based show does offer viewers a glimpse into the world of morbidly obese individuals trying to make a positive change in their own lives, the commentary from the contestants during the vignettes largely represents weight loss as unachievable and disappointing because regardless of how much effort is exerted, disappointment on the scale will result. These messages communicated to viewers may not serve as motivation to lose weight but rather serve as a roadblock or detriment to even begin trying. Findings are related to entertainment theory and the ways in which reality programming is created to maintain ratings and viewers. These and other findings are discussed. Prevalence and Portrayal of Sexual Content in Adolescent Novels • Mark Callister, Brigham Young University; Sarah M. Coyne, Brigham Young University; Lesa A. Stern, Westmont College; Malinda Miller, Brigham Young University; Laura Stockdale, Brigham Young University; Brian Wells, Brigham Young University • Most media research on sexual content focuses on TV, film, advertisements, and magazines. The popularity of novels and their potential role in adolescents' sex education heightens the importance in examining what messages such literature provides young readers. Results show that novels are replete with sex-related material, but impoverished as a source dealing with issues of abstinence, safe sex practices, and potential health risks and consequences. Implications for lack of a rating system are discussed. Reading the Brandfan: Using Twilight to Explore Brands and Fandom • Barbara Chambers, Texas Tech University • This article examines the crossover appeal of the Twilight brand and fandom in females of different ages through original focus group research. It also provides an overview of the Twilight brand and promotion, history of fandom, vampire texts and romance genres. Parallels are made with Radway's (1984) Reading the Romance. The paper concludes with future recommendations on brands and fandom through a new concept known as Brandfans . Shining a Bright Light: An Analysis of Race and Identity in Online Messages • Naeemah Clark, Elon University; Amanda Gallagher, Elon University; Lori Boyer, Texas Tech In February 2010, Joanna Douglas, a writer for Yahoo's Shine.com website, posted an article critiquing the lack of diversity in Vanity Fair magazine's 2010 Hollywood issue. In response to Douglas's story, Shine's readers contributed more than 18,000 messages to the Shine site. Most of these messages included critiques of the state of race in the magazine industry, Hollywood, and America. This study is a textual analysis of these messages. The results indicate that while some of Shine's readers think discussions of race and diversity are passé, most agreed that racism exists in the form of the entertainment industry's marginalization of people of color and in a perceived double standard that permits racial/ethnic minorities to have media content that caters only to them. Furthermore, an analysis of the discourse appearing on Shine reveals that many of those who are posting highlight their own identities to take a stand when it comes to the issue of race. Personal confessions and words such as I, you, and they are used when the writers are positioning themselves in their messages and discussions with other Shine readers. Keywords: Online messages, race, confessions, and identity Cartoon Planet: The Cross-cultural Acceptance of Japanese Animation • Anne Cooper-Chen, Ohio U. • Japanese animation, the un-Disney, represents a major challenge to U.S. global entertainment dominance. Through interviews, survey research and content/ratings analysis, this study verifies the validity of cultural proximity (Straubhaar), given the enthusiastic acceptance of anime in Asia. It discovered two facets of between-nation cultural differences (Hofstede): 1) Japan's domestic (Sazae-san) vs. overseas audiences' favorite anime and 2) overseas audiences' differing favorites (Doraemon in Asia, but not in the West). Ironically, overseas exports may save the domestic industry. Changing Gender Stereotypes in Disney Films: A Content Analysis of Animated and Live-Action Movies • Bruce Finklea, University of Alabama • Disney has long been criticized for its gender portrayals in feature-length animated films. Being one of the most-watched entertainment providers for children, a great deal of research has been conducted into what Disney is actually portraying on the screen. This paper examines gender stereotypes in recent animated and live action Disney films. Results of the content analysis revealed that, while many traditional stereotypes are still being seen, there are some significant shifts in gender portrayals. Soap Dish: An Exploratory Examination of Daytime Soap Opera Message Boards • Maria Fontenot, Texas Tech University • Employing both quantitative and qualitative methods, this exploratory study investigates motives for visiting, reading, and posting on soap opera message boards, and analyzes content from such message boards from the uses and gratifications perspective. Results revealed that entertainment and information seeking as the most popular motives for visiting soap opera websites, and reading and posting on such boards. Results also uncovered that nearly half of the threads analyzed fell into the information seeking category. Moving out of the spotlight?: An analysis of Playboy Centerfolds' career goals and ambitions, 1977-2001 • Amanda Gallagher, Elon University; James Gallagher, Triangle Business Journal • This qualitative study analyzes the career goals and aspirations of the iconic Playboy centerfolds from 1977 to 2001. These statements were gathered from the centerfold profile/data sheets provided each month in the centerfold section of the magazine. In total, 268 centerfold section issues were analyzed. Findings indicate that while many centerfolds embraced careers in entertainment and a desire to be serve in domestic roles in the early years of this analysis (1970s), these desires were not as prevalent in later decades (especially the late 1990s and early 2000s). As time progressed, centerfolds appeared to become more independent-minded and career-oriented, focusing less on their traditional, expected careers in entertainment and domestic roles, and, instead, focusing more on professional oriented careers. These changes reflect nationwide trends and call into question the changing role of the centerfold. Reality Does Bite: Generation X Enters Adulthood • Timothy R Gleason, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh • Generational tensions appear in Singles and Reality Bites, two 1990's films concerned with the Generation X label and entry into adulthood. Using the perspective of social representation and the context of American Studies, this paper identifies themes. In brief, characters try to pursue their art, or they just try being true to themselves in the face of sad economic realities. Additionally, these films address the problem of parenthood, or more accurately, the lack of parenting. How the West was Family Friendly: Disney's Westerns and Generation X in the 1970's • Timothy R Gleason, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh • Disney's Westerns The Apple Dumpling Gang (1975) and Hot Lead and Cold Feet (1978) are as much slapstick as shoot-out, and they are as much social commentary as popcorn entertainment. Underlying the Disneyesque goofiness of these latter Westerns however, is a focus on establishing families at a time when the family structure was in crisis. These films reinforce Disney's view that children need two loving parents to properly raise children. People Watching: Genre Repertoires and Multichannel TV Environments • Chad Harriss, Alfred U.; Maria Fontenot, Texas Tech University • Locating and identifying contemporary television audiences is challenging. This essay builds on scientific and critical/cultural theories in hopes of doing that. The researchers employ a hybrid methodology (Q-methodology) to attempt to accomplish two goals. First, we hope to determine if Carrie Heeter's concept of channel repertoires can be extended to focus on television genres. Second, we hope that this extension will provide some insight into whether audiences can be defined by their genre repertoires. Fictional Minds and Symbolic Interaction: How the Act of Communication Facilitates Understanding between Characters • Megan Hill, The Ohio State University • Despite widespread growth in the study of narrative in the past decade, the study of communication within these analyses has largely focused on audience effects. This essay moves beyond the effects tradition by focusing attention on the act of communication between characters in the novel. Alan Palmer's forthcoming research on social minds in the novel is considered in light of principles of symbolic interactionism. Possibilities for future interaction between narrative and communication are discussed. Personally, I feel sorry for her A Focus Group Analysis of Journalistic Coverage of Celebrity Health • Amanda Hinnant, U. of Missouri; Elizabeth Hendrickson, University of Tennessee • This study assesses how magazine readers in a focus group setting say they negotiate celebrity health stories cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally. We use both symbolic convergence theory and play theory to examine ways in which celebrity health news might perform a functional role in society. This research illustrates how celebrity health coverage serves to patrol the boundaries of acceptable health behavior through readers' interpretation of moral codes and their application to personal health. Times Change, But Trailers Don't: Violent and Sexual Content in a Decade of Movie Trailers Adrienne Holz Ivory, Virginia Tech; Julie E. Leventhal, Virginia Tech; James D. Ivory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University • Movie trailers are viewed widely, and they have been found to influence viewers' media choices and anticipated experiences. This study expanded prior research on movie trailers by examining violent and sexual content in all available trailers for the top 50 movies from each of the years 1998-2007 (n = 498). Violent and sexual content were present in the majority of the sample's trailers, but the prevalence of neither type of content varied consistently over time. Late-Night Talk Shows:Why People Watch and What They Seek to Gain • jin kim, university of iowa; Julie Kocsis, Hope College • This paper will examine the historical importance of the late-night talk show genre in the development of American television culture and why people watch for what purposes. Our main argument is that the popularity of the genre originates in broadcasting strategy (joint of interpersonal and mass mode of communication) and audiences' imagination (in their para-social relationship with media celebrity). Based on para-social interaction theory and uses and gratification theory, we identified four major reasons for the popularity of late-night talk show: entertainment, education, habitual media use and emotional attachment. Further theoretical implications and future research agenda will be discussed in the conclusion. The Mediating Role of Identification and Perceived Persuasive Intent in Overcoming the Resistance to Persuasive Narrative Messages • Kitae Kim, SUNY at Buffalo; Shin-Il Moon, The State University of New York at Buffalo; Thomas Feeley, The State University of New York at Buffalo • Theories on narrative message processing, such as Extended Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion (Slater & Rouner, 2002) and Entertainment Overcoming Resistance Model (Moyer-Gusé, 2008), suggest that a narrative message is persuasive because the transportation into the narrative world reduces the resistance to the message such as counterargument and psychological reactance This study proposes and testes the mediating role of identification with a character in a narrative and perceived persuasive intent in the relationship between transportation and two forms of the resistance to the narrative messages (e.g., counterargument and psychological reactance), using a written narrative message regarding bone marrow donation. Results show that identification mediated the relationship while perceived persuasive intent did not. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed. The Family Osbourne: A Narrative of Domesticity Tames and Enriches the Godfather of Heavy Metal • Jacqueline Lambiase, Texas Christian University • Ozzy Osbourne, sometimes called the godfather of metal, has never been shelved in the where are they now? category because of his family's willingness to share its straight and true narrative. This rhetorical project analyzes the storytelling acumen of Ozzy and his wife, Sharon, his longest running collaborator. With their children, they have written 10 memoirs in less than a decade, ensuring mainstream success. After decades, Ozzy still occupies a masculinized heavy-metal space, joined now by a matriarchal space of entertainment projects rooted in domesticity and storytelling. Goffman in The Real World: Processes of Performance and Characterization Across Three Reality Television Series • Mark Lashley, University of Georgia • This paper looks at three reality television series (The Real World, Starting Over and The Osbournes) through the lens of Goffman's Presentation of Self in Everyday Life and Propp's Morphology of the Folktale. Techniques of casting and performance of reality television participants are examined. It is argued that reality television comprises a performative sphere of action where archetypes are continually reproduced, through institutionalized casting techniques and participant performance. Multimedia in the Website: How do the U.S. Professional Sports Team Websites Adopt and Use Media Technologies? • Yang-Hwan Lee, Sungkyunkwan University; Sung-Chul Ihm, Sungkyunkwan University • Internet and new media technologies plays an important role in establishing the relationship between consumers-marketers. This study investigates what kind of media technology the professional sport team Website adopt and how those media technologies are used as a marketing communication tool. The results showed that Website and its technologies can be useful to sell and promote products and to communicate with customers. In the U.S., therefore, many sports teams are interested in the Website as a pipeline of marketing communication, but it seems not to be a matter of primary concern for some professional sports teams. Power and Violence in Angry Aryan Song lyrics: Exploring the Recruitment Strategies of the White Power Movement • Andrew Selepak, University of Florida; Belio Martinez, University of Florida • This paper uses a qualitative interpretive framework to analyze song lyrics by the skinhead band the Angry Aryans. It also explores the legitimacy of skinheads as a social movement and the role of power in asserting their status as an oppressed group. Social movements are typically viewed as positive constructs advancing the rights of oppressed people. However, racist extremist groups also portray themselves as grassroots social movements. Results indicate the Angry Aryans perceive ethnic minorities and homosexuals as inferior and subhuman and along with non-skinhead whites a threat to white superiority and survival in the United States. The song lyrics are used as a communication strategy to recruit, intimidate and promote violence. The concept of power and notions from social movement theory support the view of skinheads as a legitimate social movement. However, this study does not suggest that skinheads embody noble aspirations, only that they possess similar dynamics to progressive efforts that seek a common good. Awe and disgust: American Idol press coverage • Amanda McClain, Temple University • This paper contains discourse analyses of the 2002 and 2008 American Idol news coverage. It finds that both analyses focused on economics, power, and contestants; other topics include Simon Cowell and authenticity versus artificiality. However, while the 2002 coverage included themes of awe and derision, these were absent in the 2008 coverage. American Idol is now so ingrained into American culture, that contempt for it may be tantamount to contempt for American ideals. Alcoholic content: a textual analysis of Rock of Love • Tim Hogarth, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University; Mike McComb, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University; Kareema Pinckney, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University; Sandra Smith, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University • Although there have been studies about reality television, there is a lack of research on the affects of alcohol within competitive dating reality shows. We conducted a textual analysis of Rock of Love with Bret Michaels examining the role alcohol plays within the narrative structure of the program. We determined that alcohol is presented as a positive influence on the participants and a connective thread within the major story arcs of the program. Quick Measures of Transportation • Daniel G. McDonald, Ohio State University; Jonathan J. Anderegg, Ohio State University; Erin M. Schumaker, Ohio State University; Andrea Quenette, Ohio State University • This study provides an overview of the development of six subscales designed to measure the concept of transportation. The subscales measure multiple dimensions of transportation, but do so in a way that provides a more efficient and more exact measure than is currently available. We examine the reliability of the measures and their validity in several different ways, finding them as powerful as current measures but more sensitive to content variation. How moviemakers frame the media: An analysis of the portrayal of journalism in popular Vietnam-era cinema • Alexa Milan, Elon University • This research project, guided by framing theory, explores how journalism as a profession and the media were portrayed in film during a time in which journalism was arguably transforming its role in society - the Vietnam War. Rather than studying films focused primarily on journalism, a content analysis of the most popular films was conducted and the presence of the media in everyday life situations coded. The top five highest grossing films from 1968-1977 were included in the sample. These films were in production during the war, and their images reached up to 120 million Americans. The 50 films studied contained 460 representations of media that paint an overall picture of how media was portrayed to audiences in this era. Variables studied included what type of media was present (i.e. newspapers, television), whether it was in the foreground or background of the scene, whether its use moved the action forward, and the reporter's demographic information. Some key findings include that 53.3% of the media frames were of newspapers, characters responded to the media 32.6% of the time, the media moved the plot forward 45.4% of the time, 30.2% of television portrayals were framed as sensationalistic, and more Black and female journalists appeared in the last four years of the sample. This research is significant because by making the deliberate choice to utilize media in their movies, filmmakers are revealing the media's importance. Framing theory argues that unconsciously, these portrayals drive public opinion about the media and its role in everyday life. How to Make a Bully: Examining the Impact of Violent Entertainment on Adolescents • Patrice Oppliger, Boston University; Denis Wu, Boston University • This study explores the connection between different genres of violent media and adolescents' attitudes toward fighting and bullying behavior. We tested the impact of masculinity on bullying using Bem's Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Parental attitude toward violence is also incorporated in the regression models. Results showed that scoring high on the BSRI dominance factor predicted adolescent attitudes and bullying behavior. Individual genres of violent media were predictive of attitudes bullying depending on the gender of the participant. Uses and Gratifications Structural Model of Videogame Play • Emil Bakke, Ohio University; L. Meghan Peirce, Ohio University • This study deductively tests the structure of a uses and gratifications model where audience background characteristics, viewing motivations, exposure and attitudinal factors are considered in how one constructs their reality. Specifically, it examines how users' locus of control predicts entertainment, companionship and pass time motivations. It then looks at how these motivations predict users' perceived reality. Results suggest a significant negative relationship between users' locus of control and the motivations of entertainment, companionship and pass time. Users who hold an external locus of control proved more motivated to play video games. Videogame play as a source of entertainment is a negative predictor of casual gaming. Individuals who were motivated by companionship were significantly likely to be classified as hardcore and casual gamers; and no significant relationships were found by individuals motivated by pass time. The more exposure a user held with the media, the more likely they were to construct their own world based on video game content. By understanding this relationship as a complete structural model, a deeper understanding will be gained of how users construct their reality based on video game play. Girl power: A content analysis of gender portrayals on popular children's cable networks • Jack Powers, Ithaca College • A two-week sample of after-school television programs (3-6 p.m.) for The Disney Channel, Nickelodeon, and Cartoon Network was constructed to represent popular after-school cable programming for children. In a systematic content analysis, the frequencies and character attributes of the male and female characters were documented with particular attention paid to how females were presented. This study's findings update the current state of gender depictions on cable television programs geared toward children, depictions that may influence child viewers. The results suggest that girls are presented more favorably than boys across several variables, but that boy characters still far outnumber girl characters. Bollywood and the Indian Premier League (IPL): The Political Economy of Bollywood's New Blockbuster • Azmat Rasul, Florida State University; Jennifer Proffitt, Florida State University New forms of cricket have been introduced for the last four decades to maintain the interest of the audience in the game and, in recent years, to make the game more media-friendly. In India, an innovatively formatted tournament, the Indian Premier League (IPL), was started in 2008. The IPL magnetized cricket fans and corporate sponsors when Bollywood superstars not only promoted but also purchased teams in the league. The interlocking of industry and showbiz carries heuristic value and stipulates the need to examine this phenomenon from a political economic perspective. As such, we argue that the IPL-Bollywood alliance is a new synergistic mechanism that is attracting the attention of global entertainment corporations. More of the Same from Television Doctors: A Content Analysis of Their Portrayal, Interactions, and Ethical Behavior • Tom Robinson, Brigham Young University; Jessica Danowski, Brigham Young University; Kenny Trent, BYU • The medical drama has been part of television programming since its infancy. Each week on early television medical dramas, doctors were asked, under unbeatable odds to perform a miracle and more often than not - they did. With an almost uncanny ability to dominate and control the lives, these doctors exceeded the abilities of a natural man to a point where they seem almost omnipotent. Then in the 1994-95 television season, ER was introduced to the television audience and although many of ER's doctors often performed under unbeatable odds, and showed skills well beyond normal doctors, these doctors contained character flaws that presented them as fallible, human-like beings. Views are now seeing doctors who made mistakes, make bad decisions, and who have patients who died. The purpose of this research is to look at the evolution of the medical show and the TV doctor, and determine their role in influencing mass audiences today. Through a content analysis of 10 medical dramas, 55 doctors were coded and the results show that most are male, Caucasian, middle-aged, and attractive. These doctors do make mistakes and many have personality flaws, but most are shown beating medical odds, breaking restrictive rules, dealing with patients' families, fighting hospital administrators, and still having time to cure their patients. The Man Without Fear at a Time of Great Fear: A review of Countercultural Themes in the First 100 Issues of the Comic Book, Daredevil. • Bill Schulte, Ohio University • This study reviewed the first 100 issues of Marvel Comic's Daredevil: The Man Without Fear for countercultural themes prevalent the 1960s and 1970s. This comic book was examined for three countercultural themes: youth interacting with establishment and moving away from 1950s style and values, racial issues and civil rights in the face of a world becoming more integrated, and commentary on the Vietnam War. The study follows the book from its wholesome 1950s style roots, through the free but often pessimistic years between 1964 and 1973. The Marvel comic book, Daredevil, was a previously unexplored medium for creating meaning and engaging countercultural social issues. No Future No Longer: Pop-Punk and the Second-Wave Legacy • Alexandra Smith, Penn State University, College of Communications • To date, there has been very little academic research focused on the political potential of today&#8223;s pop-punk musical genre. This paper seeks to address that lack by analyzing the music of the pop-punk band NOFX. Drawing on past scholarship examining the political nature of first-wave punk music, an intertextual lyrical analysis of several NOFX songs, the members&#8223; activist tendencies, and the band itself reveals that the music does contain activist messages and uses intertextual methods to effectively create its own model listener. Critic-Adored, Award-Ignored: Roots and Consequences of Emmy Gone Wire-less • Todd Sodano, St. John Fisher College • The Emmy Award is an overused yet undervalued piece in countless conversations about television. Fans, viewers, and critics lament the broken system that rewards the same talent year after year but ignores cutting-edge, diverse television. This article examines paid journalistic TV critics' commentaries about the Emmy and why HBO's The Wire, a critic-adored, award-ignored series, was overlooked by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, a group whose mission includes the promotion of diversity. Furthermore, this essay looks at what the consequences are of this oversight in today's era of niche market programming. Motivated Cognitive Processing of Risky and Sexy Video Game Content • Sarah Miesse, The University of Alabama; Johnny Sparks, Texas Tech University; Harsha Gangadharbatla, University of Oregon; Curtis B. Matthews, Texas Tech University • The current study examined the influence of risky and sexy content on motivated cognitive processing of video game content. Participants viewed video clips from the games Fable II and Grand Theft Auto. Negative emotional experiences increased with risky and sexy content. Positive emotional experiences were associated with nonrisky and nonsexy clips. The guiding theoretical perspective predicted that resources allocated to encoding would be greater for positive (nonsexy and nonrisky) than negative (sexy and risky) content because both elicited a low level of arousal. As predicted, recognition sensitivity was greater for nonrisky and nonsexy video game content. Although the findings supported the theoretical predictions, the results do not necessarily correspond with conventional expectations. The Lady Is (Still) a Tramp: Prime-Time Portrayals of Women Who Love Sex • Jan Whitt, University of Colorado • Expressing their sexuality while being ridiculed by others unites several controversial television characters, including Blanche Devereaux (Rue McClanahan) of The Golden Girls, Jackie Harris (Laurie Metcalf) of Roseanne, Samantha Jones (Kim Cattrall) of Sex and the City, and Paige Matheson and Edie Britt (both played by Nicollette Sheridan) of Knot's Landing and Desperate Housewives, respectively. Because this study does not focus upon lesbians or women of color, it underscores the manner with which straight white women are caricatured when they disrupt suburbia (Knot's Landing The Golden Girls, Roseanne, and Desperate Housewives) or an urban community (Sex and the City). The Lady Is (Still) a Tramp suggests that women who subvert unwritten heterosexual codes of conduct must be punished; in fact, their conniving and sometimes narcissistic behavior is the object of humor at the same time that it allows other characters (and viewers of the television program) to bask in moral superiority. It also argues that women who love sex are often the ones who are most unruly by society's standards; furthermore, although they may be objects of ridicule, they often use wit to retaliate against those who judge them. An examination of college sports fans' perceptions of scandal coverage in the media • Molly Yanity, Ohio University; Ashley Furrow, Ohio Universtiy • This study examines which factors motivate how and where college football and men's basketball fans get their news on scandals, or negative off-field incidents that involve misconduct by coaches and/or players. The main factors examined in this study are trust, bias and characteristics of coverage as distinguished between local and national coverage. This research is important because it could ultimately help to determine how those motivating factors influence what local media outlets cover, and how they cover - or do not cover - controversial topics and scandals in the sports arena. Using Sense of Control and Sense of others to Explicate User Experiences and Impact of Online Games • Gunwoo Yoon, Graduate School of culture Technology, KAIST; Seoungho Ryu, Department of Visual Culture, Kangwon National University, Korea • This study examines how the sense of control and sense of others influence idiosyncratic experiences and the impact of violent online games. All participants were assigned to one of the four game conditions according to involvement (watching vs. playing) and social interaction (alone vs. together). The participants' feelings of presence and aggression were measured after the experiment. Results indicated that networked game playing conditions and social interaction entail users to feel more presence and aggression. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1486 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/graduate-education-interest-group-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 19:04:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1489 Making the Case for Critical Media Literacy: Goals and functions in undergraduate education • Seth Ashley, University of Missouri-Columbia • Media literacy is the province of a vast array of educational goals and a diverse field of study. This theoretical paper examines and seeks consensus among existing understandings of media literacy and aims to advance the definition, establish clear goals for media literacy and justify its inclusion in general liberal arts education. The paper emphasizes the role of critical media literacy education in preserving quality journalism and democratic self-governance. The Success of Opting Out? Political Information in the Changing Media Environment • Leticia Bode, University of Wisconsin - Madison • As technology develops, the sources from which people may obtain political information continue to increase. This paper represents a first step in understanding the implications of the increasing prevalence and use of alternative information flows online. By examining the systematic differences between purposive information seeking (Google News) and possible sources of incidental exposure to political information (Twitter). We address important differences between the two, but verify the ability to be incidentally exposed to political information. Wait, Who Said That? The Role of Source Cue Placement in Argument Evaluation • D. Jasun Carr, UW-Madison; Emily Vraga, University of Wisconsin-Madison • The 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act mandates that campaign advertisements identify their origin. This requirement provides an opportunity to examine a real-world impact of source cue placement on the persuasive process. Utilizing a 2 x 2 (cue placement by consonant vs. dissonant ad exposure) experiment to explore the effects of cue placement on the persuasive impact of an advertisement, we find that cue placement matters more when individuals are not motivated to process the ad. I Want to Help Others: Empathy and Distance effects on Compassion, Attitudes, and Behavioral Intentions • Sheetal Chhotu-Patel, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • An experimental study examined the self's compassion, attitude, and prosocial behavioral intentions in response to a news story about a suffering other. The results showed that the interplay between empathy in relation to a suffering other in a news story and the geographical distance of the other were inconsistent to a certain degree with previous theoretical findings. Theoretical and applied implications and recommendations for future research on emotion and social cause messaging are discussed. A New Area of Video Game Research? The Pro-Social Effects of Playing Violent Video Games Cooperatively • J.J. De Simone, University of Wisconsin - Madison • Given their prevalence in American culture, violent video games' negative effects are a heavily studied phenomenon in the social scientific literature. However, many studies analyze the issue on the individual level, hence ignoring the potential pro-social effects of playing violent games cooperatively with another person. This research review discusses the relevant literature, analyzes problems with the current state of the research, and posits future directions for study of the pro-social effects of collaborative play of violent video games. Directing the Dialogue: The Relationship Between YouTube Videos and the Comments They spur • Stephanie Edgerly, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Emily Vraga, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Timothy Fung, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Kajsa Dalrymple, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Timothy Macafee, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study performs a content analysis of YouTube videos and comments about the Proposition 8 campaign in California. Specifically, we examine how a video's focus and tone are related to comment features. We find consistent support for the flow of information from topics mentioned in the video to topics addressed in commentary, as well as uptake of an uncivil tone from the video to the comments. Implications are discussed for promoting quality online information exchanges. The Writing on the Wall: A Content Analysis of College Students' Facebook Groups for the 2008 Presidential Election • Kevin W. Bowers, University of Florida; Juliana Fernandes, University of Florida; Magda Giurcanu, University of Florida; Jeffrey C. Neely, University of Florida • This study looks at student Facebook groups supporting one of the 2008 presidential candidates from largest land-grant universities in seven battleground states. The findings reveal that students are using Facebook to facilitate political involvement. Pro-Obama groups demonstrated higher site activity than pro-McCain groups. Discussions related to the political civic process, policy issues, campaign information, and praise for the supporting candidate overpass topics related to social interactions across all groups during both Primary and General Election seasons. Birds of a Feather Flock Together - Homophily in Online Social Networking Sites such as Facebook • Mia Fischer, College of Charleston • Facebook recently registered its 400 millionth user. Positioning itself as a leader of interactive, participant-based online Web 2.0 media, Facebook promises to change how we communicate even more fundamentally, in part by digitally mapping and linking peripatetic people across space and time. As socio-demographic boundaries are torn down, it may seem as if Facebook runs counter to 50 years of sociological research regarding what is known as homophily, the tendency of individuals to associate only with like-minded people of similar age and ethnicity. This study investigated how the concept of homophily, taken out of its traditional interpersonal context, is evident in relationships on Facebook. Quantitative methods in form of an online survey among a purposive sample of 447 Facebook users were employed. Participants clearly depicted signs of inbreeding homophily regarding age, ethnicity, sexual orientation, educational level, occupation and income; all factors typically segmenting our society. Despite participants' strong belief in Facebook's ability to globally connect people with different socio-demographic backgrounds, exclusively pre-existing offline relationships were fostered. Aware of their account privacy settings, users rigorously restricted profile access to outsiders, such as professors, strangers and parents. This can be seen as an attempt to maintain Facebook's original college niche community status, further rising issues of identity construction in online environments. If Web 2.0's interactive media disseminating user generated content really provides potential for social and political change, an analysis of homophilious factors on Facebook is a first indicator to infer about the factual possibilities of such desired changes. A Theory of Planned Behavior Study of the HPV Vaccine: a comparative analysis of college students' intention to get the vaccine in the United States and South Korea • Eun Go, University of Florida • This study explored factors that can affect the behavioral intention to get the HPV vaccine of American and Korean female college students using the TPB. Results indicated that both American and Korean female college students' attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control regarding the HPV vaccine were significantly associated with the intention to be vaccinated. Involvement was also positively related to both attitude and behavioral intention to get the HPV vaccine for both sets of respondents. Furthermore, subjective knowledge could predict behavioral intention with greater accuracy than perceived behavioral control could. News Framing of Swine Flu in Time of Global Economic Recession: A Comparison of Newspaper Coverage in the United States and China • Miao Guo, University of Florida; Fangfang Gao, University of Florida • This study examined the news coverage of swine flu (H1N1) by newspapers in the United States and China in terms of prominence, news source selection, and frames. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the volume of front-page coverage of swine flu between the U.S. and Chinese newspapers, indicating that the number of cases of swine flu in these two countries had little to do with the volume of news coverage. However, the patterns of source selection and the presence of economic consequences, health severity, human interest, international action, and conflict news frames varied depending on the newspaper's country of origin and newspaper type. Social context, culture, media structure, and different focuses of media outlets were utilized as the influential factors that contribute to the differences. Three Decades of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs • Wan Jung, Univ. of Florida; Jihye Kim, Univ. of Florida; Eun Soo Rhee, Univ. of Florida • The current study content-analyzes topics, trends, authorships, and patterns found in studies on Direct-To-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising (DTCA) published in 97 U.S. journals between 1981 and 2009. Two hundred thirty nine papers were analyzed in this study. The results demonstrate a definite pattern of increase in DTCA research, the existence of a wide variety of individual and organizational contributors, and a need for better methodological rigorousness in DTCA research. A convergence journalism course design grounded by education-psychological research of knowledge types and transfer • Adam Kuban, University of Utah • Current convergence journalism research rarely offers transparent examples of what faculty should consider in their attempts to become more convergence-focused. Three instructors at a public university in the Intermountain West applied education-psychological theories related to knowledge transfer and how people learn to the content created for a new convergence journalism course. The resultant course design—grounded in theory—could serve as a template for journalism educators who wish to develop their own course. Understanding Web Identity: Approaches to the Study of Identity and Self-Expression in Cyberspace • Mark Lashley, University of Georgia • This paper examines the body of literature on social media and online social networking as they relate to expression of individual identity. The paper argues that, while many theoretical approaches have been taken to the study of identity in online spaces, the work of Goffman and the theory of Impression Management provide the most useful and versatile framework for ongoing inquiry in this area. Canonical Correlation Analysis of Online Video Advertising Viewing Motivations and Access Characteristics • Joonghwa Lee, University of Missouri; Hyunmin Lee, University of Missouri-Columbia • This study investigates consumers' motivations for watching online video advertising, and the relationship between the motivations and access characteristics of viewers. Findings revealed five different motivations for viewing online video advertising—social interaction, relaxation, information, escapism-pass time, and entertainment. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that the desire to fulfill viewing motivations are positively correlated with frequencies to actively access Web sites, and frequencies to visit different types of Web sites. Implications and future research are discussed. Star Wars Revisited: An Analysis of Ronald Reagan's Rhetoric On The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) • Ji Hoon Lee, University of Florida • This study analyzes President Ronald Reagan's discourse advocating the Strategic Defense Initiative by focusing on the use of language, motivational appeals and speaker's character and addresses how he rhetorically justified the apparent change in American foreign policy. The study also illustrates how he was able to deal with such sensitive issue as nuclear weapon and come out with highly persuasive speeches for the public during the times of the Cold War. Internet Service Providers and Defamation: The United States and the United Kingdom Compared • Ahran Park, university of Oregon • This paper compares ISP liability for online defamation in the United States and the United Kingdom. Because American and English defamation laws have the same root, ISP liability for defamation in England would deserve attention from U.S. lawyers and scholars. In addition, English libel law has more reason to compare for online research in that the CDA of the United States and the Defamation Act of the United Kingdom were the first attempts anywhere in the world to legislate ISP liability at the same year in 1996. Thus, this comparative research will be helpful to online speakers and ISPs who have similar common law background but eventually fall under different online defamation laws. Celebrity Endorsements and Nonprofit Charitable Organizations: The Role of Celebrity Altruistic Motive and Identification • Sun-Young Park, University of Florida; Moonhee Cho, University of Florida • The not-for-profit charitable organizations are undergoing a significant burst of enthusiasm over the potential uses of celebrity endorsers. The current study aims to investigate the effects of attributions of a celebrity's motive and identification with a celebrity who supports a charity on publics' attitudinal and behavioral responses. Specifically, the findings of this study attest to source effects on consequential responses, including the perceptions of and attitudes toward the celebrity's credibility, the celebrity's endorsement, the nonprofit organization, and intentions to donate money and volunteer time to the charitable organization. This study lays the theoretical groundwork about the factors that influence the effects of celebrity endorsement and provides nonprofit charitable organizations with useful managerial implications of using a celebrity to endorse a socially worthy cause. Overall, the findings suggest that to maximize celebrity endorsement effectiveness, nonprofit practitioners should keep in mind the importance of attributions of celebrity motive as well as celebrity identification. Implications, limitations, and future research are suggested. Does market matter? Proximity, placement, graphics, and topic in News Recommendation Engines on newspaper Websites • Ed Simpson, Ohio University • The Internet inherently has been seen as a worldwide medium, offering equal access across the globe to information to anyone with the proper equipment and connections. Yet, newspapers inherently serve a local general market, based primarily on geography. Key questions arise about whether traditional elements of news definitions and play remain applicable in the digital environment. In other words, when it comes to newspaper Websites, does market matter? In order to begin addressing these questions, which are important for understanding industry trends and theoretical implications involving Internet usage, this study focused on self-selected items in News Recommendation Engines on eight national and regional newspaper Websites. This content analysis examined 1,248 items contained in NREs. The primary entry point into the study, guided by the theory of uses and gratifications, was to seek whether significant differences in self-selection items could be detected across markets. This study found such differences. The most prominent findings included wide variances in the origin of items self-selected as well as the type of item appearing. The findings suggest, overall, that traditional news values, such as proximity, timeliness, and impact, do affect self-selection patterns, and that findings of self-selection patterns on national Web sites such as New York Times and Yahoo! News, do not necessarily reflect what is happening on newspaper Web sites in general. The impact of technology-enabled learning: A comparison of ideal versus real. • Lakshmi N Tirumala, Texas Tech University; Catherine Team, Texas Tech University • The current study examined the differences between traditional classroom learning versus technology mediated learning (video podcasting). A 3-minute instructional video was delivered through a podcast with the same topic taught in a traditional classroom by the same instructor. This study used a between-subjects design with one independent variable and multiple dependent variables. The sample size consisted of 72 students from a large southwestern university who participated in the study. The study found no significant difference in students' evaluations of the instructor between the video podcast condition and the conventional classroom condition. On the other hand, the student perceptions toward the classroom condition were found to be significantly positive compared to the student perceptions toward the video podcast condition. Unusual Pathways to Issue Engagement: How Dispositional Cynicism Conditions Incivility Effects on Television Political Talk Shows • Ming Wang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; porismita borah, University of Wisconsin-Madison; David Wise, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Keith Zukas, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Bryan McLaughlin, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Michael Mirer, University of Wisconsin • In this study, we attempt to explicate the effects of televised political talk shows on viewer issue engagement and how they are conditioned by dispositional cynicism and skepticism. Using an experiment manipulating guest tone and host style on a talk show, this study finds that strong cynics were more likely to engage than weak cynics when both guests were civil. We offer a revisionist account of how talk shows and cynicism impact the public. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1489 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/advertising-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 19:06:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1491 Research Changing shades of green • Lee Ahern, Penn State; Denise Bortree, Penn State University; Alexandra Smith, Penn State University, College of Communications • The growth, and changing nature, of strategic green communications has become a key issue for environmental advocates and for communications researchers. This study, the first extensive longitudinal content analysis of green advertising of its kind, reveals layers of information relative to message types, message sponsors, frames and appeal levels. It also provides for the examination of these relationships over time. Implications for strategic environmental communications are discussed. Brands Among Friends: An Examination of Brand Friending and Engagement on Facebook • Kelli Burns, USF • When Facebook allowed companies to create profiles in November 2007, about 100,000 corporate users created a free page during the first 24 hours (Zukowski 2008). This study surveyed 112 Facebook members to understand the variables related to friending and engaging with brands. Facebook brand fans differ significantly from non-Facebook fans on several key variables. Also, Facebook fans who exhibit more engagement behaviors with a Facebook brand can be differentiated from those with fewer engagement behaviors. U.S. Advertising Agency Operating Efficiency • Yunjae Cheong, The University of Alabama; Kihan Kim, Seoul National University; Justin Combs, University of Alabama • This study uses Data Envelopment Analysis to evaluate the financial efficiency of a sample of 41 U.S. advertising agencies, based on their profits and expenditures in six key areas (i.e., payroll to employees, other payroll-related expenses, administrative expenses, space and facilities expenses, corporate expenses, and professional fees). The analyses reveals that, on average, 5% of an agency's budget is wasted, incurring the greatest amount of waste in the administrative area. The tobit regression also indicates that professional fees contributed the most agency inefficiency overall. Health and Nutrition- Related (HNR) Claims in Magazine Food Advertising: A Comparison of Benefit-Seeking and Risk-Avoidance Claims • Hojoon Choi, The University of Georgia; Kyunga Yoo, The University of Georgia; Wendy Macias, The University of Georgia; Nah Ray Han, The University of Georgia • This study employed content analysis to examine benefit-seeking or risk-avoiding use of health- and nutrition-related (HNR) claims in food advertisements of high circulation magazines published between 2007 and 2009. Overall, food marketers made substantial use of risk-avoidance claims in their ads, mainly employing nutrient content claim among three claim types of HNR claims. Moreover, risk-avoidance claims were especially found in the product categories which are perceived as relatively innutritious and less healthy. Our findings provide implications and suggestions with regards to food advertising and public health policy. Celebrity Endorsers in Advertising: Effects of Negative Information Levels and Timing of Exposure to Negative News • Hojoon Choi, The University of Georgia; Leonard Reid, University of Georgia; Mariko Morimoto, University of Georgia • Using the frameworks of consumer contamination theory and associative learning theory, this experiment examined the moderating effects of level of negative celebrity information (major vs. minor criminal offense) and timing of exposure to negative information (recent vs. past news story about crime associated with endorser) on evaluations of (a) endorser, (b) ad, (c) brand, and (d) purchase intention in celebrity endorser advertising. Two hypotheses and one research question were addressed. The results supported H1: major criminal offense associated with the celebrity endorser had significantly more negative impact on perceived endorser expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness, and on attitudes toward advertising and brand, and purchase intension than minor offense. The results partially supported H2: time of exposure to news about endorser criminal offense (recent and past) only significantly impacted perceived trustworthiness. Mediation analysis found that endorser trustworthiness fully or partially mediated the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variables. The Role of Affective Responses on Advertising Evaluations in a Sport Media Context • Michael Clayton, Christopher Newport University • This research contributes to the theoretical knowledge within the field of PIA (program-induced affect) and has practical implications for sports marketers and advertisers. An experiment was conducted to explore the ability of sports to create bipolar affect responses among highly identified fans of competing teams. The experiment supported previous research in sports marketing regarding the power of sports to create strong affective responses. The research failed to find support for the mood congruency theory which would suppose that positive affective responses created by sport media would lead to more positive advertising evaluations, while negative affective responses would lead to more negative advertising evaluations. The Impact of Control Mechanism and Game Customization on Videogame Advertising Effects • Frank Dardis, Pennsylvania State University; Mike Schmierbach, Penn State University • Videogame research indicates that a player's game customization and the control mechanism used can influence various cognitive, affective, and physiological aspects of the gaming experience. However, little research has tested these two factors in relation to advertising effects. Therefore, the current experimental investigation examined the impact of control mechanism and game customization on the effectiveness of in-game advertising. Interaction effects indicated that players using a traditional, hand-held controller remembered more ads in an auto-racing game than did those who used a steering wheel and foot pedals, but only when customization was not allowed. Additionally, controller type and customization led to differing attitudes toward in-game advertising in general. Marketing implications regarding technological videogame advancements are discussed. Consumer Articulations as Electronic Word-of-Mouth: A Social Identity Perspective • Troy Elias, University of Florida; Osei Appiah, The Ohio State University • This study examines key factors that may play a critical role in determining consumer attitudes toward products and services based on online consumer feedback. The results indicate that positive online consumer feedback leads to significantly more desirable consumer attitudes than sites with no consumer feedback, or sites with overly negative consumer word-of-mouth (NWOM). The results also indicate Blacks tend to respond more favorably to services that are linked to their own racial ingroup, especially when those services have substantial positive consumer evaluations. Also, for a less familiar, less relevant service, word-of-mouth reviews played a more significant role for Blacks in their overall consumer attitudes. For Whites, the results demonstrate that the e-WOM (electronic word-of-mouth) effect is larger for negative WOM than for positive WOM. Implications for Social Identity Theory and the Distinctiveness Principle are discussed. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and the Study of Advertising, 2004-2009 • Gregory Hoplamazian, Ohio State; R. Lance Holbert, Ohio State • This study is an assessment of all works employing some aspect of SEM in three advertising ournals (Journal of Advertising, Journal of Advertising Research, and International Journal of Advertising) between 2004-2009 (N=62). Focus is given to both measurement and structural models. Each model is assessed in terms of specification, estimation, and evaluation strategies. Summary judgments are offered concerning what the field does well and poorly in relation to its use of SEM. Social Self-Esteem Responses to Race Representation in Advertising: Downward Social Comparison and White Guilt • Gregory Hoplamazian, Ohio State; Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick, Ohio State • In this study advertising characters' race (Black, White) and social status (high, low) are manipulated to investigate sociocognitive responses to race representations in advertising. Results support the proposed social identity framework for Black participants with ethnic identity serving as a significant moderator. Conversely, Whites' responses are in stark contrast to this framework, and warrant further investigation of attitudes toward specific racial groups. Impact of advertising character portrayal on viewers' social identity and self-esteem are discussed. Stereotyping Westerners: An Analysis of Gender and Occupational Roles of Western Models • Ying Huang, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Dennis Lowry, Southern Illinois University • A content analysis of 638 advertisements and 246 individual Western models in 22 Chinese magazines was performed to examine the use of Western models regarding frequency, race, gender, product category and occupational status. Their occupational status was also compared with 240 models in U.S. magazine advertisements. Results showed Western models are dominantly female, white and in non-working roles, which suggests their roles are more limited compared with their roles in U.S. advertising. Finding the Right Spot: The Effect of the Length of Preceding and Succeeding Ads on Television Advertising Effectiveness • Yongick Jeong, Louisiana State University; Yeuseung Kim, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This study investigated the impact of the length of the immediately surrounding commercials on the effectiveness of a given ad with the consideration of sequential order relations between two consecutive ads. The results showed that advertising is more effective when a commercial is longer than immediately surrounding ads and that the impact of length of an immediately preceding commercial is stronger than that of a succeeding ad. Practical implication is discussed. Influences of Culture, Country Origin and Product Category on the International Advertising Strategies of Multinational Corporations in North America, Europe and Asia • JING JIANG, Renmin University of China; Ran Wei, University of South Carolina • This study tests the standardization typology (e.g., global, glocal, local, and single case; Wei & Jiang, 2005) by examining Multinational Corporations' (MNCs') international advertising targeting culturally different markets. In doing so, the influences of product origin by region, product category, and cultural values were examined. Results of a content analysis of 210 selected ads before and during the 2008 Beijing Olympics show that MNCs are more likely to adopt the glocal strategy than any other strategies by standardizing the creative strategy but localizing the execution. Furthermore, results reveal that EU-based MNCs tend to pursue a highly standardized advertising approach (global strategy), whereas the North America-based MNCs seem to favor the glocal strategy and Asia-based MNCs tend to standardize their ads the least (local strategy). Finally, Western and non-Western cultural values are found to converge, indicating a trend of increasing similarity in international advertising. Product category was found to have an impact only on the level of standardization in execution in a cross-cultural context. Theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed. Factors Influencing Consumer Acceptance of Mobile Advertising • Jong-Hyuok Jung, Syracuse University; Wei-Na Lee, The University of Texas at Austin; Yongjun Sung, The University of Texas at Austin • The primary objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of consumers' acceptance of mobile advertising. Specifically, this research explored how the persuasive communication process works via mobile advertising. In order to accomplish this research objective, the relationships among various factors identified from earlier studies were tested. Based on previous literature regarding consumer attitudes, media use, and innovation adoption, a conceptual framework was developed to understand consumer acceptance of mobile advertising. For this reason, the current study employed an online survey with 514 online participants. The results suggest that consumers' attitudes toward mobile advertising are closely related with all three factors used in this study (e.g., mobile device, message, consumer factors). Furthermore, consumers' attitudes toward mobile advertising are strongly influenced by message factors (e.g. entertainment, credibility, irritation, message interactivity) and consumer factors (e.g. social influence, compatibility). Thus, careful considerations in message strategy and thoughtful consumer research are needed to increase the effectiveness of mobile advertising. Additionally, the sizable and significant impact of consumer attitude on behavioral intention further supports findings from previous research. Framing Tactic, Framing Domain, and Source Credibility in DTC Hormone Replacement Therapy Advertising: An Integration of Prospect Theory and Language Expectancy Theory • Kenneth Eun Han Kim, Oklahoma state university • The present study attempts to explore the interactive effects among the gain-loss framing domain, the attribute-goal framing tactic, and message source credibility on the persuasive outcomes associated with DTC Hormone Replacement Therapy advertising. An experiment was designed with a 2 (framing tactic: attribute framing versus goal framing) _ 2 (framing domain: gain framing versus loss framing) _ 2 (source credibility: high versus low) between-subjects design, exploring the interactive effects of framing tactic and framing domain on the consumer's attitude toward hormone replacement therapy and DTC ad-promoted behavior intentions. Women, aged 45-65 were recruited for the study samples. The data obtained indicate that loss framing is affected by the level of source credibility such that the loss framing impact decreases with a low credible source, while the gain framing impact is not affected as much as loss framing by source credibility. However, this study failed to find any significant interaction between gain-loss framing domain and attribute-goal framing tactic. I'm not a doctor, but I play one on TV: The effects of context and endorser credibility on advertising effectiveness • K. Maja Krakowiak, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs; Kelly Poniatowski, Elizabethtown College • As actors and actresses become increasingly comfortable with ad appearances, ads featuring celebrities have started to be shown during entertainment content starring them. This study examines how placing endorser ads in the context of content that also features the endorser affects responses to the ads. The findings of an experiment (N = 161) reveal that one-time viewing of entertainment content featuring an endorser does not affect responses to an ad featuring that endorser; however, frequent viewing of such content results in more favorable perceptions of the endorser's credibility, which, in turn, leads to more favorable responses to the endorser ad. Implications of the findings for priming theories and advertising research are discussed. The Effects of Spokes-Characters' Personalities of Food Products on Source Credibility • Hobin Kyung, Korea Telecom; Ohyoon Kwon, The University of Texas at Austin; Yongjun Sung, The University of Texas at Austin • Personified spokes-characters can be created and controlled in ways in which advertisers want to establish and maintain the images and personalities of the food products. This research explores the relationships between spokes-characters' personality dimensions and source credibility dimensions, including expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. The overall findings suggest that different spokes-character personality dimensions influence the source credibility dimensions differently and that both sincerity and competence are the two most significant spokes-character personality dimensions to increase the levels of source expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. Brand Interactivity and Its Effects on the Outcomes of Advergame Play • Joonghwa Lee, University of Missouri; Hyojung Park, University of Missouri, School of Journalism; Kevin Wise, University of Missouri, School of Journalism • This study developed the concept of brand interactivity based on the characteristics and definitions of interactivity and applied it to advergames. A 2 (brand interactivity: present/absent) _ 2 (game: Mahjong/Bejeweled) within-subjects experiment was conducted to examine the effect of brand interactivity on attitude toward the advergame, attitude toward the brand, and purchase intention. Brand interactivity appeared to have a positive effect on brand attitude and purchase intention. Product Placement in Mobile Phone Games: The Impact on Persuasion • Hui-Fei Lin, National Chiao Tung University • Various past researches have studied product placement, such as in television shows (Law & Braun, 2000). Some studies have begun to examine brand placement in computer or on-line games (Nelson, 2002; Nelson, Yaros, & Keum, 2006; Lee & Faber, 2007; Yang & Wang, 2008). However, the effectiveness of brand placement in other entertainment media, especially mobile phone games, from psychological aspects has received little attention. Furthermore, due to the increase of product placement in mobile phone games, it would be valuable to gain insights into the game players' perceptions of the impact of product placement in mobile game on game players' memory, attitudes towards product placements in games and their purchase intention. The purpose of this current research is to explore the effect of product placement on mobile phone games on persuasion. A 2 (Type of games: high level of attention x low level of attention) x 2 (Location of placement: focal vs. peripheral) x 2 (Type of brand: high familiarity brand vs. low familiarity brand) between-subjects design was conducted (N=324). As hypothesized, results showed that 1) gamers have a greater memory of brands when brands were embedded in the focal area of the game than when they were placed in the peripheral area of the game; 2) gamers have a better memory when high familiarity brands were embedded within the games than when low familiarity brands were placed; 3) Gamers who have more positive attitudes towards product placements are more likely to exhibit stronger purchase intentions. From Eisenhower to Obama: Lexical Characteristics of Winning vs. Losing Presidential Campaign Commercials • Dennis Lowry, Southern Illinois University; Md. Naser, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • This is the first longitudinal study of 15 presidential campaigns using lexical analysis to isolate differences been winning and losing commercials. The corpus, which consisted of 1,227 commercials from Campaigns '52 through '08, was analyzed with Diction 5.0 lexical analysis software. Results indicated that there were striking lexical differences between the commercials of presidential winners versus losers. Winners were significantly higher on positive terms and other-directed references to groups, while losers were higher on self-related I/me/my words. Individual Differences in the Perception of Product Placements: Field Dependence-Independence, Brand Recall, and Brand Liking • Jörg Matthes, University of Zurich; Christian Schemer, University of Zurich; Werner Wirth, University of Zurich • We argue that the cognitive style field dependence-independence predicts people's ability to detect audiovisual product placements. In an experiment working with an authentic audiovisual stimulus, we varied the appearance of placements and tested the field dependence of our participants. Results demonstrate that field independent individuals show a higher placement recall but lower brand liking compared to field dependent individuals. The results speak to the importance of individual difference variables for product placement research. A cross-national study of young consumers' intentions to redeem mobile coupons • Alexander Muk, Texas State-San Marcos • The mobile phone is considered as an ideal advertising vehicle because of the growing number of mobile phone subscribers worldwide. Mobile coupons, in SMS format with discount codes, are sent directly via the cell phones to customers who have signed up for receiving them. While redeeming mobile coupons by cell phone users is increasing in Asian countries like Japan and Korea, American cell phone users are slow in adopting this new couponing tool. To gain a better understanding of the effectiveness of mobile couponing, a cross-national approach may help identify important factors that influence consumer perceptions of mobile coupons. The United States, Korea and Taiwan were selected for this study because of their different cultural characteristics as well as their tendencies in adopting wireless technologies. Congruent with research involving cross-cultural consumer behavior, this study found differences across countries in terms of cultural influences on consumers' intentions to redeem mobile coupons. The findings showed that cultural values are important factors affecting consumer acceptance mobile coupons. Are Responsible Drinking Campaigns Done Responsibly?: The Effectiveness of Alcohol Industry-Sponsored Advertising Campaigns • Sun-Young Park, University of Florida; Yeonsoo Kim, University of Florida; Cynthia Morton, University of Florida • The purpose of the present study is to provide a summary of the theoretical foundation associated with how industry-sponsored responsible drinking advertising campaigns work, providing a conceptual model that assesses the effectiveness of the campaigns. Based on the path-analysis, the study investigated consumers' attributions of corporate altruistic motives, perceptions of corporate credibility, attitudes toward corporations, and attitudes toward responsible drinking ad campaigns sponsored by corporations, along with the pro-social effects (i.e., the intention to drink alcohol responsibly), and pro-corporate effects (i.e., the intention to drink alcohol) of the campaigns. In particular, the findings of the study support the idea that industry-sponsored messages externally discourage misuse or promote individual responsibility, but the messages are blended with favorable portrayals of product consumption. The findings revealed that the intention to drink alcohol is enhanced by responsible drinking ad campaigns sponsored by alcohol companies through creating positive company attitudes. Implications, limitations, and future research are suggested. Does Planning Make Perfect in India? How Advertising Practitioners Perceive Account Planning • Padmini Patwardhan, Winthrop University; Hemant Patwardhan, Winthrop University; Falguni Vasavada-Oza, Mudra Institute of Communication • This study examined acceptance of account planning among advertising practitioners in India, an emerging global advertising hotspot. Three research questions were proposed to investigate planning's growth across agencies, individual perceptions about planning, as well as coercive, mimetic and normative pressures in its development. A cross sectional survey of practitioners from all key agency areas was conducted for a 30% (n = 154) response rate. Results indicate that (1) planning practice is growing in India with a majority of respondents indicating that their agencies use it at least in a basic way (2) planning perceptions are highly positive and (3) environmental (external) pressures are believed to impact planning development through not all are seen as equally important. Future research directions are proposed. What Makes A Super Bowl Ad Super?: Five-Act Dramatic Form Impacts Super Bowl Ad Ratings. • Keith Quesenberry, Temple University; Michael Coolsen, Shippensburg University • A content analysis for dramatic form was performed on 62 Super Bowl XLIV commercials. Results demonstrated strong support for the hypothesis that average consumer favorability ratings for Super Bowl commercials is significantly higher for commercials that follow a full five-act dramatic form compared to commercials that do not. Additionally, significant cumulative effects on consumer favorability ratings were demonstrated with increasing numbers of acts and development of those acts. This could have significant implications for marketers. Affect, Motivational Orientation and the Effectiveness of Positively vs. Negatively Framed Health Advertisements: The Mediated Moderation Effect of Mood Sela Sar, Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication; George Anghelcev, Penn State University • This study examined the impact of mood on motivational orientation and its interaction with positive and negative frame. The results showed that ad message framed to be congruent with mood led participants to have more positive attitudes and stronger intentions to perform the health behaviors. Discussion focused on the integration of mood, motivational orientation strategy and framing into models of health persuasion. The Influence of Sexy and Humorous Content on Motivated Cognitive Processing of Televsion Advertisements • Curtis B. Matthews, Texas Tech University; Johnny Sparks, Texas Tech University; Scott Parrott, The University of Alabama • The goal of this within-subjects experiment was to examine how sexy and humorous content during 24 television advertisements influenced motivated cognitive processing of incidental and brand information. Self-reported arousal, used to indicate appetitive activation, increased with sexy content. Audio recognition sensitivity, used to indicate thoroughness of encoding, was greater for humor than nonhumorous and for sexy than nonsexy advertisements. Cued recall, used to indicate thoroughness of storage, was found to be higher for sexy than nonsexy advertisements. Cued recall was greater for incidental information in humorous advertisements. However, brand information processing suffered in humorous ads. Sexy content improved brand recall. Exploring Social Game Play With Advertising: Brand Attitudes in an Online Community • Sara Steffes Hansen, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh • This study explores attitudes related to brands experienced in social games. Exploratory regression analysis of survey data considered player attitudes of all brands and well-liked brands in game interactions. All brands negatively related to knowledge of advertiser tactics and telepresence departure, and positively connected to brand consciousness and exciting game personality. Well-liked brands connected negatively to telepresence departure and positively to arrival. Play frequency and ads aiding realism positively related to both brand categories. Perceived Diversity in Advertising Agencies and the 4 Ps of Creativity • Jorge Villegas, University of Illinois at Springfield; Thomas Vogel, Emerson College • Diversity in advertising agencies has been a highly discussed issue, yet the impact of diversity on an ad agency's creativity has not been addressed. This paper explores the relationships between the 4P framework - person, place, process and product - of creativity and diversity in advertising agencies. The results show that perceptions of diversity have a positive effect on creativity and interact with the process and product elements of the 4p framework. A Comparative Study of American and Chinese Young Consumers' Acceptance of Mobile Advertising: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach • Hongwei Yang, Appalachian State University; Liuning Zhou, Center for the Digital Future, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Southern California; Hui Liu, Department of Communication, Beijing International Studies University • A web survey of American college students was conducted in April 2009 and a paper survey was administered to college students of four Chinese public universities in May and June, 2009 to test a model of mobile advertising developed by Finnish Scholars, Merisavo and associates, in 2007 in which five factors (utility, context, control, sacrifice and trust) predict consumer acceptance of mobile advertising. A structural equation modeling was employed to fit the model to two sets of survey data. Generally, the model has achieved an acceptable fit in the United States with significant standardized regression coefficients on context, sacrifice and trust. However, utility and perceived control are not important predictors of US college students' acceptance of mobile advertising. Overall, the model performed reasonably well in China with significant standardized regression coefficients on utility, control, sacrifice and trust. Context seems not to be an important factor while control is a negative predictor. Accordingly, the model cannot be directly transplanted to the United States and China and future research is needed to develop a comprehensive model of American and Chinese consumers' acceptance of mobile advertising. Implications for global, American and Chinese marketers are discussed. More Effective Message Styles for Communicating with Young Adults • Hyunjae (Jay) Yu, School of Communication, Sogang University; Hoyoung (Anthony) Ahn, University of Tennessee; Yongick Jeong, Louisiana State University • Young adults, between the ages of about 18 and 24, are the group of people who are most often exposed to situations involving diverse health risk behaviors. They are able to drink and use drugs under far less parental supervision than earlier age groups. Reports have shown that frequent involvements to several types of health risk behaviors (e.g., drunk driving, bar fighting, smoking, substance use) can seriously damage young adults physically and psychologically. However, despite the high rate of health risk behaviors among young adults, there have not been enough discussions about how we can produce more effective anti-health risk behavior messages that target young adults. This exploratory study provides some useful insights into this issue by testing the possible effects of three frameworks: gain/loss framing, different information sources, and negative/positive mood. The results reveal that the young adults in this study find more appeal in anti-health risk behavior messages conveyed by a traditional Public Service Announcement (PSA) rather than by a report in a television news program. The results also reveal that people pay more attention to messages that use negative moods (e.g., Öthere are many people losing a lot of precious things because of their health risk behaviorsÖ) instead of positive moods (e.g., Öthere are many people gaining a lot of precious things by avoiding health risk behaviors Ö). An interaction effect between information sources and mood was also detected. Teaching Accuracy of Self-Perceived Creativity: Are We as Creative as We Think We Are? • Jody Mattern, Minnesota State University Moorhead; Jeffrey Child, Kent State University, School of Communication Studies; Shannon Vanhorn, Valley City State University; Katherine Gronewald, North Dakota State University • This study examined the accuracy of self-perceptions of creativity. College students (n = 849) took online tests that first examined their self-perceptions of creativity, and then measured actual creative output. The Gough Personality Scale was used to measure self-perceptions of creativity, then two measure of creativity—one of convergent thinking (Mednick's Remote Associates Test) and one of divergent thinking (Guilford's Alternative Uses Task)—were used to compute creative output. Results of the tests (n = 519) support a significant and positive correlation between the self-assessment and the overall creativity task score, r = .203, p < .001. Thus, participants with a higher self -perceived creativity personality assessment were also ultimately more creative, leading to a discussion about the role of advertising education in creative output. Preparing young creatives for an interactive world: How possible is it? • Brett Robbs, School of Journalism, University of Colorado, Boulder • Has the growing importance of interactive affected the skills full-service advertising agencies seek in young creatives? If so, what impact should that have on the curriculum? This study uses depth interviews with working professionals to explore such questions. Findings indicate that while agencies want students to have some knowledge of interactive, they continue to emphasize skills creative courses are already designed to develop. Adding interactive to that mix, while not without challenges, should be possible. Informal Learning Using New Technologies • Adam Wagler, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • Informal education has been well researched for many decades with learning moments occurring at a variety of times. This paper looks at applications of informal teaching methods used in a college classroom. Experiences during the Omaha Science Media Project, a grant project developing high school curriculum using media tools to learn about science, are also analyzed and applied to extend learning outside of the classroom. The paper looks at a new media design course's use of video blogs and other forms of social media. This encourages students to become the experts by exploring additional topics related to the course. The result was active participation in class as well as the use of new technologies like Google Wave, Delicious and more to promote collaboration and informal learning. PF & R Making the connection: Creative women talk about empathy, creativity and gender • Sheri Broyles, University of North Texas; Jean Grow, Marquette University • Senior creative women were asked what three words come to mind when they think of creative men/women, what men do that women can learn from and vice versa as well as what part empathy plays in the creative process. Thematic categories identified male traits of bonding, competitive, humor and strong while empathetic and insightful were female traits. Smart and talented were balanced for men/women. The role of empathy and its relation to creativity is discussed. Content Analysis of Male Domesticity and Fatherhood in American Television Commercials • Wanhsiu Tsai, University of Miami • This study examines how American commercials represent men as spouses and parents in the family context. A content analysis of prime-time commercials across different networks and cable channels was conducted. Findings indicate that men are rarely shown in domestic settings and are much less likely than women to be shown performing domestic chores and childcare activities. Specifically, in advertising's portrayal of domestic settings, men are frequently depicted only in background and marginal roles. When men are shown as nurturant fathers, their involvement with children is limited to playing with children. Having Your Beer and Drinking It Too: Strategic Ambiguity and Self-Regulatory Compliance in Beer Commercials • Lara Zwarun, University of Missouri St Louis • This study explores audience responses to beer commercials that use strategic ambiguity to creatively circumvent self-regulatory advertising guidelines in order to communicate about drinking. A quasi-experiment reveals that some viewers of these ads report seeing the behaviors that are discouraged by the guidelines, and in many cases, believe such behavior is being promoted. The more likely participants were to believe they had seen people combining drinking with potentially dangerous activities, the greater their agreement that the ads were promoting the alcohol expectancies that predict drinking. However, when faced with imagery of drunkenness, people were unclear if drinking was being glamorized or presented responsibly, and were less likely to believe positive alcohol expectancies were being promoted. Findings suggest that strategic ambiguity can allow beer advertisers to appear responsible while diminishing the threat of risky drinking in some ads. However, in the case of commercials with less glamorous portrayals of alcohol consumption, strategic ambiguity may compromise marketing objectives. Special Topics Sex (and Semiotics) sells: Decoding Gender, Power and Persuasion in Text-less magazine ads • Yelisabel Scott, University of Oklahoma, Meta Carstarphen, University of Oklahoma; • This study looks at advertising imagery through a visual rhetorical lens in the way suggested by Scott (1994); in other words, advertising imagery is looked at as a sophisticated form of visual rhetoric with invention, arrangement, and delivery characteristics capable of communicating a complex argument even with the absence of linguistics, but also with style and memory characteristics as well. In the visual rhetoric context, Scott (1994) positions certain characteristics of advertising visuals within the first canons mentioned above, but seems to ignore the other two. Even though the goal was to select a total of ten (10) ads (five from the magazines targeted toward men and five from the magazines targeted toward women) with the intention of making it a fair and even split, an interesting pattern emerged. When considering gender, there were far more text-less qualifying ads for women than for men, raising questions about advertising text-less argument construction and audience assumptions. Bringing Clarity and Direction to Advertising ROI: A New Conceptual Model for Practical Application • Don Dickinson, Portland State University • The first premise of this paper is that the return on investment for advertising should not evaluated solely or even primarily on the basis of sales. Rather, as a communications tool, advertising should be evaluated on its ability to move people through a series of intermediate steps on a continuum that ranges from ignorance of a product category on one end to brand advocacy on the other. In so doing, such an approach reflects fundamental changes in knowledge, attitude and behavior. The second premise is advertising ROI should be easier.The model begins with a taxonomy that organizes AROI into four broad areas which encompass 14 different categories of outcomes. This taxonomy is the first of three breakthroughs in this paper. The 14 outcome categories encompass 40+ specific metrics, any small number of which could be chosen for an on-going marcom program or specific campaign. The taxonomy is followed by a comprehensive table that answers the above four questions for each outcome and metric. This comprehensive table is the second breakthrough. The third breakthrough is an example of how this new AROI analysis would be presented in an annual AROI Report. Viral Advertising: A Conceptualization • Petya Eckler, U of Iowa; Shelly Rodgers, University of Missouri School of Journalism • Much confusion exists over what viral advertising is and how it differs from viral marketing, electronic word-of-mouth, and user-generated content, to name a few. A comprehensive definition of viral advertising is provided to develop a deeper understanding and to advance research in the viral arena. We discuss features that are unique to viral advertising and their importance to our conceptualization. We then present a timeline on the history of viral advertising, discussing key changes and developments. After briefly summarizing existing scholarship on viral advertising, we offer suggestions for future work in the field. A Comparison of Online Streaming Video and Television in Terms of Advertising Perceptions and Attitudes • Kelty Logan, University of Colorado at Boulder • While it is readily apparent to advertisers that online access of episodic television is becoming increasingly popular, there is little information regarding how use of the new medium differs from traditional television viewership. The research employed online interviews among young adult viewers of online streaming television and traditional television to determine if young adult consumers (aged 18-34) regard advertising viewed within online streaming television programming differently than they regard advertising viewed within traditional, non-recorded television programming. Results indicate that viewers are less tolerant of advertising viewed in the context of online streaming video content than traditional television advertising. Perceptions of Internet Advertising: A Q Sort Analysis • Ashley Stevens, BYU; David Mecham, BYU; Lincoln Hubbard, BYU; Tom Robinson, Brigham Young University; Mark Popovich, Ball State University • Differences in attitudes toward four types of Internet advertising were measured to aid in further understanding of the effectiveness of Internet advertising, as well as the perceived effectiveness of specific types of Internet advertising. Social judgment theory provides a theoretical framework to aid in understanding how different types of Internet advertisements are perceived. Q-Methodology sorts of 48 statements concerning Internet advertising were used to probe viewpoints toward four types of Internet advertising: interstitial (pop-up), banner, sponsored-search, and video advertisements. Results indicate that interstitial advertisements and banner advertisements were perceived as intrusive and annoying, while video advertisements were tolerated to facilitate online television viewing. An Exploratory Study on Factors Affecting American Young Consumers' Mobile Viral Behavior • Hongwei Yang, Appalachian State University; Liuning Zhou, Center for the Digital Future, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Southern California • A web survey of 407 American college students was conducted in April 2009 to examine to what extent young consumers' demographic, psychographic and behavioral characteristics influence their frequency of forwarding mobile viral content. We found that age, opinion leadership, belief in mobile advertising utility, belief in the usefulness of contextual mobile advertising, acceptance of mobile advertising, cell phone calling, and text messaging were positively related to American young consumers' frequency of forwarding mobile messages. A backward multiple regression was employed to extract the following significant predictors: age, opinion leadership, belief in the usefulness of contextual mobile advertising, cell phone calling and text messaging. Implications for mobile marketers are discussed. Online Media Tracking and Evaluation: A Conceptual/Instructional Model • Aimei Yang, University of Oklahoma; Fred K. Beard, University of Oklahoma • Given the current trend of growth in online advertising and public relations, it is imperative to prepare students for the opportunities and challenges presented by the Web 2.0 environment. However, an extensive review of the literature revealed no established framework around which students can readily comprehend the various uses of online media and the increasingly varied and sophisticated means for evaluating them. This paper addresses this gap in the pedagogical literature by presenting a conceptual and instructional model of online media use and evaluation. This model first matches four Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) disciplines and goals with the most effective online media tools, and further models the appropriate evaluation measures that fit with the communication goals and types of online media. Predicting Attitudes toward Email and Postal Direct Advertising by Consumers' Innovativeness • Kenneth C. C. Yang, The University Of Texas At El Paso; Caroline Staub Garland Garland, The University Of Texas At El Paso • This study employed a self-administered survey method to collect empirical data. This study employed a random sampling method to select a sample of 400 from a database of 1806 supporters of a National Public Radio station housed at a large public university in the Southwest. A total of 106 responses were received within the 21-day period. Several linear regression models were run and showed that consumers' innovativeness variables significantly predicted their attitudes toward email direct mail advertising in the regression model (F=5.86, p<0.01). &#946; coefficients further demonstrated that the more technologies and online activities consumers adopt, the more positive their attitudes toward email advertising will be. Results also showed that consumers' innovativeness (measured by their online activities) negatively predict their attitudes toward postal direct mail advertising. &#946; coefficient demonstrated that the more online activities consumers undertook, the less favorable their attitudes toward postal direct mail advertising were. Similar results were found for consumers' preference of postal direct mail advertising (F=3.76, p<0.05). Online activities also negatively predicted consumers' preference of direct mail postal advertising as shown by &#946; coefficient in the regression model. Furthermore, hierarchical regression model further demonstrated that consumers' innovativeness (as measured by their online activities) continued to be a statistically significant predictor, rather than their demographics (such as gender, income, education, etc). Implications for diffusion of innovation theory and advertising effectiveness research were discussed. How Much Do People Remember the Disclaimers in TV Ads? • Hyunjae (Jay) Yu, School of Communication, Sogang University • TV advertising disclaimers contain important information for consumers so they are not misled about advertising content and the characteristics of the products advertised. Therefore, disclaimers are very important not only for consumers, but also for preventing advertisers from running into potential legal problems regarding the content of their ads. However, despite disclaimers' significance, the research on advertising disclaimers is not extensive. This exploratory study investigates how much young adult consumers (18-25 year old college students) recognize and recall disclaimers in advertisements for two different products (beer and car commercials). In addition, this study also examines if there is any relationship between the participants' personal consumer characteristics (i.e., the level of impulsiveness in buying behavior and materialistic orientation level) and their recognition/recall of advertising disclaimers. The results show that many participants in this study barely recognized/recalled the disclaimers from either advertisement; the level of recognition (recall) did not seem to be significantly influenced by the people's personal consumer characteristics. What personal characteristics impact the attitude toward TV advertising? -The case of baby-boomer consumers- • Hyunjae (Jay) Yu, School of Communication, Sogang University; Hoyoung (Anthony) Ahn, University of Tennessee • The research investigating the relationships between people's personal characteristics and their attitude toward advertising could produce important implications for developing more persuasive advertising to target audience. Even though related studies have been conducted by many researchers, the research dealing with older consumers and their attitude toward advertising has been very limited, mainly because it has been generally believed that most sales are relied upon younger consumers. However, the importance of older consumers in companies' marketing has increased recently because of their improved health and financial ability, prompting new research interest. This study investigates the possible relationships between the baby boomers' attitude toward advertising and three personal characteristics (i.e., age perceptions, social comparison orientation, and materialistic tendency) that have been considered for a long time factors influencing people's perceptions about advertising. The results show that many boomers strongly believe they are younger than their actual ages and have high social comparison orientations. And those personal characteristics significantly influenced their attitudes toward the TV advertisements they were exposed to. Student The Impact of Economic Crisis on Financial Services Advertising Appeals • Hongmin Ahn, University of Texas at Austin; Young-A Song, University of Texas at Austin • While many scholars and researchers have contributed to the sizeable literature on the interaction between advertising and a society, few have examined economic circumstance as a meaningful force shaping advertising. This study provides the empirical evidence that changes in economic status, the recession in particular, serve as substantial moments wherein advertising appeals have been significantly transformed. The data of 1,488 ads placed in two popular magazines show that the patterns of appeals have turned to direct assertive styles in the wake of the economic crisis of 2008-2009. At the same time, however, ads during this recession period have used a far wider variety of strategic and tactical appeals than those in pre-recession era. The Politics of Memory: Strategic Recollections of the Past as Oppositional Pitfalls for Election 2008 • Michelle Amazeen, Temple University • This paper explores the use of cultural memory in the political advertising campaigns of the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Both candidates effectively used seemingly positive memory themes to portray his opponent negatively. Despite Obama's attempts to avoid racial issues, McCain's Convention Night ad put him in the framework of the Civil Rights movement anyway. The mainstream media's uncritical consideration of the ad, which invoked Martin Luther King Jr.'s memory in representing Obama's achievements, suggests not only an uncontested version of racial achievements in America, but also the power granted to political ads in narrating a naturalized version of public memory. Promoting the Promoters Online: How Ad Agencies Use Corporate Websites to Promote Their Services • Barbara Chambers, Texas Tech University; Curtis B. Matthews, Texas Tech University • Smaller advertising agencies have not typically been the focus of academic research, but they often face obstacles to promoting their own services. The Web provides an interactive environment for promoting expertise. This study used content analysis to examine 79 mid-sized agency websites to determine the prevalence of features such as text, feedback, multi-media, navigation, new media, and brand loyalty. Agencies with more resources had more interactive websites and used more social media for agency promotion. Targeting Kids Online: Content Analysis of Viral Advertising Featured in Food and Beverage Brands' Web Sites • Yoon Cho, University of Oregon • As the number of children accessing Internet continues to grow, food and beverage advertisers targeting children are focusing their marketing efforts online. Among these online marketing efforts, viral advertising featured in their Web sites become major interactive advertising tools. Viral advertising relies on entertaining content and interactive features to grab consumers' attention and uses the Internet to influence consumers to pass along the content to others (Porter and Golan 2006). Through content analysis, this study investigates the types of viral advertising featured in food and beverage brands' Web sites, examines the level of interactivity of viral advertising, and what types of food and beverage products are featured in viral advertising and sees which product categories have the highest and lowest level of interactivity. The findings will lay the groundwork for empirical studies exploring the effect of viral advertising on children's attitudes, and possibly, consumption habit of food and beverage products. Content Analysis of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising for Stigmatized Illnesses: Does It Provide Fair and Balanced Information? • Hannah Kang, University of Florida • This study evaluated the content of DTC print ads for stigmatized illnesses from 1998 to 2008 by using the FDA's fair- balance disclosure provision and methods of the previous studies. DTC ads for eight stigmatized illnesses in Time magazine were analyzed. Results showed 13.5 percent of the ads offered the same amount of benefit and risk information and met the fair balance requirements of FDA in terms of the amount of benefit and risk information. To Click or Not To Click?: The Factors Influencing Clicking of Ads on Facebook • Yoojung Kim, The University of Texas at Austin; Mihyun Kang, The University of Texas at Austin; Dong Hoo Kim, The University of Texas at Austin; William Reeves, University of Texas at Austin; Jang Ho Moon, The University of Texas at Austin • This paper explores various factors influencing the clicking of ads in Facebook: the perceived informativeness, entertainment, and irritation, Facebook usage intensity, the number of joined Facebook Pages. The results of logistic regression showed that people are more likely to click ads on Facebook if they perceive ads as more informative and less irritating. In addition, there was a positive relationship between Facebook usage intensity and number of Facebook Pages and clicking of ads on Facebook. Consequences of Agenda-Setting: The Impact of Agenda-Setting Effects of Political Advertising on Candidate Favorability, Voting Intention, and Voter Turnout • Yonghwan Kim, University of Texas at Austin • This study examines the consequences of agenda-setting effects of political advertising for attitudinal and behavioral outcomes—candidate preference, voting intention for candidates and voter turnout. The current study, beyond the main focus of agenda-setting research on news media such as newspaper and television news, attempts to contribute to the growing research on consequences of agenda-setting by investigating how salience in individuals' minds shaped by exposure to political ads influences their attitude toward candidates, vote choice, and voter turnout through use of an experimental design. The direct impacts of perceived salience of candidates' personal attributes were found to predict individuals' candidate preference and voting choice. In addition, the results showed interaction effects of the political ads tone and the perceived issue salience on the likelihood of voter turnout. The Effects of Advertorials on Consumers' Perceptions of Their Relationship with the Corporation: The Roles of Media Credibility and Advertorial Types • Daewook Kim, University of Florida; Jun Heo, University of Florida • This study aims to examine how corporate social responsibility advertorials influence consumers' perceived relationship with corporations. Two independent variables were used for the study: level of media credibility (high/low) and types of advertorial (labeled/unlabeled). The research findings suggest that media credibility has significantly positive impacts on perceived relationship with corporations, whereas types of advertorial show an insignificant influence. Theoretical background and practical implications are provided. The Effects of Divided Attention on Implicit and Explicit Memory for Radio Advertisements • Kelli Lyons, Texas Tech University • Studies have established a dissociation between implicit or subconscious memory and explicit or conscious memory. Most often the dissociation is observed when time between study and testing phases in increased or when a secondary task is completed during the study phase. Many studies have suggested that explicit memory is highly influenced by divided attention, while implicit memory is not affected to the same degree. These studies do not suggest that implicit memory does not require attention. In fact, they found that more frequent responses to a secondary task do have a negative effect on implicit memory. However, these studies have most often used simple stimuli such as individual words. The current study tests memory for words from radio advertisements in divided and full conditions. The results did show an affect of attention on explicit memory, but they were not consistent with previous literature for implicit memory, with the current study finding evidence to suggest that implicit memory was affected by attention. However, more importantly, this study revealed that secondary tasks interact in a different way with mediated messages than they do simple stimuli. The Effects of Message Framing and Behavioral Norms in Responsible Drinking PSAs: The Role of Deviance-Regulation Theory • Sun-Young Park, University of Florida; Jaejin Lee, University of Florida; Hyunsang Son, University of Florida; Eun Go, University of Florida • Given the potential importance of message strategies in binge drinking interventions among college students, the current research investigates the effects of message framing and behavioral norms (i.e., rules about appropriate behavior) and their interaction effects on attitudinal and behavioral responses to responsible drinking. For this study, a 2 x 2 (message frames: gain or loss; behavioral norm: healthy or unhealthy) between-subjects randomized experimental study was conducted to examine the effects on message persuasiveness, ad attitudes and responsible drinking intentions. The results revealed that messages stressing the benefits of performing the requested behavior (i.e., gain-framed) and positive behavioral norms (i.e., healthy norms) yielded more favorable outcomes. More importantly, significant interaction effects suggest that the condition of the loss-framed messages and the unhealthy norm was least effective among four conditions in the experimental design. This study lays the theoretical groundwork for the role of message framing and behavioral norms in enhancing the effects of responsible-drinking campaigns. Also, the study provides useful insights into the potential utilizations of health messages about responsible alcohol use in PSAs. Implications, limitations, and future research are suggested. An Analysis of NARB Panel Decisions Before 1994 • Jessica Powviriya, University of Arkansas Journalism Department • This study examined 71 of the 139 (or 51 percent) of the NARB cases which were decided through 1994. The study analyzed case decisions for whether ads were substantiated, the medium used and comparison advertising. Results suggest that the household products and services group was the most frequent category of concern in the NARB casework, accounting for most of the cases involving substantiation and comparative advertising. Celebrity-Associated Promotions: Celebrity Endorsed Advertising vs. Celebrity Product Placement William Reeves, University of Texas at Austin • This study investigates celebrity product placement, an exciting new advertising technique. In particular, this study examines the effects of celebrity product placements effect on celebrity credibility, attitude towards the brand, and purchase intent, and specifically in comparison to celebrity endorsement. Results of the experimental study reported in this paper show that celebrity product placement has amore positive effect on celebrity credibility, attitude towards the brand and purchase intent than the traditional celebrity-associated practice, celebrity endorsement. Self-Concept Portrayed in Advertising and Consumer Perceptions on Luxury Fashion Brands • Mark Yi-Cheon Yim, The University of Texas at Austin • The objective of this study is to reveal the current direction of advertising for luxury fashion brands (LFB) by comparing the consistency between self-concept portrayed in magazine advertisements and consumer perceptions on LFB. To achieve the goal, a content analysis and a survey (n = 730) were conducted. Additionally, how other consumer characteristics (i.e., brand consciousness and culture) operate in forming attitudes toward LFB was investigated. The results suggest that females are overrepresented in advertisements for LFB, considering the readership's gender composition. Although females are generally more favorable to LFB, both genders high in brand consciousness are favorable to LFB. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1491 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/gay-lesbian-bisexual-transgender-interest-group-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 19:07:43 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1495 Conflicting desires: An analysis of All My Children's negotiation of lesbian representation in the early 2000s • Tara Kachgal, University of Wisconsin Superior • This paper analyzes the interplay between soap opera insiders and outsiders over the representation of Bianca Montgomery, U.S. daytime television's first major lesbian character. Focusing on the three-year period following Bianca's 2000-2001 coming out, the author charts a series of moves by program makers that initially excited but gradually frustrated and angered lesbian fans. A connection is subsequently drawn between the storyline's seeming failure and the broader U.S. sociopolitical climate of the mid-2000s. You Do Not Know Me: Sexual Identity, Consumption, and the Sign of The L-Word • Rebecca Kern, Manhattan College • This paper examines The L-Word as a media product logo and as a cultural sign with important significance. Through CBS' and Showtime's commodification of The L-Word, viewers of the show could express their membership as a fan. The cultural sign of The L-Word; however, is more than a logo for a show, the pink 'L' represents female sexual identity: lesbian and bisexual, making it possible for anyone to express inclusion in a marginalized sexual identity. It is within this that the lines of insider/outsider fan 'ness' and female sexual identity are blurred. These types of products serve a greater purpose of marking social acceptance and cultural shifts in sexual identity expression. Breeding Masculinities: Bareback Pornography and the Fluid Phallus • Byron Lee, Temple University • Gay bareback pornography (films featuring men engaging in unprotected anal intercourse) has come under attack from multiple communities. This analysis instead examines the discourses of masculinity that are presented in Treasure Island Media films. I argue that bareback pornography presents queer forms of masculinity, rendering them visible and therefore desirable. In bareback pornography, the focus on ejaculate changes the nature of the cum shot, and positions the ejaculate, and not the penis, as the phallus. Body Image and Race on Queerty.com • Joseph Schwartz, Northeastern University; Josh Grimm, Texas Tech University • In this study, we conducted a content analysis of 214 images of male models published on the gay-oriented blog Queerty.com from May, 2007 to March, 2010. Results showed that most models were White, in their twenties, and had low levels of body hair. Almost uniformly, models had low levels of body fat and high levels of muscularity. Additionally, models' body types varied significantly by race. Implications of these findings are discussed. Learning Lesbianism: Media's Role in Shaping Adolescent Lesbian Identity • Valarie Schweisberger, Syracuse University • Lesbian media representation is scant at best, and for young gay women who come to terms with their sexuality during adolescence, media may have an influence on the formation of their sexual identity. This cross-sectional study of adolescent lesbians explores the role of traditional entertainment media in shaping the development of sexual identity. I conducted in-depth interviews with a convenience/purposive sample of 17 adolescent lesbians in Central New York, and inquired about their perceptions of entertainment media's influence on their experiences of lesbianism. Results indicate that media have a largely educational influence on adolescent lesbian identity construction. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1495 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/internship-and-careers-interest-group-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 19:33:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1500 Practical and Ethical Aspects of Advertising Internships: The Good, the Bad and the Awkward • alice kendrick, Southern Methodist University; Jami Fullerton, Oklahoma State University • In a nationwide survey of 1,045 advertising students, slightly more than half (53.4%; n=530) reported that they had held an internship outside of their academic studies. Females and seniors were more likely than other students to report having completed an internship, and internship students were more likely to have higher self-reported GPAs. Graduating seniors who had held an internship were significantly more likely to have received a job offer by the month of June, though their salary expectations and actual salary offers did not differ significantly from students who did not have internships. About 11 percent of internship students agreed that the company with which they interned engaged in some type of perceived unethical behavior, and 6.4% offered examples. Open-ended comments revealed that student concerns were likely to focus on what were perceived to be questionable business practices, personal misbehavior by company staff and intern exploitation. Implications for advertising educators and internship employers are discussed. Internship Supervisors' Evaluation of Communications Majors' Internship Performance • Vicki Todd, Quinnipiac University; Grace Levine, AEJMC -- Law and Policy Division • On-site internship supervisors evaluated communications majors regarding their internship work performance. Supervisors placed more emphasis on students' personality traits than on job skills students performed during their internships. Supervisors evaluated public relations students more positively regarding the personal characteristics of time management; willingness to take on new tasks; and the ability to think critically, creatively, and independently. PR majors also ranked more positively based on the job skills of preparation of tasks/assignments and research skills. Entering the Game at Half-time: Engaging Transfer Students in Internships and Co-Curricular Activities in Mass Communication Programs • Lauren Vicker, St. John Fisher College With enrollment soaring at community colleges across the country, the number of transfer students is also increasing at many four-year mass communication programs. This study begins a look at this often-neglected population in terms of their engagement in activities that will help to build their professional resumes and portfolios. The research examines transfer students' motivation to participate in internships and co-curricular activities through a survey of students and interviews with several transfer students. Results indicate that transfer students are participating in internships and co-curricular activities in numbers significantly lower than native students who come to college as freshmen. Transfer students' main concern is fitting these activities in along with required courses and work time. Mass communication faculty need to pay more attention to ways of engaging transfer students in the full life of their academic programs. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1500 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/minorities-and-communication-division-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 19:37:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1503 Faculty The Stranger in Our Midst: Foreign versus American identity in newspaper coverage of the Binghamton shooting • Angie Chuang, American University School of Communication • News coverage of the April 3, 2009, mass shooting at an immigrant-services center in Binghamton, New York, focused on Jiverly Wong, who was most commonly identified as a Vietnamese immigrant, though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen. This study found that the coverage resembled that of Seung-Hui Cho and the 2007 Virginia Tech shootings, which was criticized for an overemphasis on Cho's immigration status as a South Korean national with U.S. residency. A textual analysis of newspaper coverage of Wong reveals that, despite the fact that he was legally an American, the patterns of identification of his foreign characteristics remained similar to those that marked coverage of Cho. Furthermore, in constructing a posthumous profile of Wong, characteristics that highlighted his foreignness were emphasized, and those that did not, such as the loss of his job, were often cast in a way that underscored immigrant identity, such as the lost American Dream. When Science and Politics Collide in the Framing over Indigeneity • cynthia coleman, aejmc • The concept of identity has captured the interest of humanists and social scientists alike for centuries. Constructionists, for example, have examined identity from the perspective of an ideographic self formulation as well as a socially created self. Scientific and pseudo-scientific methods have been deployed to measure identity from such vantage points, resulting in a post-modern view of identity as a sort of mash-up of intrapersonal and extrapersonal confluences exerting authority over biological determinism. The current paper examines how discourse reveals identity politics arising from the discovery of the Kennewick Man skeleton The Essence of 'What Matters': An Ownership Convergence Case of Black News Going Mainstream • George Daniels, University of Alabama • This study looks at one manifestation of ownership convergence as 40-year-old Essence Magazine teamed up with CNN to co-produce a cross-platform segment of African American news stories entitled What Matters. Of the 56 reports airing between May 2009 and February 2010, most spotlighted health disparities and attitudes about race or racial inequality. This thematic analysis revealed what the author(s) call the Essence Effect when one combines two strong brands and cross-promotes them across platforms. eFluence: The Impact of Source Race, Racial Relevance of a Service, and WOM Valence • Troy Elias, University of Florida • This study examines the impact of a source's race, the racial relevance of a service, and the valence of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) on Black and White consumer attitudes. The results of the study indicate that Blacks will generally display attitudes that mirror the evaluations of their racial ingroup members on online discussion forums given that their race is clearly visible. The results also suggest that the racial relevance of a service can moderate the impact of ingroup consumer feedback for Blacks. Blacks still demonstrated favorable consumer attitudes toward a Black-relevant service even in the presence of negative Black consumer feedback. For Whites, the valence of eWOM is significantly more powerful in terms of their consumer attitudes, as opposed to the race of a source on a discussion forum or the racial relevance of a service. The results demonstrate that for Whites, the eWOM effect is larger for negative WOM than for positive WOM or for the race of a source on a discussion forum or the racial relevance of a service. Implications for Social Identity Theory are discussed. Oversexualized Jezebels?: A Content Analysis Comparing Race and Genre in the Sexualization and Objectification of Female Artists in Music Videos • Cynthia Frisby, University of Missouri; Jennifer Stevens Aubrey, University of Missouri • The present study examines the use of sexual objectification and sexualization by popular female music artists in their music videos. Our primary purposes were to examine (1) differences by race (in particular, differences between white and African American artists) and (2) by genre (i.e., pop, R&B/hip hop, and country). Results suggested that surprisingly, there were no differences in the use of sexualization or skin exposure between black and white artists. However, the results yielded consistent genre differences in which country artists were much less likely to engage in sexualization and objectification, probably due to the socially conservative nature of the genre. However, in the main, there were few differences in sexualization and objectification between pop and R&B/hip artists. Findings are discussed in relation to objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1998) and the general framework of post-feminism (e.g., Gill, 2007; McRobbie, 2004). Cultural Determinants of Political Participation: Predicting Chinese American Constituents' Voting Attitudes and Decisions in Response to Online Electoral Public Service Announcements • Gennadi Gevorgyan, Xavier University • This paper investigates the attitudinal effects of cultural appeals in online public service announcements (PSAs). With our general question Does Culture Matter? we examine the cultural variables behind electoral decisions and political attitudes of Chinese American constituents. In doing so, we identify the mechanisms of making online political information engaging and appealing to ethnically diverse citizens and, therefore, bridging the existing cultural gap in political participation. A between-subjects experiment and a survey revealed that culture plays a significant role in forming political attitudes and decisions. In particular, culturally oriented or congruent electoral PSAs triggered more favorable attitudes and a greater willingness to vote than culturally incongruent PSAs. This finding was particularly salient among constituents with strong ethnic identities. Through the Lens of Race: Constructing Narratives About Jayson Blair and Janet Cooke by Professional Journalists • Mary Hillwagner, AEJMC • This paper looks at the cautionary tales of Jayson Blair and Janet Cooke and how these narratives are perceived by a dozen newspaper journalists. Blair and Cooke, of the New York Times and the Washington Post, respectively, left the news business in disgrace after it was revealed that the reporters had fabricated information in their news copy. Blair and Cooke are African Americans. This paper undertakes in-depth interviews with a dozen reporters, five White and seven Black to discern how the Cooke and Blair matters have been internalized. To this end, this study employs narrative analysis and argues that there were nuances that race mattered to black journalists. Meanwhile, Whites in the study do not mention the race of Cooke or Blair when discussing the incidents. Smoking Isn't Kool: Exploring the Impact of Black Ethnic Identity and Cultural Cues in Pro-Smoking and Anti-Smoking Promotional Messages • Osei Appiah, The Ohio State University; Catherine Goodall, Kent State University; Gregory Hoplamazian, Ohio State • Innovative tobacco marketing strategies have raised significant concerns about the ease with which such messages may appeal to certain disproportionately targeted audiences like Blacks. Study 1 examined whether Kool's cigarette packaging featuring hip-hop cultural images are as effective as more traditional cigarette packages in influencing smoking-related attitudes. Blacks were exposed to either a traditional Kool cigarette package or a non-traditional hip-hop cigarette package featuring a Black or a White character. Blacks with strong ethnic identity had more negative attitudes toward smoking, were less likely to intend to smoke, and were less likely to have smoked in the past vis-a-vis Blacks with weak ethnic identities. Study 2 examined the effectiveness of hip-hop imagery and text in changing smoking-related attitudes among Black participants. Findings indicate that after exposure to an anti-smoking PSA, strong ethnic identity Blacks reported more negative feelings towards smoking, a lower intention to smoke, and more negative attitudes toward the cigarette industry relative to Blacks with weak ethnic identity. Implications for health communication researchers regarding the use of cultural cues in PSAs, and ethnic identity as a protective factor against pro-smoking messages are discussed. Viability of Online Outlets for Ethnic Newspapers • Ralph Izard, Manship School of Mass Communication, Louisiana State University; Masudul Biswas, Louisiana State University • This study identifies the strategies, challenges, and opportunities of adopting online outlets for ethnic newspapers representing African Americans, Asian Americans, Latinos/Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans by conducting a web survey among ethnic newspaper editors and publishers. Survey results showed different strategies for newspapers that have both print and online editions and online-only newspapers. Overall, survey respondents identified finance, nature of operation, traditional audience, technological complexity, and limited access to the Internet as areas of challenges. Likewise, areas of opportunity for ethnic newspapers that adopt online outlets are reaching more audience, attracting online advertisers, and newer avenues of revenue generation. You Talkin' to Me?: Analysis of Weight Watchers and the 50 Million Pound Challenge Websites Christal Johnson, University of Oklahoma; Meta Carstarphen, University of Oklahoma Guided by situational theory of publics, this study analyzed messages on Weight Watchers and 50 Million Pound Challenge weight-loss Web sites to determine how the sites are enabling Black women to remove constraints and promote information seeking in their weight-loss efforts. A content and rhetorical analysis revealed that Jenny Craig lacks culturally-sensitive factors that motivate Black Women to attune to its messages. Implications, limitations, and future research possibilities are discussed. Althea Gibson and Wilma Rudolph: An Analysis of Mainstream and Black Press Coverage on Their Pioneering Victories • Pamela Laucella, IU School of Journalism • Althea Gibson and Wilma Rudolph made history as pioneering women athletes during one of the most important times in America's history. Gibson won the French Championships (now the French Open) in 1956, and the ensuing two years she won both the U.S. Nationals (now the U.S. Open) and Wimbledon. Rudolph won three gold medals in track and field at the 1960 Rome Olympic Games and became the first American female athlete to win three gold medals at one Olympics. The purpose of this research is to elucidate journalists' perceptions of Gibson, Rudolph, their athletic accomplishments, the transcending significance of their victories, and the articles' potential significance on information and perspectives regarding race, gender, and culture. The research provides a comparative look at race and gender and how journalists at the mainstream and Black press covered two prominent, pioneering athletes, whose efforts broke barriers for athletes and individuals alike. Whose Second Life is This?: How Avatar-Based Racial Cues Shape Ethno-Racial Minorities' Perception of Virtual Environments • Jong-Eun Roselyn Lee, Hope College; Sung Gwan Park, Seoul National University • Popular virtual worlds, such as Second Life, are often criticized for their White-dominance or White-avatar-favoritism. In two experiments, the present research investigated how avatar-based racial cues shape ethno-racial minorities' sense of belonging to the world and perceived usability of the interface for avatar customization. White and non-White student participants were recruited for the experiments. In Experiment 1 (N= 59), participants were randomly exposed either to White-dominant avatar profiles of Second Life residents or to racially-diverse avatar profiles. After the exposure to the Second Life residents, participants were given an opportunity to customize their own avatars on the Second Life interface. The findings of Experiment 1 revealed that the non-White participants exposed to the White-dominant avatar profiles, when compared to those exposed to the racially-diverse profiles, reported significantly lower sense of belonging to Second Life and lower levels of intention to participate in Second Life. The findings of Experiment 2 (N = 64), which used the same experimental procedure as used in Experiment 1, demonstrated that the non-White participants exposed to the White-dominant avatar profiles gave significantly higher estimation of White user population within Second Life. In addition, these participants were more likely to report that they felt limited when customizing the skin feature of their avatars. Theoretical and practical implications regarding diversity in virtual worlds are discussed. The Cultural Consternation of Brand O(prah): Oprah and Gayle's Big Adventure • Felicia McGhee-Hilt, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Dwight Brooks, Middle Tennessee State University; Cheryl Ann Lambert, Boston University; Megan Fields, University of Tennessee-Knoxville • This analysis examines the Oprah brand of Live Your Best Life as constructed in Oprah & Gayle's Big Adventure, a five-episode series of Oprah featuring the host and her best friend driving across America. The textual analysis uncovers tensions between Oprah as personification of Live Your Best Life and its principles of diet, exercise, personal relationships, philanthropy, and spirituality. These tensions suggest limitations of the Oprah brand as a mediated self-improvement philosophy. Crisis knowledge and preparedness four years after Hurricane Katrina: Comparing Gulf Coast populations according to race • Andrea Miller, Louisiana State University; David Brown, Louisiana State University; Stephanie Grey, LSU; Renee Edwards, LSU • The study's purpose was to gauge the hurricane knowledge and preparedness of Gulf Coast resident four years after Hurricane Katrina, with particular interest in racial differences. 519 residents were surveyed in fall 2009. Findings showed African-Americans have less hurricane knowledge, and that mistrust of government and the media may be obstacles to information. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between residents' awareness of a state-wide preparedness campaign and having a storm plan in place. Refracting media characters through the prism of ethnic identity formation • David Oh, Denison University • Ethnic identity formation plays a role in second-generation Korean Americans' identification practices towards media characters and celebrities in transnational media from Korea. Specifically, the findings of this study are that there are intragroup differences in identification practices that cluster around stages of ethnic identity formation and that identification practices are not independent of social power as Korean American fans of Korean celebrities and media characters construct taste hierarchies that also define ethnic authenticity. How Ya Durrin'?--Love, Drag, Racism and Shirley Q. Liquor • Peter Parisi, Hunter College This paper assesses Shirley Q. Liquor, a controversial blackface, drag character performed by Charles Knipp, a gay, white male. A welfare recipient with 19 children of unknown paternity, the character certainly displays racial stereotyping, yet Knipp insists that he intends a loving, complex portrayal. A rhetorical-cultural analysis suggests that his claim has substance. At a time of increasing cultural self-consciousness surrounding racial representation, the Shirley Q. controversy clarifies the relationship of negative stereotyping, counter-stereotyping and positive portrayal. The BIA Occupation: The Media Frames A Native American Struggle to Gain Control • Mavis Richardson, Minnesota State University, Mankato This paper discusses framing used by mainstream and Native American newspapers of the BIA building takeover in Washington, D.C., in 1972. It was assumed that the native press might contain, at least to some extent, constructions seen in white mainstream newspapers. However, coverage in the native newspapers clearly reflected Indian culture while the mainstream newspapers reflected white culture. These differences may be attributable to cultural differences between native and white cultures. Minorities on Internet Web Pages: A Content Analysis of Their Portrayal • Aymara Jimenez, BYU; Tom Robinson, Brigham Young University • The Internet has become a communication source that shapes and cultivates peoples' perceptions of consumer products, companies, ideas, issues, and people. To make a website attractive, character images are used to ensure the recall and recognition of the site. Since images stay in individuals' minds longer, the portrayal of those images becomes is important when dealing with minorities. A content analysis of the top 200 websites looked at how minority characters are represented and portrayed. Overall the portrayal of minorities was good but minorities are under-represented and Hispanic characters appear the least and are almost nonexistent. How Mexican-American women define health: Cultural beliefs and practices in a non-native environment • Emma Wertz, Kennesaw State University • Culture impacts the ways people evaluate and respond to health and illness. Mexican-American culture plays a part in how women take care of their heath and react toward the threat of breast cancer. Using previously identified dominant cultural factors that may influence the health of Mexican-American women as a foundation, this qualitative study describes how the women define and maintain health, particularly breast health. As a result, health communicators can more carefully and appropriately tailor messages for this group. This study is important because it adds to the current body of knowledge by investigating the cultural beliefs of Mexican-American women. While several researchers have studied the cultural beliefs of Hispanics, it is imperative that scholars begin to further investigate the cultural beliefs of the sub-groups within the larger Hispanic ethnic category. In addition, previous studies have primarily been conducted in states that border Mexico, thus providing an opportunity for this study to contribute to the current body of literature by giving a voice to Mexican-American women in the southeast. In-depth interviews were conducted with Mexican-American women in the southeast. The main theme that emerged from the data was: The Maintenance of Health through Traditional Practices in a Non-native Environment. Two thematic constructs that participants engage in helped to describe how the women in the study maintain health in a traditional manner when they live in a non-native environment: (1) the belief that health is a combination of the body and mind and (2) the belief that health care is a Mexican woman's responsibility. Student Paper Competition Erin Ash, Penn State, Growing and Selling (Stereotypes): Depictions of Race and the Drug Business in Showtime’s Weeds • The television program Weeds follows the life of Nancy Botwin, a White upper middle-class drug dealer. Although this depiction is seemingly counter-hegemonic, much of the humor of the show is derived through the use of distinct constructions of Whiteness and Blackness and representations of criminality as a naturally Black activity, and not a good fit for Nancy. This textual analysis of the show finds support for the continued use of enduring stereotypes about African Americans. Bryan McLaughlin, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Reaffirming Racism: Racial Discourse During Barack Obama’s Presidential Campaign • The 2008 Presidential election will always be remembered as a historical moment, primarily because Barack Obama became the first black president in the United States. In many ways this is a testament to the strides America has made in racial relations over the last century. In reality, however, Barack Obama’s presidential campaign may have hurt racial progress by reaffirming a post-racial discourse that presents race as nothing more than a distraction. This study rests on a vast array of research that has shown racism continues to be pervasive in American society, but exists most powerfully below the surface. A frame analysis of The New York Times, Newsweek, NBC Evening news, Barack Obama campaign speeches and Rush Limbaugh radio segments during the Democratic primary revealed a consistent use of a post-racial discourse that undermines attempts to have a forthright public discussion of race. The results show that there is little discussion of why race is still such an important topic and what this election says about the state of race in the United States; it is discussed primarily because it is an important political and newsworthy topic. While these various sources frequently discuss race, it is mostly a result of race being an unavoidable topic in the presidential election. The findings show that people are willing to talk about race, but not as a topic that warrants serious evaluation, but as a distraction that has political effects. Cristina Mislan, Penn State, The Chicago Defender: Is it a political institution? ABSTRACT: This paper examines how the Chicago Defender framed Reverend Jesse Jackson’s 1988 and President Barack Obama’s 2008 Democratic presidential campaigns. The study utilized framing theory and employed textual analysis to reveal how the Defender provided meaning for about two black presidential candidates and attempted to support Reverend Jackson but showed skepticism about his ability to win the nomination. On the contrary, the newspaper overwhelmingly supported President Obama, using his candidacy to elevate the black community. Husain Murad, Arkansas State University, Creative directing: In the eyes of Arab American Hollywood directors • The purpose of this study is find out about the characteristics which makes a director creative in the movie making field and the challenges along the way to reaching this goal. This study asks four research questions what are the challenges that face minority directors in Hollywood? And why they faced those challenges? Do they see creativity different than Hollywood directors? How does the film industry rate a creative director in general? How does the industry specifically rate a minority director? The researcher conducted semi-structured in depth interviews instrumentation with three Arab/ Arab American directors. The findings show that Arab/ Arab American directors in Hollywood are rare within Hollywood tough business industry. Like any minority Arab faces a lot of misrepresentation, stereotypes, language barrier and prejudice. The way to overcome these obstacles is to try work hard and make a noise so the big studios would recognize that minority director. Other findings show that the key to get through Hollywood is to be creative on Hollywood standards and to have group connections inside Hollywood mainstream society. Sharon Santus, Caryn Winters, Christopher Toula, George Christo-Baker, and Dorian Randall, Penn State, The ‘Obama is a Muslim’ Myth: Analyzing the implications of right wing abuse of religion and culture during the 2008 presidential race • The Obama is a Muslim myth speaks to the broader relationship between Islam and West in the 21st century. The signifier Muslim being used in a smear campaign against the President during his campaign seems to indicate that in our post 9/11 socio-political climate, many Americans view Islam and Muslims in totalizing terms which others them and their identity. This article will attempt to unravel the complex relationship between Muslim-Americans and the Obama is a Muslim myth with the intention of understanding both the candidate and the dominant discourses surrounding perceptions of Muslim-American and Arab-American populations. This analysis is necessarily multifaceted. Accusations of Obama being a Muslim not only reflect the politicization of religion and culture, but also the racialization of religion, the salience of Islamophobia, and the covert use of new racist ideology. Jennifer Schwartz, University of Oregon, Framing Power: A comparison of Latino and White Candidate Photographs and Headlines at Fourteen U.S. Newspapers • Despite political representation remaining far below Latinos’ share of the population, little research has compared news coverage between Latino candidates and white candidates. This is the first study to content analyze 815 newspaper photographs and 608 photograph-associated headlines of Latino candidates and white candidates in 14 newspapers during the last two months of four statewide elections that occurred between 2003 and 2008 in the U.S. Southwest. Results show overall by state newspapers provided slightly more positive newspaper treatment of Latino candidates compared to white candidates. Nangyal Tsering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Welcome to America: The Star Tribune’s coverage of Tibetan Americans in Minnesota • The paper looks at the coverage of the Tibetan Community in Minnesota by the Star Tribune from Jan 1991 to Oct 2009. While most previous research shows that the press largely portrays the immigrant communities in a negative light, the results of this study finds that Tibetan case is an exception. This positive portrayal of the Tibetan community can be attributed to a complex mix of factors, including the mainstream media's perpetuation of the Western stereotype of Tibet as a peaceful Shangrila. Larissa Williams, University of Texas at Austin, The Case for Race: Factors affecting the credibility perceptions in the blogosphere • This study uses an experimental method to test the effect of the race of a blogger on audience perceptions of credibility. No significant differences in perceived credibility were found between Black and White bloggers, though including information on the blogger (picture and biography) increased perceived credibility. Issue salience (how entertaining, important, relevant, etc.) was also associated with higher perceived credibility. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1503 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/mass-communication-and-society-division-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 19:39:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1507 Sources of Facts and Advice for Farmer Decision-Making Concerning Soil Conservation Practices in Wisconsin • Tammy Enz, Iowa State University; Eric Abbott, Iowa State University; Suman Lee, Iowa State University • This study uses diffusion theory and opinion leadership to investigate sources of facts and advice used in farmer decision-making concerning soil conservation practices. The importance of interpersonal interactions and the role of new communication technologies, including the Internet, email and the cellular telephone, as well as practical inquiry into which persons, organizations and/or media sources are important opinion leaders in the area of implementation of soil conservation were investigated. Information sources used in actual past behavior changes and information sources likely to be influential in a future hypothetical scenario were assessed. Data for this study were gathered through a random sample mail survey of Grant County, Wisconsin rural landowners. A return rate of 48% yielded 268 usable surveys. Findings reveal that farmers use a number of sources for information concerning the adoption of soil conservation innovations, with 'neighbors and other farmers,' 'government agency staff' and 'magazines and other publications' being the most frequently used and the most important sources throughout the decision process. Perceived trustworthiness of a source was found to be a significant predictor of perceived source influence and although 40 % of respondents reported that they are not Internet users, the Internet enjoys a relatively high-perceived trustworthiness among all respondents. Among Internet users, the Internet had a very high level of trust—ranking third behind 'government agency staff' and 'neighbors and other farmers.' Viral politics: A look into the credibility and effects of online viral political messages • Monica Ancu, U. of South Florida St. Petersburg • Since the advent of YouTube and video-sharing technology, a growing number of political viral ads have attracted both media attention and the audience fascination. These viral ads, either posted on YouTube or spread by online users through e-mail, can reach millions of viewers. The producers of such political messages are sometimes the political candidates themselves, but more often ordinary citizens with no apparent political credentials. It also often happens that the producer of these viral ads remain anonymous, while the viral ad circles the Internet and becomes part of popular culture. This experimental study investigates viewer reactions to viral political ads with various sources (politician, ordinary citizen, and anonymous), and also the impact of such ads on political attitudes. Findings show that viral ad can significantly influence viewers' opinion of political candidates, despite the fact that the message might be anonymous. Viral ads produced by political candidates, ordinary citizens and anonymous sources received the same (low) levels of credibility among participants to this experiment. Human interest and deceptiveness in the news: faking a human face • Ingrid Bachmann, University of Texas at Austin • This study compares deceptive news stories written by 9 high-profile journalists and authentic news stories from the same news organizations. The deceptive news score higher in Rudolph Flesch's human interest index and also are more likely to humanize the news event by presenting a human example, emphasizing the human participants and exploring their personal lives. Without the restrictions of the complex world, deceptive reporters can create more interesting, dramatic stories than their non-deceptive colleagues. Online Political Involvement and Connectivity Expectations toward Presidential Candidates Keunmin Bae, Pennsylvania State University; Pamela Brubaker, The Pennsylvania State University; Michael Horning, The Pennsylvania State University; Daniel J. Tamul, Pennsylvania State University • Scholars have demonstrated their research interest in the connections between conversation, media consumption and political participation. However, literature shows the interest can be further investigated in the context of the Internet-savvy media ecology. The current study aims to explore the causal mechanisms that involve political Internet users' online information seeking and their participations in democratic processes before and after the 2008 U.S. presidential campaigns, taking the O-S-O-R and O-S-R-O-R models as theoretical foundations. Path analysis was employed, using a data set by Pew research center. An extended model of the O-S-R-O-R, which includes a cognitive variable at the end of the model, is presented with discussions of implications from findings. Inequality in Knowledge Acquisition, Political Discussion, and Internet Exposure: Nonlinearity in the Acquisition of Knowledge in the Internet • Sungsoo Bang, UT, Austin • By testing the knowledge gap hypothesis based on South Korea's 2007 national survey, this study examines whether Internet use increases or decreases the knowledge gap between social classes. This study finds that there is a significant difference in Internet consumption and knowledge acquisition depending on education. The results also support the significance of political discussion in modifying the relationship between education and knowledge acquisition from the Internet. Findings demonstrate that Internet consumption fosters, rather than decreases, the gap in political knowledge between social classes. Furthermore, this study finds that the relationship between knowledge acquisition and Internet exposure is not linear but curvilinear in specific segments of the population. Nonlinearity and nonaccumulation in knowledge acquisition from the Internet of the less-educated suggest the need for a theoretical modification of the knowledge gap, which is based on the linear relationship between knowledge acquisition and media use. Are you a WOMAN? : Representation of Femininity in Two Women's Magazines, Cleo & Her World • Iccha Basnyat, National University of Singapore; Leanne CHANG, National University of Singapore • Frames of how to be a woman reveals dominant social meanings. Therefore, content-analysis was conducted to examine portrayals of femininity vis-à-vis masculinity within frames of women's magazines. Findings reflect a blurry line between femininity in opposition to masculinity. However, new frames of being a woman have emerged in dichotomized frames of traditional versus modern. Frames continue to create a lens for interpretation of social meanings of gendered personhood creating expectations to meet the ideal image. Sex, Race, and Misrepresentation: the Political Implications of Interracial Relationships in American Film • Carole Bell, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This study explored the representation of supportive and critical messages about interracial dating in popular film. More specifically, the study addressed how films depicting interracial couples encourage audiences to view these relationships within distinct political perspectives and racialized systems of belief. Using a combination of frame analysis and a cultural/critical approach, this research showed that the representation of interracial couples in American films has often been, as some scholars theorized, observably problematic and in contradiction of Hollywood's ostensibly egalitarian ideals. Despite marked social change during the period studied, certain tropes of interracial interaction remain prominent across long periods of time- especially the association of interracial relationships with social costs from peers and family and friends, the tendency to present the interracial romance as one that is less likely to be long lasting and fully realized, and the near ubiquitous association of interracial romance with violence. 'Every Little Thing's Gonna Be All Right; Popular Music as a Way of Coping After the Virginia Tech Shootings • Jennifer Billinson, The S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University The connection between emotion and music is one that we have come to accept as common knowledge, turning to music as a way of dealing with tragedy and grief. Although it has been explored separately throughout disciplines in the past, in order to truly understand the human connection between music and grief, I have examined literature in the fields of sociology, psychology, and anthropology, paired with uses and gratifications theory in order to explore this occurrence from a communications standpoint. The purpose of this inquiry is to examine how popular music is used in the wake of national tragedies. A textual analysis of the music used in 100 YouTube tribute videos created after the shootings at Virginia Tech was conducted in order to better understand how music was employed to heal and assuage the grief of a college campus, as well as a country. Results show that songs chosen were overwhelmingly popular music, falling into two categories; sad at the time, and timelessly sad. In addition, video producers stated that they created videos as a way to heal themselves, attempt to heal others, or simply because they could think of no other action they could take in the wake of such tragedy. The Skinny On Weight Stigmatization: Testing the Effectiveness of a Media Literacy Program Designed to Decrease Anti-Fat Bias in Children • Scott Parrott, The University of Alabama; Kim Bissell, University of Alabama • Several studies have examined factors related to bias against people who are overweight, but to date, no study solidifies the variety of factors that could be responsible for anti-fat bias in children. This study examined implicit and explicit levels of fat bias in grade school children with the goal of identifying factors that might be stronger predictors of weight stigmatization. Further, the study tested how or if a media literacy program designed to address weight stigmatization might result is less critical assessments of overweight individuals. Thus, the study presented here had two over-arching objectives: test the effectiveness of a media literacy campaign aimed at decreasing stigma against overweight individuals; and b) identify possible correlates of pre-existing negative attitudes about overweight individuals. Findings from this research suggest that the literacy program addressing weight stigmatization was successful in changing these children's perceptions about overweight individuals. Using a pre-test/post-test within-subjects experimental design, just over 200 elementary and middle school children were assessed on their degree of fat bias and then exposed to a month-long intervention program designed to reduce weight stigma. Post-test results indicate that when participants were asked to report their likelihood to be friends with an overweight individual, children across demographic groups reported greater willingness to do so following the intervention program. In terms of predictors of anti-fat bias, our findings suggest demographic variables along with television viewing and household dieting behavior were related to children's pre-test levels of weight bias. These and other findings are discussed. Thinkers versus feelers: The role of cognitive processing styles and media in the development of in weight stigmatization • Kim Bissell, University of Alabama; Scott Parrott, The University of Alabama; Steven Collins, University of Central Florida • Several studies have examined the complex factors related to the stigmatization or bias against people who are overweight, but to date, no study solidifies the variety of factors that could be responsible for anti-fat bias in adults. This study of 176 adults examined implicit and explicit attitudes of anti-fat bias along with media exposure and two measures of cognitive processing, rational and experiential processing. Using factors that represent an individual and social environment, we were able to identify factors that served as the stronger predictors of weight bias against others. Results suggest that experiential processing along with greater exposure to entertainment media were the strongest predictors of anti-fat bias in this adult sample. The descriptive results from the IAT are also some of the more telling results from the present study, as a majority of the sample linked positive adjectives to thin and negative adjectives to fat. Future research should continue to vet out the possible correlates of implicit and explicit measures of weight bias so that intervention strategies can be created and promoted. These and other findings are discussed. Learning how to vote: Vote determinants for parent-child dyads in the 2008 election Learning how to vote: Vote determinants for parent-child dyads in the 2008 election Leticia Bode, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Kjerstin Thorson, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Emily Vraga, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dhavan Shah, University of Wisconsin-Madison Although we know a great deal about how people decide for whom they will vote, we do not have much understanding of how they think about that decision. This project explores the stated factors to which adolescents and their parents attribute their voting decisions, and to what extent parent-child dyads co-orient in terms of those factors. We find that co-orientation increases during the election cycle, and predicts co-orientation of partisanship. Indexing in Economic News: Coverage of the 2009 Economic Stimulus Package • Portia Bridges, Manship School of Mass Communication at Louisiana State University • Indexing theory predicts that media coverage will reflect levels of elite debate. Elite controversy should embolden press to report a more open public debate. Indexing is expected to operate in certain issue areas of news coverage, but support for the theory exists largely in the realm of foreign affairs. This study evaluates indexing for a macroeconomic issue, the 2009 economic stimulus package. Although elite sources dominated, coverage did include a range of non-governmental voices. Biofuels and Public Benefit and Risk Perceptions: The Interacting Effects of Political Ideology and Media Attention • Michael Cacciatore, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Andrew Binder, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dietram Scheufele, University of Wisconsin; Bret Shaw, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Research on public opinion formation for biofuels is severely lacking and is necessary for policymakers and industry alike in order to determine the future of this scientific innovation. In this paper, we focus on two primary factors that have been found to influence opinions about emerging science and technology: political party identification and media attention. In particular, we examine the main effects of political media attention, science media attention, and political party affiliation on domain-specific benefit vs. risk perceptions of biofuels. Next, we test for interaction effects between media attention and party ID on our benefit vs. risk perception measures in order to garner a more detailed understanding of the process of biofuels opinion formation. Our results suggest a moderating role of people's political party identification on political media attention across perceptions of benefits vs. risks for biofuels. These findings suggest that attention to political content, both on television and in newspapers can have rather different effects on the benefit vs. risk perceptions of Democrats and Republicans, respectively. Pundits or Pugilists? The Role of Guest Incivility in Televised Debate D. Jasun Carr, UW-Madison; Emily Vraga, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Courtney Johnson, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Mitchell Bard, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Young Mie Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison • An increasingly competitive media landscape has caused stylistic changes in news programming. This experiment employs a 3x2 design to examine how moderator style and guest tone influence media perceptions. Results illustrate that among the three moderator styles — correspondent, combatant, and comic — the correspondent moderator produced the highest ratings of media credibility and program evaluations without limiting entertainment value. However, guest tone does not directly or indirectly affect perceptions of the program or the media. Listening in: Profiling podcast users and their political participation Monica Chadha, School of Journalism, University of Texas at Austin; Alex Avila, University of Texas at Austin; Homero Gil de Zuniga, University of Texas - Austin • Little research is available on podcast users and their role within democratic societies. Internet use for news has been shown to positively relate to political engagement leading to increased political participation levels both, offline and online. Other forms of digital and user-generated media such as blogs and various modes of citizen-journalism with the same political framework have also been the focus of academic study, yielding similar results. Nevertheless, the emerging world of podcasting remains outside this realm. Based on U.S. national data, results lend support to the notion that podcast use for news leads to political participation even when controlling for the effect of other media forms. This paper also identifies unique demographic predictors for those likely to be podcast listeners. An Exploration of Trends in Food Attitudes and Behaviors Among Adults with 6-11 Year Old Children: An Agenda Setting Theory Perspective • MARIEA HOY, Univ of Tennessee; COURTNEY CHILDERS, Univ of Tennessee • Based on Agenda Setting Theory (McCombs & Shaw, 1972), the documented increase in obesity-related news stories over past decade should result in an upsurge in obesity's perceived importance among the public. Using secondary data from a large, nationally representative sample of parents/guardians of six to 11 year olds from 2002 to 2008, notable changes in attitudes and behaviors among these primary gatekeepers of children's food choices and consumption habits are discussed. This exploratory study provides the media, public policy makers, and communication strategists with a means to identify specific aspects of the obesity issue that may encourage a healthier diet and lifestyle. Why Are We Losing the War on Obesity? Contradictory Social Cognitive Effects of Media on Individuals' Health and Behavior against Higher BMI, Lower Education Level, and Poverty hojoon choi, The University of Georgia; Minsun Shim, University of Georgia • Using HINTS data 2005, this study examines why the efforts of US government and public organizations for reducing overweight and obesity problem through media have been ineffective. Guided by social cognitive theory, this study found 1) the social cognitive effect of health information exposure through media is too weak to improve overweight and obesity problem, and 2) there is contradictory social cognitive effect deepening the problem, from media vehicle itself. Our findings provide implications and suggestions with regards to public health policy, especially of how public health policy should efficiently be planned to improve overweight and obesity. Continued Willingness to Purchase after Learning an Advertisement is False John Donahue, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; Melanie Green, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill In the present study the truth status of a narrative advertisement was manipulated. Some participants were led to believe the ad was factual, while other participants were informed it was inaccurate due to unintentional inaccuracy or intentional deception. Although readers who learned of the deception derogated the marketing department that created the ad, they were still as willing to purchase the product as those readers who were never informed of a deception taking place. How Washington, DC Prestige Press Make Meaning of Contemporary National Security Media Coverage • Heather Epkins, University of Maryland, College Park • This qualitative study employs 15 in-depth interviews with Washington, D.C. national security prestige press (Stempel, 1961) to explore perceptions of building terrorism news content, including the recent rhetoric shift to Overseas Contingency Operation from War on Terror. Rarely studied but extremely influential, these particular reporters offer substantial insider knowledge on evolving trends for terrorism news production. Findings include evidence of new journalist routines with implications for public policy and the integrity of journalist practices. Exaggeration of Self in Everyday Life: Symbolic Interaction and Facebook.com • Lee Farquhar, Samford University • This yearlong cyber-ethnography examined identity performances on Facebook.com. With a symbolic interaction framework, the study relied on participant observation of about 350 college-aged Facebookers and interviews and guided tours of Facebooker profiles with a sample subset of 48 individuals. Results indicate that Facebook identity presentations tend toward exaggeration due to the characteristics of computer-mediated communication, the norms of Facebook, and the structure of the site itself. Specifically Facebookers perform identity through status updates, images, uploaded photos, and other mini-applications through the site. Regarding method, this study showed that participants were much more comfortable and talkative via online interactions - such as through Facebook's chat function - than they were in face-to-face interviews. Building Identity Through Facebook Images • Lee Farquhar, Samford University • This study examines identity presentations and interpretations on Facebook, focusing on images - specifically uploaded photos. The two-phase research design includes a period of participant observation of a sample of 346 college students and recent graduates followed by an interview period with a sample subset of 48 interviewees. The study analyzes photos and other images with a symbolic interaction perspective, relying on participant impressions and language to generate categories of photos, examine the role of identity pegs, and assess the role of the profile pic as a first impression. Results suggest that Facebookers actively manage their identity through the employment and manipulation of Facebook applications such as Pieces of Flair and Bumper Stickers and by selecting and highlighting specific photo types. Use of visuals on Facebook is often tied to establishing the Facebooker's membership in in-groups while disassociating the Facebooker from out-groups. Social Networking Sites from an Interpersonal Perspective: Facebook and Expectancy Violation Theory • Eric Fife, James Madison University; C. Leigh Nelson, James Madison University; Kristin Zhang, James Madison University • An online survey of 237 respondents at a large southeastern university revealed that the tenets of expectancy violation theory generally apply to Facebook. Participants reported a wide range of expectancy violations on Facebook. A moderate positive relationship was found between violation valence and uncertainty reduction, while relational closeness was identified as an independent variable influencing evaluations of expectancy violations on Facebook. Implications for the continued use of expectancy violation theory in Facebook scholarship are considered. Framing Across the Pond: A comparative perspective on the media coverage of the 2009 health care reform debate • Jackson Foote, University of Missouri - St. Louis • Drawing on the social constructionist approach to framing, cross-cultural media studies, and Gamson & Lasch's (1983) signature matrix, this paper compares the latest round of news discourse around the health care issue in leading newspapers in the United Kingdom and the United States. I question whether the way in which the US policy debate is framed in prestige newspapers on different sides of the Atlantic reveals key differences in the 'issue culture,' a deep-rooted set of clustered idea elements surrounding health care in these two countries. Undressing the Words: Analysis of Genre and Gender in the use of Profanity, Misogyny, Violence, and Gender Role Presentation in Today's Popular Music • Cynthia Frisby, University of Missouri • Much of the literature relating to effects of music lyrics suggests that hip hop/rap music, contains violent and misogynic lyrics. Is hip hop/rap music the only genre to rely on anti-social message themes? Previous research on the subject of the deleterious effects of hip hop music has yet to answer this question, thus it was determined that it was time to listen to [all] the music. The present research examines the genre, gender of the artist, use of profanity, portrayal of women, stereotypes, and references to violence for the top songs in the years 2006, 2007 and 2009. A content analysis of 150 randomly drawn songs from a total of 8 genres was conducted. The present study shows that both genres, pop and hip hop/rap music, genres that are popular with most adolescents today contain message themes that center around the use of profanity, communicate violence, demean and objectify women, and perpetuate gender steoreotypes--supporting theoretical caveats of objectification theory. Political Cynicism and Political Involvement Reconsidered: A Test of Antecedents • Hanlong Fu, University of Connecticut; Yi Mou, University of Connecticut; Mike Miller, University of Connecticut; Gerard Jalette, University of Connecticut • This study investigates the relationship between political cynicism and political involvement by connecting them with antecedent variables: need for cognition, elaboration and perceived media importance. The findings show that elaboration and political involvement are exogenous, casting influence on political cynicism, need for cognition, and perceived importance of media. This finding confirms the previous contention that political involvement is the key to harnessing political disaffection. The results also show that political involvement is positively associated with political cynicism, echoing recent evidence that cynical citizens can be politically involved in some context. The implications of the results for future research are discussed. The Role of Physicians' Beliefs about e-Health and Perceived Peer Endorsement in Discussing e-Health with Patients • Erin Robinson, Georgia Hospital Association; Yuki Fujioka, Georgia State University • A survey of 104 physicians examined the role of physicians' personal beliefs about e-health, perceived peer endorsement of discussing e-health with their patients, and perceived self-efficacy in the way physicians interact with their patients. Perceived benefits of e-health information predicted more positive mediation (endorsement of e-health); whereas perceived negative effects of e-health was associated with more negative (counter-reinforcement of e-health) and restrictive (limit the kind of e-health websites) mediation. Negative evaluation of e-health was only related to more negative mediation. The study also suggested that greater perceived peer endorsement affected physicians' mediation behaviors. Findings are discussed in light of the literature of parental mediation of media and Theory of Reasoned Action. Predictors of Verbal Aggression: Demographics,Sociological Factors, and Media Usage • Jack Glascock, Illinois State UniversityIn this study demographic, sociological and media usage factors were assessed for their relative contribution to verbal aggression. Male participants reported more verbally aggressive behavior and attended to more aggressive media. Social correlates such as parental and peer influences and demographics, primarily sex and SES, were found to be relatively significant contributors to verbal aggression while media consumption accounted for only 4% of the explained variance. In light of these findings, it seems that intervention at the parental level might be the most effective strategy in moderating potentially damaging verbally aggressive behaviors. Political Socialization of 2008 First-time Eligible Presidential Voters: How this cohort integrates their perceptions of Politics, Patriotism, Religion and News Media • Kenna Griffin, University of Oklahoma; Peter Gade, University of Oklahoma • This study explores the political socialization and attitudes of a large, important group of the political electorate—first-time presidential voters. The 2008 cohort, Millennials, was the largest, most culturally diverse and tech-savvy group of first-time presidential voters in U.S. history. The sample sorted 42 opinion statements about politics, patriotism, religion and news media prior to the 2008 presidential election. Three factors of like-minded groups - Skeptical Freethinker, Conservative-Christian Patriot and Patriotic Information-seeker - emerged from Q-methodology analysis. Creating Cultural Conflict: Biased Geographic Reporting of Crime on the Southeast Side Robert Gutsche Jr, The University of Iowa • Over a five-month period in 2009, a student-run college newspaper covered a rise in crime in its city after eight teenagers were arrested for their alleged participation in mob violence on the city's southeast side. This textual analysis turns to the concept cultural news narratives to understand the coverage of the southeast side as a representation of the other world. Mass Media and Racial/Ethnic Minorities; Analysis of News Coverage of the Kosians (Korean-Asians) in South Korea, 2001-2009 • Eun-Jeong Han, Washington State University • The purpose of this study is to examine how the Korean newspapers (re)create, and represent Kosians (Korean-Asians). Through the analysis of 349 articles published from April 1st 2001 to April 1st 2009, this study shows that Korean news media; 1) enforced Kosians' cultural assimilation to dominant Korean cultures without Koreans' attitude changes; 2) strategically blocked Kosians' collective actions reporting individual-focused successful stories; and 3) inhibited Kosians' empowerment presenting them as a group of powerless Other. Affluenza Effects in a Broad Context: Twelve Further Tests of the TV-Materialism Link • Mark Harmon, University of Tennessee • Secondary analyses of twelve surveys test links between TV viewing and materialist/consumerist attitudes, producing support for the affluenza hypotheses. One cannot conclude, however, that television viewing causes materialistic values or leads to symptoms of materialism such as financial worry, debt, life dissatisfaction, and unhappiness. These data suggest an alternate relationship: those who are bored, poor, alone, and/or sick spend more time with television as a cheap and easy diversion, but it proves to be unsatisfying. Need for Orientation and Journalists' Use of Political Blogs in Covering the 2008 Presidential Campaign • Kyle Heim, Seton Hall University • This study examined journalists' need for orientation through a survey of reporters who covered the 2008 presidential campaign. Reporters' levels of journalism experience and whether they were based in Washington, D.C., were significant predictors of their use of political blogs to satisfy informational needs, confirming that need for orientation, consisting of the lower-order concepts of uncertainty and relevance, can be applied to intermedia agenda setting. A separate conceptualization of reporters' need for orientation toward issues, frames, and evaluations found less support. Trusting Institutions, Citizen Journalism and the Hostile Media Phenomena • Jill Hopke, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Eugenia Highland, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Hernando Rojas, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Albert Gunther, University of Wisconsin-Madison Using a three-wave design with an embedded web-based experiment, this study considers the controversy over agricultural production in the United States to examine partisan's perceptions of hostility in traditional and citizen journalism content. Findings show that (1) attributing media content to a citizen journalism source, does not alter the perceptions of hostility overall or of the specific news story; (2) those who are higher on institutional trust tend to perceive less hostility in media coverage overall; and (3) there is a significant interaction between media source and institutional trust. Those higher on trust perceive less bias in a traditional journalism story than in a citizen journalism one. Implications for future research are discussed. Impact of Internet Pornography on Adolescents' Acceptance of Rape Myths Chien-Yi Hsiang, School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University • This study examines the effects of Internet pornography on adolescents' acceptance of rape myths and their attitudes toward rape victims and rapists. Data used for this study come from a survey of 1,668 high school students in Taipei, Taiwan. Results of the study show that exposure to Internet pornography is significantly related to increased acceptance of rape myths, decreased perception of rape victim suffering, and reduced recommended prison terms for rapists. Beyond Exposure: Exploring the Role of Economic News Coverage in People's Sense of Economic Well-being • David Remund, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Nell Huang, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina; Jennifer Harlow, UNC-CH • Prior research has suggested that exposure to news media may not alone account for economic awareness and perceptions. Through analysis of state-wide survey data and county-level economic indicators, this study finds that measures of real-world economic conditions play a more important role in predicting a person's sense of economic well-being than news media exposure, attention, or perceived economic coverage quality. Message Boards, Public Discourse and Historical Meaning: An Online Community Reacts to September 11 • Bonnie Bressers, Kansas State University; Janice Hume, University of Georgia This study examines messages posted to NYTimes.com in the first three days after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Readers used this new communication technology to engage in geographically and temporally unrestricted public discourse. They exchanged opinions, released emotions, argued, supported and reacted. Their dialogue offers a glimpse into the mediated public conversation at an important historic moment when people were just beginning to understand the tragedy's meaning and the possibilities of interactive, digital technologies. Theory Driven Message Development and the Effectiveness of the Entertainment Education Strategy in Sexual Assault Prevention • Stacey Hust, Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University; Paula Adams, Washington State University; Chunbo Ren, Washington State University; Ming Lei, Washington State University; Jessica Fitts Willoughby, Washington State University; Cassie Norman, Washington State University; Marie Louise Radanielina-Hita, Washington State University; Emily Garrigues Marrett, Mississippi State University; Bruce Pinkleton, Washington State University • Despite its appeal to health practitioners, questions about the effectiveness of entertainment-education still exist. This study uses an experiment to test the effectiveness of EE materials focused on sexual assault prevention that emphasized either norm corrective material or behavior modeling content. The results signify that EE based on different theoretical foundations can successfully change attitudes and efficacy. For optimal effects, however, message designers may want to use theoretical foundations that best match their intended goals. Intermedia agenda setting in television, online newspapers, portal sites, and blogs in South Korea JIN SOOK IM, University of Florida • This study examined the agendas of news on portal sites, blogs news, television and an online newspaper in South Korea in order to determine how intermedia agenda setting functions in the media. This study selected four medias—MBC (television), Chosun Ilbo (an online newspaper), Daum (a portal site with a news service), and Daum Blogger News (blogs news). Based on the results, this study concluded that all media share the agenda. Portal sites news influence on the agenda of television, online newspaper, and blogs. The portal site news and blogs news are interactively connected. The online newspaper has a large influence on the portal site news rather than other media. Television and online newspapaper influenced each other, yet television has more influence on the online newspaper. Traditional media, television and online newspaper influence the agenda of blogs news. However the agenda of blogs news did not influence on the agenda of television and online newspaper but on portal site news. Comparing Frames Analysis: The Influenza A (H1N1) Flu in U.S. and South Korea Newspapers JIN SOOK IM, University of Florida • This study revealed several frames in the coverage of H1N1: emergency frame, hope frame, attention frame, blame frame, statement frame, economic frame, and conflict frame. The most prominent frame in both newspapers was emergency, followed by hope, attention, blame and statement, economic, and conflict. After confirming the first death, the prominent frame in the U.S. media changed from an attention frame to an emergency frame. South Korean print media did not change their dominant frame. Both before and after the first Korean death in South Korea was confirmed, the preferred frame was emergency frame. Some journalists employed war words, and the use of a hope frame decreased after the first death was confirmed. The conflict frame did not appear in the South Korean coverage, whereas U.S. print media showed a conflict frame after the first death was confirmed. Adolescent development of political efficacy and its mediating role in political socialization Mi Jahng, University of Missouri-Columbia; Hans Meyer, Ohio University; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri • Through a survey of more than 1,200 pairs of teenagers and their parents, this study examined what factors lead to political knowledge and political participation in young children. We also examined whether these factors changed as children aged. Tweens (12-14 years old) seemed to rely more on parental political involvement and family political discussion for their political knowledge, while teens (15-18) relied more on finding knowledge through school and the media. In diagramming how knowledge moved to participation however, political efficacy or the belief that their actions made a difference were the largest predictors for tweens and teens. The study suggests that programs designed to get children interested and participating in politics should focus on developing self-efficacy instead of simply imparting knowledge or political opinions. Political Knowledge and Participation in Teens During Low and High Political Interest Periods Surrounding the U.S. 2008 Presidential Election • Esther Thorson, University of Missouri; Mi Jahng, University of Missouri-Columbia; Mitchell McKinney, University of Missouri-Columbia • The impact of family talk, school political education, parental political participation, youth news media exposure, and three cognitive/attitudinal variables on political knowledge and four measures of political participation were examined in a three-wave panel study of 11-17 year olds and their before, immediately after, and six months after the U.S. Presidential election. Patterns of impact of the predictor variables were consistent across time, but varied significantly across the knowledge and participation measures. Talking about Poverty: News Framing of Who Is Responsible for Causing and Fixing the ProblemSei-Hill Kim, University of South Carolina; John Carvalho, Auburn University; Andrew Davis, Auburn University • We explore how American news media frame the poverty issue, looking at the way the media present the causes and solutions. We also examine the notion of frame building, exploring the factors that may influence the way an issue is framed. Findings indicate that the media's attributions of responsibility are largely societal, focusing on causes and solutions at the social level more than the personal level. Liberal newspapers, in particular, have made more references than conservative papers to social causes and solutions. We also report that television news is slightly less likely than newspapers to make social-level attributions. Does the Internet Lead to Fragmentation? Relationships of Relative Entertainment Use and Incidental News Exposure with Political Knowledge and Participation Yonghwan Kim, University of Texas at Austin; Hsuan-Ting Chen, University of Texas at Austin; Homero Gil de Zuniga, University of Texas - Austin • This study tests the fragmentation thesis by examining how and whether relative entertainment use (REU) and incidental news exposure (INE) on the Internet are related to citizens' political knowledge and participation. In other words, the current study investigates how people's REU and INE influence the fragmentation process - expressed in terms of the public's political knowledge and political engagement - and how these independent variables interplay in that process. Using a national survey conducted online (N = 1,159), we find that Internet use for entertainment may have less impact on the public's fragmentation process. On the other hand, the findings suggest that accidental news exposure on the Internet have an important role in informing citizens and facilitating their political participation. INE on the Internet was positively related to the respondents' political knowledge and online political participation. More importantly, we find consistent patterns indicating the interaction between REU and INE to the respondents' political knowledge and online forms of political participation. Those who were less likely to use the Internet for entertainment were more likely to be knowledgeable about politics and participate in online political activities when they were accidently exposed to news online. Findings suggest that whether the Internet leads to the fragmentation of a society and whether it promotes informed and active citizenship may depend on the level of REU and INE. Implications are discussed. Exploring Effectiveness of Credibility in Usage of Political Blogs • June-yung Kim, University of Florida; Hanna Park, University of Florida • Although online blogs have become one of the most popular sources among people seeking information, there is a debate about the credibility of blogs. This study examined the effect of Web design and the quality of arguments on political blogs on internet users' perception of blogs using Petty and Cacioppo's Elaboration Likelihood Model (1983). The level of issue involvement was also investigated as a moderator. Statistical results are discussed in the result section. Experiment examining poll disclosure effects on issue attitudes and perceived credibility • Ashley Kirzinger, Louisiana State University • Recently, pollsters have been pressuring media organizations to include more information when reporting polls. This experiment answers two parts of this debate: Are there differences in how levels of poll disclosure affect attitudes and are consumers able to distinguish differences in poll quality? Findings support that different levels of poll disclosure may have different effects on individual attitudes and that we are not good consumers or evaluators of polling data. Entertainment versus Hard News: Does Entertainment News have more of an Influence on the Priming Effect than Hard News? • Jennifer Kowalewski, Texas Christian University •  The Pew Research Center for People & the Press (Kohut, 2004, 2007) has reported that more young people are turning to nontraditional news programs for political information such as Saturday Night Live and The Daily Show. Entertainment programs often have political information but present that information in a more humorous context than news programs. This experiment tests how the presentation style, entertainment versus hard news, influences the priming effects, taking into account existing attitudes. The findings suggest that for certain issues traditional news programs do not have a monopoly on informing individuals about the current political environment. For other issues, journalists may need to convey the importance of those issues to their audience by eliminating the humor. Overall, though, the experiment showed promising results. As entertainment news programs grow in popularity, more research is needed to investigate more fully how these programs may influence public opinion. Mediated struggle in bill-making: How sources shaped news coverage about health care reform Denis Wu, Boston University; Cheryl Ann Lambert, Boston University • This research study analyzed sources used in news coverage of President Obama's health care reform from January-November 2009 when the House of Representatives passed the health care reform bill. The media access model and agenda-building were applied to the sources including administration, pharmaceutical companies, physicians, and special interest groups. Findings indicated that health industry sources were cited more than citizens and government sources were cited more frequently than health industry sources. Death in the American Family: Framing of Health Care Reform after Senator Edward Kennedy's Death • ben lapoe, Louisiana State University This paper presents a textual analysis of newspaper articles that focused on health care reform a week before and a week after Senator Edward Kennedy's death; health care reform was one of Senator Kennedy's passions. Carolyn Ringer Lepre, Kim Walsh-Childers, and Jean Carver Chance (2003) analyzed health care reform coverage in 1996 and found that health care consumers were relatively voiceless. Unlike their findings, this paper found that in 2009, the public boasted a loud voice in newspaper coverage of health care reform. However, these voices were not framed as victims, but as extreme, confused, and angry antagonists. The Effects of Cosmetic Surgery Reality Shows on the Cognitions of Beauty and Desire for Cosmetic Enhancements • Shu-Yueh Lee, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh • The priming effects of cosmetic surgery reality shows were supported by this study. After exposure to cosmetic surgery reality shows, viewers' beliefs about beauty and stereotypes about physically unattractive people were reinforced. Priming with cosmetic surgery reality shows also increased the desire for cosmetic enhancements. Gender and body anxiety play important roles in affecting the perceived privileges of beauty and the intent to undergo cosmetic enhancements. Women were more likely to have the desire for cosmetic enhancements; however, men were more likely to endorse the power of beauty. Additionally, the habitual viewing of makeover shows appeared to have a more profound effect on the stereotypical perceptions of physically unattractive people. Ideology-Motivated Selective Exposure on the Internet and Its Impact on Political Judgment ByungGu Lee, University of Wisconsin-Madison; JungHwan Yang, University of Wisconsin-Madison In the context of a partisan dispute over a major policy in South Korea, we examined the notion that people prefer ideologically congruent content in the new media environment and the selectively consumed information mediates the indirect impact of political ideology on political evaluations. We tested these ideas by analyzing data from a sample of Internet users in Seoul, Korea and neighboring regions (N = 275). The results demonstrate that political ideology significantly predicted the kind of online information people preferred to consume. The emerged partisan selectivity in turn influenced political evaluations in a way that the direction of political opinion corresponded to the prevailing valence of selectively consumed content. Moreover, the impact of ideology on political evaluations remained significant when controlling for online partisan selectivity. However, no significant influence of ideology extremity on the degree of selectivity was found. Implications for selective exposure and future research are discussed. What are Americans seeing? Examining the Gain and Loss frames of Local Health News Stories Hyunmin Lee, University of Missouri-Columbia; YoungAh Lee, Missouri School of Journalism; Sun-A Park, University of Missouri; Erin Willis, University of Missouri School of Journalism • While local television news is the number one source among Americans for health information seeking, relatively little attention has been given to what viewers are actually watching in these news. Guided by framing theory and prospect theory, this study conducted a comparative content analysis of how local television health news stories (N=416) utilized gain or loss frames. The type of frame of the health news story showed differences across health news topics, tone of the news, length and prominence, and mentions of efficacy or conflict. The World According to Beck: An Economic Exchange of Abstract Symbolism Between Subjects Christina Lefevre-Gonzalez, The University of Colorado, Boulder • Fox News host Glenn Beck has become an object of derision and intrigue for political analysts and media critics alike. Because his rhetoric appears to be disconnected from empirical reality, critics have focused on psychological discussions of both him and his viewers. As an alternative, this paper explores this relationship as a two-way ideological and economic exchange between subjects, seated in political economy, rhetorical theory, and phenomenology, producing a deeper understanding of Beck and his audience. Conceptualizing the Role of Gender in Journalistic Practice: A Pilot Study Examining Leverage Maria Len-Rios, U. of Missouri; Amanda Hinnant, U. of Missouri; JiYeon Jeong, Missouri School of Journalism • This study theorizes about the role journalist gender plays in sourcing decisions that ultimately affect gender representation in news content. An analysis of the literature is presented and then a pilot study is introduced to examine these ideas among a specific subset of journalists: health journalists (N = 598). The data reveal no gender gap regarding knowledge and journalistic training. Differences were found by story topic and attitudes toward writing about gender-specific health stories. The concept of leverage and journalistic experience is discussed in relation to women journalists and journalist roles. Advertisers' Use of Model Distinctiveness: Main Model Characteristics in Cosmopolitan and Latina Magazines • Maria Len-Rios, U. of Missouri; JiYeon Jeong, Missouri School of Journalism; Elizabeth Gardner, University of Missouri; YoungAh Lee, Missouri School of Journalism Distinctiveness theory is applied to examine if ads in Hispanic women's magazines are culturally targeted. Analysis of Cosmopolitan (N=739) and Latina (N=428) reveals that Latina ads contain models that are more racially (Cramer's V= .15) and ethnically (V=.41) diverse, have darker skin (V=.12), and larger body sizes (V=.12). Sociocultural cues such as racial pride (V=.20), collectivism (V=.28) and cultural application (V=.25) appear more often in Latina ads. Implications for culturally targeting ads are discussed. Online Parenting Information Seeking: Attitude and Usage of Chinese Parents with 0-to-6-year-old Children Yan Cui, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Wan Chi Leung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • This research examines how Internet connectedness, expectancy value and needs are related to attitude and usage of the Internet in seeking parenting information by Internet users with children aged 0 to 6 in China. This study empirically extends previous research from health information to more general parenting information. It also enriches the research regarding the Internet and parenting information seeking. Media exposure, self, collective and proxy efficacy: Predicting preventative behaviors in a public health emergency • Xigen Li, City University of Hong Kong; Xudong Liu, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • This study explored the factors that predict the preventive behaviors in a long-lasting and worldwide public health emergency, H1N1 influenza pandemic. The study found that proximity of media exposure to H1N1 influenza pandemic had a positive effect on fear arousal and perceived threat. Besides self-efficacy, the study explored the impact of the belief in the ability of others in fulfilling a collectively beneficial goal. Both collective efficacy and proxy efficacy positively predicted preventive behaviors towards H1N1 influenza. While self-efficacy had a positive effect on preventive behavior, the hypothesis about the effect of self-efficacy on preventive behaviors moderated by proxy efficacy was not supported. Influence of Value Predispositions, Interpersonal Contact, and Mediated Exposure on Public Attitudes toward Homosexuals in Singapore • Benjamin Detenber, Nanyang Technological University; Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University; Rachel Lijie Neo, Nanyang Technological University; Shelly Malik, Nanyang Technological University; Mark Cenite, Nanyang Technological University • As a follow up to an earlier study (Detenber et al., 2007), this national survey tracks changes in Singaporeans' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men (ATLG) and examines value predispositions, interpersonal contact and mediated exposure as predictors of ATLG and acceptance of homosexuals. Findings indicate that there was no significant change in ATLG from 2005 to 2010. Intrinsic religiosity was the best predictor of ATLG while interpersonal contact had the strongest association with acceptance of homosexuals. Social Media Activism as a Behavioral Consequence of the Third-Person Effect: Assessing the Influence of Negative Political Parody Videos on YouTube • Joon Soo Lim, MTSU; Guy Golan, NA • In this study, we investigated the perceived influence of negative political parody videos on viewers' perceptual judgment and on their behavioral reactions. The current study attempted to advance knowledge of the third-person effect by providing one of the first empirical examinations of social media activism as a behavioral consequence of third person perceptions. The results of our experiment lend support to both the perceptual and the behavioral components of the third-person effect. Consistent with findings in previous studies, we found that participants in a professionally produced video condition of our study perceived more negative impact of negative political spoof on others than on themselves. The results of our regression analysis provide evidence of a significant correlation between users' perceived negative impact on others and an increase in the likelihood to engage in social media activism. Curated creativity: Motivations and agendas influencing the relationship between Twitter use and blog productivity • Jeremy Littau, Lehigh University; Carrie Brown, University of Memphis; Elizabeth Hendrickson, University of Tennessee; tayo oyedeji, University of Georgia • In this study we examine the impact use of Twitter has on blogging habits and introduce the concept curated creativity to describe the process by which the information exchanged on social networks can influence a user's blog production. Users report more diversity of blog posts and frequency in blogging as a result of Twitter activity and that motivations for use (the desire to connect with others) play a key role in the process. Our model suggests curated creativity is a fusion of agenda-setting and media use theories, in this case via a self-selected audience that filters the Web and brings the most important news and information to their followers' attention. Is She Man Enough?: News Coverage of Male and Females Candidates at Different Levels of Office Lindsey Meeks, University of Washington • This study analyzes print news coverage of eight U.S. mixed-gender elections from 1999 to 2008 in order to examine: (a) whether female candidates receive different coverage than male candidates, and (b) if coverage differs as the level of office moves from lower, more local offices to higher, more national office. Results indicate that women do receive more coverage regarding issues and character traits than men, and more coverage regarding gender as they ascend in office. Connecting to One Another, Communities, and Newspapers • Rachel Davis Mersey, Northwestern University • This paper has four main purposes. First, it reviews the current state of the journalism business. Second, it evaluates the primary theoretical model of the relationship between journalism and communities. Third, it identifies the limitations of that model, based on the relevant evolutions in the practice of journalism and the construct of community. Finally, this paper presents a framework for studying communities and journalism based on the construct of identity. Sources without a name: An analysis of the source interaction between elite traditional news media and filter blogs • Marcus Messner, Virginia Commonwealth University; Bruce Garrison, University of Miami • Political blogs have emerged as a new journalistic format that has gained influence on the political discourse in the United States. Previous research has shown that this influence stems mainly from attention given to blogs by traditional news media. Based on the concepts of intermedia agenda setting and agenda building, this study explored the source interaction between 10 elite traditional news media and 10 political filter blogs during a two-month period through an analysis of 2102 blog references and 4794 traditional news media sources and found that while traditional news media frequently cite blogs in their coverage, the source attributions to the blogs are vague. Blogs on the other hand heavily cite traditional news media, but the analysis revealed that conservative blogs cite elite traditional news media less than liberal blogs. Conservative blogs relied more on conservative media outlets in their election coverage. The findings raise questions about changes in the standard journalistic research and attribution procedures as both media formats often rely on each other as sources rather than on original reporting. Portrayals of the Insanity Defense in News/Interview Programs • Michael Murrie, Pepperdine University; Rachel Friedman, Pepperdine University • Scholars interested in law and mental health have blamed media for perpetrating common myths about the insanity defense: 1) it is overused; 2) only in murder cases; 3) there is no risk to the defendant who pleads insanity; 4) those acquitted not guilty by reason of insanity are released quickly; 5) those acquitted not guilty by reason of insanity spend less time in custody; 6) defendants who raise an insanity defense are usually faking; 7) insanity trials often feature battles of experts, and 8) defense attorneys use the defense only to help clients beat the rap. A census of most relevant television network and NPR transcripts from 1994-2008 shows that in-depth news and interview coverage tends to reinforce most myths rather than contradict them, especially the broadcast networks and Fox. NPR coverage tends to contradict the myths. Background Television and Toddlers' and Preschoolers' Emergent Literacy • Amy Nathanson, The Ohio State University; Eric Rasmussen, The Ohio State University • 73 mother-child pairs were surveyed and interviewed to understand the relationship between background television and the emergent literacy of young children, and to identify explanations for any observed relationships. The study found that the frequency of background television exposure had a detrimental effect on young children's emergent literacy, possibly because the type of material that is persistently on TV may interfere with young children's ability to benefit from other forms of stimulation in the home. Wise Latina: The Framing of Sonia Sotomayor in the New York Times and El Diario La Prensa Carolyn Nielsen, Western Washington University The nomination of Sonia Sotomayor to the U.S. Supreme Court was an iconic event in American history and a test of the news media's ability to tell a story that crossed several levels of intersectionality. This framing study of the New York Times and El Diario La Prensa integrates Critical Race Theory and intersectionality in critiquing the narratives in a national, general-market newspaper and in its Spanish-language counterpart. Blending traditional political frames with new diversity frames, it shows how the Times emphasizes the burden of diversity frame and how El Diario emphasizes the benefit of diversity frame. Exemplars, metaphors, and catchphrases, most notably the now-famous phrase wise Latina, are emblematic not only of the coverage, but of the differences between the two newspapers. Triggering Body Dissatisfaction: The Role of Familiarity on Subsequent Evaluations of the Self Temple Northup, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill • Past research examining the content of media programming has clearly demonstrated that women in the media tend to have to conform to certain beauty and body standards in order to succeed. Because this thin ideal is so well-documented, there has been an incredible interest in examining the effects of those portrayals on media consumers. Results from many experimental studies suggest that the media can in fact play an important role in causing body dissatisfaction among women. This present research looks to build upon prior research by exploring the role of familiarity with the mediated image in causing body dissatisfaction. Specifically, a 2 (thin is good, overweight is good) x 2 (concrete image, abstract image) experiment was conducted using a manipulated health website. Results suggest that in line with prior research, abstract (unfamiliar) images of skinny women and moderately overweight women influenced women so that they felt worse about themselves. A similar result was obtained with concrete (familiar) images of skinny celebrities. Concrete images of overweight celebrities, though, did not cause body dissatisfaction. Implications from these results are discussed. Issue Attention Cycles and the H1N1 Pandemic: A Cross-National Study of U.S. and Korean Newspaper Coverage • Hyun Jung Oh, Michigan State University; Thomas Hove, Michigan State University; Hye-Jin Paek, Michigan State University; Byoungkwan Lee, Hanyang University; Sun Kyu Song, Incross Inc. • This study analyzes U.S. and South Korean news coverage of the H1N1 pandemic to examine cross-national differences in attention cycle patterns, cited sources, and news frames. A content analysis was conducted with 630 stories from U.S. and Korean newspapers during the period of April to October, 2009. Attention cycle patterns, news frames, and sources varied across the two countries according to triggering events, professional norms, cultural values, and social ideologies. Exiting with Dignified Rhapsody: A Lexical Study of U.S. Presidential Concession Speeches • Uche Onyebadi, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • U.S. presidential concession speeches are not legally mandated; they are part of a political culture that stresses system continuity after hard-fought and divisive electoral battles. This study uniquely used Diction 5.0, a computer-based content analysis software, to analyze presidential concession speeches from 1952 to 2008. Findings show that while concession speeches structurally appear the same, they qualitatively vary. Unlike Democrats, Republican Party contenders show more reluctance to concede in their concession speeches. The Effects of Interest Group Campaigns on Candidate Evaluations: Agenda-Setting, Partisan Stereotypes, and Information Processing in Televised Political Advertising David Painter, University of Florida; Maridith Miles-Dunton, University of Florida; Juliana Fernandes, University of Florida • This study employs an experimental design with 141 participants to test the effects of ballot initiative advertisements on candidate evaluations. Specifically, the interaction of the initiative's agenda setting and partisan stereotype effects were tested to draw conclusions about the impact of ballot initiative advertising. The results indicate ballot initiative advertising has a significant agenda setting effect and partisan stereotyping of candidate's issue position on the ballot initiative leads to polarization of candidate evaluations. Booms, Bailouts and Blame: News Framing of the 2008 Economic Collapse Anthony Palmer, University of South Carolina; Andrea Tanner, University of South Carolina This study examines the framing of economic news in the three major broadcast networks during the height of the economic crisis of 2008. Frames examining which agents were reported as causing the economic news being reported and which agents were attributed with providing an economic solution were studied. Agents responsible for causing or solving an economic problem include government, businesses, individuals, and foreign entities. Other variables studied include the volume and scope of economic news coverage and source attribution. A content analysis of 357 broadcast news transcripts revealed that corporations were most commonly framed as causing the economic news being reported while government was most commonly framed as able to provide a solution to the economic news being reported. Implications of these findings in the context of the media's tapping into public outrage towards corporations are discussed. Selective Moderating and Selective Responding of User Comments on Online Social Media: A field experiment • Sung-Yeon Park, Bowling Green State University; Gi Woong Yun, Bowling Green State University; Kisung Yoon, Bowling Green State University; Kyle J. Holody, Bowling Green State University; Shuang Xie, Bowling Green State University; Anca Birzescu, Bowling Green State University • This study explored selective moderating and selective responding to user comments on blogs as two potential threats to the integrity and openness of online public discourse. However, the data demonstrated that selective moderating was only rarely employed by bloggers and Website managers to silence opposing views. Selective responding by other users, on the other hand, was more common. Disagreeable comments were often ignored and more likely to be refuted by users on blogs. Common Acceptance Rate Calculation Practices in Communication Journals: Developing Best Practices Stephen Perry, Illinois State University; Lindsey Michalski, Illinois State University One controversial issue for journals in many fields including communication is that of acceptance rates calculation method. While there are some standards for how acceptance rates are reported, even within the standard formulas variation can arise. At best it is an inexact science when variation exists in how such rates are calculated. But how wide is that variation? To answer that question and point to some best practices, this study examines how various journal editors have calculated acceptance rates. Survey results are from a sample of 49 respondents. While the sample is small, so is the population of journal editors. Still, we believe the analysis to be valuable for the field in helping determine the value of acceptance rate reporting for determining both article quality and faculty merit related to acceptance rates. Results show that there are some standard practices regarding acceptance rate calculation and some common elements of the calculation surfaced. Most interestingly, however, was that characteristics of the editor - not the specific journal - were leading indicators that moderate acceptance rate calculation method. Additionally, this article proposes two formulas for acceptance rate calculation. The Submission Acceptance Rate formula is mostly commonly used and results in lower acceptance rates compared to the second, while the Final Decision Acceptance Rate formula can be more accurately structured and boasts several proponents. Media Literacy as a Catalyst for Changing Adolescents' Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Sexual Media Messages • Bruce Pinkleton, Washington State University; Erica Austin, Washington State University, Murrow Center for Media and Health Promotion; Yvonnes Chen, Virginia Tech; Marilyn Cohen, University of Washington • Researchers used a pretest-posttest quasi-experiment with control groups (n=178) to evaluate the effectiveness of a media literacy-based sex education curriculum. Treatment-group participants better understood that media influence teens' decision making and were more likely to report that mediated portrayals of sex are inaccurate than control-group participants. Treatment-group participants also reported more knowledge and a greater ability to resist peer pressure to engage in sex than control-group participants. Nationwide Coverage of Public ResponsibilityToward the Socially and Economically Disadvantaged:A Community Structure Approach • Jacqueline Webb, The College of New Jersey; Flora Novick, The College of New Jersey; Hannah Pagan, The College of New Jersey; Marisa Villanueva, The College of New Jersey; John C. Pollock, The College of New Jersey Using a community structure approach, a nationwide survey compared the relationship between city characteristics and city newspaper coverage of government versus societal aid towards the homeless. A database search of articles in a national cross-section of 28 newspapers over a two year period, 09/15/07 to 09/15/08 ( the fall of Lehman Brothers) to 09/15/09 (one year after the fall) yielded a total of 748 articles. To explore changes in media coverage between the two sampled years, articles were coded for prominence and one of two measures of frame direction, (government responsibility, social responsibility ,or balanced/neutral), then combined into a single Media Vector score for each newspaper. Pearson correlations revealed that cities with higher populations of stakeholder characteristics yielded significant results. Higher proportions of African Americans in cities were linked with news coverage emphasizing social (rather than government) responsibility for the homeless in both first (r= -.637, p= .000) and second (r= -.604, p=.000) years. By contrast, higher populations of Hispanics correlated with coverage emphasizing governmental responsibility in both first (r= .382, p= .025) and second (r=.460, p=.008) years. After a factor analysis for both years, there was a significant shift in the regression of city-level factors from belief system (almost 20% of variance) to vulnerability (about 35% of variance), most likely in response to the economic downturn the nation faced after the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008. Coverage of homelessness in the media shifted to represent the larger proportion of society left in vulnerable circumstances, illustrating the impact of social conditions on media coverage, and contradicting the guard dog theory of media as automatically reflecting elite interests. The Digital Boneyard: An Exploration of Death, Simulacra, and Social Networking Sites • Andi Prewitt, Portland State University With the development of new modes of communication like the Internet, society has seen a shift in public expression—and grief is no exception. Social networking sites have become an increasingly popular outlet for exploring a variety of emotions, and there is still work to be done on the topic of death as experienced online. When members of social networking sites die, their profiles are often turned into memorials. People continue to post messages, photographs, and videos on these pages—talking directly to the deceased as if they could still see the communication. This action allows the profile to live on, signifying a definite disconnection between symbol and reality that is best explored through social critic Jean Baudrillard's development of the concepts of simulacra and simulation. By reproducing a version of one's self on a social networking site, users create an environment that values signs more than real experience, thereby elevating an individual's profile over the flesh-and-blood human being. The result is that no one ever really dies in cyberspace because images and profiles live on and the online grieving process only helps propel this detachment. The flood of comments posted online tends to get further from the source that sparked them in the first place: the individual's death. As these copies replicate, it becomes apparent that the original never existed. Examining Influence During a Public Health Crisis: An Analysis of the H1N1 Outbreak Jinsoo Kim, University of Florida; Matthew Ragas, University of Florida; Young Eun Park, University of Florida; Kyung-Gook Park, University of Florida; Yoo Jin Chung, University of Florida; Hyunsang Son, University of Florida • This study revealed evidence of second-level agenda-building and agenda-setting relationships regarding a set of macro-attributes used to frame the H1N1 flu outbreak. Cross-lagged correlation analyses suggest that government communication efforts influenced the macro-attributes emphasized in media coverage at the start of the outbreak, only to see this path of influence reverse as the issue matured. On the other hand, influence in the exchange of attribute priorities among coverage and online public discussion appeared fairly balanced. Transnational Regional Community through Global Culture: the Case of East Asia and the Korean mass mediated culture • Woongjae Ryoo, Gyeonggi Research Institute • The Korean mass mediated culture has been successful in Asia, and it signifies a regionalization of transnational cultural flows as it entails Asian countries' increasing acceptance of cultural production and consumption from neighboring countries that share similar historical and cultural backgrounds rather than from politically and economically powerful others. Hence this paper will explore this global cultural phenomenon and how a country considered 'in-between' can find a niche and reposition itself as a cultural mediator in the midst of global cultural transformation. The diverse attributes of this mass mediated global culture suggest the possibility that this venue might be understood as a potential node of communicative practice for building a peaceful regional community among many Asian countries that have experienced the harsh memory of war, colonialism and exploitation. Debunking Sarah Palin: Mainstream News Coverage of Death Panels • Regina Lawrence, Manship School, Louisiana State University; Matt Schafer, Louisiana State University In August 2009 Sarah Palin popularized two words that would profoundly shape the healthcare reform debate. This content analysis examines how journalists covered the death panels claim. The data show that journalists stepped outside the bounds of ritualized objectivity to label the claim false, often without attribution. The authors explain news patterns by examining news analysis and interviewing prominent journalists, and offer advice on dealing with false information in the future. Filling the credibility gap with news use: College students' news habits, preferences, and credibility perceptions • Matt Schafer, Louisiana State University • This article examines the relationships between news habits and credibility of the Internet, television, and newspapers. Specifically, the survey explores perceptions of credibility as related to news preferences and amount of news consumption. Results show that students use the Internet and television for news significantly more than newspapers. Despite this, students believe newspapers are most credible. The author, then, explains the nostalgic credibility of newspaper and the relationship between Internet news consumption and perceived credibility. Images of injury, desensitization, and support for war: An experiment • Erica Scharrer, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Gamze Onut, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Lisa Wortman, University of Massachusetts Amherst • Results from a 3 (within subjects: time 1, time 2, time 3) x 2 (between subjects: more sanitized group, less sanitized group) repeated measures design with 67 participants show that repeated exposure to news about war over time can lead to changes in viewers' emotional sensitivity, issue priority and concern about war, and support for war, indicating desensitization and re-sensitization effects. Gender, trait empathy, and political ideology also played an important role in these processes. A little bird told me, so I didn't believe it: Twitter, credibility, and issue perceptions • Mike Schmierbach, Penn State University; Anne Oeldorf-Hirsch, Pennsylvania State University • We investigate how media use of the microblogging tool Twitter affects perhaps of the issue covered and the credibility of the information. In contrast to prior studies showing that ordinary blogs are often judged credible, especially by their users, data from two experiments show that Twitter is considered less credible than various forms of stories posted on a newspaper Web site or even on an anonymous blog. Partisan Segmentation, Branding and Television News: Where Is It Leading the Public Debate? Dan Shaver, Jonkoping International Business School/Media Management & Transformation Centre; Mary Alice Shaver, Jonkoping International Business School/Media Management & Transformation Centre • This study examines the relationship between partisan segmentation strategies for branding of cable and broadcast news networks in competition audience ratings and political and social polarization. It concludes that partisan segmentation strategies work more effectively with audience members at the extreme poles of the political spectrum but may, through selective exposure and nonrational exposure effects, contribute to a fragmentation of the flow of information required for efficient democratic decision-making. Measuring the Dynamics of Perceptual Gaps: A Survey of Public Relations Practitioners and Journalists in U.S. and South Korea • Jae-Hwa Shin, Univ. of Southern Mississippi • This study suggests the professional and social distance characterizing the source-reporter relationship and provides an opportunity for developing a theoretical and methodological model integrating coorientation measures with third-person perceptions. A Web survey of 624 public relations practitioners and journalists in U.S. and South Korea showed both false dissensus and social distance among public relations practitioners and journalists enacted through the source-reporter relationship. Coorientational analysis simultaneously demonstrated that members of each profession disagreed with and inaccurately predicted responses of the other. Their inaccurate projection of the views of the other profession was greater than their disagreement, resulting in false dissensus, on two dimensions of conflict and strategy. This study also reveals the third person perception of each professional, insofar as journalists and public relations professionals see more similarity with the general public than with the other professionals. Journalists displayed slightly greater similarities with the third person than their counterpart in the source-reporter relationship. Ecopedagogical Potential in Pixar's Wall*E • Alexandra Smith, Penn State University, College of Communications • Environmental themes are increasingly prevalent in popular media. Teaching about environmental issues is not always the goal of such texts. Furthermore, capitalist production techniques frequently undermine pedagogical value. Scholars interested in evaluating environmental messages in media texts may find a useful analytic tool in the developing framework of ecopedagogy. This paper uses critical discourse analysis to consider whether Pixar's Wall-E retains any ecopedagogical validity when textual messages are considered alongside the film's capitalist production model. Female Characters and Financial Performance in 100 Top-Grossing Films in 2007 • Stacy Smith, USC; Rene Weber, University of California Santa Barbara; Marc Choueiti, Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism • The aim of this study was to estimate an exploratory model testing relationships between content creators' gender, the gender composition of lead characters and casts, production costs, distribution/exhibition factors, and domestic/international box office performance and DVD sales of 100 top-grossing films from 2007. Results reveal that female leads have a positive and significant small direct effect on foreign box office receipts, with controls. Domestically (ticket and DVD sales), the paths are non significant and negative. The Rumoring of SARS and the SARS of Rumoring at Times of Uncertainty and Information Scarcity: A Study of the 2003 Epidemic in China • Zixue Tai, International Communication Division; Tao Sun, University of Vermont • By analyzing, both quantitatively and qualitatively, rumor content as covered by major Chinese newspapers, this study explores the multiple dimensions of SARS-related rumor mongering throughout China during the 2003 epidemic. Findings indicate a strong correlation between the scale of SARS infections and level of rumoring across regions. As for channels of dissemination, rumor mongering still found a natural habitat in word of mouth, while Internet-based platforms and cell phone text messaging emerged as viable grapevines. Our particular typology of SARS-incurred rumors leads us to identify four distinct kinds of rumors: legendary rumors, etiological narratives, proto-memorates, and bogies. The four types of rumors are discussed against the background of superstitious beliefs, folklore practices, popular mentalities, and China's particular information environment. The fury of the storm: A framing analysis of the climate change discussion and Hurricane Katrina Melissa Thompson, University of Minnesota • Hurricane Katrina is often pointed to as an event that altered the discussion about climate change in the U.S. With this assumption in mind, this study examines the coverage in four newsweekly magazines the year before and the year after Hurricane Katrina. Frames were grouped to pinpoint themes in the coverage. This analysis reveals that Katrina was not the catalyst for change in the discussion of climate change as has been previously assumed. Filling the Knowledge Gap: A SEM Analysis of the Moderating Role of Media Use (Online vs. Traditional News) • Hai Tran, DePaul University • This study utilized a media consumption survey, sponsored by the PEW Research Center, to gauge causal relations among socioeconomic status, online news use, traditional news use, and knowledge of public affairs. The analysis examined whether technological change could add to knowledge differences between social segments. A SEM procedure was conducted to examine more closely the assumptions of causality in knowledge-gap research. Theoretical and methodological implications of the study were also discussed. Keeping up with Current Affairs: New(s) Sources and Their Users • Damian Trilling, The Amsterdam School of Communication Research; Klaus Schoenbach, Amsterdam School of Communication Research & University of Vienna Does a high-choice media environment really produce information hermits who avoid exposure to general public-affairs information? In contrast to widespread fears, the results of a large-scale survey, representative for the Dutch population, suggest that most citizens still get an overview of current affairs. Television news still is the most popular source for overview information. The Internet even reaches those who want to be entertained instead of informed. Man-child in the White House: The discursive construction of Barack Obama in reader comments at foxnews.com • Fred Vultee, Wayne State University • This study uses fantasy theme analysis to examine reader comments left on news articles at foxnews.com in an attempt to unravel the rhetorical vision that Fox readers construct to help them make sense of Barack Obama's presidency. Results describe the dramatic forms that readers envision and re-enact when articles about the president - favorable, unfavorable, or tangential - are presented. Family Harmony: How Campaign Information Environment Affected Evaluations of Obama Among Parents and Kids • Ming Wang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Itay Gabay, University of Wisconsin - Madison; porismita borah, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dhavan Shah, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study examines how changes in campaign information environment brought about shifts in parent-child evaluations of Barack Obama. Results from a two-wave parent-child panel study during the 2008 campaign indicate that increasing use of TV and newspapers narrowed the evaluation gap whereas school deliberation, online media, and total volume of ads increased it. Additionally, we also found an interactive effect between increasing family discussions and proportion of Democratic ads. Framing Deng Yujiao:How online public opinion impacts offline media reports • Haiyan Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • This paper examines how the frame of a news event in traditional print media and online public forum influence each other. The focus is on the Deng Yujiao Case that stirred a heated and sensational row in China in 2009. Results based on content analyses show bidirectional relationship between traditional media reports and online public opinion, and thus suggest that the influence of online media should be taken as a new variable in framing research. Effects of Media Use on Athletes' Self-Perceptions • Cynthia Frisby, University of Missouri; Wayne Wanta, Oklahoma State University • A survey of university athletes examined whether uses of four media (newspapers, television, radio or the Internet) for sports information were related to self-perceptions of control, commitment, confidence and concentration. The results suggest that newspaper and Internet use reduced feelings of stress among the athletes, perhaps due to athletes' use of the two media as diversions from the pressures of competitive athletics. Television use was not related to any of the measures of athletes' self-perceptions. Perceived Hostile Media Bias, Presumed Media Influence, and Opinions about Immigrants and Immigration • Brooke Weberling, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina; Francesca Dillman Carpentier, UNC-Chapel Hill • Using data (N=529) from North Carolina, where the Latino population grew 400% in two decades, this study explores the hostile media bias and third-person effect. As hypothesized, anti-immigrant sentiment (AIS) was significantly related to perception of hostile (pro-immigrant) news coverage. However, AIS was not directly related to belief in coverage effects on others. Analysis revealed two paths for relationships among AIS, exposure and attention to media coverage, and perceived media bias and third-person effects. Behavioral Consequences of Conflict-Oriented News Coverage: The 2009 Mammography Guideline Controversy and Online Search Trends • Brian Weeks, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities; Laura Friedenberg, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities; Brian Southwell, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities; Jonathan Slater, Minnesota Department of Health • This study explores the impact of conflict-oriented news coverage of health issues on the public's information seeking behavior. Using Google search data as a behavioral measure, we demonstrate that controversial television and newspaper coverage of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force's November 2009 recommendations for changes in breast cancer screening guidelines strongly predicted the volume of same-day online searches for information about mammograms. The implications of news coverage of health-related behaviors are discussed. Involvement with celebrities in media: The role of parasocial interaction, identification, affinity, and capture • Nainan Wen, Nanyang Technological University; Stella Chia, City University of Hong Kong; Xiaoming Hao, Nanyang Technological University • This study examines college students' involvement with celebrities in Singapore. Results of four focus group discussions, comprising 26 college students in a Singaporean university, showed that celebrity involvement was a multi-dimensional construct, consisted of four distinct components—parasocial interaction, identification, affinity, and capture. Media consumption was closely intertwined with each of the four components. Through media consumption, involvement with celebrities directly or indirectly influenced college students' emotion, cognition, and behavior. The Effects of Video Game Controls on Hostility, Identification, Involvement, and Presence Kevin Williams, Mississippi State University • One hundred and nine male college undergraduates at a large Southeastern university played a video game in one of three conditions: using a traditional handheld controller, using hand motion-based controls, or using hand motion-based controls with the addition of a balance board. Results showed that using motion-based controls significantly increased measures of hostility, identification with the avatar, involvement with the game, and feelings of presence with the game. Results regarding presence indicate motion-based controls, while creating interactivity with the game, do not necessarily create a feeling of immersion into the game environment. The 2008 Presidential Election, 2.0: A Content Analysis of User-Generated Political Facebook Groups • Julia Woolley, The Pennsylvania State University; Anthony Limperos, The Pennsylvania State University; Mary Beth Oliver, The Pennsylvania State University • This study uses quantitative content analysis to assess how John McCain and Barack Obama were portrayed across political Facebook groups prior to the 2008 presidential election. Results indicate that group membership and activity levels were higher for Obama than for McCain. Overall, Obama was portrayed more positively across Facebook groups than McCain. In addition, profanity, racial, religious and age-related language varied with regard to how each candidate was portrayed. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. The Effects of Government Censorship of Negative News Coverage on Public Opinions • Boya Xu, West Virginia University • This study examines press function under government regulation and explores the impact that the censorship may have on public psychological responses. In contrast to previous research on phenomena in times of crisis that relied mostly on descriptive work, this research interprets the effects of the news coverage related to the recent economic depression based on basic models of media effects, such as news framing of different media forms, and its potential to shape perceptions of the events. Using data collected from a survey of 218 residents in Morgantown area, it is found that the receiving of negative news coverage was negatively related to the building of mass confidence towards the economic situation. A comparison of the different mass reactions from television and newspaper viewing was also examined through the survey, and research findings show consistencies between the results and predictions derived from reactance and balance theories that are recognized. This study will hopefully draw attention to the influence of the mass media as a political institution in shaping public responses to the continuing threat of economic crisis in the United States, and thereby guiding media action. The external side of the story: An examination of the effect of hyperlink network structure on the impact level of NGO web sites • Aimei Yang, University of Oklahoma • Previous web site analysis has tended to focus on the internal features of web sites. The current study shifts the attention to external factors, and posits that characteristics of a web site's hyperlink network can significantly influence the level of Web impact the web site can achieve. A group of Chinese environmental NGOs' hyperlink network is analyzed. Results suggest organizational web sites with central network position and connect with web sites that are operated by commercial and network organizations tend to exert greater web impact. Implications and suggestions for future research are also presented. Bonding and Bridging Social Capital:The Impact of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous News Content • Guang YANG, Hong Kong Baptist University • This paper explores the effect of individuals' cognitive capacity underlying the process of media exposure on social capital in terms of the structure of social network, particularly focusing on news reading process. Selective exposure actually is functioned as a capacity for individuals that determine quantitatively and qualitatively different news content that are exposed to, thus influencing the forms of social interactions with others. The implications are also discussed. User-generated Content on the Internet: Implications for Democratization, Nationalism, and Political Empowerment in China • lin zhang, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Jiang Zhao, The Chinese university of Hong Kong; He Nan, The Chinese university of Hong Kong • As related to user-generated content on the Internet, nationalism, pro-democracy orientation and civic engagement have received significant interest in recent years. Set in the particular political and social context of China, the current study challenges the technological determinist view by exploring quantitatively the relationships among nationalism, netizen's pro-democracy orientation, offline civic engagement and the practice of producing content on the Internet. It also tries to investigate into the implications of a user-generated Internet model for political empowerment in the transitional Chinese society. The study finds that pro-democracy orientation and civic engagement are more salient predictors of online content generation than thelevel of nationalism. It also reasserts that civic engagement and nationalism are positively linked to individual's degree of political empowerment. Therefore, it has added to our understanding of the motivations behind content generation on the Internet with the rise of Web 2.0, and has proffered an empirical examination of the important issue of Internet-induced democratization in China. Multivariate Testing of the Dark Side of Social Capital • Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University; Jerod Foster, Texas Tech University • The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the potential negative influences of social capital on tolerance and effects of media use on tolerance using Howard, Gibson, and Stolle's (2005) US Citizenship, Involvement, and Democracy Survey of 1,001 respondents. Results show that community trust increases three types of tolerance and bonding social capital decreases social tolerance. Damsel in Distress? Sensationalism in News Coverage of Amber Alert Victims • Shuhua Zhou, University of Alabama; Skye Cooley, University of Alabama; Jon Ezell, University of Alabama; Jefrey Naidoo, University of Alabama • The so-called Missing White Women Syndrome in the media was largely a popular belief that has not been systematically investigated. This study used victimization theories in narratives to guide an investigation into coverage of the Amber Alert victims. Results indicated that the story behind the syndrome was multilayered. Findings also helped inform discussions on its possible conceptualization. Narrative Persuasion in Fantastical Films • Lara Zwarun, University of Missouri St Louis; Alice Hall, University of Missouri - St. Louis • To examine the possibility that fantastical narratives can shape real-world beliefs and attitudes, participants (N = 138) used a personal computer to watch one of two short films that dealt with a contemporary social issue (privacy or the environment) set in an imaginary future. Viewers of one film were not significantly more likely than viewers of the other to hold story-consistent beliefs, agree that the issue in their film was serious, or intend to take action to address the issue. However, interaction effects show that those who saw the film about privacy and who experienced higher levels of transportation, reported greater perceived social realism in the film, or had a higher need for cognition were most likely to possess story-consistent privacy beliefs. The study extends what is known about narrative persuasion by applying it to unrealistic fiction as well as to a relatively new type of media usage, the viewing of films on a computer. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1507 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/media-ethics-division-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 19:44:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1510 Open Competition Give Me MoMo: Exploring Moral Motivation in Public Relations Students • Mathew Cabot, San Jose State University • Recently, media ethics scholars have begun conducting research using moral development theories and instruments, joining researchers from other fields who have discovered the benefits (theoretical and pedagogical) of integrating moral psychology and moral philosophy in applied professional ethics. This study addresses the question, Why by moral? Using the Four-Component Model of moral functioning, this study examines the moral identities and moral commitments of public relations students from three California universities. Furthermore, it explores the connection between moral identities and professional identities and discusses how these relate to producing moral public relations practitioners. A Contractarian Approach to Tabloids and the Limits of Celebrity Privacy • Mark Cenite, Nanyang Technological University • Celebrity gossip websites like TMZ have renewed perennial criticisms of tabloids for invading celebrities' privacy, but this article argues that publication of much standard tabloid fare can be justified through a contractarian ethics approach that examines implied agreements between celebrities and media. Celebrities can be deemed to have assumed risks of relinquishing privacy by thrusting themselves into the limelight. A narrow range of celebrity privacy exists, however, and is violated in cases such as publication of medical information. A pedagogical proposal on cognitive bias to avoid reportorial bias • Sue Ellen Christian, Western MIchigan University • In this conceptual proposal for an addition to the training of undergraduate students, I suggest that journalists - especially in today's multicultural, global digital media world -- need to be aware of cognitive biases to help avoid reportorial bias that stems from assumptions, stereotypes, norms and thinking processes. This article details an interdisciplinary pedagogical approach and how it has been incorporated into an undergraduate journalism reporting and writing capstone class with generally positive student feedback. VNRs: Is the News Audience Deceived? • Matthew Broaddus, University of Tennessee; Mark Harmon, University of Tennessee; Kristin Farley Mounts, University of Tennessee • Using a snowball technique, the researchers presented survey respondents with authentic-looking local television news stories. The 132 respondents evaluated three stories. Some used station-generated footage, some network, and some VNRs. Respondents were asked their best estimation of the source. The data indicated a real likelihood VNR deception is occurring. Respondents averaged 56 percent correct identification of VNRs, compared to 65.7 percent for video from affiliated networks, and 82.3 percent correctly identifying locally shot video. How legalities play a part in the transaction between journalists and their anonymous sources Michele Kimball, University of South Alabama • This research uses qualitative research methods to understand how journalists integrate legal factors into the process by which they determine whether to use unnamed sources in their news reporting. The journalists in this study contended that anonymous sourcing is an ethical issue. Therefore they don't integrate potential legal ramifications into their ethical choices. But in actuality, many of the journalists' choices regarding granting anonymity to sources were made with defensive legal strategies in mind. Non-Western Ethics Analysis of Media Coverage of Death During the 2010 Winter Olympics Mitch Land, University of North Texas; Koji Fuse, University of North Texas; Susan Zavoina, University of North Texas (Associate Professor) • NBC aired a graphic video of the death of a Georgian Olympic luger, Nodar Kumaritashvili, and other U.S. media, including other broadcast networks. The New York Times followed suit. In light of fierce criticisms by the family, viewers and readers, this paper applies utilitarianism, the palaver tree concept, and Confucianism by using the Point-of-Decision Pyramid Model, a modification on the Potter Box, to explore Non-Western paths to moral reasoning in this case. Personal Ethical Orientations of Journalism Students, Their Association with Tolerance of Others, and Learning Cross-Cultural Principles • Maria Len-Rios, U. of Missouri; Earnest Perry, University of Missouri • A pre-test/post-test study (N=152) gauges the relationship between student personal ethical orientations and the learning of cross-cultural journalism principles. Results reveal those with strong ethical idealism had greater knowledge of conceptual cross-cultural principles at T2 and more strongly believed that they were professionally important. RWA and SDO intolerant personality types were negatively associated with specific ethical orientations. Implications for teaching cross-cultural principles to those with intolerant personalities by incorporating ethical orientations into the course are discussed. Edgar Snow: How His Early Years in China Illustrate the Importance (and Potential Limitations) of Objectivity • Anthony Moretti, Point Park University • This paper outlines why Edgar Snow concluded objectivity could not serve him as he reported from China in the 1930s and 1940s. Snow dealt with conflicting journalism values as he reported on a nation he came to love. Did his attachment mean he was no longer objective? Yes. This paper examines the ramifications of that question, whether it be answered yes or no. The Fifth Estate: A textual analysis of how The Daily Show holds the watchdogs accountable Chad Painter, University of MIssouri School of Journalism; Lee Wilkins, University of MIssouri School of Journalism • This study investigates how Jon Stewart and his Daily Show correspondents use laughter to hold the media accountable. By defining accountability and linking it with normative understandings of journalism's values and institutional role, the study attempts to document whether Stewart is serving as a mirror and critic of individual journalists and the institution of journalism itself. The study also evaluates whether Daily Show content that focuses on news media performance constitutes ethical political communication. Identifying and Defining Values in Media Codes of Ethics • Chris Roberts, University of Alabama Among other functions, mass media codes of ethics help practitioners identify the values of their individual crafts. This paper uses typologies created by social psychologists to compare values identified in 11 ethics codes for journalists, advertising/marketing practitioners, public relations practitioners, and bloggers. Codes share many similar values types but also show differences based upon the nature of the craft for which the code was designed. Codes also use similar words to describe different values. A separate code of ethics for online journalism? Results of a large-scale Delphi study Richard van der Wurff, Amsterdam School of Communication Research; Klaus Schoenbach, Amsterdam School of Communication Research & University of Vienna • Sixty experts in a three-wave Delphi study in the Netherlands assess the quality of online and traditional journalism and propose measures for improvement. A small set of commonly accepted journalistic norms, to be observed strictly (like accuracy and transparency), is separated from societal and contextual norms that journalists justifiably can hold different views on (like protecting privacy and separating entertainment from information). Based on these ideas, we propose a voluntary but binding code for journalism in the 21st century. Ethical Priorities Revisited: A Delphi Study of Furture Ethical Issues facing Journalists Rebecca Tallent, University of Idaho; Michelle Wiest, University of Idaho • The recession of 2009-2010 accelerated many of the economic changes underway for a decade in American journalism, but what about ethical changes? Would smaller newsrooms, media convergence, and citizen journalism have any impact on journalism ethics? This study uses a Delphi technique to define future ethical issues that may result from economic and technical changes in the news media. In addition, the study compares the results with those in a 1995 study that attempted to predict future ethical issues prior to the technological explosion affecting the news industry. Returning Students' right to access, choice and notice: A proposed code of ethics for instructors using Turnitin • bastiaan vanacker, loyola university chicago • This paper is an attempt to identify the ethical issues involved with the use of Turnitin by college instructors. The paper first addresses the pros and cons of using plagiarism detection software (PDS) in general and argues that the use of such software in higher education can be justified on the basis that it increases institutional trust while the often cited drawbacks of such software are not universally valid. An analysis of the legal issues surrounding Turnitin will show that the way this particular PDS operates does raise some ethical issues because it denies students notice, access and choice about the treatment of their personal information. The insights of this analysis provide the underpinning for a code of ethics for professors using Turnitin. The Power of Tank Man versus Neda: How New Media Iconic Images Create Ethical Connections Maggie Patterson, Duquesne University; Virginia Whitehouse, Whitworth University • Iconic images offer insight into new ways ethical connections can be made to battle censorship and indifference. The 1989 Tank Man images following the Tiananmen Square Massacre (6-4 Event), largely unseen inside China, is compared with the 2009 images of Neda Agha Soltan's shooting death on the streets of Tehran during the Green Revolution, viewed worldwide on YouTube. Social networking and new media may provide ethical relationships that break through homophily. Public Opinion about News Coverage of Leaders' Private Lives: A Role for New vs. Old Media? • Bartosz Wojdynski, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina • A Southern state telephone survey (n=416) found agreement that media coverage of public leaders' private lives is an important news media responsibility, with agreement greater for legacy media than for online media, and differing depending on hypothetical scenarios presented. The data also suggest increasing tolerance of such coverage and growing belief in responsibility of media to report on private indiscretions relative to previous studies Humiliation TV: A Philosophical Account of Exploitation in Reality Television • Wendy Wyatt, University of St. Thomas • This paper is a philosophical analysis of the frequent charge that reality television is exploitative. It relies primarily on Ruth Sample's account of exploitation from her 2003 book Exploitation: What it is and Why it's Wrong to determine, from a theoretically grounded position, whether and in what cases the charge is justifiable. The paper considers the competing values of reality TV and whether the goods that reality TV creates outweigh the harms of its potentially exploitative nature. The paper concludes with a discussion of what action, if any, should be taken in cases where exploitation does occur. Student Papers - Burnett Competition The student hypocrite: Exploring the relationship between values and behavior • Giselle A. Auger, University of Florida • Today's students are tomorrow's public relations practitioners. Increased demands for transparency and accountability in practice provided relevance for this study that explored the correlation between student values and their behaviors as indicators of how they are likely to perform as practitioners. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between student values, based on Kahle's (1996) List of Values (LOV), the importance students place on ethical standards in public relations practice, and student's adherence to their university's honor code. Results of this study indicated a dichotomy between student values and behavior: there was little correlation between student values and their behavior, or between importance of ethical standards and behavior; however, strong correlation was found between student behavior and the perceived behavior of their peers. Commodification of Community: The Ethics of Lay's Local • Erica Goodman, University of Colorado at Boulder • The rhetoric of local is increasingly prevalent in food advertising. Using the Lay's Local campaign, this analysis employs Kidder's Checklist to determine if advertisements from Frito-Lay are ethical and if they represent and support the objectives of the local food movement. Bok's understanding of deception, Mill's utilitarianism and Rand's rational self-interest all lend to the final conclusion that the misrepresentation used has a short-term focus which does more harm than good and is therefore unethical. Analyzing Ethics in Newspaper Stories about Capital Punishment • Kenna Griffin, University of Oklahoma • This study analyzed how ethical concepts are reflected in the news media's coverage of capital punishment through a thematic content analysis of 37 news stories. Although deontological and consequentialist ethical theories were implicitly references throughout the sample, no specific references were made. This suggests the need for more deliberate attention of ethical contexts related to the execution process, as these themes help shape the public's opinions about historically widely debated legal and social issue. The Series of Tubes Incident: A Case Study of (Un)Ethical Framing in U.S. Newspapers • Cara Owen, University of Colorado- Boulder • Within today's changing media environment, today's newspaper organizations must look out for their own corporate interests in order to survive. For many organizations, meeting the bottom line is not often in the best interest of the citizens. This study gathered data on U.S. newspaper article framing regarding Senator Ted Stevens and the series of tubes incident. Results indicate that 29 percent of the articles merely mocked the Senator without providing political contextualization. The Potter Box model of reasoning was applied to explore justification for such framing. The researcher concluded that pure mockery framing is unethical according to Kant's categorical imperative, Rawl's Veil of Ignorance, Aristotle's Golden Mean and Mill's Utilitarianism. Digital Sustainability: Ethical Observations of a Disappearing Present • Ed Peyronnin, Colorado State University • Our consciousness has never been more focused on the present. Key to our future is the record of our past. Repositories rapidly digitize content to improve speed and access. What ethical perspectives guide those who digitize our records? What are the moral duties of those responsible for placing cultural heritages into these repositories? This paper will begin a discussion that communications ethicists should have and provide a definition for the term digital amnesia. The ethics of public records: Is it always right to publish? • Gwyneth Shaw, University of Arizona School of Journalism • This paper applies the ethical principles outlined by W.D. Ross and Sissela Bok and applies them to two cases involving public records, one involving tapes of jail interviews for Casey Anthony (a suspect in the disappearance of her daughter) and the other concerning a state database of concealed weapons permit holders. This paper asks whether, in today's information-saturated age, journalists should publish information simply because the law says they may. Reconsidering Transparency: Finding a Cooriented State in a Disoriented Concept • Ian Storey, Colorado State University • It is time to offer a clear definition of transparency and how it should be considered not only in interpersonal communication practices, but across a vast array of disciplines and professional practices. This paper is an attempt to precisely explicate the concept of transparency, while also offering new theoretical concepts about transparency in light of the influence of new communication technologies. Three states of transparency - including transmissional transparency, transactional transparency, and hypertransparency - are discussed and explicated in this work. The essay also offers initital suggestions of how further research to measure transparency might be found through the coorientation model. Just (and Unjust) War Journalism ad, in, and post Bellum: Towards a Theory of Comprehensive Conflict Coverage • Philip Todd, University of Oklahoma • Because war is unique among human activities, journalists often lack any paradigm for comprehensive coverage of armed conflict. From the 2001 terrorist attacks, through the subsequent public debate and the eventual military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq, the ongoing discussion often invokes various appropriations of just war theory. This paper examines how this theory itself might serve as a starting point, ongoing rubric and expanded justification for such reportage, and proposes a dozen coverage concerns. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1510 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/media-management-and-economics-division-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 19:46:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1513 Social Media and Young Latinos: A Cross-Cultural Examination • Alan Albarran, The University of North Texas; Aimee Valentine, The University of North Texas; Caitlin Dyer, The University of North Texas; Brian Hutton, The University of North Texas • This paper examines uses and gratifications of social media in a large cross-cultural study among young adult Latinos in six countries. A two-stage research design was employed using a series of focus groups followed by a survey (n = 1,507) administered in each country. This paper presents initial findings and discusses the results compared to earlier studies along with the managerial and economic implications of social media among this growing demographic. Sports as a competitor in the local radio market • Todd Chambers, Texas Tech University • This study used information from 245 radio markets to better understand the market structure of sports radio. Since its inception as a format in the late 1980s, all sports radio has increased in terms of the number of stations and market share. Using information about metropolitan statistical areas, radio stations and information from sports leagues, the data indicated that the vast majority of markets have at least one sports radio station. The findings suggested that competition within the sports format led to higher ratings than in markets with just one sports radio station. Consumer Perceptions of Social Media: Comparing Perceived Characteristics and Consumer Profiles by Social Media Types • Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida; Moonhee Cho, University of Florida; Sangwon Lee, Jamestown College • This study examines the consumer perceptions of six major social media types (social networks, blogs, online forums, content communities, and micro-blogging) on five characteristics: participation, commonality, connectedness, conversationality, and openness. Consumer profiles are also investigated to assess the role of demographics and usage in differential perceptions. Using an online survey of a national consumer panel, the study found that different social media applications are perceived differently and social media usage, gender, and age are related to these differences. Writing Their Own Obituaries? Examining How Newspapers Covered the Newspaper Crisis from the Media Economics Perspective • H. Iris Chyi, University of Texas at Austin; Seth Lewis, University of Texas at Austin; nan zheng, University of Texas at Austin • During the past two years, U.S. newspapers covered the crisis of their own industry extensively. Such coverage drew substantial attention to the state of the newspaper but also raised questions about whether journalists misunderstood or over-reacted to this newspaper crisis. This study examines whether such coverage was based on media economics data and whether it placed the crisis in the historical/economic context so as to present a fair and balanced portrayal of the state of the newspaper. Demystifying the Demand Relationship Between Online and Print Products under One Newspaper Brand: The Case of Taiwan and the Emergence of a Universal Pattern • H. Iris Chyi, University of Texas at Austin; J. Sonia Huang, National Chiao Tung University • This study seeks to clarify the often misunderstood demand relationship between online and print newspapers with reality-based research. As a replication and extension of previous research conducted in the U.S. and in Hong Kong, this study examined further the demand relationship between online and print newspapers in Taiwan. Analyzing survey data of 7,706 Web users, this study generated results of striking similarities: 1) Simultaneous use of a newspaper's online and print products is common; 2) the print edition attains a much higher penetration relative to its online counterpart; 3) print penetrations increase among readers of the same newspaper's online edition; 4) online readers were more likely to read the same newspaper's print edition and vice versa. These counter-intuitive findings posit important theoretical questions as well as practical challenges regarding the management of multiple product offerings under one newspaper brand. A universal pattern characterizing the demand relationship between online and print newspapers is emerging. Non-English Language Audiences in the U.S.: Predictors of Advertiser Investment across Media Platforms • Amy Jo Coffey, University of Florida • Based in audience valuation and consumer theory, this replication study examined U.S. advertiser valuation of non-English language audiences across radio, online, newspaper, magazine, and outdoor media platforms, then compared these results with those examining U.S. television advertisers. Results reveal that nearly all advertisers—regardless of medium—invest in non-English language audiences due to the specific cultural traits of that audience, which permit culturally-relevant messaging and segmentation. Results and implications for each media platform are discussed. The New Economics of Advertising • Andrew Gaerig, University of North Carolina • This paper examines, on a macro level, how media advertising has changed from both a qualitative and quantitative perspective. The paper investigates the rise of below the line advertising and how it relates to traditional media advertising. It then reclaims the Principle of Relative Constancy as a framework under which media leaders can begin to understand advertising spending. Finally, it offers suggestions for how media companies can thrive in this new advertising ecosystem. Online Relationship Marketing in Media Industries: The Adoption of Social Media by Media Firms Miao Guo, University of Florida; Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida • This study investigates how and to what extent traditional media organizations adopt social media to perform relationship marketing functions on their websites and the factors that might affect such practices. Through a content analysis of newspaper and television websites, it was found that traditional media have aggressively incorporated many social media tools to connect with their readers/viewers. There are, however, significant differences in the use of social media between the national and local media as well as newspaper and television media. The study also found that media type and market size play a role in social media adoption and relationship marketing functions on local media sites. Marketing and Branding in Online Social Media Environments: Examining Social Media Adoption by the Top 100 Global Brands • Miao Guo, University of Florida • This study examined how and to what extent social media was utilized on the top 100 global brands' websites to realize relationship marketing and branding functions. Based on a media typology model along several media characteristic dimensions, the study first differentiates diverse social media tools, comparing mass and personal communication channels. By conducting a content analysis on the use of social media on top global brand websites, the study found that social networks such as Facebook and Linked In are the leading social media channels used by these companies. Variations in social media adoption also differ by industry type, which reflects how the offline resources and capabilities of a firm might influence its online relationship marketing and branding strategies. The Relationship between Online Newspapers and Print Newspapers: A Public Good Perspective Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State University; Xiaoqun Zhang, Bowling Green State University; Gi Woong Yun, Bowling Green State University; Kisung Yoon, Bowling Green State University • Compared to print newspapers, online newspapers still play a minor role in newspaper revenue. However, because the decline of print newspapers seems irreparable, newspaper industry tries to promote online newspapers in order to maintain their share of media market. This paper investigates the demographic characteristics of online newspaper readership. The analysis shows that online newspaper readers are likely to be male, lower income, younger, and have higher education. The online newspaper readers and the print paper readers have different demographic characteristics. The study shows a weak positive relationship between the reading time of online newspapers and print newspapers. The data does did not support the inferior good hypothesis in which usage is affected by income level. Using a public good perspective, this study shows that medium use time, not willingness to pay directly, is a better measure for value of online newspapers as a public good. The online newspaper is a fledging public good to attain enough value to be supported by consumers. The theory of news-agency management: Copy sharing, public goods, and the free-rider problem Grant Hannis, Massey University • Scholarly interest in news agencies' operations has been characterized as frequently eschewing any overt theoretical component. In response, this paper applies the economic theory of the free rider to better understand managerial decision-making in the New Zealand news agency NZPA. The theory explains NZPA's efforts to stamp out piracy of its wire copy early in its career and why NZPA recently abandoned a fundamental aspect of its operation, sharing copy among its members. New Business Pursuit at a Small Advertising Agency: An Emerging Model for the Pursuit of New Accounts • Daniel Haygood, Elon University; Jae Park, University of Tennessee Pursuing new business is integral to the ongoing success of an advertising agency. The largest firms have established practices in competing for new accounts and increasingly must deal with advertising agency search firms. But what are small advertising agencies doing to successfully seek new business? This research looks at the new business strategy/practices of a small advertising agency and proposes a small agency model for successfully pursuing new business. News Editors' Beliefs and Attitudes toward Online Advertising: A Happy Balance between Journalistic Ideals and Commercial Realities? • Jisu Huh, University of Minnesota; Tsan-Kuo Chang, Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong; Brian Southwell, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities; Hyung Min Lee, University of Minnesota; Yejin Hong, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities • We surveyed a representative sample of newspaper editors and TV news directors (1) to determine perceptions and attitudes of news editors toward online advertising; (2) to examine if news editors believe that online advertising negatively influences news content; and (3) to explore predictors of their perceptions of online advertising. The findings suggest that journalists do not hold strongly negative attitudes toward online advertising and do not have strong support for setting limitations for online advertising. Modeling access charge reform: Achieving parity between interstate and intrastate long-distance telephony Krishna Jayakar, Penn State University; Richard Taylor, Penn State University; Amit Schejter, Penn State University • Access charges are intended to compensate local loop providers for the usage of the local networks for long-distance traffic origination and termination. They have also provided a cross-subsidy from long-distance to local service to keep local rates low. Actual charges thus bear little relation to price, especially at the state level—thus, it often costs more to call long-distance within a state, than across the continent. In this paper, we present a mathematical model for access charges using a constant elasticity demand function, and argue that the net social welfare effects of access charge reductions will be positive. Factors determining the popularity of Fortune 500 corporate blogs Eun Hwa Jung, University of Florida; Dae-Hee Kim, Graduate student; Angie B. Lindsey, University of Florida • Blogs and blogging have become a phenomenon that transforms communication and information gathering. The interest in this phenomenon has been extended to business and marketing fields as a new channel of corporate communications. However, there has been a lack of research about the popularity of corporate blogs and influential factors to the popularity of corporate blogs. Thus a content analysis about corporate blogs of Fortune 500 companies was conducted. The results showed that some of factors (frequency of posting, number of authors, number of video and picture, number of comments, and easiness of web search) were significant difference between popular corporate blogs and unpopular corporate blogs that were gauged using Technorati Ranking. Based on the research results, the current study contributes to increasing the knowledge and extending the understanding about the corporate blogs. Research implications and limitations are discussed for future research. Not For Profit or Not For Long - Is Nonprofit Journalism Sustainable? • Kelly Kaufhold, University of Texas at Austin • At least nine new independent nonprofit news organizations have been launched online since 2004 - many of them going head to head against established news organizations - and 12 more university-based programs have entered the market. These outlets embrace a variety of funding sources, including foundation support, advertising, user- and crowd-funding models. This study aggregates and analyzes these different funding models in the context of existing news outlets, and discusses the potential for success in nonprofit news. Business Size and Media Effects: An Examination of Econo-Psychological Factors • Wan Soo Lee, School of Visual & Mass Communication, Dong-Seo University; Min-Kyu Lee, Chung-Ang University • This study investigates the non-mediated experience effect of economic conditions on business sentiment, the agenda-setting effect of news coverage on business sentiment and the self-fulfilling hypothesis that business sentiment affects economic reality, especially focusing on corporate size. The result shows 1) that the future business condition affected the business sentiment in small and large firm, implying there is no significant size effect, 2) that the current business conditions only affected the business sentiment in small and medium firms, not in large business firms, implying there is a significant size effect, 3) that the tone of news coverage has no significant effect on business sentiment, which doesn't support agenda-setting effect, and 4) business sentiment only affected the increase and decrease rates of GDP regardless of corporate size. We discuss the possibility to broaden the theoretical horizon of corporate communication research by measuring the relationships among corporate sizes, economic circumstances, media reports and understanding of economic realities. Market Competition and Media Diversity: An Examination of Taiwan's Terrestrial TV Market from 1986 to 2002 • Shu-Chu Li, National Chiao Tung University; Yi-Ching Liu, National Chiao Tung University • This study adopted the S-C-P model as the theoretical framework for examination of the competition-diversity relationship in Taiwan's terrestrial television market from 1986 to 2002. This study divided the 17 years into four periods with the first period categorized as one with an oligopolistic market structure, the second period as one with minor competition, the third period as one with strong competition, and the fourth period as one with intra-media competition. The four methods used to measure media diversity include vertical programming diversity, horizontal programming diversity, content diversity and source diversity. This study analyzed 44,432 programs that were randomly selected from the 17-year period. The data analysis shows that media diversity increased as minor inter-competition entered Taiwan's market, while media diversity decreased when strong inter-competition entered the market. Furthermore, this study found that strong intra-media competition was associated with an increase of media diversity in Taiwan's television market. Case Study: Competition and Merger of a Daily and a Weekly in a Non-metropolitan Market Jason Lovins, Ohio University • Competition among non-metropolitan daily and weekly newspapers has been studied, but little research exists on strategic decisions related to competition and merger. This case study examines a 25-year competition and merger of a daily and a weekly. A publisher, an editor and owner are interviewed to discuss competition and reasons for acquisition. The study concludes that the outcomes parallel those of prior research focusing on metropolitan markets, though both papers maintain separate branded identities. Media Discontinuance: Modelling the Diffusion S Curve to Declines in Media Use • Jay Newell, Iowa State University; Ulrike Genschel, Iowa State University; Ni Zhang, Iowa State University • The cumulative diffusion of innovations such as new media has been modeled with an S-curve. This study explores the potential extension of the use of the S-curve to model declines in existing media. Using annual data from declines in telegrams, afternoon newspapers, vinyl records, outdoor movie theaters and VHS tapes, this study finds that decays in existing media often follow a dramatic downwards path that is more abrupt than that of media undergoing growth. Implications for media management and theory are discussed. Predicting Theatrical Movies' Financial Success • Seung Hyun Park, Hallym University; Namkee Park, University of Oklahoma • This study replicates past research that examined the predictors of movies' box office revenues. Using a sample of 400 movies released from 2004 to 2007, the present study discovered that production budget, the number of screens, critics' review, and star actors were significant for the total domestic, first-week, and international box office revenues. The study also found that the Easter season negatively affected both the domestic and international box office revenues. Refashioning Television: A Structural Analysis of Webisodes L. Meghan Peirce, Ohio University; Tang Tang, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh • This study was interested in how the structure of traditional television media changes when content is instead designed exclusively for Internet broadcasting. This was achieved by conducting a content analysis on 100 webisodes nominated for a 2010 Streamy Award. Specifically, it aims to explore transparent characteristics, interactivity, and the differences between professional and amateur Webisodes. Results demonstrate that webisodes come in many forms, lengths and purposes. Most webisodes fall under the comedy genre. A large variety interactivity features exist in webisodes. However, most of this interactivity is user-to-webisode, not webisode-to-webisode, suggesting consumption is designed to be done in a relatively short succession. Finally, professionally-produced webisodes presented violent and sexual acts significantly more often than their amateur counterparts. This study contributes to existing research, as the findings may provide strategic value for webisode producers interested in creating popular and viral webisodes with relatively little production costs and management. Journalism layoff survivors burn in Arizona, keep cool in L.A. • Scott Reinardy, University of Kansas • Following dramatic newsroom cuts, this study examines organizational transformation of layoff survivors at the Los Angeles Times, Arizona Republic, Dallas Morning News and St. Louis Post-Dispatch. It's a comparative analysis of burnout levels, job satisfaction, organizational trust, morale and commitment. Interestingly, the younger, less experienced staff at the Arizona Republic is suffering more burnout and lower levels of perceived job quality than journalists at the L.A. Times, but demonstrate more organizational trust than the other papers. Economic Factors and the Adoption of Video-on-Demand Service in the Cable Industry • sangho seo, Konkuk University • The primary purpose of this study is to examine economic factors affecting on the adoption of video-on-demand service in the U.S. cable industry. This study examines what economic factors leads to investments in new technologies, and results in deployment of video-on-demand services in local markets. Probit regression analyses reveal that MSOs transfer efficiency to deployment of video-on-demand services in local markets. Therefore, the implications of the efficiency of horizontal integration have significant meaning. In addition, the result of this study has indicated that cable operators with triple-play services are more likely to adopt video-ondemand services than cable operators without triple-play services. You Can Build It, But Will They Come: Not-For-Profit Media Competition for Audiences • Dan Shaver, Jonkoping International Business School/Media Management & Transformation Centre This study examines the question of whether there is sufficient audience demand for content provided by not-for-profit news sites developed to meet the perceived loss of local news coverage resulting from closures and cut-backs in resources by existing newspapers to create a sustainable business model. It concludes that inefficient marketing and a lack of innovation hinder attraction of online audiences from websites offered by traditional media outlets and that sustainability requires improvement in both areas. Newspaper customer value: An exploratory examination of the role of network effects in a converging industry • Ed Simpson, Ohio University • This exploratory study sought to quantify the value of newspaper readers, both paid and pass-along, to print operations and the value of unique visitors to newspaper Web sites. By employing the theory of direct and indirect network effects, this study found evidence to support discussions of movements away from historical paid circulation models and cost-per-thousand advertising calculations in determining audience value. This study found that so-called free customers provided substantial value to newspaper Internet sites and that, in fact, newspaper readers also contributed to the value of the Web sites. This study suggests that convergence is far more than an ephemeral concept of how journalists and Web designers do their work, but argues for deeper examination of a recasting of customer value within the industry. User Flow in a Non-linear Environment: An Examination of Web Site Consumption Tang Tang, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh; Gregory Newton, Ohio University • This study represents one of the first attempts to empirically examine a combined model of psychographic and institutional factors that predict web site consumption. The study found that user characteristics, motivations, use of Internet structures and external web sources, and user availability predicted the use of social networks, entertainment, news, sports and e-commerce sites. Results suggest that in a non-linear environment, media users still exhibit predictable patterns of behavior. Different types of web sites need to guide user flow differently according to their unique characteristics. Text is Still Best: Online editors' attitudes towards news story platforms • Bartosz Wojdynski, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Developments in Web audiences and business models have resulted in more converged news rooms, in which the ability to produce media for multiple platforms has become increasingly important. This paper examines results from a survey of online editors (n=31) from popular U.S. news sites to explore differential perceptions of the role, strengths, and weaknesses of six online story formats: text, video, audio, audio slideshow, interactive graphic, and multimedia package. Diffusion of Innovation or Not?: Both Cases of Direct t-DTV Adoption With and Without Payment Kyung Han You, The pennsylvania State University; Hongjin Shim, Yonsei University • This study investigated factors affecting the intention to directly adopt terrestrial digital television (t-DTV), assuming that diffusion of t-DTV free-of-charge and with willingness-to-pay is not identical to general diffusion patterns. Findings showed that t-DTV adoption with willingness-to-pay followed general diffusion pattern, whereas t-DTV adoption free-of-charge did not. Further, Innovation characteristics did not predict intentions to directly adopt t-DTV free-of-charge. Findings suggested that willingness-to-pay is critical in determining diffusion patterns. Implications and limitations are also discussed. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1513 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/newspaper/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 19:49:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1516 Open Competition Courting Iran: The New York Times and Washington Post News Coverage of the March 2000 U.S. Foreign Policy Changes • ABHINAV AIMA, Penn State New Kensington • This content analysis study of the sources quoted in news reporting on Iran in March 2000 found that U.S. Government and U.S.-policy friendly sources continued to dominate the news reporting in The New York Times and Washington Post, even though the foreign policy toward Iran was shifted from a hawkish to a dovish posture. The U.S. Government, in particular, was able to assert itself in the news coverage with 34% of source attributions for all news attributions in the reporting of The New York Times and Washington Post. The two newspapers also showed no statistically significant differences in the sourcing of their news stories, thereby indicating a propaganda effect on news routines that was prevalent in both of the leading national newspapers. Now Tweet This: How News Organizations Use Twitter • Cory Armstrong, University of Florida; Fangfang Gao, University of Florida • This study examined how Twitter is used as a content dissemination tool within the news industry. Using content analysis, this study looked at tweets of nine news organizations over a four-month period to determine how individuals, links, news headlines and subject areas were employed within the 140-character limits. Results indicated that regional media tended to differ in usage from both local and national media and that broadcast news agencies were more likely to tweet multimedia packages than were print-based organizations. Crime and public affairs coverage were the most tweeted topics, the results indicated. Implications were discussed. Sporting a New Angle: A Content Analysis of Journalists' and Bloggers' Framing of Rush Limbaugh's Failed NFL Ownership Bi • Marie Hardin, John Curley Center for Sports Journalism, Penn State University; Erin Ash, Pennsylvania State University • As their audiences have increased, the practices and professionalism of bloggers in the sports blogosphere have been scrutinized by scholars and journalists alike. This research explores differences between bloggers and journalists by examining the ways each type frames sports stories with significant social impact. Differences in the ways journalists and bloggers contextualize a story were revealed through a content analysis of media columns and blogs that covered Rush Limbaugh's failed attempt to become an NFL owner. A Discourse Analysis of Supreme Court Case Coverage in News Magazines and NewspapersKathryn Blevins, The Pennsylvania State University; Courtney Barclay, Newhouse School at Syracuse University • The Supreme Court is one of the most respected yet obscure institutions in the United States. Due in part to this obscurity, most citizens rely news coverage of the Supreme Court for information about the decisions and how these decisions impact their lives. Past research has indicated an overall decrease in the coverage of Supreme Court decisions though, which is particularly problematic in light of citizens' reliance on news reporting and interpretation. This study used a recent First Amendment free speech case Morse v. Frederick as a case study to examine coverage in high circulating news magazines and newspapers. The study examined issues of quantity and quality of coverage as well as accuracy and thematic content. Overall quantity was consistent with past studies that found that news magazines tend to have fewer stories than newspapers. This study found a possible emergent trend in newspapers having a higher quality of coverage, while in the past news magazines tended to have better written stories. Accuracy in reporting was an issue in both news magazines and newspapers and a critical discourse analysis of themes found strong institutional themes within specific publications, but no themes that could be generalized from the coverage when it was taken as a whole. Searching for the core of journalism education: Program directors widely disagree on curriculum priorities • Robin Blom, Michigan State University; Lucinda Davenport, Michigan State University • Journalism educators must make important decisions on the core curriculum: the courses that all journalism students must take to graduate. There is much variety between schools, which brings the question of what kind of curriculum core journalism directors, overall, prefer. This study with a sample of 134 directors indicates that they widely disagree on which specific courses are the most important for all journalism students to take to become competent in the industry. The Anonymous Poster: Today's Hybrid of the Anonymous Pamphleteer and Anonymous Source? Lola Burnham, Eastern Illinois University; William Freivogel, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • Editors and judges face novel questions about how to treat anonymous posters to news sites. Is the anonymous poster more like the anonymous pamphleteer or anonymous source? Some judges have provided posters with as much or more protection than sources. Yet anonymous sources are more deserving of protection than posters. Newspapers vet anonymous sources, know their identity and know they possess authoritative information. Newspapers risk current legal protections by equating posters with sources. Walking a Tightrope: Obama's Duality as Framed by Selected African American Columnists • Kenneth Campbell, University of South Carolina; Ernest Wiggins, University of South Carolina • We examine columns of three Pulitzer Prize-winning African American columnists to identify the frames they used to offer perspective on the candidacy and early administration of Barack Obama, the first African American president in the United States. The period under study stretches from the time when it became clear that Obama would be the Democratic Party's presidential nominee to the first six months of his administration. We find that the columnists -- Leonard Pitts of The Miami Herald, Eugene Robinson of The Washington Post and Cynthia Tucker of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution -- concentrated on a frame of duality to explain Obama's historic election bid and early presidency. News and Community in a Tumultuous Border Region • Cathleen Carter, Colorado State University; Kris Kodrich, Colorado State University • This ethnographic study examines the complexity of reporting the news in a tumultuous border region. Using observation and interview, it reveals how reporters and editors at the El Paso Times define their roles and responsibilities as they cover the violence as well as daily life on both sides of the United States/Mexico border. The study examines how journalists at the El Paso Times attempt to meet the needs of the community, which in this case encompasses two major cities - Ciudad Juarez and El Paso - separated by a river, the Rio Grande. Juarez, where thousands of men, women and children have been murdered in recent years, is one of the most dangerous cities in the world. The El Paso Times newsroom is seven blocks from Juarez. This study, conducted in the El Paso Times newsroom in October-November 2009, shows that journalists at the El Paso Times consider Juarez an integral part of their community. Subsequently, the journalists attempt to cover Juarez as best they can, despite the danger. Hiring for Change? A Content Analysis of Newspaper Industry Job Ads Appearing on JournalismJobs.com and Editor & Publisher • Johanna Cleary, University of Florida; Meredith Cochie, University of Florida • This study examines the knowledge, skills and abilities (KSAs) prioritized by news managers who are hiring and offers conclusions about what employers value during this time of great change. It compares today's priorities with those of the 1980s - another time of significant change. The content analysis of 418 job ads is based on Lewin's Planned Change Theory, which seeks to deconstruct transitional periods. Results show that technical skills are important, but leadership/management and multitasking capabilities are increasingly mentioned. The gap between online journalism education and practice: The twin surveys • Ying Roselyn Du, Hong Kong Baptist University; Ryan Thornburg, UNC-Chapel Hill • The gap between journalism education and journalism practice has long been the focus of debates in the field. Amid the emergence of online journalism in the 1990s, the profession's criticism of journalism education has continued unabated. It is ever important to revisit the old gap issue in this new context. This study attempts to examine the discordance between education and practice by comparing online journalism professionals and educators' perceptions of key skills, concepts, and duties for online journalism. Findings of the twin surveys suggest that differences do exist in the online context. Abortion and Same-Sex Marriage: Wedging Issues Together Through Indexing • Cindy Elmore, East Carolina University • This analysis of U.S. newspaper coverage of abortion during 2000-2005 reveals that abortion is frequently linked in the news with same-sex marriage. Bennett's indexing theory is applied to explain how the issues came to be so frequently paired in the news. President George W. Bush and other Republican or conservative organization officials were found frequently linking the issues during the years examined, which, according to indexing, provided the impetus for journalists to perpetuate the pattern. College newspaper editors and controversial topics: Applying the third-person effect and the willingness to self-censor • Vincent Filak, UW-Oshkosh • An examination of 189 matched pairs of college newspaper editors and college newspaper advisers found instances of third-person perceptions and a willingness to self-censor when editors reported their comfort levels regarding controversial material. Data from the pairings (n= 189) revealed that editors underestimated advisers' comfort levels and that those estimations, while erroneous, were predictive of the editors' comfort levels. In addition, while the advisers' willingness to self-censor and actual comfort-level data was not predictive of the editors' comfort levels on several controversial topics, the editors' own ratings on the WTSC scale did predict the editors' comfort with the material. Effects of Quantitative Literacy and Information Interference on the Processing of Numbers in the News • Coy Callison, Texas Tech University; Rhonda Gibson, UNC; Dolf Zillmann, University of Alabama • This investigation examines how people of differing numeric skills form quantitative impressions on the basis of statistical information and exemplars in news reports. An experiment varied differences in quantitative literacy and exposure to quantitative information presented in base-rates, exemplars, and combinations of both. Additionally, interference from exposure to competing quantitative information was employed. Findings suggest that, irrespective of numeric skills, explicit statistics yield more accurate estimates than sets of exemplars. After interference from unrelated messages, however, individuals of superior numeracy show greater proficiency in processing statistical information, whereas persons of inferior numeracy rely more on exemplars in making quantitative assessments. Understanding the News Habit: An Exploration of the Factors Affecting Media Choice Jonathan Groves, Drury University • This exploratory study used logistic regression analysis on a national media-usage survey to understand the role of habit in the decision-making process of consumers. The analysis considered habit in addition to other facets of a media-usage model based upon uses-and-gratifications theory. For all media, habit was a significant factor in whether people chose a medium as their primary source for news. The G-20 Summit: An analysis of newspaper coverage of nine days that the world came to Pittsburgh • Steve Hallock, Point Park University • Analysis of the coverage of three national and two local newspapers of the world economic summit held in Pittsburgh in 2009 found a preference for official agendas over those of organizations that had attended to demonstrate in support their agendas. Demonstrated in story frequency and use of official sources, this preference revealed a media affinity with the elites and official organizations rather than a proclivity to serve as watchdog over them. In the Rough: Tiger Woods' Apology and Journalistic Antapologia • Paul Husselbee, Southern Utah University; Kevin Stein, Southern Utah University • This content analysis of newspaper treatment of Tiger Woods' apology uses a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative methods to examine pre-apology coverage and journalistic antapologia (reaction to apology). Findings indicate that before and after the apology, journalists focused on Woods' alleged character flaws, suggested that the apology did not take adequate responsibility, and questioned the motive for the apology. The tone of coverage was primarily neutral, although a significant amount of the coverage was unfavorable. Covering a teenage killer: Using framing to qualitatively analyze Baltimore newspapers' coverage of the murder of the Browning family • Kimberly Lauffer, Towson University; William Toohey, Towson University • Using frame analysis, the authors examined 40 written items and 32 photographs about the quadruple homicide of a Baltimore County family that appeared in five Baltimore-area newspapers and by the Associated Press between Feb. 3 and Feb. 26, 2008. We identified two dominant frames in the written stories immediately following the Browning murders: (1) the inexplicable nature of the crime and (2) the murderer as victim. We also noted a lack of adherence to journalistic standards of neutrality during this initial stage of coverage. Editor Blogs: Ample Commentary, Little Transparency • Norman Lewis, Full-time faculty; Jeffrey C. Neely, University of Florida; Fangfang Gao, University of Florida • Journalists urge disclosure of how news decisions are made to build credibility, a task ideally suited for blogs. However, a survey of 280 daily newspapers found only 39 had a top editor who blogged, just 5.5% of 621 blog entries addressed news decisions, and few editors engaged readers in discussion. Only one newspaper had an editor blog that regularly discussed news decisions. The results question whether editors see transparency as a core journalistic value. Conversational Journalism: An Experimental Test of Traditional and Collaborative Online News • Doreen Marchionni, Pacific Lutheran • The concept of journalism as a conversation has been richly explored in descriptive studies for decades. Largely missing from the literature, though, are clear operational definitions and empirical data that allow theory building for purposes of explanation and prediction. This controlled experiment sought to help close that gap by finding a way to first measure the concept of conversation, then to test it on key outcome measures of perceived credibility and expertise in online newspaper sites. Findings suggest that conversational journalism is a powerful, multi-dimensional news phenomenon, but also nuanced and fickle. Conversation features most predictive of credibility and expertise were audience members' perceived similarity to a journalist and that journalist's online interactivity with the audience. Findings also suggest that short, biographical videos of journalists may be key in conveying the feature of social presence, or humanness, of a journalist online. The Transformation of Investigative Journalism in the Digital Age • Jon Marshall, Northwestern University • In the past decade, the Internet changed how investigative stories were presented. This study shows how new technology allowed readers to follow their own path through information using timelines, document links, video, audio, maps, and interactive graphics. By the end of the decade, digital tools had transformed how reporters gathered information through techniques such as crowdsourcing, wikis, and social networking. The Internet was giving investigative journalists powerful new tools while also draining newspapers of resources. Polarization or Moderaterism? Activist Group Ideology in Newspapers • Michael McCluskey, Ohio State University; Young Mie Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Although a longstanding tradition suggests an enduring value of moderatism (Gans, 1979) in news, trends suggest growing polarization (Bennett & Iyengar, 2008). Survey data from 208 activist groups is merged with content from 118 newspapers about the activists (N = 4,329 articles) to analyze the moderatism vs. polarization question. Analysis shows that moderate groups, compared to ideologically polarized groups, were covered in newspapers with lower circulation and had less presence within the articles. Agenda Setting and Print Media Coverage of College Football: Impact on Bowl Championship Series Matchups • Michael Mitrook, University of Florida; Todd Lawhorne, University of Florida This study examines the 2005-2008 Bowl Championship Series (BCS) in order to analyze the relationship among the agendas of voter opinion, print media coverage, and college football rankings. The study analyzed 500 print media stories, 42 college football voter polls (made up of Harris Interactive polls and USA Today Coaches polls), and BCS rankings. Significant correlations were found supporting agenda-setting effects in the voter opinion, print media coverage and BCS ranking relationship. Training Sports Journalists in Converged Newsrooms: What Educators Need to Know to Train Sports Journalists • Ray Murray, Oklahoma State University; John McGuire, Oklahoma State University; Stan Ketterer, Oklahoma State University; Mike Sowell, Oklahoma State University With the trend toward convergence journalism, future newspaper sports journalists must know different skills from their predecessors. This research project investigated job skills desired of the next generation of sports journalists within newspaper organizations. Nearly 120 respondents managing newspaper sports departments were surveyed about job skills or attributes future employees must demonstrate. Through a factor analysis, four underlying dimensions were found: Reporting Skills (deemed most important by participants), Broadcasting Skills, Editing Skills, and Sports Knowledge. When Citizens Meet Both Professional and Citizen Journalists: Social Trust, Media Credibility, and Perceived Journalistic Roles among Online Community News Readers • Seungahn Nah, University of Kentucky; Deborah Chung, University of Kentucky • Through a Web-based survey (N=238), this study examines how online community news readers perceive the roles of both professional and citizen journalists and predicts the extent to which social trust and media credibility contribute to the perceived journalistic roles. Analyses show that while both social trust and media credibility were positively related to the role conceptions of professional journalists, social trust was positively associated with the role conceptions of citizen journalists only. Implications are discussed for the relationship between social capital, media credibility, and perceived journalistic roles. Community Conversation or 'The New Bathroom Wall?' Anonymous Online Comments and the Journalist's Role • Carolyn Nielsen, Western Washington University • This nationwide survey of journalists working at small, mid-size, and large daily newspapers across the country measures their perception of professional role in regard to online comments. It finds most journalists see themselves as disseminators in regard to online comments. Most journalists are not frequently reading comments on their work and largely do not see comments as useful. Most have never replied to online comments on their work. However, they also do not see comments as a serious drain on time or negative impact to morale. Journalists strongly support the idea of allowing online comments on newspaper Web sites, but wish comment were not anonymous. Further, they are troubled by the racism and factual inaccuracies they see. Latinos in mainstream and Latino press: An argument for Cultural Citizenship • Lisa Paulin, N.C. Central Univ. • The Latino population is growing faster in the southeastern United States than anywhere else in the country and impacting communities on numerous fronts. This study sheds light on the complexity of how Latinos are represented in North Carolina's news media. Specifically, this content analysis examines coverage of five Latino issues in two mainstream and two Spanish-language (Latino) newspapers in North Carolina. My original goal was to capture an overview of the similarities and differences in how the newspapers covered newsworthy events or issues that were related to Latinos. The results, in fact, raise questions about how to define a Latino issue. The issues that were covered the most were related to gangs and the death of Jesica Santillán, and the least-covered issues were changes to driver's licence laws and the Mt. Olive boycott. However, there were anomalies in the coverage that confounded these assertions. The two issues that received the least coverage had higher percentages of stories that were completely relevant to the issue. In my discussion, I propose using cultural citizenship to help define research on Latinos and other underrepresented groups for future research. It is all the same newspaper to me: Assessment of the online newspapers through uses and gratification analysis and relationships with their print parents • Jelena Petrovic, University of New Mexico • This study deploys uses and gratification framework to assess the relationship between online and print newspapers. Using survey data, AMOS confirmatory factor analysis indicated emergence of two online-only gratifications - virtual community and process interactivity - that indicate that online readers act as both receivers and transmitters of information. MANOVA analysis and Pearson Product-Moment correlations between online and print gratifications provided support for a supplementary relationship between online and print newspapers. Journalism's layoff survivors tap resources to remain satisfied • Scott Reinardy, University of Kansas • Hobfoll's (1989) Conservation of Resources Theory contends that individuals work to gain and defend valued resources. During difficult times, workers will tap into reserves to ward off stress. This study examines job satisfaction among 2,000 newspaper layoff survivors and the resources of organizational trust, morale, perceived job quality and organizational commitment. Those who are highly satisfied demonstrated higher levels of resources. Also, those with dwindling resources had diminished job satisfaction and intentions to leave journalism. The Good, Bad, and Unknown: Coverage of Biotechnology in Media • Ann Reisner, University of Illinois; Gwen Soult, University of Illinois • As biotechnology research and application has become a controversial social issue; social movement organizations and leaders have emerged as the major voice for public protest. However, news theories suggest that the news is normally presented through established routine agencies, primarily government sources. As such, these theories would suggest that social movement organizations opposing genetic engineering in agriculture would have limited success in presenting their claims through established mainstream media. Through content analysis of 250 randomly selected Illinois newspapers, whose circulation is 40,000 or more, and television sources, the authors found that social movement organizations had considerable success in having their claims presented. Ideological position of the organization appears to be less important than the bureaucratic credentials of the main spokesperson in terms of success of gaining coverage. Role Convergence, Newspaper Skills and Journalism Education: A Disconnect • John Russial, University of Oregon; Arthur Santana, University of Oregon • This study, based on a national sample of newspapers, examines role convergence in newspapers in light of the degree of multimedia produced. It finds a great deal of job specialization as well as some convergence of newsroom roles. Role convergence can be seen in certain job categories and in certain types of skills, but not across the board. Online staff jobs are the most more converged, but even for those employees, traditional skills are considered more important than new technical skills, such as multimedia. These findings raise questions about the belief that journalism programs must restructure their curricula to prepare students for converged jobs. Giving Users a Plain Deal: Contract-Related Media Liability For Unmasking Anonymous Commenters • Amy Kristin Sanders, University of Minnesota-Tine Cities; Patrick File, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities • Using legal research methodology, this paper examines a nascent legal issue for online news organizations: could they face civil liability for voluntarily unmasking anonymous commenters? An discussion of contract law, applied to a case study of six news Web sites, found many news organizations' user agreements likely immunize them from contractually based liability, while in practice the news organizations claim that they zealously guard user privacy and will resist unmasking commenters at almost any cost. Are users getting a plain deal? Electronic press run: An analysis of newspaper breaking news e-mail alerts • Jessica Smith, Texas Tech University • A content analysis of breaking news e-mail alerts (N=1,153) sent by 17 of the largest newspapers in the United States reveals that the topics of these alerts differs from the traditional topical distribution on newspaper front pages. The categories most heavily covered in the alerts are elections, sports, crime, and government. About 68% of the alerts correspond with stories in the next day's print edition of the newspaper, but only about 35% of the alerts correspond to front-page stories. About 34% of the alerts contain any form of source attribution. These results have implications for intra-organization gatekeeping and the growing market for personalized mobile and electronic news delivery. Decoding Darfur conflict: Media framing of a complex humanitarian crisis Mustafa Taha, American University of Sharjah, UAE • This qualitative study uses frame analysis to examine how the New York Times' framed the conflict in the Sudanese region of Darfur between 2003-2007. Darfur has become a site of multi-dimensional conflict involving local, regional, and international actors. A traditional low-level local conflict between nomadic Arabs and African framers over water supply and grazing lands has degenerated into a massive racially-charged armed conflict engulfing the Sudanese region of Darfur, Chad, as well as the Central African Republic. Scarce economic resources, culture, race, religion, and identity constitute hot sites of struggle in Darfur. A robust United Nations force is being deployed in Darfur to put an end to a civil strife depicted by the Times as a genocidal war. Most of the Times' depictions framed the conflict as an ethnic war between Arabs and Africans. The NYT put the blame squarely on Sudan government, called for more sanctions, and demanded bringing war criminals to the International Criminal Court (ICC). The only viable solution will be a fair and equitable peace negotiated settlement between Sudan government and the rebels. An early history of newspaper agents • Tim Vos, University of Missouri School of Journalism; You Li, University of Missouri • This study reexamines the history of newspaper agents in the 19th century to determine who these agents were and what their duties included. The study used primary sources to examine an array of references to newspaper agents and to craft profiles on agents from 13 newspapers in the first half of the century. The results show a much broader array of duties and identities than current histories generally consider. Frame-changing and Stages of a Crisis: Coverage of the H1N1 Flu Pandemic • Lily Zeng, Arkansas State University • This study examines the coverage of the H1N1 flu pandemic in the New York Times from a dynamic perspective. It identifies four stages of the crisis: Peak I, Valley, Peak II, and Post-Peak II. Based on a two-dimensional model, the study reveals that during the life span of the pandemic (April 2009 to February 2010), the newspaper maintained a consistent emphasis on the event as a national challenge and an apparent focus on current updates of the situation of the disease, especially during the two peak stages of the life span. When the crisis enters a new stage, however, the frame-changing strategy is usually employed to maintain the salience of the event on the news agenda. Why Some Young Adults Dislike Print Newspapers and Their Ideas for Change • Amy Zerba, University of Florida • Eight focus groups across three cities were conducted with everyday young adults to understand why they don't read print newspapers. This study deeply examined nonuses, like inconvenience, to uncover their true meanings. Participants suggested ways newspapers could change and critiqued a young adult newspaper. The participants were studied as two age groups, 18-24 and 25-29. Small group differences did emerge. Results showed these young adults are search-savvy news consumers who want choice and effortless news. Under the Weather: The Impact of Weather on US Newspaper Coverage of the 2008 Beijing Olympics Bu Zhong, Pennsylvania State University; Yong Zhou, Renmin University of China Investigating how weather may influence news reporting represents an effort of examining certain hypotheses concerning journalistic practices that may not match a known pattern of the profession. By using computer-aided content analysis, this study examined the effects of weather measured by the Air Pollution Index (API), temperature and climate (sunny or cloudy) on four US newspapers' 2008 Beijing Olympic reports (N = 289), which are the New York Times, Washington Post, USA Today and Wall Street Journal. The results demonstrated that the API and temperature were significantly related to the number of negative words used in the four papers' Olympics reports. In general, when the weather (air pollution, high temperature) went worse, US journalists in Beijing used more negative words in reporting the Olympics. But the climate was not found to have the same effect. Some differences existed between the newspapers in terms of the weather impact. Newspaper MacDougall Student Paper Competition The elite press coverage of the 2009 health care reform debate • Steven Adams, Iowa State University (Greenlee School of JLMC) • Research condemned media coverage of the 1993-1996 health care reform debate, and this study seeks to determine whether the elite press followed suit in 2009. It applies paragraph-by-paragraph content analysis to investigate the framing and sourcing of articles in The Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, and The Washington Post. Results show that the issue/economic frame dominates the news coverage, in stark contrast to Clinton-era coverage; framing and sourcing change significantly over the course of the debate; and significant relationships exist between specific sources and frames. Do Comments Count?: The Effects of Type and Amount of User-Generated Comments on News Stories • Erin Ash, Pennsylvania State University; Kirstie Hettinga, Penn State; Andrew Peeling, Pennsylvania State University • Most online newspapers provide feedback forums that allow readers to discuss, through commenting on particular stories, the topics presented in the news. A 2 x 2 x 2 mixed-factorial experiment (N = 95) investigated the relationship between the type and amount of user-generated comments on news stories and readers' perceived level of journalistic quality. This study also examined bandwagon, expertise, and invasiveness heuristics as possible mediators of the relationship between comments and journalistic quality ratings. Declarations of Independence: Experts, popular sources, and press independence in the health care debate • Matthew Barnidge, Louisiana State University • This study examines press independence from the government in the 2009 health care debate. It captures the discourse represented in the news about the debate by measuring sources and the expressions they make. This paper also outlines a distinction between various types of autonomy, and offers a new conceptualization of independence. The main question guiding this research is whether there is a substantial difference among the various viewpoints expressed by different types of news sources. Young voters online news use and political tolerance: The influence of alternative news use to argument repertoire of college students • Mi Jahng, University of Missouri-Columbia; HyunJee Oh, University of Missouri • This study examines the use of alternative online news and the political discussion participations of adolescents. This study focused on finding see what feature of online news can encourage young college student voters to have higher political tolerance. We used argument repertoire as an indicator of political tolerance. We found that opinionated voice online news significantly improved the argument repertoire of the younger voters. Implications of this study are discussed in terms of facilitative role of press in democracy. Social Network Sites as Another Publishing Platform for Newspapers • ALICE JU, University of Texas at Austin • With the growing popularity of social network sites, newspapers have been using social network sites such as Twitter and Facebook to distribute the news stories. This paper examines how many newspapers are using Twitter and Facebook as another publish platform, the relation between a newspaper's website unique visitor and its social network site subscriber. The result shows that 1) most newspapers are using social network sites while reaching few audiences, 2) the relation between the number of unique website visitors and social network website subscribers doesn't show significance, and 3) larger social network sites do not guarantee a broader audience. Collective memory and discursive contestations: Reconstruction of a Maoist-Era Icon in China's Government-controlled Newspapers • Ji Pan, University of South Carolina • To understand the dynamics of collective memory as carried by government-controlled media in transiting societies, this study textual-analyzed how China's newspapers reconstructed the image of Lei Feng, a pre-reform hero worshipped by the entire nation since the 1960s. Drawing on collective memory conceptions, this study found that preservation and erasure of pre-reform meanings and factual narratives, present commemoration derived from preserved meanings and alternative chronicling by less-controlled media coexist in the reconstruction. In resonance to China's cultural shift, the alternative chronicling humanized Mao's flawless soldier into a lively and fashion-loving youth without directly confronting the newspaper discourses, which exploited the existing symbolism to promote economic development and the building of a harmonious society. Implications for the fluidity of collective memory and discursive contestations in transiting societies are discussed. The influence of educational information on newspaper reader attitudes toward people with mental illness • Scott Parrott, The University of Alabama • Newspaper articles stereotypically portray people with mental illness as violent, unstable, and socially undesirable. The present research project examined whether the inclusion of educational material in an otherwise stereotypical newspaper article would foster less negative reader attitudes toward people with mental illness than an article without the educational material. The simple pre-test/post-test, within-groups experiment demonstrated limited success. Suggestions are made on ways newspaper reporters might produce less stigmatizing articles about mental illness. Conversation or cacophony: Newspaper reporters' attitudes toward online reader comments • Arthur Santana, University of Oregon • A relatively new addition to the list of interactive components at newspaper Web sites, online reader comment forums have both served and unnerved many journalists. This research, based on a national survey, demonstrates how newspaper reporters have ambivalent feelings toward the forums — tolerating them for occasional insights while despising them for harboring anonymous bullies and bigots. Either way, the forums have had an undeniable influence on the way newspaper journalists do their jobs. Latino Candidates: Community Features, Newspaper Treatment, and Election Outcomes in 14 Southwestern Cities • jennifer schwartz, University of Oregon • This study explored the relationship between community structural characteristics (racial/ethnic diversity, percent Latino, and Latino median household income) and newspaper treatment of Latino and white candidates in 815 photographs and 608 photograph-associated headlines from 14 newspapers in the last two months of four statewide elections that occurred between 2003 and 2008 in the U.S. Southwest. Findings show newspapers in more racially/ethnically diverse cities provide a larger number of more prominent and more favorable visuals of Latino candidates than white candidates. Integration or Law and Order - Editorial Stances of the Arkansas Gazette during the Central High Crisis • Donna Stephens, University of Central Arkansas; Nokon Heo, University of Central Arkansas • The study examines the editorial stances of the Arkansas Gazette during the Central High Crisis. In order to test proposed hypotheses, two independent coders conducted a content analysis of eighty-eight Gazette editorials that ran on the topic of the Central High Crisis from September 1, 1957 through May 27, 1959, as reproduced in the book, Crisis in the South: The Little Rock Story. Editorials were coded for three categories of variables: the Ultimate Message of the Editorial; Attitude of the Editorial toward Faubus, Brown vs. Education, President Eisenhower, and the Tactics of the Segregationists; and words or phrases commonly used to convey the newspaper's attitudes were also analyzed for qualitative analysis. The results showed that the Arkansas Gazette advocated a law-and-order stance rather than one that favored integration during the Central High Crisis. The Gazette was overwhelmingly negative regarding Governor Faubus and the tactics of the segregationists. Also it was found that the Gazette's editorials took no real stance toward Brown or Eisenhower during this time period. The results were discussed in the context of journalistic perspectives. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1516 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/public-relations-division-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 19:53:45 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1520 Open Competition Effect of Message Type in Strategic Advocacy Communication: Investigating Strategies to Combat Ageism • Terri Bailey, Florida Gulf Coast University • This experimental research study investigated the effects that message type in mass media messages have on attitudes toward older adults among undergraduate college students. The purpose of the study was to investigate strategic communication message strategies that could be employed to combat negative stereotypes that stigmatize a social group, in this case older adults. Due to the large population of aging baby boomers, efforts to combat prejudice and discrimination against older adults—termed ageism—is both timely and salient. Theoretical bases for the study included social identity theory and the elaboration likelihood model. Three types of message appeal conditions (cognitive, affective, and mixed cognitive/affective) were presented in simulated Yahoo.com online news articles that combated two negative stereotypes of adults over age 65. The simulated news article was designed to reflect a published press release disseminated to the media by an age organization. The results showed that presenting fact-based cognitive arguments supported by research evidence was a more effective message strategy for producing positive attitude change toward older adults among the 200 undergraduate students participating in this experiment than were affective messages based on emotional appeals, subjective personal evaluations, and compassionate arguments or a combination of cognitive and affective appeals. Furthermore, results indicated the importance of mass media messages in terms of producing positive attitude change toward a stigmatized social group, older adults. There was significant positive attitude change toward older adults after exposure to the stimulus materials in both the immediate and time-delayed (one week) conditions. Eclipsing Message Meaning: Exploring the Role of Source Identity and Cynicism in Publics' Perceptions of Health Care Reform Issue Ads • Abbey Blake Levenshus, University of Maryland; Mara Hobler, University of Maryland; Beth Sundstrom, University of Maryland, College Park; Linda Aldoory, univ of Md • Using the circuit of culture to analyze interviews and focus groups, researchers found sponsor identity represented in health care reform ads overlapped with cynicism in critical, complementary ways. Researchers identified two themes, ongoing and eclipsing, regarding source identity's meaning-making role and three themes regarding source cynicism's regulating influence, including questioning sponsor motives, regulating sponsor identity, and regulating message. Findings add depth to the circuit of culture's articulation between identity, regulation, and consumption of issue advertisements. Mediating the power of relationship antecedents: The role of involvement and relationship quality in the adolescent-organization relationship • Denise Bortree, Penn State University • This study presents one of the first examinations of the influence of antecedents of relationships on the organization-public relationship. Results from a survey of adolescent volunteers suggest that reason for volunteering with a nonprofit organization was a significant predictor of the teens' future intentions toward the organization. Two variables partially mediated the relationship between antecedents and future intended behavior, involvement and relationship quality. Findings suggest that while reasons for relationship initiation play a powerful role in the organization-public relationship, organizations can minimize the impact through relationship management. • Grounding Organizational Legitimacy in Societal Values • John Brummette, Radford University; Lynn Zoch, Radford University • The purpose of this exploratory study is to utilize grounded theory to create a better understanding of the values and standards that constitute organizational legitimacy from the public's perspective. Values identified are: honesty, fairness, accountability, competence, innovation, efficiency, trustworthiness, accessibility, personalization, quality, accreditation, corporate social responsibility and longevity. In addition, the study found that different values are linked to each of the six types of organizations (retail, manufacturing, service, educational, nonprofit and government) discussed by the study's participants. • Influence of Public Relations Communication Strategies and Training on Perceptions of Hospital Crisis Readiness • Emily Buck, Texas Tech University; Coy Callison, Texas Tech University; Trent Seltzer, Texas Tech University • To better understand organization-wide perception of crisis readiness and crisis communication effectiveness, 731 hospital employees were surveyed. Employees participating in crisis training perceived themselves and their hospital as more crisis ready than those who had not. Awareness of the crisis plan leads to higher levels of perceived crisis readiness; training, two-way communication, and face-to-face communication lead to greater perceived crisis readiness. Participants reported hospitals presented crisis plans through oral presentation more frequently than other methods. • The Dual-Continuum Approach: An Extension of the Contingency Theory of Conflict Management Cindy T. Christen, Colorado State University; Steven Lovaas, Colorado State University • This paper examines the limitations of using a single advocacy-accommodation continuum when depicting organizational stance and movement in conflict situations. The authors argue that advocacy and accommodation vary independently in response to a variety of contingent factors. To comprehensively capture the locations and motions that are possible in intergroup conflicts, a two-continuum approach is proposed. Separate assessment of the effects of contingent factors on advocacy and accommodation can be used to locate organizational stance along advocacy and accommodation continua. Situations that are problematic for a single continuum can be captured if separate continua are employed. By depicting initial stance and desired direction of movement for both the organization and external group, the dual-continuum approach can also provide practical guidance to public relations practitioners in selecting strategies for achieving preferred outcomes. By suggesting the application of different models of public relations practice based on differences in organization-external group stances and movement, the dual-continuum approach also lays the foundation for eventual synthesis of excellence and contingency perspectives. • Delusions vs. Data: Longitudinal Analysis of Research on Gendered Income Disparities in Public Relations • David Dozier, San Diego State University, School of Journalism and Media Studies; Bey-Ling Sha, San Diego State University • Gendered income disparities are well documented: men earn higher salaries than women. Less clear are the reasons why. This study analyzed four surveys of PRSA members (1979, 1991, 2004, and 2006). Men earned significantly higher salaries than women practitioners, men had more years of professional experience, and greater professional experience was correlated with higher salaries. In three of four surveys, men earned significantly higher salaries than women, after controlling for professional experience. • Factors Contributing to Anti-Americanism Among People Abroad: The Frontlines Perspective of U.S. Public Diplomats • Kathy Fitzpatrick, Quinnipiac University; alice kendrick, Southern Methodist University; Jami Fullerton, Oklahoma State University • This study examined the views of U.S. public diplomats on factors that contribute to anti- American attitudes among people abroad. The purpose was to gain a better understanding of the most significant causes of anti-Americanism through the first-hand experiences of the men and women who have served on the front lines of U.S. public diplomacy and to consider the implications for U.S. public diplomacy going forward. A factor analysis revealed four underlying dimensions of anti-Americanism, which were labeled Information, Culture, Policy and Values. The public diplomats rated the Policy factor as the most significant, followed by the Information factor, the Culture factor and the Values factor. • Understanding Made in China: Valence framing, product-country image, and international public relations • Gang (Kevin) Han, Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication/Iowa State University; Xiuli (Charlene) Wang, School of Journalism and Communication/Peking University • This study employed an experiment to examine the effects of valenced news frames, in terms of risks and benefits, on people's perceptions of and attitudes towards the product-country image (PCI) of Made in China. Findings suggested that participants in the risks-frame condition gave significantly negative evaluation on this product-country image, whereas the participants in the benefits-frame condition offered more positive evaluation. Personal relevance, shopping experience, and shopping habit jointly affected this relationship as covariates. The concept of product-country image, as well as the implications of valence framing for international public relations, was also discussed. • Disaster on the Web? A Qualitative Analysis of Disaster Preparedness Websites for Children • Karen Hilyard, University of Tennessee; Tatjana M. Hocke, University of Tennessee; Erin Ryan, The University of Alabama • In a qualitative analysis using stakeholder theory, child development research and website usability criteria, the authors examine three disaster preparedness websites created for children by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The sites were characterized by outdated content and technology, low levels of two-way communication and poor usability compared to other offerings for kids on the Web, and may therefore fail to effectively accomplish the mission of preparing children for disasters. • Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure of Media Companies • Jiran Hou, The University of Georgia; Bryan Reber, University of Georgia • Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives have become increasingly common among corporations in the United States. However, there has been very limited research studying media companies' CSR initiatives and disclosure. In this study, we examined the CSR initiatives and disclosure of major media companies in the United States. Specifically, we conducted content analysis to analyze five major dimensions of CSR disclosure: environment, community relations, diversity, employee relations and human rights. We also analyzed the disclosure of companies' media specific CSR activities. Our findings showed that nine of the ten companies have engaged in different types of CSR activities. These companies' CSR initiatives differ by the types of the company, and the size of the company also has influence on the reporting of CSR initiatives. • T he effects of crisis response strategies on attribution of crisis responsibility and relationship quality outcomes • Eyun-Jung Ki, The University of Alabama; Kenon Brown, The University of Alabama • This study investigated the effects of crisis response strategies on the attribution of an organization's crisis responsibilities and relationship quality outcomes and determined the linkages among relationship quality outcome indicators. This study found that none of the tested crisis response strategies were helpful in reducing public blame surrounding the featured organization's responsibility in the crisis. This study did not discover any significant impact of the crisis response strategies on the relationship quality outcomes. • Content analysis on CSR Reporting of Companies' Web sites: Signaling Theory Perspective • Hyuk Soo Kim, The University of Alabama; Joe Phelps, University of Alabama; Jee Young Chung, University of Alabama • The current study introduced the signaling theory in the domain of CSR reporting and content-analyzed how companies report their CSR activities on their corporate web sites. Top 100 advertising-spending companies were selected as a sample frame. From the perspective of signaling theory, the current study investigated how companies are reporting their CSR activities by employing the concept of benefit salience and congruency. Additionally, this study explored the relationship between CSR activities and branding. The results showed that companies are not effectively reporting their CSR activities and did not find any relationship between CSR activities and branding. • Exploring ethics codes of national public relations professional associations across countries • Soo-Yeon Kim, University of Florida; Eyun-Jung Ki, The University of Alabama • This study explored ethics codes present on Web sites of national public relations professional associations across countries. Of a total of 107 countries examined, 66 (61.7%) countries were found to have one or more professional associations. Among the 45 Web sites accessible in English, 38 (84.4%) provided ethics codes, the most frequently presented values in which were 'fairness,' 'safeguarding confidences,' and 'honesty.' This study was an exploratory attempt to provide a descriptive picture of public relations professional associations and their ethics codes across countries. • Corporate Social Responsibility and Organization-Public Relationships: Public Relations and Marketing Educators' Perspectives • Daewook Kim, University of Florida; Mary Ann Ferguson, University of Florida • This study examines how public relations educator's perceptions differ from marketing educators with regard to corporate social responsibility (CSR) dimensions. It further explores the association between CSR and the organization-public relationship (OPR) dimensions. This research found that marketing educators showed more value for the economic dimension, while public relations educators showed a relatively higher value for the ethical & legal and discretionary dimensions of CSR. The perceptual differences are also embedded in the association between the CSR and OPR dimensions. • When Cousins Feud: Advancing Threat Appraisal and Contingency Theory in Situations That Question the Essential Identity of Activist Groups • Jeesun Kim, Grand Valley State University; Glen Cameron, University of Missouri - Columbia • This experiment applied the concepts of avowed and ascribed identities to situations when similar activist organizations clash. Based on the threat appraisal model (Jin & Cameron, 2007) and contingency theory (Cancel, Mitrook, & Cameron, 1999), analysis of effects of an attack on a group's essential identity due to hypocritical behavior advances theory and practice of strategic conflict management. The distinction between internal and external threat and the linear perspective in stance predictions on the contingency continuum are both revised and extended by current findings. • Reputation Repair at the Expense of Providing Instructing and Adjusting Information Following Crises:Examining 18 Years of Crisis Responses Strategy Research • Sora Kim, University of Florida; Elizabeth Avery, University of Tennessee; Ruthann Lariscy, University of Georgia • Quantitative content analysis of 51 articles published in crisis communication literature in public relations indicates both a prevalent focus on image restoration or reputation management in the crisis responses analyzed in more than 18 years of research and a relative neglect of instructing and adjusting information in subsequent recommendations. This research makes insightful crisis response recommendations regarding consideration of organizational type involved in a crisis (government, corporation, or individual) and targeting active publics when selecting crisis responses. • Face to Face: How the Cleveland Clinic Managed Media Relations for the First U.S. Face Transplant • Marjorie Kruvand, Loyola University Chicago • When the first U.S. face transplant was performed at the Cleveland Clinic in late 2008, public relations practitioners at the non-profit academic medical center in Ohio played an essential role in helping to establish whether the risky and controversial surgery would be judged successful by the medical community, the news media, and the public. This descriptive case study uses agenda building theory and the related concept of information subsidies to examine how practitioners planned and handled media relations for one of the year's top medical stories - a story accompanied by challenging ethical issues. Strongly influenced by what they believed was a media relations fiasco involving the world's first face transplant, which had been performed three years earlier in France, Clinic practitioners effectively used information subsidies while tightly controlling information about and access to the patient. The study finds that the Clinic's media relations activities resulted in highly positive media coverage that enhanced the Clinic's reputation while also helping to reshape the U.S. media agenda on face transplants. • Social Media And Strategic Communications: Attitudes And Perceptions Among College Students • Bobbi Kay Lewis, Oklahoma State University • Social media have been adopted from its inception by public relations, advertising and marketing practitioners as tools for communicating with strategic publics. Wright and Hinson (2009) have established that public relations professionals perceive social media positively with respect to strategic communication. Given that social media are having an impact on professionals in the industry, the current study examined if social media are having a similar impact on college students in general and students studying in the area of public relations and advertising. The attitudes and perceptions of social media among college students were explored by modifying the survey instrument used by Wright & Hinson to explore the attitudes and perceptions of social media among PR professionals. It is important for educators and curriculum leaders to have an appreciation of students' knowledge base of social media and how they employ it in their construction of knowledge and reality. It is also valuable for professionals in the industry, who are hiring recent college graduates, to gain insight into how students perceive social media in their own lives and as strategic tools. Findings suggest that college students majoring advertising and public relations view social media more positively than other majors because they understand how it fits in to the industry in which they are being educated. Because of these findings, social media should be incorporated into strategic communications curriculum to better prepare students for the current media climate. • Bureaucrats, Politicians, and Communication Practices: Toward a New Model of Government Communication • Brooke Liu, University of Maryland; Abbey Blake Levenshus, University of Maryland; J. Suzanne Horsley, University of Alabama • The success of any government policy or program hinges on effective internal and external communication. Despite the critical importance of communication in the public sector, very little research focuses specifically on government communication. Through a survey of 781 government communicators in the U.S., this study builds on a model - the government communication decision wheel - by adding a previously untested variable: political versus bureaucratic employer. Specifically, the study identifies four significant differences and five similarities in how the public sector environment affects bureaucrats' and elected officials' communicators' public relations practices. The findings provide valuable insights for practitioners and contribute to public relations theory development for the under-researched public sector. • Twitter me this, Twitter me that: A quantitative content analysis of the 40 Best Twitter Brands • Tina McCorkindale, Appalachian State University • In February 2010, Twitter, a microblogging website, had more than 21 million unique visitors, and continues today to be an increasingly important social media tool for public relations. Most public relations research about Twitter has focused on case studies—few quantitative analyses have been conducted. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to conduct a content analysis to determine how Mashable's 40 Best Twitter Brands were using Twitter, and what makes these the best brands. From October 2009 to January 2010, a constructed month of tweets were analyzed to determine an organization's usage and authenticity/transparency on Twitter. While some organizations only used Twitter to disseminate information or for customer service, other organizations used the microblog to engage with various publics. Results also found organizations who named the individual who tweeted on behalf of the organization engaged in more dialogue with various publics compared to those that did not. The researcher also provided a list of 11 gold standard Twitter accounts, as well as suggestions for future research. • Exploring the Roles of Organization-Public Relationships in the Strategic Management Process: Towards an Integrated Framework • Rita Linjuan Men, University of Miami; Chun-ju Flora Hung, Hong Kong Baptist University • By combining the growing body of knowledge on organization-public relationships with insights from strategic management in the management literature, the purpose of this study is to demonstrate, from the relational approach, the value of public relations at the organizational level. Specifically, it intends to examine the roles of organization-public relationships (OPRs) in each stage of the strategic management process, namely, strategic analysis, strategy formulation, strategy implementation and strategic control. Seventeen in-depth interviews were conducted with public relations directors, vice presidents, and general managers from Fortune 500 and Forbes' China 100 Top companies in China to explore the issues. The findings show that OPRs can contribute to strategic analysis by being the source of information, channel of information, active information detector and foundation for internal analysis. It contributes to strategy formulation by providing broad information, incorporating intelligence, perspectives and insights and engaging employees in decision-making. In strategy implementation, OPRs can generate support from parties involved and facilitate the strategy execution process. In strategic control, OPRs can provide feedback and updated information for strategy adjustments and strategy review, engage employee in self-management and facilitate organizational control through relational trust, commitment and satisfaction. Through playing multiple roles in each strategic management stage, OPRs can eventually contribute to sustainable competitive advantage, achievement of organizational goals and organizational effectiveness. An integrated framework of OPRs and strategic management is developed in this study based on the empirical data. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. • Crisis Preparedness versus Paranoia: Testing the Crisis Message Processing Model on the Effects of Over Communication of Crisis Preparedness Messages by Governments • Kester Tay, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Rasiah Raslyn Agatha, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; May O. Lwin, Nanyang Technological University; Augustine Pang, Nanyang Technological University • The literature has constantly emphasized consistent messaging and reinforcement of messages by organizations managing crisis. What remains unclear is the effects of over-emphasis and over-exposure of messages to the audience. The authors have developed a model called the Crisis Message Processing Model to understand how audience process crisis messages. This study, the first of a series of empirical tests, examines the interactions among message intensity, repetition and threat perceptions. Findings showed rigor of the model (75 words, as requested by PR division). • Exploring Citizen-Government Relationships: A Study of Effective Relationship Strategies with South Korean Citizens during a crisis • Hanna Park, University of Florida; Linda Hon, University of Florida • This study explored the citizen-government relationships (CGRs) in South Korea during a crisis, mass protests in 2008 against the U.S. beef import. Associations among relationship maintenance strategies (RMSs), CGRs and publics' support for the government and president were investigated. For this study, 200 online community users participated in online survey. Results showed that respondents perceived the government's RMSs as asymmetrical and CGRs as negative. RMSs were positively correlated with CGRs and support for the government. • Identifying the Synergy Between Corporate Social Responsibility • Hyojung Park, University of Missouri, School of Journalism; Bryan Reber, University of Georgia • Using a two-step approach to structural equation modeling, this study examined how different types of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives are associated with relational satisfaction, trust, company evaluation, and behavioral intentions. The results revealed that trust was positively influenced by economic, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities, while satisfaction was positively influenced only by economic responsibilities. Additionally, CSR performances appeared to positively affect company evaluation and behavioral intentions (purchase, employment, and investment) through trust and satisfaction. • Talking Health Care Reform: The Influence of Issue-Specific Communication on Political Organization-Public Relationships and Attitudes • Trent Seltzer, Texas Tech University; Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University • A survey of US citizens (n = 420) was conducted to examine the influence of strategic communication regarding health care reform on perceptions of organization-public relationships (OPRs) with political parties. Results indicate that issue-specific strategic communication - and dialogic communication in particular - not only enhanced perceptions of the OPR with the sponsoring political party, but also destabilized relationships with the opposition party. Positive perceptions of political OPRs resulted in favorable attitudes toward parties and the issue. • Organization-Employee Relationship Maintenance Strategies: A New Measuring Instrument • Hongmei Shen, San Diego State University • The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to develop a valid and reliable new instrument to measure relationship maintenance strategies in the context of organization-employee relationships, and 2) to explore how organizations build relationships with internal publics. A focus group (N = 10) and an online survey were administered (N = 583). Statistical tests established the validity and reliability of a six-factor 20-item instrument for relationship maintenance strategies. It was also found that organizations utilized openness, assurances of legitimacy, networking, and compromising to a larger extent than distributive negotiation and avoiding to build relationships with their employees. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Hope for Haiti: An Analysis of Facebook and Twitter Usage during the Earthquake Relief Efforts • Sidharth Muralidharan, Univ. of Southern Mississippi; Leslie Rasmussen, Univ. of Southern Mississippi; Daniel Patterson, Univ. of Southern Mississippi; Jae-Hwa Shin, Univ. of Southern Mississippi • The Haitian earthquake devastated the small island of Hispaniola, leaving thousands dead and billions of dollars of property damage. The earthquake also represented a watershed in the use of social media usage by nonprofit and media organizations to inform, communicate and mobilize support from the general public and orchestrate disaster relief efforts. By implementing applying the theory of framing to posts and tweets of nonprofits and media organizations, the authors found that morality and responsibility were the dominant message frames for nonprofits and conflict was the dominate frame for media; both used frames that were episodic in nature; and positive emotions were the dominant frame for nonprofits while media focused on negative emotions. Nonprofits and media used information dissemination and disclosure effectively but were not as effective with involvement strategies, implying a less interactive and more of a one-way communication. • Has the use of online media rooms to create a dialogue with journalists changed in global corporations? Comparing 2004 to 2009. • Dustin Supa, Ball State University; Lynn Zoch, Radford University • This study examines whether the top 50 global corporations in 2004 established dialogic communication with the media through their use of online media rooms and, using the same methods, compares those findings to the same corporations in 2009. The authors have determined that while progress toward increased dialogic communication was realized in some areas, in other ways, there was little or no improvement. In fact the online media room in 2009 was less likely to contain some of the features that were found in 2004. • How Emergencies Have Affected the Interaction of Journalists/Sources: Message Development in the Terror Age • Christopher Swindell, Marshall University • In a terror attack or other emergency, journalists and sources (often public relations practitioners) may bring the misperceptions they hold about the other group to bear in the interaction. This study uses survey research to highlight differences in message strategy and importance that the two groups have about a hypothetical terror attack. The researcher questioned 150 working journalists and official sources using coorientation to assess subtle differences in their beliefs about the work of the other. Using ANOVA and post hoc t-tests, the researcher found journalists and sources disagree, are incongruent, and most importantly, are inaccurate in their perceptions about message speed, accuracy and panic potential. Public relations best practices advocate forthrightness and candor with the news media. The current study found many journalists suspicious of practitioners and vice versa regarding the most critical elements of emergency messages. The paper suggests both groups should better appreciate the role of the other, especially in an emergency or terror attack where life and limb may be at stake. • The Possibilities and Realities of Studying Intersectionality in Public Relations Jennifer Vardeman-Winter, University of Houston; Natalie Tindall, Georgia State University; Hua Jiang, Towson University • Intersectionality refers to multiple, interdependent identities that simultaneously impact groups. This paper introduces intersectionality to public relations so researchers and practitioners can to better understand the contexts of organizational-public communication relationships. Theories of power, identity, and intersectionality in public relations are reviewed. Emphasis is put on dissecting the complications of studying intersectionality and ways previous researchers have explored it. The study design for an intersectional analysis of publics is discussed. • Indeed, It Does Depend: Examining Public Relations Leaders through the Lens of the Contingency Theory of Leadership • Richard Waters, North Carolina State University • Contrary to other leadership theories, the contingency theory of leadership argues that anyone has the potential to lead depending on situational variables. Through a survey of 11 PRSA chapters and 9 state/local public relations associations (n = 539), this study found that the contingency theory of leadership describes and predicts public relations behavior (role enactment and relationship cultivation behaviors) satisfactorily. Implications for practice and theory development are discussed. • It's Not a Small World After All: Using Stewardship in a Theme Park's Daily Operations Richard Waters, North Carolina State University • Through the use of participant-observation research, this manuscript attempts to encourage relationship management scholars to explore Kelly's (2001) conceptualization of stewardship as viable strategies for creating relationships centered on trusting behaviors. Though often equated with fundraising, the four stewardship strategies—reciprocity, responsibility, reporting, and relationship nurturing—were found to play a significant role in how managers and human resources officials strengthened relationships with employees at Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park. With numerous examples of their utilization in a specialization far removed from fundraising, the study challenges the traditional approach scholars have taken to understand cultivation activities in the organization-public relationship. • Ethical Considerations in Social Media Usage -- a Content Analysis of Silver Anvil Winners Patricia Whalen, Faculty; Sylwia Makarewicz, recently graduated master's student Focusing on ethical practices in social media and relationship theory, this descriptive study uses content analysis to document usage of social media and ethical/reputational terms among recent PRSA Silver Anvil winners. The study found that a slim majority used social media, but, especially in consumer goods firms, the technology was more likely to be used as a message dissemination tool than an intent to build trust and develop more credible relationships with key constituencies. • Translating Science for the Public: Predictors of PIOs' Roles in the Knowledge Transfer Process • Judith White, University of New Mexico • Public information officers (PIOs) link knowledge transfer between researchers and journalists. Orientation toward science/health/technology knowledge is important to PIOs' choices of education, training, and occupational experience. This study constructs an index to measure science/health/technology orientation (SHTO) from an Internet survey of a random sample of PIOs. This study shows SHTO index to be a statistically significant predictor for variety of story topics covered but not of number of scientist sources used in information subsidies. • A study of PR practitioners' use of social media in crisis planning • Shelley Wigley, University of Texas at Arlington; Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University • A survey exploring social media and crisis planning was conducted with 251 members of the Public Relations Society of America. Nearly half of respondents (48%) said they have incorporated social media into their crisis plans. Of these respondents, most indicated they have incorporated Twitter as a tool in their crisis planning, primarily for distribution purposes. Additionally, the study found that public relations professionals whose organizations rely more heavily on social media tools in their crisis planning correlated positively with practitioners' greater confidence in their organization's ability to handle a crisis. As for practitioners' use of social media in their every day practice, results revealed that a large percentage use social media on a personal level; however, results also indicated that a large percentage of respondents' organizations (82%) use social media. Survey respondents indicated that the stakeholders they communicate with most via social media are potential customers and clients (71%), followed by news media (61%). • Telling your own bad news: A test of the stealing thunder strategy • Shelley Wigley, University of Texas at Arlington • This study explored the concept of stealing thunder, or telling your own bad news, by conducting a content analysis of newspaper coverage following two political scandals - one in which a source stole thunder from reporters and one in which the source engaged in silence and allowed the media to break the story. Results showed no association between stealing thunder and the number of articles or length of article. However, stealing thunder was associated with more positively framed stories and fewer negative media frames. • A Longitudinal Analysis of Changes in New Communications Media Use by Public Relations Practitioners: A Two-Year Trend Study • Don Wright, Boston University; Michelle Hinson, Institute for Public Relations, University of Florida • This two-year trend study of a large number of public relations practitioners (n=1,137; n=574 in 2009; n=563 in 2010) found new communications media have a huge impact on public relations practice. This study found social networking site Facebook to be ranked as the most important of these new media for public relations messages in 2010, replacing search engine marketing that ranked first in 2009. Micro-blogging site Twitter was the next most frequently used new media site in 2010 followed by social networking site LinkedIn and video sharing outlet YouTube. The overall use of social networking, micro-blogging and video sharing websites in public relations practice increased dramatically between 2009 and 2010. The use of blogs, search engine marketing and electronic forums or message boards remained relatively constant while the importance of podcasts decreased slightly. This study found huge some large gaps existed between how new communications media actually are being used and how much public relations people think they should be used. This study also measured the frequency of personal use by public relations practitioners of traditional news media and new communications media and found that although most who practice public relations get their news from newspapers followed by magazines, television news and radio news, the use of micro-blogging sites such as Twitter, social networks such as Facebook and video sharing sites such as YouTube made dramatic increases between 2009 and 2010. Student When did transparency appear in PR and what does it mean? A historical analysis of the word and its contexts. • Giselle A. Auger, University of Florida • Since 1990 the word transparency has increasingly been found in discussions of financial accountability, government culpability, crisis communication, and corporate social responsibility. The purpose of this study was to examine the adoption of transparency into the public relations literature, its contexts and meanings. Through a historical review of the use of the word transparency, and a content analysis of the word within the public relations literature, the adequacy of existing definitions are evaluated. The Impact of Industy on the Crisis Situation: Applying Consensus to the SCCT Model • Kenon Brown, The University of Alabama • The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of an industry's crisis history on a member organization's crisis situation by exploring the concept of consensus and its impact on the Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) model. The study uses a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment to test the impact of industry crisis history and its interaction effects with crisis history and relationship history during the reporting of a fictitious product recall. Results found that industry crisis history had no effect on crisis responsibility or organizational reputation. Roles of nonprofit organizations as social oil: How local nonprofit organizations help multinational corporations build social capital in host countries • Moonhee Cho, University of Florida • Emphasizing the importance of social capital, the purpose of the paper is threefold: 1) to explicate social capital as the resources that determine the business success or failure of multinational corporations (MNCs), 2) to discuss the role of nonprofit organizations as boundary spanners in the relationship between MNCs and community members, and 3) to propose a model that demonstrates how local nonprofit organizations build social capital of MNCs vis-à-vis community members as well as provide propositions in formation of social capital. In doing so, the paper provides a framework of the relationships among three sectors of society: private, nonprofit, and community, for developing democracy in a pluralist society. When tourists are your friends: An exploratory examination of brand personality in discussions about Mexico and Brazil on Facebook • Maria DeMoya, University of Florida; Rajul Jain, University of Florida • Using Aaker's (1997) brand personality framework, this study explores how two top international tourist destinations -Mexico and Brazil— communicate their brand personalities on their Facebook pages and which personalities their followers associate with them. Specifically, this research explores if these destinations' public relations efforts are succeeding in communicating the brand image of their countries by promoting them online on one of the most popular social media outlets. Text Haiti to 90999: The future of relationship fundraising for a nonprofit organization. • Terri Denard, University of Alabama • The relief campaign following the 2010 Haiti earthquake yielded unprecedented text-message donations. This study examines the relief campaign to learn whether its initial success can yield deeper relationships or provide a blueprint for similar campaigns. The study found the text channel reached younger and first-time donors, 10% of whom opted-in to receive future communications. However, donations dissipated after the initial rush, underscoring the importance of cultivating new relationships through traditional and emerging channels. The Situational Theory of Publics: Youth Civic Engagement • Jarim Kim, University of Maryland • This study addresses how the youth become active in the political processes. Research question guiding this study is why and how did youth come to be an active public in the 2008 Obama campaign? Using ten in-depth qualitative interviews with college students this study looked at how and why they became actively engaged in the political process. The situational theory of publics was employed as a framework to examine their active participation. Findings indicate that an active public engaged in Obama campaign satisfied all of the three variables of the theory. This study also found the antecedent factors of the STP that influenced their communicative behaviors. This study advances the understanding of the active publics in the political communication context as well as elaborating independent variables of the STP. Does going green really matter to publics? The effects of environmental corporate social responsibility (CSR), price, and firm size in the food service industry on public responses • Yeonsoo Kim, University of Florida • This study examined the different effects of pro-active environmental CSR and passive CSR practices on attitudes toward the company, intent to seek information on and communicate the company's CSR to others, and intent to pay incentives. How price of products/service, consumers' environmental concern, and corporate size interact with those effects was tested. Proactive environmental programs led to more positive publics' responses. Subjects wanted to find information on and talk about CSR programs the most when companies with proactive CSR provided cheap products. When small companies had proactive environmental CSR programs, participants showed favorable attitudes and stronger intent to pay more regardless of price. Conversely, in the case of passive CSR, participants showed better reactions only when the price was cheap. Environmentally conscious consumers showed more sensitive reactions toward the CSR practices in general. Return to Public Diplomacy: A Review of the Published Work • Anna Klyueva, University of Oklahoma • Reinvigorated interest toward public diplomacy in the aftermath of 9/11 facilitated the growth of research in the field. This study analyzes peer-reviewed articles published from 1989 to 2010 from two relevant disciplines: communication and political science. The objectives of the study were to determine the concepts that have emerged, grown, or diminished within the past two decades in the field of public diplomacy; to report the types of research methods that have been most commonly employed; and to compare and contrast the similarities and differences in scholarly discussions on public diplomacy between communication and political science. Power-control or empowerment? How women public relations practitioners make meaning of power. • Katie Place, University of Maryland • The purpose of this study was to examine qualitatively how women public relations practitioners make meaning power. Literature regarding power-control theory, gender and power and empowerment contributed to this study. From the literature, one research questions was posed: How do women public relations practitioners make meaning of power? To best illustrate and describe how women public relations practitioners experience the phenomena of power, the researcher incorporated a qualitative research method which utilized 45 in-depth, semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with women public relations practitioners guided by an interview protocol. A grounded theory approach (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) was used to analyze the data. From the data arose several themes regarding gender and power. Results suggested that women practitioners made meaning of power as a function of influence, a function of relationships, knowledge and information, access, results-based credibility and empowerment. The data extend our understanding of practitioner power, power-control theory and empowerment in public relations. Power in public relations exists in various forms and empowerment serves as an alternative meaning making model of power. Explicating Cynicism toward Corporate Social Responsibility: Causes and Communication Approaches • Hyejoon Rim, University of Florida • This study attempts to explicate the concept of cynicism in the context of corporate social responsibility, focusing more on the causes rather than its consequences. As corporate social responsibility has become increasingly popular in business, it has become more important to determine how to best communicate such initiatives with the public in this cynical age. Grounded on psychology, marketing, and business literature, this research intends to outline potential antecedents of cynicism on the situational and individual levels. At the situational factors, industry environment, organizational reputation, salience of promotion, and goodness of fit are identified. At the individual level, external locus of control and ethical ideologies are suggested as dominant sources of cynicism. Implications for strategic corporate social responsibility management and communication, as well as further research are discussed. Legitimacy 2.0: Possible Research Avenues for Corporate Reputation in the Digital Age • Joy Rodgers, University of Florida • Among the challenges facing public relations practitioners in the new collaborative, interactive, and non-hierarchical digital arena is the management of corporate identity and reputation. This study examines the concept of legitimacy as it relates to reputation in order to contribute to the term's theoretical foundation in the online realm and suggests some potential avenues for research to inform the practice of public relations reputation management in a digital information society. Legitimation in Activist Issues Management: Congressional Testimony of the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) • Erich Sommerfeldt, University of Oklahoma • This study investigated the rhetorical legitimation efforts of ACT UP, an activist group whose extreme tactics have been characterized as illegitimate. Through rhetorical analysis of the Congressional testimony of five ACT UP representatives from 1988 to 1992, the study determined how ACT UP representatives attempted to bolster legitimacy for themselves as issue managers, for their issues, and policy recommendations as they attempted to participate in shaping public policy on AIDS issues. The Role of Social Capital in Public Relations' Efficacy: How Internal Networks Influence External Practice • Erich Sommerfeldt, University of Oklahoma • This paper argues that public relations can be used as a force to enhance collective social capital, but only when a public relations unit has access to or reserves of social capital themselves. The paper introduces a case of a government agency in Jordan, and presents findings from a network analysis study that shows the public relations unit(s) to be deficient in social capital and thereby unable to affect its creation within or without the organization. The impact of online comments on attitude toward an organization based on individual's prior attitude • Kang Hoon Sung, University of Florida • This study is a 3 (Prior attitude) by 4 (Type of online comments) factorial design experiment that tests effects of online comments on attitude toward an organization based on individual's prior attitude. The results showed that online comments have a significant effect on people's attitude. Especially, people with prior neutral attitude were affected the most. For people with prior negative attitude, two-sided comments were most effective. Usability was the most influential factor in changing attitude. Framing Breast Cancer: Building an Agenda through Online Advocacy and Fundraising • Brooke Weberling, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Using qualitative content analysis, this study employs agenda building and framing to examine e-mail messages from Susan G. Komen for the Cure and Komen Advocacy Alliance to determine strategies for communicating about breast cancer and inspiring involvement in the nonprofit organizations' advocacy and fundraising efforts. Three types of messages, nine frames and various tactics emerged among the 50 messages (sent during one year). Theoretical implications and applications for public relations and fundraising professionals are discussed. Teaching Meeting the needs of the practice: An evaluation of the public relations curricula • Moonhee Cho, University of Florida; Giselle A. Auger, University of Florida • Considering that much of the academic literature focused on the practice of public relations, and that there appeared to be consensus between educators and practitioners about the skills necessary for entry to the field, the researchers questioned whether in fact public relations courses and programs within higher education were adequately preparing students for placement in an entry-level position or providing skills that would aid in advancing to higher level positions. To this end, researchers conducted two content analyses, first on courses offered at the college or university level, and secondly, on current job descriptions for public relations positions. Results indicated that the public relations curricula is generally meeting the needs of the practice; however the demand for knowledge and skills in social and emerging or new media by potential employers far exceeds the frequency with which such subjects are addressed in the public relations curricula. Big Chief Tablets and Sharpened Pencils: Helping PR Practitioners Transition from Practice to Classroom • Barbara DeSanto, Maryville University of Saint Louis; Susan Gonders, Southeast Missouri State University • The first stage of Super's (1990) theory of adult career development, exploration, combined with Tierney's (1997) analysis of universities' culture and socialization processes provides two perspectives to apply to a current information workshop offered as an educational tool to public relations practitioners thinking about becoming involved in academia. Using this theoretical framework allows workshop participants and workshop providers ways of understanding the process and stresses of career change decisions from each other's perspective. The RFP Solution: One Response to Client/Service Learner Issues • Cathy Rogers, Loyola University New Orleans; Valerie Andrews, Loyola University New Orleans • Public relations programs have adopted service learning as standard practice, particularly by incorporating real client work to maximize student learning. While the literature documents the widespread use of real clients and service learning as an exemplary teaching method, little has been written about the instructor/client relationship, other than to note the difficulties of dealing with clients, including unrealistic expectations, inadequate communication, lack of respect for students as professionals, and commitment to the project. This paper reviews one university's creation and implementation of a formal request-for-proposal (RFP) process to match community partners with mass communication course projects. The paper reviews the process and results of focus groups conducted to create the RFP process and examines two phases of the RFP implementation. This case study shows how an RFP disseminated to local nonprofits can minimize unrealistic professor and client expectations and maximize student learning and client satisfaction. Pre-Professional Attitudes and Identities: The Socialization of Journalism and Public Relations Majors • Bey-Ling Sha, San Diego State University; Amy Weiss, San Diego State University • Relationships between journalists and public relations practitioners tend to be uneasy, if not antagonistic. The purpose of this study was to explore the possible origins of this complex relationship by examining the socialization of journalism and public relations college majors. The findings indicate that, although pre-professional journalists and public relations practitioners have some diverging perspectives on both their counterparts and their respective professional identities, these differences may not be as significant as they first seem. Service-Learning in the Public Relations Classroom: An Experiential Approach to Improving Students' Critical-Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills • Brenda Wilson, Tennessee Technological University • A study of students in a public relations course showed support for a service-learning instructional model enhancing critical thinking and problem solving and reducing rote memorization. Data were collected from 40 undergraduates in a pretest/posttest design and showed significance on 11 of 19 critical-thinking and problem-solving items. Students said they would recommend the course to others, worked harder in it than in most courses, and were satisfied with their expected grade. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1520 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/religion-and-media-interest-group-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 19:56:07 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1524 An Inquiry into the Alleged Plagiarism of a Former NBA All-Star • William Alnor, California State University, East Bay • Did evangelical radio talk show host Hendrick Hank Hanegraaff plagiarized text and images from former National Basketball Hall of Fame player Jerry Lucas's work in the late 1980s? The works in question are Lucas' book Ready, Set, Remember (White's Creek, TN: Memory Press, 1978) and Hanegraaff's later book States and Capitals (Atlanta: Memory Dynamics, 1987). This paper put the question of plagiarism to a panel of plagiarism experts who were shown eleven examples of text and images from the books. The results were inconclusive as four respondents said no, three said yes, and three were not sure. This case shows the difficulties with detecting plagiarism using limited text and images. Contemporary Christian Radio Web Sites: A Uses and Gratifications Study • Joshua Bentley, Oklahoma State University • This study explored the uses and gratifications of Contemporary Christian radio station Web sites using an online survey of 351 people. The most frequently used Web site features related to seeking information, or listening online. Factor analysis revealed three underlying gratification factors: Christian Entertainment, Lifestyle Management, and Information Seeking. The Information Seeking factor had the highest level of agreement from respondents. The Role of the Church in the Political Process: The Saddleback Civil Forum of 2008 • Andrew Carlson, Ohio University • Religion and the church have a new role in the American political process, illustrated by the influence of the evangelical mega church in the 2008 presidential elections. In August 2008, Rick Warren interviewed the presumptive presidential nominees from the Democratic and Republican parties in the Saddleback Civil Forum. Connecting to issues of liberal pragmatic discourse suggested by DePalma, Ringer, and Webber (2008) this paper analyzes questions posed by Warren and answers of the candidates, suggesting that while the stated purpose of the event was to change the tone of dialogue in American political discourse, Warren's focus on religious and moral issues at the expense of issues of broader social topics suggests that the event served to elevate the position of the church in political discourse. The corresponding marginalization of other (non)faiths ultimately constricts dialogue and weakens the democratic process. Searching for Connectedness, Belonging, and Economic Security: New Media and Islamic Identity in the Lives of Central Asian Youth • Hans Ibold, Indiana University • This paper explores the role of the Internet in the development of Islamic beliefs and practices in the everyday lives of a group of Muslim youth in Central Asia. The discussion is based on findings from a five-week rapid ethnography conducted in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan in spring 2008. The study was designed to explore connections between identity, media use, and citizenship in the lives of Kyrgyz youth. Findings show how new cultural identities are being structured with, in, and around these networked media, indicating that Islam in Kyrgyzstan is dynamic and not closed off to cross cultural flows of information and ideas. Tapping online resources, Kyrgyz youth seem to be seeking some of the same things that they and their families have sought from Islam over time—community, connectedness, belonging, and economic security. An Interactive and Hermeneutic Exploration of American Public Media's Speaking of Faith Program • Dennis Jeffers, Central Michigan University • American Public Media's weekly radio program Speaking of Faith provides audiences with conversations about religion, meaning, ethics, and ideas. This paper reports on a study using NVivo qualitative content analytic software to examine the program's content, context and outcomes. In addition to drawing descriptive conclusions about these variables, this paper concludes that it is reasonable to assume that Speaking of Faith contributes to an authentic discussion of religion in the 21st century. Progressive Culture?: The Portrayal of Women in Contemporary Christian Magazines • Davis Kimberly, University of Maryland • This study examined the portrayal of women in a modern, faith-based publication, Relevant magazine. Through a comparison of recent issues of Relevant to issues of Christianity Today from roughly 20 years ago using a feminist and culturalist theoretical lens, the study found that women appeared in both magazines in terms of their sexuality, promiscuity, relationships with men and children, and rarely as spiritual leaders. Media Representation of Shiite Muslim Mourning Rituals • Aisha Mohammed, Ohio University; Yusuf Kalyango, Ohio University • This study compares how two international news agencies, the Associated Press and Reuters, visually portray Shii Muslim mourning rituals in five countries: Afghanistan, India, Iraq, Lebanon and Pakistan. The portrayal of unfamiliar cultures and religions to global audiences by those two major news sources remains an understudied area, especially as audiences increasingly turn to online news websites for news and other international events. Using critical discourse analysis, the study is based on 204 photographs taken between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2009. The study found that coverage by the two news agencies overlooked nuanced readings of the rituals, and contributed to the misconception of Ashura as male-only rituals centered on penitence. The AP and Reuters also ignored how Ashura has evolved in response to specific sociopolitical and economic conditions in various countries like Afghanistan, Iraq and India. The significance and implications of this analysis are discussed in detail. One of the Most Crying Needs of the Present Time: The Call for a Christian Daily Newspaper • Ronald Rodgers, University of Florida • The study is a historical examination of the decades-long call for a Christian daily newspaper. In explicating this broadly felt desire, this study unpacks the tension between the sacred and the secular, revealing the efforts of religion - as it recognized the growing power of the press - to confirm journalists as moral agents who would reconnect facts with values and to hinge the notion of social responsibility to the news ethic of daily journalism. Virtual Angels, Temples, and Religious Worship: A Journey with the Mormons in Second Life • David Scott, Utah Valley University • In this paper, I examine the role of religious iconography and images in a Mormon neighborhood in Second Life—a user-created virtual world. I find that this location encourages an authentic Mormon experience by recreating a sense of locale through the use of iconic LDS buildings and art. Furthermore, the persuasiveness of religious images is enhanced by their association with particular Mormon doctrines. Howeversometimes these virtual images appear merely as window dressing accompanying a particular doctrinal statement. When this happens, they detract, rather than enhance, the religious message. Popular Music Genre and Accessibility of Listeners' Self-Concept of Religiosity • Mark Shevy, Northern Michigan University • This study investigates the effect of popular music genre, an element in many religious and non-religious messages, on the activation of religion-based selective perception. An online experiment showed that exposure to country music (no lyrics) causes evaluations to become correlated with listeners' level of religiosity, whereas exposure to hip-hop does not. Religious self-construct priming and concept relevance are discussed. The Effects of Media Use on Religious People's Perceptions of Politics and Science • Billy Collins, Baylor University; Zhenge Zhang, Baylor University; Amanda Sturgill, Baylor University • Although the relationship between religion and politics is an oft-researched phenomenon by communication and political scientists alike, the relationship between religion and the scientific community has drawn less interest from scholars. While these relationships appear to be the questions of separate studies, the mass media have been shown to play a mediating role between religion and the other two enterprises. Using data gained from the 2006 wave of the NORC General Social Survey (GSS), this study discusses the relationships between religion and science when media are introduced as a mediating factor. Analysis suggests that in some cases, the media does moderate the view of science for audience members with strong religious beliefs. Watching Movies in the Name of the Lord: Thoughts on Analyzing Christian Film Criticism • Jim Trammell, High Point University • Religious faith plays a key role in how we use and interpret media. For instance, some Christians believe that their faith compels them to avoid mainstream media, while others eagerly embrace mainstream media in their worship. Such examples of how persons of different Christian beliefs use and interpret media differently are legion, but exploring the common dominant themes among them can reveal much about how religion influences how we use and interpret media. Christian film criticism is uniquely suited to address these similarities among these otherwise diverse, ideologically competing viewers. Relying on a textual analysis of the film reviews of two ideologically opposing Christian movie critics--Movieguide and Jeffrey Overstreet--this manuscript analyzes the similarities in their approaches to Christian film criticism in order to better understand how religious faith in general, and Christian faiths in particular, influence the use and interpretation of media. It identifies three main themes of Christian criticism—that is, affirming the affective power of movies, exploring movie going as an exercise in understanding worldviews, and addressing the standards of production excellence—and posits that Christian media criticism in general acknowledges movie-going as a transformative experience. Do denominations talk with us or at us?: A content analysis of U.S. denominational websites • John Wirtz, Texas Tech University; Philip Poe, Texas Tech University; Prisca Ngondo, Texas Tech University • This study analyzes religious denominations' Web sites using two-way symmetrical communication and dialogic theory. A census of 83 denominations, all of which are affiliated with the National Council of Churches or the National Association of Evangelicals, were included in the study. The main Web site for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, was also included. Results indicated considerable evidence of dialogue, usefulness, attempts to drive return traffic, and examples of relationship building. However, many denominations' Web sites lacked truly interactive feedback mechanisms, such as allowing visitors to comment directly on blogs or discussion forums, and therefore failed to complete the dialogic loop. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1524 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/radio-television-journalism-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 19:58:25 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1527 Interdependence and adoption: The application of critical mass theory to diffusion of non-linear editing • Tim Brown, University of Central Florida; Heidi D. Campbell, University of South Carolina; August E. Grant, University of South Carolina; Harvie Nachlinger, University of South Carolina • This paper applies critical-mass and collective-action theory to the adoption of non-linear video editing by communications programs and television stations. The results of two surveys provide evidence of an accelerating production function of adoption by television stations while the adoption pattern in academia exhibits a decelerating production function. Post-hoc hypotheses suggested by collective action theory suggest that the external forces and interdependence between stations and communications programs (stations hire communications programs graduates) inhibited later-stage adoption by colleges preventing the academy from being a true innovator. Finally, the implications of these interdependent processes suggested by collective action theory are discussed. Third-person perception and myths about crime and victims of crime • John Chapin, Pennsylvania State University • The study extends the third-person perception (TPP) literature by documenting the phenomenon within the context of news coverage of crime, and by establishing a relationship between TPP and myths or misperceptions about crime. Results of a community sample (N = 340) indicate that TPP is predicted by perceived importance of the topic and belief in myths, but not by experience with crime, age, race, or gender. What Was the Murrow Tradition? A Case for Supplementing Historical Research with Content Analysis • Raluca Cozma, Iowa State University • This study content analyzes a representative sample of world news roundups from the golden age of foreign correspondence at CBS Radio in order to better understand what the so-called Murrow tradition was in quantitative terms. As the results don't seem to match the glorified image we have about that era, this study makes a case for supplementing historical research with content analysis in order to better understand the history and evolution of foreign news. New Media Skills Competency Expected of TV Reporters and Producers: A Survey • Michael Cremedas, S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University; Suzanne Lysak, S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University This study examined the current state of online news production at local television stations—what is being produced and who is producing it—and what emphasis news directors place on new media skills when making hiring decisions. Armed with a picture of how today's TV newsrooms are attempting to meet the demand for Web content, broadcast journalism educators can more efficiently establish a proper balance between traditional classroom instruction and training in new media. Domestic Terrorism on the Nightly News • Ruth DeFoster, University of Minnesota • This study examines coverage of domestic terror attacks in the United States on evening network news broadcasts, analyzing both the extent of coverage and differences in coverage—including the presence of the term terrorism—between attacks perpetrated by culprits identified by different ethnic, racial, and religious descriptors. Analysis of 394 stories (42 events) found a significant association between the use of the word terrorism and the identification of culprits as Muslim (x2 = 25.026, df = 1, p < .0001). Audience Preferences in Determining Quality News Production of Backpack Journalism • Charlie Gee, Duquesne University • This study explores preferences by younger news audiences of backpack journalism in local television news. Local television news has to compete with Internet and other media to attract viewers. The focus of the study centered around technology's influence on television newsgathering techniques and if the techniques delineated the quality of journalistic presentation and is theoretically based on uses and gratifications. News Source Perceptions of Accuracy for Newspaper & Television Websites • Darrell Blair, University of Tennessee; Mark Harmon, University of Tennessee • In a pilot study, researchers tested perceptions of accuracy by news sources utilizing a conventional research methodology adapted to sample online news websites. Findings mirror several aspects of existing accuracy research. In general reporter error is often cited as a reason for factual inconsistencies or misrepresentations of facts within news stories and subjective errors are more prevalent than are objective errors. Researchers provide recommendations for future accuracy research. Bridging the Gap between Students and Veteran Journalists: Promising Practices for Journalism Educators • Sarah Holtan, Concordia University Wisconsin • This study examined television journalists regarding their perceptions of on-the-job success and the role of prior education. The findings show success is in all levels, it is relative to age, and is never-ending. Success means moving forward, being factually accurate, having a positive impact as a professional, and avoiding preventable on-air mistakes. The informants found value in learning about ethics and news judgment in college but felt overwhelmed by the practical aspects of their jobs. Social Identity and Convergence: News Faculty and Student Perspectives on Web, Print, and Broadcast Skills • Glenn Hubbard, The University of Texas at Arlington; Elizabeth Crawford, NDSU; Vincent Filak, UW-Oshkosh • National survey of 342 mass communication students and faculty (n=342) assessed the relationship between social identity with given mass communication disciplines (print, broadcast, advertising, and public relations) and preferences for the teaching of broadcast, print, or web-oriented skills. Findings indicate that broadcasting students and faculty who identify highly as broadcasters are less open to the teaching of cross-platform skills than others in the sample. Also, among all mass communication student and faculty participants, there was a negative relationship between the strength of preference for the teaching of traditional print or broadcast skills and the teaching of web-related skills. This negative relationship was strongest among those in broadcasting, indicating that intergroup bias is stronger among broadcasters than others in mass media programs, and possibly suggesting that broadcasters are less open to convergence than other mass communication students and faculty. There were no significant differences between students and faculty in terms of print or broadcast skills preferences, but students ranked the teaching of all mass communication skills more highly than faculty. Motivations and Attitudes toward Crime News as Predictors of Risk Perception • Eun Hwa Jung, University of Florida • This study investigated the factors influencing risk perception through crime news on television. To gain insights into the issue, the study considered motivations for watching television news and attitudes toward crime news as predictors of risk perception. However, only frequency of watching crime news was found to positively influence risk perception. The findings contribute to greater understanding of television news audiences and the effect that crime news on television has on audiences' perceptions of risk. Operationalizing the dimensions of current events: Two pilot studies • Jack Karlis, University of South Carolina; August E. Grant, University of South Carolina • Journalism faculty has long used current events tests as a tool to help journalism students develop the habit of consuming news. A number of previous studies have examined the relationship between consumption of specific media and college students' current events knowledge. However, the literature on current events knowledge is limited compared to other aspects of mass communication curriculum, and a notable weakness in most of these studies is a failure to provide a specific, operational definition of current events. This paper explores the use and previous operationalizations of current events tests and reports the results from two exploratory studies designed to investigate the perceived importance of current events subject matter and move towards an operational definition of current events testing in mass communications curriculum. Ten dimensions of current events are operationalized, and differences in knowledge and importance of these dimensions by sex are investigated. Differing Uses of YouTube During the 2008 U.S. Presidential Primary Election • Gary Hanson, Kent State University; Paul Haridakis, Kent State University; Rekha Sharma, Kent State University • In this study we explored YouTube use during the 2008 U.S. presidential primaries. Specifically, we identified people's motives for using the site and described the types of videos people viewed and shared. Results indicated participants used YouTube predominantly for habitual entertainment and information seeking purposes. But there was a strong relationship between political surveillance motivation and watching news, political ads, direct-to-camera videos, and campaign ads, suggesting YouTube could be a significant medium in future elections. Tweeting the news: Broadcast stations' use of Twitter • Jessica Smith, Texas Tech University; Stephanie Miles, Texas Tech University; Jillian Lellis, Texas Tech University • This pilot study offers a picture of basic characteristics of Twitter posts by television broadcast stations. A content analysis examined a sample of 8,566 tweets selected from 117 stations in one month. Most tweets included hyperlinks to additional content, and most lacked source attribution for the information they offered. Tweets about crime and law enforcement, miscellaneous content, government and politics, and accidents or disasters were the most common topics, composing more than 56% of the sample. Finally, few tweets included Twitter-specific functions that link topics and users in online conversation. The Evolving Frame: NBC's Coverage of The U.S. Presidents' Visits to China, 1989-2009 • Boya Xu, West Virginia University • This study analyzes NBC's coverage of the U.S. President's visits to China from 1989 through 2009, and investigates the evolving characteristics of media framing over time. By examining the changes of primary target, content orientation, and tone in news reporting in different time periods, using quantitative content analysis, it is concluded that journalistic ideology in the newsroom played an important role in news making, while the media interpretation of international communication is applied within the context of foreign policies and bilateral relations. Marketing Sensationalism: A Comparison of Television News in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan • Shuhua Zhou, University of Alabama; Trisha Lin, Nanyang Technological University; Cui Zhang, the University of Alabama • Examining the prominence of sensational content, features and storytelling in news reports, this comparative study investigated news sensationalism in commercial and state-owned Chinese television news. For the selected cases (CCTV from mainland China, TVB Hong Kong, TTV and TVBS from Taiwan), 1,132 news stories from 56 main evening newscasts in the fall of 2007 were content analyzed. Three sets of variables, sensational topics, tabloid packaging and vivid story-telling techniques, were used to measure dramatic elements in news stories. The findings partially supported the contention that the more competitive TV newscasters (Hong Kong's TVB and Taiwan's TVBS) have more sensational topics, tabloid packaging, and vivid storytelling techniques than the state-owned CCTV of China and Taiwan's TTV. Implications of these findings on Chinese television news were discussed. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1527 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/scholastic-journalism-division-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 20:22:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1542 Let's Go Crazy: Teaching Cultural Literacy Through Remix • xtine burrough, cal state fullerton; Emily Erickson, cal state fullerton • This paper suggests how educators can guide coordination norms for creating user-generated content (UGC) with a rich knowledge of fair use. An outline of UGC challenges to fair use, and a history of the technology that paved the way for a participatory culture provide background information for this activity. Students study the fair use doctrine as applied to the Lenz v. Universal case, and create a remix of Lenz's original video for YouTube. Disruption and Innovation: Online Learning and Degrees at Accredited Journalism Schools and Programs • Laura Castaneda, USC -- Annenberg • This study examined online journalism courses and degrees at the 113 ACEJMC-accredited programs in 2008-09. A Web survey, which garnered a 72 percent response rate, and interviews with faculty members and administrators, found that 13 percent of programs now offer or plan to offer online degrees. Viewed through innovation theories, these and other results suggest that online journalism programs and courses are growing, and early innovators could carve out new markets of non-traditional students. Tinkering with Student Expression: The Schoolhouse Gate Becomes a Revolving Door • Thomas Eveslage, Temple University • Technology is changing the learning landscape and blurring the boundaries of public schools. One worrisome result is that the ease with which students communicate with one another inside and outside of school is tempting school officials to flex their administrative muscles beyond school boundaries with the same authority they believe courts have given them within the schools. This paper examines the four U.S. Supreme Court decisions of the past 40 years that provide the legal framework for regulation of student expression and identifies the parameters established there for off-campus punishment of online expression. A review of recent cases concludes that lower courts are still trying to find a comfortable way to fit Supreme Court precedence into an educational environment populated by techno-savvy students armed with new ways to challenge administrative authority. Editor Toast: A study of burnout and job satisfaction among college newspaper editors • Vincent Filak, UW-Oshkosh; Scott Reinardy, University of Kansas • Using the Maslach Burnout Inventory, a study of 185 college newspaper editors revealed that participants were experiencing moderate levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, two key factors in clinical burnout. Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were significant negative predictors of editors' job satisfaction while personal accomplishment was a significant positive predictor. When compared to the advisers for these editors (n=217), student editors had significantly higher scores on the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scales. However, there were no differences between advisers and editors on job satisfaction. Scholastic Millennials and the Media: News consumption habits of young journalism students • Geoffrey Graybeal, University of Georgia; Joe Dennis, University of Georgia; Amy Sindik, University of Georgia • This study examines the media patterns of high school journalism students, and what factors motivate them into consuming news media. This study conducted a survey and focus groups at a weeklong 2009 summer scholastic journalism camp at a university in the southeastern United Sates. The study found that parents and classes are primary factors that influence the news and media consumption of teenagers interested in journalism High School and Collegiate Journalism: The Ties That Bind (Through an AEJMC Division, and Beyond) Bruce Konkle, University of South Carolina- Columbia • Connections between high school and collegiate journalism programs run deep, perhaps because of AEJMC's approval of a Secondary Education Division in 1965-1966, the inclusion of nearly 80 scholastic journalism-related research articles published in the association's research publications, education journal articles highlighting the link, and the sponsoring of scholastic media associations and summer journalism workshops by journalism and mass communications schools. How important were the links between high school and college journalism programs to the growth and prospering of high school journalism? Toothless Tinker: The Continued Erosion of Student Speech Rights • Dan Kozlowski, Saint Louis University • This paper analyzes four primary ways in which federal courts have weakened Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, the U.S. Supreme Court's landmark student speech case. The study particularly focuses on recent lower court interpretations of Tinker. Analysis shows that even when Tinker provides the applicable precedent in a case, students are increasingly losing their First Amendment claims with alarming frequency, leaving student speech advocates to wonder what rights students actually have left. Authoritarians in the front office? Personality and support for expression rights among high school principals • Brian Schraum, University of Missouri; Adam Maksl, University of Missouri • This study applies authoritarian personality theory to the context of free expression in schools through a survey of Missouri high school principals (N=86). Support for the First Amendment in society, in-school student speech rights and off-campus digital expression rights are measured. The results show no significant relationship between level of authoritarianism and level of support for student expression rights, contradicting the notion that administrators are quick-to-censor authoritarians. Alternative predictor variables are also discussed. Protecting the 'impressionable minds' from the 'impressionable minds': The third-person effect and student speech • Adam Maksl, University of Missouri; Brian Schraum, University of Missouri • We examined support for student expression and First Amendment attitudes among Missouri high school principals (n=86) using the third-person effect as a possible predictor. We found the greater principals perceived mass media to affect others over themselves, the less supportive they were for student free expression rights, particularly online. In addition to applying a theoretical framework to this area of research, we present several significant covariates to free expression attitudes other than the third-person effect. Teen attitudes towards journalism and the news media: a study of inner city youth • Regina Marchi, Rutgers University • Based on formal one-on-one interviews with 20 (of an eventual 30) high school aged journalists, this paper discusses young people's attitudes towards the profession of journalism and towards the news media, in general. While most existing research on teen journalists has focused on suburban, predominantly White and middle class youth, this work in progress seeks to illuminate how racially diverse, predominantly working class teens get their news; which news stories they feel are most important, and what role they feel journalism plays in the larger society. The paper also explores these young people's notions of the public good and their frustrations regarding the mainstream news media, offering clues to how news organizations might better appeal to the younger demographic they so desperately seek to engage. Squelching Student Speech?: The Impact of Florida's Anti-Cyberbullying Law on Public School Student Expression Policies • Kara Murrhee, University of Flordia • A survey of ten Florida school district anti-cyberbullying policies revealed that all had amended their policies in light of the Florida' anti-cyberbullying law. Of the ten school district policies surveyed as part of this thesis, the large school districts tended to include additional provisions that amplified the restrictions placed on student expression, whereas the small school districts appeared to stick more closely to the language adopted by the Florida Department of Education. Although the districts' efforts are admirable, it is doubtful they would pass constitutional muster if challenged in court on First Amendment grounds. Such over-proscriptions would stand in the way of offering protection when public school children would need it most. Understanding the Role of Structural Correlates, Functional Considerations, and Modality Evaluations on Interest in Campus Newspapers • Fernando Paragas, Nanyang Technological University • Using data from a survey of 1,064 respondents from nine universities in the Philippines, this research finds it is the students' course domains, among five structural correlates, which differentiate level of interest in the content of campus newspapers (CN). It discovers interest is determined by the use of the CN to address cognitive and integrative needs, and the evaluation of how the CN fulfills its purpose. It reveals readership and interest are significantly, but weakly, correlated. Computational journalism in the middle school • Kim Pearson, The College of New Jersey; Ursula Wolz, The College of New Jersey; Monisha Pulimood, College of New Jersey; Meredith Stone, The College of New Jersey; Mary Switzer, college of New Jersey • This paper presents a model of scholastic journalism that is designed to introduce students to computer science concepts that will be essential not only for the next generation of journalists, but also for the professionals across a range of computing-dependent fields. The model was created as part of a three-year demonstration project funded by the National Science Foundation. Results suggest that the study has succeeded in spreading awareness about the range of computing careers. Journalism Teacher Assessment of Education Inhibitors • Bruce Plopper, University of Arkansas at Little rock; Taylon Cook, University of Arklansas at Little Rock • Combining cultural-historical theory of human development with research pinpointing education inhibitors, a survey was developed to investigate how journalism teachers evaluated the effects of five education inhibitors on their students' learning. Results showed that use of electronic gadgets and lack of parental education were perceived as having the most negative influence on learning, while students' subcultures were perceived as having the smallest effect. Respondents knew the least about their students' nutritional intake. Implications are discussed. The underprivileged: Journalism students seeking the shield • Erica Salkin, Graduate Student • Undergraduate and master's-level journalism students tackle a variety of newsgathering and writing assignments, with the expectation they perform at or near a professional level. Despite this expectation of quality, journalism students are not afforded the journalistic privilege given to their professional counterparts, even those working on student newspapers. This paper examines the potential for journalism students to claim privilege under state statutory and common law, federal common law and the concept of a researcher's privilege. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1542 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/visual-communication-division-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 20:26:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1545 Strike a Pose: Comparing Associated Press and UNICEF Visual Representations • Sadaf Ali, Wayne State University; Debbie James, Wayne State University; Fred Vultee, Wayne State University • When images of children in conflict situations are selected and published for a Western audience, what roles do the images fulfill for the audience? A content analysis of photographs provided by the Associated Press and the United Nations Children's Fund suggests that news agencies and aid agencies frame children of conflicts differently, as passive agents or success stories, in accordance with ideological and organizational guidelines. You just have to be there: Video Journalism as a Social and Material Construction • Mary Bock, Kutztown University of Pennsylvania • News organizations are increasingly turning to video journalism as a strategy for survival in the era of convergence.  Video journalism, or the process by which one person shoots, writes and edits video stories for exhibition on television or the internet, represents both a socially and materially constructed form of news. While photojournalism has long represented both material and social practice, the adoption of video journalism, particularly by formerly text-based journalists, presents a new dimension to daily work practices. This qualitative project examines the daily work practices of video journalists in a variety of organizational settings.  Data was collected in the U.S. and the U.K.  in 2007 and 2008 and includes a variety of site visits, participant observation opportunities, and more than 75 long-form interviews with video journalists, photojournalists, newsroom managers, and public relations representatives who work with video journalists as part of their organizational responsibilities. The project found that the material dimension of video journalism constricts the newsgathering process in ways that can alter not only the way stories are told but which stories are chosen to be told. The material requirements of video journalism have the potential to shift control of some aspects of news narrative away from journalists toward their supporting sources. Remembering 9/11 through Photos in Anniversary Editions of Impact Site Newspapers • Bob Britten, West Virginia University • This research examines the memorialization of the September 11 attacks in newspaper photography. The cultural concepts of place and collective memory are employed in this analysis. Content analysis is conducted on photographs in the major newspapers serving each of the impact sites and in a neutral, non-site newspaper. The results suggest a journalism of we at play, with media tending to focus only on the memorialization activities of their own areas even in this example of a national catastrophe. The implication is that place limits, both individual and institutional, may keep journalists and audiences from understanding the parallel memorial work of others. College Student Preferences for Trendy Versus Classic Typefaces: A Q-Study • Tara Buehner, University of Oklahoma • This study discerns groups of college students based on their opinions about the trendy typography in textbooks. Q methodology was used to collect and analyze the data about typeface preference. This methodology is especially suited to preliminary research used to obtain a deeper understanding about under-explored concepts like subjective typographic preference. The researcher was able to identify four distinct groups of students based upon individual subjective typeface visual preferences. Do You See What I See?:  A Comparative Content Analysis of Iraq War Photographs Published in The New York Times and the Tehran Times • Garen Cansler, University of South Carolina; Erik Collins, University of South Carolina; Cecile Holmes, University of South Carolina • In expansion of research analyzing framing of photographic content in national and international newspapers, the present study uses comparative content analysis to examine the similarities and differences in the framing of the 2003 Iraq War.  The portrayal of Coalition forces, Iraqi soldiers and Iraqi civilians were examined in 2003 editions of The New York Times and the Tehran Times.  Overall, the depiction of these groups was strikingly similar, with a few notable differences. Recommendations for future research in this fertile area of visual communication studies includes the expanded analysis of newspaper photographs published in countries with varying cultural and geographic distances to the Iraq War. Four years later: A longitudinal study of emerging visual icons of Hurricane Katrina • Andrea Miller, Louisiana State University; Nicole S Dahmen, Louisiana State University • Iconicity continues to be a topic of importance to visual communication scholars. This research uses longitudinal data from the same cohort—a cohort who experienced the storm firsthand—to study the iconicity of Hurricane Katrina images. Researchers found a striking similarity between recalled images from Time 1 to Time 2. These images represent the vastness of the disaster and have endured in our collective memory. The research also shows that emerging technologies have complicated the formation of a visual collective consciousness and thus the scholarly study of iconic images. Interactive Graphics Development (IDG):  A framework for studying innovative visual story forms • Jennifer George-Palilonis, Ball State University; Mary Spillman, Ball State University • There is considerable scholarship defining unique features of digital storytelling and on interactive content for online newspapers. However, little scholarship exists that provides theoretical and practical analysis of the creation of interactive graphics. This paper establishes the Interactive Graphics Development framework, a theoretical model for researchers studying the effectiveness of interactive graphics and their potential in storytelling. The IGD also standardizes definitions for interactive graphics and provides a touch point for journalists refining nonlinear storytelling. How a multimedia course design affects differing learning styles  in the visual communication classroom • Jennifer George-Palilonis, Ball State University; Vincent Filak, UW-Oshkosh • A study of 117 students enrolled in a visual communication course that employs a multimedia course design revealed students gravitated toward tools that accentuated their learning needs. Students reported strong levels of agreement with statements regarding their overall sense of learning, enjoyment of the course and overall effort. Additionally, no significant differences existed among the four learning styles identified here, indicating the course satisfied all four groups equally. Implications for pedagogy and theory are discussed. Why We Travel: Enduring and Emergent Representations in a New York Times Travel Text • Katherine Good, Northwestern University • Travel journalism draws upon socially-constructed ideas of the foreign, making it a unique window for observing the formation and circulation of global discourses. This paper analyzes an unorthodox The New York Times online travel feature called Why We Travel, a collection of over 2,000 reader-submitted photos and captions describing personal travel experiences. To make sense of this polysemic, multi-authored text, I refer to the theories of tourism scholars MacCannell (1976) and Urry (2002) to locate within the images a series of enduring and emergent travel representations. The former include an unequal distribution of certain subject matter across regions, emphasis on authentic touristic experiences, and methods for minimizing signs of Western culture through visual representation. Within the same collection, however, emergent representations feature new tourisms and itineraries, highly re&#64258;exive or ironic portraits of tourists, and conscious confrontation of interconnectivity. In conclusion, I consider the cultural functions that Why We Travel performs as it coheres under the Times&#700; authoritative presentational aesthetic. More than a travel feature, it may be considered a prominent part of the Times&#700; multifaceted coverage on the globalization of American middlebrow culture. The visual rhetoric of consumer journalism • Grant Hannis, Massey University • Supra-textual design theory is used to identify the visual rhetoric of leading magazine Consumer Reports. Various visual devices help convince the reader that Consumer Reports indeed is a magazine and can be read and enjoyed as such. But its visual emphasis on products and product testing, frequent use of technical tables, and recurrent image of the wise, fatherly figure seek to convince the reader Consumer Reports is more trustworthy and reliable than its competitors. Consuming the West: A Semiotic Analysis of Western Models and Symbols in Chinese Magazine Advertising • Ying Huang, Southern Illinois University Carbondale            • Using semiotic analysis, this study examines the representations of Western models, landmarks, architecture, and other Western symbols in ten Chinese magazine advertisements. It shows Western models are integrated into both erotic/sex appeal and status appeal. Though sometimes objectified, the West is still constructed as superior and more advanced 'other' in relation to China, which is a reflection of China's economic relationship with the West and the official discourse for economic development. A critical look at the Internet's influence on logo design • Debra Kelley, University of Minnesota • The advent of digital media has prompted a change in the design of logos. Clear, simple lines and solid colors have morphed into an array of squiggles, swirls, 3D and transparent images, drop-shadows, manipulated photos, illustrations and cut up letter forms.  Computer-mediated logo design opened a floodgate of graphic possibilities to designers; however, the availability of increased technical capabilities has not necessarily brought about better designed logos. Before the idea of creating eye candy on the computer screen became possible, technical limitations had a positive influence on the aesthetic look, memorability and functionality of logo designs. A brief look at the history of trends in graphic design and a comparative study of logos, suggests how technical advances influence design trends. Many logos produced today don't meet classic principles of design, nor fulfill all the requirements of a complete corporate identity system. The non-fiction hides, while the fiction seeks:  Waltz with Bashir and the truth of animated documentary • Robert Peaslee, Texas Tech University • Waltz with Bashir (WWB), Israel's first animated feature film, premiered at Cannes in May of 2008 and became Israel's official entry for consideration for the 2009 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, for which it was eventually nominated. It was the first animated film in history to be so appointed by the Academy. Awarded prizes at several festivals, WWB was described in critical circles with the unlikely moniker of animated documentary (Ansen, 2008) or documentary cartoon (Corliss, 2008). Traditionally, these constructions are seen as contradictory. The goal of this paper is to show the ways in which the formal choices made by director Ari Folman and his team have perhaps precipitated the creation of a truer document - have sought rather than hidden. Moreover, I suggest that while Folman's public statements about the film suggest that his goal was to interrogate the nature of memory via his own reflexive journey, the film simultaneously delivers a convincing critique of the photographic image in the context of 21st-century information production and consumption. Doing more with less: How the jobs of newspaper photojournalists have changed • Arthur Santana, University of Oregon; John Russial, University of Oregon • The era of the interactive newsroom has required that journalists learn a host of new technical skills at newspapers across the country. A national survey shows how photojournalists have taken on much of the new responsibilities at newspapers while continuing to fulfill their old ones as well. Results show that workload is high and job satisfaction is somewhat low and that satisfaction is related to a number of intrinsic aspects of the job. Online Communities' Impact on the Profession of Newspaper Design • Steve Urbanski, West Virginia University; Amanda Miller • The importance of the Internet to visual journalism is increasing with every technological progression. Within the past several years, online communities have formed and flourished, creating a cyber design haven for creative professionals to meet and share their visual work. This paper focuses on the possible impact of these emerging online communities on the profession of newspaper design as a whole. Qualitative interviews of newspaper designers who participate in online communities specifically focused on the profession unveil current and important transformations occurring within the newspaper design profession. Additionally, this paper expands on both offline and online community theory, offering qualitative insight into future studies that may focus on the Internet's effects on various professions. Graphical Depictions of Quantitative Data: Can Interactivity Affect Recall and Attitudes? • Bartosz Wojdynski, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Quantitative information is often an important element of mediated messages, used to convey financial information, risk likelihoods of various hazards, and to express changes over time in social factors ranging from unemployment to cell-phone use.  This between-subjects experiment (n=72) examined the effects of three levels of interactivity (low, medium, and high) on subjects ability to recall quantitative information from a news story containing graphics.  The results suggest that allowing users to interact with information displayed in graphics may have beneficial effects on how they view the information. No support is found here for a relationship between interactivity and recall of numerical information in graphs.  However, there is evidence that interactivity in information presentation leads to more positive attitudes toward the content for users who were not highly involved with the content. Show Me a Story: The Synergy of Photo Stories and Words • Carolyn Yaschur, University of Texas • An experiment comparing three journalistic stories by format - photos only, words only, and a combination of the two - found text and photos together were preferred with regard to three criteria. The text-photo combination resulted in improved recall, enhanced assessment of credibility and greater enjoyment of stories. Based on the mental model theory and dual coding hypothesis, the study extends the literature to include photo stories, which is relevant given the current emphasis on multimedia storytelling. Photojournalists' Job Responsibilities and Satisfaction: The Impact of Range of Affect and Changes in Contract • Carolyn Yaschur, University of Texas • A nationwide survey was conducted among daily newspaper photojournalists and photo editors about their evolving roles and job satisfaction. Staff decreases and workload shifts were found, resulting in alternate sources and variance in quality of photographs. Enjoyment of traditional job facets, such as shooting still photos, creativity, and autonomy, were related to job satisfaction, but newer responsibilities, like producing videos and audio slideshows, which constitute a change of psychological contract, were not. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1545 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/small-programs-interest-group-2010-abstracts/ Wed, 14 Jul 2010 20:28:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1548 How Facebook Influences Students' Motivation to Learn, Affective Learning, Classroom Climate and Engagement • YoungAh Lee, Missouri School of Journalism; Saleem Alhabash, University of Missouri, School of Journalism; Cynthia Frisby, University of Missouri • Using theories on CMC integration in education, a cross-sectional survey (N=129) examined the relationship between using Facebook for student-teacher communication and dimensions related to student learning. Results indicated that using Facebook to communicate with the instructor significantly predicted higher student motivation, affective learning, classroom climate and engagement. Results also showed that high use of both Facebook and email for student-teacher communication positively affected the four learning dimensions. Results are discussed within the framework of educational use of communication technologies, along with practical implications for journalism and mass communication educators. Teaching Journalism as a Liberal Art: Social Justice, Empathy, and Community Decision-Making • Mary Beth Callie, Regis University • This essay relates what I have discovered in teaching community-based learning journalism courses (Introduction to Media Writing and In Depth Reporting and Writing) that are co-listed between Communication (home department) and the Peace and Justice Studies program (major and minor). Both of these courses introduce students to a values-centered approach, grounded in civic and peace journalism, that focuses on how their reporting and writing can serve the college and surrounding community, and inspire their own growth and development. The essay details the structure and assignments that I have developed in those courses to meet students where they are and then guide them through a process of discovery in their reporting, writing, and reflection. I have found that students' motivation to engage their stories greatly depends on their attitudes, habits, and beliefs about community, service, and the purpose of college. Understanding the decision and policy-making context, values, and multiple perspectives can help with that engagement. As teachers, the challenge is to find ways to understand where students are, to meet them there, and to move them toward deeper engagement. A Pedagogical Response to the Coverage of Islam: A Wiki-Based Best Practices Document for Reporting on Muslims and Islam • Jennifer Hoewe, Michigan State University; Brian Bowe, Michigan State University; Geri Alumit Zeldes, Michigan State University • A Michigan State University course titled Reporting on Islam utilized a Wiki-based tool that allowed students to engage in a virtual discussion of how to best report on Muslims and Islam. The contents of this discussion were compiled and edited into a best practices document. This article presents an argument for closer examination of the coverage of Muslims and Islam and then discusses the educational importance of the document resulting from of the Wiki interactions. Reading to Learn: Engaging University Students in Meaningful Reading and Classroom Discussion • Jan Larson, UW-Eau Claire; Amy Young, UW-Eau Claire; Mary Beth Leibham, UW-Eau Claire • Reading to Learn is an ongoing interdisciplinary research effort designed to understand university students' reading practices and classroom discussions within the context of reading communities. The goal is to contribute to best practices for engaging students in reading course texts and in meaningful classroom discussion that promotes critical thinking and enhances learning. Preliminary data indicate that students perceive reading communities as being helpful in clarifying their thinking, increasing learning, and improving class discussion. Analyzing Student Writing Proficiency and Assessment Measures in Programs of Journalism and Mass Communication • Andrew Lingwall, Clarion University • This study explores respondents' perceptions of the writing proficiency of students entering programs of journalism and mass communication, and measures used to assess and improve student writing. Key findings are that regardless of institutional attributes, faculty members are dealing with many new students who are only moderately proficient in writing. This study also established that among respondents, there is no clear pattern in measures used or in the degree of success achieved with those measures. The Gumshoe Project: A model for collaboration between a small college program and large newspaper • Donna Shaw, The College of New Jersey; Sarah Monisha Pulimood, The College of New Jersey; Emilie Lounsberry, The College of New Jersey • Journalism and computer science students and professors at our small, primarily undergraduate college collaborated to analyze data involving suspects arrested for gun-related crimes. The project helped lay the groundwork for a four-part series in which The Philadelphia Inquirer concluded, as did our analysis, that more than half of all gun-crime prosecutions in Philadelphia were dropped or discharged before trial. The newspaper's series has led to an ongoing investigation by local, state and federal officials. I shot a prescriptivist in my pajamas last night: A grammatical disarmament proposal for editors and educators • Fred Vultee, Wayne State University • In an economic atmosphere in which do more with less means fewer and fewer people do more with less, would a new look at how journalism schools teach grammar help editors - and instructors - do their jobs more effectively? This paper seeks to find out whether the profession and the academy can agree on what sorts of language basics new editors need to know - and, by extension, which old ones we can discard. How 2 rite Gr8 leeds: A study of the impact of text messaging on basic news writing skills • Myleea Hill, Arkansas State University; Jack Zibluk, Arkansas State University • Despite of, or perhaps because of, the increased opportunities and outlets for communication, educators and journalists often bemoan the quality of student work. Student deficits in spelling and grammar were found to be especially problematic in a 2004 study of journalism faculty published in Journalism and Mass Communication Educator. According to a 2001 study published in Journalism, new technologies should be used to shape up rather than dumb down journalism education. The reliance on century's-old techniques, metaphors and explanations - such as the effects of cutting of telegraph wires during the Civil War - may be interesting, but the relevance of such examples are fading in the wireless era. Few aphorisms, old or new, help students acquire the desired writing skills in a news writing class. The following study cuts the wires and explores student responses to using a newer and widely available medium and form of expression - the cell-phone text message and applies it to a standard exercise: writing a news lead. This study examines the effects of using text messaging to teach news writing fundamentals to college students. Early in the spring 2010 semester, researchers at an ACEJMC-accredited university in the Mid-South compared news leads written by students in a traditional method with those written as text messages. Findings suggest that text messaging does not impede students' ability to write leads. The approach might in fact enhance it - especially in terms of news judgment. << 2010 Abstracts]]> 1548 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/jmc-quarterly-contributors/ Tue, 27 Jul 2010 19:20:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1561 ournalism & Mass Communication Quarterly is the flagship journal of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. The journal provides leadership in developing theory, disseminating empirical research, and introducing new concepts to its readership. Because communication is a diverse field, articles address a broad range of questions using a variety of methods and theoretical perspectives. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly challenges the boundaries of communication research, guiding its readers to new questions, new evidence, and new conclusions. While we welcome submissions focusing on particular areas or specialties, articles should be written in a style that is accessible to all communication scholars. 1. Submissions. Submit an electronic copy of your manuscript, whether on a computer disk or CD-ROM, or as an e-mail attachment. The text format should be double-spaced, with endnotes, tables, and figures at the end of the manuscript. Word or WordPerfect documents are preferred. Author identification should not appear anywhere on the main text pages or in the main text file (if possible, remove identifying information from the “Properties” information under “File”). Manuscripts should be no longer than 5,000 words “of main text,” but manuscripts  that do not employ tables, figures, or appendices of up to 6,000 words of main text will be reviewed and their length evaluated as part of the review process. Only original manuscripts not under review elsewhere should be submitted. We try to make decisions within three months. 2. Abstract and author information. An abstract of no more than 100 words should be included as a separate electronic file, and the abstract should indicate all author identification and contact information, institutional affiliation, and any funding sources. Authors should provide four or fewer key words or terms on the abstract that identify the content of the submission. Author identification should not appear anywhere except on the abstract page. 3. Style. For final acceptance, use Chicago Manual of Style (15th. ed.) guidelines. For law manuscripts, Chicago refers you elsewhere for certain citations. Do not use in-text references, i.e., (Weston, 1972). Do not use op. cit., ibid., or loc. cit. In ordinary text, whole numbers from one through ninety-nine are spelled out. However, when normally spelled numbers cluster in a sentence or paragraph, use figures. Use % instead of percent. Underline or italicize names of cities when using newspaper names, i.e., New York Times. In endnotes and in book review headings, use postal code abbreviations for states; in regular copy, use traditional abbreviations. 4. Heading Styles. First-level headings are typed in bold italic and justified left. Second-level headings are indented and typed in bold italic. Third-level headings are indented and typed in italic. Note example: Method Sample. A random sample ... Sampling Techniques. These techniques are useful when ... 5. Tables. When creating tables, use the WordPerfect table feature, MacIntosh Word using the “Insert Table“ command, or PageMaker with tabs. Do not duplicate material in text and tables. Tables and figures should be used only when they substantially aid the reader, not merely because computers make tables easy to create. Basic Endnote Style: 1. Todd Gitlin, Inside Prime Time (NY: Pantheon, 1985), 82. [Note that page numbers do not carry the pp. or p. prefix.] 2. Joseph R. Dominick, “Children’s Viewing of Crime Shows and Attitudes on Law Enforcement,” Journalism Quarterly 51 (spring 1974): 5-12. 3. Leon V. Sigal, “Sources Make the News,” in Reading the News, ed. Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986), 9-37. 4. Ruthann Weaver Lariscy, Spencer F. Tinkham, Heidi Hatfield Edwards, and Karyn Ogata Jones, “The ‘Ground War’ of Political Campaigns: Nonpaid Activities in U.S. State Legislative Races,” Journalism & Mass Communi-cation Quarterly 81 (autumn 2004): 477-97. 5. Robert K. Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986), 8. 6. “Nicaragua’s Bitter Harvest,” New York Times, December 23, 1983, sec. A, p. 2, col. 4. 7. E. W. Caspari and R. E. Marshak, “The Rise and Fall of Lysenko,” Science, July 16, 1965, 275-78. 8. George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, “Knowledge Gaps and Smoking Behavior” (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Lancaster, PA, 1990). [When association is AEJMC, use initials only.] Shortened, or Second References: 1. Gitlin, Inside Prime Time, 2. 2. Dominick, “Children’s Viewing,” 8. 3. Sigal, “Sources Make the News,” 22. 4. Lariscy et al., “The ‘Ground War’ of Political Campaigns,” 481. 5. Donohue, Olien, and Tichenor, “Knowledge Gaps and Smoking Behavior.” Send JMCQ submissions to: Dan Riffe, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 117 Carroll Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. << JMC Quarterly]]> 1561 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/jmcq-cumulative-index/ Tue, 27 Jul 2010 19:27:31 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1565 Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly Index, Vol. 71 to 80 Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly Index featuring articles from Volumes 71 to 80, which were published from 1994 to 2003. (Journalism Quarterly changed its name to Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly in 1995.)

• By Author
• By Subject
• Book Reviews

Journalism Quarterly Index, Vol. 61 to 70 Journalism Quarterly Index featuring articles from Volumes 61 to 70, which were published from 1984 to 1993. (Journalism Quarterly changed its name to Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly in 1995.)

• By Author
• By Subject

  << J&MC Quarterly]]> 1565 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/jq-author-index-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 12:28:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1576 The following is an index of articles by author that appeared in Journalism Quarterly from 1984 to 1993. (In 1995 Journalism Quarterly changed its name to Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly.) Indexed by author's last name.

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I, J | K | L

M | N | O, P, Q | R | S | T | U, V | W | X, Y, Z

  << J&MC Quarterly Cumulative Index]]> 1576 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-a/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 12:52:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1597 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 ABEL, JOHN D., See COLLINS. ABELMAN, ROBERT, Motivations for Viewing the "700 Club," 65:112-18. ABELMAN, ROBERT and GARRY PETTEY, How Political is Religious Television? 65:313-19. ABELMAN, ROBERT, News on the "700 Club" After Pat RobertsonÕs Political Fall, 67:157-62. ABELMAN, ROBERT, Influence of News Coverage of the "Scandal" on PTL Viewers, 68:101-110. ABBOTT, ERIC A., and LYNN T. BRASSFIELD, Comparing Decisions on Releases by TV and Newspaper Gatekeepers, 66:853-56. ACHARYA, LALIT, Public Relations Environments, 62:577-84. ACKER, TAWNEY, See RAYBURN. ADAMS, DOUGLAS B., See BERKOWITZ. ADAMS, R. C. and GAIL M. WEBBER, The Audience for, and Male vs. Female Reaction to, ÔThe Day After,Õ 61:812-16. ADAMS, R.C. and MARIORIE J. FISH, TV News DirectorsÕ Perception of Station Management Style, 64:154-62. ADLER, KEITH, See VANDEN BERGH. ADLER, KEITH E., See VANDEN BERGH. ADRIAN, MARY A., See VANDEN BERGH. AKHAVAN-MAJID, ROYA, The Press as an Elite Power Group in Japan, 67:1006-1014. AKHAVAN-MAJID, ROYA ANITA RIFE and SHEILA GOPINATH, Chain Ownership and Editorial Independence: A Case Study of Gannett Newspapers, 68:59-66. ALBAUM, GERALD, See PETERSON. AL-ENAD, ABDULRAHMAN H., Counting Items Versus Measuring Space in Content Analysis, 68:657-62. ALGRAAWI, MBARK A. and HUGH M. CULBERTSON, Relation Between Attribution Specificity and Accessibility to News Sources, 64:799-804. ALLDRIDGE, TIM, See GAMST. ALLEN, CHRIS T., See WEINBERGER. ALLEN, CRAIG, Our First "Television" Candidate: Eisenhower over Stevenson in 1956, 65:352-60. ALLEN, CRAIG, News Conferences on TV: Ike Age Politics Revisited, 70:13-25. ALLEN, DAVID S., See GLASSER. ALLEN, MYRIA WATKINS, JOY HART SEIBERT, JOHN W. HAAS and STEPHANIE ZIMMERMAN, Broadcasting Departmental Impact on Employee Perceptions and Conflict, 65:668-77. ALLEYNE, MARK D. and JANET WAGNER, Stability and Change At The "Big Five" News Agencies, 70:40-50. ALTHEIDE, DAVID L., Impact of Format and Ideology on TV News Coverage of Iran, 62:346-51. ANDERSON, DAVID A., Presumed Harm: An Item for the Unfinished Agenda of Times v. Sullivan, 62:24-30. ANDERSON, DOUGLAS, How Managing Editors View and Deal with Newspaper Ethical Issues, 64:341-45. ANDERSON DOUGLAS A. and CLAUDIA J. ANDERSON, Weather Coverage in Dailies, 63:382-85. ANDERSON, DOUGLAS A., JOE W. MILNER and MARY-LOU GALICIAN, How Editors View Legal Issues and the Rehnquist Court, 65:294-98. ANDERSON, JAMES, See FURNO-LAMUDE. ANDERSON, RONALD and JOEY REAGAN, Practitioner Roles and Uses of New Technologies, 69:156-65. ANDERSON, RONALD, See REAGAN. ANDERSON, RONALD B., See ATWATER. ANDREASEN, MARGARET, Attentional Penchants and Recall of Information from Background Radio, 63:24-30, 37. ANDSAGER, JULIE L., Perceptions of Credibility of Male and Female Syndicated Political Columnists, 67:485-91. ANDSAGER, JULIE, See WHITE. ANDSAGER, JULIE L., See WHITE. ARANT, MORGAN DAVID, JR., Press Identification of Victims of Sexual Assault: Weighing Privacy and Constitutional Concerns, 68:238-52. ARANT, MORGAN DAVID, See MEYER. ARICO, SANTO L., Breaking the Ice: An In-Depth Look at Oriana FallaciÕs Interview Techniques, 63:587-93. ARLUKE, ARNOLD, See LEVIN. ARMSTRONG, CAMERON, See RUBIN. ASHDOWN, PAUL, See CAUDILL. ASI, MORAD, See BOYD. ATKIN, DAVID, CARRIE HEETER, and THOMAS BALDWIN, How Presence of Cable Affects Parental Mediation Of TV Viewing, 66:557-63. ATKIN, DAVID and ROBERT LAROSE, Cable Access: Market Concerns Amidst the Marketplace of Ideas, 68:354-62. ATKIN, DAVID, See LAROSE. ATKIN, DAVID, See SIEMICKI. ATKINS, CHARLES K., See BURGOON. ATWATER, TONY, Product Differentiation in Local TV News, 61:757-62. ATWATER, TONY, MICHAEL B. SALWEN and RONALD B. ANDERSON, Media Agenda-Setting With Environmental Issues, 62:393-97. ATWATER, TONY, CARRIE HEETER and NATALIE BROWN, Foreshadowing the Electronic Publishing Age: First Exposures to Viewtron, 62:807-15. ATWATER, TONY, Network Evening News Coverage of the TWA Hostage Crisis, 64:520-25. ATWATER, TONY and NORMA F. GREEN, News Sources in Network Coverage of International Terrorism, 65:967-71. ATWATER, TONY, See BROWN. ATWATER, TONY, See LACY. ATWOOD, ERWIN L., See BADII. ATWOOD, L. ERWIN and ANN MARIE MAJOR, Applying Situational Communication Theory to an International Political Problem: Two Studies, 68:200-210. AUST, CHARLES F., See RIFFE. AUSTIN, ERICA WEINTRAUB, The Importance of Perspective in Parent-Child Interpretations of Family Communication Patterns, 70:558-68. AUTER, PHILIP J. and DONALD M. DAVIS, When Characters Speak Directly to Viewers: Breaking the Fourth Wall in Television, 68:165-71. AUTER, PHILIP J. and ROY L. MOORE, Buying From a Friend: A Content Analysis of Two Teleshopping Programs, 70:425-36. AVERY, DONALD R., American Over European Community? Newspaper Content Changes, 1808-1812, 63:311-14. AVERY, PHILLIS ANN and JOHN D. STEVENS, Effects of Gertz Decision in One Circuit, 61:889-92. << Back]]> 1597 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-b-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 13:16:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1604 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 BADARRACO, CLAIRE, The Influence Of Publicity Typologies on Sherwood Anderson's News Values, 66:979-86. BADARACCO, CLAIRE, Alternatives to Newspaper Advertising, 1890-1920: Printers' Innovative Product and Message Designs, 67:1042-1050. BADER, RENATE G., How Science News Sections Influence Newspaper Science Coverage: A Case Study, 67:88-96. BADGER, DAVID P., See WYATT. BADII, NAIIM and L. ERWIN ATWOOD, How the Tehran Press Responded to the 1979 Iranian Revolution, 63:517-23, 536. BADRAN, BADRAN A., Press-Government Relations in Jordan: A Case Study, 65:335-40. BALDASSARE, MARC, and CHERYL KATZ, Who Will Talk to Reporters? Biases in Survey Reinterviews, 66:907-12. BALDASTY, GERALD J. and MYRON K. JORDAN, Scripps' Competitive Strategy: The Art of Non-Competition, 70:265-75. BALDWIN, THOMAS, See ATKIN. BALDWIN, THOMAS, See SIEMICKI. BALDWIN, THOMAS F., MARIANNE BARRETT and BENJAMIN BATES, Influence of Cable on Television News Audiences, 69:651-58. BALL-ROKEACH, SANDRA J., See LOGES. BANKS, MARY J., See PORTER. BANKS, STEVEN R., See COOK. BANTZ, CHARLES R. and ROBERT J. MCFARLIN, JR., Broadcast JournalistsÕ Education in a Metropolitan Setting, 64:610-13. BARAN, STANLEY J., See ZAHN. BAREFIELD, PAUL A., See LOWRY. BARNES, JAMES H., See REID. BARNHURST, KEVIN G. and JOHN C. NERONE, Design Trends in U.S. Front Pages, 1885-1985, 68:796-804. BARRANCO, DEBORAH A. and LEONARD SHYLES, Arab vs. Israeli News Coverage in the New York Times, 1976 and 1984, 65:178-81. BARRETT, GRACE H., Job Satisfaction Among Newspaperwomen, 61:593-99. BARRETT, MARIANNE, See BALDWIN. BASIL, MICHAEL D., Primary News Source Changes: Question Wording, Availabiliby, and Cohort Effects, 67:708-22. BATES, BENJAMIN and MARK HARMON, Do "Instant Polls" Hit the Spot? Phone-in vs. Random Sampling of Public Opinion, 70:369-80. BATES, BENJAMIN, See BALDWIN. BAXTER, RICHARD L., See DE RIEMER. BEACH, DOUGLAS W., See BERKOWITZ. BEAM, RANDAL A., SHARON DUNWOODY and GERALD M. KOSICKI, The Relationship of Prize-Winning to Prestige and Job Satisfaction, 63:693-99. BEAM, RANDAL A., The Impact of Group Ownership Variables on Organizational Professionalism at Daily Newspapers, 70:907-18. BEASLEY, MAURINE, Eleanor Roosevelt's Press Conferences: Symbolic Importance of a Pseudo-Event, 61:274-79, 338. BECKER, LEE, See SMITH. BECKER, LEE B., GERALD M. KOSICKI and FELICIA JONES, Racial Differences in Evaluations of the Mass Media, 69:124-34. BECKER, LEE B. and BERNADETTE M. HEMELS, The Impact of Training on User Evaluations of Videotext, 69:1001-09. BECKER, LEE B., GERALD M. KOSICKI, THOMAS ENGLEMAN, and K. VISWANATH, Finding Work and Getting Paid: Predictors of Success in the Mass Communications Market, 70:919-33. BEHNKE, RALPH R. and PHYLLIS MILLER, Viewer Reactions to Content and Presentational Format of Television News, 69:659-66. BEIL, BRIAN, See HACHTEN. BELLAMY, ROBERT V. JR., See WALKER. BENJAMIN, LOUISE M., Birth Of a NetworkÕs "Conscience": The NBC Advisory Council, 1927, 66:587-90. BENJAMIN, LOUISE M., The Precedent that Almost Was: A 1926 Court Effort to Regulate Radio, 67:578-85. BENNETT, ELLEN M., JILL DIANE SWENSON and JEFF S. WILKINSON, Is the Medium the Message?: An Experimental Test with Morbid News, 69:921-28. BENZE, JAMES G. and EUGENE R. DECLERCQ, Content of Television Political Spot Ads for Female Candidates, 62:278-83, 288. BERKMAN, DAVE, LetÕs Sightsee RadiovisionÐTV Terms That Didn't Last, 63:626-27. BERKMAN, DAVE, Politics and Radio in the 1924 Campaign, 64:422-28. BERKMAN, DAVE, Chauvinism, Populism and Pre-War TV: Two Views as Seen by the Press, 1937-42, 65:347-52. BERKOWITZ, DAN, TV News Sources and News Channels: A Study in Agenda Building, 64:508-13. BERKOWITZ, DAN and DAVID PRITCHARD, Political Knowledge and Communication Resources, 66:697-702. BERKOWITZ, DAN and DOUGLAS B. ADAMS, Information Subsidy and Agenda-Building in Local Television News, 67:723-31. BERKOWITZ, DAN and DOUGLAS W. BEACH, News Sources and News Context: The Effect of Routine News, Conflict and Proximity, 70:4-12. BERKOWITZ, DAN, See PRITCHARD. BERNSTEIN, JAMES, See REAGAN. BERNSTEIN, JAMES M., STEPHEN LACY, CATHERINE CASSARA and TUEN-YU LAU, Geographic Coverage by Local Television News, 67:663-71. BERNSTEIN, JAMES M. and STEPHEN LACY, Contextual Coverage of Government by Local Television News, 69:329-40. BERNSTEIN, JAMES M., See NIEBAUER. BERNSTEIN, JAMES M., See SALWEN. BETHUNE, BEVERLY M., A Sociological Profile of the Daily Newspaper Photographer, 61:606-14, 743. BIRD, S. ELIZABETH, Newspaper Editors' Attitudes Reflect Ethical Doubt on Surreptitious Recording, 62:284-88. BISSLAND, JAMES H., See RENTNER. BISWAS, ABHIJIT, See LICATA. BISWAS, ABHIJIT, See ZINKHAN. BIVINS, THOMAS H., Format Preferences in Editorial Cartooning, 61:182-85. BIVINS, THOMAS H., The Body Politic: The Changing Shape of Uncle Sam, 64:13-20. BLACKWOOD, ROY, Ronbo and the Peanut Farmer in Canadian Editorial Cartoons, 66:453-57. BLACKWOOD, ROY E., International News Photos in U.S. and Canadian Papers, 64:195-99. BLAIR, EDWARD, See ZINKHAN. BLANCHARD, MARGARET A., Free Expression and Wartime: Lessons from the Past, Hopes for the Future, 69:5-17. BLANKENBURG, WILLIAM B., Consolidation in Two-Newspaper Firms, 62:474-81. BLANKENBURG, WILLIAM B., Predicting Newspaper Circulation After Consolidation, 64:585-87. BLANKENBURG, WILLIAM B. and GARY W. OZANICH, The Effects of Public Ownership on the Financial Performance of Newspaper Corporations, 70:68-75. BLANKENSHIP, JANE, SERAFIN MENDEZ-MENDEZ, JONG GUEN KANG and JOSEPH GIORDANO, Initial Construction of Ferraro in Newspaper Editorials, 63:378-82. BLANKS, S. ELIZABETH, See GLASSER. BLICK, EDWARD, See HOWARD. BOEHME-DUERR, KARIN, See GRUBE. BOER, HENK, See WIEGMAN. BOHLE, ROBERT H., Negativism as News Selection Predictor, 63:789-96. BOHLE, ROBERT H. and MARIO GARCIA, Reader Response to Color Halftones and Spot Color in Newspaper Design, 64:731-39. BONNSTETTER, CATHY MEO, Magazine Coverage of Mentally Handicapped, 63:623-26. BOONE, ALLYN, See NORTON. BORUSZKOWSKI, LILLY ANN, See VINCENT. BOSTIAN, LLOYD R. and TOMAS E. BYRNE, Comprehension of Styles of Science Writing, 61:676-78. BOVEE, WARREN G., Horace Greeley and Social Reponsibility, 63:251-59. BOW, JAMES and BEN SILVER, Effects of Herbert v. Lando on Small Newspapers and TV Stations, 61:414-18. BOWLES, DOROTHY, Newspaper Attention to (and Support of) First Amendment Cases, 1919-1969, 66:579-86. BOWLES, DOROTHY A. and REBEKAH V. BROMLEY, Newsmagazine Coverage of the Supreme Court During the Reagan Administrations, 69:948-59. BOYD, DOUGLAS A. and ALl M. NAJAI, Adolescent TV Viewing in Saudi Arabia, 61:295-301, 351. BOYD, DOUGLAS A. and MORAD ASI, Transnational Radio Listening Among Saudi Arabian University Students, 68:211-15. BOYD, DOUGLAS A., See VAN TUBERGEN. BOYD, LASLO V., See THOMAS. BOYER, JOHN H., The AT&T Consent Order and Electronic Publishing, 62:797-806. BRAMAN, SANDRA, Public Expectations of Media Versus Standards in Codes of Ethics, 65:71-77. BRAMLETT-SOLOMON, SHARON and VANESSA WILSON, Images of the Elderly in Life and Ebony, 1978-1987, 66:185-88. BRAMLETT-SOLOMON, SHARON, Civil Rights Vanguard in the Deep South: Newspaper Portrayal of Fannie Lou Hamer, 1964-1977, 68:515-21. BRAMLETT-SOLOMON, SHARON, Predictors of Job Satisfaction Among Black Journalists, 69:703-12. BRASSFIELD, LYNN T., See ABBOTT. BRENDLINGER, NANCY, See SHOEMAKER. BRIDGES, JANET A., News Use on the Front Pages of the American Daily, 66:332-37. BRIDGES, JANET A., Daily Newspaper Managing Editors' Perceptions of News Media Functions, 68:719-28. BRIDGES, JANET A., See LOWRY. BRIDGES, LAMAR W., George Kibbe Turner of McClure's Magazine, 61:178-82. BRINTNALL, MICHAEL, JEAN FOLKERTS and TRUDIE MUSSON, News about State Community Block Grant Prograrns: A Survey of State Directors, 67:163-70. BRODY, E. W., Impact of Cable Television on Library Borrowing, 61:686-89. BROMLEY, REBEKAH V., See BOWLES. BROSIUS, HANS-BERND, Format Effects on Comprehension of Television News, 68:396-401. BROSIUS, HANS-BERND and HANS MATHIAS KEPPLINGER, Beyond Agenda-Setting: The Influence of Partisanship and Television Reporting on the ElectorateÕs Voting Intentions, 69:893-901. BROWN, JANE DELANO, CARL R. BYBEE, STANLEY T. WEARDEN and DULCIE MURDOCK STRAUGHAN, Invisible Power: Newspaper News Sources and the Limits of Diversity, 64:45-54. BROWN, LEE, See ROSER. BROWN, NATALIE A. and TONY ATWATER, Videotex News: A Content Analysis of Three Videotex Services and Their Companion Newspapers, 63:554-61. BROWN, NATALIE, See ATWATER. BROWN, NATALIE, See HEETER. BROWNLIE, COLLEEN FAYE, See JOHNS. BRYSON, ROBERT L., JR., See TURK. BUCHHOLZ, MICHAEL, Social Responsibility of the Texas Revolutionary Press, 65:185-89. BUCHHOLZ, MICHAEL, Racial References in the Texas Press, 1813-1836, 67:586-91. BUCKMAN, ROBERT, How Eight Weekly Newsmagazines Covered Elections in Six Countries, 70:780-92. BUDDENBAUM, JUDITH M., Analysis of Religion News Coverage in Three Major Newspapers, 63:600-06. BULLER, DAVID B., See BURGOON. BULLION, STUART J., U.S. News Media Citations in Neues Deutschland, 63:170-74. BUNKER, MATTHEW D., Lifting The Veil: Ethics Bodies, the Citizen-Critic, and the First Amendment, 70:98-107. BUNKER, MATTHEW D., PAUL H. GATES JR., and SIGMAN L. SPLICHAL, RICO and Obscenity Prosecutions: Racketeering Laws Threaten Free Expression, 70:692-99. BUNKER, MATTHEW D. and SIGMAN L. SPLICHAL, Legally Enforceable Reporter-Source Agreements: Chilling News Gathering at the Source? 70:939-46. BURGOON, JUDEE K., MICHAEL BURGOON and DAVID B. BULLER, Newspaper Image: Dimensions and Relation to Demographics, Satisfaction, 63:771-81. BURGOON, JUDEE K., MICHAEL BURGOON, DAVID R. BULLER, RAY COKER and DEBORAH A. COKER, Minorities and Journalism: Career Orientations Among High School Students, 64:434-43. BURGOON, JUDEE K., MICHAEL BURGOON, DAVID B. BULLER and CHARLES K. ATKIN, Communication Practices of Journalists: Interaction with Public, Other Journalists, 65:125-32. BURKHART, FORD N. and CAROL K. SIGELMAN, Byline Bias? Effects of Gender on News Article Evaluations, 67:492-500. BURKS, KIMBERLY K. and VERNON A. STONE, Career-Related Characteristics of Male and Female News Directors, 70:542-49. BURRISS, LARRY L., Accuracy of News Magazines as Perceived by News Sources, 62:824-27. BURRISS, LARRY L., How Anchors, Reporters and Newsmakers Affect Recall and Evaluation of Stories, 64:514-19. BURRISS, LARRY L., Use of Audio Inserts in Network Radio Newscasts, 65:474-78. BURRISS, LARRY L., Attribution in Network Radio News: A Cross Network Analysis, 65:690-94. BURRISS, LARRY L., Changes in Presidential Press Conferences, 66:468-71. BURRY, YVONNE HEATHER, G. ROBERT HOLSINGER and KATHY A. KRENDL, Restaurant Critics: Who Are They? What Are They Saying? 62:400-03. BUSBY, LINDA J. and GREG LEICHTY, Feminism and Advertising in Traditional and Nontraditional WomenÕs Magazines, 1950s-1980s, 70:247-64. BUSH, STEVE, See GAMST. BUSTERNA, JOHN C., The Cross-Elasticity of Demand for National Newspaper Advertising, 64:346-51. BUSTERNA, JOHN C., National Advertising Pricing: Chain vs. Independent Newspapers, 65:307-12. BUSTERNA, JOHN C., Trends in Daily Newspaper Ownership, 65:831-38. BUSTERNA, JOHN C., How Managerial Ownership Affects Profit Maximization in Newspaper Firms, 66:302-307. BUSTERNA, JOHN C. and KATHLEEN A. HANSEN, Presidential Endorsement Patterns By Chain-Owned Papers, 1976-84, 67:286-94. BUSTERNA, JOHN C., Price Discrimination as Evidence of Newspaper Chain Market Power, 68:5-14. BUSTERNA, JOHN C., KATHLEEN A. HANSEN and JEAN WARD, Competition, Ownership, Newsroom and Library Resources in Large Newspapers, 68:729-39. BYBEE, CARL R., See BROWN. BYRNE, TOMAS E., See BOSTIAN. BYTWERK, RANDALL L., Handling Unpleasant News in the East German Press, 62:136-38. BYTWERK, RANDALL L., The Dolt Laughs: Satirical Publications under Hitler and Honecker, 69:1029-38. << Back]]> 1604 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-c-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 13:18:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1607 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 CADWELL, ROY, See DREW. CALDWELL, CAROLE, See KAUFMAN. CAMERON, GLEN T. and JIAN YANG, Effect of Support and Personal Distance on the Definition of Key Publics for the Issue of AIDS, 68:620-29. CAMERON, GLEN T., RUTHANN WEAVER LARISCY and DUANE D. SWEEP, Predictors of Systematic Public Relations Research in Higher Education, 69:466-70. CAMERON, GLEN T., Spreading Activation and Involvement: An Experimental Test of a Cognitive Model of Involvement, 70:854-67. CANINO, GLORIA J. and ALETHA C. HUSTON, A Content Analysis of Prime-Time TV and Radio News in Puerto Rico, 63:150-54. CAPLAN, RICHARD E., Violent Program Content in Music Video, 62:144-47. CARROCCI, NOREEN M., Diffusion of Information about Cyanide-Laced Tylenol, 62:630-33. CARROLL, RAYMOND L., Content Values in TV News Programs in Small and Large Markets, 62:877-82, 938. CARROLL, RAYMOND L., Changes in the News: Trends in Network News Production, 65:940-45. CARROLL, RAYMOND L., Market Size and TV News Values, 66:49-56. CARTER, RICHARD F., Our Future Research Agenda: Confronting Challenges...Or Our Dying Gasp?, 67:282-85. CARTER, RICHARD F., KEITH R. STAMM and KATHERINE HEINTZ-KNOWLES, Agenda-Setting and Consequentiality, 69:868-77. CASSARA, CATHERINE, See BERNSTEIN. CATALANO, KEVIN, On the Wire: How Six News Services are Exceeding Readability Standards, 67:97-103. CAUDILL, ED, A Content Analysis of Press Views of Darwin's Evolution Theory, 1860-1925, 64:782-86. CAUDILL, EDWARD, E.L. Godkin and the Science of Society, 66:57-64. CAUDILL, EDWARD and PAUL ASHDOWN, The New England Journal of Medicine as News Source, 66:458-62. CAUDILL, EDWARD, E.L. Godkin and His (Special and Influential) View of 19th Century Journalism, 69:1039-50. CAUDILL, EDWARD, See SINGLETARY. CAUDILL, SUSAN, ED CAUDILL and MICHAEL W. SINGLETARY, Journalist Wanted; Trade-Journal Ads as Indicators of Professional Values, 64:576-80. CAUDILL, SUSAN, Choosing the Standard of Care in Private Individual Defamation Cases, 66:396-401. CAUDILL, SUSAN, Trying to Harness Atomic Energy, 1946-1951: Albert EinsteinÕs Publicity Campaign for World Government, 68:253-62. CAUDILL, SUSAN, See SINGLETARY. CHAFFEE, STEVEN H., CARLOS GOMEZ-PALACIO and EVERETT M. ROGERS, Mass Communication Research in Latin America. Views From Here and There, 67:1015-1024. CHAFFEE, STEVEN H., CLIFFORD I. NASS and SEUNG-MOCK YANG, Trust in Government and News Media Among Korean Americans, 68:111-19. CHANG, TSAN-KUO, How Three Elite Papers Covered Reagan China Policy, 61:429-32. CHANG, TSAN-KUO, PAMELA J. SHOEMAKER, STEPHEN D. REESE and WAYNE DANIELSON, Sampling Ethnic Media Use: The Case of Hispanics, 65:189-91. CHANG, TSAN-KUO, The News and U.S.-China Policy: Symbols in Newspapers and Documents, 65:320-27. CHANG, TSAN-KUO, DAVID VOELKER and JAE-WON LEE, Organizational Factors and Nonresponse in a Survey of Newspaper Editors, 67:732-39. CHANG, TSAN-KUO and JAE-WON LEE, Factors Affecting Gatekeepers' Selection of Foreign News: A National Survey of Newspaper Editors, 69:554-61. CHANG, TSAN-KUO, See TANKARD. CHARTPRASERT, DUANGKAMOL, How Bureaucratic Writing Style Affects Source Credibility, 70:150-59. CHEN, SHU-LING, See MILLER. CHEUNG, DIANE, See HENKE. CHEW, FIONA, A Within Message Analysis of Communication Behavior, 65:634-41. CHIASSON, LLOYD, Japanese-American Relocation During World War II: A Study of California Editorial Reactions, 68:263-68. CHING, LIU MEl, Women and the Media in China: An Historical Perspective, 62:45-52. CHOE, JAE HYUN, GARY B. WILCOX and ANDREW P. HARDY, Facial Expressions in Magazine Ads: A Cross-Cultural Comparison, 63:122-26, 166. CHOU, LINLY, GEORGE R. FRANKE and GARY B. WILCOX, The Information Content of Comparative Magazine Ads: A Longitudinal Analysis, 64:119-24. CHRIST, WILLIAM G. and SAMMYE JOHNSON, Images Through Time: Man-of-the-Year Covers, 62:891-93. CHRIST, WILLIAM G., See JOHNSON. CHUSMIR, LEONARD H., See SOHN. CLARK, JAMES C., Robert Henry Best: The Path To Treason, 1921-1945, 67:1051-1061. CLELLAND, GLADYS L. and DAVID H. OSTROFF, Satellite News Gathering and News Department Operations, 65:946-51. CLOGSTON, JOHN, See FICO. CLOUD, BARBARA, Establishing the Frontier Newspaper: A Study of Eight Western Territories, 62:805-11. COBB-REILEY, LINDA, Not an Empty Box with Beautiful Words on It: The First Amendment in Progressive Era Scholarship, 69:37-47. COBB-WALGREN, CATHY J., Why Teenagers Do Not "Read All About It," 67:340-47. COHEN, JEREMY, DIANA MUTZ, CLIFFORD NASS, and LAURIE MASON, Experimental Test of Some Notions of the Fact/Opinion Distinction in Libel, 66:11-18. COHEN, JEREMY and SARA SPEARS, Newtonian Communication: Shaking the Libel Tree for Empirical Damages, 67:51-59. COHEN, JEREMY and ROBERT G. DAVIS, Third-Person Effects and the Differential Impact in Negative Political Advertising, 68:680-88. COHEN, LISA, See GIFFARD. COKER, DEBORAH A., See BURGOON. COKER, RAY, See BURGOON. COLDEVIN, GARY, See DYCK. COLEMAN, LARRY G., See GANDY. COLLINS, JANAY and JOHN D. ABEL, Activation as News Exposure Predictor, 62:316-20. COLLINS, JANAY, Copyright and New Technology: Implications for Audiovisual Works, 64:94-98. COLLINS, JANAY, See REAGAN. COLLINS, JANAY, See VANDEN BERGH. COLSON, J.B., See KAHAN. CONNELL, STEVEN, See SHAMIR. COOK, BETSY B. and STEVEN R. BANKS, Predictors of Job Burnout in Reporters and Copy Editors, 70:108-17. COOK, CHRISTOPHER, See HENKE. COOPER, ROGER, Colorization and Moral Rights: Should the United States Adopt Unified Protection for Artists?, 68:465-73. COOPER, ROGER, See DUPAGNE. COOPER, THOMAS W., Ethics, Journalism and Television: Bibliographic Constellations, Black Holes, 65:450-59. COPELAND, GARY, See JOHNSON-CARTEE. COPPLE, ROBERT F., The Dynamics of Expression under the State Constitutions, 64:106-13. CORAN, STEPHEN E., See HANKS. CORBETT, JULIA B., Rural and Urban Newspaper Coverage of Wildlife: Conflict, Community and Bureaucracy, 69:929-37. CORDELL, VICTOR V., and GEORGE M. ZINKHAN, Dimensional Relationships of Memory: Implications for Print Advertisers, 66:954-59. CORRIGAN, DENNIS M., Value Coding and Consensus In Front Page News Leads, 67:653-62. COTTER, PATRICK R., See LATIMER. COULSON, DAVID C., Editors Attitudes and Behavior Toward Journalism Awards, 66:143-47. COULSON, DAVID C. and CECILIE GAZIANO, How Journalists at Two Newspapers View Good Writing and Writing Coaches, 66:435-40. COULSON, DAVID C., See GAZIANO. COUNTS, TIM, Effect of Endorsements on Presidential Vote, 62:644-47. COUNTS, TIM, Editorial Influence on GOP Vote in the 1948 Presidential Election, 66:177-81. COVERT, DOUGLAS C., Maker and Viewer Disagreement in Aesthetics of Visual Composition, 64:133-36. COX, KEITH K., See ZINKHAN. CREMEDAS, MICHAEL E., Corrections Policies in Local Television News: A Survey, 69:166-72. CROCKER, KENNETH E., See WU. CRONIN, MARY, See DEFLEUR. CROOK, JAMES, See MANNING-MILLER. CROWLEY, JOHN H. and JAMES POKRYWCZYNSKI, Advertising Practitioners Look at a Ban on Tobacco Advertising, 68:329-37. CULBERTSON, HUGH M., Measuring Agenda Diversity in an Elastic Medium: Candidate Position Papers, 69:938-47. CULBERTSON, HUGH M., See ALGRAAWI. CULBERTSON, HUGH M., See STEMPEL. CUNNINGHAM, ISABELLA C. M., See PETERSON. << Back]]> 1607 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-c-61-70-2/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 13:22:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1614 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 DALY, JOHN A., See REESE. DAMBROT, FAYE H., See REEP. DANIELIAN, LUCIG H., See SHOEMAKER. DANIELS, LEANNE, See WEAVER. DANIELSON, WAYNE A., DOMINIC L. LASORSA and DAE S. IM, Journalists and Novelists: A Study of Diverging Styles, 69:436-46. DANIELSON, WAYNE, See CHANG. DANIELSON, WAYNE A., See REESE. DANIELSON, WAYNE A., See SHOEMAKER. DATES, JANNETTE LAKE and OSCAR H. GANDY, JR., How Ideological Constraints Affected Coverage of the Jesse Jackson Campaign, 62:595-600, 625. DAVENPORT, LUCINDA, See DEFLEUR. DAVID, PRABU, Accuracy of Visual Perception of Quantitative Graphics: An Exploratory Study, 69:273-92. DAVIS, DENNIS K., See VINCENT. DAVIS, DONALD M., See AUTER. DAVIS, ROBERT G., See COHEN. DAY, LOUIS A., Media Access to Juvenile Courts, 61:751-56. DAY, LOUIS A., The Pro Athlete's Right of Publicity in Live Sports Telecasts, 65:62-70. DE RIEMER, CYNTHIA, A Survey of VU/TEXT Use in the Newsroom, 69:960-70. DECKER-AMOS, LINDA, See SMITH. DECLERCQ, EUGENE R., See BENZE. DEE, JULIET, Legal Confrontations Between Press, Ex-CIA Agents and the Government, 66:418-26. DEFLEUR, MELVIN L., LUCINDA DAVENPORT, MARY CRONIN and MARGARET DEFLEUR, Audience Recall of News Stories Presented by Newspaper, Computer, Television and Radio, 69:1010-22. DEFLEUR, MELVIN L., See FACORRO. DEMERS, DAVID PEARCE, Use of Polls in Reporting Changes Slightly Since 1978, 64:839-42. DEMERS, DAVID PEARCE, Opinion Polling Practices of Chain and Independent Papers, 65:500-03. DEMERS, DAVID PEARCE, Corporate Structure and Emphasis on Profits and Product Quality at U.S. Daily Newspapers, 68:15-26. DEMERS, DAVID PEARCE, Effect of Corporate Structure on Autonomy of Top Editors at U.S. Dailies, 70:499-508. DERIEMER, CYNTHIA and RICHARD L. BAXTER, Advertising by Banks Before, During and After a Collapse, 63:630-32. DERIEMER, CYNTHIA, Education Coverage in Award-Winning and Non-Award Winning Newspapers, 65:171-77. DETWEILER, JOHN S., Three Newsgathering Perspectives for Covering an Execution, 64:454-62. DIBELLA, SUZAN M., ANTHONY J. FERRI and ALLAN B. PADDERUD, ScientistsÕ Reasons for Consenting to Mass Media Interviews: A National Survey, 68:740-49. DICKSON, SANDRA H., Press and U.S. Policy Toward Nicaragua, 1983-1987: A Study of the New York Times and Washington Post, 69:562-71. DICKSON, SANDRA H., See ROBERTS. DICKSON, THOMAS V., Attitudes of High School Principals About Press Freedom After Hazelwood, 66:169-73. DILLON, JOHN, Career Values as Predictor of the Perceived Role of Media, 67:369-76. DILLON, WILLIAM R., See WEINBERGER. DILTS, JON PAUL, Testing Siebert's Proposition in Civil War Indiana, 63:365-68. DILTS, JON PAUL, See PRITCHARD. DOBOS, JEAN, See JEFFRES. DOMINICK, JOSEPH R., Impact of Budget Cuts on CBS News, 65:469-73. DOMINICK, JOSEPH R., See EATON. DOMINICK, JOSEPH R., See SHERMAN. DONOHUE, G.A., C.N. OLIEN and P.J. TICHENOR, Leader and Editor Views of Role of Press in Community Development, 62:367-72. DONOHUE, G.A., C.N. OLIEN, and P.J. TICHENOR, Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers, 66:807-12. DONOHUE, G.A., See OLIEN. DONOHUE, GEORGE A., CLARICE N. OLIEN and PHILLIP J. TICHENOR, Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership, 62:489-99, 507. DONOHUE, GEORGE A., See TICHENOR. DONOHUE, THOMAS R., See HENKE. DOUGLAS, SARA, NORMA PECORA and THOMAS GUBACK, Work, Workers and the Workplace: Is Local Newspaper Coverage Adequate? 62:855-60. DOW, CAROLINE, Prior Restraint on Photojournalists, 64:88-93. DOZIER, DAVID M., See HARTUNG. DOZIER, DAVID M., See HOFSTETTER. DOZIER, DAVID M., See PAYNE. DOZIER, DAVID M., See YAGADE. DRAVIS, STEPHEN, See LACY. DRECHSEL, ROBERT E., Mass Media Liability for Intentionally Inflicted Emotional Distress, 62:95-99. DRECHSEL, ROBERT E., Judges' Perceptions of Fair Trial-Free Press Issue, 62:388-90. DRECHSEL, ROBERT E., Mass Media and Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress, 62:523-27, 539. DRESCHEL, ROBERT E., Media Tort Liability for Physical Harm, 64:99-105. DRECHSEL, ROBERT E., The Survival of "End-Run" Theories of Tort Liability After Hustler v. Falwell, 67:1062-1070. DREW, DAN and DAVID WEAVER, Media Attention, Media Exposure, and Media Effects, 67:740-48. DREW, DAN and DAVID WEAVER, Voter Learning in the 1988 Presidential Election: Did the Debates and the Media Matter?, 68:27-37. DREW, DAN, See WEAVER. DREW, DAN G., and STEPHEN D. REESE, ChildrenÕs Learning from a Television Newscast, 61:83-88. DREW, DAN G. and ROY CADWELL, Some Effects of Video Editing on Perceptions of Television News, 62:828-31, 849. DREW, DAN G., See WICKS. DUCEY, RICHARD V., See REAGAN. DUKES, JAMES O., See O'CALLAGHAN. DUNWOODY, SHARON and STEVEN SHIELDS, Accounting for Patterns of Selection of Topics in Statehouse Reporting, 63:488-96. DUNWOODY, SHARON and MICHAEL RYAN, The Credible Scientific Source, 64:21-27. DUNWOODY, SHARON, See BEAM. DUNWOODY, SHARON, See NEUWIRTH. DUNWOODY, SHARON, See ROSSOW. DUPAGNE, MICHAEL, W. JAMES POTTER, and ROGER COOPER, A Content Analysis of Women's Published Mass Communication Research, 1965-1989, 70:815-23. DVORAK, JACK, High School Publications Experience as a Factor in College-Level Writing, 65:392-98. DVORAK, JACK, Publications Experience as Predictor of College Success, 66:702-06. DYCK, EVELYNE J. and GARY COLDEVIN, Using Positive vs. Negative Photographs - Or No Photographs - in Third-World Fund Raising, 89:572-79. DYE, JEAN E. and MARK HARMON, TV Guide: Images of the Status Quo, 1970-79, 64:626-29. DYKERS, CAROL REESE, See KAUFMAN. << Back]]> 1614 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-e-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 13:26:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1617 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 EATON, B. CAROL and JOSEPH R. DOMINICK, Product Related Programming and Children's TV: A Content Analysis, 68:67-75. EATON, HOWARD, JR., Agenda-Setting with Bi-Weekly Data on Content of Three National Media, 66:942-48. EBERHARD, WALLACE B. and MARGARET LEE MEYERS, Beyond the Locker Room: Women in Sports on Major Daily Newspapers, 65:595-99. EBERHARD, WALLACE B., Soldiers Reflect on Coverage of Wars at Turn of Century, 66:706-10. EINSIEDEL, EDNA F., KANDICE L. SALOMONE and FREDERICK P. SCHNEIDER, Crime: Effects of Media Exposure and Personal Experience on Issue Salience, 61:131-36. EKDOM, LEAH R., See TRUJILLO. EKWELIE, SYLVANUS A., The Nigerian Press Under Civilian Rule, 63:98-105, 149. ELLIOTT, SWANZY NIMLEY, See WEAVER. ELLIOTT, WILLIAM R. and WILLIAM L. ROSENBERG, The 1985 Philadelphia Newspaper Strike: A Uses and Gratifications Study, 64:679-87. ELLIOTT, WILLIAM R. and JAYANTHI SOTHIRAJAH, Post-Debate Analysis and Media Reliance: Influences on Candidate Image and Voting Probabilities, 70:321-35. ELLIOTT, WILLIAM R., See HINKLE. ELLIOTT, WILLIAM R., See ROSENBERG. ELLIS, BRENDA, See RIFFE. EL SARAYRAH, MOHAMED N., Foreign News in Two Jordanian Newspapers, 63:363-66. ENDRENY, PHYLLIS, See SINGER. ENDRES, FREDRIC F., See WEARDEN. ENDRES, KATHLEEN L., 'Strictly Confidential': Birth-Control Advertising in 19th Century City, 63:748-51. ENDRES, KATHLEEN L., Ownership and Employment in Specialized Business Press, 65:996-98. ENDRES, KATHLEEN L., National Security Benchmark: Truman, Executive Order 10290, and the Press, 67:1071-1077. ENGLEMAN, THOMAS, See BECKER. ENTMAN, ROBERT M., Blacks in the News: Television, Modern Racism and Cultural Change, 69:341-61. ERFLE, STEPHEN, and HENRY McMILLAN, Determinants of Network News Coverage of the Oil Industry During the Late 1970s, 66:121-28. ERIBO, FESTUS, Coverage of Africa South of the Sahara By Pravda, Izvestia, Trud, and Selskaya Zhizn, 1979-1987: A Content Analysis, 70:51-57. ETTEMA, JAMES S. and THEODORE L. GLASSER, Public Accountability or Public Relations? Newspaper Ombudsmen Define Their Role, 64:3-12. EVANS, MARGARET E., See WEAVER. EVENSEN, BRUCE, See VAUGHN. EVENSEN, BRUCE J., Surrogate State Department? Times Coverage of Palestine, 1948, 67:391-400. EVENSEN, BRUCE J., "Cave Man" Meets "Student Champion": Sports Page Storytelling for a Nervous Generation during America's Jazz Age, 70:767-79. EVERETT, SHU-LING CHEN and STEPHEN E. EVERETT, How Readers and Advertisers Benefit from Local Newspaper Competition, 66:76-79. EVERETT, STEPHEN E. and GEORGE A. EVERETT, The Blurring of Headline Sizes Under New Editing Technology, 65:627-33. EVERETT, STEPHEN E., Financial Services Advertising Before and After Crash of 1987, 65:920-24. EYAL, CHAIM H., Newspaper Political Advertising and News in the 1984 Israeli Elections, 62:601-08. << Back]]> 1617 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-f-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 13:29:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1624 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 FABER, RONALD J., and THOMAS C. OÕGUINN, Effect of Media Advertising and Other Sources on Movie Selection, 61:37l-77. FACORRO, LUIS BUCETA and MELVIN L. DEFLEUR, A Cross-Cultural Experiment on How Well Audiences Remember News Stories from Newspaper, Computer, Television, and Radio Sources, 70:585-601. FAIER, JOHN A., See UNGER. FAIR, JO ELLEN, A Meta-Research Case Study of Development Journalism, 65:165-70. FAIX, NOREEN, See RUBIN. FARRAR, RONALD, News Councils and Libel Actions, 63:509-516. FEASLEY, FLORENCE G., Copywriting and the Prose of Hemingway, 62:121-26. FELDMAN, OFER, Relations Between the Diet And the Japanese Press, 62:845-49. FELDMAN, OFER, Japanese PoliticansÕ Exposure to National and Local Dailies, 63:821-26, 833. FERGUSON, CARROLL ANN, See SMITH. FERGUSON, DOUGLAS A., See PERSE. FERGUSON, DOUGLAS A., See SMITH. FERRI, ANTHONY J. and JO E. KELLER, Perceived Career Barriers for Female Television News Anchors, 63:463-67. FERRI, ANTHONY J., Perceived Career Barriers of Men and Women Television News Anchors, 65:661-67. FERRI, ANTHONY J., See DIBELLA. FICO, FREDERICK, The Ultimate Spokesman Revisited: Media Visibility of State Lawmakers, 61:383-92. FICO, FREDERICK, How Lawmakers Use Reporters: Differences in Specialization and Goals, 61:793-800. FICO, FREDERICK, Search for the Statehouse Spokesman: Coverage of the Governor and Lawmakers, 62:74-80, 94. FICO, FREDERICK, Perceived Roles and Editorial Concerns Influence Reporters in Two Statehouses, 62:784-90. FICO, FREDERICK, Influence of Perceived Editorial Concern and Role Concept of Source Reliance, 63:322-30. FICO, FREDERICK, JOHN CLOGSTON and GARY PIZANTE, Influences of Party and Incumbency on 1984 Michigan Election Coverage, 65:709-13. FICO, FREDERICK, See LACY. FICO, FREDERICK, See SIMON. FINK, ED, See GANTZ. FINN, SETH, Unpredictability as Correlate of Reader Enjoyment of News Articles, 62:334-39, 345. FINN, SETH and TERRY M. HICKSON, Impact of Arousing Commercials on Perceptions of TV News, 63:369-71. FINN, SETH, Television 'Addiction'? An Evaluation of Four Competing Media-Use Models, 69:422-35. FINNEGAN, JOHN R., JR. and KASISOMAYAJULA VISWANATH, Community Ties and Use of Cable TV and Newspapers in a Midwest Suburb, 65:456-63. FINNEGAN, JOHN R., JR., K. VISWANATH, EMILY KAHN, and PETER HANNAN, Exposure to Sources of Heart Disease Prevention Information: Community Type and Social Group Differences, 70:569-84. FINNEGAN, JOHN R., JR., See VISWANATH. FISH, MARIORIE, J., See ADAMS. FITZMAURICE, MICHAEL, See GANTZ. FLEMING, DAN B., Benjamin Franklin to Watergate: The Press in U.S. History Textbooks, 61:885-88. FLETCHER, ALAN D., See VANDEN BERGH. FLETCHER, DWIGHT, See WILCOX. FLOURNOY, DON M., See GANZERT. FOLKERTS, JEAN and STEPHEN LACY, Journalism History Writing, 1975-1983, 62:585-88. FOLKERTS, JEAN and STEPHEN LACY, Weekly Editors in 1900: A Quantitative Study of Demographic Characteristics, 64:429-33. FOLKERTS, JEAN, See BRINTNALL. FOLKERTS, JEAN, See GREEN. FOOTE, JOE, See KAID. FOOTE, JOE S. and MICHAEL E. STEELE, Degree of Conformitv in Lead Stories in Early Evening Network TV Newscasts, 63:19-23. FOOTE, JOE S. and ANN C. SAUNDERS, Graphic Forms in Network Television News, 67:501-507. FOWLER, GILBERT L. and JOHN MARTIN SHIPMAN, Pennsylvania Editors' Perceptions of Communication in the Newsroom, 61:822-26. FOWLER, GILBERT L., JR., Content and Teacher Characteristics for MasterÕs Level Research Course, 63:594-99. FOWLER, GILBERT L. and TOMMY L. MUMERT, A Survey of Correction Policies of Arkansas Newspapers, 65:853-58. FOWLER, GILBERT L., JR., See MELTON. FOX, JAMES D., See KRUEGER. FRANKE, GEORGE R., See CHOU. FREDIN, ERIC and GERALD M. KOSICKI, Cognition and Attitudes about Community: Compensating for Media Images, 66:571-578. FREDIN, ERIC S., Assessing Sources: Interviewing, Self-Monitoring and Attribution Theory, 61:866-73. FREDIN, ERIC S. and TRACY TABACZYNSKI, Media Schemata, Information-Processing Strategies and Audience Assessment of the Informational Value of Quotes and Background in Local News, 70:801-14. FREDIN, ERIC, S., See SMITH. FREI, NORBERT, Reform of the German Press System, 64:793-98. FRIEDLANDER, JAY, Journalism Behind Barbed Wire, 1942-44: An Arkansas Relocation Center Newspaper, 62:243-46, 271. FRIEDMAN, MONROE, Brand-Name Use in News Columns of American Newspapers Since 1964, 63:161-66. FRITH, KATHERINE TOLAND and DAVID WESSON, A Comparison of Cultural Values in British and American Print Advertising: A Study of Magazines, 68:216-23. FRUTH, LAUREL and ALLAN PADDERUD, Portrayals of Mental Illness in Daytime Television Serials, 62:384-87, 449. FRY, DONALD L. and VIRGINIA H. FRY, Language Use and Political Environments in Media Coverage of 'Super Tuesday,' 63:719-27. FURHOFF, ANNA-KARIN and LARS FURHOFF, Mortality Among Swedish Journalists, 64:533-36. FURNO-LAMUDE, DIANE and JAMES ANDERSON, The Uses and Gratifications of Rerun Viewing, 69:362-72. << Back]]> 1624 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-g-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 13:34:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1628 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 GADDY, GARY D. and DAVID PRITCHARD, Is Religious Knowledge Gained From Broadcasts? 63:840-44. GADDY, GARY D., See Merron. GAGNARD, ALICE and JIM R. MORRIS, CLIO Commercials from 1975-1985: Analysis of 151 Executional Variables, 65:859-68. GAGNARD, ALICE, Elements of Timing and Repetition in Award-Winning TV Commercials, 66:965-69. GALICIAN, MARY LOU, Perceptions of Good News and Bad News on Television, 63:611-16. GALICIAN, MARY-LOU and NORRIS D. VESTRE, Effects of 'Good News' and 'Bad News' on Newscast Image and Community Image, 64:399-405. GALICIAN, MARY-LOU, See ANDERSON. GAMST, GLENN, TIM ALLDRIDGE and STEVE BUSH, Effects of Targeted Sales Messages on Subscription Sales and Retention, 64:463-72. GANDY, OSCAR H., JR., and MOHAMMED EL WAYLLY, The Knowledge Gap and Foreign Affairs: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict, 62:777-83. GANDY, OSCAR H., JR., and LARRY G. COLEMAN, The Jackson Campaign: Mass Media and Black Student Perceptions, 63:138-43, 154. GANDY, OSCAR H., JR., See DATES. GANDY, OSCAR H., JR, See MILLER. GANTZ, WALTER, KATHY KRENDL and SUSAN R. ROBERTSON, Diffusion of a Proximate News Event, 63:282-87. GANTZ, WALTER and JONATHAN MASLAND, Television as Babysitter, 63:530-36. GANTZ, WALTER, MICHAEL FITZMAURICE and ED FINK, Assessing the Active Component of Information Seeking, 68:630-37. GANZERT, CHARLES and DON M. FLOURNOY, The Weekly ÔWorld ReportÕ on CNN, An Analysis, 69:188-94. GARCIA, MARIO, See BOHLE. GARNER, R. BROOKS, See IORIO. GARRAMONE, GINA M., Voter Responses to Negative Political Ads, 61:250-59. GARRAMONE, GINA M. and SANDRA J. SMITH, Reactions to Political Advertising: Clarifying Sponsor Effects, 61:771-75. GARRAMONE, GINA M., Motivation and Selective Attention to Political Information Formats, 62:37-44. GARRAMONE, GINA M., Motivational Models: Replication across Media for Political Campaign Content, 62:537-41, 691. GARRAMONE, GINA M., See MORIARTY. GARRISON, BRUCE, See SALWEN. GATES, PAUL H., JR., See BUNKER. GAUNT, PHILIP, Developments in Soviet Journalism, 64:526-32. GAUNT, PHILIP, The Training of Journalists in France, Britain and the U.S., 65:582-88. GAUNT, PHILIP and DAVID PRITCHARD, Outside Over National News Agencies? A Study of Preferences In the French Regional Press, 67:184-89. GAZIANO, CECILIE, Neighborhood Newspapers, Citizen Groups and Public Affairs Knowledge Gaps, 61:556-66, 599. GAZIANO, CECILIE and KRISTIN MCGRATH, Measuring the Concept of Credibility, 63:451-62. GAZIANO, CECILIE and KRISTIN MCGRATH, Newspaper Credibility and Relationships of Newspaper Journalists to Communities, 64:317-28. GAZIANO, CECILIE, How Credible Is the Credibility Crisis? 65:267-78. GAZIANO, CECILIE and DAVID C. COULSON, Effect of Newsroom Management Styles on Journalists: A Case Study, 65:869-80. GAZIANO, CECILIE, Chain Newspaper Homogeneity and Presidential Endorsements, 1971-1988, 66:836-845. GAZIANO, CECILIE, See COULSON. GERACI, PHILLIP C., Newspaper Illustration and Readership: Is USA Today on Target? 61:409-13. GERHARD, MICHAEL E., A NewspaperÕs 900 Telephone Poll: Its Perceived Credibility and Accuracy, 67:508-513. GERLACH, PETER, Research About Magazines Appearing in Journalism Quarterly, 64:178-82. GHORPADE, SHAILENDRA, Foreign Correspondents Cover Washington for World, 61:667-71. GIBSON, RHONDA and DOLF ZILLMANN, The Impact of Quotation in News Reports on Issue Perception, 70:793-800. GIBSON, RHONDA J., See RIFFE. GIFFARD, C. ANTHONY, Developed and Developing Nation News in U.S. Wire Service Files to Asia, 61:14-19. GIFFARD, C. ANTHONY, The Inter Press Service: New Information for a New Order, 62:17-23, 44. GIFFARD, C. ANTHONY, and LISA COHEN, South African TV and Censorship: Does It Reduce Negative Coverage? 66:3-10. GILBERT, KATHY and JOAN SCHLEUDER, Effects of Color and Complexity in Still Photographs on Mental Effort and Memory, 67:749-56. GILBERT, ROBERT B., Seditious Libel Today Versus the Imperative of Absolute Immunity, 63:38-42, 47. GIORDANO, JOSEPH, See BLANKENSHIP. GLASCOCK, JACK, Effect of Cable Television on Advertiser and Consumer Spending on Mass Media, 1978-1990, 70:509-17. GLASSER, THEODORE L., DAVID S. ALLEN, and S. ELIZABETH BLANKS, The Influence of Chain Ownership on News Play: A Case Study, 66:607-14. GLASSER, THEODORE L., See ETTEMA. GLASSMAN, MARC B., See SINGER. GLEASON, TIMOTHY, The Libel Climate of the Late 19th Century: A Survey of Libel Litigation, 1884-1899, 70:893-906. GLEASON, TIMOTHY W., Killing "Gnats with a Sledgehammer"? Case Study: Fairness Doctrine and a Broadcast License Denial, 68:805-813. GLYNN, CARROLL J., The Communication of Public Opinion, 64:688-97. GLYNN, CARROLL J., Perceptions of Communication Use in Science Policy Decision Making, 65:54-61. GLYNN, CARROLL J. and RONALD E. OSTMAN, Public Opinion About Public Opinion, 65:299-306. GLYNN, CARROLL J., See MCDONALD. GOBETZ, ROBERT H., See SCOTT. GODFREY, DONALD G. and VAL E. LIMBURG, The Rogue Elephant of Radio Legislation: Senator William E. Borah, 67:214-24. GOFF, DAVID H., See SCOTT. GOLDSON, HELENE, See RIFFE. GOMEZ-PALACIO, CARLOS, See CHAFFEE. GONZENBACH, WILLIAM J., The Conformity Hypothesis: Empirical Considerations for the Spiral of Silence's First Link, 69:633-45. GOOD, HOWARD, The Journalist in Fiction, 1890-1930, 62:352-57. GOODMAN, R. IRWIN, Television News Viewing by Older Adults, 67:137-41. GOODMAN, R. IRWIN, See GRIFFITHS. GOPINATH, SHEILA, See AKHAVAN-MAJID. GORNEY, CAROLE, Numbers versus Pictures: Did Network Television Sensationalize Chernobyl Coverage? 69:455-65. GORTON, RICHARD A., School-Press Relations: Perceptions and Practices, 63:184-87. GRADY, LIONEL, How Voice Reports, Actualities Affect Recall of Radio News, 64:587-90. GRAINEY, TIMOTHY F., DENNIS R. POLLACK and LORI A. KUSMIEREK. How Three Chicago Newspapers Covered the Washington-Epton Campaign, 61:352-55, 363. GREEN, NORMA, STEVE LACY, and JEAN FOLKERTS, Chicago Journalists at the Turn of the Century: Bohemians All?, 66:813-21. GREEN, NORMA F., See ATWATER. GREENBERG, BRADLEY, and JOHN C. SCHWEITZER, "Mass Communication Scholars" Revisited and Revised, 66:473-75. GREENBERG, BRADLEY S., See SIEMICKI. GREENBERG, MICHAEL and DANIEL WARTENBERG, Network Television Evening News Coverage of Infectious Disease Events, 67:142-46. GREENBERG, MICHAEL R., DAVID B. SACHSMAN, PETER N. SANDMAN, and KANDICE L. SALAMONE, Risk, Drama and Geography in Coverage of Environmental Risk by Network TV, 66:267-76. GREER, LORRIE S., See STOUT. GRIERSON, DON, Battling Censors, Chiding Home Office: Harrison SalisburyÕs Russian Assignment, 64:313-16. GRIFFIN, ROBERT J., Energy in the Eighties: Education, Communication, and the Knowledge Gap, 67:554-66. GRIFFITHS, THOMAS A., and R. IRWIN GOODMAN, Radio News DirectorsÕ Perception of Involvement in Advertising and Sales, 66:600-606. GRIMES, TOM, Encoding TV News Messages Into Memory, 67:757-66. GRISWOLD, WILLIAM F. and JILL D. SWENSON, Development News in Rural Georgia Newspapers: A Comparison with Media in Developing Nations, 69:580-90. GROSS, LYNNE, See JOHNSON. GRUBE, ANETTE, and KARIN BOEHME-DUERR, AIDS in International News Magazines, 65:686-89. GRUNIG, JAMES E., CLIFFORD L. NELSON, SUSIE J. RICHBURG and TERRY J. WHITE, Communication by Agricultural Publics: Internal and External Orientations, 65:26-38. GRUNIG, LARISSA A., Sex Discrimination in Promotion and Tenure in Journalism Education, 66:93-100. GRUSIN, ELINOR, See STONE. GRUSIN, ELINOR KELLY, Shotgun Marriage: A Study of Tennessee Law Enforcement, Reporters and Sources, 67:514-20. GUBACK, THOMAS, See DOUGLAS. GUENTHER, LEA, Four Categories of Change at the Weekly Newspaper, 64:863-67. GUEST, AVERY M., See STAMM. GUIMARY, DONALD L., Ethnic Minorities in Newsrooms of Major Market Media in California, 61:827-30. GUIMARY, DONALD L., How Newspapers in Alaska Cope with Staff Turnover, 63:627-30. GUIMARY, DONALD L., Non-Whites in Newsrooms of California Dailies, 65:1009-11. GUNTHER, ALBERT and DOMINIC L. LASORSA, Issue Importance and Trust in Mass Media, 63:844-48. GUNTHER, ALBERT, Attitude Extremity and Trust in Media, 65:279-87. GUNTHER, ALBERT and LESLIE B. SNYDER, Reading International News in a Censored Press Environment, 69:591-99. GUNTHER, ALBERT C. and PAUL MUNDY, Biased Optimism and the Third-Person Effect, 70:58-67. GURIAN, PAUL-HENRI, The Distribution of News Coverage in Presidential Primaries, 70:336-44. GUTTELING, JAN M., See WIEGMAN. << Back]]> 1628 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-h-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 13:37:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1633 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 HAAS, JOHN W., See ALLEN. HABERMAN, DAVID A., The Single-Publication Rule: A Solution That Raises Problems, 61:623-28, 744. HABERMAN, PETER, LILLIAN LODGE KOPENHAVER and DAVID L. MARTINSON, Sequence Facultv Divided on PR Value, Status and News Orientation, 65:490-96. HACHTEN, WILLIAM A. and BRIAN BEIL, Bad News or No News?: Covering Africa, 1965-1982, 62:626-30. HACHTEN, WILLIAM A., Media Development without Press Freedom: Lee Kuan YewÕs Singapore, 66:822-27. HACKETT, ROBERT A., A Hierarchy of Access: Aspects of Source Bias in Canadian TV News, 62:256-65, 277. HAJASH, DONNA J., See SMITH. HAKANEN, ERNEST A., See WELLS. HALE, F. DENNIS, Free Expression: The First Five Years of the Rehnquist Court, 69:89-104. HALE, GARY A. and RICHARD C. VINCENT, Locally Produced Programming on Independent Television Stations, 63:562-67. HALLIN, DANIEL, ROBERT KARL MANOFF, and JUDY K. WEDDLE, Sourcing Patterns of National Security Reporters, 70:753-66. HAMILTON, NEAL F. and ALAN M. RUBIN, The Influence of Religiosity on Television News, 69:667-78. HANDELMAN, AUDREY, Political Cartoonists as They Saw Themselves During the 1950s, 61:137-41. HANKS, WILLIAM and LEMUEL SCHOFIELD, Limitations on the State as Editor in State-Owned Broadcast Stations, 63:797-801. HANKS, WILLIAM E. and STEPHEN E. CORAN, Federal Preemption of Obscenity Law Applied to Cable Television, 63:43-47. HANNAN, PETER, See FINNEGAN. HANSEN, KATHLEEN A., JEAN WARD and DOUGLAS M. MCLEOD, Role of the Newspaper Library in the Production of News, 64:714-20. HANSEN, KATHLEEN A., Information Richness and Newspaper Pulitzer Prizes, 67:930-35. HANSEN, KATHLEEN A., Source Diversity and Newspaper Enterprise Journalism, 68:474-82. HANSEN, KATHLEEN A., See BUSTERNA. HANSEN, KATHLEEN A., See WARD. HAQUE, S. M. MAZAHARUL, News Content Homogeneity in Elite Indian Dailies, 63:827-33. HARDING, CHRISTINA M., See KRISTIANSEN. HARDY, ANDREW P., See CHOE. HARDY, ANDREW P., See REESE. HARKEY, WILLIAM H., LEONARD N. REID and KAREN WHITEHILL KING, Army AdvertisingÕs Perceived Influence: Some Preliminary Findings, 65:719-25. HARMON, MARK, See BATES. HARMON, MARK, See DYE. HARMON, MARK D., Mr. Gates Goes Electronic: The What and Why Questions in Local TV News, 66:857-63. HARTUNG, BARBARA, See STONE. HARTUNG, BARBARA W., ALFRED JACOBY and DAVID M. DOZIER, ReadersÕ Perceptions of Purpose of Newspaper Ombudsman Program, 69:914-19. HARWOOD, PHILIP J., See LAIN. HASEGAWA, KAZUMI, See RAMAPRASAD. HASKINS, JACK B., and M. MARK MILLER, The Effects of Bad News and Good News on a NewspaperÕs Image, 61:3-13, 65. HASKINS, JACK B., M. MARK MILLER and JAN QUARLES, Reliability of the News Direction Scale for Analysis of the Good-Bad News Dimension, 61:524-28. HAVICE, MICHAEL, How Response Rates Compare for Human and Digitized Phone Surveys, 66:137-42. HAVICE, MICHAEL J., Measuring Nonresponse and Refusals to An Electronic Telephone Survey, 67:521-30. HAVICE, MICHAEL J., See TIEDGE. HAWS, DICK, Minorities in the Newsroom and Community: A Comparison, 68:764-71. HAYS, ROBERT G. and ANN E. REISNER, Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures, 67:936-42. HAYS, ROBERT G. and ANN E. REISNER, Farm Journalists and Advertiser Influence: Pressures on Ethical Standards, 68:172-78. HECKER, SIDNEY, See STOUT. HEETER, CARRIE, NATALIE BROWN, STAN SOFFIN, CYNTHIA STANLEY and MICHAEL SALWEN, Agenda-Setting by Electronic Text News, 66:101-106. HEETER, CARRIE, See ATKIN. HEETER, CARRIE, See ATWATER. HEINTZ-KNOWLES, KATHERINE, See CARTER. HELLE, STEVEN, Judging Public Interest in Libel: The Gertz Decision's Contribution, 61:117-24. HEMELS, BERNADETTE M., See BECKER. HENDRICKSON, LAURA, Media Reliance and Complexity of Perspective on International Relations, 66:876-80. HENKE, LUCY L., THOMAS R. DONOHUE, CHRISTOPHER COOK and DIANE CHEUNG, The Impact of Cable on Traditional TV News Viewing, 61:174-78. HENKE, LUCY L. and THOMAS R. DONOHUE, Teletext Viewing Habits and Preferences, 63:542-45, 553. HENNING, VOLKER, See SMITH. HENNINGHAM, J.P., Comparisons Between Three Versions of the Professional Orientation Index, 61:302-09. HENNINGHAM, JOHN P., Multicultural Journalism: A Profile of Hawaii's Newspeople, 70:550-57. HENRY, SUSAN, Exception to the Female Model: Colonial Printer Mary Crouch, 62:725-33, 749. HENRY, SUSAN, 'Dear Companion, Ever-Ready Co-Worker:' A WomanÕs Role in a Media Dynasty, 64:301-12. HERBST, SUSAN, Assessing Public Opinion in the 1930s-1940s: Retrospective Views of Journalists, 67:943-49. HERMANSON, LOUISE WILLIAMS, News Council Complainants: Who Are They and What Do They Want? 70:947-70. HEWITT, JOHN and RICK HOULBERG, Local Broadcast News Editors and Managers: A Multiple Station, Single Market Study, 63:834-39. HICKSON, TERRY M., See FINN. HIGHTOWER, PAUL, The Influence of Training on Taking and Judging Photos, 61:682-86. HILL, SCOTT, See REAGAN. HILLIARD, ROBERT D., The Graphics Explosion: Questions Remain About Roles, 66:192-94. HILT, MICHAEL L., See LIPSCHULTZ. HINDE, DENNIS and GARY SCOFIELD, Is Bigger Better in Yellow Pages Ads?, 61:185-87. HINDMAN, ELIZABETH BLANKS, First Amendment Theories and Press Responsibility: The Work of Zechariah Chafee, Thomas Emerson, Vincent Blasi and Edwin Baker, 69:48-64. HINKLE, GERALD, and WILLIAM R. ELLIOTT, Science Coverage in Three Newspapers and Three Supermarket Tabloids, 66:353-58. HIRSCHMANN, EDWIN, An Editor Speaks for the Natives: Robert Knight in 19th Century India, 63:260-67. HOFFERT, SYLVIA D., New York City's Penny Press and the Issue of Women's Rights, 1848-1860, 70:656-65. HOFSTETTER, C. RICHARD and DAVID M. DOZIER, Useful News, Sensational News: Quality, Sensationalism and Local TV News, 62:815-20, 853. HOLSINGER, G. ROBERT, See BURRY. HONG, JAE W., See ZINKHAN. HOPKINS, W. WAT, Flag Desecration as Seditious Iibel, 68:814-22. HORNIG, SUSANNA, Science Stories: Risk, Power, and Perceived Emphasis, 67:767-76. HORNIG, SUSANNA, Framing Risk: Audience and Reader Factors, 69:679-89. HORVATH-NEIMEYER, PAULA S., Contracts and Confidential Sources: The Implications of Cohen v. Cowles Media, 67:1078-1082. HOSMAN, LAWRENCE A., See WITIOTA. HOULBERG, RICK, See HEWITT. HOULBERG, RICK, See KAPLAN. HOUSEL, THOMAS J., Understanding and Recall of TV News, 61:505-508, 741. HOUWEN, REINDER J., See WIEGMAN. HOVLAND, ROXANNE and RONALD E. TAYLOR, Advertising and Commercial Speech Since the 1986 Posadas Case, 67:1083-1089. HOVLAND, ROXANNE, See TUCKER. HOVLAND, ROXANNE, See WILCOX. HOWARD, HERBERT H., An Update on Cable TV Ownership: 1985, 63:706-09, 781. HOWARD, HERBERT H., EDWARD BLICK and JAN P. QUARLES, Media Choices for Specialized News, 64:620-23. HOWARD, HERBERT H., Group and Cross-Media Ownership of TV Stations: A 1989 Update, 66:785-91. HOWARD, HERBERT H., See OGLES. HOWARD-PITNEY, DAVID, Calvin ChaseÕs Washington Bee and Black Middle-Class Ideology, 1882-1900, 63:89-97. HOWENSTINE, ERICK, Environmental Reporting: Shift from 1970 to 1982, 64:842-46. HSU, KENNETH, See SHOEMAKER. HUBBARD, J. T. W., Newspaper Business Staffs Increase Markedly in Last Decade, 64:171-77. HUBBARD, TOM, See CONRAD SMITH. HUDSON, JERRY C. and STEVE SWINDEL, TV News in Saudi Arabia, 65:1003-06. HUFF, W.A. KELLY, FCC Standard-Setting with Regard to FM Stereo and AM Stereo, 68:483-90. HUGHES, ROBERT L., Rationalizing Libel Law in Wake of Gertz: The Problem and a Proposal, 62:540-47, 566. HUGHES, ROBERT L., Radio Libel Laws: Relics That May Have Answer for Reform Needed Today, 63:288-93, 359. HURD, ROBERT E., and MICHAEL W. SINGLETARY, Newspaper Endorsement Influence on the 1980 Presidential Election Vote, 61:332-38. HUSTON, ALETHA, See CANINO. HUSTON, ALETHA C., See KERKMAN. HYNDS, ERNEST C., Editorials, Opinion Pages Still Have Vital Roles at Most Newspapers, 61:634-39. HYNDS, ERNEST C., Large Daily Newspapers Have Improved Coverage of Religion, 64:444-48. HYNDS, ERNEST C., Editors Expect Editorial Pages to Remain Vital in the Year 2000, 66:441-45. HYNDS, ERNEST C., Survey Finds Large Daily Newspapers Have Improved Coverage of Education, 66:692-96. HYNDS, ERNEST C., Changes in Editorials: A Study of Three Newspapers, 1955-1985, 67:302-312. << Back]]> 1633 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-ij-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 13:40:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1640 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993

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IM, DAE S., See DANIELSON. IORIO, SHARON HARTIN, How State Open Meeting Laws Now Compare with Those of 1974, 62:741-49. IORIO, SHARON HARTIN and R. BROOKS GARNER, What High School Teachers Want in University Journalism Programs, 65:990-95. IZARD, RALPH S., Public Confidence in the News Media, 62:247-55. IZCARAY, FAUSTO, See MCNELLY.

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JACOBSON, THOMAS, Research Activity of Magazine Publishers, 65:511-14. JACOBY, ALFRED, See HARTUNG. JAFFE, DAVID L., Development of a Conformity Index to Assess Network Television News, 66:662-69. JEFFRES, LEO W., Public vs. Private: Attitudes Toward Ownership of Cable TV Systems, 61:325-31. JEFFRES, LEO W., JEAN DOBOS and JAE-WON LEE, Media Use and Community Ties, 65:575-81. JENSEN, DWIGHT, See STONE. JENSWOLD, JOEL, See SCHILLINGER. JOHNS, JERRY L., COLLEEN FAYE BROWNLIE and RHODA L. RAMIREZ, How Newspapers Cover Education in Three Countries, 63:177-80. JOHNSON, CAROLYN and LYNNE GROSS, Mass Media Use by Women in Decision-Making Positions, 62:850-54, 950. JOHNSON, J. DAVID and OMAR SOUKI OLIVEIRA, Program Ratings and Levels of TV Exposure in Belize, 65:497-500. JOHNSON, KAREN S., The Honeymoon Period: Fact or Fiction? 62:869-76. JOHNSON, KEITH F., See KRUGMAN. JOHNSON, OWEN V., See KLASSEN. JOHNSON, OWEN V., See STEVENS. JOHNSON, SAMMYE, and WILLIAM G. CHRIST, Women Through Time: Who Gets Covered? 65:889-97. JOHNSON, SAMMYE, See CHRIST. JOHNSON, SAMMYE M., See TURK. JOHNSON, THOMAS J., Exploring Media Credibility: How Media and Nonmedia Workers Judged Media Performance in Iran/Contra, 70:87-97. JOHNSON, THOMAS J., Filling Out the Racing Form: How the Media Covered the Horse Race in the 1988 Primaries, 70:300-310. JOHNSON, THOMAS J., The Seven Dwarfs and Other Tales: How the Networks and Select Newspapers Covered the 1988 Democratic Primaries, 70:311-320. JOHNSON-CARTEE, KAREN S., and GARY COPELAND, Southern Voters' Reaction to Negative Political Ads in 1986, 66:888-93. JOHNSTON, DEIRDRE D., Image and Issue Political Information: Message Content or Interpretation, 66:379-82. JOLLIFFE, LEE B., Comparing Gender Differentiation in the New York Times, 1885 and 1985, 66:683-91. JONES, FELICIA, See BECKER. JORDAN, MYRON K., See BALDASTY. JOSEPH, TED, Daily Publishers' Preferences on Reporter Decision-Making, 62:899-901. JURGENSEN, KAREN and PHILIP MEYER, After Journalism, 69:266-72. << Back]]> 1640 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-k-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 13:51:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1650 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 KAHAN, ROBERT, America in a Visual Century, 69:262-65. KAHAN, ROBERT S. and J. B. COLSON, More Than Art: P. H. Emerson as 19th Century Photojournalism Pioneer, 63:75-82. KAHN, EMILY, See FINNEGAN. KAID, LYNDA LEE and JOE FOOTE, How Network Television Coverage of the President and Congress Compare, 62:59-65. KALIS, PAMELA, and KIMBERLY A. NEUENDORF, Aggressive Cue Prominence and Gender Participation in MTV, 66:148-54. KALLINA, EDMUND F., JR., Was Nixon Cheated in 1960? Tracing the Vote-Fraud Legend, 62:138-40. KANERVO, ELLEN WILLIAMSON and DAVID W. KANERVO, How Town AdministratorÕs View Relates to Agenda Building in Community Press, 66:308-15. KANG, JONG G., See KAPOOR. KANG, JONG GEUN and MICHAEL MORGAN, Culture Clash: Impact of U.S. Television in Korea, 65:431-38. KANG, JONG GUEN, See BLANKENSHIP. KAPLAN, HERB and RICK HOULBERG, Broadcast Condom Advertising: A Case Study, 67:171-76. KAPOOR, SURAJ and JONG G. KANG, Political Diversity is Alive Among Publishers and Opinion Page Editors, 70:404-11. KARIEL, HERBERT G. and LYNN A. ROSENVALL, Factors Influencing International News Flow, 61:509-16, 666. KATZ, CHERYL, See BALDASSARE. KAUFMAN, PHILIP A., CAROL REESE DYKERS, and CAROLE CALDWELL, Why Going Online for Content Analysis Can Reduce Research Reliability, 70:824-32. KEBBEL, GARY, The Different Functions of Speech in Defamation and Privacy Cases, 61:629-33, 743. KEBBEL, GARY, The Importance of Political Activity in Explaining Multiple News Media Use, 62:559-66. KEEFER, JOSEPH D., The News MediaÕs Failure to Facilitate Citizen Participation in the Congressional Policymaking Process, 70:412-24. KEENAN, KEVIN, Polls in Network Newscasts in 1984 Presidential Race, 63:616-18. KELLER, JOE, See FERRI. KELLY, JAMES D., Gender, Pay and Job Satisfaction of Faculty in Journalism, 66:446-452. KELLY, JAMES D., The Data-Ink Ratio and Accuracy of Newspaper Graphs, 66:632-39. KELLY, JAMES D., The Effects of Display Format and Data Density on Time Spent Reading Statistics in Text, Tables, and Graphs, 70:140-49. KENDALL, KATHLEEN E., See YUM. KENNAMER, J. DAVID, Gender Differences in Attitude Strength, Role of News Media and Cognitions, 63:782-88, 833. KENNAMER, J. DAVID, Debate Viewing and Debate Discussion as Predictors of Campaign Cognition, 64:114-18. KENNAMER, J. DAVID, How Media Use During Campaign Affects the Intent to Vote, 64:291-300. KENNAMER, J. DAVID, Political Discussion and Cognition: A 1988 Look, 67:348-52. KENNAMER, J. DAVID, Comparing Predictors of the Likelihood of Voting in a Primary and a General Election, 67:777-84. KENNAMER, J. DAVID, Use of 'Vague' Quantifiers in Measuring Communication Behaviors, 69:646-50. KENNEDY, DANIEL D., The Bay of Pigs and the New York Times: Another View of What Happened, 63:524-29. KENNEY, KEITH and CHRIS SIMPSON, Was Coverage of the 1988 Presidential Race by Washington's Two Major Dailies Biased? 70:345-55. KEPLEY, VANCE, JR., The Origins of NBC's Project XX in Compilation Documentaries, 61:20-26. KEPPLINGER, HANS MATHIAS, See BROSIUS. KERKMAN, DENNIS D., DALE KUNKEL, ALETHA C. HUSTON, JOHN C. WRIGHT and MARITES F. PINON, Children's Television Programming and the "Free Market Solution," 67:147-56. KERR, DENNIS, See MESSARIS. KESSLER, LAUREN, Women's Magazines' Coverage of Smoking Related Health Hazards, 66:316-22. KILBOURNE, WILLIAM E., Female Stereotyping in Advertising: An Experiment on Male-Female Perceptions of Leadership, 67:25-31. KILLIAN, DOUGLAS P., Impact of SEC Rule 10b-5 on Corporate Public Relations, 63:735-39, 796. KING, ERIKA G., Thematic Coverage of the 1988 Presidential Primaries: A Comparison of USA Today and the New York Times, 67:83-87. KING, KAREN WHITEHALL, See HARKEY. KING, THOMAS R., See PHIFER. KLASSEN, TERESA C. and OWEN V. JOHNSON, Sharpening of the Blade: Black Consciousness in Kansas, 1892-97, 63:298-304. KLEIMAN, HOWARD M., Unshackled by Unwilling: Public Broadcasting and Editorializing, 64:707-13. KLEIN, MERYL A., See SILVERMAN-WATKINS. KNUDSON, JERRY W., El Alcazar: Daily Under Siege, 66:471-73. KOCHERSBERGER, ROBERT C., JR., Post Card Questionnaires May Boost Response Rate, 64:861-63. KOHL, LINDA S., See LITMAN. KOPENHAVER, LILLIAN LODGE, DAVID L. MARTINSON and MICHAEL RYAN, How Public Relations Practitioners and Editors in Florida View Each Other, 61:860-65. KOPENHAVER, LILLIAN LODGE, See HABERMAN. KOSICKI, GERALD, See FREDIN. KOSICKI, GERALD M., See BEAM. KOSICKI, GERALD M., See BECKER. KOZMETSKY, GEORGE, See PETERSON. KRENDL, KATHY, See GANTZ. KRENDL, KATHY A., See BURRY. KRISHNAIAH, JOTHIK, NANCY SIGNORIELLI, and DOUGLAS M. MCLEOD, The Evil Empire Revisited: New York Times Coverage of the Soviet Intervention in and Withdrawal from Afghanistan, 70:647-55. KRISTIANSEN, CONNIE M., and CHRISTINA M. HARDING, Mobilization of Health Behavior by the Press in Britain, 61:364-70, 398. KRUEGER, ELIZABETH and JAMES D. FOX, The Effects of Editorials on Audience Reaction to Television Newscasters, 68:402-411. KRUGMAN, DEAN M., SCOTT A. SHAMP and KEITH F. JOHNSON, Video Movies at Home: Are They Viewed like Film or like Television?, 68:120-30. KSOBIECH, KENNETH J., See TIEDGE. KUNKEL, DALE, See KERKMAN. KUSMIEREK, LORI A., See GRAINEY. << Back]]> 1650 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-l-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 13:54:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1655 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 LAAKANIEMI, RAY, An Analysis of Writing Coach Programs on American Daily Newspapers, 64:569-75. LACY, STEPHEN, Competition Among Metropolitan Daily, Small Daily and Weekly Newspapers, 61:640-44, 742. LACY, STEPHEN, Monopoly Metropolitan Dailies and Inter-City Competition, 62:640-44. LACY, STEPHEN, The Effect of Intracity Competition on Daily Newspaper Content, 64:281-90. LACY, STEPHEN, The Effect of Growth of Radio on Newspaper Competition, 1929-1948, 64:775-81. LACY, STEPHEN, Effect of Intermedia Competition on Daily Newspaper Content, 65:95-99. LACY, STEPHEN, The Impact of Intercity Competition on Daily Newspaper Content, 65:399-406. LACY, STEPHEN, TONY ATWATER and ANGELA POWERS, Use of Satellite Technology in Local Television News, 65:925-29. LACY, STEPHEN, A Model of Demand for News: Impact of Competition on Newspaper Content, 66:40-48. LACY, STEPHEN, Newspaper Competition and Number of Press Services Carried: A Replication, 67:79-82. LACY, STEPHEN and ARDYTH B. SOHN, Correlations of Newspaper Content with Circulation in the Suburbs: A Case Study, 67:785-93. LACY, STEPHEN and STEPHEN DRAVIS, Pricing of Advertising in Weeklies: A Replication, 68:338-44. LACY, STEPHEN, FREDERICK FICO and TODD F. SIMON, Fairness and Balance in the Prestige Press, 68:363-70. LACY, STEPHEN, SEE BERNSTEIN. LACY, STEPHEN, See FOLKERTS. LACY, STEPHEN, See GREEN. LACY, STEPHEN, See NIEBAUER. LACY, STEPHEN, See SIMON. LACY, STEPHEN R. and DANIEL RIFFE, Sins of Omission and Commission in Mass Communication Quantitative Research, 70:126-32. LACY, STEPHEN R., See RIFFE. LAI, HSIU-CHEN SANDRA, ZOE TAN and MARYE THARP, Receiver Prejudice and Model Ethnicity Impact on Advertising Effectiveness, 67:794-803. LAIN, LAURENCE B., Steps Toward A Comprehensive Model of Newspaper Readership, 63:69-74, 121. LAIN, LAURENCE B. and PHILIP J. HARWOOD, Mug Shots and Reader Attitudes Toward People in the News, 69:293-300. LAMARCA, NANCY, See STOCKING. LAMB, CHRIS, See SINGLETARY. LANE, W. RONALD, See REID. LARISCY, RUTHANN WEAVER, See CAMERON. LAROCQUE, PAUL, See WOLF. LAROSE, ROBERT and DAVID ATKIN, Audiotext and the Re-invention of the Telephone as a Mass Medium, 69:413-21. LAROSE, ROBERT, See ATKIN. LARSON, MARY STROM, Sibling Interactions in 1950s versus 1980s Sitcoms: A Comparison, 68:381-87. LARSON, STEPHANIE GRECO, How New York Times Covered Discrimination Cases, 62:894-96. LASORSA, DOMINIC L., Real and Perceived Effects of "Amerika," 66:373-78. LASORSA, DOMINIC L. and STEPHEN D. REESE, News Source Use in the Crash of 1987: A Study of Four National Media, 67:60-71. LASORSA, DOMINIC L. and WAYNE WANTA, Effects of Personal, Interpersonal, and Media Experiences on Issue Salience, 67:804-813. LASORSA, DOMINIC L., Effects of Newspaper Competition on Public Opinion Diversity, 68:38-47. LASORSA, DOMINIC L., Political Outspokenness: Factors Working Against the Spiral of Silence, 68:131-40. LASORSA, DOMINIC L., See DANIELSON. LASORSA, DOMINIC L., See GUNTHER. LATIMER, MARGARET K., Policy Issues and Personal Images in Political Advertising in State Election, 61:776-84. LATIMER, MARGARET K. and PATRICK R. COTTER, Effects of News Measure on Selection of State Government News Sources, 62:31-36. LATIMER, MARGARET K., Political Advertising for Federal and State Election: Images or Substance? 62:861-68. LATIMER, MARGARET K., The Floating Voter and the Media, 64:805-12. LATIMER, MARGARET K., Legislators' Advertising Message in Campaign in Seven States in 1986, 66:338-46. LAU, TUEN-YU, See BERNSTEIN. LAU, TUEN-YU, See NIEBAUER. LAUZEN, MARTHA, Effects of Gender on Professional Encroachment in Public Relations, 69:173-80. LAY, YUN-JU and JOHN C. SCHWEITZER, Advertising in Taiwan Newspapers Since the Lifting of the Bans, 67:201-206. LECKENBY, JOHN D., See STOUT. LEE, CHIN-CHUAN, Partisan Press Coverage of Government News in Hong Kong, 62:770-76. LEE, JAE-WON, See CHANG. LEE, JAE-WON, See JEFFRES. LEE, JOHN, See STONE. LEE-SAMMONS, LYNETTE, See PIERCE. LEEPER, ROY V., Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia and the Emerging Right of Access, 61:615-22. LEEPER, ROY V., Communication Law and Justice: Brennan's Structural-Functional Theory, 70:160-71. LEHRER, ADRIENNE, Between Quotation Marks, 66:902-906. LEICHTY, GREG, See BUSBY. LEMERT, JAMES B., News Context and the Elimination of Mobilizing Information: An Experiment, 61:243-49, 259. LEMERT, JAMES B., See STANFIELD. LENT, JOHN A., Cuban Mass Media After 25 Years of Revolution, 62:609-15, 704. LENT, JOHN A., Mass Media in Grenada: Three Lives in a Decade, 62:755-62. LESLIE, LARRY Z., Newspaper Photo Coverage of Censure of McCarthy, 63:850-53. LESLIE, MICHAEL, Conflict Resolution and the Prestige Press: El Universal and the Mexican Oil Crisis, 1938, 68:224-29. LESTER, PAUL, Use of Visual Elements on Newspaper Front Pages, 65:760-63. LESTER, PAUL and RON SMITH, African-American Photo Coverage in Life, Newsweek and Time, 1937-1988, 67:128-36. LEVI, STEPHEN C., See SILVERMAN-WATKINS. LEVIN, GRACE FERRARI, Learned Helplessness in Local TV News, 63:12-18, 23. LEVIN, JACK, AMITA MODT-DESBAREAU and ARNOLD ARLUKE, The Gossip Tabloid as Agent of Social Control, 65:514-17. LI, SARRINA, See TAN. LICATA, JANE W. and ABHIJIT BISWAS, Representation, Roles, and Occupational Status of Black Models in Television Advertisements, 70:868-82. LIEBLER, CAROL M., See NEUWIRTH. LIMBURG, VAL E., NICHOLAS P. LOVRICH, CHARLES H. SHELDON and ERIK WASMANN, How Print and Broadcast Journalists Perceive Performance of Reporters in Courtroom, 65:621-26. LIMBURG, VAL E., See GODFREY. LIN, CAROLYN and MICHAEL B. SALWEN, Three Press Systems View Sino-U.S. Normalization, 63:360-62. LIN, CAROLYN A., Audience Selectivity of Local Television Newscasts, 69:373-82. LIN, CAROLYN A., Exploring the Role of VCR Use in the Emerging Home Entertainment Culture, 70:833-42. LINDLEY, WILLIAM R., The McLuhan Papers: Some Preliminary Notes, 63:391-93. LINDLEY, WILLIAM R., From Hot Type to Video Screens: Editors Evaluate New Technology, 65:485-89. LINTON, BRUCE A., Self-Regulation in Broadcasting Revisited, 64:483-90. LIPSCHULTZ, JEREMY H. and MICHAEL L. HILT, First Amendment vs. Business Orientations of Broadcast General Managers and News Directors, 70:518-27. LIPSCHULTZ, JEREMY HARRIS, Mediasat and the Tort of Invasion of Privacy, 65:507-11. LIPSCHULTZ, JEREMY HARRIS, A Comparison of Trial Lawyer and News Reporter Attitudes about Courthouse Communication, 68:750-63. LISBY, GREGORY C., Early Television on Public Watch: Kefauver and His Crime Investigation, 62:236-42. LIST, KAREN K., The Post-Revolutionary Woman Idealized: Philadelphia Media's 'Republican Mother,' 66:65-75. LIST, KAREN, See ULLMANN. LITMAN, BARRY R. and LINDA S. KOHL, Network Rerun Viewing in the Age of New Programming Services, 69:383-91. LIU, SCOTT S. K., See TSANG. LOVRICH, NICHOLAS P., See LIMBURG. LOGES, WILLIAM E. and SANDRA J. BALL-ROKEACH, Dependency Relations and Newspaper Readership, 70:602-14. LOVRICH, NICHOLAS P., JR., See PIERCE. LOWRY, DAVID N., See SIMMONS. LOWRY, DENNIS T., Establishing Construct Validity of the Hayakawa-Lowry News Bias Categories, 63:573-80. LOWRY, DENNIS T. and DAVID E. TOWLES, Prime-Time TV Portryals of Sex, Contraception and Venereal Diseases, 66:347-52. LOWRY, DENNIS T., JANET A. BRIDGES and PAUL A. BAREFIELD, Effects of TV "Instant Analysis and Querulous Criticism": Following the First Bush-Dukakis Debate, 67:814-25. LOWRY, DENNIS T. and JON A. SHIDLER, Prime Time TV Portrayals of Sex, "Safe Sex" and AIDS: A Longitudinal Analysis, 70:628-37. LUCARELLI, SUSAN, The Newspaper Industry's Campaign against Spacegrabbers, 1917-1921, 70:883-92. LUEBKE, BARBARA F., News About Women on the A Wire, 62:329-33. LULE, JACK, Victimage in Times Coverage of the KAL Flight 007 Shooting, 66:615-20. LULE, JACK, Roots of the Space Race: Sputnik and the Language of U.S. News in 1957, 68:76-86. LULE, JACK, Murder and Myth: New York Times Coverage of the TWA 847 Hijacking Victim, 70:26-39. LULE, JACK, News Strategies and the Death of Huey Newton, 70:287-99. LUNDBURG, LEA J., Comprehensiveness of Coverage of Tropical Rain Deforestation, 61:378-82. LUTTBEG, NORMAN R., Role of Newspaper Coverage and Political Ads in Local Elections, 65:881-88. << Back]]> 1655 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-m-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 14:57:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1662 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 MADDOX, LYNDA M. and ERIC J. ZANOT, Suspension of the NAB Code and Its Effect on Regulation of Advertising, 61:125-30, 156. MAJOR, ANN MARIE, Attributional Bias in Predictions of Retail Advertising, Content Preferences, 67:826-37. MAJOR, ANN MARIE, 'Problematic' Situations in Press Coverage of the 1988 U.S. and French Elections, 69:600-11. MAJOR, ANN MARIE, See ATWOOD. MANNING-MILLER, CARMEN L. and JAMES CROOK, Newspaper Promotions and Coverage of Literacy, 70:118-25. MANOFF, ROBERT KARL, See HALLIN. MARLIN, CHERYL L., Space Race Propaganda: U.S. Coverage of the Soviet Sputniks in 1957, 64:544-49. MARTIN, DON R., See PASTERNACK. MARTIN, HOWARD H., President Reagan's Return to Radio, 61:817-21. MARTIN, SHANNON E., Using Expert Sources in Breaking Science Stories: A Comparison of Magazine Types, 68:179-87. MARTIN, SHANNON E., See SHAW. MARTIN, SHANNON ROSSI, Proximity of Event as Factor in Selection of News Sources, 65:986-89. MARTINDALE, CAROLYN, Newspaper and Wire-Service Leads in Coverage of the 1980 Campaign, 61:339-45. MARTINDALE, CAROLYN, Coverage of Black Americans in Five Newspapers Since 1950, 62:321-28, 436. MARTINDALE, CAROLYN, Selected Newspaper Coverage of Causes of Black Protest, 66:920-23. MARTINSON, DAVID L., See HABERMAN. MARTINSON, DAVID L., See KOPENHAVER. MARTINSON, DAVID L., See RYAN. MARZOLF, MARION T., American 'New Journalism' Takes Root in Europe at End of 19th Century, 61:529-36, 691. MASLAND, JONATHAN, See GANTZ. MASON, LAURIE and CLIFFORD NASS, How Partisan and Non-Partisan Readers Perceive Political Foes and Newspaper Bias, 66:564-70. MASON, LAURIE, See COHEN. MATELSKI, MARILYN J., Image and Influence: Women in Public Television, 62:147-50. MATERA, FRANCES R., See SALWEN. MAYO, CHARLES and YORGO PASADEOS, Changes in the International Focus of U.S. Business Magazines, 1964-1988, 68:509-514. MAYO, CHARLES M., See RIFFE. MCADAMS, KATHERINE C., Non-Monetary Conflicts of Interest for Newspaper Journalists, 63:700-705, 727. MCADAMS, KATHERINE C., Power Prose: The Syntax of Presidential News, 67:313-22. MCCARTNEY, HUNTER P., Applying Fiction Conflict Situations to Analysis of News Stories, 64:163-70. MCCLENEGHAN, J. SEAN, Impact of Radio Ads on New Mexico Mayoral Races, 64:590-93. MCCLENEGHAN, J. SEAN, Sportswriters Talk About Themselves: An Attitude Study, 67:114-18. MCCOMBS, MAXWELL, Effect of Monopoly in Cleveland on Diversity of Newspaper Content, 64:740-44. MCCOMBS, MAXWELL E., Explorers and Surveyors: Expanding Strategies for Agenda-Setting Research, 69:813-24. MCCOMBS, MAXWELL E., See WANTA. MCCONOCHA, DIANE M., See UNGER. MCCRACKEN, KEVIN W. J., Australia and Australians: View from the New York Times, 64:183-87. MCDANIEL, DREW, Development News in Two Asian Nations, 63:167-70. MCDONALD, DANIEL G. and CARROLL J. GLYNN, The Stability of Media Gratifications, 61:542-49, 741. MCDONALD, DANIEL G. and STEPHEN D. REESE, Television News and Audience Selectivity, 64:763-68. MCDONALD, DANIEL G., Media Orientation and Television News Viewing, 67:11-20. MCDONALD, DANIEL G., See MEADOWCROFT. MCFADDEN, LORI L., See WULFEMEYER. MCFARLAND, C. K. and ROBERT L. THISTLEWAITE, Labor Press Demands Equal Education in the Age of Jackson, 65:600-08. MCFARLIN, ROBERT J., JR., See BANTZ. MCGANN, ANTHONY F. and DAVID SNOOK-LUTHER, Color Quality in Print Advertising, 70:934-38. MCGRATH, KRISTIN, See GAZIANO. MCGREGOR, MICHAEL A., Importance of Diversity in Controversy over Financial Interest and Syndication, 61:831-34. MCGREGOR, MICHAEL A., Assessing FCC Response to Report of ChildrenÕs Television Task Force, 63:481-87, 502. MCGREGOR, MICHAEL A., Assessment of the Renewal Expectancy in FCC Comparative Renewal Hearings, 66:295-301. MCHUGH, MICHAEL, See RUBIN. MCKEAN, MICHAEL L. and VERNON A. STONE, Deregulation and Competition: Explaining the Absence of Local Broadcast News Operations, 69:713-23. MCLEAN, DECKLE, The Impact of Richmond Newspapers, 61: 785-92. MCLEAN, DECKLE, Origins of the Actual Malice Test, 62:750-54. MCLEAN, DECKLE, Recent Privacy Cases Deal with Diverse Issues, 63:374-78. MCLEAN, DECKLE, Press May Find Justice Scalia Frequent Foe but Impressive Adversary, 65:152-56. MCLEAN, DECKLE, Courts Restrict Release of Discovery Information, 65:503-07. MCLEAN, DECKLE, Move to Clear and Convincing Proof as Libel Standard Gain for Media, 66:640-45. MCLEAN, DECKLE, Libel Consequences of Headlines, 66:924-29. MCLEOD, D.M., See OLIEN. MCLEOD, DOUGLAS M., See HANSEN. MCLEOD, DOUGLAS M., See KRISHNAIAH. MCLEOD, DOUGLAS M., See WARD. MCMANUS, JOHN, How Local Television Learns What Is News, 67:672-83. MCMILLAN, HENRY, See ERFLE. MCNELLY, JOHN T. and FAUSTO IZCARAY, International News Exposure and Images of Nations, 63:546-53. MEADOWCROFT, JEANNE M. and DANIEL G. MCDONALD, Meta Analysis of Research on Children and the Media: Atypical Development? 63:474-80. MEHRA, ACHAL, ISKCON Court Decisions: Setback for Proselytizing Rights, 61:109-16. MELTON, GARY WARREN and GILBERT L. FOWLER JR., Female Roles in Radio Advertising, 64:145-49. MENDEZ-MENDEZ, SERAFIN, See BLANKENSHIP. MERRILL, JOHN C., Is Ethical Journalism Simply Objective Reporting? 62:391-93. MERRILL, JOHN C., Inclination of Nations to Control Press and Attitudes on Professionalization, 65:839-44. MERRON, JEFF and GARRY D. GADDY, Editorial Endorsements: Bias in Coverage of Ferraro's Finances, 63:127-37. MESSARIS, PAUL and DENNIS KERR, TV-Related Mother-Child Interaction and Children's Perceptions of TV Characters, 61:662-66. MEYER, PHILIP, Defining and Measuring Credibility of Newspapers: Developing an Index, 65:567-74. MEYER, PHILIP and MORGAN DAVID ARANT, Use of an Electronic Database to Evaluate Newspaper Editorial Quality, 69:447-54. MEYER, PHILIP, See JURGENSEN. MEYER, WILLIAM H., Structures of North-South Informational Flows: An Empirical Test of GaltungÕs Theory, 68:230-37. MEYERS, MARGARET LEE, See EBERHARD. MILLER, KURT M. and OSCAR H. GANDY JR., Paradigmatic Drift: A Bibliographic Review of the Spread of Economic Analysis in the Literature of Communication, 68:663-71. MILLER, M. MARK, MICHAEL W. SINGLETARY and SHU-LING CHEN, The Roper Question and Television vs. Newspapers as Sources of News, 65:12-19. MILLER, M. MARK, See HASKINS. MILLER, PHYLLIS, See BEHNKE. MILLER, WILLIAM, A View from the Inside: Brainwaves and Television Viewing, 62:508-14. MILNER, JOE W., See ANDERSON. MINTZ, ERIC, Newspaper Advertisements in Canadian Election Campaigns, 63:180-84. MIRALDI, ROBERT, The Journalism of David Graham Phillips, 63:83-88. MIRALDI, ROBERT, Scaring off the Muckrakers with the Threat of Libel, 65:609-14. MITCHELL, CATHERINE C. and C. JOAN SCHNYDER, Public Relations for Appalachia: Berea Mountain Life and Work, 66:974-78. MODT-DESBAREAU, AMITA, See LEVIN. MONTGOMERY, LOUISE F., Criticism of Government Officials in the Mexican Press, 1951-1980, 62:763-69. MONTGOMERY, LOUISE F., Image of the United States in the Latin American Press, 65:655-60. MOON, YOUNG SOOK, See STOUT. MOORE, BARBARA and MICHAEL SINGLETARY, Scientific SourcesÕ Perceptions of Network News Accuracy, 62:816-23. MOORE, ROY L., See AUTER. MORALES, WALTRAUD QUEISER, Latin America on Network TV, 61:157-60. MORGAN, MADELYN PERONI, See PRITCHARD. MORGAN, MICHAEL, Heavy Television Viewing and Perceived Quality of Life, 61:499-504, 740. MORGAN, MICHAEL, Television and Adults' Verbal Intelligence, 63:537-41. MORGAN, MICHAEL, See KANG. MORIARTY, SANDRA E. and GINA M. GARRAMONE, A Study of Newsmagazine Photographs of the 1984 Presidential Campaign, 63:728-34. MORIARTY, SANDRA E., A Content Analysis of Visuals Used in Print Media Advertising, 64:550-54. MORIARTY, SANDRA E. and MARK N. POPOVICH, Newsmagazine Visuals and the 1988 Presidential Election, 68:371-80. MORIARTY, SANDRA E., See WILCOX. MORIARTY, SANDRA ERNST, Novelty vs. Practicality in Advertising Typography, 61:188-90. MORIARTY, SANDRA ERNST, A Search for the Optimum Line Length, 63:337-40, 435. MORRIS, JIM R., See GAGNARD. MORTON, LINDA P. and JOHN WARREN, Proximity: Localization vs. Distance in PR News Releases, 69:1023-28. MUELLER, BARBARA, See WULFEMEYER. MULLIGAN, WILLlAM A., Remnants of Cultural Revolution in Chinese Journalism of the 1980s, 65:20-25. MUMERT, TOMMY L., See FOWLER. MUNDY, PAUL, See GUNTHER. MURPHY, JOHN H., See WILCOX. MURRAY, MICHAEL J. and SYLVIA E. WHITE, VCR Owners' Use of Pay Cable Services, 64:193-95. MUSSON, TRUDIE, See BRINTNALL. MUTZ, DIANA, See COHEN. << Back]]> 1662 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-n-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 14:59:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1666 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 NAGY, ALEX, World Wars at Home: U.S. Response to World War II Propaganda, 67:207-213. NAJAI, ALI M., See BOYD. NASS, CLIFFORD, See COHEN. NASS, CLIFFORD, See MASON. NASS, CLIFFORD, See NEWHAGEN. NASS, CLIFFORD I., See CHAFFEE. NEFF, MARYL, See NEUWIRTH. NELSON, CLIFFORD L., See GRUNIG. NERONE, JOHN C., See BARNHURST. NESTERENKO, ALEXANDER and C. ZOE SMITH, Contemporary Interpretations of Robert Frank's The Americans, 61:567-77. NEUENDORF, KIMBERLY A., See KALIS. NEUWIRTH, KURT, CAROL M. LIEBLER, SHARON DUNWOODY and JENNIFER RIDDLE, The Effect of "Electronic" News Sources on Selection and Editing of News, 65:85-94. NEUWIRTH, KURT, CHARLES T. SALMON and MARYL NEFF, Community Orientation and Media Use, 66:31-39. NEUWIRTH, KURT, See SALMON. NEWHAGEN, JOHN and CLIFFORD NASS, Differential Criteria for Evaluating Credibility of Newspapers and TV News, 66:277-84. NICOLINI, PIA, Puerto Rican LeadersÕ Views of English-Language Media, 64:597-601. NIEBAUER, WALTER E., JR., STEPHEN LACY, JAMES M. BERNSTEIN and TUEN-YU LAU, Central City Market Structure's Impact on Suburban Newspaper Circulation, 65:726-32. NOLAN, JACK, Effects of Cuing Familiar and Unfamiliar Acronyms in Newspaper Stories, An Experiment, 68:188-94. NORD, DAVID PAUL, The Business Values of American Newspapers: The 19th Century Watershed in Chicago, 61:265-73. NORD, DAVID PAUL, The Authority of Truth: Religion and the John Peter Zenger Case, 62:227-35. NORD, DAVID PAUL, Intellectual History, Social History, Cultural History, and Our History, 67:645-48. NORTON, WILL, JR., JOHN W. WINDHAUSER and ALLYN BOONE, Agreement Between Reporters and Editors in Mississippi, 62:633-36. NORTON, WILL, JR., JOHN W. WINDHAUSER and SUSAN LANGDON NORTON, Two Comparisons of Rural Public Television Viewers and Non-Viewers in Northern Mississippi, 69:690-702. << Back]]> 1666 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-opq-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 15:48:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1669 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 O O'CALLAGHAN, JEROME and JAMES O. DUKES, Media Coverage of the Supreme Court's Caseload, 69:195-203. OGAN, CHRISTINE, Coverage of Developmental News by Developed and Developing Media, 64:80-87. OGLES, ROBERT M., and HERBERT H. HOWARD, Father Coughlin in the Periodical Press, 1931-1942, 61:280-86, 363. OGLES, ROBERT M. and GEORGE E. STEVENS, Summary Judgment in Defamation Under Gertz, 65:745-47. O'GUINN, THOMAS C., See FABER. OKIGBO, CHARLES, Nigerian High School Students Evaluate Journalism Careers, 61:907-909. OKIGBO, CHARLES, Media Use by Foreign Students, 62:901-04. OKIGBO, CHARLES, Death and Funeral Ads in the Nigerian Press, 64:629-33. OLASKY, MARVIN, Hawks or Doves: Texas Press and Spanish-American War, 64:205-08. OLASKY, MARVIN, Social Darwinism on the Editorial Page: American Newspapers and the Boer War, 65:420-24. OLASKY, MARVIN, Abortion News in the Late 1920s: A New York Case Study, 66:724-26. OLASKY, MARVIN N. and SUSAN NORTHWAY OLASKY, The Crossover in Newspaper Coverage of Abortion from Murder to Liberation, 63:31-37. OLASKY, MARVIN N., Opposing Abortion Clinics: A New York Times 1871 Crusade, 63:305-10, 321. OLIEN, CLARICE, See TICHENOR. OLIEN, C.N., P.J. TICHENOR and G.A. DONOHUE, Relation Between Corporate Ownership and Editor Attitudes About Business, 65:259-66. OLIEN, C.N., P.J. TICHENOR, G.A. DONOHUE, K.L. SANDSTROM and D.M. MCLEOD, Community Structure and Editor Opinions About Planning, 67:119-27. OLIEN, C.N., See DONOHUE. OLIVEIRA, OMAR SOUKI, See JOHNSON. OLIVER, LAUREN, See VANDEN BERGH. OLOWU, TERRY A., Reportage of Agricultural News in Nigerian Newpapers, 67:195-200. ORTIZANO, GIACOMO L., Visibility of Blacks and Whites in Magazine Photographs, 66:718-21. OSTMAN, RONALD E., See GLYNN. OSTROFF, DAVID H. and KARIN SANDELL, Local Station Coverage of Campaigns: A Tale of Two Cities in Ohio, 61:346-51. OSTROFF, DAVID H. and KARIN L. SANDELL, Campaign Coverage by Local TV News in Columbus, Ohio, 1978-1986, 66:114-20. OSTROFF, DAVID H., See CLELLAND. OZANICH, GARY W., See BLANKENBURG. P PACTOR, HOWARD S., VIBAX: Nassau's Forgotten Radio Station, 65:1000-03. PADDERUD, ALLAN, See FRUTH. PADDERUD, ALLAN B., See DIBELLA. PALMGREEN, PHILIP, See RAYBURN. PARASCHOS, MANNY and BILL RUTHERFORD, Network News Coverage of Invasion of Lebanon by Israeli in 1982, 62:457-64. PARRAMORE, JAMES R., State Constitutions and the Press: Historical Context and Resurgence of a Libertarian Tradition? 69:105-23. PARSIGIAN, ELISE KEOLEIAN, News Reporting: Method in the Midst of Chaos, 64:721-30. PARSONS, PATRICK R., Values of Communication Students and Professional Self-Selection, 66:161-68. PARSONS, PAUL, See SULLINS. PARSONS, PAUL F., Dangers of Libeling the Clergy, 62:528-32, 539. PARSONS, PAUL F., The Application of Libel Law to Fiction, 63:294-97, 336. PASADEOS, YORGO, The Greek-American Press: A 90-Year Compendium, 62:140-44. PASADEOS, YORGO, Perceived Informativeness of and Irritation with Local Advertising, 67:35-39. PASADEOS, YORGO, See MAYO. PASTERNACK, STEVE and DON R. MARTIN, Daily Newspaper Photojournalism in the Rocky Mountain West, 62:132-35, 222. PASTERNACK, STEVE and SANDRA H. UTT, Newspapers' Policies on Rejection of Ads for Products and Services, 65:695-701. PASTERNACK, STEVE, See UTT. PATTERSON, OSCAR III, Television's Living Room War in Print: Vietnam in the News Magazines, 61:35-39, 136. PAYNE, GREGG A., JESSICA J.H. SEVERN and DAVID M. DOZIER, Uses and Gratifications Motives as Indicators of Magazine Readership, 65:909-13. PEARCE, R. CHARLES, See WHITE. PECORA, NORMA, See DOUGLAS. PERLOFF, RICHARD M., Effects of an AIDS Communication Campaign, 68:638-43. PERLOFF, RICHARD M., See ROUNER. PERRY, DAVID K., The Image Gap: How International News Affects Perceptions of Nations, 64:416-21. PERRY, DAVID K., News Reading, Knowledge About and Attitudes Toward Foreign Countries, 67:353-58. PERSE, ELIZABETH M. and ALAN M. RUBIN, Audience Activity and Satisfaction with Favorite Television Soap Opera, 65:368-75. PERSE, ELIZABETH M. and DOUGLAS A. FERGUSON, The Impact of the Newer Television Technologies on Television Satisfaction, 70:843-53. PERSE, ELIZABETH M., See RUBIN. PETERSON, ROBERT A., GERALD ALBAUM, GEORGE KOZMETSKY, and ISABELLA C. M. CUNNINGHAM, Attitudes of Newspaper Business Editors and General Public Toward Capitalism, 61:56-65. PETTEY, GARRY, See ABELMAN. PHIFER, GREGG and THOMAS R. KING, Censoring (ÔEditingÕ) the Comics, 63:174-77. PHIPPS, STEVEN P., Unlicensed Broadcasting and the Federal Radio Commission: The 1930 George W. Fellowes Challenge, 68:823-28. PICARD, ROBERT G., Patterns of State Intervention in Western Press Economics, 62:3-9, 30. PICARD, ROBERT G., The 98th Congress and Freedom of Information Issues, 64:617-20. PICARD, ROBERT G., Regression Analysis of State Role in Press Economics, 64:846-50. PIERCE, JOHN C., LYNETTE LEE-SAMMONS and NICHOLAS P. LOVRICH, JR., U.S. and Japanese Source Reliance for Environmental Information, 65:902-08. PIERCE, JOHN C., LYNETTE LEE-SAMMONS, MARY ANN E. STEGER and NICHOLAS P. LOVRICH JR., Media Reliance and Public Images of Environmental Politics in Ontario and Michigan, 67:838-42. PINON, MARITES F., See KERKMAN. PIZANTE, GARY, See FICO. PLACE, PATRICIA C., See RIFFE. PLAMONDON, ANN L., Recent Developments in the Law of Access, 63:61-68. PLOPPER, BRUCE L., Judicial Linking of Intentional Emotional Distress to Intrusion, 67:40-50. POKRYWCZYNSKI, JAMES, See CROWLEY. POKRYWCZNSKI, JAMES V., Sex in Ads Targeted to Black and White Readers, 65:756-60. POLLACK, DENNIS R., See GRAINEY. POLLARD, GEORGE, A Profile of Canadian Radio Newsworkers, 66:80-86. POPKIN, JEREMY, International Gazettes and Politics of Europe in the Revolutionary Period, 62:482-88. POPOVICH, MARK N., See MORIARTY. PORTER, CHRISTOPHER J., See WEAVER. PORTER, GREGORY S. and MARK J. BANKS, Cable Public Access as a Public Forum, 65:39-45. POTTER, JAMES, See DUPAGNE. POTTER, JOHN, See VISWANATH. POTTER, W. JAMES, Gender Representation in Elite Newspapers, 62:636-40. POTTER, W. JAMES, News from Three Worlds in Prestige U.S. Newspapers, 64:73-79. POTTER, W. JAMES and WILLIAM WARE, Traits of Perpetrators and Receivers of Antisocial and Prosocial Acts on TV, 64:382-91. POTTER, W. JAMES, Three Strategies for Elaborating the Cultivation Hypothesis, 65:930-39. POTTER, W. JAMES and WILLIAM WARE, The Frequency and Context of Prosocial Acts on Prime-Time TV, 66:359-66. POTTER, W. JAMES, Adolescents' Perceptions of the Primary Values of Television Programming, 67:843-51. POTTER, W. JAMES, How Do Adolescents' Perceptions of Television Reality Change Over Time? 69:392-405. POTTER, W. JAMES, See DUPAGNE. POWERS, ANGELA, The Effect of Leadership Behavior on Job Satisfaction and Goal Agreement and Attainment in Local TV News, 68:772-80. POWERS, ANGELA, See LACY. PRATTE, ALF and GORDON WHITING, What Newspaper Editorials Have Said About Deregulation of Broadcasting, 63:497-502. PRICE, THOMAS J., The Changing Nature of Foreign Affairs: 'The Most Influential Periodical in Print,' 63:155-60, 187. PRICE, VINCENT, The Impact of Varying Reference Periods in Survey Questions About Media Use, 70:615-27. PRITCHARD, DAVID, Race, Homicide and Newspapers, 62:500-07. PRITCHARD, DAVID, JON PAUL DILTS and DAN BERKOWITZ, Prosecutors' Use of External Agendas in Prosecuting Pornography Cases, 64:392-98. PRITCHARD, DAVID and CRAIG SANDERS, The Freedom of Information Act and Accountability in University Research, 66:402-09. PRITCHARD, DAVID, and MADELYN PERONI MORGAN, Impact of Ethics Codes on Judgments by Journalists: A Natural Experiment, 66:934-41. PRITCHARD, DAVID and DAN BERKOWITZ, How Readers' Letters May Influence Editors and News Emphasis: A Content Analysis of 10 Newspapers, 1948-1978, 68:388-95. PRITCHARD, DAVID, The Impact of Newspaper Ombudsmen on JournalistsÕ Attitudes, 70:77-86. PRITCHARD, DAVID, See BERKOWITZ. PRITCHARD, DAVID, See GADDY. PRITCHARD, DAVID, See GAUNT. Q QUALLS, WILLLAM J., See ZINKHAN. QUARLES, JAN, See HASKINS. QUARLES, JAN. P., See HOWARD. << Back]]> 1669 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-r-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 15:50:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1672 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 RADA, S.E., A Class Action Suit as Public Relations, 62:150-54. RAGLAND, RUTH ANN, How Mayor Candidates Seek Endorsements in New Mexico, 64:199-202. RAMAPRASAD, JYOTIKA and DANIEL RIFFE, Effect of U.S.-India Relations on New York Times Coverage, 64:537-43. RAMAPRASAD, JYOTIKA and KAZUMI HASEGAWA, An Analysis of Japanese Television Commercials, 67:1025-1033. RAMAPRASAD, JYOTIKA and KAZUMI HASEGAWA, Informational Content of American and Japanese Television Commercials, 69:612-22. RAMIREZ, RHODA L., See JOHNS. RANDALL, DONNA M., The Portrayal of Corporate Crime in Network Television Newscasts, 64:150-53. RANDALL, STARR D., How Editing and Typesetting Technology Affects Typographical Error Rate, 63:763-70. RANLY, DON, How Organization Editors Regard Their Jobs and Their Profession, 66:949-53. RAYBURN. J. D., II, PHILIP PALMGREEN and TAWNEY ACKER, Media Gratifications and Choosing A Morning News Program, 61:149-56. REAGAN, JOEY, Effects of Cable Television on News Use, 61:317-24. REAGAN, JOEY, RICHARD V. DUCEY and JAMES BERNSTEIN, Local Predictors of Basic and Pay Cable Subscribership, 62:397-400. REAGAN, JOEY and JANAY COLLINS, Sources of Recipe Information, 63:389-91. REAGAN, JOEY and JANAY COLLINS, Sources for Health Care Information in Two Small Communities, 64:560-63. REAGAN, JOEY, New Technologies and News Use: Adopters vs. Nonadopters, 66:871-75. REAGAN, JOEY, RONALD ANDERSON, JANINE SUMNER and SCOTT HILL, A Factor Analysis of Broom and Smith's Public Relations Roles Scale, 67:177-83. REAGAN, JOEY, JANINE SUMNER and SCOTT HILL, Using Grunig's Indices to Differentiate Organizational Public Relations Functions, 69:181-87. REAGAN, JOEY, See ANDERSON. REAVES, SHIELA, How Radical Were the Muckrakers? Socialist Press Views, 1902-1906, 61:763-70. REED, BARBARA STRAUSS, See SHAMIR. REEP, DIANA C. and FAYE H. DAMBROT, Television's Professional Women: Working with Men in the 1980s, 64:376-81. REEP, DIANA C., and FAYE H. DAMBROT, Effects of Frequent Television Viewing on Stereotypes: "Drip, Drip" or "Drench," 66:542-50. REESE, STEPHEN D., PAMELA J. SHOEMAKER and WAYNE A. DANIELSON, Social Correlates of Public Attitudes Toward New Communication Technologies, 63:675-82, 692. REESE, STEPHEN D., JOHN A. DALY and ANDREW P. HARDY, Economic News on Network Television, 64:137-44. REESE, STEPHEN D., See CHANG. REESE, STEPHEN D., See DREW. REESE, STEPHEN D., See LASORSA. REESE, STEPHEN D., See MCDONALD. REESE, STEPHEN D., See SHOEMAKER. REESE, STEPHEN D., See SWISHER. REID, LEONARD N., HERBERT J. ROTFELD and JAMES H. BARNES, Attention to Magazine Ads as Function of Layout Design, 61:439-41. REID, LEONARD N., W. RONALD LANE, LEILA S. WENTHE and OTTO W. SMITH, Methods of Presentation Used in Clio-Winning Television Commercials, 62:553-58, 691. REID, LEONARD N., See HARKEY. REID, LEONARD N., See SOLEY. REISNER, ANN E., The News Conference: How Daily Newspaper Editors Construct the Front-Page, 69:971-86. REISNER, ANN E., See HAYS. RENAUD, JEAN-LUC, U.S. Government Assistance to APÕs Worldwide Expansion, 62:10-16, 36. RENTNER, TERRY LYNN and JAMES H. BISSLAND, Job Satisfaction and Its Correlates Among Public Relations Workers, 67:950-55. RHODES, LEARA, Role of Haitian Newspapers in the United States, 70:172-80. RICCOMINI, BETSY, See STANFORD. RICHBURG, SUSIE J., See GRUNIG. RICHSTAD, JIM, See TURK. RIDDLE, JENNIFER, See NEUWIRTH. RIEGER, ROBERT H., See SHAPIRO. RIFE, ANITA, See AKHAVAN-MAJID. RIFFE, DANIEL, International News Borrowing: A Trend Analysis, 61:142-48. RIFFE, DANIEL, DONALD SNEED and ROGER L. VAN OMMEREN, Behind the Editorial Page Cartoon, 62:378-83, 450. RIFFE, DANIEL, DONALD SNEED and ROGER VAN OMMEREN, How Editorial Page Editors And Cartoonists See Issues, 62:896-99. RIFFE, DANIEL, BRENDA ELLIS, MOMO K. ROGERS, ROGER L. VAN OMMEREN and KIERAN A. WOODMAN, Gatekeeping and the Network News Mix, 63:315-21. RIFFE, DANIEL, DONALD SNEED and ROGER L. VAN OMMEREN, Deciding the Limits of Taste in Editorial Cartooning, 64:607-10. RIFFE, DANIEL, Comparison of Media and Other Sources of Information for Alabama Legislators, 65:46-53. RIFFE, DANIEL and DON W. STACKS, Dimensions of Writing Apprehension Among Mass Communication Students, 65:384-91. RIFFE, DANIEL, HELENE GOLDSON, KELLY SAXTON, and YANG-CHOU YU, Females and Minorities in TV Ads in 1987 Saturday ChildrenÕs Programs, 66:129-36. RIFFE, DANIEL and JAMES GLEN STOVALL, Diffusion of News of Shuttle Disaster: What Role for Emotional Response?, 66:551-56. RIFFE, DANIEL, Media Roles and Legislators' News Media Use, 67:323-30. RIFFE, DANIEL and EUGENE F. SHAW, Ownership, Operating, Staffing and Content Characteristics of "News Radio" Stations, 67:684-91. RIFFE, DANIEL, CHARLES F. AUST, and STEPHEN R. LACY, The Effectiveness of Random, Consecutive Day and Constructed Week Sampling in Newspaper Content Analysis, 70:133-39. RIFFE, DANIEL, PATRICIA C. PLACE, and CHARLES M. MAYO, Game Time, Soap Time and Prime Time TV Ads: Treatment of Women in Sunday Football and Rest-of-Week Advertising, 70:437-46. RIFFE, DANIEL, CHARLES F. AUST, RHONDA J. GIBSON, ELIZABETH K. VIALL, and HUIUK YI, International News and Borrowed News in the New York Times: An Update, 70:638-46. RIFFE, DANIEL, See LACY. RIFFE, DANIEL, See RAMAPRASAD. RIFFE, DANIEL, See YU. RILEY, SAM G. and GARY SELNOW, Southern Magazine Publishing, 1964-1984, 65:898-901. RIMMER, TONY and DAVID WEAVER, Different Questions, Different Answers? Media Use and Media Credibility, 64:28-36. ROBERTS, CHURCHILL L. and SANDRA H. DICKSON, Assessing Quality in Local TV News, 61:392-98. ROBERTS, MARILYN S., Predicting Voting Behavior Via the Agenda-Setting Tradition, 69:878-92. ROBERTSON, SUSAN R., See GANTZ. ROBINSON, JAMES D., See SKILL. ROGERS, EVERETT M., See CHAFFEE. ROGERS, MARTHA, See WU. ROGERS, MOMO K., The Liberian Press: An Analysis, 63:275-81. ROGERS, MOMO K., See RIFFE. ROONEY, BRENDA, See VISWANATH. ROSENBERG, WILLIAM L. and WILLIAM R. ELLIOTT, Effect of Debate Exposure on Evaluation of 1984 Vice-Presidential Candidates, 64:55-64. ROSENBERG, WILLIAM L., and WILLIAM B. ELLIOTT, Comparison of Media Use by Reporters and Public During Newspaper Strike, 66:18-30. ROSENBERG, WILLIAM L., See ELLIOTT. ROSENFELD, RICHARD, See TIEDGE. ROSENVALL, LYNN A., See KARIEL. ROSER, CONNIE and LEE BROWN, African Newspaper Editors and the New World Information Order, 63:114-21. ROSSOW, MARSHEL D. and SHARON DUNWOODY, Inclusion of "Useful" Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy, 68:87-100. ROTFELD, HERBERT J., See REID. ROUNER, DONNA, Active Television Viewing and the Cultivation Hypothesis, 61:168-74. ROUNER, DONNA and RICHARD M. PERLOFF, Selective Perceptions of Outcome of First 1984 Presidential Debate, 65:141-47. RUBIN, ALAN M., See HAMILTON. RUBIN, ALAN M., See PERSE. RUBIN, REBECCA B., ALAN M. RUBIN, ELIZABETH M. PERSE, CAMERON ARMSTRONG, MICHAEL MCHUGH and NOREEN FAIX, Media Use and Meaning of Music Video, 63:353-59. RUDD, ROBERT, Effects of Issue Specificity, Ambiguity on Evaluations of Candidate Image, 66:675-82. RUOTOLO, A. CARLOS, A Typology of Newspaper Readers, 65:126-30. RUTHERFORD, BILL, See PARASCHOS. RYAN, MICHAEL and DAVID L. MARTINSON, Ethical Values, the Flow of Journalistic Information and Public Relations Persons, 61:27-34. RYAN, MICHAEL and DAVID L. MARTINSON, Public Relations Practitioners, Public Interest and Management, 62:111-15. RYAN, MICHAEL and DAVID L. MARTINSON, Attitudes of College Newspaper Advisers Toward Censorship of the Student Press, 63:55-60, 88. RYAN, MICHAEL, Public Relations Practioners' Views of Corporate Social Responsibility, 63:740-47, 762. RYAN, MICHAEL, Organizational Constraints on Corporate Public Relations Practitioners, 64:473-82. RYAN, MICHAEL, Participative vs. Authoritative Public Relations Environments, 64:853-57. RYAN, MICHAEL and DAVID L. MARTINSON, Journalists and Public Relations Practitioners: Why the Antagonism? 65:131-40. RYAN, MICHAEL and DAVID L MARTINSON, Social Science Research, Professionalism and Public Relations Practioners, 67:377-90. RYAN, MICHAEL, See DUNWOODY. RYAN, MICHAEL, See KOPENHAVER. RYSTROM, KENNETH, Apparent Impact of Endorsements by Group and Independent Newspapers, 64:449-53. << Back]]> 1672 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-s-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 15:54:07 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1680 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 SACHSMAN, DAVID B., See GREENBERG. SALAMONE, KANDICE L., See GREENBERG. SALMON, CHARLES T. and KURT NEUWIRTH, Perceptions of Opinion "Climates" and Willingness to Discuss the Issue of Abortion, 67:567-77. SALMON, CHARLES T., See NEUWIRTH. SALMON, CHARLES T., See SHIM. SALOMONE, KANDICE L., See EINSIEDEL. SALWEN, MICHAEL, Credibility of Newspaper Opinion Polls: Source, Source Intent and Precision, 64:813-19. SALWEN, MICHAEL, See HEETER. SALWEN, MICHAEL B., The Reporting of Public Opinion Polls During Presidential Years, 1968-1984, 62:272-77. SALWEN, MICHAEL B., Does Poll Coverage Improve as Presidential Vote Nears? 62:887-91. SALWEN, MICHAEL B. and JAMES M. BERNSTEIN, Coverage of Aftermath of 1984 World Series, 63:385-89. SALWEN, MICHAEL B., Effect of Accumulation of Coverage on Issue Salience in Agenda Setting, 65:100-06. SALWEN, MICHAEL B. and BRUCE GARRISON, Press Freedom and Development: U.S. and Latin American Views, 66:87-92. SALWEN, MICHAEL B. and FRANCES R. MATERA, Public Salience of Foreign Nations, 69:623-32. SALWEN, MICHAEL B., See ATWATER. SALWEN, MICHAEL B., See LIN. SANDELL, KARIN, See OSTROFF. SANDERS, CRAIG, See PRITCHARD. SANDERS, KEITH P., See STEGALL. SANDMAN, PETER N., See GREENBERG. SANDSTROM, K.L., See OLIEN. SAREL, DAN, Trends in Factual Claims in Ads in Magazines, 1958, 1968 and 1978, 61:650-54, 743. SAUNDERS, ANN C., See FOOTE. SAXTON, KELLY, See RIFFE. SCHARLOTT, BRADFORD W., Influence of Telegraph on Wisconsin Newspaper Growth, 66:710-15. SCHILLINGER, ELISABETH and JOEL JENSWOLD, Three Olympiads: A Comparison of Pravda and the Washington Post, 64:826-33. SCHILLINGER, ELISABETH, Two Moscow Dailies: Content Changes and Glasnost, 1985-1987, 66:828-35. SCHLEUDER, JOAN, See GILBERT. SCHMITT, CARMEN, See SODERLUND. SCHNEIDER, FREDERICK P., See EINSIEDEL. SCHNEIDER, JAMES G., What Is Paper's Responsibility For Error in Supplement?, 61:905-07. SCHNEIDER, LARISSA A., The Role of Public Relations in Four Organizational Types, 62:567-76, 594. SCHNYDER, C. JOAN, See MITCHELL. SCHOENBACH, KLAUS and HOLLI A. SEMETKO, Agenda-Setting, Agenda Reinforcing, or Agenda-Deflating? A Study of the 1990 German National Election, 69:837-46. SCHOFIELD, LEMUEL, See HANKS. SCHOFIELD, LEMUEL B., First Amendment Implications of Banning Alcoholic Beverage Ads on Radio and TV, 62:533-39. SCHORIN, GERALD A. and BRUCE G. VANDEN BERGH, Advertising's Role in the Diffusion of Country-Western Trend in the U.S., 515-22. SCHULTZ, MYRNA, See VANDEN BERGH. SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., How Valuable to an Advertiser Are Secondary Audiences? 63:752-56, 853. SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., Research Article Productivity by Mass Communication Scholars, 65:479-84. SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., Who Are All These Advertising Majors and What Do They Want? 65:733-39. SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., Factors Affecting Scholarly Research Among Mass Communications Faculty, 66:410-17. SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., The Research Climate in Programs in Journalism and Mass Communication, 66:987-91. SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., Personal Computers and Media Use, 68:689-97. SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., See GREENBERG. SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., See LAY. SCOFIELD, GARY, See HINDE. SCOTT, DAVID K. and ROBERT H. GOBETZ, Hard News/Soft News Content of the National Television Networks, 1972-1987, 69:406-12. SCOTT, RANDALL K. and DAVID H. GOFF, How Excitation from Prior Programming Affects Television News Recall, 65:615-20. SEIBERT, JOY HART, See ALLEN. SEIFERT, RICK, See WARD. SEITER, JENNIFER, See WINDHAUSER. SELF, CHARLES C., Perceived Task of News Report as Predictor of Media Choice, 65:119-25. SELNOW, GARY, See RILEY. SELTZER, RICHARD, See STROMAN. SEMETKO, HOLLI A., See SCHOENBACH. SENTMAN, MARY ALICE, When the Newspaper Closes: A Case Study of What Advertisers Do, 63:757-62. SENTMAN, MARY ALICE and PATRICK S. WASHBURN, How Excess Profits Tax Brought Ads to Black Newspaper in World War II, 64:769-74. SERVAES, JAN, Concentration of Ownership in the Belgian Daily Press, 66:367-72. SEVERN, JESSICA J.H., See PAYNE. SHAH, HEMANT, Development News on All India Radio, 65:425-30. SHAH, HEMANT, Factors Influencing Development News Production at Three Indian Dailies, 67:1034-1041. SHAMIR, JACOB, Israeli Elite Journalists: Views on Freedom and Responsibility, 65:589-94. SHAMIR, JACOB, BARBARA STRAUSS REED and STEVEN CONNELL, Individual Differences in Ethical Values of Public Relations Practitioners, 67:956-63. SHAMP, SCOTT A., See KRUGMAN. SHAPIRO, MICHAEL A. and ROBERT H. RIEGER, Comparing Positive and Negative Political Advertising on Radio, 69:135-45. SHAW, DONALD L. and JOHN W. SLATER, Press Puts Unemployment on Agenda: Richmond Community Opinion, 1981-1984, 65:407-11. SHAW, DONALD L. and SHANNON E. MARTIN, The Function of Mass Media Agenda Setting, 69:902-20. SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 67:i-ii. SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 67:273-74. SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 67:481-82. SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 67:639. SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 68:1. SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 68:327. SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 68:616-17. SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 69:1-2. SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 69:258-59. SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 69:539-40. SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 69:808-10. SHAW, DONALD LEWIS, News About Slavery from 1820-1860 in Newspapers of South, North and West, 61:483-92. SHAW, EUGENE F., See RIFFE. SHELDON, CHARLES H., See LIMBURG. SHELDON, PETER S., See WILCOX. SHERARD, REGINA GANELLE, Fair Press or Trial Prejudice? Perceptions of Criminal Defendants, 64:337-40. SHERER, MICHAEL, Comparing Magazine Photos of Vietnam and Korean Wars, 65:752-56. SHERER, MICHAEL D., Invasion of Poland Photos in Four American Newspapers, 61:422-26. SHERER, MICHAEL D., The Problem of Trespass for Photojournalists, 62:154-56, 222. SHERER, MICHAEL D., The Problem of Libel for Photojournalists, 63:618-23. SHERER, MICHAEL D., A Survey of Photojournalists and Their Encounters with the Law, 64:499-502. SHERER, MICHAEL D., Vietnam War Photos and Public Opinion, 66:391-95. SHERMAN, BARRY L. and JOSEPH R. DOMINICK, Perceptions of Colorization, 65:976-80. SHIDLER, JON A., See LOWRY. SHIELDS, STEVEN, See DUNWOODY. SHIM, JAE CHUL and CHARLES T. SALMON, Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers, 67:852-63. SHIPMAN, JOHN MARTIN, See FOWLER. SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J., Media Treatment of Deviant Political Groups, 61:66-75, 82. SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J., Political Group Viability as Predictor of Media Attitudes, 61:889-92. SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J., STEPHEN D. REESE and WAYNE A. DANIELSON, Spanish-Language Print Media Use as an Indicator of Acculturation, 62:734-40, 762. SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J., STEPHEN D. REESE, WAYNE DANIELSON and KENNETH HSU, Ethnic Concentration as Predictor of Media, 64:593-97. SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J. and STEPHEN D. REESE, Exposure to What? Integrating Media Content and Effects Studies, 67:649-52. SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J., LUCIG H. DANIELIAN and NANCY BRENDLINGER, Deviant Acts, Risky Business and U.S. Interests: The Newsworthiness of World Events, 68:781-95. SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J., See CHANG. SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J., See REESE. SHOWALTER, STUART W., Sports Polls: Predictive or Promotional? 62:100-04. SHYLES, LEONARD, See BARRANCO. SIDEL, M. KENT, New World Information Order in Action in Guyana, 61:493-98, 639. SIDEL, M. KENT, Video Policy in Guyana, 67:531-35. SIEMICKI, MICHELE, DAVID ATKIN, BRADLEY GREENBERG and THOMAS BALDWIN, Nationally Distributed ChildrenÕs Shows: What Cable TV Contributes, 63:710-18, 734. SIGELMAN, CAROL K., See BURKHART. SIGNORIELLI, NANCY, See KRISHNAIAH. SILVER, BEN, See BOW. SILVER, DIANE, A Comparison of Coverage of Male and Female Officials in Michigan, 63:144-49. SILVERBLATT, ARTHUR, See TIEDGE. SILVERMAN-WATKINS, THERESA L., STEPHEN C. LEVI and MERYL A. KLEIN, Sex-Stereotyping as Factor in ChildrenÕs Comprehension of Television News, 63:3-11. SIMMONS, BRIAN K. and DAVID N. LOWRY, Terrorists in the News, as Reflected in Three News Magazines, 1980-88, 67:692-96. SIMON, TODD F., FREDERICK FICO, and STEPHEN LACY, Covering Conflict and Controversy: Measuring Balance, Fairness, Defamation, 66:427-34. SIMON, TODD F., The Indeterminate Future of the First Amendment, 69:28-36. SIMON, TODD F., See LACY. SIMPSON, CHARLES, See TAN. SIMPSON, CHRIS, See KENNEY. SINGER, ELEANOR, PHYLLIS ENDRENY and MARC B. GLASSMAN, Media Coverage of Disasters: Effect of Geographic Location, 68:48-58. SINGLETARY, MICHAEL, See MOORE. SINGLETARY, MICHAEL W. and CHRIS LAMB, News Values in Award-Winning Photos, 61:104-08, 233. SINGLETARY, MICHAEL W., Reliability of Immediate Reward and Delayed Reward Categories, 62:116-20. SINGLETARY, MICHAEL W., SUSAN CAUDILL, EDWARD CAUDILL and ALLEN WHITE, Motives for Ethical Decision-Making, 67:964-72. SINGLETARY, MICHAEL W., See CAUDILL. SINGLETARY, MICHAEL W., See HURD. SINGLETARY, MICHAEL W., See MILLER. SINGLETARY, MICHAEL W., See WHITE. SKILL, THOMAS, JAMES D. ROBINSON and SAMUEL P. WALLACE, Portrayal of Families on Prime-time TV: Structure, Type and Frequency, 64:360-67. SLATER, DAN and TERESA L. THOMPSON, Attitudes of Parents Concerning Televised Warning Statements, 61:853-59. SLATER, JOHN W., See SHAW. SLATER, MICHAEL D., Use of Message Stimuli in Mass Communication Experiments: A Methodological Assessment and Discussion, 68:412-21. SLOAN, WM. DAVID, Chaos, Polemics, and America's First Newspaper, 70:666-81. SMITH, C. ZOE, Germany's Kurt Korff: An Emigre's Influence on Early Life, 65:412-19. SMITH, C. ZOE, See NESTERENKO. SMITH, CONRAD and TOM HUBBARD, Professionaiism and Awards in Television News Photography, 64:352-59. SMITH, CONRAD, ERIC S. FREDIN and CARROLL ANN FERGUSON, Sex Discrimination in Earn-ings and Story Assignments Among TV Reporters, 65:3-11. SMITH, CONRAD, News Critics, Newsworkers and Local Television News, 65:341-46. SMITH, CONRAD, Profile of Local Television Reporters and Photographers, 66:181-85. SMITH, CONRAD and LEE B. BECKER, Comparison of Journalistic Values of Television Reporters and Producers, 66:793-800. SMITH, CONRAD, News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 70:393-403. SMITH, EDWARD J. and DONNA J. HAJASH, Information Graphics in 30 Daily Newspa-pers, 65:714-18. SMITH, JEFFREY A., A Reappraisal of Legislative Privilege and American Colonial Journalism, 61:97-103, 141. SMITH, KIM A., Community Perceptions of Media Impressions, 61:164-68. SMITH, KIM A., Perceived Influence of Media on What Goes on in a Community, 61:260-64, 338. SMITH, KIM A., Political Communication and Voter Volatility in a Local Election, 62:883-87. SMITH, KIM A., Growth and Conflict Reporting in One Community from 1945 to 1985, 64:820-25. SMITH, KIM A. and DOUGLAS A. FERGUSON, Voter Partisan Orientations and Use of Political Television, 67:864-74. SMITH, OTTO W., See REID. SMITH, RON, See LESTER. SMITH, RON F. and LINDA DECKER-AMOS, Of Lasting Interest? A Study of Change in the Content of the ReaderÕs Digest, 62:127-31. SMITH, RON F., A Comparison of Career Attitudes of News-Editorial and Ad-PR Students, 64:555-59. SMITH, RON F., SHERLYN-ANN TUMLIN and VOLKER HENNING, A Gatekeeping Study of Gannett's All-Local Newspaper Experiment, 65:740-44. SMITH, SANDRA J., See GARRAMONE. SMITH, TOM W., How Comics and Cartoons View Public Opinion Surveys, 64:208-11. SNEED, DON and HARRY W. STONECIPHER, More Freedom for the Prison Press: An Emerging First Amendment Issue, 63:48-54, 68. SNEED, DON, Newspapers Call for Swift Justice: A Study of the McKinley Assassination, 65:360-67. SNEED, DONALD, See RIFFE. SNEED, DONALD, See STONECIPHER. SNOOK-LUTHER, DAVID, See MCGANN. SNYDER, LESLIE B., Channel Effectiveness Over Time and Knowledge and Behavior Gaps, 67:875-86. SNYDER, LESLIE B., See GUNTHER. SO, CLEMENT Y. K., The Summit as War: How Journalists Use Metaphors, 64:623-26. SODERLUND, WALTER C. and CARMEN SCHMITT, El SalvadorÕs Civil War as Seen in North and South American Press, 63:268-74. SOFFIN, STAN, See HEETER. SOHN, ARDYTH B., Goals and Achievement Orientations of Women Newspaper Managers, 61:600-05. SOHN, ARDYTH B. and LEONARD H. CHUSMIR, The Motivational Perspectives of Newspaper Managers, 62:296-303. SOHN, ARDYTH B., See LACY. SOHN, ARDYTH BROADRICK, Newspaper Agenda Setting and Community Expectations, 61:892-97. SOLEY, LAWRENCE C. and LEONARD N. REID, Baiting Viewers: Violence and Sex in Television Program Advertisements, 62:105-10, 131. SOLEY, LAWRENCE C. and LEONARD N. REID, Advertising Article Productivity Updated, 65:157-64. SOLEY, LAWRENCE C. and LEONARD N. REID, Taking It Off: Are Models in Magazine Ads Wearing Less? 65:960-66. SOLEY, LAWRENCE C., Does Advertising Lower the Prices of Newspapers to Consumers? 66:801-806. SOLOSKI, JOHN, Sources and Channels of Local News, 66:864-70. SOTHIRAJAH, JAYANTHI, See ELLIOTT. SPEARS, SARA, See COHEN. SPELLMAN, ROBERT L., Tort Liability of the News Media For Surreptitious Recording, 62:289-95. SPLICHAL, SIGMAN L., See BUNKER. STACKS, DON W., See RIFFE. STAMM, KEITH R. and AVERY M. GUEST, Communication and Community Integration: An Analysis of the Communication Behavior of Newcomers, 68:644-56. STAMM, KEITH and DOUG UNDERWOOD, The Relationship of Job Satisfaction to Newsroom Policy Changes, 70:528-41. STAMM, KEITH R., See CARTER. STAMM, KEITH R., See UNDERWOOD. STANFIELD, DOUGLAS and JAMES B. LEMERT, Alternative Newspapers and Mobilizing Information, 64:604-07. STANFORD, SERENA and BETSY RICCOMINI, Linking TV Program Orientations and Gratifications: An Experimental Approach, 61:76-82. STANLEY, CYNTHIA, See HEETER. STANTON, JAMES C., Newspaper Design Preferences Among Students Revisited, 63:633-36. ST. DIZIER, BYRON, The Effect of Newspaper Endorsements and Party Identification on Voting Choice, 62:589-94. ST. DIZIER, BYRON, Republican Endorsements, Democratic Positions: An Editorial Page Contradiction, 63:581-86. STEELE, JANET E., The l9th Century World versus the Sun: Promoting Consumption (Rather than the Working Man), 67:592-601. STEELE, MICHAEL E., See FOOTE. STEELE, RICHARD W., News of the 'Good War': World War II News Management, 62:707-16, 783. STEFANIAK, GREG, Indiana Legal Leaders' Perceptions of Camera Trial Access Arguments, 61:399-403. STEFANIAK, GREG, Taxing Newspaper Advertising Supplements: A Study of State Trends, 67:21-24. STEFFIN, BRIAN J., What Iowa Editors Know About Libel Law, 65:998-1000. STEGALL, SANDRA KRUGER and KEITH P. SANDERS, Coorientation of PR Practioners and News Personnel in Education News, 63:341-47, 393. STEGER, MARYANN E., See PIERCE. STEIN, HARRY H., American Muckraking of Technology Since 1900, 67:401-409. STEINER, LINDA, The Role of Readers in Reporting Texts, 65:642-47. STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III, and JOHN W. WINDHAUSER, The Prestige Press Revisited: Coverage of the 1980 Presidential Campaign, 61:49-55. STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III, and HUGH M. CULBERTSON, The Prominence and Dominance of News Sources in Newspaper Medical Coverage, 61:671-76. STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III, Gatekeeping: The Mix of Topics and the Selection of Stories, 62:791-96, 815. STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III, Update on Scale Analysis of Supreme Court Cases, 64:860-61. STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III, Topic and Story Choice of Five Network Newscasts, 65:750-52. STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III, and JOHN W. WINDHAUSER, Coverage by the Prestige Press of the 1988 Presidential Campaign, 66:894-96. STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III, Trends in Journalism Quarterly: Reflections of the Retired Editor, 67:277-81. STEPHENSON, MARY ANN, See WANTA. STEVENS, GEORGE E., Unauthorized Use of a NewspaperÕs Name, 61:426-29. STEVENS, GEORGE E., Legal Protection for a Magazine Article Idea, 61:679-82. STEVENS, GEORGE E., Acceptability Clauses and the Writer's Legal Remedies, 61:898-901. STEVENS, GEORGE E., 'Taken as a Whole' in Print Obscenity Cases, 63:371-74. STEVENS, GEORGE E., Free-Lancers and the 'Work Made for Hire,' 63:848-50. STEVENS, GEORGE E., Free-Lancers and the ÔWork Made for Hire,Õ 64:187-89. STEVENS, GEORGE E., Media Defamation and the Free-Lance Writer, 64:601-04. STEVENS, GEORGE E., ÔOfficial ConductÕ and the Actual Malice Test, 64:857-60. STEVENS, GEORGE E., Mass Media and the "Libel Proof" Doctrine, 66:174-77. STEVENS, GEORGE E., Local and Topical Pervasive Public Figures After Gertz, 66:463-65. STEVENS, GEORGE E., Newsracks and the First Amendment, 66:930-33. STEVENS, GEORGE E., Contractual Offers in Advertising, 67:32-34. STEVENS, GEORGE E., Criminal Libel After Garrison, 68:522-27. STEVENS, GEORGE E., See OGLES. STEVENS, JOHN D., Social Utility of Sensational News: Murder and Divorce in the 1920Õs, 62:53-58. STEVENS, JOHN D., See AVERY. STEVENS, SUMMER E. and OWEN V. JOHNSON, From Black Politics to Black Community: Harry C. Smith and the Cleveland Gazette, 67:1090-1102. STEVENSON, ROBERT L., An Essay: Defining International Communication as a Field, 69:543-53. STEVENSON, ROBERT L., See WERT. STEWART, EILEEN, See WESSON. STEWART, ROBERT K., Jacksonians Discipline a Party Editor: Economic Leverage and Political Exile, 66:591-99. STOCKING, S. HOLLY, Effect of Public Relations Efforts on Media Visibility of Organizations, 62:358-66, 450. STOCKING, S. HOLLY and NANCY LAMARCA, How Journalists Describe Their Stories: Hypotheses and Assumptions in Newsmaking, 67:295-301. STONE, GERALD, BARBARA HARTUNG and DWIGHT JENSEN, Local TV News and the Good-Bad Dyad, 64:37-44. STONE, GERALD and JOHN LEE, Portrayal of Journalists on Prime Time Television, 67:697-707. STONE, GERALD C. and ELINOR GRUSIN, Network TV as the Bad News Bearer, 61:517-23, 592. STONE, VERNON A., Changing Profiles of News Directors of Radio and TV Stations, 1972-1986, 64:745-49. STONE, VERNON A., Trends in the Status of Minorities and Women in Broadcast News, 65:288-93. STONE, VERNON A., See BURKS. STONE, VERNON A., See MCKEAN. STONECIPHER, HARRY W. and DON SNEED, Libel and the Opinion Writer: The Fact-Opinion Distinction, 64:491-98. STONECIPHER, HARRY W., See SNEED. STOUT, PATRICIA A., GARY B. WILCOX, and LORRIE S. GREER, Trends in Magazine Advertorial Use, 66:960-64. STOUT, PATRICIA A. and YOUNG SOOK MOON, Use of Endorsers in Magazine Advertisernents, 67:536-46. STOUT, PATRICIA A., JOHN D. LECKENBY and SIDNEY HECKER, Viewer Reactions to Music in Television Commercials, 67:887-98. STOVALL, JAMES GLEN, The Third-Party Challenge of 1980: News Coverage of the Presidential Candidates, 62:266-71. STOVALL, JAMES GLEN, Coverage of the 1984 Presidential Campaign, 65:443-49. STOVALL, JAMES GLEN, See RIFFE. STRAUGHAN, DULCIE MURDOCK, See BROWN. STRECKFUSS, RICHARD, Objectivity in Journalism: A Search and a Reassessment 67:973-83. STREITMATTER, RODGER, The Impact of Presidential Personality on News Coverage in Major Newspapers, 62:66-73. STREITMATTER, RODGER, The Rise and Triumph of the White House Photo Opportunity, 65:981-85. STREITMATTER, RODGER L., No Taste for Fluff: Ethel L Payne, African-American Journalist, 68:528-40. STREITMATTER, RODGER, African-American Women Journalists and Their Male Editors: A Tradition of Support, 70:276-86. STROMAN, CAROLYN A. and RICHARD SELTZER, Media Use and Perceptions of Crime, 62:340-45. STROMAN, CAROLYN A. and RICHARD SELTZER, Media Use and Knowledge of AIDS, 66:881-87. STUART, CHARLES, Law That Led to Free Press Passed Just 500 Years Ago, 61:689-91. SUARCHAVARAT, KULTILDA, See TAN. SUBVERVI-VELEZ, FEDERICO A., Spanish-Language Daily Newspapers and the 1984 Election, 65:678-85. SULLINS, WILLIAM S. and PAUL PARSONS, Roscoe Dunjee: Crusading Editor of Oklahoma's Black Dispatch, 1915-1955, 69:204-13. SULLIVAN, DENIS F., Comprehensiveness of Press Coverage of a Food Irradiation Proposal, 62:832-37. SUMNER, DAVID E., The Religious Press: A Case Study, 66:721-24. SUMNER, DAVID E., A Clash Over Race: Tennessee Governor Ellington versus CBS, 1960, 68:541-47. SUMNER, JANINE, See REAGAN. SUMSER, JOHN, Labels Used to Define Central American Situation, 64:850-53. SURETTE, RAY, Television Viewing and Support of Punitive Criminal Justice Policy, 62:373-77, 450. SURLIN, STUART H., Value System Changes by Students as Result of Media Ethics Course, 64:564-68. SUSSMAN, LEONARD R., Dying (and Being Killed) on the Job: A Case Study of World Journalists, 1982-1989, 68:195-99. SUTHERLAND, LAWRENCE C., How Texas Journalists View Status of FOI Act, 64:202-05. SWEEP, DUANE D., See CAMERON. SWENSON, JILL D., See GRISWOLD. SWENSON, JILL DIANNE, See BENNETT. SWINDELL, STEVE, See HUDSON. SWISHER, C. KEVIN and STEPHEN D. REESE, The Smoking and Health Issue in Newspapers: Influence of Regional Economies, the Tobacco Institute and News Objectivity, 69:987-1000. << Back]]> 1680 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-t-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 15:56:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1687 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 TABACZYNSKI, TRACY, See FREDIN. TAN, ALEXIS S. and GERDEAN K. TAN, Television Use and Mental Health, 63:106-13. TAN, ALEXIS S., SARRINA LI and CHARLES SIMPSON, American TV and Social Stereotypes of Americans in Taiwan and Mexico, 63:809-14. TAN, ALEXIS S., GERDEAN K. TAN and ALMA S. TAN, American TV In Philippines: A Test of Cultural Impact, 64:65-72. TAN, ALEXIS S. and KULTILDA SUARCHAVARAT, American TV and Social Stereotypes of Americans in Thailand, 65:648-54. TAN, ZOE, See LAI. TANKARD, JAMES W., JR., TSAN-KUO CHANG and KUO-JEN TSANG, Citation Networks as Indicators of Journalism Research Activity, 61:89-96, 124. TANKARD, JAMES W., JR., Quantitative Graphics in Newspapers, 64:406-15. TARPLEY, J. DOUGLAS, American Newsmagazine Coverage of the Supreme Court, 1978-81, 61:801-04. TAYLOR, RONALD E., See HOVLAND. TEETER, DWIGHT L., JR., The First Amendment at its Bicentennial: Necessary But Not Sufficient? 69:18-27. THARP, MARYE, See LAI. THAYER, FRANK, Measuring Recognition and Attraction in Corporate Advertising Trademarks, 65:439-42. THISTLEWAITE, ROBERT L., See MCFARLAND. THOMAS, LARRY W. and LASLO V. BOYD, Television News Coverage of Six Federal Regulatory Agencies, 61:160-64. THOMASON, TOMMY, See WOLF. THOMPSON, TERESA L., See SLATER. TICHENOR, P. J., See DONOHUE. TICHENOR, P. J., See OLIEN. TICHENOR, PHILLIP J., CLARICE N. OLIEN and GEORGE A. DONOHUE, Effect of Use of Metro Dailies on Knowledge Gap in Small Towns, 64:329-36. TICHENOR, PHILLIP J., See DONAHUE. TIEDGE, JAMES T. and KENNETH J. KSOBIECH, The Sandwich Programming Strategy: A Case of Audience Flow, 65:376-83. TIEDGE, JAMES T., ARTHUR SILVERBLATT, MICHAEL J. HAVICE and RICHARD ROSENFELD, Discrepancy Between Perceived First-Person and Perceived Third-Person Mass Media Effects, 68:141-54. TILLINGHAST, WILLIAM A., Slanting the News: Source Perceptions After Changes in Newspaper Management, 61:310-16, 418. TINKHAM, SPENCER F., See WEAVER-LARISCY. TOWLES, DAVID E., See LOWRY. TOZIER, CAROLYN, How Justice Department Viewed the St. Louis Joint Operating Agreement, 63:503-08. TRUJILLO, NICK and LEAH R. EKDOM, A 40-Year Portrait of the Portrayal of Industry on Prime-Time Television, 64:368-75. TSANG, KUO-JEN, News Photos in Time and Newsweek, 61:578-84, 723. TSANG, KUO-JEN, See TANKARD. TSAI, YEAN, See TSANG. TSANG, KUO-JEN, YEAN TSAI and SCOTT S.K. Liu, Geographic Emphases of International News Stories, 65:191-95. TUCKER, LAUREN, ROXANNE HOVLAND and GARY WILCOX, Consumer Response to Seagram's Equivalency TV Ad Campaign, 64:834-38. TUMLIN, SHERLYN-ANN, See SMITH. TURK, JUDY VANSLYKE, Public Relations in State Government: A Typology of Management Styles, 62:304-15. TURK, JUDY VANSLYKE, Sex-Role Stereotyping in Writing the News, 64:613-17. TURK, JUDY VANSLYKE, JIM RICHSTAD, ROBERT L. BRYSON, JR., and SAMMYE M. JOHNSON, Hispanic Americans in the News in Two Southwestern Cities, 66:107-113. TURK, JUDY VANSLYKE, See WANTA. << Back]]> 1687 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-uv-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 16:00:17 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1692 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993

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UDELL, JON G., Recent and Future Economic Status of U.S. Newspapers, 67:331-39. ULLMANN, JOHN and KAREN LIST, An Analysis of Government Cost Estimates of Freedom of Information Act Compliance, 62:465-73. UME-NWAGBO, EBELE N. E., Broadcasting in Nigeria: Its Post-Independence Status, 61:585-92. UMPHREY, DON, Segmenting the Cable Audience by Reason for Subscribing, 65:972-75. UMPHREY, DON, A Comparison of Cable Disconnecters and Subscribers, 66:628-631. UMPHREY, DON, Consumer Costs: A Determinant in Upgrading or Downgrading of Cable Services, 68:698-708. UNDERWOOD, DOUG and KEITH R. STAMM, Balancing Business with Journalism: Newsroom Policies at 12 West Coast Newspapers, 69:301-17. UNDERWOOD, DOUG, See STAMM. UNGER, LYNETTE S., DIANE M. MCCONOCHA and JOHN A. FAIER, The Use of Nostalgia in Television Advertising: A Content Analysis, 68:345-53. UTT, SANDRA H. and STEVE PASTERNACK, Front Pages of U.S. Daily Newspapers, 61:879-84. UTT, SANDRA H. and STEVE PASTERNACK, How They Look: An Updated Study of American Newspaper Front Pages, 66:621-27. UTT, SANDRA H., See PASTERNACK.

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VANCE, DONALD, See WOLVERTON. VANDEN BERGH, BRUCE G., ALAN D. FLETCHER and MARY A. ADRIAN, Local Business Press: New Phenomenon in the News Marketplace, 61:645-49. VANDEN BERGH, BRUCE G., JANAY COLLINS, MYRNA SCHULTZ and KEITH ADLER, Sound Advice on Brand Names, 61:835-40. VANDEN BERGH, BRUCE G., KEITH E. ADLER and LAUREN OLIVER, Use of Linguistic Characteristics with Various Brand-Name Styles, 65:464-68. VANDEN BERGH, BRUCE G., See SCHORIN. VAN OMMEREN, ROGER L., See RIFFE. VAN TUBERGEN, G. NORMAN and DOUGLAS A. BOYD, Third-World Images of U.S.: Media Use by Jordanians, 63:607-611. VAUGHN, STEPHEN and BRUCE EVENSEN, Democracy's Guardians: Hollywood's Portrait of Reporters, 1930-1945, 68:829-38. VESTRE, NORRIS D., See GALICIAN. VIALL, ELIZABETH K., See RIFFE. VINCENT, RICHARD C., Broadcast Research Productivity of U.S. Communications Programs, 1976-83, 61:841-46. VINCENT, RICHARD C., DENNIS K. DAVIS and LILLY ANN BORUSZKOWSKI, Sexism on MTV: The Portrayal in Rock Videos, 64:750-55. VINCENT, RICHARD C., Clio's Consciousness Raised? Portrayal of Women in Rock Videos, Re-examined, 66:155-60. VINCENT, RICHARD C., Telecommunications Research Productivity of U.S. Communication Programs: 1984-1989, 68:840-51. VINCENT, RICHARD C., See HALE. VISWANATH, K., See BECKER. VISWANATH, K., See FINNEGAN. VISWANATH, KASISOMAYAJULA, International News in U.S Media: Perceptions of Foreign Students, 65:952-59. VISWANATH, KASISOMAYAJULA, JOHN R. FINNEGAN JR., BRENDA ROONEY and JOHN POTTER, Community Ties in a Rural Midwest Community and Use of Newspapers and Cable TV, 67:899-911. VISWANATH, KASISOMAYAJULA, See FINNEGAN. VOELKER, DAVID, See CHANG. << Back]]> 1692 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-w-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 16:44:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1698 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993 WAFAI, MOHAMED, Senators' Television Visibility and Political Legitimacy, 66:323-31. WAGNER, JANET, See ALLEYNE. WALDEN, RUTH, Editorial Rights, Constitutional Restraints of Editors of State-Supported Newspapers, 62:616-25. WALDEN, RUTH, The University's Liability for Libel and Privacy Invasion by Student Press, 65:702-08. WALDEN, RUTH, A Government Action Approach to First Amendment Analysis, 69:65-88. WALKER, JAMES R., How Viewing of MTV Relates to Exposure to Other Media Violence, 64:756-62. WALKER, JAMES R., How Media Reliance Affects Political Efficacy in the South, 65:747-50. WALKER, JAMES R., The Impact of a Mini-Series: A Quasi-Experimental Study of "Amerika," 66:897-901. WALKER, JAMES R. and ROBERT V. BELLAMY JR., Gratifications of Grazing: An Exploratory Study of Remote Control Use, 68:422-31. WALLACE, SAMUEL T., See SKILL. WANTA, WAYNE, The Effects of Dominant Photographs: An Agenda-Setting Experiment, 65:107-11. WANTA, WAYNE, MARY ANN STEPHENSON, JUDY VAN SLYKE and MAXWELL E. MCCOMBS, How President's State of Union Talk Influenced News Media Agendas, 66:537-41. WANTA, WAYNE, Presidential Approval Ratings as a Variable in the Agenda-Building Process, 68:672-79. WANTA, WAYNE and YI-CHEN WU, Interpersonal Communication and the Agenda-Setting Process, 69:847-55. WANTA, WAYNE, See LASORSA. WARD, DOUGLAS B., The Effectiveness of Sidebar Graphics, 69:318-28. WARD, JEAN and KATHLEEN A. HANSEN, Journalist and Librarian Roles, Information Technologies and Newsmaking, 68:491-98. WARD, JEAN, See BUSTERNA. WARD, JEAN, See HANSEN. WARD, JEAN A., KATHLEEN A. HANSEN and DOUGLAS M. MCLEOD, Effect of the Electronic Library on News Reporting Protocols, 65:845-52. WARD, STEVEN A. and RICK SEIFERT, The Importance of Mechanics in Journalistic Writing: A Study of Reporters and Editors, 67:104-113. WARE, WILLIAM, See POTTER. WARE, WILLIAM, See ZHU. WARREN, JOHN, See MORTON. WARTENBERG, DANIEL, See GREENBERG. WASHBURN, PATRICK S., FDR Versus His Own Attorney General: The Struggle over Sedition, 1941-42, 62:717-24. WASHBURN, PATRICK S., See SENTMAN. WASMANN, ERIK, See LIMBURG. WAYLLY, MOHAMMED EL, See GANDY. WEARDEN, STANLEY T. and FREDRIC F. ENDRES, Standards and Perceived Roles of JMC Journal Reviewers, 68:499-508. WEARDEN, STANLEY T., See BROWN. WEAVER, DAVID and SWANZY NIMLEY ELLIOTT, Who Sets the Agenda for the Media? A Study of Local Agenda-Building, 62:87-94. WEAVER, DAVID, DAN DREW and G. CLEVELAND WILHOIT, U.S. Television, Radio and Daily Newspaper Journalists, 63:683-92. WEAVER, DAVID and LEANNE DANIELS, Public Opinion on Investigative Reporting in the 1980s, 69:146-55. WEAVER, DAVID H., JIAN-HUA ZHU and LARS WILLNAT, The Bridging Function of Interpersonal Communication in Agenda-Setting, 69:856-67. WEAVER, DAVID and DAN DREW, Voter Learning in the 1990 Off-Year Eection: Did the Media Matter? 70:356-68. WEAVER, DAVID, See DREW. WEAVER, DAVID, See RIMMER. WEAVER, DAVID, See ZHU. WEAVER, JAMES B., CHRISTOPHER J. PORTER and MARGARET E. EVANS, Patterns in Foreign News Coverage on U.S. Network TV: A 10-Year Analysis, 61:356-63. WEAVER-LARISCY, RUTH ANN and SPENCER F. TINKHAM, News Coverage, Endorsements and Personal Campaigning: The Influence of Non-Paid Activities in Congressional Elections, 68:432-44. WEBBER, GAIL M., See ADAMS. WEBSTER, JAMES G., Cable Television's Impact on Audience for Local News, 61:429-22. WEDDLE, JUDY K., See HALLIN. WEINBERGER, MARC G., CHRIS T. ALLEN and WILLIAM R. DILLON, The Impact of Negative Network News, 61:287-94. WELLS, ALAN and ERNEST A. HAKANEN, The Emotional Use of Popular Music by Adolescents, 68:445-54. WENTHE, LEILA S., See REID. WERT, MARIA C. and ROBERT L. STEVENSON, Global Television Flow to Latin American Countries, 65:182-85. WESSON, DAVID, See FRITH. WESSON, DAVID A. and EILEEN STEWART, Gender and Readership of Heads in Magazine Ads, 64:189-93. WESSON, DAVID A., Headline Length as a Factor in Magazine Ad Readership, 66:466-68. WESSON, DAVID A., Readability as a Factor in Magazine Ad Copy Recall, 66:715-718. WHITBY, GARY, Economic Elements of Opposition to Abolition and Support of South by Bennett in New York Herald, 65:78-84. WHITBY, GARY L., Horns of a Dilemma: The Sun, Abolition, and the 1833-34 New York Riots, 67:410-19. WHITE, ALLEN, See SINGLETARY. WHITE, H. ALLEN and JULIE L. ANDSAGER, Winning Newspaper Pulitzer Prizes: The (Possible) Advantage of Being a Competitive Paper, 67:912-19. WHITE, H. ALLEN and R. CHARLES PEARCE, Validating an Ethical Motivations Scale: Convergence and Predictive Ability, 68:455-64. WHITE, H. ALLEN and JULIE ANDSAGER, Newspaper Column ReadersÕ Gender Bias: Perceived Interest and Credibility, 68:709-18. WHITE, H. ALLEN and MICHAEL W. SINGLETARY, Internal Work Motivation: Predictor of Using Ethical Heuristics and Motivations, 70:381-92. WHITE, SYLVIA E., See MURRAY. WHITE, TERRY J., See GRUNIG. WHITING, GORDON, See PRATTE. WICKS, ROBERT H., Segmenting Broadcast News Audiences in the New Media Environment, 66:383-90. WICKS, ROBERT H. and DAN G. DREW, Learning from News: Effects of Message Consistency and Medium on Recall and Inference Making, 68:155-64. WIEGMAN, OENE, JAN M. GUTTELING, HENK BOER, and REINDER J. HOUWEN, Newspaper Coverage of Hazards and the Reactions of Readers, 66:846-52. WILCOX, GARY B. and SANDRA E. MORIARTY, Humorous Advertising in the Post, 1920-1939, 61:436-39. WILCOX, GARY B., JOHN H. MURPHY and PETER S. SHELDON, Effects of Attractiveness of the Endorser on the Performance of Testimonial Ads, 62:548-52. WILCOX, GARY B., ROXANNE HOVLAND and DWIGHT FLETCHER, Consumer Response to a TV Liquor Spot, 65:195-96. WILCOX, GARY B., See CHOE. WILCOX, GARY B., See STOUT. WILCOX, GARY B., See TUCKER. WILHOIT, FRANCES GOINS, Student Research Productivity: Analysis of Journalism Abstracts, 61:655-61. WILHOIT, G. CLEVELAND, See WEAVER. WILKINSON, JEFF S., See BENNETT. WILLIAMS, GILBERT A., Enticing Viewers: Sex and Violence in TV Guide Program Advertisements, 66:970-73. WILLNAT, LARS, See WEAVER. WILSON, VANESSA, See BRAMLETT-SOLOMON. WINDHAUSER, JOHN W., JENNIFER SEITER and L. THOMAS WINFREE, Crime News in the Louisiana Press, 1980 vs. 1985, 67:72-78. WINDHAUSER, JOHN W., See NORTON. WINDHAUSER, JOHN W., See NORTON, JR. WINDHAUSER, JOHN W., See STEMPEL. WINFIELD, BETTY HOUCHIN, The New Deal Publicity Operation: Foundation for the Modern Presidency, 61:40-48, 218. WINFIELD, BETTY HOUCHIN, F.D.R. Wins (and Loses) Journalist Friends in the Rising Age of News Interpretation, 64:698-706. WINFREE, L. THOMAS, See WINDHAUSER. WOAL, MICHAEL, Program Interests of NPR Subaudiences, 63:348-52, 393. WOLF, RITA, TOMMY THOMASON and PAUL LAROCQUE, The Right to Know vs. the Right of Privacy: Newspaper Identification of Crime Victims, 64:503-07. WOLFSFELD, GADI, Symbiosis of Press and Protest: An Exchange Analysis, 61:550-55, 742. WOLVERTON, DAVID O. and DONALD VANCE, Newspaper Coverage of Proposals for Rate Increases by Electric Utility, 64:581-84. WOMACK, DAVID L., Live ABC, CBS and NBC Interviews During Three Democratic Conventions, 62:838-44. WOMACK, DAVID L., Status of News Sources Interviewed During Presidential Conventions, 63:331-36. WOMACK, DAVID L., Live TV Interviews at 1984 GOP Convention, 65:1006-09. WOMACK, DAVID L., Live Television Interviews at the 1988 Democratic Convention, 66:670-74. WOODMAN, KIERAN A., See RIFFE. WRIGHT, JOHN C., See KERKMAN. WRIGHT, JOHN W., II and LAWRENCE A. HOSMAN, Listener Perception of Radio News, 63:802-08, 814. WU, BOB T.W., KENNETH E. CROCKER and MARTHA ROGERS, Humor and Comparatives in Ads for High- and Low-Involvement Products, 66:653-61. WU, YI-CHEN, See WANTA. WULFEMEYER, K. TIM, Perceptions of Viewer Interests by Local TV Journalists, 61:432-35. WULFEMEYER, K. TIM, How and Why Anomymous Attribution Is Used by Time and Newsweek, 62:81-86, 126. WULFEMEYER, K. TIM and LORI L. MCFADDEN, Anonymous Attribution in Network News, 63:468-73. WULFEMEYER, K. TIM, Defining Ethics in Electronic Journalism: Perceptions of News Directors, 67:984-91. WULFEMEYER, K. TIM and BARBARA MUELLER, Channel One in High School Classrooms: Advertising Content Aimed at Students, 69:724-42. WYATT, ROBERT O. and DAVID P. BADGER, How Reviews Affect Interest in and Evaluation of Films, 61:874-78. WYATT, ROBERT O. and DAVID P. BADGER, Effects of Information and Evaluation in Film Criticism, 67:359-68. << Back]]> 1698 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/author-index-xyz-61-70/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 19:37:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1702 Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993

X

No entries

Y

YAGADE, AILEEN and DAVID M. DOZIER, The Media Agenda-Setting Effect of Concrete versus Abstract Issues, 67:3-10. YANG, JIAN, See CAMERON. YANG, SEUNG-MOCK, See CHAFFEE. YI, HUlUK, See RIFFE. YOUM, KYU HO, Survivability of Defamation as a Tort, 66:646-52. YOUM, KYU HO, Libel Law and the Press in Japan, 67:1103-1112. YOUM, KYU HO, The "Wire Service" Libel Defense, 70:682-91. YOUNG, ROBERT G., 'Not This Way Please!' Regulating the Press in Nazi Germany, 64:787-92. YU, JINGLU, The Abortive 1956 Reform of Chinese Journalism, 65:328-34. YU, YANG-CHOU and DANIEL RIFFE, Coverage of Chang and Mao in Three U.S. News Magazines, 66:913-19. YU, YANG-CHOU, See RIFFE. YUM, JUNE A. and KATHLEEN E. KENDALL, Sources of Political Information in a Presidential Primary Campaign, 65:148-51.

Z

ZAHAROPOULOS, THIMIOS, The Image of Greece in the U.S. Press, 61:901-05. ZAHAROPOULOS, THIMIOS, The Image of the U.S. in the Greek Press, 66:188-92. ZAHAROPOULOS, THIMIOS, Cultural Proximity in International News Coverage: 1988 U.S. Presidential Campaign in the Greek Press, 67:190-94. ZAHN, SUSAN BROWN and STANLEY J. BARAN, It's All in the Family: Siblings and Program Choice Conflict, 61:847-52. ZANOT, ERIC, See MADDOX. ZERBINOS, EUGENIA, Information Seeking and Information Processing: Newspapers Versus Videotext, 67:920-29. ZHU, JIAN-HUA and DAVID WEAVER, Newspaper Subscribing: A Dynamic Analysis, 66:285-94. ZHU, JIAN-HUA, Recent Trends in Adversarial Attitudes among American Newspaper Journalists: A Cohort Analysis, 67:992-1004. ZHU, JIAN-HUA, Issue Competition and Attention Distraction: A Zero-Sum Theory of Agenda-Setting, 69:825-36. ZHU, JIAN-HUA, See WEAVER. ZILLMANN, DOLF, See GIBSON. ZIMMERMAN, STEPHANIE, See ALLEN. ZINKHAN, GEORGE and EDWARD BLAIR, An Assessment of the Cloze Procedure as an Advertising Copy Test, 61:404-08. ZINKHAN, GEORGE M., KEITH K. Cox and JAE W. HONG, Changes in Stereotypes: Blacks and Whites in Magazine Advertisements, 63:568-72. ZINKHAN, GEORGE M., WILLIAM J. QUALLS and ABHIJIT BISWAS, The Use of Blacks in Magazine and Television Advertising: 1946 to 1986, 67:547-53. ZINKHAN, GEORGE M., See CORDELL. << Back]]> 1702 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/07/jmc-quarterly-index-vol-71-to-80/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 18:53:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1707 Page under construction 1994 to 2003 The following is an index by author's last name of articles that appeared in Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly from 1994 to 2003. Author Index (by author's last name)

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I, J | K | L

M | N, O, P | Q, R | S | T | U, V | W | X, Y, Z

]]> 1707 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/08/2003-aejmc-resolutions/ Tue, 10 Aug 2010 17:25:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1727 AEJMC members approved three resolutions during the 2003 Convention in Kansas City, MO. Resolution One: Diversity Resolution Two: Gender Equity Resolution Three: Civil Liberties << AEJMC Resolutions]]> 1727 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/08/diversity/ Tue, 10 Aug 2010 17:29:45 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1731 Resolution One: Diversity Whereas in 1968 the membership of the Association for Education in Journalism (AEJ), now the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (AEJMC), passed a resolution calling for the establishment of a coordinated program to recruit, train and place an increasing number of minorities in the classroom and in the media. And whereas in 1989 the AEJMC membership passed a resolution calling on the association and on the schools and departments of journalism and mass communications to make every effort to achieve 50 percent minority and/or female faculty and administrators by the year 2000. And whereas research reported by Ramona R. Rush and Carol E. Oukrop at AEJMC's 2002 convention indicated that only 21 percent of the nation's journalism and mass communications programs had achieved that goal. Be it resolved: 1. That AEJMC again urge all journalism and mass communications (j/mc) programs to redouble their efforts to obtain and retain a faculty and administrator group that is 50 percent minority and/or female. 2. That the AEJMC appoint a committee to ascertain what the association can and should do to assist the j/mc schools and departments in their efforts to obtain this goal. 3. That the committee include, but need not be limited to, at least one member from the Commission on the Status of Women, the Commission on the Status of Minorities, the Minorities and Communication Division, the three elected standing committees, the Media and Disability Interest Group and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Interest Group. 4. That the committee study how best to publicize and/or reward those schools that have reached and maintained the 50 percent goal. 5. That the committee be empowered to seek expert advice, in light of the recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions in the Michigan affirmative action cases, about the impact those decisions might have on any program AEJMC may devise. 6. That the committee report its findings to the AEJMC Executive Committee at the next mid-year meeting and to the AEJMC Executive Committee and the membership at the 2004 convention. (Prepared by L. C. Barrow, Jr., Vice Chair, Commission on the Status of Minorities) Approved August 2003 Kansas City, Missouri << 2003 Resolutions]]> 1731 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/08/gender/ Tue, 10 Aug 2010 17:32:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1733 Resolution Two: Gender Equity Whereas recent research by the American Association of University Professors, reported in the April 18, 2003 issue of The Chronicle of Higher Education indicates that there still is a pay gap between men and women professors. And whereas, research reported by Ramona R. Rush and Carol E. Oukrop at the 2002 convention of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (AEJMC) indicates that salary is the "major discrimination concern" of female faculty members in journalism and mass communications (j/mc) programs. Be it resolved:

1. That AEJMC appoint a committee or assign this task to an existing committee to request from the Becker Studies the relevant data on salaries and to ascertain what information is currently being gathered on salaries that can be used to ascertain if this gap also exists for journalism and mass communications professors; if no information is currently being gathered, to determine how best to obtain this information and to determine how best to reward those j/mc programs that are making active efforts to overcome this long lasting problem and/or that have succeeded in doing so.
2. That this committee report on its efforts and/or findings to the mid-year meeting of the AEJMC executive committee and to the AEJMC executive committee and the membership as a whole at the 2004 AEJMC convention.

(Prepared by Lionel C. Barrow, Jr., Vice Chair, Commission on the Status of Minorities) Approved at AEJMC 2003 Convention Kansas City, Missouri << 2003 Resolutions]]> 1733 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/08/civil/ Tue, 10 Aug 2010 17:33:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1735 Resolution Three: Civil Liberties Whereas, It is appropriate for AEJMC to voice its concerns for reasons that include:

• The USA PATRIOT Act was passed in haste in the fall of 2001 and signed by President Bush, within six weeks of the Sept. 11 tragedy. The checks and balance system failed the American public as the repressive nature of the Act was not fully recognized.

Whereas,

• Conventional wisdom and empirical scholarship attest to how civil liberties are put at risk during times of national crisis and war, and our national leaders have declared a war against terrorism in which thousands of persons have died.

Whereas,

• Appreciation and protection of First Amendment freedoms, including the freedom of expression, are inherent in the teaching and practice of journalism and mass communications. Leaders of the AEJMC have characterized First Amendment education as one of our most significant roles in higher education.

Whereas,

• The USA PATRIOT Act remains a controversy as government leaders seek to broaden their police powers on the one hand, and others seek to redress what they see as the Act's threats to civil liberties, including those addressed by previous AEJMC resolutions.

Be it resolved that AEJMC

• Continue to monitor the impact of the USA PATRIOT Act on academic freedom and support measures designed to protect scholarly inquiry and free expression threatened by the Act.

Be it resolved that AEJMC and its members

• Oppose unwarranted broadening of police powers of the state under the Act and encourage legislative bodies to subject such proposals to far more debate and scrutiny than has been the case heretofore.

Be it resolved that AEJMC

• Support "Restore FOIA Act" legislation.

Be it resolved that AEJMC

• Explore joining a newly formed national coalition of organizations (see next page).

Be it resolved that AEJMC

• Recognize and respond in helpful ways to the impacts of the USA PATRIOT Act upon the academic careers and studies of our international colleagues and students.

Approved at AEJMC 2003 Convention Kansas City, Missouri << 2003 Resolutions]]> 1735 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/08/aejmc-2010-resolutions/ Tue, 10 Aug 2010 19:15:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1746 AEJMC Members approved four resolutions during the 2010 Convention in Denver, CO.

• Resolution One: To Recognize and Honor Richard Burke, AEJMC Business Manager, for His 25 Years of Service to AEJMC.
• Resolution Two: To Recognize and Honor Fred Williams, AEJMC Convention Manager, for His 25 Years of Service to AEJMC.
• Resolution Three: To Recognize and Honor Kappa Tau Alpha, the national college honor society for journalism and mass communication majors, which celebrated its 100th anniversary March 10, 2010.
• Resolution Four: To Support Freedom of Speech and of Information in the United States and Internationally.

<< AEJMC Resolutions]]> 1746 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/08/speech/ Tue, 10 Aug 2010 19:23:00 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1743 Resolution Four: To Support Freedom of Speech and of Information in the United States and Internationally. Freedom of speech and of information has come under increasing threat in the United States and internationally.  Journalists and other media professionals have more frequently faced arrest, imprisonment, physical attack, torture and even death or threats of death for their communication efforts. Whereas, in recognition of the importance of freedom of speech, of the press and of information to democracy and other forms of governance, and Whereas, in recognition of the valuable contributions of journalists and other mass communication professionals in the United States and around the world, Therefore, be it resolved that: The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) goes on record in support of freedom of speech and of information in the United States and internationally, Be it further resolved that: AEJMC formally requests that all heads of state and government officials in the United States and internationally actively take steps to ensure protections of free speech, of the press and of information including laws that formally protect freedom of speech and of information. << 2010 Resolutions]]> 1743 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/08/kappa-tau/ Tue, 10 Aug 2010 19:40:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1754 Resolution Three: To Recognize and Honor Kappa Tau Alpha, the national college honor society for journalism and mass communication majors, which celebrated its 100th anniversary March 10, 2010 Kappa Tau Alpha, the national college honor society for journalism and mass communication majors, was chartered March 10, 1910. Founded at the University of Missouri, Kappa Tau Alpha is the seventh oldest national honor society. Whereas, the Society is dedicated to the encouragement and recognition of excellence in scholarship, and Whereas, journalism/mass communication students who are inducted must rank in the top 10 percent of their junior, senior or graduate classes, and Whereas, more than 66,000 students have been inducted into KTA, and Whereas, KTA has chapters at 93 colleges and universities. Whereas, since 1944, KTA has conducted an annual competition for the best research-based book in the field, and, Whereas, it also co-sponsors the AEJMC/Kappa Tau Alpha Awards Luncheon and presents awards ($1 for every year of KTA’s existence) to AEJMC division student research paper competition winners, among other activities. Therefore, be it resolved that: the members of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) congratulate and express sincere appreciation to Kappa Tau Alpha as it commemorates its 100th anniversary during 2010. << 2010 Resolutions]]> 1754 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/08/fwilliams/ Tue, 10 Aug 2010 19:44:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1758 Resolution Two to the General AEJMC Membership: To Recognize and Honor Fred Williams, AEJMC Convention Manager, for His 25 Years of Service to AEJMC Fred started work with AEJMC in February 1985. Whereas, Fred is responsible for maintaining relationships with venues, handling audio/visual and catering requests for the convention and other AEJMC/ASJMC meetings, coordinating exhibits, and suggesting venues for future conventions. Whereas, Fred also manages publication advertisements and printer relationships for the association, and Whereas, in recognition of the importance of Fred’s tireless service to the Association, and Whereas, in recognition of the valuable contributions he has made to the members both formally and informally. Therefore, be it resolved that: The members of Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) formally recognize and congratulate Fred Williams for his extraordinary and dedicated service these past 25 years. << 2010 Resolutions]]> 1758 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/08/rburke/ Tue, 10 Aug 2010 19:55:59 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1782 Resolution One to the General AEJMC Membership: To Recognize and Honor Richard Burke, AEJMC Business Manager, for His 25 Years of Service to AEJMC. Richard (Rich) Burke started work for AEJMC in March 1985. Whereas, as Business Manger, Rich is responsible for processing all financial transactions, paying bills, handling investments and overseeing the building maintenance, and Whereas, Rich is most visible to members as the Conference Registrar who helps register attendees. Whereas, in recognition of the importance of Richard’s tireless service to the Association, and Whereas, in recognition of the valuable contributions he has made to the members both formally and informally. Therefore, be it resolved that: The members of Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) formally recognize and commend Richard Burke for his extraordinary and dedicated service these past 25 years. << 2010 Resolutions]]> 1782 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/08/exploration-of-outside-publishers-for-aejmc-journals/ Fri, 13 Aug 2010 12:43:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1800 What Happened at the Denver Conference: After a year of exploration and analysis, the Publications Committee recommended that the AEJMC Board of Directors contract with Sage Publications to handle the production of the organization’s three journals: Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, and Journalism & Communication Monographs. During its Saturday, Aug. 7, meeting in Denver the AEJMC Board unanimously approved this recommendation. During the fall of 2010, AEJMC will work to develop a contract with Sage Publications. The contract will move AEJMC journal production from an in-house platform to a publisher platform as of the first issue of 2012.

Background:

Two reasons have served as a catalyst for this change. One is that AEJMC central is not able to provide the full-text online services of our current issues. We will not abandon hard copy; in fact, we are insisting that the journals maintain print versions.  But it is also clear that most of our younger AEJMC members support the movement to online products.  The complexity of having a high quality web presence that would be available to the world at large while also privileging member access is something at which publishers excel, and we think there is no need to reinvent that wheel. The second reason is that AEJMC simply cannot provide the global marketing needed to keep our journals among those in the top tier of communication journals.  Outside publishers are in a strong position to help us build audiences in a global way, and that kind of internationalization will become increasingly important. After issuing an RFP in February, the Publications Committee interviewed three publishers in June. All eight members of the committee were at that meeting and unanimously agreed that this was the appropriate next step for the journals. All three journal editors were also at that June meeting, and were able to ask questions of the publishers.

Key Issues:

• AEJMC will NOT stop providing hard copy versions of the journals. Members and paid subscribers will have BOTH hard copy and online access to current issues, beginning in 2012.
• Members will have the option to receive only online access, but that will be each individual member’s decision.
• Classroom use of our journal content will continue to be FREE.
• Outside subscription prices will increase, but these would still remain much lower than the prices for the divisional journals (which are almost all served by commercial publishers).  Over time, AEJMC will be a full partner in negotiating future increases.
• Membership dues will NOT increase as a result of this change, but they will not go down.
• This contractual arrangement will begin in January 2012, giving editors and AEJMC Central ample time to plan and implement.

<< Post Conference News]]> 1800 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/09/best-practices-in-teaching/ Wed, 15 Sep 2010 18:47:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=2362 [caption id="attachment_24019" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2023[/caption] [caption id="attachment_23122" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2022[/caption] [caption id="attachment_21726" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2021[/caption] [caption id="attachment_20258" align="aligncenter" width="155"] 2020[/caption] [caption id="attachment_19239" align="aligncenter" width="155"] 2019[/caption] [caption id="attachment_18304" align="aligncenter" width="155"] 2018[/caption] [caption id="attachment_17528" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2017[/caption] [caption id="attachment_16498" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2016[/caption] [caption id="attachment_15473" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2015[/caption] [caption id="attachment_16499" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2014[/caption] [caption id="attachment_12381" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2013[/caption] [caption id="attachment_9129" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2012[/caption] [caption id="attachment_4874" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2011[/caption] [caption id="attachment_2739" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2010[/caption] [caption id="attachment_2735" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2009[/caption] [caption id="attachment_2731" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2008[/caption] [caption id="attachment_2727" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2007[/caption] [caption id="attachment_2732" align="alignnone" width="155"] 2006[/caption]     << Teaching Resources]]> 2362 0 0 0 mailto:fredaejmc@aol.com Thu, 07 Oct 2010 20:26:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=2487 2487 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/10/elected-standing-committee-on-pfr/ Fri, 08 Oct 2010 15:01:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=2495 About the Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility: AEJMC PF&R: Who We Are, What We Do and Where We’re Going The AEJMC Elected Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility (PF&R) focuses on five core areas: Free Expression; Ethics; Media Criticism and Accountability; Diversity and Inclusion; and Public Service. AEJMC PF&R selects annual winners of the AEJMC Equity and Diversity Award and the AEJMC First Amendment Award; provides nominations for the Dorothy Bowles Award for Outstanding Public Service; advises the AEJMC President in drafting presidential statements on important issues that are central to AEJMC’s mission; and sponsors hearings of resolutions during the annual conference. In addition to coordinating professional freedom and responsibility activities across all AEJMC divisions and interest groups, the AEJMC PF&R Committee provides annual constructive reviews of activities of AEJMC divisions and groups in the five core areas of professional freedom and responsibility. AEJMC PF&R encourages all AEJMC divisions and interest groups to cover all five core categories over a period of a few years. No division or interest group is expected to emphasize all five PF&R categories every year, but each AEJMC unit is encouraged to make general improvements and maintain a high level of PF&R activity. Duties and Responsibilities of Professional Freedom & Responsibility Committee Members:

• (Fall) Serve as liaison to two or three divisions, working most closely with the division PF&R chairs. Make sure each divisional PR&R chair has a copy of “Tips for PF&R Division Chairs.” This liaison work should begin early in the academic year, preferably at the August conference but certainly in early fall. Make it clear that the PF&R standing committee is there to help by suggesting activities and encouraging innovative projects.
• (Spring) Continue contacts with PF&R chairs of assigned divisions.
• (Summer before conference) One member takes part in the division/IG assessment process each year. This requires reading annual reports for 5 to 6 groups and participating in a one-on-one interview process at the conference.
• (Second day of conference) Committee sponsors a Resolutions Hearing. The committee also meets later that day. In recent years, a vice chair and resolutions chair for the coming year are elected. The vice chair will advance to chair a year later. The resolutions chair will serve for the next year’s annual meeting. The PF&R Committee chair attends the opening AEJMC Board of Directors’ meeting and reports to the membership at the business meeting. The incoming committee chair attends the second AEJMC Board of Directors’ meeting. The newly elected committee vice chair might attend to observe and get an idea of what he/she will do the following year.

PF&R Committee Standards for Evaluation of AEJMC Activities: (March 1986, revised August 2010, August 2020) Definition The Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility – like the two other standing committees on Teaching and on Research – has been charged with providing annual constructive reviews of AEJMC activities. The focus of this committee can be understood by a close examination of its title. This is the committee charged with focusing on the standards and work environments of the professions that are the focus of our teaching and research. The term "professional" in the committee’s name refers to professional communicators who work in journalism; public relations; advertising; digital media; communication research; the non-profit, government and health care sectors; and entertainment media. Therefore, "professional freedom" refers to the freedom of communicators to express themselves. "Professional responsibility" refers to the standards that should exist in media and communication professions. < Download the complete document > PF&R Committee Expectations for Divisions/Interest Groups:

1. The committee expects PF&R activities both during the annual convention and during the year between conventions.
2. Each division/interest group need not emphasize all five categories every year. However, divisions/interest groups should devote effort to most of the five categories over a period of a few years. The committee believes that all AEJMC divisions, for example, have interests in all five areas, although some of the categories fit the interests of a single division more than others.
3. The PF&R committee encourages multi-division activities. The committee needs to know the contributions of each division. The comprehensive and accurate reporting of PF&R activities is in itself a service to AEJMC. Accuracy of the reports is extremely important. Check evidence presented in the report with appropriate persons in the division. The PF&R committee reserves the right to ask for further information.
4. Only reported activities can be evaluated. The committee cannot give credit to those activities it does not know about, and the only way to insure that knowledge is through the written annual reports. We need to know the division contribution, the number of members involved, and what concrete action was taken.
5. PF&R activities of divisions must reflect work of the divisions rather than only that of individual division members. Divisions are encouraged to exploit appropriate personal activities so that they do become part of the division’s activities and involve more people. Divisions must make clear the division's participation.
6. The quality of activities is as important as the quantity. A few activities of high quality are preferred to a long list of activities requiring little effort and producing few results. Quality, of course, is difficult to assess and describe. Any evidence of quality is helpful. Divisions and committees should explain the purpose and objectives of their projects. Evidence of success or completion of planned activities makes reported efforts more convincing.
7. The PF&R committee attempts to omit from consideration those activities which are more appropriately evaluated by one of the other standing committees. It helps to have annual reports clearly designate the appropriate committee. However, if there are activities that clearly apply to PF&R as well as at least one other committee, that should be pointed out in the PF&R section of the report.

<Elected Standing Committees]]> 2495 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/10/elected-standing-committee-on-teaching/ Fri, 08 Oct 2010 15:11:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=2497 About the Standing Committee on Teaching According to the AEJMC Bylaws, the Teaching Committee shall be concerned with:

• Standards of academic and professional preparation for teachers in the field.
• Standards of appointment, tenure, promotion, compensation, research and retirement for teachers.
• Minimum standards of equipment and facilities for instruction and research.
• Standards of faculty-administration relationships.

The committee shall represent the association in matters of accreditation. AEJMC representatives to ACEJMC are elected from, and by, the current members of the Teaching Standards Committee. View the Standing Committee on Teaching Operations Manual  This document provides an overview of what we do annually, including vice chair and chair responsibilities. Duties and Responsibilities of Teaching Committee Members:

• Attend AEJMC annual and mid-winter meetings.
• Serve as liaison and maintain contact with assigned division and interest group teaching standards chairs.
• Prepare a list of potential programming activities for division and interest group teaching chairs.
• Provide divisions with goals that may be applicable to teaching standards.
• One member takes part in the division/IG assessment process each year. This requires reading annual reports for 5 to 6 groups and participating in a one-on-one interview process at the convention.
• Plan, organize and carry out an AEJMC plenary once every three years.
• Plan, organize and carry out workshops and other teaching activities.
• Review papers submitted for Teaching Committee paper competitions (when sponsored).

Teaching Committee members are required to attend one meeting during the AEJMC fiscal year, which runs from October 1 through September 30. The meeting that new members will attend occurs during the annual AEJMC Conference in August and is typically held the morning of the second day of the convention. This meeting usually lasts 3 hours. Although the first official meeting of service on the Teaching Committee following the March AEJMC elections occurs with the December meeting, new members are encouraged to attend the upcoming August meeting during the conference. This provides valuable insight into the workings and activities of the Committee prior to full-time involvement and assignment of responsibilities. <Elected Standing Committees]]> 2497 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/10/elected-standing-committee-on-research/ Fri, 08 Oct 2010 15:17:18 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=2504 About the Standing Committee on Research The Elected Standing Committee on Research provides annual constructive reviews of activities of AEJMC divisions and interest groups in the area of research. Duties and Responsibilities of AEJMC Research Committee Members:

• Attend committee meetings and during the year participate in planning. Work as liaison with assigned divisions and interest groups
• Participate in the selection of the Nafziger-White-Salwen dissertation competition (for the last three years this has meant reading all of the abstracts and sample chapters from each contestant — ranges from 8 to 12 — and reading in full the top three nominee dissertations).
• Participate in the solicitation of nominees and decide upon awards for the Deutschmann and Blum awards (not given every year)
• One member takes part in the division/IG assessment process each year. This requires reading annual reports for 5 to 6 groups and participating in a one-on-one interview process at the conference.
• Participate in the planning of the plenary session (once every three years)
• Assist the Association as may be needed and show incentive in developing new ideas and initiatives.

<Elected Standing Committees]]> 2504 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/11/giftbooklets/ Tue, 09 Nov 2010 20:02:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=2759

The GIFT Program was established 10 years ago to provide colleagues with fresh ideas for creating or updating their lessons. Dr. Edna Bautista is the founder and coordinator of GIFT. The GIFT competition culminates in an interactive mega-poster session at the annual AEJMC summer convention. Its sponsors are the Community College Journalism Association and the Small Programs Interest Group, the Scholastic Journalism Division and the Graduate Education Interest Group.

GIFT Terrific Teaching Tips Booklets

Download the GIFT booklets below, courtesy of The GIFT Program.

2009 Special GIFT	2008 GIFT	2007 GIFT
2006 GIFT	2005 GIFT	2004 GIFT
2003 GIFT	2002 GIFT	2001 GIFT
2000 GIFT

<< Teaching Resources]]> 2759 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/11/syllabus/ Wed, 17 Nov 2010 14:26:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=2831 Follow the Syllabus (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, November 2010 issue) “My syllabus says ‘no late papers,’ but one student turned in a paper one minute late and another turned one in five minutes late.  What should I do?” “I have a student with health issues who says her other professors help her work around the school’s attendance policy.  Should I give the student a pass?” In both cases the answers are simple—follow the syllabus.  And both cases illustrate how a good syllabus can be used as a teaching tool and to set the tone for the course. Sometimes we as instructors think of the syllabus as nothing more than an addendum and yet, it is perhaps the most important document we’ll distribute to our students all semester. As a contract between the instructor and the student, the more specific a syllabus is the better. It lets students know what’s expected of them and what the consequences are for failing to meet those expectations. In classes with multiple sections, a common syllabus goes a long way towards ensuring equity in terms of workload and minimizes the likelihood students will “shop” for the section that has fewer assignments than the others.  A syllabus needs to be set at the very start of the semester, but the course schedule—what’s going to be covered when—needs to be flexible so the instructor can adjust what he or she is teaching to take advantage of opportunities that may pop up over the course of the semester and to the pace at which different groups of students learn. Each semester my colleagues and I review dozens of syllabi and over time have developed, with some help from our university’s center for teaching and learning excellence, a checklist of what a solid syllabus should include. Many of the items on the list are responses to thorny questions/issues/problems that arose because a syllabus was unclear or silent on a key point.  At the top of a good syllabus is contact information for the instructor(s) and graduate assistants, office hours and whether appointments are preferred, required or unnecessary. The next section should address course prerequisites and what is expected of students at the start of the class in terms of prior knowledge of the subject. Course goals give the instructor the opportunity to tell students what they will get from the course and what they can expect to learn.  Skills classes might include a list of the kinds of things students will know and will know how to do at the semester’s end. Text and materials, recommended readings and resources cover not only books, but also items like portable hard drives, headphones and three-ring binders. Policies on academic integrity, diversity, classroom etiquette, attendance, deadlines and the penalties for failing to meet them and whether make up work is permitted should all be spelled out in as much detail as possible. Doing so makes it easy for the instructor to address questions like those mentioned at the top of this column. Aside from these policies, perhaps the most critical part of the syllabus is the assignments section. Here is where clarity really counts. Specifying in the syllabus the number, type and most important, weight of assignments and the scale for final course grades not only saves time later, but also drastically reduces the number of student complaints and questions about how much an assignment is worth.  The best syllabi also include the grading criteria that will be used for each assignment. Indicating whether extra credit is available and if so how much extra credit a student can earn and what s/he needs to do to earn it will cut down on end of the semester pleas from students who are not doing as well as they would like. While writing a good syllabus that includes all of the elements outlined above takes time and careful thought, the investment is more than worth the savings in instructor headaches and student angst. For more information visit: http://clte.asu.edu/resources/delicious/syllabus%20checklist.pdf http://www1.umn.edu/ohr/teachlearn/tutorials/syllabus/basic/index.html http://clte.asu.edu/resources/delicious/syllabus%20checklist.pdf By Marianne Barrett Arizona State University AEJMC Teaching Committee << Teaching Corner ]]> 2831 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/11/teachingcorner/ Wed, 17 Nov 2010 14:45:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=2840 March 2021 • Atypical Tips • By Kevin Williams, Mississippi State University January 2021 • Being a Crash Test Dummy for My Students • By William C. Singleton III, University of Alabama October 2020 • Testing Tolerance Offers Teaching Tips for Classroom Controversies • By Tracy Everbach, University of North Texas and Candi Carter Olson, Utah State University July 2020 • Media Literacy as a Way of Living • By Ralph Beliveau, University of Oklahoma March 2020 Article • Service Learning in Journalism & Mass Communication • By Emily T. Metzgar, Indiana University January 2020 Article • Make the 2020 Election a Teachable Moment • By Marcus Messner, Virginia Commonwealth University July 2019 Article • Documenting and Demonstrating Quality Teaching • By Amanda Sturgill, Elon University March 2019 Article • Infecting Students with the Research Bug • By Raluca Cozma, Kansas State University January 2019 Article • Learning to Teach, Finally • By Mary T. Rogus, Ohio University March 2018 Article • Five Tips to Make the Second Half of Your Class Better than the First • By Jennifer Jacobs Henderson, Trinity University January 2018 Article • Some Thoughts on Advising • By Natalie Tindall, Lamar University November 2017 Article • Strategies for Leading Discussions of Race and Diversity in the Classroom • By Karen M. Turner, Temple University September 2017 Article • Are your students jittery, jaded or jazzed after the first day of class? •  By Carol Schwalbe, University of Arizona July 2017 Article • Drones: Just Another Tool • By Mary T. Rogus, Ohio University March 2017 Article • Facilitating a Conversation about Race • By Karen M. Turner, Temple University January 2017 Article • What Did We Learn? • By Earnest L. Perry Jr., University of Missouri November 2016 Article • Turning Students into News Junkies • By Raluca Cozma, Iowa State University September 2016 Article • Social Media and Social Change: A Lesson in Biased Product Development and Collective Action • By Jennifer Grygiel, Syracuse University March 2016 Article • Teaching in the Eye of a Storm • By Earnest L. Perry Jr., University of Missouri November 2015 Article • Capturing Students’ Attention • By Leslie-Jean Thornton, Arizona State University September 2015 Article • The Device Du Jour Is Changing and Challenging • By Amy Falkner, Syracuse University July 2015 Article • San Francisco and the Amazing Teaching Race: Get Your #AEJMCPARTAY On! • By Linda Aldoory, University of Maryland March 2015 Article • Finding Success with Student Evaluations • By Natalie T.J. Tindall, Georgia State University November 2014 Article • Using Research to improve Teaching Skills • By Catherine Cassara, Bowling Green State University September 2014 Article • Enroll in Online Courses to Improve Teaching Skills • By Leslie-Jean Thornton, Arizona State University July 2014 Article • Montreal: The Best Programming on Teaching at an AEJMC Conference • By Linda Aldoory, University of Maryland March 2014 Article • Rewarding Good Teaching • By Karen Miller Russell, University of Georgia January 2014 Article • Letting Online Students Know You’re There • By Susan Keith, Rutgers University November 2013 Article • Incorporating Diversity into Course Curricula • By Anita Fleming-Rife, University of Northern Colorado September 2013 Article • Transformation Involves Collaboration • By Charles Davis, University of Georgia July 2013 Article • What are your TLOs for DC? • By Amy Falkner, Syracuse University March 2013 Article • The Effective Use of Guest Speakers • By Chris Roush, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill January 2013 Article • Incorporating Websites and Blogs into Your Curriculum • By Chris Roush, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill November 2012 Article • Tweet up with Your Colleagues  • By Amy Falkner, Syracuse University September 2012 Article • How to Live on 24 Hours a Day • By Birgit Wassmuth, Kennesaw State University July 2012 Article • Continuing AEJMC’s Mission 100 Years Later • By Jennifer Greer, Chair, University of Alabama March 2012 Article • “The Doctors Are In” Slated for Chicago Convention • By Charles Davis, University of Missouri January 2012 Article • Incorporating “Diversity” into Course Curricula and Class Discussions • By Linda Aldoory, University of Maryland November 2011 Article • Fun in the Classroom? Seriously, Here’s How • By Amy P. Falkner, Syracuse University September 2011 Article • Thwarting Trouble: Creating an ethical foundation through a good syllabus and meaningful conversation • By Bonnie J. Brownlee, Indiana University July 2011 Article • AEJMC Plenary — Grade inflation: Does ‘B’ stand for ‘Bad’? • By Sheri Broyles, University of North Texas March 2011 Article • Student Attendance: Being Present for the Teaching Moment • By Birgit Wassmuth, Kennesaw State University January 2011 Article • Top 10 Tips for Great Mentoring • By Debashis “Deb” Aikat, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill November 2010 Article • Follow the Syllabus • By Marianne Barrett, Arizona State University September 2009 Article • How to turn an Intellectual Property “incident” into a teaching moment • By Birgit Wassmuth, Kennesaw State University July 2009 Article • Honing your teaching skills using the 2009 convention teaching committee sponsored sessions • By Jennifer Greer, University of Alabama May 2009 Article • Helping your students beyond the classroom • By Jennifer Greer, University of Alabama << Teaching Resources]]> 2840 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/11/intellectual-property/ Wed, 17 Nov 2010 18:11:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=2859 How to turn an Intellectual Property “incident” into a teaching moment (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, September 2009 issue) After more than 25 years of full-time teaching, I thought I had seen it all. But after the last meeting of the Visual Communication course I team taught this spring, a student emailed my colleague and me to thank us for the great panel discussion that day. A panel of professionals had answered students’ questions and freely shared valuable insights about their on-the-job experiences. It wasn’t the “Thank you” that got my attention. It was the fact that the student had digitally recorded the panel discussion in its entirety. Apparently, the recording turned out so well that the student wanted to make it available to the rest of the class. I had visions of lectures showing up on YouTube without us ever knowing about it. I’ve been known as an early adopter of technology for teaching. But I was not comfortable with this possibility. I saw this as an opportunity for a teaching moment and responded to the student’s request as follows:

While we encourage active participation and appreciate the proper use of technology in class, we do not appreciate that you recorded the panel discussion without letting us know ahead of time. It was unethical for you to do this. Our syllabus clearly states that you need prior permission from the people involved before you start recording. To refresh your memory, here is the part of the syllabus that addresses that:

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION Lectures given in this course are the property of the instructors and Kennesaw State University. Class lectures may not be recorded in any form without prior permission from the instructors and any guest lecturers that may speak to this class. Recordings, including class notes, may not be used for commercial purposes.

I can’t speak for my fellow panelists, but I would not have hesitated to give you permission to record our discussion and to share it with your fellow students from this class. But now, it is after the fact.

Since this is an educational environment, however, we are giving you a second chance. If you can get written permission from [the panelists], you may proceed with sharing your recording with your fellow students.”

Within a few hours, the student responded with an apology. Apparently, he decided to record the panel at the last minute as a test of his new digital recorder and didn’t expect the recording to turn out so well. He thought it would have been a shame for this panel discussion to go unheard for those who were unable to attend class. He admitted that he learned a valuable lesson from this experience and thanked us for giving him a second chance. So, here are a few lessons we can learn from this experience: 1. Have an “Intellectual Property Protection” statement in your syllabus and discuss it with your students at the beginning of the semester. Feel free to adopt and adapt the one provided above, but make sure to include any specific guidelines from your own institution. While each institution usually has policies regarding intellectual property, you may not find one that specifically addresses lectures. 2. Add your name, date and copyright (©) to every slide of your PowerPoint presentation. Do the same for any handouts you author. This helps protect your intellectual property, and it allows students to properly cite you in their papers. In order to assure the best legal defense, one professor I know sends hard copies of his lectures and handouts to himself via snail mail and never opens the postmarked envelope. 3. While we might feel honored to see some of our best lectures show up on YouTube, some of our worst might end up there, too. In either case, it is not the kind of distance-learning we intend. I recommend monitoring “shared resources” by Googling your name and/or your lecture titles and check YouTube.com on a regular basis. You may not need to take legal action, but, at least, you will know what students notice about your lectures. At best, you can turn “incidents” into teaching moments. By Birgit Wassmuth, Kennesaw State University, AEJMC Teaching Committee << Teaching Corner]]> 2859 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/11/honing/ Wed, 17 Nov 2010 18:34:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=2867 Honing your teaching skills using the 2009 convention teaching committee sponsored sessions (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, July 2009 issue) At my first few AEJMC conventions, I presented my papers and then went to every research panel I could, trying to get ahead on my scholarly agenda. I made the mistake of overlooking the wide variety of panels and workshops that could help me hone my teaching skills. As you flip through your convention program, check out the outstanding teaching sessions sponsored by AEJMC’s division and interest groups. Sheri Broyles, a member of the AEJMC elected Standing Committee on Teaching, is compiling a list of teaching-oriented activities to help you find these gems. That list will be available for pick-up near the registration desk at the convention. The AEJMC Teaching Committee also is sponsoring three sessions in Boston designed to bring out the best in all journalism and mass communication educators. All sessions are open and no pre-registration is required. A roundtable session, “So many projects, so little time: Faculty concerns over balancing teaching, research, service and life,” set for Friday 8:15 to 9:45 a.m. Administrators and veteran faculty members will discuss the stress of earning tenure, work-life challenges for a parent, and how to say no while not alienating your colleagues or chair. The session will start with brief remarks by each panelist. Participants at the interactive session will then have their anonymous questions answered by the panel members. An interactive small-group discussion session, “The doctors are in,” set for Thursday from 1:30 to 3 p.m. This teaching consultation session, now in its third year, is billed as “where speed dating meets group therapy, all in the name of better teaching.” At the session, participants choose one of five tables, each with its own topic, and participate in a small group discussion, sharing ideas and tips with a moderator. Every 20 minutes the chimes will sound and participants can move to another area. Tables will discuss teaching diversity, using online teaching tools, student evaluations, the Fulbright program, and preparing a teaching portfolio. A panel presentation highlighting the winners of our “Best Practices in Teaching Diversity” competition, set for Wednesday from 11:45 a.m. to 1:15 p.m. The top six entries of the 30 we received in the 2009 Best Practices competition will present their ideas, which range from short activities for any class to full course designs on diversity-related topics. Winning entries include: “Civic engagement, new media and journalism: A template for the organic incorporation of diversity into a new journalism curriculum” by Joel Beeson, West Virginia; “Professor for a day,” by Lisa E. Baker Webster, Radford; and “Voices of Utah” by Kimberley Mangun, Utah. In addition to these open sessions, the Teaching Committee will train incoming teaching chairs for the divisions and interest groups on Saturday from 8:15 to 9:45 a.m. If you are in line to be elected a teaching chair, please plan to stay in Boston through Saturday morning for this session. By Jennifer Greer, University of Alabama AEJMC Teaching Committee << Teaching Corner]]> 2867 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/11/classroom/ Wed, 17 Nov 2010 19:44:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=2876 Helping your students beyond the classroom One of our freshman majors came into my office recently with a distressed look on her face. She came to us with a strong high school grade point average but was struggling in her classes here. When I looked at her spring 2009 schedule, it wasn’t hard to figure out what was going on. Four of her five classes were taught almost entirely online. She felt overwhelmed, isolated, and incapable of meeting deadlines, especially in the self-paced classes. Her situation is increasingly common as colleges and universities turn to online classes to serve more students in an era of shrinking education budgets. The 2008 Sloan Survey of Online Learning tracked a 12 percent annual increase in online enrollment. Nationwide, about 3.94 million college students were enrolled in at least one online course in fall 2007. At many institutions, instruction in large introductory courses has been shifted from lecture hall to laptop. Freshmen, straight from fairly structured learning environments, are the ones most affected. This trend affects all college educators, whether or not we teach online. As online enrollment grows, so have the number of resources designed to help us teach in this environment. While many university Web pages are devoted to this topic, a few good sites for teaching tips are:

• http://www.onlineteachingtips.org From Dallas Baptist University.

• http://www.ion.illinois.edu/resources/ From the Illinois Online Network.

• http://www.ctdlc.org/faculty/TeachingTips/index.html From the Connecticut Distance Learning Consortium.

• http://tlc.eku.edu/tips/online_teaching/ From Eastern Kentucky University.

Even for those of us not teaching online, we must keep in mind that we may be the only faculty member many freshmen see every other day. Our students are keeping track of multiple deadlines that don’t correspond to standard course scheduling blocks. They often turn to us for help with other classes because we are a familiar face. Last year for the first time, my department offered three small, topic-driven freshman learning community courses with the hidden agenda of giving freshmen an hour a week to interact with a faculty member in a small group. While my community explored media and politics, I spent much of the time talking about time management, selecting courses, managing stress, learning in large lectures and how to succeed in online courses. This is the inaugural Teaching Corner column. Members of the AEJMC Teaching Committee will explore a teaching topic in each issue of interest to journalism educators. We’d love to have you share your tips related to our column topics. We hope to gather your thoughts and ideas and put together a page on each topic on the Teaching Committee section on the AEJMC Web site. If you have strategies or resources you’d like to share for teaching in an online environment, please send them to jdgreer@ua.edu. I’d also love to hear from those who work with students on time management, academic success strategies and the like as related to online survival skills. Finally, we’d love to hear your ideas for future column topics. One of the things AEJMC members said they’d like to see more of in the newsletter is teaching tips. We on the Teaching Committee want to make this space useful to those passionate about teaching. Send ideas to Diana Rios, committee chair, at diana.rios@uconn.edu, or to Jennifer Greer at the address above. By Jennifer Greer, University of Alabama, AEJMC Teaching Committee << Teaching Corner]]> 2876 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/12/doctors/ Thu, 09 Dec 2010 21:32:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3100 Elected Committee on Teaching "The Doctors Are In" Sessions 2009 Convention • Boston, MA Evaluations Topics

• Teaching Evaluation Resources [PDF]
• Teaching Evaluations in the 21st Century [PDF]
• Interpreting Evaluation Feedback [PDF]
• Online Teaching Evaluations [PDF]
• Student Evaluations [PDF]

Diversity Topics

• Gay, Lesbian, Bi-Sexual, Transgendered, Questioning Students [PDF]
• Students with Learning Disabilities or Challenges [PDF]
• Physical Challenges and Disabilities [PDF]

Students in Crisis Topics

• Depression and Anxiety in College Students [PDF]
• Generation Gap [PDF]
• Campus Violence [PDF]

<< Teaching Resources]]> 3100 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/12/teaching-workshop/ Fri, 10 Dec 2010 20:18:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3136 Effective Teaching Workshop 2010 Conference • Denver, CO Evaluations Topics

• "Exploring the Delay in Promotion to Full Professor: Petty Politics, Mid-Career Crises or Post-Tenure Inertia?" [PDF]
• Workshop for Effective Teaching 2010 Handbook [PDF]
• Participant Biographies [PDF]

<< Teaching Resources]]> 3136 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/12/mentoring/ Fri, 10 Dec 2010 20:40:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3147 Top 10 Tips for Great Mentoring (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, January 2011 issue) I witnessed the profound effects of mentoring at AEJMC’s inaugural “Magnanimous Mentor” initiative (termed “MM” for short!) at the AEJMC conference in Denver in August 2010. I initiated the MM program to facilitate mentoring around a simple idea. We all need the friendly care and assistance of a mentor who is an empathetic colleague, reliable adviser and a trusted counselor. To that end, the MM mentors and mentees are committed to developing a simpatico spirit of camaraderie and loyalty. We accomplished that and more. Several MM participants gained a mentor who sharpened and reshaped their work ethos. Before you say “wow,” let me humbly accept that some MM match-ups did not work! And, that’s my point. Successful mentoring is a lot of trial and error. The success of the MM program set me thinking about effective mentoring strategies that may benefit our students and colleagues alike. Here’s my list of top ten tips for developing successful mentoring relationships.

1. Commitment: Good mentoring is fueled by a deep commitment to devote the time to it.

2. Reciprocity: A reciprocal interaction strengthens mentoring relationships. For instance, the young mentee may benefit a mentor with new technology tips and other expertise of the young. Also, reciprocal roles bond the mentor and mentee to switch roles and provide expertise to each other.

3. Multiple Mentors: In our multifaceted world, it is effective to seek the wisdom of multiple mentors facilitated by non-hierarchical, collegial, and cross-cultural collaborations based on ideas and expertise.

4. Honesty and Intelligence: Good mentors and mentees cherish intelligent interactions and steadfast honesty, regardless of consequences.

5. Power of Perseverance: The omnipotent effect of persistence and determination has fostered most mentoring relationships.

6. Empathy: As Sophocles said: “One who knows how to show and to accept kindness will be a friend better than any possession.”

7. Good Listening: Assiduous listening sets the mentoring agenda. It also helps to understand opportunities and challenges based on teaching and learning from constructive criticism.

8. Confidentiality: It is important to protect the confidentiality of the message and the messenger.

9. Time Together: Mentoring is always sustained by priceless time together either face-to-face or online. This fosters clear communication, harmonious conciliation, give-and-take collaboration, and mutual cooperation.

10. Act Now: As they say, we have a choice: to plow new ground or let the weeds grow.

AEJMC has helped forge and sustain several mentoring relationships and the MM initiative is off to a great start. Please let me know if you wish to participate in it, either as a mentor or a mentee. As immediate past chair of the AEJMC Teaching Committee, my work is not over, for good reason! The AEJMC Teaching Committee has assigned me to coordinate a pre-conference workshop on “Effective Teaching Strategies” at AEJMC’s annual conference in St. Louis, Missouri in August 2011. The first such workshop in Denver was a resounding success. With lively discussions and a mentor meet-up, this interactive workshop covered proven strategies for effective teaching and developing mentoring relationships. Each workshop participant was paired with individual mentors, as part of the MM program. The workshop featured winners of the Scripps Howard Journalism Administrator of the Year and Scripps Howard Journalism Teacher of the Year awards, renowned educators, and students who celebrated and critiqued teaching in its current state and style. This workshop marked a three-year pilot plan based on the “strategic directions” outlined by the AEJMC 2009 State of the Discipline report <http://www.aejmc.org/_about/discipline/index.php>. The AEJMC pre-conference workshop addressed four objectives: (i) Examine what we teach, how we teach and allay anxieties about a discipline in transition; (ii) Adapt course content to the new realities of communication and draw upon core values; (iii) Harness research, creative and professional activity, media and industry support, professional organizations and community resources to incorporate curriculum changes, technology innovations and assessment of learning outcomes; and (iv) Develop peer-to-peer and co-mentoring relationships. If you have workshop ideas for the AEJMC’s St. Louis conference, please share them with me. Debashis “Deb” Aikat, immediate past chair of AEJMC’s Teaching Committee, is a faculty member at the School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. By Debashis “Deb” Aikat University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill AEJMC Teaching Committee << Teaching Corner ]]> 3147 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/12/conferenccity/ Wed, 15 Dec 2010 17:38:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3186 How AEJMC conference sites are selected. Curious to know how the AEJMC Conference site is selected? There are a variety of major factors that are considered before the AEJMC Conference Manager can recommend a city to the AEJMC Board of Directors to consider for the AEJMC Annual Conference.

Conference city criteria is based on:

• Appeal of a city
• Efficiency and cost of air travel
• Ease and cost of transportation from airport to hotels
• Public transportation with a city

Other considerations would be:

• Accommodation
• City, county and state taxes
• Easy access to museums, libraries, restaurants
• Recreation from potential hotels
• Concentration of journalism and mass communication programs

Intense effort is made to keep room costs as low as possible for attendees. Because the association meets in what has been the low part of the low season, it has been possible to negotiate reasonable rates in quality hotels. While there is less meeting activity in August, there is increasing pressure from vacation travel which affects rates in most of the upper half and significant portions of the lower half of the United States. Other costs to the association may also be considered when selecting the convention hotel.

Conference hotel criteria are based on:

• Hotel quality and size
• Cost to AEJMC delegates

<< AEJMC Conference]]> 3186 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/12/plenary-session08/ Wed, 15 Dec 2010 18:25:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3189 Teaching in an Age of Entitlement 2008 Convention • Chicago, IL Teaching Resources (PDFs)

• Gigi Carroll's PowerPoint: Choice generation: A closer look at millennials
• Cynthia Frisby's PowerPoint: It's all about me: Narcissism and entitlement among college students
• Cynthia Frisby's cover page to her syllabus
• Cynthia Frisby's extensive syllabus with her Netiquette Issues and other policies
• Recommended resources from the session

<< Teaching Resources]]> 3189 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/12/submission-process/ Thu, 16 Dec 2010 15:26:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3237 Journalism & Communication Monographs Following the practice common for book publication, a scholar must first submit a five to ten page proposal to start the review process. Although work can be based on previously published articles (full disclosure to the editor is ethically required), accepted manuscripts must be previously unpublished. The submission procedure is completed in five steps:

1. Peer review of proposal. A proposal must contain the title and abstract, 3-5 keywords, and seven brief sections: Thesis and Central Argument, Significance of Research, Major Arguments and Premises, Illustration Ideas with Sources, Potential Audience, Qualifications of the Scholar (without identification), and Bibliography.
2. Accepted proposals receive a deadline for completion of the manuscript. Once submitted, the original proposal reviewers will consider the manuscript.
3. If the original reviewers advise further revisions (almost always), authors will submit two files: One that answers and/or addresses all of the comments from the reviewers plus the revised manuscript.
4.  A final publication decision is made and your work will be scheduled for publication.
5. Authors will work with the editor to secure permissions for any illustrations and help arrange social media publicity for the work.

Start the process. Click here. << J&C Monographs]]> 3237 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/12/information-for-contributors-2/ Thu, 16 Dec 2010 15:47:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3244 Journalism & Mass Communication Educator seeks contributions that support a community of faculty and student discovery, the acquisition of knowledge and skills, and their creative application to issues of import, both within and beyond classroom and web site. The journal focuses on learning and teaching, curriculum, educational leadership, and related exploration of higher education within a context of journalism and mass communication. Articles draw from a variety of theoretical approaches and methodological perspectives and should introduce readers to new questions, new evidence, and effective educational practices. Scholarship is encouraged that is grounded in knowledge about the complexity of learning and respectful of student needs for multiple paths toward understanding; rooted in the disciplinary content of the professional and academic specialties we ask our students to master; and cognizant of the discipline’s long-standing commitment to the arts of liberty, not through vague aphorisms, but as solutions to educational, civic, and public needs.

1. Submissions. Submit your manuscript, which should be no more than 4,000 words long (excluding tables, charts, graphs, and endnotes), at: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jmce.
2. Abstract and Author. An abstract of no more than 100 words must accompany each submission. Author identification should appear only on the title page and should include academic rank or professional title and applicable university and departmental affiliation.
3. Style. For final acceptance, use Chicago Manual of Style guidelines. For law manuscripts, Chicago refers you elsewhere for certain citations. Do not use in-text references, i.e., (Weston, 1972). Do not use op. cit., ibid., or bc. cit. In ordinary text, whole numbers from one through ninety-nine are spelled out. However, when normally spelled numbers cluster in a sentence or paragraph, use figures. Use % instead of percent in reference to statistics; for rounded percentages write the word. Underline or italicize names of cities when using newspaper names, i.e., New York Times. In endnotes and in book review headings, use postal code abbreviations for states; in regular copy, use traditional abbreviations.
4. Heading Styles. First-level headings are typed in bold italic and justified left. Second-level headings are indented and typed in bold italic. Third-level headings are indented and typed in italic. Note this example: Method Sample. A random sample... Sampling Techniques. These techniques are useful when...
5. Tables. When creating tables, use the WordPerfect table feature, MacIntosh Word using the "Insert Table" command, or PageMaker with tabs. Do not duplicate material in text and tables. Tables and figures should be used only when they substantially aid the reader, not merely because computers make tables easy to create.

Basic Endnote Style:

1. Todd Gitlin, Inside Prime Time (NY: Pantheon, 1985), 82. [Note that page numbers do not carry the pp. or p. prefix.]
2. Joseph R. Dominick, "Children’s Viewing of Crime Shows and Attitudes on Law Enforcement," Journalism Quarterly 51 (spring 1974): 5-12.
3. Robert K. Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986), 8.
4. Leon V. Sigal, "Sources Make the News," in Reading the News, ed. Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986), 9-37.
5. "Nicaragua’s Bitter Harvest: War in Coffee Fields," New York Times, 23 December 1983, sec. A, p. 2, col. 4.

World Wide Web Citations:

Citations to the Web must include: author’s name, title of document in quotation marks, title of complete work or journal (if relevant), in italics, date of publication or last revision, URL in angle brackets, date of access in parentheses. Examples: Article in an online/electronic journal: Rachael Smolkin, "Binded by History," American Journalism Review, January/February 2003, <http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=2747> (19 January 2003). Professional site: Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, AEJMC Online, January 2003, <http://www.aejmc.org/index.html> (22 January 2003). For a complete guide to Chicago style for online documents, see <http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite7.html>. << J&MC Educator]]> 3244 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/12/accounting-procedures/ Fri, 17 Dec 2010 13:57:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3292

The head of a division or interest group is the only person authorized to approve charges to your group’s accounts.  Newsletter editors may, also, be approved but only with your authorization.  Please inform the central office of this arrangement.  For safety sake, keep authorizations to a few.

Check requests should be mailed to the attention of the Business Manager at the central office in South Carolina.  A signed payment voucher should be accompanied by the supporting documentation for the charge. With mailing times, you should allow a little over a week’s time for payment of bills.  We try to pay bills the day that we receive them, but sometimes it takes several days.

Certain divisions and commissions are responsible for Endowment Accounts that award individual awards.  These accounts are the only ones that draw any interest.  The principle on these accounts may not be drawn upon.  Award checks and plaques can only draw upon the interest that is earned for the year.  If this amount is exceeded, the division, commission or interest group funds will be charged the difference.  Division, commissions and interest groups accounts earn no interest and are charged no maintenance fees.

Each quarter you will receive a copy of your group’s account and any other accounts that you are responsible for.

Please try to have all your conference check requests for next year in as close to the deadline as possible.  No checks will be written during the conference.  Checks cannot be cut to the recipient of your awards unless you inform us of the person’s name and the amount.

Conference speaker funding is available to all groups as defined in the constitution.  The Chair of the Council of Divisions will go into more detail about this with you.  Only outside speakers (non AEJMC members) are eligible for this funding.  No speaker can have any bills paid, unless a Conference Speaker Expense Form is filed on that individual.  The central office will supply you with this form once the President of AEJMC has approved your funding.  This form shows the breakdown of how this money is to be spent.  You will, also, be provided with guidelines (which were developed by the Council of Divisions) for the spending of these funds.

Once funding is approved, you will need to file a similar form with the AEJMC central office.  Once again, there is a deadline for submitting these forms.  If these forms are not submitted, your speaker will not be able to have their expenses reimbursed promptly.

Most groups award monetary prizes to their respective paper winners.  Some divisions and commissions are, also, responsible for Endowment awards.  These requests need to be turned into the office so that these checks are available at the conference.  If you so desire, checks will be brought to the conference and you will be able to pick them up at the registration desk.

Each group is allowed to award four (4) complimentary registrations to its student paper winners.  A list of these individuals needs to be turned into the AEJMC office.  You need to inform the individuals that are involved that they will receive complimentary registrations.  AEJMC underwrites these registrations.

A list of your invited outside speakers needs to be turned into the AEJMC Office.  We need this list so that badges can be made up for your invited guests.

No AEJMC member is eligible to receive complimentary speaker registration or funding for the conference.  Only outside (non-AEJMC members) speakers are granted this privilege.

<< Heads]]> 3292 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2010/12/aejmc-divisions/ Fri, 17 Dec 2010 14:01:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3294 Requirements for Forming The following statement is applicable to any group of Regular AEJMC members wishing to form a division. Three requirements must be met before submitting a petition for division status to the Executive Committee of AEJMC: 1.            Ten percent of the regular members, or 200, whichever is less, must petition the Executive Committee for creation of this new division. At least 50 of the petitioners must state in writing their intent to join the particular division. The person in charge of organizing should keep these statements. 2.            A $50 check made out to AEJMC must be submitted at the time of the petitioning, to cover initial office costs in connection with the new division. 3.            A proposed program of performance in teaching, research, and public service must be drawn up and agreed to by the petitioners, and submitted with a list of petitioners and the $50 check. The proposed program should not be more than 500 words in length and may be shorter. For a group seeking divisional status in a given fiscal year, the deadline for submitting the above material is November 1 of that year. A copy of the proposal, the $50 check and the list of petitioners should be sent to the AEJMC central office. If the petition for divisional status meets the approval of the Executive Committee at its December meeting, it will recommend that the AEJMC Conference vote approval at the next August AEJMC Conference. If the Executive Committee asks for changes in the petition, it will do so far enough in advance of the convention to permit the petitioners to act. Annual Reports All divisions are required to make an annual report of their division’s activities to the Elected Standing Committees not later than June 15. One copy of these reports are to be mailed to the executive director. The executive director distributes them to the Board of Directors, the Elected Standing Committees, and the new division heads. A supplemental report is due in early September. The executive director will send a reminder notice along with a copy of the format for division reports to each division head in early May. The Elected Standing Committees will send a written report of its findings to the Central Office by October 15. The office will then distribute the report to the division and interest group heads. The reports are published in the January issue of the newsletter. Constitutional Requirements for Division Performance Article I, Section 3, of the AEJMC Constitution states: “The functions of teaching, research, and public service recognized in Section 2 shall be undertaken by each division of this association. “The elected standing committees shall ... evaluate the divisions’ annual reports on a basis of clearly established criteria, and they shall report their evaluations, with recommendations, to the Executive Committee, to the divisions, and to the membership at large. In their evaluations of divisions, they shall consider the issues of diversity in participation and programming.” Board of Directors and Elected Standing Committees While the AEJMC Executive Committee has final authority in the review of division performance, it needs help in performing the review. The detailed study of 18 divisions’ performance across the three academic functions of teaching, research and service is more work than it can add to its other duties. AEJMC agencies exist, however, whose assigned work specifically applies to the divisional responsibilities in the three aforementioned functions: AEJMC’s “horizontal” committees, each with authority in one academic function and each cutting across the “vertical” or special interest divisions. These are the Elected Standing Committees, chosen by AEJMC members to represent them in these functions: Teaching - Committee on Teaching Research - Committee on Research Public Service - Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility Each of these committees has special knowledge and expertise in its own function, and each can and should study the performance of the divisions with respect to that function and of AEJMC as a whole, and make appropriate recommendations to the Board of Directors. << Heads]]> 3294 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/01/mastersjprograms/ Tue, 25 Jan 2011 17:51:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3428 Programs below are listed by state

ALABAMA

Alabama, University of College of Communication Tuscaloosa AL 35487-0172 205-348-5520 Departments: Advertising, Telecommunication and Film, Journalism, Public Relations, Speech Communication Degrees: MA, PhD South Alabama, University of Department of Communication Mobile AL 36688 205-380-2800 Sequences: Broadcast News, Communication Studies, Print Journalism, Organizational Communication, Public Relations, Radio-TV Film Degrees: MA

ARIZONA

Arizona, University of Department of Journalism Tucson AZ 85721 602-621-7556 Sequence: News-Editorial Degrees: MA Arizona State University Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication Tempe, AZ 85287-1305 480-965-5011 Sequences: Print/Online Journalism, Broadcast, and Public Relations Degrees: BA in Journalism and Mass Communication, MMC

ARKANSAS

Arkansas, University of Walter J. Lemke Department of Journalism Fayetteville AR 72701 501-575-3601 Sequences: News, Advertising/Public Relations, Broadcasting, Magazines Degrees: MA Arkansas at Little Rock, University of Department of Journalism Little Rock AR 72204 501-569-3250 Sequences: News-Editorial, Broadcast Journalism, Professional and Technical Writing, Public Information Degrees: MA Arkansas State University College of Communications State University AR 72467 501-972-2468 Sequences: General Radio-Television, Broadcast News, Radio-TV Production and Performance, Radio-TV Management and Sales, Cable and Alternative Technologies, News-Editorial, Community Journalism, Advertising, Public Relations, Photojournalism, Printing Management, Printing Technology Degrees: MSMC in Journalism, Radio-TV

CALIFORNIA

California at Berkeley, University of Graduate School of Journalism Berkeley CA 94720 510-642-3383 Sequences: News-Editorial, Radio News, Television News Degree: MJ California State University, Chico College of Communication Chico CA 95929 916-898-4015 Sequences: Media Arts, Visual Communications, Instructional Technology, Information and Communication Systems, Speech Communication, Organizational Communication, Journalism Public Relations Degrees: MA California State University, Fresno Department of Journalism 2225 East San Ramon Avenue Fresno CA 93740-0010 209-278-2087 Sequences: Advertising, News-Editorial, Photocommunications, Public Relations, Radio-Television News Communication Degrees: MA California State University, Fullerton Department of Communications Fullerton CA 92634 714-773-3517 Sequences: Advertising, Journalism Photocommunications, Public Relations, Radio/Television/Film Degrees: MA in Communications California State University, Northridge Department of Journalism Northridge CA 91330 818-885-3135 Sequence: News-Editorial Degrees: MA Pacific, University of the Department of Communication Stockton CA 95211 209-946-2505 Sequences: Broadcast, Print, Public Relations, Interpersonal Communications, Rhetoric and Public Address Degrees: MA Pepperdine University Communication Division Malibu CA 90263 213-456-4211 Majors: Advertising, Journalism, Public Relations, Telecommunications Degrees: MA San Diego State University Department of Journalism San Diego CA 92181 619-265-6635 Sequences: Advertising, News-Editorial, Public Relations, Radio-TV News Degrees: MS San Francisco State University Department of Journalism 1600 Holloway Avenue San Francisco CA 94132 415-338-1689 Sequences: News-Editorial, Magazine, Photojournalism Degrees: MA San Jose State University Department of Journalism and Mass Communications San Jose CA 95192 408-924-3240 Sequences: Magazine, News-Editorial, Radio-TV News, Photojournalism, Advertising, Public Relations Degrees: MS Southern California, University of School of Journalism University Park Los Angeles CA 90089-1695 213-740-3914 Sequences: Print, Broadcast, Public Relations Degrees: MA Stanford University Department of Communication Stanford CA 94305-2050 415-723-1941 Sequences and Degrees: Journalism (MA), Documentary Film (MA), Communication Research (PhD)

COLORADO

Colorado, University of School of Journalism and Mass Communication Campus Box 287 Boulder CO 80309 303-492-5007 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcast Production Management, News-Editorial, Radio-TV Degrees: MA, PhD Colorado State University Department of Technical Journalism Fort Collins CO 80523 303-491-6310/6319 Sequences: Electronic Reporting, News-Editorial, Public Relations, Technical-Specialized Communication Degrees: MS-Technical Communication Denver, University of Department of Mass Communications and Journalism Studies Denver CO 80208 303-871-2166 Sequences: Mass Communications, Journalism Studies Degrees: MA, MS Northern Colorado, University of Department of Journalism and Mass Communications Greeley CO 80639 303-351-2726 Sequences: Advertising, Public Relations, News-Editorial, Telecommunications Degrees: MA

CONNECTICUT

Hartford, University of Communication Department West Hartford CT 06117 203-768-4633 Offers MA in Communication with emphasis in Journalism or Mass Communication

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

The American University School of Communication Washington DC 20016 202-885-2060 Sequences: Broadcast Journalism Print Journalism, Public Communication, Visual Media, Graduate Journalism and Public Affairs, Graduate Film and Video, Graduate Public Communication Degrees: MA

FLORIDA

Florida, University of College of Journalism and Communications Gainesville FL 32611-2084 904-392-0466 Graduate Sequences: Advertising, Communication Research, International Communication, Journalism, Political Campaigning, Public Relations, Telecommunication Degrees: MA in Mass Communication, PhD in Mass Communication Florida A&M School of Journalism, Media and Graphic Arts Tallahassee FL 32307 (904) 561-2399 Sequences: Newspaper Journalism, Magazine Production, Broadcast Journalism, PR, Printing Production, Photography, Graphic Design, Printing Management Degrees: MA in Journalism Florida International University School of Journalism and Mass Communication North Miami FL 33181 305-940-5625 Sequences: News-Editorial, Advertising, Public Relations, Broadcasting Degrees: MS Miami, University of School of Communication Coral Gables FL 33124 305-284-2265 Majors: Advertising, Public Relations, Journalism, Photography, Motion Pictures, Video/Film, Speech Communication, Organizational Communication, Broadcasting, Broadcast Journalism Degrees: MA, MFA South Florida St. Petersburg, University of Department of Journalism & Media Studies St. Petersburg FL 33701 727-873-4850 Sequences: Journalism and Media Studies Degrees: MA South Florida, University of School of Mass Communications Tampa FL 33620-7800 813-974-2591 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcasting, Journalism (news-editorial and magazine), Public Relations, Visual Communications Degrees: MA West Florida, University of Communication Arts Pensacola FL 32514 904-474-2874 Sequences: Journalism (broadcast and print), Advertising & Public Relations, Radio/Television/Film, Graduate Mass Communication Degrees: MA

GEORGIA

Georgia, University of Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication Athens GA 30602 404-542-1704 Departments: Advertising/Public Relations, Journalism, Telecommunications Degrees: MMC, PhD Georgia State University Department of Communication Atlanta GA 30303 404-651-3200 Sequences: Print, Broadcast, Public Relations, Film, Speech, Theatre Degrees: MS

ILLINOIS

Illinois, University of College of Communications Urbana IL 61801 217-333-2350 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcast Journalism, News-Editorial, Media Studies Degrees: MS, PhD Northern Illinois University Department of Journalism DeKalb IL 60115 815-753-1925 Sequences: Broadcast News, News-Editorial, Photojournalism, Public Relations Degrees: MA Northwestern University Medill School of Journalism Evanston IL 60208-2101 708-491-5091 Degrees: MSA, MSJ Southern Illinois University School of Journalism Carbondale IL 62901 618-536-3361 Sequences: Advertising, News-Editorial Degrees: MA, MS, PhD Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville Department of Mass Communications Edwardsville Il 62026 618-692-2230 Sequences: Television and Radio, Journalism Degrees: MS

INDIANA

Ball State University Department of Journalism Muncie IN 47306 765-285-8200 Sequences: Journalism and Public Relations Degrees: MA Indiana University School of Journalism Bloomington IN 47405 812-855-9247 Sequences: News-Editorial, Broadcast News, Photojournalism, Advertising, Public Relations, Magazine, Media Management, Journalism Education Degrees: MA Prof., MA Res., PhD

IOWA

Drake University School of Journalism and Mass Communication Des Moines IA 50311 515-271-3194/2838 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcast News, Broadcast Sales and Mgmt, Journalism Teaching, Magazines, News-Editorial, Public Relations, Radio/TV Degrees: MA Iowa, University of School of Journalism and Mass Communication Iowa City IA 52242 319-335-5821 Degrees: MA, PhD Iowa State University Department of Journalism and Mass Communication Ames IA 50011 515-294-4340 Sequences: Advertising, Electronic Media Studies, Magazine, Newspaper, Public Relations/Corporate Communication, Science Communication and Teaching of Journalism Degrees: MS

KANSAS

Kansas, University of William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications Lawrence KS 66045 913-864-4755 Sequences: News, Advertising, Radio-TV, Magazine Degrees: MS Kansas State University A.Q. Miller School of Journalism and Mass Communications Manhattan KS 66506-1501 913-532-6890 Sequences: Journalism, Advertising, Public Relations, Radio/TV Degrees: MS Wichita State University Elliott School of Communication Wichita KS 67208 316-689-3185 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcasting, Journalism, Public Relations, Speech Communication Degrees: MA

KENTUCKY

Murray State University Department of Journalism and Radio-TV Murray KY 42071 502-762-2387 Majors: Journalism, Advertising, Public Relations, Radio/TV Degrees: MS, MA

LOUISIANA

Louisiana State University Manship School of Journalism Baton Rouge LA 70803-7202 504-388-2336 Sequences: News-Editorial, Advertising, Broadcast Journalism Degrees: MJ Northeast Louisiana University School of Communication Monroe LA 71209-0320 318-342-2144 Sequences: Broadcast News, Film-Making, News-Editorial, Photojournalism, Public Relations, RTVF Management, RTVF Performance, RTVF Production Degrees: MA Southwestern Louisiana, University of Department of Communication Lafayette LA 70506-3600 318-231-6103 Sequences: Print Journalism, Broadcasting, Public Relations, Interpersonal and Public Communication, Media Advertising Degrees: MS

MARYLAND

Maryland, University of College of Journalism College Park MD 20742 301-405-2379 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcast News, News-Editorial, Public Relations Degrees: MA, PhD

MASSACHUSETTS

Boston University College of Communication 640 Commonwealth Avenue Boston MA 02215 617-353-3450 Sequences: Broadcast Journalism, Business and Economics Journalism, Film, Health Communication, Journalism, Mass Communication, Public Relations, TV, Television Management, Science Journalism. (Dual-Degree Programs:) Mass Communication/Law, Television Management/Business Administration. (Joint Degree:) International Relations and International Communication Degrees: MS/JD, MS/MBA, MA Emerson College Mass Communication Division Boston MA 02116 617-578-8800 Sequences: TV, Film, Audio, Print and Broadcast Journalism Degrees: MA Northeastern University School of Journalism Boston MA 02115 617-437-3236 Sequences: News-Editorial, Radio-Television News, Advertising, Public Relations Degrees:MA, MJ

MICHIGAN

Grand Valley State University School of Communications Allendale MI 49401 616-895-3668 Degree: MS in Communication Management Michigan, University of Department of Communication Ann Arbor MI 48109-1285 313-764-0420 Sequences: MA, Journalism Telecommunication Arts and Mass Communication Degrees: MA, PhD Michigan State University School of Journalism East Lansing MI 48824-1212 517-353-6430 Sequences: News-Editorial, Journalism Education Degrees:, MA, PhD

MINNESOTA

Minnesota, University of School of Journalism and Mass Communication 111 Murphy Hall 206 Church Street SE Minneapolis MN 55455-0418 612-625-9824 Degrees: MA, PhD St. Cloud State University Department of Mass Communications St. Cloud MN 56301 612-255-3293 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcast, News Editorial, Public Relations Degrees: MS

MISSISSIPPI

Jackson State University Department of Mass Communications Jackson MS 39217 601-968-2151 Sequences: News-Editorial, News-Editorial (Public Relations), Broadcast Journalism, Broadcast Production, Advertising Degrees: MS Mississippi, University of Department of Journalism University MS 38677 601-232-7147 Sequences: Print, Radio/TV (PR, magazine, advertising emphases available in both) Degrees: MA Southern Mississippi, University of School of Communication Hattiesburg MS 39406-5158 601-266-5650 Degrees: MS, MS in Communication; MS in Public Relations; PhD in Communication

MISSOURI

Central Missouri State University Department of Communication Warrensburg MO 64093 816-543-4840 Sequences: Mass Communication, Broadcasting and Film, Public Relations, Journalism (News-Editorial) Degrees: MA Missouri, University of School of Journalism Graduate Studies Center 116 Walter Williams Hall Columbia MO 65211 573-882-4852 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcast News, Magazine, News-Editorial, Photojournalism Degrees: MA, PhD

MONTANA

Montana, University of School of Journalism Missoula MT 59812 406-243-4001 Sequences: Print, Broadcast Degrees: MA

NEBRASKA

Nebraska-Lincoln, University of College of Journalism Lincoln NE 68588-0127 402-472-3041 Departments: Advertising, Broadcasting, News-Editorial, Graduate Degrees: MA Nebraska at Omaha, University of Department of Communication Omaha NE 68182 402-554-2600 Sequences: News-Editorial, Broadcast News, Broadcast Production, Advertising/Public Relations Degrees: MA

NEVADA

Nevada, Las Vegas, University of Greenspun School of Communication Las Vegas NV 89154-5007 702-739-3325 Sequences: Telecommunications, Communications Theory, Journalism, Public Relations, Advertising, Broadcast Journalism Degrees: MA Nevada-Reno, University of Reynolds School of Journalism Reno VN 89557-0040 702-784-6531 Sequences: Print Journalism, Broadcast Journalism, Advertising, Public Relations, Photojournalism, Graduate Program Degrees: MA

NEW JERSEY

Fairleigh Dickinson University Department of Communications Teaneck NJ 07666 201-692-2415 Sequences: Advertising/Public Relations, Broadcasting, Journalism, Film, Theory Degrees: MA

NEW YORK

Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism New York NY 10027 212-854-4150 Sequences: News-Editorial/Broadcasting Degrees: MSJ Iona College Department of Communication Arts New Rochelle NY 10801 914-633-2230 Sequences: Journalism, Advertising, Public Relations, Film, Broadcast Degrees: MS New York University Department of Journalism and Mass Communication New York NY 10003 212-998-7980 Sequences: Newspaper, Magazine, Broadcast News, Public Relations, Media Criticism Degrees: MA Syracuse University S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications Syracuse NY 13244-2100 315-443-2301 Sequences: Graduate: Advertising, Magazine, Media Administration, Newspaper, PhD in Mass Communications, Photography, Public Communications Studies, Public Relations, Television/Radio Degrees: MA, MS, MPS, PhD

NORTH CAROLINA

North Carolina, University of School of Journalism and Mass communication CB 3365 Chapel Hill NC 27599-3365 919-962-1204 Sequences: News-Editorial, Broadcast Journalism, Public Relations, Visual Communication, Advertising Degrees: MA, PhD

NORTH DAKOTA

North Dakota, University of School of Communication Box 8118 Grand Forks ND 58202 701-777-2159 Sequences: Journalism, Broadcasting, Advertising, Public Relations, Speech Communication Degrees: MA, MS Ed.

OHIO

Bowling Green State University Department of Journalism Bowling Green OH 43403 419-372-2076 Sequences: News-Editorial, Broadcast Journalism, Public Relations, Magazine Journalism Degrees: MS, PhD in Mass Communication Kent State University School of Journalism and Mass Communication Kent OH 44242 216-672-2572 Sequences: News/Editorial, Advertising, Public Relations, Photojournalism, Photo Illustration, Broadcasting News and Radio/TV Degrees: MA Ohio State University School of Journalism Columbus OH 43210 614-292-6291 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcast, News-Editorial, Public Relations Degrees: MA Ohio University Scripps School of Journalism Athens OH 45701 614-593-2590 Sequences: Advertising, Magazine, Newswriting and Editing, Public Relations, Broadcast News, Visual Communication Degrees: MSJ, PhD

OKLAHOMA

Oklahoma, University of H.H. Herbert School of Journalism and Mass Communication Norman OK 73019 405-325-2721 Sequences: Advertising, News-Communication, Professional Writing, Public Relations, Broadcasting and Electronic Media Degrees: MA Oklahoma State University School of Journalism and Broadcasting Stillwater OK 74078-0195 405-744-6354 Specializations: Advertising, News-Editorial, Public Relations, Teacher Certification, Broadcast News, Broadcast Production and Performance, Broadcast Sales and Management, Agricultural Communication Degrees: MS, EdD (jointly with College of Education)

OREGON

Oregon, University of School of Journalism Eugene OR 97403-1275 503-346-3738 Sequences: News-Editorial, Advertising, Radio-TV News, Public Relations, Magazine Degrees: MA, MS Portland, University of Department of Communication Studies 5000 North Willamette Blvd Portland OR 97203-5798 503-283-7229 Masters Programs: MA sequences are offered in Communication. An MS degree in Management Communication is granted in conjunction with the School of Business Administration

PENNSYLANIA

Duquesne University Department of Communication Pittsburgh PA 15282 412-434-6460 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcast Journalism, Communication, Corporate Communication, Media Management/Operations, Media Performance, Media Production, Organizational Communication, Print Journalism, Public Relations Degrees: MA Point Park University School of Communication Pittsburgh, PA 15222-1984 412-392-3412 Sequences: Public Relations, Advertising, Print/Investigative Journalism, Broadcast Journalism, Mass Communication Degrees: M.A., joint M.A./M.B.A. Pennsylvania, University of Program in Communication Philadelphia PA 19104-6220 215-898-7041 Graduate program in Communication Codes, Behavior, Systems, Institutions and Policies; Health and Development Communication; Political Communication; Cultural Criticism. MA, PhD Pennsylvania State University, The School of Communications University Park PA 16802 814-865-6597 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcast/Cable, Film and Video, Journalism, Mass Communications Degrees: MA, MJ, MFA, PhD Pittsburgh, University of Department of English, Non-Fiction Writing 526 Cathedral of Learning Pittsburgh PA 15260 412-624-6506 MFA in Non-Fiction Temple University Department of Journalism Philadelphia PA 19122 215-787-7433 Sequences: Advertising, Magazine, Mass Media Photography, News-Editorial, Public Relations Degrees: MA, MJ, PhD

SOUTH CAROLINA

South Carolina, University of College of Journalism and Mass Communications Columbia SC 29208 803-777-4102 Sequences: Advertising/Public Relations, Broadcasting, News-Editorial Degrees: MA, MMC

SOUTH DAKOTA

South Dakota, University of Department of Mass Communication Vermillion SD 57069 605-677-5477 Programs: Advertising, Broadcast Journalism and Print Journalism, Broadcast Production, Corporate Communications, Public Relations, Telemedia Management Degrees: MA South Dakota State University Department of Journalism and Mass Communication Brookings SD 57007-0596 605-688-4171 Sequences: News-Editorial, Advertising, Broadcast Journalism, Science and Technical Writing, Agricultural Journalism, Home Economics Journalism, Printing Journalism Degrees: MS

TENNESSEE

Memphis State University Journalism Department Memphis TN 38152 901-678-2401 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcast News, News-Editorial, Public Relations Degrees: MA Middle Tennessee State University College of Mass Communication Murfreesboro TN 37132 615-898-2813 Departments: Journalism Radio-TV/Photography, Recording Industry Management, Research Institute Degrees: BS in Mass Communication, BS in Record Industry Management, MS in Mass Communication Tennessee, University of College of Communications Knoxville TN 37996 615-974-3031 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcasting, Journalism (News-Editorial and Public Relations) Degrees: MS, PhD in Communications

TEXAS

Abilene Christian University Journalism and Mass Communication Department Abilene TX 79699 915-674-2298 Sequences: Advertising, Public Relations, Journalism, News-Editorial, Broadcast Journalism, Broadcast Production, Corporate Video, Religious Broadcasting, Religious Journalism, Photojournalism Degrees: MA Baylor University Department of Journalism Waco TX 76798 817-755-3261 Degrees: Master of International Journalism East Texas State University Journalism and Graphics Arts Department Commerce TX 75429-1909 903-886-5239 Sequences: Journalism (majors in News/Ed., Photojournalism, Advertising/Public Relations and Teaching emphases), Printing Degrees: MA, MS Houston, University of School of Communication Houston TX 77204-4072 713-749-1745 Sequences: Advertising, Corporate Communications, Film, Journalism, Radio-TV, Public Relations, Telecommunications Degrees: MA North Texas, University of Department of Journalism Denton TX 76201 817-565-2205 Sequences: News Writing-Editorial, Advertising, Public Relations, Photojournalism, Broadcast News, Business Journalism, Teaching Degrees: MA, MJ Texas at Austin, University of Department of Journalism Austin TX 78712 512-471-1845 Sequence: Broadcast News, Magazine Journalism, News and Public Affairs Reporting, Public Relations, Photojournalism Degrees: MA, PhD Texas at El Paso, University of Department of Communication El Paso TX 79968 915-747-5129 Sequences: Broadcast, Journalism, Communication Degrees: MA in Communication Texas Christian University Department of Journalism Fort Worth TX 76129 817-921-7425 Sequences: News-Editorial (BA); News-Editorial, Broadcast Journalism, Public Relations/Advertising (BS); Teaching Certification, Media Studies (MS) Texas Southern University School of Communications Houston TX 77004 713-527-7360 The program offers master’s degrees with concentrations in News-Editorial, Advertising/Public Relations and Broadcast Journalism Texas State University School of Journalism & Mass Communication San Marcos TX 786664-4616 512-245-2656 Sequence: Mass Communication Degrees: MA Texas Tech University School of Communications Lubbock TX 79409-3082 806-742-3385 Sequences: News-Editorial, Advertising, Telecommunications, Broadcast Journalism, Public Relations, Photocommunications, Corporate Telecommunications Degrees: MA

UTAH

Brigham Young University Department of Communications Provo UT 84602 801-378-2997 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcast/Media Sales Management, Communication Studies, Journalism, Public Relations Degrees: MA Utah, University of Department of Communication Salt Lake City UT 84112 801-581-6888 Sequences: Public Relations, Broadcast Journalism, News-Editorial, Radio-TV, Film Degrees: MS, MA, PhD Utah State University Department of Communication Logan UT 84322-4605 801-750-3292 Sequences: News-Editorial, Media Management, Radio-TV News Degrees: MA, MS

VIRGINIA

Norfolk State University Department of Journalism Norfolk VA 23504 804-683-8330/8331 Sequences: Advertising, News-Editorial, Photojournalism, Public Relations Degrees: MA Radford University Department of Communication Radford VA 24142 703-831-5282 Sequences: News-Editorial, Public Relations Degrees: MS in Corporate Public Relations Regent University Department of Journalism 1000 Regent  University Drive COM200 Virginia Beach VA 23464-9800 888-777-7729 The school offers a MA in Journalism with an emphasis in converged media, interactive journalism, news-editorial, broadcast journalism, public relations, magazine, photojournalism, professional writing and journalism education Virginia Commonwealth University School of Mass Communication Richmond VA 23284-2034 804-367-1260 Sequences: News-Editorial, Broadcast News, Advertising, Public Relations Degrees: MS

WASHINGTON

Washington, University of School of Communications Seattle WA 98195 206-543-2660 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcast Journalism, Communications, Editorial Journalism Degrees: MA, MC, PhD Washington State University Edward R. Murrow School of Communication Pullman WA 99164-2520 509-335-1556 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcasting, Journalism, Public Relations, Speech Communications Degrees: MA, Interdisciplinary PhD with Communication emphasis

WEST VIRGINIA

Marshall University W. Page Pitt School of Journalism and Mass Communications Huntington WV 25701 304-696-2360 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcast, Broadcast News, Journalism Education, Magazine, News-Editorial, Public Relations Degrees: MAJ West Virginia University Perley Isaac Reed School of Journalism Morgantown WV 26506-6010 304-293-3505 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcast News, Graduate Program, News-Editorial, Public Relations Degrees: MSJ

WISCONSIN

Marquette University College of Communication, Journalism and Performing Arts Milwaukee WI 53233 414-288-7133 Sequences: Advertising, Broadcast and Electronic Communication, Journalism, Public Relations, Film minor Degrees: MA Wisconsin-Madison, University of School of Journalism and Mass Communication Madison WI 53706-1497 608-262-3691 Sequences: News-Editorial, Broadcast News, Advertising, Public Relations, Mass Communication Degrees: MA, PhD Wisconsin-Madison, University of Department of Agricultural Journalism Madison WI 53706 608-262-1464 Sequences: Print, Broadcast, Advertising, Public Relations, Science Reporting in Mass Communication, Agriculture, Natural Resources/Environment, Family/Consumer Sciences Degrees: MS, PhD

WYOMING

Wyoming, University of Department of Communication and Mass Media Laramie WY 82071-3904 307-766-3122/6277 Sequences: General Communication Studies, Advertising, Broadcasting, Print Journalism, Public Relations Degrees: MA]]> 3428 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/01/phdjprograms/ Tue, 25 Jan 2011 17:58:11 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3431 Programs below are listed by state.

ALABAMA

Alabama, University of College of Communication Tuscaloosa AL 35487-0172 205-348-5520 Loy Singleton, dean

ARIZONA

Arizona State University Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication 555 N. Central Ave., Suite #302 Phoenix, AZ 85004 602-496-5555 Donald G. Godfrey, director <don.godfrey@asu.edu>

CALIFORNIA

Stanford University Department of Communication Stanford CA 94305-2050 415-723-1941 James Fishkin, chair

COLORADO

Colorado State University Public Communication and Technology (Starting in Fall 2008) Department of Journalism & Technical Communication Fort Collins, Co 80523 970-491-6310 Patrick Lee Plaisance, Doctoral Program Coordinator Colorado, University of School of Journalism and Mass Communication Campus Box 287 Boulder CO 80309 303-492-5007 Paul Voakes, dean

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Howard University School of Communications Washington, DC 20059 202-806-7690 Jan Dates, dean

FLORIDA

Florida, University of College of Journalism and Communications Gainesville FL 32611-2084 904-392-0466 John Wright, interim dean Miami, University of School of Communication Coral Gables FL 33124 305-284-2265 Sam Goff, dean

GEORGIA

Georgia, University of Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication Athens GA 30602 404-542-1704 Cully Clark, dean

ILLINOIS

Illinois, University of College of Communications Urbana IL 61801 217-333-2350 Ron Yates, dean Southern Illinois University College of Mass Communication and Media Arts Carbondale IL 62901 618-453-4308 Manjunath Pendakur, dean

INDIANA

Indiana University School of Journalism Bloomington IN 47405 812-855-9247 Brad Hamm, dean Purdue University Department of Communication West Lafayette IN 47907-1366 765-494-3429 Howard Sypher, head

IOWA

Iowa, University of School of Journalism and Mass Communication Iowa City IA 52242 319-335-3486 Pam Creedon, director

KANSAS

University of Kansas William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications 1435 Jayhawk Blvd. Lawrence, KS 66045 785-864-3434 Ann Brill, Dean

LOUISIANA

Louisiana State University The Manship School of Mass Communication Baton Rouge LA 70803-7202 225-578-2336 John Hamilton, dean

MARYLAND

Maryland, University of College of Journalism College Park MD 20742 301-405-2399 Tom Kunkel, dean

MICHIGAN

Michigan, University of Department of Communication Studies Ann Arbor MI 48109-1285 313-764-0420 Michael Traugott, chair Michigan State University College of Communication Arts and Sciences East Lansing MI 48824-1212 517-355-3410 Charles Salmon, dean

MINNESOTA

Minnesota, University of School of Journalism and Mass Communication 111 Murphy Hall 206 Church Street SE Minneapolis MN 55455-0418 612-625-1338 Albert Tims, dean

MISSISSIPPI

Southern Mississippi, University of School of Mass Communication and Journalism Hattiesburg MS 39406-5158 601-266-5650 Chris Campbell, director

MISSOURI

Missouri, University of School of Journalism Columbia MO 65205 573-882-4821 Dean Mills, dean

NEW YORK

Syracuse University S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications Syracuse NY 13244-2100 315-443-2301 David Rubin, dean Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism New York NY 10027 212-854-8608 Nichols Lehman, dean Cornell University Department of Communication Ithaca NY 14853-4203 607-255-2601 Geraldine Gay, chair

NORTH CAROLINA

North Carolina, University of School of Journalism and Mass Communication CB 3365 Chapel Hill NC 27599-3365 919-962-1204 Jean Folkerts, dean

NORTH DAKOTA

North Dakota, University of School of Communication Grand Forks ND 58202 701-777-2159 Pamela Kalbfleisch, director

OHIO

Bowling Green State University Department of Journalism Bowling Green OH 43403 419-372-8349 Terry Rentner, chair Ohio University Scripps School of Journalism Athens OH 45701 740-593-2590 Tom Hodson, director hodson@ohio.edu Ohio State University School of Journalism and Communication Columbus OH 43210-1339 614-292-3400 Carroll Glynn, director

OKLAHOMA

Oklahoma, University of College of Journalism and Mass Communication Norman OK 73019-4021 405-325-2721 Joe Foote, dean

OREGON

Oregon, University of School of Journalism and Communication Eugene, OR 97403-1275 541-346-3738 Tim Gleason, dean

PENNSYLANIA

Duquesne University Department of Communication and Rhetorical Studies Pittsburgh PA 15282 412-396-6460 Ron Arnett, chair Pennsylvania, University of Annenberg School for Communication Philadelphia PA 19104-6220 215-898-7041 Michael Delli Carpini, dean Pennsylvania State University, The College of Communications University Park PA 16802 814-865-1484 Doug Anderson, dean Temple University Department of Journalism Philadelphia PA 19122 215-204-7433 Andrew Mendelson, chair

SOUTH CAROLINA

South Carolina, University of School of Journalism and Mass Communications Columbia SC 29208 803-777-3244 Shirley Carter, director

TENNESSEE

Tennessee, University of College of Communications Knoxville TN 37996 615-974-3031 Michael Wirth, dean

TEXAS

Texas at Austin, University of Department of Journalism Austin TX 78712 512-471-1845 Lorraine Branham, director Texas Tech University College of Mass Communications Lubbock TX 79409 806-742-3385 Jerry Hudson, dean

UTAH

Utah, University of Department of Communication Salt Lake City UT 84112 801-581-6888 Ann Darling, chair

WASHINGTON

Washington, University of Department of Communications Seattle WA 98195 206-543-2660 Gerald Baldasty, chair Washington State University Edward R. Murrow School of Communication Pullman WA 99164-2520 509-335-1556 Erica Austin, interim director

WISCONSIN

Wisconsin-Madison, University of School of Journalism and Mass Communication Madison WI 53706-1497 608-262-3691 James Baughman, director]]> 3431 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/attendance/ Wed, 02 Mar 2011 15:42:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3715 Student Attendance: Being Present for the Teaching Moment (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, March 2011 issue) Over the course of my 30-year teaching experience at large public and small private institutions I have always been very understanding of students’ excuses as long as they were “valid” and their absences were “documentable and beyond their control,” such as a medical emergency, court appearance, funeral, out-of-town Varsity games, etc. But all that changed last fall. When I asked a student who had missed class for a week because of a funeral to bring me the memorial service program, he sent me an electronic copy by email. I opened the file and reviewed the cover and back page, which contained a picture of what we thought was his beloved aunt. It provided details regarding the funeral home and service. The two inside pages, however, were missing critical information. It turned out to be a template that helped grieving family members through the process of writing the copy by providing generic text with [insert name], [insert song], or [insert place] throughout. As Department Chair, I thought I had seen it all: Forged signatures on attendance sheets and doctor’s notes, even pictures of car accidents. This one topped the list. Apparently, my student went shopping at the online superstore for funeral program templates, conveniently available at www.funeralprogram-site.com Without hesitation I reported the student to the university’s office of Student Conduct and Academic Integrity. As of this year (what took me so long?!), I no longer distinguish between excused and unexcused absences, because in the end it does not matter. The bottom line is that a student who missed class missed a valuable learning opportunity in the classroom – physical or virtual. I understand that some faculty do not have an attendance policy because they do not want to spend precious class time taking roll. Their argument is that, as long as a student submits good work despite multiple absences, the instructors don’t really care about attendance. I disagree. My experience has shown that the quality of the work usually suffers with extensive absences. Or, if the work of a habitually absent student is good, it may be likely that the work was purchased from a ghost writer or may include plagiarized material. I also understand faculty who have a very strict attendance policy. As long as that policy is clearly spelled out in their syllabi I can support my faculty when students complain to me, the department Chair, about it. Because there is no value in having an attendance policy if you do not enforce it, I have designed creative ways to take attendance without students even noticing it. I include interactive activities in my lectures. For example, I hand out index cards and have students write their name and the date on one side. At a certain point during class, I ask them to turn the card over and then assign them a task relevant to the topic and a specific point of the lecture. They may have to write a word, or a number, or a sentence, or even draw a picture. These are not graded assignments. (No points for attending class!) I use them as teaching moments during the following class period when I share the results of these “surveys” and show the drawings. For online and hybrid classes, “attendance” may be documented using features of course management software such as BlackBoard and WebCT-Vista that record statistics on which students accessed the site, visited which folders and files, at what time and for how long. That’s a convenient, indirect measure to take attendance as it relates to online presence in your virtual classroom. So what is the real value of an attendance policy? For the “sage on the stage” it was a way to make sure to have an audience. For the “guide on the side” however, we are looking for conversation partners, interactivity, and dialogue. Absenteeism, or lying about it, and bad grades are measurable symptoms. More often than not, they are the product of procrastination and poor time management. Here are a few treatments for those symptoms: 1) Teach or review time management skills as they relate to your course. 2) Command the students’ attention rather than demanding it by making experiential and collaborative learning essential elements of every class meeting. 3) For inspiration and guidance, refer to the body of knowledge provided by the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL). Today’s students want to be active, interactive, experiential, mobile, and engaged. We can’t really expect these students to invest in learning unless they see dividends up front. It’s up to us to inspire and motivate them. So kick up your teaching a notch or two. Be compelling. Engage students in learning, and demonstrate the value of knowledge. An attendance policy is part of that contract with our students we call a syllabus. We carefully spell out what we expect of students. But think about what they can expect from us. When we do our jobs well, our students will want to come to class – just to be present for the teaching moment. By Birgit Wassmuth Kennesaw State University AEJMC Teaching Committee << Teaching Corner ]]> 3715 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/2009-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 14:45:49 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3761

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<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 3761 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/2008-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 14:53:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3767

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<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 3767 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/2007-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 15:31:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3772

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<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 3772 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/2006-abstract/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 16:22:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3779

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<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 3779 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/2005-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 16:31:05 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3785

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<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 3785 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/2004-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 16:40:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3790

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<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 3790 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/2003-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 17:08:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3795

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<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 3795 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/2002-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 17:25:43 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3800

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<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 3800 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/2001-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 17:37:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3804

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<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 3804 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/2000-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 17:46:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3806

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<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 3806 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/1999-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 18:20:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3816

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<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 3816 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/1998-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 18:46:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3823

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Law

Magazine

Mass Communication and Society

Media Management and Economics

Minorities and Communication

Newspaper

Public Relations

Qualitative Studies

Radio-TV Journalism

Scholastic Journalism

Visual Communication

Interest Groups:

• Civic Journalism
• Graduate Education
• Internship and Careers
• Media and Disability
• Science Communication
• Small Programs

Commissions:

• Status of Women

<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 3823 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/1997-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 18:51:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3826

Advertising

Communication Technology and Policy

Communication Theory and Methodology

History

International Communication

Law

Magazine

Mass Communication and Society

Media Management and Economics

Minorities and Communication

Newspaper

Public Relations

Qualitative Studies

Radio-TV Journalism

Scholastic Journalism

Visual Communication

Interest Groups:

• Civic Journalism
• Graduate Education
• Internship and Careers
• Lesbian, Gay and Family Diversity
• Media and Disability
• Science Communication
• Small Programs

<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 3826 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/commtheory-2009-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 19:36:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3834 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3834 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/adv-2009-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 19:38:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3836 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3836 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ctec-2009-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 19:43:31 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3841 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3841 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ccs-2009-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 20:08:17 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3848 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3848 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/hist-2009-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 20:10:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3853 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3853 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/intl-2009-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 20:16:17 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3860 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3860 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/law-2009-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Mar 2011 20:22:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3865 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3865 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/mag-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 13:29:59 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3871 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3871 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/mcs-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 13:32:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3881 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3881 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/med-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 13:53:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3899 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3899 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/mme-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 14:17:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3903 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3903 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/mac-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 14:10:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3905 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3905 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/news-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 14:15:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3910 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3910 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/pr-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 14:22:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3916 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3916 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/rtvj-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 14:27:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3921 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3921 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/schol-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 14:41:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3927 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3927 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/vis-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 14:52:45 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3932 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3932 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/csw-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 15:00:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3937 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3937 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ccj-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 15:05:52 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3942 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3942 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/cjig-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 15:10:25 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3947 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3947 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ent-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 15:18:07 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3952 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3952 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/glbt-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 15:40:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3959 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3959 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/geig-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 15:56:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3961 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3961 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/icig-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 16:06:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3967 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3967 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/rmig-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 16:09:32 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3970 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3970 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/sci-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 16:13:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3976 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3976 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/spig-2009-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 16:20:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3985 << 2009 Abstracts]]> 3985 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/adv-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 17:08:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3992 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 3992 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ctec-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 17:16:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4000 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4000 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ctm-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 17:22:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4005 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4005 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ccs-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 17:25:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4008 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4008 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/hist-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 17:31:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4013 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4013 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/intl-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 17:37:00 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4017 << 2008 Abstracts  ]]> 4017 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/law-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 17:46:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4025 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4025 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/mag-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 17:50:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4026 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4026 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/mcs-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 17:55:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4034 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4034 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/med-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 18:12:43 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4040 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4040 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/mme-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 18:31:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4045 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4045 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/mac-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 18:34:45 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4050 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4050 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/news-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 19:02:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4058 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4058 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/pr-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 19:06:18 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4062 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4062 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/rtvj-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 19:21:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4069 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4069 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/schol-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 19:26:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4072 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4072 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/viscom-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 19:33:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4076 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4076 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ccj-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 19:38:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4082 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4082 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/cjig-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 20:03:25 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4086 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4086 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ent-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 19:50:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4088 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4088 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/glbt-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 20:07:58 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4090 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4090 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/geig-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 20:05:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4093 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4093 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/icig-2008-abstracts/ Thu, 10 Mar 2011 20:09:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4098 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4098 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/rmig-2008-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 13:22:11 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4104 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4104 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/sci-2008-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 13:26:49 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4107 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4107 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/spig-2008-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 13:29:18 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4111 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4111 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/csw-2008-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 13:33:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4115 << 2008 Abstracts]]> 4115 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/adv-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 13:49:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4123 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4123 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ctec-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 13:53:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4127 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4127 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ctm-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 14:19:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4131 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4131 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ccs-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 15:23:49 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4136 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4136 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/hist-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 15:31:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4157 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4157 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/intl-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 15:35:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4162 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4162 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/law-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 15:37:41 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4165 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4165 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/mag-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 15:40:41 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4168 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4168 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/mcs-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 15:46:05 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4173 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4173 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/med-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 15:49:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4178 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4178 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/mme-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 16:17:11 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4184 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4184 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/mac-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 16:23:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4190 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4190 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/news-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 16:25:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4193 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4193 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/pr-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 16:28:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4198 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4198 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/rtvj-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 16:30:41 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4202 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4202 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/schol-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 16:32:52 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4206 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4206 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/viscom-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 16:35:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4212 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4212 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ccj-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 16:38:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4214 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4214 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/cjig-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 17:10:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4217 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4217 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ent-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 17:12:27 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4220 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4220 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/glbt-2007-abstracts/ Fri, 11 Mar 2011 17:17:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4222 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 4222 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ethics-preamble/ Tue, 15 Mar 2011 18:08:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4255 Preamble and the Core Values AEJMC Code of Ethics Overall Preamble: AEJMC members are educators, scholars, and advocates of free and responsible journalism and media, and free inquiry in pursuit of knowledge. We are committed to fulfilling our responsibilities with high standards of professional competence and integrity in the service of our discipline, peers, students, institutions, and society. We adhere to the following core values:

• ACCOUNTABILITY. AEJMC members act with openness and transparency in our scholarship, teaching, and service roles.
• FIDELITY AND TRUTH TELLING. AEJMC members value honesty, promise-keeping, and faithfulness to our discipline and stakeholders.
• JUSTICE. AEJMC members strive for fairness, impartiality, and distributive justice in our relationships with peers, students, and other stakeholders. We celebrate and promote diversity.
• CARING. AEJMC members act with respect, sensitivity, consideration of others, compassion, and mercy. We try to protect others from abuse and coercion.

In Research Preamble: AEJMC members follow ethical research standards as researchers, in designing, conducting, analyzing research; when publishing research; as reviewers, referees, and editors; and as teachers, including when teaching methods and supervising studies. As researchers, AEJMC members are committed to: Accountability. AEJMC members accurately and fully document sources for ideas, words, and pictures. We never plagiarize or take credit for another individual's work, whether published or not, nor do we ever fabricate data. We safeguard the integrity of research data and report accurately and fully a study's purpose, procedures, and results. Authors inform editors when manuscripts are based on dissertations or theses. Researchers who discover errors after an article is submitted, accepted, or published immediately inform the journal's editor. As editors, reviewers, referees, and research chairs, AEJMC members handle manuscripts with confidentiality and integrity during every phase of the review process. We evaluate manuscripts without reference to our personal preferences or political agendas. We do not use the material from unpublished manuscripts to advance our work; as editors, we ensure that authors whose work we are publishing conform to ethical standards Because multiple and simultaneous submission policies vary by disciplines, AEJMC editors and research chairs make submission guidelines public. Fidelity and truth telling. AEJMC members submit to journals manuscripts representing original work, not work that has been published elsewhere. AEJMC members design our work to be free of conflict of interest, and we ensure that the conclusions of our work are consistent with the data we find. We inform subjects of our status as researchers. We do not tailor studies to produce outcomes consistent with interests of funding sponsors or institutions, nor do we conceal data or slant the writing of a study to satisfy an outside sponsor or funding agency. Justice. AEJMC members acknowledge co-authorship credit fairly and accurately, such that the order of co-authors' names is consistent with the level of involvement for each coauthor. When the contribution of co-authors is truly equal, we agree on and explain the order for listing co-authors. Caring. AEJMC members protect research participants; treat all research participants with respect, fairness, and integrity, regardless of age, race, ethnicity, socio-economic status, gender, religion, culture, or sexual orientation. We ensure that participants provide informed consent and that participation in research is not coerced; keep promises regarding confidential information. In Teaching Preamble: AEJMC members believe in the worth and dignity of each human being, recognize the supreme importance of the pursuit of truth, devotion to excellence and the nurture of democratic principles — especially the nurture of freedom of expression. We recognize the magnitude of the ethical responsibilities inherent in the teaching process. As teachers, AEJMC members are committed to: Accountability. AEJMC members respect the autonomy of others, including of individual learners, their development and their learning needs. We acknowledge the rights of students, faculty, and staff to make their own decisions as long as their decisions do not interfere with the welfare or rights of others. AEJMC members are accountable to students and colleagues, accepting responsibility for our part in student welfare and development. We deliver the services to which students are entitled (e.g. dependable performance in teaching, advising); whenever appropriate, we acknowledge assistance from students or colleagues. We recognize and attempt to fulfill our role as exemplars, both in scholarship and in ethical behavior, and ensure that ethical principles guide the supervision of students and mentoring of junior faculty. We do not tolerate, even passively, unethical behavior on the part of colleagues or students. Simultaneously, we are collegial with colleagues, staff, and students, and promote environments conducive to teaching and learning; we do not involve students in faculty conflicts. Fidelity and truth telling. AEJMC members exhibit honesty and keep promises to students and colleagues. We demand and foster ethical academic conduct; avoid conflicts of interest and other behavior that would reduce others’ trust in the faculty or academic profession; display openness in dealing with students, colleagues, and the public. We use procedures for informed consent whenever applicable. We value academic freedom and freedom of expression as well as appropriate, respectful reactions to ideas and opinions expressed by students as well as colleagues; we label our own opinions as such and expect others to do the same. We foster student discovery, rather than indoctrination. Justice. AEJMC members are committed to fairness and equity. We treat others as we would wish to be treated under similar circumstances; maintain fair and judicious practices when evaluating students or colleagues; pursue sanctions for academic misconduct only after gathering thorough evidence; advocate and practice non-discrimination in all aspects of teaching. We accord dignity to students and colleagues; respect the confidential nature of the student-instructor relationship; respect diversity in all its forms. We are committed to extended participation in higher education in journalism and mass communication, and especially to equality of educational opportunity. Caring. AEJMC members seek to minimize harm. We engage in relationships with students and colleagues that are not exploitative; do not coerce students to select our favored dissertation and thesis topics, or give undeserved co-author credit; seek consultation when ethical problems arise; and attempt to mitigate any injurious effects of bias in our work. We convey personal ideology or positions in respectful ways; and do not manipulate or coerce social or political behavior in our students. We exercise institutional duties with care, extending compassion and sensitivity to the greatest extent possible toward students and colleagues. AEJMC members pursue excellence. We engage in continued reflection, evaluation, and improvement in both our subject and in pedagogy. We engage in continuous professional development by learning and adopting new instructional methods and strategies; are open to criticism and new ideas from students and colleagues; take pride in our work and encourage students and colleagues to do the same. In Professional Freedom & Responsibility Preamble: Professional freedom and responsibility encompasses research, teaching, and service. This is related to AEJMC members’ interaction with the media professions through preparation of students for media careers, research examining media roles and responsibilities, and service to the professions through engagement and training. Service in support of professional freedom and responsibility is an essential expectation of every AEJMC member. Members work in support of the principles of professional freedom and responsibility within this organization, at our home institutions, and in society at large. As ethical researchers, teachers, and citizens, AEJMC members are committed to: Accountability. AEJMC members conduct (and encourage students to conduct) constructive evaluation of the professional marketplace. We work with practitioners and industry watchdog groups to inspire media analysis, to foster media accountability, and to promote attention to ethics in journalism and other forms of mass communication. We act as media critics on our campuses and within our communities. Fidelity and truth telling. AEJMC members nurture, promote, and protect free expression, particularly freedom of speech and freedom of the press, at all levels and at all times. AEJMC members work to improve the understanding of free expression intellectually, historically, and legally. We also work to implement this freedom in the broadest sense: within organizations, on campuses, in our communities, and nationally and globally. Free expression is a fundamental right. When that right is threatened, we act on our ethical obligation to serve as the voice and support of free expression on our campuses and communities. Justice. AEJMC members work to ensure that racial, gender, and cultural inclusiveness are included in curricula, considered during hiring decisions, and taken seriously by media organizations with which we collaborate. We encourage AEJMC divisions and interest groups to embrace racial, gender, and cultural inclusiveness and include populations historically excluded from public communication. Caring. AEJMC members have a mandate to serve society beyond our teaching and research. We offer services related to our appropriate professional fields, particularly activities that enhance understanding among media educators, professionals, and the general public. We assist AEJMC, other media organizations, and media practitioners. << AEJMC Code of Ethics Index]]> 4255 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ethics-prf/ Tue, 15 Mar 2011 18:22:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4261 Recommended Ethical Professional Freedom & Responsibility Guidelines Preamble Professional freedom and responsibility encompasses research, teaching and service and is related to AEJMC members’ interaction with the media professions through preparation of students for media careers, research examining media roles and responsibilities, and service to the professions through engagement and training. Service in support of professional freedom and responsibility is an essential expectation of every member of AEJMC. Members should work in support of the principles of professional freedom and responsibility within this organization, at their home institutions, and in society at large. I. Free expression should be nurtured and protected at all levels. AEJMC members should promote and protect free expression, particularly freedom of speech and freedom of the press. AEJMC members should work to improve the understanding of free expression intellectually, historically and legally. They should also work to implement this freedom in the broadest sense: within the organization, on their campuses, in their communities, and nationally. Free expression is a fundamental right and responsibility; AEJMC members should serve as the voice and support of free expression on their campuses and in their communities whenever that right is threatened. AEJMC as an organization should establish and maintain a position as an advocate of free expression with regional and national authorities that seek to limit this right. II. Ethical behavior should be supported and promoted at all times. AEJMC members should seek the highest ethical standards possible through education, research and service. Ethical concerns include such topics as individual privacy, confidentiality, conflict of interest, sensationalism, truthtelling, deception and social justice. AEJMC members should also act ethically with regard to their dealings with students and colleagues, avoiding any appearance of impropriety or unfair treatment. III. Media criticism and accountability should be fostered. AEJMC members should conduct and/or encourage their students to conduct constructive evaluation of the professional marketplace. AEJMC members should work with practitioners and industry watchdog groups to inspire media analysis and foster media accountability. AEJMC members should act as media critics on their campuses and within their communities. AEJMC as an organization should promote the recognition and reward of effective media criticism, and should provide a voice in regional and national discussions of media accountability. IV. Racial, gender and cultural inclusiveness should be encouraged and recognized. AEJMC members should work to make certain that racial, gender and cultural inclusiveness are included in curricula and focused on in institutional hiring decisions. The work of women and minorities should be represented in the curriculum; efforts should be made to include segments of the population historically excluded from public communication because of lack of opportunity. Within AEJMC, divisions and interest groups that show marked success in embracing racial, gender and cultural inclusiveness should be identified and, whenever possible, rewarded. AEJMC as an organization should collaborate with other media organizations that promote diversity and should provide a voice in regional and national discussions in this area. V. Public service contributions should be expected of all AEJMC members. AEJMC members have a mandate to serve society beyond their teaching and research. AEJMC members should offer services related to their appropriate professional fields, particularly activities that enhance understanding among media educators, professionals and the general public. AEJMC members should assist the organization, other media organizations, and media practitioners. VI. AEJMC programs and faculty should make every effort to insure equal opportunity for students to enter student contests. Preference and special coaching should not be offered to individuals singled out by faculty. The effort to win contests should not have undo influence over curriculum or the way in which student publications of broadcasts are staffed or structured. << AEJMC Code of Ethics Index]]> 4261 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/code-of-ethics-research/ Tue, 15 Mar 2011 18:34:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4264 Statement on Professionalism (March 2021) AEJMC members share a common responsibility for maintaining collegial relationships inspired by high standards for professional behavior. Civility in words and behaviors are rooted in AEJMC values of accountability, fidelity and truth telling, justice, and caring – which include but exceed politeness alone. All communications (written, spoken or physical acts) related to the research competition -- including but not limited to the  submission of papers, abstracts, nominations and proposals -- should be respectful and civil. All associated with these processes should not succumb to potential negative effects linked to anonymity or social media online identity that may contribute to incivility and manifest in bullying, direct or indirect threats, or other destructive behaviors. Thus, disagreements should be handled in a civil manner. All efforts to resolve disputes related to the research competition should occur through the division, interest group, or commission to which the paper, abstract or proposal was submitted. Authors should exhaust all levels of  the relevant group’s chain of command before bringing an issue to the Elected Standing Committee on Research (SCR). The SCR will be the ultimate arbiter of research competition decisions. While we respect freedom of speech, we also expect professionalism. Abusive, threatening or intimidating communications directed toward division, interest group or commission officers for issues related to the research competition may result in suspension or being barred from submitting to a division or to the annual AEJMC conference. Statement Approved by the Standing Committee on Research, March 2021

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Recommended Ethical Research Guidelines for AEJMC Members(1) Unanimously Approved by the Standing Committee on Research, August 11, 2005 Preamble Every aspect of research must be guided by ethical research standards. It is the responsibility of AEJMC members to follow ethical research standards when designing, conducting, analyzing, publishing, and supervising research studies. In the fields of journalism and mass communication, research studies may be conducted on humans or their artifacts. Research methodologies involving humans may include surveys, experiments, participant observation, depth interviews, or focus groups while research studies that focus on artifacts of humans might include methods such as content analysis, textual analysis, or unobtrusive observation. If Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval is required for human subjects research, it is the responsibility of AEJMC members to follow the guidelines of their university's IRB. It is important to emphasize, though, that these guidelines should not include the practice of journalism. Because the practice of journalism, due to its First Amendment protection and separate ethics codes, is different from the federal government’s definition of research involving human subjects2, IRB review of news gathering procedures should be inappropriate. It is important to keep in mind that IRB's are primarily concerned with the treatment of human subjects, but human participants represent only one, albeit important, component of a research study. Once IRB approval is received, it does not absolve AEJMC members from following ethical standards for other aspects of research studies. Ethical standards apply to AEJMC members conducting or supervising research studies as well as journal editors, editorial boards, research chairs, and reviewers. I. Plagiarism and conflict of interest violate ethical research standards. AEJMC members must never plagiarize nor take credit for another individual's work, whether published or not. AEJMC members must accurately and fully document sources for ideas, words, and pictures. Research studies must be designed free of conflict of interest; studies tailored to produce an outcome consistent with the interests of a funding sponsor, institution, or research agenda are in breach of ethical research standards. II. Knowingly causing harm to research participants is unethical. In addition to adhering to a university's IRB requirements that protect human research participants, AEJMC members must treat all research participants with respect, fairness, and integrity, regardless of age, race, ethnicity, socio-economic status, gender, religion, culture, or sexual orientation. Actions that may cause harm include but are not limited to: coercing participation in a research study; disclosing information that the researcher has promised will remain confidential; failing to secure informed consent from participants in experimental studies; failing to debrief participants at the conclusion of an experiment; failing to disclose in advance that participants will be observed or taped; failing to warn participants in advance that they will be queried about sexually explicit or illegal behavior. III. Data collection, processing, and analysis must be undertaken with integrity. AEJMC members must make every effort to safeguard the integrity of the research data from collection through analysis. It is unethical to fabricate data. Likewise, concealing data that do not support hypotheses, a research agenda, or a funding sponsor's goals is unethical. IV. Research studies must be reported accurately and objectively. The research report must accurately represent the study's purpose, procedures, and results. It is unethical to exclude information about research procedures that may influence the validity or interpretation of results. Procedures for selecting participants for a survey, experiment or focus group or media content for a content analysis must be explained fully. Sample size, response rate, question wording, inter-coder reliability, weighting, analyses of sub-samples, and recoding of data must be reported accurately and completely. Finally, slanting the writing of a research study to produce an outcome that is inconsistent with the results or to satisfy an outside sponsor or to make consistent with a research agenda, is unethical. If the author ever discovers an error in the study after the article is submitted, accepted, or published, the author must immediately inform the journal's editor. V. Authorship credit must be fair, accurate, and without conflict of interest. An author is involved in conceiving, designing, conducting, and writing a research study. The first author usually has primary responsibility for most components of a study. Although co-authors contribute to a study, the co-author credit often means less involvement than the first author. In cases where the contribution of co-authors is truly equal, which author gets listed first can be determined alphabetically, randomly, or by some other method acceptable to the authors. When three or more authors contribute to a study, the order of authors' names should be consistent with the level of involvement for each author, ranging from most to least involved. Although the results of a Standing Committee on Research survey of AEJMC members suggested the membership is split on the ethics of faculty co-authorship of a student dissertation or thesis, the Standing Committee recognizes the potential for conflict of interest in publications produced from student work.3 Faculty should never pressure graduate students for co-author credit and graduate students should always acknowledge the contributions of faculty advisors to their scholarly publications. VI. Submit original work for publication. AEJMC members should only submit manuscripts representing original work and not work that has been published elsewhere or work that is a re-write of previously published articles. It is the responsibility of the author to inform editors when manuscripts are based on dissertations or theses. Because multiple and simultaneous submission policies vary by disciplines, it is imperative that editors and research chairs publish submission guidelines. Disregarding editorial policies on multiple and simultaneous submissions is unethical. VII. Ethical research principles should guide the supervision of students and mentoring of junior faculty. AEJMC members are responsible for ensuring that the students they supervise and junior faculty they mentor follow ethical research standards. Furthermore, AEJMC members must be sensitive to the potential for conflicts of interests and breaches of ethical research standards when advising students and junior faculty on research matters. Faculty should not pressure students to select certain dissertation topics; students and junior faculty should not feel obligated to give undeserved co-author credit to faculty advisors or mentors. Demanding undeserved credit for work done by a student or junior faculty member is unethical. VIII. Ethical research standards should guide the handling of manuscripts by editors, editorial boards, research chairs, and reviewers. Manuscripts must be handled with confidentiality and integrity during every phase of the editorial review process. Without exception, authors' manuscripts must be evaluated objectively on the quality of work, not on personal preferences, hidden agendas, or politics. Additionally, AEJMC members who are editors and reviewers should follow American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines when handling manuscripts: "Editors and reviewers may not use the material from an unpublished manuscript to advance their own or others' work without the author's consent."4 Notes (1)The idea of writing Guidelines for Ethical Research for AEJMC members was conceived in Kansas City during the meeting of the Standing Committee on Research at the 2003 convention. After discussing the results of a 2003 ethical research survey of AEJMC members that found evidence of violations of research ethics, the research committee decided to develop ethical research principles that could be adopted by the organization as a whole. Members of the 2002-2003 Standing Committee on Research included: Linda Steiner (Chair), Alison Alexander, Tsan-Kuo Chang, Jack Dvorak, Michael Real, Mary Alice Shaver, Elizabeth Toth, Sandra Utt, and Paula Poindexter who conducted the ethical research survey and drafted the guidelines. The draft guidelines reflected Standing Committee on Research member concerns, results of the ethical research survey of AEJMC members, ethical standards emphasized in research textbooks, journals, and publications from the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) and the American Psychological Association (APA), and Institutional Review Board (IRB) requirements. The draft ethical research guidelines were first reviewed and discussed with the 2003-2004 research committee during the 2004 convention in Toronto. The 2004-2005 research committee further discussed revisions during the mid-winter meeting in San Antonio. The final version of "Recommended Ethical Research Guidelines for AEJMC Members" was unanimously approved by the 2004-2005 Standing Committee on Research which included the following members: Elizabeth Toth (Chair), Alison Alexander, Julie Andsager, David Domke, Carolyn Kitch, David Mindich, Michael Shapiro, Don Stacks, and Paula Poindexter who spearheaded the initiative to write ethical research guidelines for AEJMC members. (2)Research means a systematic investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge. <http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.htm#46.102> (3)Paula M. Poindexter, "Ethical Issues and Dirty Little Secrets in Journalism and Mass Communication Research." Results of the AEJMC member survey presented at the Plenary Session on "Ethics in Research and Teaching," AEJMC Annual Convention, Kansas City, MO, July 31, 2003. (4)American Psychological Association, "Ethics of Scientific Publication" in Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (5th ed.) (Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 2001) p. 355 References American Association for Public Opinion Research, Best Practices for Survey and Public Opinion Research and Survey Practices AAPOR Condemns. Ann Arbor, MI: American Association for Public Opinion Research, May 1997. American Psychological Association, "Ethical Standards for the Reporting and Publishing of Scientific Information" in Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.) (Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 2001) 387-396 American Psychological Association, "Ethics of Scientific Publication" in Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (5th ed.) (Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 2001) 348-355. Babbie, Earl, The Practice of Social Research, (7th ed.) (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company) 448-457. The Belmont Report <http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/Belmont.html>retrieved 31 July 2004. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health Office for Protection from Research Risks, Code of Federal Regulations: Title 45 Public Welfare, Part 46, Protection of Human Subjects. <http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html> retrieved 29 June 2004. Historical Perspectives on Human Subject Research, UT Training Model, Part I <http://www.utexas.edu/research/rsc/training/3.html>retrieved 31 July 2004. Poindexter, Paula M., "Ethical Issues and Dirty Little Secrets in Journalism and Mass Communication Research." Results of the AEJMC member survey presented at the Plenary Session on "Ethics in Research and Teaching," AEJMC Annual Convention, Kansas City, MO, July 31, 2003. Poindexter, Paula M. and Maxwell E. McCombs, Research in Mass Communication: A Practical Guide (NY: Bedford/St. Martin's), 364-368. Schiff, Frederick and Michael Ryan, "Ethical Problems in Advising Theses and Dissertations," Journalism & Mass Communication Educator 51 (spring 1996): 23-35. Stempell III, Guido H. and Bruce H. Westley, eds., Research Methods in Mass Communication (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1981) 117-118, 255-257, 387-388. Wimmer, Roger D. and Joseph R. Dominick, Mass Media Research: An Introduction, (4th ed.) (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company) 399-411. <Elected Standing Committees]]> 4264 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ethics-teaching/ Tue, 15 Mar 2011 18:34:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4267 A Code of Ethics for Teaching Journalism and Mass Communication (Submitted by the Standing Committee on Teaching Standards, AEJMC, Dec. 5, 2005) Preamble Journalism and mass communication educators, believing in the worth and dignity of each human being, recognize the supreme importance of the pursuit of truth, devotion to excellence and the nurture of democratic principles — especially the nurture of freedom of expression. They recognize the magnitude of the responsibility inherent in the teaching process. (adapted from NEA Code of Ethics, 1975) 1. Respect for the Autonomy of Others. Journalism and mass communication educators:

• respect individual learners, their development and their learning needs;
• value freedom of expression — and appropriate, respectful reactions to ideas and opinions expressed;
• acknowledge the rights of students, faculty and staff to make their own decisions as long as their decisions do not interfere with the welfare or rights of others;
• value academic freedom, of students as well as colleagues;
• foster student discovery, rather than indoctrination.

2. Minimizing Harm. Journalism and mass communication educators:

• engage in relationships with students and colleagues that are not exploitative;
• seek consultation when ethical problems arise;
• attempt to mitigate any injurious effects of bias in their work;
• convey personal ideology or positions in respectful ways;
• do not mandate social or political behavior in their students;
• do not tolerate, even passively, unethical behavior on the part of colleagues or students.

3. Benefits to Students and Colleagues. Journalism and mass communication educators:

• accept responsibility for their part in student welfare and development;
• deliver the services to which students are entitled (e.g. dependable performance in teaching, advising);
• whenever appropriate, acknowledge assistance from students or colleagues;
• recognize and attempt to fulfill their role as exemplars, both in scholarship and in ethical behavior.

4. Fairness and Equity. Journalism and mass communication educators:

• treat others as they would wish to be treated under similar circumstances;
• maintain fair and judicious practices when evaluating students or colleagues;
• pursue sanctions for academic misconduct only after gathering thorough evidence.
• advocate and practice non-discrimination in all aspects of teaching.

5. Fidelity and Honesty. Journalism and mass communication educators:

• exhibit truthfulness and keep promises in their dealings with students and colleagues;
• demand and foster honest academic conduct;
• label their own opinions as such and expect others to do the same;
• avoid conflicts of interest and other behavior that would reduce others’ trust in the faculty or academic profession;
• display openness in dealing with students, colleagues and the public;
• use procedures for informed consent whenever applicable.

6. Dignity. Journalism and mass communication educators:

• accord dignity to students and colleagues;
• respect the confidential nature of the student-instructor relationship;
• respect diversity in all its forms.

7. Caring. Journalism and mass communication educators:

• exercise institutional duties with care;
• extend compassion and sensitivity to the greatest extent possible toward students and colleagues.

8. Pursuit of Excellence. Journalism and mass communication educators:

• maintain their own competence, in both their subject and in their pedagogy;
• engage in continued reflection and evaluation — and are committed to consequent improvement of their own practice;
• engage in continuous professional development by learning and adopting new instructional methods and strategies;
• are open to criticism and new ideas, from students and colleagues, yet do not succumb immediately to any suggestion;
• take pride in their work and encourage students and colleagues to do the same.

9. Commitment to the Learning Community. Journalism and mass communication educators:

• are collegial with colleagues, staff and students;
• maintain an environment that is conducive to teaching and learning.

10. Opportunity. Journalism and mass communication educators are committed to greater participation in higher education in journalism and mass communication, and especially committed to equality of educational opportunity. << Code of Ethics Index ]]> 4267 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/latinonews/ Tue, 15 Mar 2011 19:16:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4285 Resolution One: To Honor the Bicentennial of Latino Newspapers in the United States With the ever expanding growth of Latino newspapers in the United States, their presence in their respective communities has served not only to chronicle Latino daily life, but also to champion against social, political and economic injustices. Today more than 800 Latino newspapers can be found in predominantly Latino communities across this country. Some are daily newspapers, but the bulk are weekly publications, some of which rely on an army of volunteers that include some of our journalism students who serve as writers, photographers, translators and graphic designers. The visibility and vigor of today’s Latino press in the United States is clearly tied to the two centuries of publishing that began with the New Orleans-based El Misisipí published on September 7, 1808. Whereas, in acknowledgement of the bicentennial of the founding of El Misisipí, the first Latino newspaper in the United States, and in recognition of the first newspapers serving African Americans, Freedom’s Journal, 1827; Native Americans, Cherokee Phoenix, 1828; and Asian Americans, The Golden Hills’ News, 1854; and Whereas, in keeping with the spirit of recognizing the important contributions of Latinos in the history of American journalism, and Whereas, in recognizing the valuable contributions of Latinos in publishing to the entire nation, Therefore, be it resolved that: The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) goes on record in support of the national call proclaiming September 2008 to September 2009 as the “Bicentennial Year of the Latino Press in the United States,” and Be it further resolved that: At upcoming conferences and conventions, AEJMC will incorporate a presentation, such as a plenary, recognizing the bicentennial year of the Latino press and the contributions of other media serving people of color. August 8, 2008 Chicago, Illinois Passed Unanimously << 2008 Resolutions]]> 4285 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/aejmc-2008-resolutions/ Tue, 15 Mar 2011 19:15:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4286 AEJMC Members approved one resolution during the 2008 Convention in Chicago, IL. Resolution One: To Honor the Bicentennial of Latino Newspapers in the United States << AEJMC Resolutions]]> 4286 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/improvements/ Tue, 15 Mar 2011 19:33:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4293 Resolution One: A Motion to Support Improvements in Federal Open Government Laws and Procedures Moved: Resolutions Committee & Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility Whereas the free flow of information to informed citizens is at the center of American democracy, and, Whereas citizens and their media have for decades employed tools offered by state and federal Freedom of Information laws to learn more about government acts and behaviors, and shed greater light on the workings of their governments, and, Whereas the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication and its members have long championed openness in government at the national, state, and local levels, as the bedrock condition of an informed citizenry, and, Whereas the Senate and the House of Representatives have each passed bills (S. 849, “The OPEN Government Act of 2007,” and H.R. 1309, “An Act to Promote Openness in Government by Strengthening Section 552 of Title 5, United States Code (commonly referred to as the Freedom of Information Act” actions held to be “the first major strengthening of FOIA in more than a decade,” and, Whereas more than one hundred organizations comprising media professionals, government watchdogs, and citizen-interest groups, already have expressed their written support for the philosophy, intent, and specifics of one or both of these bills, Therefore, be it resolved: That the members of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication hereby salute the intent and efforts of both the House and Senate members who have supported these bills in the 110th Congress, and, That the members of this organization strongly urge President George W. Bush to abide by the intent and philosophy of the Congressional action and the support of so many organizations and act accordingly to open government to the people by signing this legislation into law, and That the president of AEJMC be directed to disseminate this resolution to:

1. President George W. Bush
2. Vice President Richard B. Cheney
3. U.S. Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales
4. Senator Patrick Leahy, chair, Senate Judiciary Committee
5. Senator John Cornyn, member, Senate Judiciary Committee
6. Senator Arlen Spector
7. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi
8. Rep. Henry Waxman, chair, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
9. Rep. Thomas Davis III, ranking member, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
10. Rep. William Lacy Clay, Jr., chair, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform Subcommittee on Information Policy, Census, and National Archives
11. Rep. Michael R. Turner, ranking member, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform Subcommittee on Information Policy, Census, and National Archives
12. Rep. Todd Russell Platts, member, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs
13. The membership of AEJMC
14. The general news media and trade press, and
15. Any and all such other organizations that relate to Freedom of the Press and the First Amendment.

<< 2007 Resolutions ]]> 4293 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/aejmc-2007-resolutions/ Tue, 15 Mar 2011 19:26:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4295 AEJMC Members approved three resolutions during the 2007 Convention in Washington, DC. Resolution One: To Support Improvements in Federal Open Government Laws and Procedures Resolution Two: To Protect Journalists from the Influence of Special Interests Resolution Three: To Affirm Openness in AEJMC Convention Panels and Presentations << AEJMC Resolutions]]> 4295 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/protect/ Tue, 15 Mar 2011 19:45:52 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4305 Resolution Two: To Protect Journalists from the Influence of Special Interests Moved: Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility Whereas the National Football League has created a new policy requiring members of news organizations to wear vests emblazoned with corporate logos while covering NFL games, and, Whereas journalists should not be required to wear the emblem or logo of any particular corporation, organization or special interest group other than their own employers, and, Whereas for government or commercial interests to require wearing product or other marketing insignia as a condition of admission to covering public and newsworthy events is a violation of the freedom of information, and, Whereas the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication and its members support the right of a free press corps to record news events unfettered by the corporate or commercial interest of any particular organization, and, Whereas our members believe that, because working journalists often put their personal safety at great peril to bring viewers and readers the daily news, they should never be diminished or humiliated by being made into walking billboards or advertisements for any organization, and, Whereas coverage of such sporting events as NFL football greatly enhances the reputation and popularity of the league, and any arbitrary and restrictive action could threaten the continued coverage of the NFL by news organizations, Therefore, be it resolved: That we, the members of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, join such organizations as the Radio Television News Directors’ Association, the National Press Photographers Association, and the Society for News Design in protesting most strongly this new policy to the National Football League, and, That the president of AEJMC be directed to write to NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell, expressing the sentiments of this resolution and the AEJMC members’ objections to this violation of free expression for journalists in the strongest possible terms before the beginning of the regular football season., and, That AEJMC be directed to convey the sense of this resolution to:

1. The membership of AEJMC
2. The general news media and trade press, and
3. Any and all such other organizations that relate to Freedom of the Press and the freedom of expression.

<< 2007 Resolutions]]> 4305 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/openness/ Tue, 15 Mar 2011 19:51:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4311 Resolution Three: To Affirm Openness in AEJMC Convention Panels and Presentations Moved: Dwight Teeter, Tennessee, former AEJMC president; seconded by several members. Whereas the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication has long stood for openness and transparency in public life, and, Whereas it has been in the spirit of AEJMC that journalists are free to cover public activities of its divisions, interest groups, commissions, and, other bodies, and, Whereas at the 2007 convention the need for a specific declaration of that policy of openness became apparent, Therefore, be it resolved: That C-SPAN and any other news organization or journalist is welcome to cover all open panels and presentations at conventions of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, and That all guests invited to speak on panels and other presentations at AEJMC conventions will be informed of the open-coverage policy, and, That the president of AEJMC be directed to convey an apology to the appropriate personnel of C-Span for the removal of one of their news teams from an AEJMC panel at the 2007 annual convention of AEJMC. << 2007 Resolutions]]> 4311 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/aejmc-2006-resolutions/ Tue, 15 Mar 2011 20:18:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4316 AEJMC Members approved four resolutions during the 2006 Convention in San Francisco. Resolution One: Concerning objections to the Bush Administration's Anti-Press Policies and Practices Resolution Two: Concerning support of the First Amendment Rights of Students and Protection of Faculty Advisers to Student Media Resolution Three: Concerning the Censorship of Ocean County College for Violating the Free Press Rights of Students, and Calling for Reinstatement of Prof. Karen Bosley as Adviser to the Student Newspaper Resolution Four: Concerning AEJMC Membership and Affiliate Support of Gender and Race Equity, and the Establishment of a Committee to Oversee the Process << AEJMC Resolutions]]> 4316 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/aejmc-2004-resolutions/ Tue, 15 Mar 2011 20:37:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4318 AEJMC Members approved one resolution during the 2004 Convention in Toronto, Canada. Resolution One: Free Press Resolution << AEJMC Resolutions]]> 4318 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/antipress/ Wed, 16 Mar 2011 12:26:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4328 Resolution One: A Motion To Object to the Bush Administration's Anti-Press Policies and Practices Moved: Dr. David T.Z. Mindich, St. Michael's Endorsed: Resolutions Committee, Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility ***************************** Preamble The relationship between the presidency and press has always been uneasy. This tension is both unavoidable and generally salutary: When each side conducts its duties with honesty and integrity, both hold the power of the other in check. It is difficult to find a period in American history in which this mutual opposition did not exist. However, it has come to pass that the current administration has engaged in a number of practices and has enacted a series of severe and extraordinary policies that attack the press specifically and by extension, democracy itself: A working democracy requires a free press that is muscular in its reporting. It requires a press that holds leaders accountable for their actions. It requires a press that contrasts leaders' words with their actions. It requires a press that uncovers errors and wrongdoing by employing named and unnamed sources. We believe the actions of the current administration compromise these press functions. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech and freedom of the press. However, American press history has been marked by periods in which press freedoms have retreated. The Alien and Sedition Acts of the 1790s represented one such period. Another was during the Civil War, in which journalists were jailed en masse because of dissent. The Espionage Act of 1917 paved the way for encroachments on press freedom (see Schenk v. United States). In each of these periods, politicians, judges, and scholars came to see, at least in hindsight, that anti-press policies in the name of national unity produced real harm to democracy itself: We believe that the Bush administration's anti-press policies and practices represent another major period. Whereas the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication's membership is troubled by the following policies and practices: 1. The Bush administration's response to press requests for information. While we do not take sides on the issue of whether "enemy combatants" should be detained without charges by the United States government, we are troubled by the administration's failure to provide names and other vital information. When a democratically elected government holds people indefinitely without charges, it is the press's role to shine light on the practice so that citizens and their elected representatives can debate that policy and decide its merits. Until the AP won a FOIA request in March 2006, names and other vital information about Guantanamo detainees were withheld by the Bush administration.(1) Around the time the AP won its FOIA request, other news organizations were reporting on an even more secretive prison run by the United States, in Bagram, Afghanistan.(2) 2. The Bush administration's use of staged town meetings. One of the most important responsibilities of the nonpartisan press is that it should include a wide range of political opinions so that the views of political leaders can be held up to scrutiny. That way, citizens can debate the merits of these views and choose one over others or develop policy based on a combination of ideas. Part of this process involves an open exchange between citizens and their elected representatives. While every administration since the birth of the 20th century has sought to manage the photo opportunities of its leaders' interactions with citizens, a practice that increased markedly in the presidencies of the TV era, the current administration has taken this practice to an unprecedented level. During the 2004 presidential campaign, for example, the Bush campaign frequently excluded non-supporters from campaign events. This practice continued through Bush's trips to promote his Social Security agenda. Even "informal" discussions with soldiers have been staged.(3) 3. The Bush administration's vision of the government as a private domain. From the start of the administration's tenure, when Dick Cheney's office refused to reveal industry leaders who attended a meeting about energy policy, the administration maintained a practiced silence about many aspects of government. In March 2006, the Associated Press reported that many FOIA requests are unanswered or needlessly delayed.(4) 4. The Bush administration's practice of massive reclassification of documents. (5) A February 2006 article in the New York Times outlines a secret plan to reclassify documents, many of which had been declassified and publicly available for years. While national security dictates that some documents be secret, the wholesale reclassification of documents makes it more difficult to understand and evaluate the workings of government. 5. The Bush administration's support of policies that weaken the multiplicity of voices on a local and nation scale. The administration, through its appointees at the FCC, has sought new rules that allow large corporations to consolidate local media outlets under one corporate umbrella. We call on the administration to support FCC rules that preserve local ownership and competition. 6. The Bush administration's policy of not allowing photographs of coffins of soldiers killed in Iraq to be released. An essential part of a public's deliberation of the worth of any war is the consideration of the human costs involved. Denying the images essentially denies the humanity of the U.S. servicemen and servicewomen who made the ultimate sacrifice. Their lives should be part of the public debate. 7. The Bush administration's use of propaganda, including video news releases. We support the language of Boston University's Journalism Department's 2005 resolution "condemning fraudulent use of video news releases": "[We] condemn the use of 'phony' reporters hired by the government to perform in VNRs where their affiliation with government is unstated, and urge the Administration to translate the President's words into action by ceasing this practice at once." [see Appendix] 8. The Bush administration's use of bribes and payments to columnists and other opinion makers, both in the United States and abroad. We believe, as the nonpartisan General Accounting Office found in October 2005,(6) that the payments to columnists, including a reported $400,000 to Armstrong Williams, violated laws against "covert propaganda." The White House even credentialed James Dale Guckert, a phony reporter, under a pseudonym, Jeff Gannon. The fake journalist, granted extraordinary access by the White House, in turn asked softball questions of the administration, including, "How are you going to work with people [the Democrats] who seem to have divorced themselves from reality? "Recent reports have shown that the administration has also bribed journalists in Iraq and has planted fake news stories there.(7) The administration claims that the war is being fought in part to promote democracy in the Middle East, but these practices are antithetical to that aim. We believe that the Bush administration's policy of bribing reporters and using fake journalism is a threat to democracy. 9. The Bush administration's manipulation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. When the Bush administration appointed a new chairman of the CPB and supported his efforts to correct the "slant" of the broadcasts, what it was engaging in was essentially a putsch of responsible journalism. Responsible journalism of the left, right, and center seeks to interrogate power and hold the ideas of the various political parties up to scrutiny. When powerful interests seek to neuter responsible journalism, democracy itself suffers. 10. The Bush administration's using the courts to pressure journalists to give up their sources and to punish them for obtaining leaked information. According to a March 2006 article in the Washington Post, recent actions by the Bush administration have included "several FBI probes, a polygraph investigation inside the CIA and a warning from the Justice Department that reporters could be prosecuted under espionage laws."(8) We believe that attacking journalists in this way can upset the power relationship between the government and the press, and could eventually turn reporters from watchdogs to lapdogs. Therefore, be it resolved: 1. That the membership of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication urges the Bush administration to abandon its anti-press policies, and urges people who value journalism's role in our democracy to take notice and take action. Specifically, we urge journalism and mass communication departments to consider actions of their own including, perhaps, an endorsement of this document, and 2. That the president of the AEJMC be directed to disseminate this resolution to: a. President George W. Bush b. Vice President Richard B. Cheney c. The membership of the AEJMC d. The College Media Advisers Association e. The general news media and trade press, and f. Any and all such other organizations that relate to Freedom of the Press and the First Amendment. Postscript For more information about this document, contact David T. Z. Mindich, Saint Michael's College <dmindich@smcvt.edu>. The author thanks Mitchell Stephens, New York University, for substantive comments. Appendix Unanimous Resolution of the Boston University Journalism Faculty Condemning Fraudulent Use of Video News Releases March 22, 2005 As educators of the next generation of American journalists, we the journalism faculty at the College of Communication, Boston University: Recognize the need of citizens in a democracy for information that is accurate, unbiased and independently gathered and presented; Recognize the vital need of government to communicate with its citizens and the useful role print and video news releases (VNRs) can play in this process; Recognize the obligation of news organizations to identify clearly the origin of any editorial material provided by government, business, interest group or any source other than their own news gathering or that of affiliated news organizations; Recognize the obligation of government to avoid using VNRs for purposes of political advocacy or propaganda; Recognize the need to avoid presenting the material in a way that invites public confusion as to its source; Note the President's recent statement that acknowledges the need to maintain a clear line of distinction between journalists and members of the government or Administration; Condemn the use of "phony" reporters hired by the government to perform in VNRs where their affiliation with government is unstated, and urge the Administration to translate the President's words into action by ceasing this practice at once; Urge the Administration to identify and cease other practices with respect to VNRs that run a substantial risk of misleading the public; Condemn the deliberate use by television news outlets of material knowingly obtained from the Administration without clear identification of its origin, and urge all members of the media to cease this deceptive practice at once. We invite colleagues at other journalism schools and departments to endorse the Boston University Resolution. NOTES: ********************************** (1) Associated Press, "Pentagon identifies Guantanamo detainees," March 3, 2006. http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/bal-gitmo0303,0,879609.story?coll=bal-home-headlines (2) Tim Golden and Eric Schmitt, "A Growing Afghan Prison Rivals Bleak Guantanamo," New York Times, February 26, 2006. (3) New York Times, "In a Scripted TV Scene, Soldiers Reassure Bush," New York Times, October 13, 2005, p. 14. (4) Martha Mendoza, "Agencies Missing FOIA deadlines, AP Finds, Associated Press, March 12, 2006. (5) Scott Shane, "U.S. Reclassifies Many Documents in Secret Review," New York Times, February 21, 2006. (6) The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, "GAO says Bush team engaged in illegal 'covert propaganda,"' October 4, 2005. http://www.rcfp.org/news/2005/1004 bct-gaosay.html (7) Anne E. Komblut and Philip Shenon, "Columnist Resigns His Post, Admitting Lobbyist Paid Him," New York Times, December 17, 2005, p. 14. (8) Dan Eggen, "White House Trains Efforts on Media Leaks," Washington Post, March 5, 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dvn/content/article/2006/03/04/AR2006030400867.html. We have also seen the FBl's investigation of the papers of the late Jack Anderson in April 2006 [Scott Shane, "F.B.l. Is Seeking To Search Papers Of Dead Reporter," New York Times, April 19, 2006, p. 1] and the issuance by a U.S. attorney in Los Angeles of subpoenas to compel journalists to reveal the identities of confidential sources in the baseball steroids scandal, [Adam Liptak, "U.S. Subpoenas Newspaper For Sources in Steroids Case," New York Times, May 9, 2006, p. 23]. ************************************************************ Offered to the business meeting of the annual convention of the Association for Education and Journalism and Mass Communication, Aug. 4, 2006. << 2006 Resolutions]]> 4328 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/amendment-rights/ Wed, 16 Mar 2011 12:35:18 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4334 Resolution Two: A Motion In Support of the First Amendment Rights of Students and Protection of Faculty Advisers to Student Media Moved: Barbara Reed, Rutgers. Endorsed: Resolutions Committee, Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility. ***************************** Whereas, the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication repeatedly has affirmed a First Amendment right for the student media at both public and private colleges and universities, and Whereas, increasingly college and university administrators have sought prior control of content in the student media by coercing, penalizing, or dismissing faculty advisers to the student media, and Whereas, prior control of the student-media content by any means is repugnant to those who believe in a free press and the First Amendment and sets a damaging example of bad citizenship for students and the public, Therefore be it resolved that, 1. The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication hereby affirms:

a. That advisers to student media should not be put in positions requiring them to control content of the media they advise at public or private colleges and universities; and

b. That college and university administrations, both public and private, should not expect student advisers to student media to determine content or give approval for content appearing in the student media, and c. That advisers to student media at public and private colleges and universities should not be obliged to seek permission of administrators for the use of and placement of any content in the student media. d. That no adviser to student media should be removed, punished, or face other sanctions because of content published or broadcast by student media. And be it further resolved that: 2. The leadership of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication:

a. Communicate to the Accrediting Council for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (ACEJMC) the membership's deep concern over examples of administration abrogation of the letter and spirit of the First Amendment in curricular and extra-curricular journalism activities at public and private schools around the country and urge that such behavior be given special consideration in accreditation decisions, especially appeals of site team reports, and

b. Communicate the sense of this resolution directly to the administration of any college or university, public or private, that is seen to be exercising control of student-press content through the faculty adviser. c. Publicize each and every example of bad faith among colleges and universities respecting the First Amendment in curricular and extra-curricular activities through member publications and through press releases to the media. Stand ready to promptly work with the Student Press Law Center, the College Media Advisers organization, and other institutions and individuals in protecting the rights of students, faculty, and media advisers through any and all means appropriate. ************************************************************ Offered to the business meeting of the annual convention of the Association for Education and Journalism and Mass Communication, Aug. 4, 2006. << 2006 Resolutions]]> 4334 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/censuring/ Wed, 16 Mar 2011 12:46:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4339 Resolution Three: Censuring Ocean County College for Violating the Free Press Rights of Students, and Calling for Reinstatement of Prof. Karen Bosley as Adviser to the Student Newspaper Moved: Barbara Reed, Rutgers. Seconded: ***************************** Whereas, Karen Bosley has served with distinction as adviser to the Viking News, the student newspaper at Ocean County College, for more than 30 years, and, Whereas, the Viking News has been a consistent winner of national and state awards for college journalism, with 24 national awards from the Society of Collegiate Journalists since and 42 awards from the New Jersey Collegiate Press Association over the same time period, and, Whereas, College Media Advisers, the national organization of advisers to college newspapers and other student media, named Professor Bosley "Distinguished Newspaper Adviser for the Nation's Two-Year Colleges" in 1978 and this year nominated her for it's Hall of Fame, and, Whereas, Professor Bosley started the first journalism program at a two?]year college in New Jersey at Ocean County College more than three decades ago and created most of the journalism courses currently taught at Ocean County College, and, Whereas, the college's Board of Trustees, at the urging of President Jon Larson, terminated Professor Bosley's contract as adviser to the Viking News, effective in June of this year, and, Whereas, the college administration has barred Professor Bosley from teaching any journalism classes during the coming academic year and reassigned her to teach only English classes, and, Whereas detailed fact-finding reports completed earlier this year by two national journalism organizations, College Media Advisers and the Society of Professional Journalist, found that these actions by the administration were unjustified on administrative or pedagogical grounds, and, Whereas, both fact-finding reports concluded that the administration's action came after stories critical of or embarrassing to President Larson appeared in the Viking News and appeared, despite administration denials, to be aimed at intimidating the student editors and curtailing future reporting seen as critical of President Larson and the college administration, and, Whereas, three student editors of the Viking News have sued the college for abridging their First Amendment rights as students and journalists by dismissing Professor Bosley and taking other actions to control the content of the campus newspaper and have asked the court to order her reinstatement, and, Whereas, both College Media Advisers and the national board of the Society of Professional Journalists, as well as the New Jersey Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists, have all urged Ocean County College to immediately renew Professor Bosley's contract as adviser to the Viking News and allow her to continue teaching the journalism courses she normally teaches, and Whereas, a judge hearing this case has granted a temporary order restraining Ocean Community College from preventing Professor Bosley to act as adviser to the student newspaper, although her suspension from teaching journalism courses remains in effect. Therefore, be it resolved that

1. AEJMC censures President Jon Larson and the Trustees of Ocean County College for attempting to control the content and violate the First Amendment rights of student on their campus by unjustified retaliation against the faculty adviser to the student newspaper, and,
2. AEJMC calls on the administration of Ocean County College to reinstate Professor Karen Bosley as adviser to the Viking News and to restore her normal journalism course load, and,
3. AEJMC asks that the parties involved attempt to resolve their disputes in the interests of the students and their right to a free press, and,

And be it further resolved, that

1. The Executive Board of AEJMC should sign this resolution and send it to the President of the Board of Trustees of Ocean County College, President Jon Larson, Professor Karen Bosley, the entire AEJMC membership, and to newspapers and other news media in New Jersey.

************************************************************ Offered to the business meeting of the annual convention of the Association for Education and Journalism and Mass Communication, Aug. 4, 2006. << 2006 Resolutions]]> 4339 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/membership/ Wed, 16 Mar 2011 12:55:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4344 Resolution Four: Concerning AEJMC Membership and Affiliate Support of Gender and Race Equity, and the Establishment of a Committee to Oversee the Process The Ad Hoc Gender and Race Equity Resolution Committee, formed by resolution at the 2005 AEJMC annual meeting, proposes the following resolution to the Association: Whereas, the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication in August 1989 approved a resolution that encouraged “its members and affiliates to have at least 50 percent of their faculties and administrations composed of females and minorities by the year 2000,” And whereas research shows that, “In 2000, 42 of 201 academic programs, about 21 percent of the schools, met the criteria. About 35 more schools (17 percent) had between 40 percent and 49 percent women and minorities. That left the majority of the schools, about 124 schools (roughly 62 percent) with 39 percent or fewer women and minorities” (Rush, Oukrop, & Creedon, 2000, p. 118), And whereas the membership approved a resolution in August 2005 “to appoint a committee to investigate ways of achieving the goals adopted in 1989, using as a starting point the 2005 Recommendations in Search of Equity,” and to report back at the business meeting of the 2006 convention of AEJMC, Therefore, be it resolved that, based on the recommendations of the 2005-06 Ad Hoc Gender and Race Equity Resolution Committee,

1. AEJMC will assess, recognize, and reward journalism and communication programs that excel in gender, race, ethnicity, and diversity equity, and will develop a process for funding the institutionalization of this equity assessment model.
2. Further, the incoming president of AEJMC will appoint an AEJMC Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Diversity Assessment (GREDA) Committee that in 2006-07 will establish equity assessment criteria, a reporting instrument, and an implementation and award process in conjunction with the Task Force on Diversity. In Years 2007-08 and 2008-09 this committee will implement the assessment process.
3. And further, the incoming president will work to develop a Joint AEJMC and ASJMC GREDA Fund Raising and Evaluation Committee to be established in 2007-08 to raise funds to support the GREDA assessment and reward process and to evaluate the success of the entire GREDA process in 2008-09.

<< 2006 Resolutions]]> 4344 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/freepress/ Wed, 16 Mar 2011 14:41:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4348 Resolution One: Free Press Resolution Whereas it is the belief of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication that a free press is essential to a democratic society, and Whereas this body is dedicated to promoting the highest levels of journalism in classrooms and in media organizations around the globe, and Whereas in 2002 this body spoke out against unnecessary and possibly unconstitutional restrictions on the civil liberties of the academy and media in the name of homeland security, vowing to monitor restrictive actions and legislation and to support measures designed to protect free expression, and Whereas the U.S. Immigration and Nationality Act currently places greater restrictions on journalists visiting the United States on business from government-designated friendly nations than are placed on non-journalists coming to the United States on business from those nations, and Whereas it has been documented that more than a dozen working journalists from countries such as Canada and Great Britain, nations deemed by the U.S. government as friendly to the United States, have been detained, body searched, fingerprinted, handcuffed, forced to spend a night in a cell in a detention facility and deported under this law, and Whereas such measures not only present other nations an unacceptable image of the United States' regard for press freedom but also invite retaliatory measures on U.S. journalists, Therefore, be it resolved that: 1) The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication rejects and condemns as indicative of a police-state mentality the discrimination that so far has been imposed under the Immigration and Nationality Act on more than a dozen journalists seeking entry to the United States from nations deemed allies of or countries friendly to the United States. 2) The president of this association be directed to write to President George W. Bush, Secretary of State Colin L. Powell, Homeland Security Director Thomas Ridge, Attorney General John Ashcroft, the as-yet-unnamed National Intelligence Director, Senators Orrin G. Hatch and Patrick J. Leahy, Reps. F. James Sensenbrenner Jr. and John Conyers Jr., and other appropriate members of Congress, demanding: a. An end to discrimination toward the media of friendly countries. b. Support for HR 4823 IH amending Section 221(G) of the Immigration and Nationality Act to remove discriminatory restrictions on media of friendly nations. 3) The AEJMC leadership continue to monitor this and similar legislation as well as other developments regarding Homeland Security and the work of the media, both domestic and international, in order to promote and defend the highest ideals of journalism. Approved by the AEJMC Membership August 6, 2004 * Toronto, Canada << 2004 Resolutions ]]> 4348 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/05/tips-annualreport/ Mon, 23 May 2011 19:16:24 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4508 WHY IS THE ANNUAL REPORT IMPORTANT? Every AEJMC division and interest group is assessed every five years. These assessments are based on annual reports over those five years, as well as previous assessment reports. The purpose of assessment? To help insure the division/interest group is serving its membership as well as the mission of AEJMC. Most importantly, it is to help the officers of the division/interest group maintain quality and sustainability. The Assessment Committee looks to see progress over the course of five years to see how well each group has met its own goals in that time. The annual report is the place to review how well the group has faired, how well the goals have been met, summarize its successes and weaknesses, and report the vision for the future.

WHAT SHOULD BE IN YOUR ANNUAL REPORT?

There is annual report information and the template for the report on the AEJMC website. Follow that closely. In addition, you will have the previous years’ annual reports. It is important that the reports be consistent, but NOT copied. Each year should see progress and reflection. Don’t just cut and paste from the previous year or cut and paste your program copy. Use this opportunity to define your group, its goals, its membership, and its progress. Think of this as a historical document as well. This annual report will be representative of your group for years to come. Spend some time showcasing the work your group has accomplished over the past year.

TIPS FOR A GREAT REPORT!

1. Your annual report is due by June 15 of each year a. With this in mind, request information from your respective chairs (teaching, research & PF&R) early so you have more time to track down missing information and so that you can reflect on your objectives
2. Read the annual report from earlier years a. Assess the goals, assess how well your group met those goals, determine what is realistic for the next year (of course this means that you should set goals at the beginning of the year!!!!!)
3. You will need to cover all aspects of the three pillars of AEJMC – teaching, research and public freedom & responsibility. Be familiar with programming from previous years so you know what areas of teaching, research and PF&R are not being addressed in programming. Be sure you touch on all three. However, no one expects you to be superior in all three all the time. But you will need balance among the three areas over five years. If you choose to focus on one or two one year and not the other, explain why.
4. At the convention, attend all of your sessions so you can take note of the demographic information of speakers, moderators, discussants, etc.
5. Your report should go beyond what we can get from looking at the program. a. What new things did your division involve itself in? How was that helpful? b. What can division members learn from your activities? c. This should be a dialogue that includes reflection on the part of your leadership. d. How are you striving for leadership consistency?
6. Demonstrate in the annual report how you involve and interact with your membership. a. Online, via the newsletter, via pre-conference activities, via mid-winter activities b. Discuss the diversity of your membership. c. How do you involve graduate students and their research?
7. The report on research should go beyond acceptance rates and the demographics of authors and judges. a. What are you actively doing to improve research in your division? b. What steps are you taking to solicit work from people in other divisions? c. How well does your call for papers reflect what you really want to see in research? d. How well does your call for papers define “student” papers?
8. Assess what you feel your division’s trends and patterns are over the years. a. What do you do well at consistently? b. In what areas are you lacking? c. If you don’t want to be stuck in a rut, what can you do differently?
9. Do not leave blanks on any section of the annual report.
10. Do not put N/A on any section of the annual report.
11. Recognize the annual report is due at the worst time of the year, so start culling data at the convention (yes, almost a year in advance) to help you later.
12. Save copies of newsletters, mailers, fliers, recruitment material, announcements, etc. Document everything your group has done and include it in your annual report.

<<Officer Resources ]]> 4508 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/05/assessment-process/ Tue, 24 May 2011 13:13:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4513 June 15. These reports are used during each group’s assessment process. Each group is assessed every five years by an Assessment Committee comprised of one member of each elected standing committee and the chair and vice chair from the Council of Divisions. The officers of each group being assessed in any given year will meet with the Assessment Committee during the annual conference and discuss the group’s activities and projects over the five-year period. It is also a time to discuss future ideas and activities that the group may want to explore. The current assessment schedule is pasted below: Conference 2021 Communication Technology Cultural and Critical Studies Media Management and Economics Religion and Media IG Small Programs IG Political Communication Conference 2022 Comm Theory and Methodology Minorities and Communication Visual Communication Participatory Journalism IG Community Journalism IG Conference 2023 Magazine Media Mass Communication and Society Newspaper and Online News Scholastic Journalism Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender IG Internships and Careers IG Conference 2024 History Public Relations Electronic News Media Ethics ComSHER Graduate Student IG Conference 2025 Advertising International and Communication Law and Policy Entertainment Studies IG Sports Communication IG Officer Resources]]> 4513 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/2011-abstracts/ Fri, 24 Jun 2011 15:19:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4621

Advertising

Communicating Science, Health, Environment and Risk (ComSHER)

Communication Technology (CTEC)

Communication Theory and Methodology

Cultural and Critical Studies

History

International Communication

Law and Policy

Magazine

Mass Communication and Society

Media Ethics

Media Management and Economics

Minorities and Communication (MAC)

Newspaper

Public Relations

Radio-TV Journalism (RTVJ)

Scholastic Journalism

Visual Communication (VisCom)

Interest Groups:

• Civic and Citizen Journalism
• Community Journalism
• Entertainment Studies
• Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender
• Graduate Education
• Internship and Careers
• Political Communication
• Religion and Media
• Small Programs (SPIG)
• Sports Communication (SPORTS)

Commissions:

• Status of Women

<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 4621 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/advertising-2011-abstracts/ Fri, 24 Jun 2011 15:57:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4628 Research Papers The Clearer, the Better?: The Effect of Sufficient Clarification and Specificity of Risk Disclosure in Broadcast  Direct-To-Consumer Advertising • Ho-Young (Anthony) Ahn, U of Tennessee; Lei Wu, University of Tennessee; Eric Haley, U of Tennessee • This study examined the effectiveness of clarifying the limitation of broadcast DTCA and the disclosure specificity.  Results of a randomized 2 x 2 online experiment (n=235) indicated that the ad featuring numerical disclosure without the ad-limitation statement produced more favorable attitude and trustfulness than (1) the ad featuring numerical disclosure with the ad-limitation statement, and (2) the ad featuring general disclosure without the ad-limitation statement. The ad presenting general disclosure with the ad-limitation statement earned more trust than that presenting general disclosure without the ad-limitation statement. Perceived trustfulness did not guarantee favorable attitude toward the ad. The implications for researchers and DTCA advertisers are discussed. Practitioner Views of Comparative Advertising: A Twenty-Year Update • Fred Beard, University o Oklahoma • A replication of a survey of senior advertising creative practitioners revealed there has likely been neither a significant increase or decrease in the use of comparative advertising since the late-1980s, although the findings also show their beliefs remain quite favorable toward the tactic. In addition, respondents rated both comparative and noncomparative advertising effective for achieving almost all the same objectives and outcomes and under almost all the same conditions that the original study's respondents did. Differences between the original survey and its replication suggest valuable directions for future research. Science, Restraint, and J. Edgar Hoover:  Building and Maintaining the FBI Brand, 1933 to 1972 • Matthew Cecil, South Dakota State University; Jennifer Tiernan, South Dakota State University; Didem Koroglu, South Dakota State University • This study argues that J. Edgar Hoover's disciplined focus on the FBI brand and on accruing brand equity and social capital was a key factor in the Bureau's dramatic growth from a bureaucratic backwater into an iconic giant in American society. The success of FBI branding during the Hoover era offers an early, normative model of how to generate brand equity on a nationwide scale. Children's Prime-Time Food Commercials in China:  A Content Analysis of National and Provincial TV Channels • Xiaoduo Wang, Ohio University; Hong Cheng, Ohio University • In this content analysis of children's prime-time TV commercials (N = 761) in China, two national channels (CCTV-1 and CCTV-Children) were compared with two channels (SXTV and HNTV) at the provincial level. Particular attention was paid to food product categories, promotional claims, eating occasions and locales, and characters' body sizes. It was found that while China's national channels were more likely to promote healthier food products and eating locales, its provincial channels tended to advertise more high-calorie food products, away-from-home eating locales, and underweight characters. Possible reasons and managerial implications of these disparities in the national and provincial TV commercials—a new and important finding about advertising in this booming market—were discussed. Brand Placement in the Mosaic Screen: How Placement, Animation, and Onset Timing Impact Viewer Attention • Glenn Cummins, Texas Tech University College of Mass Communications; Jillian Lellis; Robert Meeds • Concerns over ad avoidance have led advertisers and content producers to explore novel forms of co-presentation of commercial and television content.  We report on two studies that used eye tracking to examine one possible vehicle for co-presentation, a mosaic-style presentation of televised sports.  Evidence demonstrated the effectiveness of this technique, as viewers did attend to the inserted brands. Moreover, attention varied dependent upon spatial location of the insertion, use of animation, and timing of onset. Seeing the Big Picture: Multitasking and Memory for the Ad • Brittany Duff, University of Illinois- Urbana Champaign; Sela Sar, Iowa State University; Sangdo Oh, UIUC; Yulia Lutchyn, U of Tennessee; Sydney Chinchanachokchai, U of Illinois • While media multitasking is said to be an increasing behavior for consumers, little work has been done looking at ads exposed during multitasking.  Multitasking is largely thought to have detrimental effects for consumer memory, particularly toward ads encountered during these times.  However, there may be situations and individuals for which multitasking does not cause a detriment to performance.  Two studies explore how holistic and systematic processing (either primed, state or mood induced) may affect both individual propensities toward multitasking as well as memory for the ads exposed during multitasking. Responses to User-Generated Brand Videos: The Persuasion Inference Model • Chang-Dae Ham, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri • User-generated brand videos are online video contents created and shared by ordinary people, collectively describing a brand. Based on the concept of the Marketplace Metacognition (Wright 2002), this study proposes a simultaneous process of the Persuasion Inference Model in which two different metacognitions i.e., persuasion knowledge (PK) and persuasion acceptance (PA) interact with each other in response to user-generated vs. advertiser-produced brand videos. In particular, the impact of persuasion knowledge (PK), evoked from recognizing message source's motives of persuasion intention, was significantly mitigated when persuasion acceptance (PA) was aroused by the brand video's strong emotional appeal. Consumer Attitude Toward Product Placement in the Movies: The Hierarchical Model of Individual Differences • Ilwoo Ju, University of Tennessee; Spencer Tinkham, University of Georgia • This study examines the influence of six individual differences (self-concept clarity, need for emotion, consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence, attention to social comparison information, need for cognition, and transportability) on consumer attitude toward product placement in the movies. The results show statistically significant relationships between three hierarchical levels of individual differences and attitude toward product placement in the movies. Two dimensions of attitude toward product placement in the movies exhibited substantially different patterns of relationships to these individual differences. The theoretical and practical implications will be discussed. Think Smart: Smartphone User's Intention to Accept Mobile Advertising • Jong-Hyuok Jung, Syracuse University; Yongjun Sung; Wei-Na Lee • This study explores motivations that influence smartphone users' intention to accept mobile advertising. In order to accomplish this research objective, the relationships among various factors identified from past literature were tested via online survey. The empirical findings from the current study suggest that consumer's attitude toward mobile advertising from his or her previous experience is the most powerful predictor of intention to accept mobile advertising on smartphone. In addition, consumer perception of the smartphone as a compatible device that fits with individual life style and the social benefits of using a smartphone predict intention to accept mobile advertising among smartphone users. Direct-to-consumer prescription drug websites for stigmatized illnesses • Hannah Kang, University of Florida; Soontae An, Ewha Womans University • Given the growing importance of Internet as a source of health information, this study evaluated whether DTC prescription drug websites for stigmatized illnesses contained stigma-reducing components. We examined the content of first-level and second-level web pages in 88 stand-alone websites for 15 different stigmatized conditions. Results showed that on the homepages, textual cues and visual cues were rarely offered, especially for onset controllability. On the second layer, 22.7 percent of websites offered the three components together. Onset controllability (52.3 percent) and recategorization (54.5 percent) were the more prevalent, while offset controllability (38.6 percent) was relatively less frequent. Implications of the finding were discussed from health theory perspectives. Assessing Circumplex Model as an Alternative Approach for Measuring Brand Personality • Chang Won Choi, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies; Hyoungkoo Khang, University of Alabama; Yoo-Kyung Kim, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies • In responding to the limitations of the factor approach to brand personality, this study aims to suggest Circumplex model that demonstrates the correlations among the brand personality attributes. The results show that brand personality traits are related to each other in a highly systematic mode. Two dominant factors, activity and potency, were extracted and most brand personality attributes were evenly distributed around the circumference of these two dimensions. To some extents, thus, brand personality attributes are considered to be combinations of these two dimensions. In addition, the finding showed that brand personality items were identified into eight facets, youth, cheerfulness, warmheartedness, tradition, faithfulness, ascendancy, leadership and innovation. This study is expected to provide a theoretical foundation of brand personality studies, complement limitations of the five-factor model, and serve as a practical implication for creating varied brand related strategies in marketing and advertising.  Applicability and implication of the findings as well as suggestions for further research are discussed. When Does Green Advertising Work? -- The Modertating Role of Product Type • Ying Kong, Towson University; Lingling Zhang • Using environmental appeals to promote products is a popular marketing technique. However, little is known about how the effectiveness of green appeals varies across different product categories. The purpose of this study is to examine whether and to what extent green appeals in advertising are effective and how that effectiveness differs between products with more vs. less environmental impact. Using the theoretical frameworks of ad-product fit hypothesis, our two product types (more harmful vs. less harmful) x two appeal types (green appeal vs. non-green appeal) experiment shows that ads with a green appeal are more effective for more-harmful products, whereas for less-harmful products, there is no significant difference between a green and a non-green appeal. Furthermore, cognitive response was found to mediate the interaction effect of green appeal and product type on ad persuasiveness. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. Country-of-Origin Cues in Cross-Border Strategic Brand Alliance: How Do Advertisers Do it? • Jin Kyun Lee, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh; Wei-Na Lee • This study explores the effects of cross-border strategic brand alliance (SBA) through two studies. A content analysis of magazines ad found that cross-border SBA was a dominant communication strategy. Follow-up experimental study confirmed that subjects in the low COO fit condition were more likely to recall partner brand's product category and brand name than those in the high COO fit condition. Discussions and suggestions for future research in this area are provided. Learning from the competition: Analysis of advertising appeals for healthy foods and unhealthy foods • Jung-Sook Lee, Towson University • Food advertising appeals are analyzed from 173 food advertisements found in 12 issues of People magazine from January through December 2008. Findings indicate that both taste appeals (30%) and emotional appeals (31%) are more common than nutritional appeals (22%). The other common appeals are new product appeals and convenience appeals. Taste appeals are dominant in food advertising for both healthy foods and unhealthy foods. Nutritional appeals are also found to a similar extent in ads for unhealthy foods as in ads for healthy foods. However, emotional appeals, are used more frequently in ads for unhealthy foods than in ads for healthy foods. Combining Product Placements and Spot Advertising: Forward Encoding, Backward Encoding, and Image Activation Effects • Joerg Matthes, University of Zurich; Florence Horisberger • Although brand placements are frequently accompanied by traditional advertising in marketing campaigns, prior academic research has focused primarily on the distinct stand-alone effects of placements. In an experiment working with realistic audiovisual stimuli, the combined effects of product placements and TV spot advertising were examined. Three conditions involving the same target brand were created (placement-only, commercial-only, commercial-placement). Results revealed higher brand awareness for the placement-only and the placement-commercial condition compared to the commercial-only condition. It was also shown that exposure to a subsequent placement can enhance memory for the preceding commercial (backward encoding). However, exposure to a preceding commercial did not facilitate placement recall (forward encoding). Results also revealed that placements can strengthen brand images that were established by a preceding TV commercial (image activation). However, this effect was conditional on individuals' persuasion knowledge. Implications of these findings for advertising campaigns are discussed. Practitioner and Audience Attitudes toward Product Placement in Reality Television • Alex Walton, Cartoon Network; Barbara Miller, Elon University • As product placement continues to become a part of the television advertising landscape, television audiences are becoming more exposed to product placements and more aware of product placement as a persuasion tactic. Reality television, which represents a large percentage of the primetime television programming, provides an opportunity to present brand information in a context involving real events with real persona, perhaps limiting the activation of persuasion knowledge. Further, while including a brand name in a scripted show requires planning, capturing reality inevitably provides opportunities to place brand names into programming. This study examined product placements in reality television from multiple perspectives, including (1) in-depth interviews with network entertainment executives; and (2) a series of focus groups with audiences. The Persuasion Knowledge Model was applied as an analytic induction tool to analyze the findings for synthesis with existing literature. Implications for practitioners are discussed and a model of audience response to product placements and integrations is presented. PKM: Changes in Millennials' Experience with Media & Attitudes, Attention, and Coping Behaviors Regarding Advertisements Since 2004 • Jensen Moore-Copple, West Virginia University; Blair Dowler, West Virginia University; Kelley Crowley, West Virginia University • This study examines changing attitudes, attention, and avoidance of advertising as well as experience with different media for early (born between 1979 and 1987) vs. late (born between 1985 and 1993) millennials. The Persuasion Knowledge Model is used as a basis for understanding how audiences develop attitudes about persuasive attempts (e.g., advertising messages) and use this information to ""cope"" with future advertising interactions. This investigation extends work done by Speck & Elliot (1997) and Moore (2004) by comparing both traditional media (newspapers, magazines, radio, television) and the Internet.  Using survey methodology, this research examines ""coping"" behaviors associated with exposure to today's abundant advertising messages. Results suggest that between the five media, early vs. late millennials report very different attitudes toward advertising, attention to advertising, avoidance of advertising, and media usage. Implications for advertisers wishing to target millennials are discussed. Direct-to-Consumer Antidepressant Advertising, Skepticism toward Advertising, and Consumers' Optimistic Bias about the Future Risk of Depression • Jin Seong Park, University of Tennessee; Ilwoo Ju, University of Tennessee; kenneth eunhan kim, oklahoma state university • Although exposure to direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising is reported to influence the public's beliefs about diseases, no research has investigated how DTC advertising may affect the extent of consumers' optimistic bias about the future risk of diseases. Based on a survey with members of an online consumer panel (N = 699), the current study revealed that: (a) consumers exhibited a tendency to believe they were at less risk of developing clinical depression in the future than their peers, demonstrating an optimistic bias; (b) exposure to DTC antidepressant advertising acted to reduce the extent of such bias, especially when consumers were less skeptical towards prescription drug advertising. When consumers were highly skeptical, DTC exposure did not significantly relate to the extent of optimistic bias; and (c) once formed, the extent of optimistic bias negatively related to consumers' intention to seek information about depression. Implications of the research for the theory and practice of DTC advertising were discussed. Can You Say What You Feel? A Matter of ""Wearin"" for (Musical) Codes in Advertising • Caroline Johnson; Carson Wagner, Ohio University • Research has shown that viewers may have more negative explicit attitudes toward brands using advertising codes perceived as ""worn out,"" the presence of the code led to more positive implicit attitudes. This suggests the possibility of detecting wearin—wherein viewers engage the codes—using implicit measures.  While viewers may express more positive explicit attitudes toward a brand that has replaced the codes with new ones, implicit attitudes may be more negative in response to the new code. Effects of Emotion and Interface Design on Mobile Advertising Effectiveness among Chinese College Students • wenjing xie, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Yunze Zhao, Renmin University of China; Wenya Xie • This study examines the effect of emotional appeals and the interface design of mobile devices on people's emotional reaction to attitude towards mobile ads as well as their purchase intention of the advertised products. A survey with 442 college students in Beijing shows that emotional appeal as a whole predicts all three dependent variables. Interface design factors of hand-held device, especially screen size, also predict attitude and purchase intention. Moreover, the ubiquitous feature, interface friendliness and advertisement size influence attention to mobile Internet ads. People's emotional reaction to mobile ads can also predict their attitude and purchase behavior. Young American Consumers' Social Media Use, Online Privacy  Concerns, Trust, Risk, and Support for Advertising Regulation • Hongwei Yang, Appalachian State University • A web survey study of 422 American college students was conducted in October, 2010 to test a conceptual model of consumers' regulatory support for social media advertising, built upon previous studies. It shows that consumers' prior negative experience of online disclosure significantly increased their online privacy concerns that in turn elevated their perceived risks and undermined their trust of online companies, marketers and laws. Consumers' heightened risks built up their support for government regulation of social media advertising while their trust enhanced their support for industry self-regulation. Interestingly, young consumers' trust and perceived risk of online disclosure did not negatively influence their time spent on social networking and blogging websites. Implications for digital interactive marketers, government and self-regulatory agencies are discussed. Predicting Reactions to Sex in Advertising: The Interplay of Emotional Arousal, Ethical Judgment, and Sexual Self-Schema on Responses to Sexual Content • Kyunga Yoo, University of Georgia; Hojoon Choi, University of Georgia; Tom Reichert, University of Georgia; Michael S. LaTour, University of Nevada Las Vegas; John B. Ford, Old Dominion University • Employing a large national sample, the current research examined how consumer's emotional arousal and ethical judgment mediate between their sexual ad perception and ad response processes. Simultaneously, the influence of Sexual Self-Schema (SSS) on this mediating mechanism was also assessed. Findings show that consumers experience a conflict between their emotional arousal and ethical morality on processing sexual content in advertising, and SSS plays an important role in manipulating the extent of this conflict. Effects of Purchasing Experience and Repeated Exposure to the Website on Online Customers' Brand Relationship • Doyle Yoon, University of Oklahoma • This study examines the effects of prior purchase experience, Internet efficacy, and repeated exposure on consumers' relationship with retailers, using data collected from an online survey of 802 respondents (465 for a web-based e-retailer version and 337 for a click-and-mortar retailer version). Three relationship quality constructs - trust, satisfaction, and commitment &#61485; are higher in respondents with prior purchasing experience and higher Internet efficacy. However, decreasing trends are found in all three constructs over repeated exposure to the Website. Belyne's (1970) Two-Factor Theory is used to explain the decrease of relationship quality over repeated exposure. More implications are discussed. To Help You or To Serve Myself? Exploring the Two Psychological Tendencies that Motivate Online Influentials to Communicate • Jie Zhang, University of Evansville; Wei-Na Lee • This paper describes a study in the psychology of eMavenism, the consumer tendency to acquire general marketplace information from the Internet and become especially involved in electronic word-of-mouth communication. The purpose of the study was to investigate empirically the associations between eMavenism and two important psychological tendencies, altruism and status seeking. The findings support the notion that eMavenism is driven by both other-regarding concern and self-serving interest. Furthermore, the relationship between altruism and eMavenism was found to be negatively moderated by revealing true identity online. Revealing true identity online did not significantly impact the relationship between status seeking and eMavenism. These findings enrich the knowledge of the psychology of eMavenism, improve the concept of eMavenism, and suggest some motivations for engaging in eMavenism. Practically, advertising strategies can be fine-tuned to appeal more effectively to eMavens by satisfying their psychological tendencies. Am I Really Doing It For Your Benefit? Exploring Social and Personal Motivations for Providing Positive versus Negative Electronic Word-of-Mouth • Jie Zhang, University of Evansville; Wei-Na Lee • This paper describes a study examining whether social and personal motivations affect presenting positive versus negative electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) similarly or differently. Altruism, consumer self-confidence—social outcome decision making, and personal innovativeness for Web were selected to represent social, social-personal, and personal motivations for eWOM giving. The findings support that all three motivations are important driving forces for eWOM provision in general. In particular, the social-personal motivation, consumer self-confidence—social outcome decision making, was significantly more associated with positive than negative eWOM giving. Advertisers need to incorporate themes linked to this motivation in their campaigns in order to get more ""good"" word from consumers. Both altruism and personal innovativeness for Web affected providing pleasant versus unpleasant product information similarly. Advertisers need to monitor these two motivations when consumers form negative impressions concerning a product. The findings expand the knowledge of social and personal motivations for providing eWOM and improve the theoretical understanding of the relationship between motivations and the type of eWOM presented. Risk, Realism, and Responsibility in Beer Commercials • Lara Zwarun • When exposed to beer commercials that creatively circumvent the spirit of self-regulatory advertising guidelines by juxtaposing drinking with risky physical activities, participants who drink alcohol perceived them as more realistic than non-drinkers did. The Message Information Processing (MIP) model is applied to illustrate how this perceived realism is part of logical mental processing that reinforces drinking beliefs and behaviors. Drinkers also found the commercials more responsible than non-drinkers, despite some participants believing they had seen people engaging in risky activities while under the influence. A commercial featuring designated driving was viewed as less realistic by drinkers; open-ended comments reveal this may be because in their experience, the use of designated drivers is rare. Teaching Papers Consumer Insights, Clients, and Capstone Campaigns Courses: Teaching Research in Advertising Curricula • Danielle Coombs, Kent State University • Evidence suggests that teaching research to undergraduate advertising students can be one of the most challenging roles an advertising faculty member will undertake. Unlike classes in copywriting, media planning, or account management, students often fail to see the connection between the course content and their eventual careers. This disconnect is exacerbated by fears and anxiety surrounding the topics of statistics (and its often equally disliked sibling, mathematics in general). Evidence indicates that some students chose advertising over marketing majors in part because of the reduced math requirements, and—for many—research classes are explicitly linked to these dreaded areas. Despite these challenges, research remains core component for most advertising curricula. This research is designed to understand how research currently is taught and the perceived value of teaching research in a contemporary advertising program, both in terms of individual, specific research-centered classes and as a component of strategy- or campaigns-driven courses. Within that context, we also explore how experiential learning (operationalized for our purposes as client-based projects) can be utilized to better support objectives associated with teaching research to undergraduate advertising students. Is diversity ""non-existent"" or a ""non-issue?"": Preliminary results from a thematic  analysis ascertaining how educators define diversity in advertising • Laurie Phillips • In the past four decades, diversity has been the subject of heated debate on Madison Avenue and within the halls of the academy alike. Within the ad industry, diversity has been the catalyst for lawsuits concerning employment discrimination, vitriol about monocultural representations within ad messaging, and frequent trade press coverage of America's changing demographics. Building upon this information, this study reports on qualitative data from an on-going nationwide survey assessing educators' attitudes toward teaching about diversity in advertising. Reviewing nearly 300 responses to the query ""how do you define diversity in advertising?"" from educators at both accredited and unaccredited institutions, the study includes feedback from those who are rarely surveyed: educators in ad programs housed both inside and outside of schools of journalism and mass communication. Why Students Major in Advertising • Ron Taylor, University of Tennessee, Knoxville • A total of 145 essays written by students seeking admission to an advertising degree program at a major Southeastern university were examined for student motivation for pursuing an advertising major.  All essays for three academic years, each five years apart, were selected to maximize the opportunity to find differences.  The essays were submitted in the academic years 1997-98 (46 essays), 2002-03 (38 essays), and 2007-08 (61 essays). The opportunity to express one's creativity ability is the primary reason students are attracted to advertising. Professional Freedom & Responsibility (PF&R) Papers Job Satisfaction Among Minority Advertising Professionals: An Update • Jami Fullerton, Oklahoma State University; Alice Kendrick, Southern Methodist University • This paper partially replicated and updated a study of job satisfaction among  minority advertising graduates honored through a national program.  In the current study, responses from alumni of the American Advertising Federation's Most Promising Minority Students in Advertising from the years 2006-2010 were compared with results from a similar study of alumni from 1997-2005. In the current study, overall job satisfaction for those working in advertising was on the positive side of neutral but significantly lower than alumni who did not work in advertising.  Minority advertising professionals were most satisfied with their co-workers and least satisfied with their compensation.  Salary was positively correlated with job satisfaction, as was the presence of a professional mentor. Verbatim responses about employment challenges described a steep learning curve for recent graduates who joined the workforce. Implications for industry and academic programs are discussed. Special Topics Papers Dealing with Conflicting Health Messages:  A Qualitative Study of College Students' Understandings of Tanning and Skin Cancer Prevention Advertising Messages • Ho-Young (Anthony) Ahn, U of Tennessee; Stephanie Kelly, University of Tennessee; Lei Wu, University of Tennessee; Eric Haley, U of Tennessee • The aim of the current study was to explore how college students make sense of conflicting health messages in relation to tanning in an advertising context. In-depth interviews with 30 college students revealed a certain degree of conflict between advertising message claims, their beliefs and feelings toward the messages. Self-resolution strategies such as problem-solving, compromising and avoiding emerged. Suggestions and implications for health promotion practitioners were provided in terms of advertising skepticism, advertising moderation, credible message sources in advertising and a gap between attitude and behavior. Maximizing Optimization:  A Small Business Owner Confronts SEM (A Case Study In Search Engine Marketing) • Martine Beachboard, Idaho State University • A New England auto mechanic launches an online specialty auto parts shop and considers how best to market it:  through pay-per-click advertising, search engine optimization, or a combination.  He seeks advice from a professional web consulting firm and examines their proposal for three levels of analysis and support.  This teaching case offers a relevant and detailed example to supplement textbook coverage of search engine marketing.  It is designed to promote class discussion and critical problem solving. Connecting Virtual World Perception to Real World Consumption: Chinese Female White-Collar Professionals' Interpretation of Product Placement in SNSs • Huan Chen; Eric Haley, U of Tennessee • A phenomenology study reveals the lived meanings of product placement in social network sites (SNSs) among Chinese female white-collar professional users through an investigation of a newly launched SNS, Happy Network. In total, 15 face-to-face, in-depth interviews were conducted to collect data. Findings indicated that participants' interpretations of product placement were interrelated with the socially constructed meanings of the SNS, participants' social role of white-collar professionals, and consumer culture of contemporary Chinese society. In particular,  the socially constructed meanings of product placement in the context of SNS are jutisfying the existence, connecting to the real world, noticing the familiar, insinuating brand image, and linking to consumption. “The Other Hangover"": A Case Study in Implementing and Evaluating an Anti-Binge Drinking Advertising Campaign • Nathan Gilkerson, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Michelle Gross; Andrea Ahneman • The Other Hangover is an award-winning anti-binge drinking advertising campaign created by students and launched on the University of Minnesota campus in the fall of 2010.  Undergraduates led development and implementation of the campaign, and multiple surveys were designed to evaluate the impact and success of the project.  Following an overview of the research and creative strategy behind the campaign, a summary of the evaluation results — including both quantitative and qualitative data — is presented. Exploring the Effects of External Brand Placement on Game Players' Processing of In-Game Brand • Eunice Kim, The University of Texas at Austin; Matthew Eastin, The University of Texas at Austin • There are many branded game-related products, which we call as external brands. This study explores the effects of external brand experience during game play on players' processing of in-game brand. Results reveal that the in-game brand is better recalled by players experiencing an identical external brand to the in-game brand than players experiencing no external brand or a competing brand. Brand memory was greater for the competing external brand than the in-game brand. The Cat Herder: The Role and Function of the Agency Creative Director • Karen Mallia, University of South Carolina; Kasey Windels, DePaul University; Sheri Broyles, University of North Texas • While creativity is the lifeblood of the advertising agency, little is known about the role of the creative director in guiding the creative process. This exploratory research aims to uncover the role of the creative director as perceived by agency creatives. Utilizing quasi-ethnographic methods, this research is based on data from six agencies. Findings suggest successful creative directors are transformational leaders with many roles, including brand steward, culture builder, and champion of creative teams. Channeling the Spirit of IMC: Analysis of the Context and Conditions that Underscore Integrated Marketing Communication • Brian Smith • Integrated marketing communication (IMC) has been discussed as both a process and a concept. On the one hand it is mechanical, through message and image matching, channel management, and measurement. On the other hand, it is also conceptual, based on a unique organizing philosophy that underscores communication mechanics. The latter, which can be termed ""the spirit"" of integration, has received little attention in the literature in spite of its influence on communication. This study outlines the organizational variables that underscore integration, including informal processes and social interactions, which facilitate the mechanics of integration. Results provide theoretical insight and progress integrated communication theory beyond the current emphasis on mechanics to co-creational and socially-constructed considerations in communication integration. Extending TPB and TAM to Mobile Viral Marketing: A Cross-cultural Study  of Young American and Chinese Consumers' Attitude, Intent and Behavior • Hongwei Yang, Appalachian State University; Liuning Zhou, Center for the Digital Future, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Southern California • A web survey of 440 American college students was conducted in April, 2010 and a paper survey of 835 Chinese college students was administered in May, June and October, 2010 to validate the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Technology Acceptance Model in predicting young American and Chinese young consumers' mobile viral marketing attitude, intention and behavior. Structural model testing results confirmed the chain of mobile viral marketing attitude to intent to actual behavior. Subjective norm, behavioral control, perceived utility, and perceived cost predicted their attitude toward viral marketing. Their attitude and perceived utility predicted their viral marketing intent while their intent and attitude predicted the actual behavior. The implications for the industry and academia were discussed. Student Papers Advertising Images of Gender and Race Portrayed in Sports Illustrated Kids, 2000-2009 • Ashley Furrow, Ohio University • Gender and racial discrimination in sport remains rampant, and sports media continue as a leading arena for the reproduction of dominant, traditional images of gender and race and of inequality between the sexes and races (Sage, 1990; Smith, 2007). This study conducted a content analysis of advertising images (N=1,490) in Sports Illustrated Kids to determine whether these visual images reflect actual participation rates in athletic competition based on gender and race and whether the number of images of women in the magazine has increased during the magazine's second decade of publication, 2000 to 2009.  This study found that women and racial minorities continue to be vastly underrepresented within the magazine's advertising pages. Photographs featuring men were found to vastly outnumber those featuring women in SIK advertising photographs by a ratio of nearly 4 to 1 (79.7% to 20.3%).  As far as a racial difference, African, Asian, and Hispanic models are still fighting for representation in the magazine with only 27.8% depicted in advertising images. Examining the Influences of Online Comments on Viewers' Perceptions of  Corporate Advertising on YouTube • Jiran Hou, The University of Georgia; Hojoon Choi, University of Georgia • This study examines the impact of the co-appearance of online peer comments and corporate advertising on online viewers' attitudes toward the ad, claim believability and attitudes toward the brand. The findings show that the impacts of online peer comments on ad processing and attitudes varied depending on the comment valences and individuals' previous attitude toward the brand. Negative comments were more influential than positive comments in affecting viewers' claim believability, attitude toward the ad and attitude toward the brand. Viewers with negative prior brand attitudes were hardly influenced by any types of peer comments, and viewers with positive prior brand attitudes were more easily influenced by negative comments. The influence of fear appeal on persuasion effects for skin cancer public service announcements (PSAs) according to fear message framing and fear type • Hannah Kang, University of Florida • This study examined the impact of fear message framing and fear type in fear appeal on the persuasion effect of skin cancer public service announcement (PSA). To examine persuasion effects, this study used attitude toward advertising, attitude toward using tanning beds and sunbathing, and behavioral intention as the dependent variable. The experiment was designed by a 2 (message framing: positive message/negative message) X 2 (fear type: health risk/ social risk) factorial design between-subjects experimental design. Results indicated that the main effect of fear type was found on the attitude toward advertising. Moreover, there was significant interaction between fear message framing and fear type not only on the attitude toward using tanning beds or sunbathing, but also on behavioral intention. Implications and limitations of the findings were discussed. Goal Theories and Attention to Online Banner Advertisements • Dae-Hee Kim, University of Florida • Drawing upon several findings from goal theories in cognitive psychology, the present study investigates a potential mechanism about how consumers process online banner advertising. Two online experiments with simulated web pages revealed that consumer's goals could determine the attention to online banner advertising. More specifically, the first study showed that subjects paid more attention to the banner stimuli that was relevant to their primed goal. In the second study, subjects attended more to banner advertising on the webpage where they completed the goal-directed tasks rather than on a webpage where their tasks were ongoing. Implications and directions for future research are extensively discussed. Boys will be Boys: An Analysis of the Male Image in Advertising over the Past 60 Years • Katherine Krauss, Manhattan College • This paper examines conceptions of masculinity, commercialization of personal hygiene, and the formation of the American male identity in order to create a general foundation of understanding as to why masculinity is perceived in the way that it is and why advertisers sell the way that they do to men. Focusing on the advertising efforts of Proctor & Gamble's beauty and grooming product, Old Spice, this paper analyzes the commonalities and differences of theme and content in advertisements of the 1950s and 2000s.  This paper discusses the advertised messages being conveyed to the 18- to 36-year old age demographic in both decades, where each ad is examined for the cultural values it represents and markets to men.  Using a textural analysis approach, each advertisement is examined in its wording and image to highlight the representation of hegemonic ideals, namely, sex, pleasure-seeking, and reputation.  This in-depth analysis of the Old Spice campaigns allows this paper to identify that the image of the young macho-man lifestyle has been strongly static throughout American history, mirroring and perpetuating the hegemonic male ideal. The influence of relevance and emotional appeals in public service ads on attitudes and behavioral intentions toward global climate change • Supathida Kulpavaropas • This study examines the main and interactive effects of two emotional appeals (happy and fear) in public service advertisements and the degree to which this topic is assessed as relevant on people's attitudes and behavioral intention toward global climate change. The results of an experiment showed that participants with high issue relevance reported more positive attitude toward global climate change and more positive behavioral intention when they viewed an ad with a happy vs. fearful appeal. Effects of Message Involvement and the Tone of Reviews on Facebook:Perceived Credibility, Attitude toward the Ad and Brand • Jinhyon Kwon, University of Florida; Ji Young Kim • This study examines how the Facebook brand page environment, where advertisements and consumer reviews coexist, affects consumers' attitudes toward the advertisement and the brand. A 2 x 3 experiment manipulated the level of ad message involvement and the tone of online reviews. Results suggest that the tone of online reviews affects consumers' perceptions of review credibility. Furthermore, an ad message involvement and the review tone interaction emerged for attitude toward the brand. Effects of Fair Trade Label, Consumers' Social Responsibility, and Message Framing on Attitudes and Behavior • Seul Lee • This study explored the effectiveness of a Fair Trade certified label, differences of personal social responsibility, and the message framing through an online experiment. The findings indicated that more socially concerned group manifested more positive attitudes and purchase intention than less socially concerned group and that gain-framed messages had a more positive impact than did loss-framed messages. However, this study failed to present that a Fair Trade certified label generated more positive impact. Effectiveness of blog advertising: Impact of message sidedness, communicator expertise, and advertising intent • Hyun-Ji Lim; Jin Sook Im; Yoo Jin Chung, University of Florida • This study attempts to examine how three factors — message sidedness, communicator expertise, and advertising intent of blog messages -- can affect the perception of the message recipients regarding the credibility of the message, improve their attitudes toward the product or the brand reviewed, and provoke changes in their intended behavior. A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment was designed. The experiment involved stimulus material in the form of a blog post, which was modified according to the treatment factors of message sidedness (one-sided vs. refutational two-sided), communicator expertise (high vs. low), and advertising intent (explicit vs. implicit). 388 data sets were collected. This study concluded that a one-sided message was found to be more effective than a refutational two-sided message for blog advertising. Communicator expertise is an important factor while advertising intent was not. This study suggested additional findings related to gender difference. What Path, Advertising Framing? Tracing the Travels of Framing Through the Advertising Journals, 1996-2010. • Carmen Maye, University of South Carolina • Frame analysis in advertising journals is examined between 1996 and 2010. Included are Advertising & Society Review, International Journal of Advertising, Journal of Advertising, Journal of Advertising Research, Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising and Journal of Interactive Advertising. Frame  analysis appears to be gaining traction in the advertising literature. That advertising journals have more slowly embraced framing research than their communications counterparts may owe to inherent differences between news content and advertising. From Unspeakable to Homosexual to Gay to LGBT: The Evolution of Research on Marketing's Most Controversial Market Segment • Laurie Phillips • For nearly two decades, collectively the trade press, LGBT marketing firms, tremendous ad expenditure growth in LGBT publications, the explosion of LGBT-targeted, ad-supported media outlets, and strong buying power figures have justified the existence of an LGBT market. Through an in-depth literature review of over 75 five pieces of peer-reviewed advertising and marketing scholarship, this study addresses how scholars have studied the market. In addition to providing one of the most extensive literature reviews on the topic to date, this study provides researchers with a roadmap for future research. The Effects of Using ""Real Women"" In Advertising • Amber Remke, Oklahoma State University • Are advertisements that use more realistic models as effective as those that use ""ideal"" models? This study seeks to answer that question using an experimental design to determine whether there is a difference in how females will respond to ads featuring an ""ideal"" model or a more realistic model and whether body-esteem or self-esteem are moderating variables. Results show that regardless of high or low body- or self-esteem, the women surveyed preferred the ad featuring the more realistic model. This study has important implications for providing a greater understanding of how media affects self-image, as well as the implications of these unrealistic standards and how they impact a consumer's attitudes toward advertising.  This study also has important implications for American women with an unrealistic image of true beauty. If advertisements focused on portraying more realistic models, American females' perception of beauty could possibly shift away from an unattainable ideal to a more realistic vision of beauty. Trappist or Tropist? The Monastic Brewing Heritage and Its Effect on Perceptions of Product Authenticity and Intentions to Purchase • Susan Sarapin, Purdue University; Christine Spinetta, Purdue University • This study explored perceived authenticity of a beer brewed by monks in a monastery and four inauthentic beers, measured on respondents' awareness of the ""real"" beer's heritage, and what influence that knowledge has on intentions to buy it. The heritage narrative had a significant effect on authenticity ratings and purchase intentions. Respondents' religious preferences had no effect on the dependent variable. The study has implications for the marketing of Trappist and inauthentic, abbey-style beers. Signaling Theory and Its Role in Branding University Contract Training Programs • Shelley Stephens, University of South Alabama • Academic outreach divisions (AOD) within institutions provide open enrollment and contract training. Often surrounding businesses are unaware of this resource, despite holding the institution's name in high regard through association sets and frequency. The unawareness creates information asymmetry for AODs according to the Signaling Theory.  Larger association sets and frequency of encounters with the institution's brand name deepens implicit memory encoding. This quantitative study found that feelings for the institution transfers to other divisions AODs are cobranded. Verbal Claims and Graphical Features on Toddler Food Packaging:  Advertising ""Healthy"" Products • Chan Le Thai, University of California, Santa Barbara • Advertising features, verbal and graphic, on food packages and labels can convey a wealth of information to consumers, including whether the product is healthy.  A content analysis was conducted to investigate how often certain health-implying front-of-package features appear on packages of toddler snack foods. Five undergraduate coders coded 68 products for health claims, nutrient claims, ingredient claims, and graphics.  Ingredient claims and graphics of potential ingredients were identified and cross-referenced with the ingredient list on the back of the package. The data revealed that almost all of the packages used the coded features: 82% of the sample featured nutrient claims; 52% featured health claims; 97% included graphical depictions and 66% of those graphics were possible ingredients in the product; and 86% featured ingredient claims. Of all the products that contained an ingredient claim or graphics of a potential ingredient, the ingredient used in the claim or graphical feature was present in the ingredient list, but the ingredient was rarely the first ingredient on the list and was often in a non-conventional form, such as a puree, a powder, flavor, or color.  The findings from this study provide a foundation of knowledge that may guide future research and policies related to package  advertising and labeling. Use of Culturally Meaningful Symbols or Iconographies in Gay-Themed Ads • Nam-Hyun Um • This study examines the characteristics of gay-themed ads, focusing on culturally meaningful symbols and iconographies, in gay magazines (specifically The Advocate, Out, and Curve). In recent years, advertising scholars and practitioners have grown more interested in how gay-themed ads influence gay consumers and non-gay consumers. In gay-themed ads, advertisers employ culturally meaningful symbols or iconographies as part of an effort to not alienate non-gay consumers. Gay-themed advertising, however, has yet to be deeply analyzed in terms of creativity or consumer reactions. Hence, Study 1 examines the characteristics of gay-themed ads using content analysis of gay-targeted magazines (The Advocate, Out, and Curve). As a follow up study, Study 2 assesses consumers' responses to gay-themed ads. The study, using implicit and explicit gay-themed ads, gathers reactions from straight and gay participants. We go on to clarify the findings' implications, discuss some concerns raised over gay-themed ads, and suggest directions for future research. What should I eat today?  An exploration of how college-aged females use different media platforms to influence food decisions • Mari Luz Zapata Ramos, University of Florida • This study sought to assess if and how college-aged females use smart phones and other informational sources to make or influence food related decisions.  A survey administered to 365 female college students revealed that respondents use smart phones to influence food decisions.  Four focus groups were conducted using survey participants with the required characteristics.  Dominant reasons for using a range of informational sources to influence food decisions were identified. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4628 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/ctec-2011-abstracts/ Fri, 24 Jun 2011 16:04:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4632 Open Competition Exploring the Motivations of Online Social Network Use in Taiwan • Saleem Alhabash; Hyojung Park, University of Missouri, School of Journalism; Anastasia Kononova, American University of Kuwait; Yihsuan Chiang; Kevin Wise, University of Missouri, School of Journalism • The current study explores the motivations of online social network use among a sample of the general population in Taiwan (N = 4,105). The study investigated how seven different motivations to use Facebook predicted the intensity of Facebook use, specific content generation behaviors on Facebook, and other indicators of Facebook use. Results showed the motivation to use Facebook for updating one's own status and viewing other peoples' status updates was the strongest predictor of the intensity to use Facebook, followed by four other motivations as significant predictors. The motivation to view, share, tag and be tagged in photographs was the strongest predictor of content generation behavior on Facebook, followed by five other motivations as significant predictors. Results are discussed in terms of expanding motivations to use Facebook to the study of social networking sites and other new and social media. Body by Xbox: The Effects of Video Game Character Body Type on Young Women's Body Satisfaction and Video Game Enjoyment • Vincent Cicchirillo, University of Texas at Austin; Osei Appiah, The Ohio State University; Whitney Walther, The Ohio State University; Christopher Brown, The Ohio State University; Kristen Carter, The Ohio State University • Numerous studies have examined the relationship between women's body satisfaction and their exposure to thin women in the media. However, few if any studies have examined women's body satisfaction after exposure to female video game characters.  This study looks at the influence of different female body shapes (i.e., thin, average, and overweight) within a video game on outcomes related to identification, enjoyment, and body satisfaction among women video game players. Two-hundred twenty-two young women played a third-person shooter game on Xbox featuring female characters that consisted of one of three different body sizes (skinny, average, or overweight). The findings indicate female participants who played as either a skinny or average sized female character reported greater body dissatisfaction than participants who played as an overweight female character. Additionally, results show participants were more likely to identify with and perceive similarity to skinny and average female characters than they were the overweight female characters. These results support upward comparison of social comparison theory. Motivational Influences of Linking: Factors guiding behaviors on Facebook • Kanghui Baek, University of Texas at Austin; Avery Holton, University of Texas-Austin; Dustin Harp, University of Texas School of Journalism; Carolyn Yaschur, University of Texas at Austin • More than 600 million people currently use the social network site Facebook, which allows for multiple forms of interaction. Noting the importance of sharing links to news and information &#8722; a key function of Facebook - this study determined user motivations for linking, the influence of those motivations on linking frequency, and the content of those links. Building upon uses and gratifications theory, this study found the need for sharing information, convenience and entertainment, to pass time, interpersonal utility, control, and promoting work contributed to the propensity to share links. Information sharing also predicted the frequency of linking. Further, this study found that motivations for linking influenced the types of links posted. Higher educated individuals who desire to share information were more likely to post news links. Those who did not seek to control others posted more entertainment links. Users interested in promoting their work posted job-related content. The findings of this study and their implications are discussed. Does Negative News Have Positive Effects? The Influence of Blog Posts and Comments on Credibility • Elizabeth Bates, Baylor University • The blog poster, level of company guilt in blog post, and ratio of company-supportive to company-critical blog comments were varied to determine how each affected perceptions of company and source credibility. Data suggests public relations practitioners are less trustworthy than journalists. However, the company and its public relations practitioner are more credible when the dominant opinion in the blog, particularly in the blog comments, suggests the company is not guilty. Examining the relationships of smartphone ownership to use of both legacy and new media outlets for news • Clyde Bentley, University of Missouri; Kenneth Fleming, University of Missouri-Columbia • The overriding research question of the study is to see if ownership of mobile phone would affect use of both traditional and new media outlets for news. Analyses of a national survey (n = 496) in early 2010 show that ownership of mobile phone was a significant factor in explaining use of mobile phone, online media, and newspaper's website for news; it had no impact on readership of print daily or weekly newspaper and watching news on television, after age, gender, education, and income were statistically controlled. In addition, age was significantly and positively associated with use of traditional news media, and negatively associated with use of online media and mobile phone for news. On average, smartphone owners were significantly younger than those who had either simple cellphone or no cellphone at all. The hyperlinked world: A look at how the interactions of news frames and hyperlinks influence news credibility and willingness to seek information • porismita borah, Maryville University • Prior research has already identified the influence of using hyperlinks in online information gathering. The present study attempts to understand first, how hyperlinks can influence individual's perceptions of news credibility and willingness to seek information. Second, the paper extends previous research by examining the interaction of hyperlinks with the content of the story. And in doing so, the paper examines the influence of hyperlinks on communication concepts such as news frames. The data for the study were collected using an experiment embedded in a web-based survey of participants. Findings show that hyperlinks in news stories can increase perceptions of credibility as well as willingness to seek information. Results also reveal the interaction of news frames in the process, for example participants' perception of news credibility increases in the value framed condition. Implications of the findings are discussed. Great Expectations: Predicted iPad adoption by college students • Steven Collins; Tim Brown • While the iPad has been popular, newspaper and magazine publishers have not had the same fortune in drawing people to their applications for the device. A longitudinal study of college students, future news consumers, shows that interest in adopting the iPad has grown over two points in time. However, among potential adopters, interest in paying for digital newspaper and magazine iPad content has not grown. However, data do show that those with smartphones are much more likely to adopt the iPad and other tablets. In addition, the influence of change agents on adoption intent is confirmed and seems to indicate that the iPad has moved beyond the critical mass phase. Mobile News Adoption among Young Adults: Examining the Roles of Perceptions, News Consumption, and Media Usage • Sylvia Chan-Olmsted; Hyejoon Rim, University of Florida; Amy Zerba • Using the frameworks of innovation diffusion and technology acceptance model, this study examines the predictors of mobile news consumption among young adults. Survey findings showed the perceived relative advantage of mobile news is positively related to its adoption and willingness to pay for mobile news services. Perceived utility and ease of use play significant roles in mobile news adoption. This study validates the importance of examining the adoption process from multiple perspectives. Deciphering Blog Users: Personalities, Motivations, and Perceived Importance of Blog Features • Szu-Wei Chen, University of Missouri-Columbia; Elizabeth Behm-Morawitz • Different from many past studies that mainly focused on bloggers, this research aimed to explore how general blog users browse, read or comment on others' blogs. More specifically, we employed the uses and gratifications framework to link blog users' personality traits (the Big Five inventory), motivations to use blogs (entertainment, information seeking, social interaction, and personal identity) and perceived importance of various blog features (e.g., content and source credibility, hyperlinks, ease to use, interactivity, author anonymity, popularity and reputation). A pilot study was first conducted to clarify whether participants have a consistent understanding of what a blog is. Then, 341 participants were recruited to fill out a self-administered online survey. A two-step structural equation modeling approach was used to test the proposed model. The results not only helped clarify several inconsistent findings in the past, but also provided insightful directions for future research. Determinants of Intention to Use Smartphones: Testing the Moderating Role of Need for Cognition                  • Hichang Cho; Byungho Park • By integrating the technology acceptance model (Davis, 1989) with the need for cognition (NFC; Cacioppo & Petty, 1982), we aimed to specify the conditions under which different internal beliefs (e.g., perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use) and social influence factors (e.g., subjective and descriptive norms) are important in determining behavioral intention to use smartphones. The results based on survey data (N =172) provided support for our hypotheses that NFC is an important motivational construct that moderates the linkages between cognitive instrumental beliefs, social influence factors, and behavioral intentions (BI). Specifically, perceived usefulness had a stronger effect on BI for high NFC people, whereas perceived ease of use and subjective norms had stronger effects on BI for low NFC people. The findings reveal possible important variations in technology acceptance and the role of NFC in governing these alternative processes. Social Networking in Higher Education: A Collaboration Tool for Project-Based Learning • Amy DeVault, Wichita State University; Lisa Parcell, Wichita State University • This case study explores the use of social networking to enhance project-based service-learning. The researchers found that the student group used social networking, specifically Twitter and Facebook, for collaboration among group members to complete this project-based objective, to build a community of practice with local communication professionals, and ultimately to successfully promote their event. Hiding or Priding? A Study of Gender, Race, and Gamer Status and Context on Avatar Selection • Robert Dunn, East Tennessee State University; Rosanna Guadagno, University of Alabama • We conducted an experiment to determine the effects of gender, race, online gamer status and game context had on avatar selection, based on eight metrics. As predicted, online gamers selected avatars that were taller, thinner, and more attractive than participants who did not play online games. Non-white participants selected avatars with lighter skin-tones, whereas white participants selected avatars with darker skin-tones. Contrary to predictions and previous research, male participants selected shorter avatars than female counterparts. My Students will Facebook me but Won't Keep up with my Online Course • Francine Edwards, Delaware State University • An examination of the current body of literature has found that despite the interest in transforming education to fit a growing body of technologically astute students, few studies have investigated the characteristics or competency of that population and their ability to meet with academic success in this digital era or an informational age.  However, what has been revealed in the research is that assumptions about digital natives (students from grade K through college who represent the first generation to grow up with this new technology) may not be correct and that a focus on digital immigrants (individuals that did not grow up in this generation) face a similar set of challenges.  While today's college students are immersed and fluent in social media, consumer electronics and video games, they are not nearly as proficient when it comes to using digital tools in a classroom setting - thus countering the myth that academicians are dealing with a whole generation of digital natives.  Other studies that have investigated the extent and nature of college students' use of digital technologies for learning have found that students use a limited range of mainly established technologies and that use of collaborative knowledge creation tools, virtual worlds, and social networking sites was low.  This study investigates the ability of digital natives to incorporate new technologies in the academic process and the challenge that digital immigrants as instructors face. Live Tweeting At Work: The Use of Social Media in Public Diplomacy • Juyan Zhang, University of Texas at San Antonio; Shahira Fahmy, University of Arizona • This study used a survey to examine factors that affect adoption of social media in public diplomacy practice by foreign diplomatic practitioners in the United States. Results showed the key factors identified in the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) framework: Effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social influence and attitudes, facilitating conditions, in addition to perceived credibility had positive influences on the adoption process. Findings also showed respondents most often used social networks (MySpace, Facebook, etc.) followed by video sharing sites, intranet, blogs, video conferencing, text messaging and Wiki. Further more women reported the use of social media than men, but on average, men used more different types of social media than their female counterparts. Finally gender, age and level of gross national income (GNI) appeared to have significant moderating effects on the adoption of social media in the context of public diplomacy. Who are the heavy users of Social Network Sites among College Students? A Study of Social Network Sites and College Students • Ling Fang, Bowling Green State University; Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State University • The indulgence in social networking sites (SNS) among college students has drawn scholars' attention and research interest.  But who the heavy users of SNS among college students are and how SNS use in relation to cellular phone text messaging use, another popular medium, has not been studied.  Based on a survey on 476 college students from 24 classes in a public university, this study focused on sociability gratifications and information searching gratifications with behavioral indicators as predictors of SNS use and examined their relationship between SNS usage and with text messaging use. Specifically, this study examined (1) the demographic predictors of college students' SNS usage, (2) how sociability gratifications and information seeking gratification contribute to college students' SNS usage, and (3) the relationship between college students' cell phone usage and SNS usage. Results show a complementary relationship between SNS use and text-messaging use.  Heavy users of SNS are most likely to be females and minority students and those who relied on SNS as a news medium. Measuring, Classifying and Predicting Prosumption Behavior in Social Media • Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State University; Gi Woong Yun, Bowling Green State University • This paper compares college students' and general population's prosumption behavior in social media and proposes a set of measures of prosumption in online media settings with special emphasis on social media including a prosumption index which can be used in future studies on prosumption. We classify prosumption behavior in a quadrant of four main types along the two dimensions of production and consumption. A polarized trend of prosumption was observed. How the Smartphone Is Changing College Student Mobile Usage and Advertising Acceptance: A Seven-Year Analysis • Michael Hanley, Ball State University • This study employs online surveys conducted between 2005-2011 to investigate college student smartphone versus feature phone content usage, and acceptance of mobile advertising. Ad acceptance is measured using six mobile advertising acceptance factors from the Wireless Advertising Acceptance Scale (Saran, Cruthirds & Minor, 2004). Results show that incentives are a key motivating factor for advertising acceptance, but the perceived risk associated with receiving mobile ads could become a significant barrier to ad acceptance. Play global, cover local: News media, political actors and other Twitter users in the 2010 US Elections • Itai Himelboim, University of Georgia, Telecommunications; Hansen Derek, College of Information Studies/University of Maryland; Anne Bowser • In times these challenging times for traditional media, news organizations join social media platforms such as Twitter to attract new and existing audiences.  On this field, they compete for attention against millions of users.  This study examines the use of Twitter in four gubernatorial races by news media, political candidates and the general public of Twitter users.  Examining patterns of follow relationships indicate two types of clusters.  The local clusters include a subgroup of more densely interconnected users, in which local news media on Twitter and political candidates became hubs. The national clusters include a subgroup of more sparsely interconnected users, in which national media and online-only news sources play as hubs.  Theoretical and practical implications for news media and political candidates are discussed. The Real You?: Visual Cues and Comment Congruence on Facebook Profiles • Seoyeon Hong, University of Missouri; Edson Jr. Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; Eunjin (Anna) Kim, University of Missouri; Bo Kyung Kim, University of Missouri, Missouri Journalism School; Kevin Wise, University of Missouri, School of Journalism • Despite current extensive interdisciplinary research, the impact of Facebook profiles has been the subject of little systematic study, though investigators have explored with other forms of social networking sites. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of social cues in self-presentations and the congruence of other-generated comments with the self-presentation in people's evaluations of a profile owner. A 2 (level of social cues; high vs. Low) X 2 (congruent vs. incongruent) X 2 (order) X 2 (messages) mixed-subject design was conducted with 106 college students as participants. The results showed that a profile owner was perceived less socially attractive when other-generated comments were incongruent with the profile owner's self-presentation. Also, the profile owner was perceived to be more popular when there were more social cues available than when there were fewer social cues. Interestingly, an interaction effect between congruence and level of social cues suggested that perceived popularity was low in the incongruent condition regardless of level of social cue. This is consistent with the warranting theory that emphasized the significant role of information from the others in people's judgment of self-presentations online. That is, no matter how people package themselves with extravagant self-presentations, it cannot be very successful without validation from others. Theoretical and practical implications were also discussed. Red-Hot and Ice-Cold Web Ads: The Influence of Warm and Cool Colors in Web Advertising on Click-Through Rates • Kimberly Sokolik, Virginia Tech; James D. Ivory, Virginia Tech • Previous research has examined responses to advertisements featuring warm and cool colors, but such research with web advertisements is limited and consists of laboratory experiments rather than studies using natural data and actual consumer activity.  This study compared the click-through rates of ""box"" and ""banner"" web ads with red and blue color schemes using data from more than 1.5 million ad impressions from 12 months of traffic on a popular news web site.  Ads with red color schemes generated substantially higher click-through rates, particulary for box ads, though the effect of color was reduced in the case of banner ads. Having a Blog in this Fight:  Testing Competing Models of Selective Exposure to Political Blogs • Tom Johnson, University of Texas; Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University • This study tested two competing theories of selective exposure, the ""anticipated agreement hypothesis"" that suggests people will seek information about candidates they agree with and avoid contact with ones they disagree with and the ""issue publics hypothesis"" that asserts that voters consume information on issues they consider personally important. The study found indirect support for the anticipated agreement hypothesis as partisans relied heavily on candidate/party sites for information and reliance was linked to selective exposure. A Winner Takes All? Examining Relative Importance of Motives and Network Effects in Social Networking Site Use • Mijung Kim; Jiyoung Cha, University of North Texas • Over the past several years, social networking sites (SNSs) have increasingly become an essential part of life for many U.S. Internet users. The present study explores the motives for using the three most-visited SNSs, Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn, and whether differences exist between the SNSs with respect to the motives for using each SNS. Furthermore, this study examines how motives and network size relevant variables affect SNS usage. Although the motives sought for the three SNSs were similar across the SNSs, the result demonstrated that the primary motives for using SNSs differed. The result also demonstrated that the motives behind the use of an SNS have a much stronger association with SNS usage than the perceived network externality and perceived personal network size of the SNS. When Ordinary Citizens Produce Media Content: A Comparative Analysis of Most Popular and Random YouTube Videos • Eunseong Kim, Eastern Illinois University; Liz Viall, Eastern Illinois University • As the online video-sharing site, YouTube's motto, ""Broadcast Yourself"" indicates, YouTube has taken a leading role as the platform that invites everyone to create and share video content with others. YouTube has also enjoyed unprecedented popularity among Internet users and become a representative example of user-generated content in the Web 2.0 era. When everyone is invited to participate in content creation, what do ordinary citizens create? The current body of research provides little information about what typical videos on YouTube look like and how they may be similar to or different from those videos that garner an extraordinary level of popularity (i.e., viral videos). To fill this void, 195 top favorited and most viewed videos on YouTube were analyzed and compared to 203 randomly selected YouTube videos. Findings indicate that typical (random) videos on YouTube exhibit different characteristics from most popular (top favorited and most viewed) videos on YouTube. The paper discusses differences and similarities between typical videos and most popular videos on YouTube. The Effects of LCD Panel Type on Psychology of Video Game Players and Movie Viewers                  Ki Joon Kim; S. Shyam Sundar • As computer-based devices become the primary media via which users view movies and play interactive games, display technologies (e.g., LCD monitors) have focused increasingly on quality of video fidelity, with much debate surrounding the relative efficacy of different panel types of LCD monitors. A 3 (TN panel vs. S-IPS panel vs. S-PVA panel) x 2 (game vs. movie) between-subjects experiment was conducted to examine the effects of LCD panel type in facilitating regular viewing as well as enhanced interactive TV experiences. Preliminary data from the experiment showed that LCD panel and stimulus type as well as computer literacy were important factors affecting monitor users' viewing and interaction experience. Limitations and implications for theory and ongoing research are discussed. Multitasking across borders: Media multitasking behaviors in the U.S., Russia, and Kuwait • Anastasia Kononova, American University of Kuwait; Saleem Alhabash; Zasorina Tatyana; Diveeva Natalia; Kokoeva Anastasia; Anastasia Chelokyan • A cross-national study has been conducted to explore media multitasking behaviors among the young people in three countries: the U.S., Russia, and Kuwait (N=532). A theoretical model that was proposed in this research included factors predicting media multitasking (media ownership, socio-economic status, sensation seeking, and media use), two media multitasking variables (multitasking with media and multitasking with media and non-media activities), and media multitasking outcomes (perceived attention to media contents and perceived ease of media technology use). While some of the paths among the different variables were not statistically significant, the fact that model fit indices were in line with the acceptable rules of thumb qualified the data for analyzing the parameter estimates. The model was run with three samples, American, Russian, and Kuwaiti. Among others, the findings suggest to consider cultural and structural context to be taken into consideration in the analysis of media multitasking behaviors in foreign countries. Hostile Media Perceptions: Coloring the (New) Media Red or Blue • Ammina Kothari, School of Journalism - Indiana University; Seong Choul Hong, Indiana University; Shuo Tang; Lars Willnat • Past research on the hostile media effect mainly focused on how people perceive media bias of traditional media, while in the current dynamic media environment mobile technology is changing how people consume media. This study expands the scope of current research and tests the interplay of bi-partisan media consumption, selective media exposure and the hostile media effect within the realm of both traditional and online mediascape. An analysis based on a national survey of 3,000 American adults detects a variance in the hostile media effect depending on demographic factors, media selection and media platform. Age, gender, and political affiliation contribute to the perception of media bias. Selective exposure to traditional bi-partisan media like newspapers, television and especially political talk shows also generate the hostile media effect. Online media consumption is a weak predictor of the hostile media effect: On the one hand, consumers of news websites, news aggregators or email news perceive a low level of media bias; on the other, news sources like blogs, social network sites or mobile phones are not indicators of the hostile media effect. When Do Online Shoppers Appreciate Security Enhancement Efforts? Effects of Financial Risk and Security Level on Evaluations of Customer Authentication • Jong-Eun Roselyn Lee, Hope College; Shailandra Rao, CafeBots; Clifford Nass • As the popularity of online shopping grows, concerns about identity theft and fraud are increasing. While stronger customer authentication procedures may provide greater protection and hence benefit customers and retailers, security tends to be traded off against convenience. To provide insight into this security-convenience trade-off in customer authentication, we experimentally investigated how levels of authentication security and financial risk factors affect perception and evaluation of authentication systems. In two experiments, participants performed simulated purchasing tasks in the context of online shopping. The findings show that financial risk factors moderate the effects of security levels on consumers' evaluation of authentication systems. In Experiment 1, participants rated the high-level security system as less convenient and more frustrating when the amount involved in the transactions was higher. On the other hand, Experiment 2, which introduced a more explicit risk for consumers (liability for fraudulent activities), showed that participants gave more positive ratings of the high-level security system under full liability than under zero liability. Taken together, the present research suggests that consumers' perception and appreciation of authentication technologies may vary depending on the characteristics of the financial risk involved in the transaction process. Understanding the ""Friend-Rich"":  The Effects of Self-Esteem and Self-Consciousness on Number of Facebook Friends • Jong-Eun Roselyn Lee, Hope College; Eun-A (Mickey) Park, University of New Haven; Sung Gwan Park • The present research examined whether and how self-esteem and self-consciousness (private vs. public) predict number of social network friends, particularly in the context of Facebook use. It was predicted that self-esteem and private self-consciousness would have a negative association with number of Facebook friends while public self-consciousness and number of Facebook friends would show a positive association. In addition, it was hypothesized that self-esteem and public self-consciousness would have an interaction effect on number of Facebook friends. Data were collected from a cross-sectional survey data conducted with a college student sample in the U.S. (N=234). While private self-consciousness did not yield a significant association with number of Facebook friends, self-esteem had a negative association and public self-consciousness had a positive association with number of Facebook friends, which suggested that lower self-esteem and higher public self-consciousness would likely lead to more active friending, thereby resulting in a greater number of friends listed on their Facebook profile. Furthermore, the data supported the hypothesized interaction between self-esteem and public self-consciousness. Implications for number of Facebook friends as a social ""commodity"" are discussed. Are You Following Me? A Content Analysis of TV Networks' Corporate Messages on Twitter • Jhih-Syuan Lin, The University of Texas at Austin; Jorge Peña • This study analyzed the content of TV corporations' messages in social networking sites by employing Bales's IPA method. This study also explored the diffusion of information in social networking sites by examining users' ""retweeting"" behavior. The findings showed that TV networks tended to employ more task than socioemotional communication across program genres. Also, giving suggestions was the most frequently used message strategy in the current sample. Additionally, socioemotional messages got retweeted more often than task-oriented messages. The findings suggest managerial implications for corporate message management and relationship-building efforts in social networking sites. With a Little Help from My Friends: Motivations and Patterns in Social Media Use and Their Influence on Perceptions of Teaching Possibilities • Miglena Sternadori, University of South Dakota; Jeremy Littau, Lehigh University • This study explores what journalism and mass communication educators believe to be appropriate uses of social media as teaching and communication tools with students and alumni, including the motivations that drive these beliefs and the decisions that follow them. There was a negative relationship between age and gratifications from using Twitter and Facebook, and a positive relationship between educators' use of these tools in the classroom and their perceptions of usefulness. The hypothesis that use of social media would lead to higher evaluation scores was only partially supported. A qualitative analysis of answers to open-ended questions identified five themes: (1) recognition of the importance of Twitter and Facebook to the study of mass communication; (2) ethical concerns about boundaries; (3) perceived negative judgment or praise from administrators or students for using social media; (4) digital divide concerns; (5) perceived disutility of Twitter and Facebook in comparison to platforms such as Blackboard as well as blogs and wikis. The results are discussed in the context of their theoretical implications for the Media Choice Model (MCM: Thorson & Duffy, 2006) as well as practical implications for educators considering ways to implement social networking in their teaching. A Little World in My Hand —The Use of Smartphones Among Low Income Minority Women • xun Liu, california State University, Stanislaus; Ying Zhang • Under the guide of social cognitive theory, the current study investigated the use of smartphones among low-income minority women. Twenty-eight low income minority women were interviewed about their smartphone use patterns and their beliefs pertaining to self-efficacy, and outcome expectations. As the first study that explores smartphone use among this demographic group, the current research makes a unique and original contribution. New TV Resistance: Barriers to Implementation of IPTV in the Living Room • Duen Ruey Liu, Shih Hsin University; Yihsuan Chiang, Shih Hsin University; Niann Chung Tsai, Shih Hsin University • Families relax in living rooms and watching TV should be carefree. Researchers care about interaction between human and machines of IPTV, the study are interpreted with theory of affordance by James Jerome Gibson (1979) and technology acceptance model (TAM) by Davis (1989). We add marketing strategies, program contents, interface operation, use experience and fear of technology of five external variables in attempt to propose IPTV TAM of future promotion and development of digital TV. Color and cognition: The influence of Web page colors on cognitive inputs • Robert Magee, Virginia Tech • A Web page's red color scheme seemed to lead participants to engage in rule-based processing, while a blue color scheme lead them to engage in associative processing. In an experiment (N = 211) with physical temperature and Web page color as between-subjects manipulated factors and Attitudes Toward Charities and Need For Cognition as a measured independent variables, participants were asked to view a Web page for a trade-based development organization. When participants experienced the sensation of physical cold, those who were cognitive misers tended to report less favorable attitudes toward the Web page. This interaction disappeared, however, when participants viewed a Web page that featured a red color scheme, as red seemed to have stimulated arousal and an increase in analytic rule-based cognitive processing. In addition, an accessible knowledge structure, participants' general attitude toward charitable organizations, was a predictor of their impressions of that organization only when they viewed a red Web page. The implications of color and cognition for communication technology are discussed. A Lesson Before Dying: Embracing Innovations for Community Engagement as a Survival Strategy for Media in Crisis. • Samuel Mwangi, Kansas State University • As media organizations confront an uncertain future unleashed by disruptive technologies, they are searching for ways to successfully navigate the changing information landscape. This paper argues that one way out of the present crises is for media to embrace a culture of innovation and use engaging communication technologies that are mutually beneficial to the media and to the communities they serve. The paper maps trends in media innovations and then reports on a unique innovation project that designed a new digital tool to help media re- engage their communities in new ways. The success of the project suggests that innovative tools and services that are specifically geared towards community engagement can provide a lifeline for media in crises as well as transform community news, information distribution and visualization, and impact community conversations, making new media technology a valued ally to media organizations and communities rather than a disruptive threat. Coproduction or Cohabitation?  Gatekeeping, Workplace, and Mutual Shaping Effects of Anonymous Online Comment Technology in the Newsroom • Carolyn Nielsen, Western Washington University • This study explored whether the technology that enables readers to post anonymous comments on the same platforms with newspaper journalists' articles has transformed journalists' workplaces or work practices. Data from a nationwide survey examined through the lens of mutual shaping found that journalists are mostly ignoring the technology, continuing to assert their territoriality, and seeing little impact of comments as artifacts mediating between editors and reporters. Mutual shaping is constrained by journalistic norms and practices. Affect, Cognition and Reward: Predictors of Privacy Protection Online • Yong Jin Park, Howard University; scott campbell; Nojin Kwak, University of Michigan Ann Arbor • In recent years emotion and cognition have emerged as new dimensions for understanding media uses. This article examined the interplay between cognition and affect in Internet uses for privacy control as this is conditioned by reward-seeking rationale. A survey of a national sample was conducted to empirically test the relationship between affective concern and cognitive knowledge. We also tested for three-way interactions that consider reward-seeking as a third moderator. Findings revealed that concern did not directly play a meaningful role in guiding users' protective behavior, whereas knowledge was found significant in moderating the role of concern. The interactive role of reward-seeking seems particularly salient in shaping the structure of the relationships. These findings suggest that the intersections between knowledge, reward, and concern can play out differently, depending on the levels of each. Policy implication in relation to users' cognitive, affective, and reward-seeking rationalities are offered, and future research considerations are discussed. Factors Influencing Intention to Upload Content on Wikipedia in South Korea: The Effects of Social Norms and Individual Differences • Naewon Kang, Dankook University, Korea; Namkee Park, University of Oklahoma; Hyun Sook Oh, Pyeongtaek University • This study examined the roles of social norms and individual differences in influencing Internet users' intention to upload content on Wikipedia in South Korea. Using data from a survey of college students with users and non-users of Wikipedia (N = 185 and 158), the study found that the effect of social norms was minimal, while that of individual differences—self-efficacy, issue involvement, and ego involvement—was more important to account for the uploading intention. Seeking Environmental Risk Information Online: Examining North Carolina's Urban-Rural Divide • Laurie Phillips; Robert McKeever, UNC Chapel Hill; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Kelly Davis, UNC School of Journalism and Mass Communication • Using statewide telephone survey data (N=406), this ""digital divide"" study oversampled rural households to explore urban-rural differences in Internet access, time online, and information-seeking about environmental risk. Although the access divide has closed, parallel regression analyses revealed urban-rural differences in demographic predictors of time online and information seeking. No urban-rural differences emerged in preference for Internet as an environmental risk source, though Internet use was a strong predictor of rural respondents' sense of ""environmental confidence."" News Feed Indeed:  Social media, Journalism and the Mass Self-Communicator • Sue Robinson, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This research takes up the Castells' (2009) notion of the mass self-communicator, referring to the ability of citizens to employ digital technology to produce and disseminate information via vast networks. A hundred Madison, WI, residents were interviewed about their attitudes as potential mass self-communicators on blogs and social networking sites. Some reported posting content on their Facebook pages and other SNS material that helped them converse, understand new perspectives, prove their knowledge, document their presence on an issue, and mobilize others. Their acts of ""information witnessing"" - particularly during the Winter 2011 Madison protests - transformed them into news networkers in a way that altered the established information flows in this Midwestern city. Others rejected the opportunity as too public. Country Reputation in the Age of Networks: An Empirical Analysis of Online Social Relations and Information Use • Hyunjin Seo, University of Kansas • This study identifies and examines effects of individuals' online social relations and information use regarding other countries on their ratings of the reputation of those countries. Theoretical and operational definitions of the two variables are developed and used to establish and test a theoretical model accounting for how people form perceptions of other countries in the age of information technology and online social networking. A survey of South Korean Internet users provides the empirical data for this paper.     The survey shows that negative information South Koreans get about the United States through their online social networks can have significant influence on their perceptions of the United States. In comparison, information they get through U.S.-based websites did not significantly influence their views of the United States. This study also shows that first-hand experience of visiting the United States remains the most significant positive predictor of South Koreans' favorability toward the United States in this networked age. These results reinforce the importance of relationship-based networked public diplomacy. It is important that countries lay out digital media-based strategies that help build relationships with their foreign constituents rather than simply delivering information to them. Explicating Use of ICTs in Health Contexts: Entry, Exposure, and Engagement • Dhavan Shah; Kang Namkoong, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Tae Joon Moon; Ming-Yuan Chih, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Jeong Yeob Han, University of Georgia • We explicate 'use' of eHealth systems, or more generally 'use' of a wide variety of information and communication systems (ITCs).  A review of the literature makes clear that 'use' has been applied to a number of different operational measurements, each implying differences in meaning.  To address this multiplicity of meanings, we propose and discuss three central meanings of eHealth 'use,' introduce likely applications of each, and consider potential submeanings and operationalizations: Entry into the system, Exposure to its content, and Engagement with the system.  We argue that this three part distinction is critical to both conceptualizing and operationalizing 'Use' in meaningful and analytically useful way. Measurement and analysis strategies are discussed in relation to this concept explication. Why Do People Play Social Network Games? • Dong-Hee Shin, Sungkyunkwan University; Tae-Yang Kim • Recently, Social Network Games (SNGs) over social network services have become popular and have spawned a whole new subculture. This study examines the perceived factors which contribute to an SNG user's behaviors. It proposes an SNG acceptance model based on integrating cognitive as well as affective attitudes as primary influencing factors. Results from a survey of SNG players validate that the proposed theoretical model explains and predicts user acceptance of SNG very well. The model shows fine measurement properties and establishes the perceived playfulness and security of SNGs as distinct constructs. The findings also reveal that flow plays a moderation role that affects various paths in the model. Based on the results of this study, both the appropriate practical implications for SNG marketing strategies and the theoretical implications are provided. Exploring the Immersion Effect of 3DTV in a Learning Context • Dong-Hee Shin, Sungkyunkwan University; Tae-Yang Kim • With the conceptual model of flow and immersion, this study investigates immersion/flow effects in an educational context. This study focuses on users' experiences with 3DTV in order to investigate the areas of development as a learning application. For the investigation, the modified technology acceptance model (TAM) is used with constructs from expectation-confirmation theory (ECT). Users' responses to questions about cognitive perceptions and continuous use were collected and analyzed with factors that were modified from TAM and ECT. While the findings confirm the significant roles by users' cognitive perceptions, the findings also shed light on the possibility of 3DTV serving as an enabler of learning tools. In the extended model, the moderating effects of confirmation/satisfaction and demographics of the relationships among the variables were found to be significant. The Factors Affecting the Adoption of Smart TV • Dong-Hee Shin, Sungkyunkwan University; Tae-Yang Kim • Smart TV, a new digital television service, has been rapidly developing. With the conceptual model of interactivity, this study empirically investigates the effects of perceived interactivity on the motivations and attitudes toward Smart TV. A model is created to validate the relationship of perceived interactivity to performance, attitude, and intention. Further, the model examines the mediating roles of perceived interactivity in the effect of performance on attitude toward Smart TV. Empirical evidence supports the mediating role of perceived interactivity. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of building a theory of interactivity and providing practical insights into developing a user-centered Smart TV interface. The Anonymous Chatter: Testing the Effects of Social Anonymity and the Spiral of Silence • Madeleine Sim; Jamie Lee; Kristle Kwok; Ee Ling Cha; Shirley S. Ho • Using the spiral of silence as the theoretical framework, this study examines the relationship between social anonymity in computer-mediated communication settings and opinion expression in Singapore; we conducted an experiment to assess participants' use of avoidance and engagement strategies. Results indicate that social anonymity and future opinion congruency were significantly associated with opinion expression. Findings suggest that the lack of visual and status cues, rather than perceived anonymity, were more likely to elicit opinion expression. The Differing Effects of Communication Mediation on Social-Network Site and Online Political Participation • Timothy Macafee; Matthew Barnidge, Hernando Rojas, University of Wisconsin - Madison • This study uses a national survey of 10 cities in Colombia to explore how communication mediation influences social-network site and other online political participation. We argue these two type of participation should be distinct and illustrate how attention to information and information dissemination affects them differently. Specifically, both offline and online information sharing lead to social-network site participation, while online information seeking and sharing predict other online political participation. Social Media Policies for Professional Communicators • Daxton Stewart, Texas Christian University • As social media tools such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube have become increasingly prevalent ways for people to share and connect, professional communicators have increasingly incorporated these tools into their daily practice.  However, journalism, advertising and public relations practitioners have little formal guidance to help them navigate the benefits and risks of using these tools professionally.  The codes of ethics of their professional fields have not been updated, and to date, social media policies have not been examined from an academic perspective.  This study reviews 26 social media policies of journalism and strategic communication companies to find common themes and concerns and to suggest best practices for professional communicators using social media tools.  These themes include transparency, balancing the personal and the professional, maintaining confidentiality, rules for ""friending,"" and other matters central to developing an effective social media policy. An Exploration of Motives in Mobile Gaming: A Uses and Gratifications Approach. • Lakshmi N Tirumala, Texas Tech University; Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University; Anthony Galvez • Global sales of video games have increased to $54.9 billion in 2009 and are expected to earn $68.3 billion by 2012. Although video games are mostly being played on devices like PlayStation, recent advances in mobile phone technologies has created a new platform for video game play. Given the unique nature of the gaming experience this study proposes to examine motivational dimensions of mobile gaming from a uses and gratifications approach. The role of third-person effects in the context of Facebook: Examining differences in perceived consumption and impact between self and others • Mina Tsay, Boston University • The immense popularity and adoption of Facebook in the lives of more than 500 million users has sparked the attention of new media scholars. While much is known about Facebook members' motivations, use, and gratifications of this social networking site, minimal attention has been given to examining the perceived consumption and impact of Facebook on users themselves versus others. Applying the third-person effect (TPE) hypothesis to the context of social media, this study (N = 375) investigates: 1) differences between estimated Facebook effects on self versus others, 2) relationship between perceptions of Facebook use and estimated impact of Facebook on self versus others, and 3) association between perceived desirability of Facebook as a social medium and estimated Facebook influence on self versus others. The aforementioned relationships are also moderated by gender and age. Implications for the relevance of TPE on users of social networking sites are discussed. Will Communication Journals Go Online? An Analysis of Journal Publishing Formats and Impact Factors • Nur Uysal, University of Oklahoma; Joe Foote, University of Oklahoma; Jody Bales Foote • Academic journals are regarded as a platform on which scholarly communication takes place to validate and disseminate academic knowledge.  They provide a means to examine the question whether online/electronic publishing improves the dissemination of quality information.  The primary focus of this study is the migration of academic journals from print to hybrid (print and electronic) to electronic format.  It focuses on journals in six disciplines, including communication/journalism.  The study addresses three research questions:  a) To what extent have communication journals embraced electronic publishing? b) How do online journals in communication compare to those in business, psychology, geology, meteorology, and physiology? c) What is the relationship between journal publishing format and impact factor in the journal sample and in communication journals? Content analysis of all journals listed in the ISI database (n=716) was conducted regarding publishing format, publihsing start date, publisher etc. In order to understand the relationship between impact factor and publishing format a multiple regression analysis was deployed. The results showed that on the contrary to forecasts journals experience a slow migration to e-only publihsing format. They stick to hybrid publishing on whihc this study showed that there is a positive relationship. Use of Social Networking Sites: An Exploratory Study of Indian Teenagers • Peddiboyina vijaya lakshmi, Sri  Padmavati Women's University • Social Networking Sites have   become popular and have become a vital part of social life in India, especially among teenagers.  .   There is no in-depth study as to how and why Indian teenagers engage with social networking sites.  This study, using focus groups, explored the experiences of teenagers with social networking sites. Information from the groups was analyzed in terms of their usage of social networking sites, profile construction, online vs offline friendships, and extending friendships beyond cyberspace.  The gender variations and social norms in how teens are using these sites are other possible areas that require attention. Technological Constructions of Reality: An Ontological Perspective • Cindy Vincent, University of Oklahoma • This paper seeks to address how ontological constructions are shaped through technological dependency.  Depending on the exposure and usage of hypermediated technology, individuals will have different constructs of reality to coincide with the styles of technology they use.  Currently, there is a gap in research in addressing the impact of technological dependency on individual constructs of reality.  This paper seeks to make progress in identifying a hypermediated technological ontological perspective and recommendations for future research. Followers, Friends, and Fame: Political Structural Influence on Candidate Twitter Networks • Ming Wang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Alexander Hanna; Ben Sayre; JungHwan Yang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Michael Mirer; Young Mie Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dhavan Shah • To understand the antecedents and consequences of political candidates' online social networks, we captured egocentric Twitter networks of candidates who ran for the 2010 midterm elections. To be more specific, our data include information on a sample of political candidates running for the 2010 congressional and gubernatorial elections as well as their connections to their followers and friends on Twitter. Adopting a social network analysis approach and focusing on political structural determinants, we find that Senate and gubernatorial candidates had both larger follower networks and friend networks. Furthermore, Republican candidates had larger follower networks and incumbent candidates had smaller friend networks on Twitter. But neither network size measures affected whether the candidates were likely to win the elections or not. Our results showed strong political structural influence on how candidates managed their online social networks. Social Network Sites Use, Mobile Personal Talk and Social Capital • wenjing xie, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • Using data collected from a nationally representative survey, this study explores social network site use and mobile communication among teenagers as well as their influences on social capital. We found that, older teenagers tend to be more likely to use social network site. Among social network site users, older teenagers and teen girls use SNS more intensively. Hierarchical regression analysis shows that adoption of social network site and mobile personal talks not only have main effects on teenagers' network capital, but also interact with each other. Intensity of SNS use also significantly predicts teenager's civic and political participation among SNS users. Moreover, join groups on SNS or not interacts with mobile personal talks to predict civic participation. Incidental Exposure to Online News: An Insight from the Pew Internet Project Introduction • Borchuluun Yadamsuren; Sanda Erdelez; Joonghwa Lee, University of Missouri; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri • Incidental exposure to online news (IEON) is becoming more prominent as people spend more time on the Internet. However, little research on this behavior has been done in the field of mass communication. Through a secondary data analysis of the Pew Internet & American Life Project study (2010), this study aimed to explore association of the IEON in two contexts (news reading and non-news reading) using various demographic, technology usage, and news exposure variables. Findings of the present study suggest that both types of IEON are positively associated with higher education, home access to the Internet, strong interest in news, and online news use. However, there is no correlation between either types of IEON and legacy media use. This study extends the research on online news consumption and incidental exposure to online news. The findings have important implications for online media business. Walled Gardens?: Social Media and Political Disaffection among College Students in the 2008 Election • Masahiro Yamamoto, Washington State University; Matthew Kushin, Utah Valley University • This study evaluates the ways in which social media influenced political disaffection among young adults during the 2008 presidential election campaign. The effects of social media, online expression, and traditional Internet sources on political cynicism, skepticism, and apathy were examined using data from an online survey of college students. Results show that attention to social media for campaign information is positively related to cynicism and apathy. Online expression has a positive effect on skepticism. Implications are discussed for the role of social media in bringing a historically disengaged demographic group into the political process. Motivations for and Consequences of Participating in Online Research Communities • Juyoung Bang, Samsung Electronics; Seounmi Youn, Emerson College; James Rowean, Emerson College; Michael Jennings, Communispace Corporation; Manila Austin, Communispace Corporation • Utilizing the functional approach of attitudes, this study identified the motivations that consumers have for attitudes toward participation in online research communities: knowledge, utilitarian, value-expressive, ego-defensive, social, and helping the company. Further, this study explored the influences of respective motivations on consumers' sense of identification with communities, which subsequently affects consumers' feeling heard by companies, community loyalty, and brand trust. Online survey data (n=1,461) supported the hypothesized relationships and offered theoretical and managerial implications. Student Papers Opting Into Information Flows: Partial Information Control on Facebook • Leticia Bode • While we know a great deal about purposive information seeking online, and we have some understanding of incidental exposure to information online, Web 2.0 challenges this dichotomy. Social media represent a new type of information environment, in which users have partial control over the information to which they are exposed. While users opt into information flows, they are then exposed to information they might not have sought out themselves. This study is a first step in understanding the dissemination of information in this environment, as well as the effects of exposure to such information. Utilizing survey data relating to the specific case of the popular online social network, Facebook, the study tests for likelihood of exposure to information in this environment, as well as the relationship between exposure and opinion change. Results indicate that users do recognize exposure to information in this new environment, and exposure to information in that medium significantly increases the likelihood of opinion change as a result. Building Frames Link by Link: The Linking Practices of Blogs and News Sites • Mark Coddington, University of Texas-Austin • This study uses content analysis and depth interviews to examine the use and conceptions of hyperlinks among news web sites, independent bloggers, and blogging journalists, particularly the way that they contributed to episodic, thematic, and conflict news frames. News sites' links functioned thematically to provide context through background information produced by a limited body of traditional, non-opinionated sources. Bloggers' links, however, served as a more social connection while pointing toward immediate, episodic news issues. For Love or Money?: The Role of Non-Profits in Preserving Serious Journalism • Emily Donahue Brown, University of Texas • This study employed elite, in-depth interviews with executives of online non-profit journalism organizations to ascertain their sense of mission, audience and the model's potential for long-term relevance. They see their organizations assuming investigative, in-depth reporting roles vacated by mass media. The online non-profit model enables deeper interactive engagement with local audiences.  Securing stable funding and broader audiences are critical concerns. Cross-platform collaboration is crucial to establishing brand; engaging younger audiences is not a major priority. Linked World: Applying Network Theory to Micro-Blogging in China • Fangfang Gao • Micro-blogging is one of the latest Web 2.0 technologies with great impact in the world. Drawing on network theory, this study focused on the recent micro-blogging phenomenon in China, analyzing the characteristics of micro-blogs. Content analyzing the secondary data from Sina micro-blogs, this study found that lifestyle and entertainment/celebrity were the most popular and the most reposted topics in Chinese micro-blogs. Features of micro-blogs such as topic, authorship, and multimedia usage can predict their emergence as hubs in the Chinese micro-blogging network. Implications of results were discussed. Will the Revolution be Tweeted or Facebooked? Using Digital Communication Tools in Immigrant Activism • Summer Harlow, University of Texas-Austin; Lei Guo, University of Texas at Austin • Considering the debate over U.S. immigration reform and the way digital communication technologies increasingly are being used to spark protests, this study examines focus group discourse of immigration activists to explore how digital media are transforming the definitions of ""activism"" and ""activist." Analysis suggests technologies are perhaps pacifying would-be activists, convincing them they are contributing more than they actually are. Thus, ""armchair activism"" that takes just a mouse click is potentially diluting ""real"" activism. Go to the People: A Historical Case Study & Policy Analysis Of Massachusetts and Open Standard Document Formats • Andrew Kennis • In 2004, Massachusetts announced it would switch the format of its electronic documents for its public records from a proprietary, to an ostensibly open standard.  My case study examines the struggles, controversies, and successes of the monumental Massachusetts policy.  It is an epic tale and one that is casually known to most internet policy scholars, if not the general public.  This case study not only closely details the development of what was a monumental policy initiative, but also undertakes a critical analysis of the history observed in Massachusetts. A policy argument is posited which calls for the organization of democratic, grassroots-based support for the furtherance of an open standard document format not developed or maintained by a corporation which currently monopolizes the office suite market. An ""open coalition"" is called upon to undertake a public awareness and grassroots lobbying campaign, which would connect the open source community to the cause of adopting a genuinely open standard document format by tying open source and standard initiatives together. The effect of emotional attachment to mobile phone on usage behavior:  Meditation effect of deficient self-regulation and habit • Mijung Kim • Considering pervasiveness of mobile phones, the literature of media use has focused on a wide range of predictors of mobile phone usage behaviors such as motivations, gratifications, self-efficacy, personality traits, media dependency, and demographic characteristics. Nonetheless, the existing theoretical models focusing on rational or utilitarian media usage cannot reflect the emotional and relational aspect of usage behaviors. In other words, what past studies of media use has not paid attention is the possibility that users develop relationship with media and emotional attachment to media including both cognitive and affective based media-self connections. Thus, focusing on psychological connections between users and media, this study demonstrates users' emotional attachment to mobile phones, influence their mobile phone usage behavior. Specifically, this study focuses on the mediation effects of deficient self-regulation and habits. Crude comments and concern: Online incivility's effect on risk perceptions of emerging technologies • Peter Ladwig; Ashley Anderson, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Uncivil rhetoric has become a growing aspect of American political discussion and deliberation.  This trend is not only confined to traditional media representations of deliberation, but also online media such as blog comments.  This study examines online incivility's effect on risk perception of an emerging technology, nanotechnology.  We found that reading can polarize audiences' attitudes of risk perception of nanotechnology along the lines of religiosity, efficacy, and support for the technology. Motivations and Usage Patterns of Online News: Use of Digital Media Technologies and Its Political Implications • Shin Haeng Lee, University of Washington - Seattle; ChangHee Choi, School of Journalism, Indiana University at Bloomington • With an interest in contextualized use of new communication technologies and its implications, this study examines the relationship of individuals' motivations for news consumption to their frequencies and patterns of online news use and attempts to explain the role of online features in the news consumption by dividing online activities into active and passive usage patterns. Based on a secondary analysis of data collected by the Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project that conducted a national survey on the media and technology consumption of individuals in 2010, this study aims to identify online users' motivations for using online news and to examine relationships between user motivations for news consumption and usage patterns of online news services. The findings of this study demonstrate associations of individuals' different motivations with not only their usage frequencies but also patterns of online news services. The results also suggest that the examination of various activities engaged with different functions the Internet provides should be considered in studies of what motivates people to experience new practices in using web-based media. Given different modes of Internet usage in getting news, this study shed light on the important role of new tools or functions web-based media provide in online practices its users perform as well as the examination of what contents or services they consume or engage with. Finally, the study suggests that scholars should consider for future research the investigation of individuals' different practices online in using news, contingent on their motivations for media use. Online users' news consumption practices and technological tools • Shin Haeng Lee, University of Washington - Seattle • Online users' different motivations with respect to news consumption lead to different practices in using news media and related ICTs. However, media institutional actors endeavor to hold their power as a traditional gatekeeper even on the Web. In this sense, online users' activities can be explained with not only traditional mass communication models but also individual motivations for social networking. This paper allows for an explanation in which the application of new ICTs to web-based media reflects institutional actors' attempts to get access to arenas that draw larger audiences online. Likewise, individual actors who use shared digital network technologies with a motivation for human interactivity play a much more dynamic role in reconfiguring a distinctive flow and patterns of news and information on the Web from traditional communication models. Thus, digital network technological tools can be considered to not only provide online users with more opportunities to access alternative sources of news and information but also allow news media institutions to appropriate technologies for new opportunities to maintain control over users and their participations through technologies in order to reinforce their communicative power. In an effort to examine the consequences of the use of new technologies in news consumption, future research should therefore take into account institutional as well as individual actors' practices in a process of interaction between their motives and tools for satisfying their needs in the historical and cultural context. Issue Information and Technological Choice in a Senate Election Campaign: News, Social Media, Candidate Communications, and Voter Learning • Jason A. Martin, Indiana University School of Journalism • As candidates, the news media, and much of the public increasingly focus on digital and mobile media, it is important to understand the impact of these communication technologies in a variety of election contexts. This paper addressed that research problem by asking citizens about their use of various election information resources and their knowledge about key issues in a U.S. Senate campaign. A representative survey of randomly selected voters (n = 220, 50.9% response rate) in one of the nation's 20 most populous cities was conducted immediately following the November 2010 Senate midterm election. Respondents were asked how frequently they used traditional and digital news media, social media, and campaign communications, including both advertising and candidate websites.  A hierarchical regression model including media use, alternate information sources, motivation measures, and demographics revealed that newspaper use and online news use were the most important independent predictors of issue knowledge, followed by voting status and general civics knowledge. Also, newspaper use and news website use were not correlated, indicating that they were similarly but separately effective in influencing voter issue learning. On the other hand, blog use, social media use, and campaign website use did not have significant effects on issue learning after controls. These findings indicate that although citizens had a greater range of information available to them than ever before, they preferred traditional campaign content and learned the most from the news media's printed word even as they diversified the platforms on which they received that election news. Perceived Credibility of Mainstream Newspapers and Facebook • Andrew Nynka, University of Maryland; Raymond McCaffrey, University of Maryland • This study examines whether consumers perceived differences in the credibility of news from a mainstream newspaper compared to a social media web site where a friend provides a link to a story. Measures indicated significant differences across four indices, with a New York Times story rated higher in terms of professionalism, authority, and information, while participants indicated they were more likely to provide a link to the friend's Facebook story on their own Facebook page. The Roles of Descriptive Norms and Communication Frequency in Forming Information Communication Technology Adoption Intention • Yi Mou, University of Connecticut; Hanlong Fu • Previous studies have not examined the roles of descriptive norms and communication frequency in the process of information communication technology adoption.  This study aims to fill the gap using podcast as an example.  Results show that descriptive norm is an additional significant predictor of adoption intention.  Injunctive norms play a moderating role in the relationship between communication frequency and descriptive norms.  However, frequent communication in one's social networks does not necessarily reduce the discrepancy between an individual's beliefs and perceived others' beliefs related to podcast using.  Implications for future studies are also discussed. Look At Me Now: The Need To Belong And Facebook Use • Stephen Prince, Brigham Young University; Adam Anderson; Sarah Connors • The objective of this study was to examine if an individual's need to belong was associated with specific types of participatory Facebook activities, particularly those that might provide functional substitutes for more traditional interpersonal interaction and involvement with others. A secondary objective was to determine if gender mediated the relationship between need and activity frequency. Data were collected via an online survey (N = 398) administered to Facebook users ranging in age from 14 to 73 (M = 25.93). Our results indicate that those individuals with the greatest need to belong were more likely than those with the lowest need to update their Facebook status on a regular basis, tag photographs, and to use Facebook Chat with a larger number of their friends. Our findings also suggest gender impacts usage patterns based on need to belong. Men with high need are more likely to use Facebook for more interactively immediate forms of communication, such as chatting, than women.  Women with high need were more likely than those with low need to engage in activities that were more designed to draw attention to the individual rather than to create an immediate means of two-way interaction. Consumer Motivations and the Use of QR Codes • Jennifer Seefeld, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Meghan Collins, University of Nebraska – Lincoln • The development of QR codes and the increase of mobile phones among college students has developed a new media outlet. Many companies are investing in mobile marketing campaigns but there is little academic research on QR codes. This pilot study attempts to bridge this gap in literature. It analyzes the view of advertising agencies as well as the motivations and knowledge of QR codes in the target market of college students. New Media in Social Relations: The Cell Phone Use among College Students in Building and Maintaining Friendships • Ivy Shen, University of Oklahoma • This study explores the role of cell phone in maintaining and establishing friendships among college students. A comparison between the cell phone use and face-to-face communication was drawn to see which communication approach is preferred by those young people in terms of supporting friendships. Gender's affect on college students' attitudes toward the cell phone use in friendship maintenance and establishment was also examined. The results demonstrate that the cell phone does help in maintaining friendships. College students prefer using the cell phone to having face-to-face conversations to maintain the relationships. Yet, face-to-face interaction turns out to be more preferable in initiating friendships. The findings also suggest that gender is not an influential factor in college students' cell phone use in the connections with friends. From Stereoscopy to 3D HD Image:A Review of 3D HDTV Diffusion from the Perspective of Technology Adoption • Xu Song • 3D HDTV is in its early days. 3D technology still needs to be improved to be ready for mass promotion in the market. This study reviews the 3D HDTV technology development and its diffusion in society. Based on the review of the current 3D HDTV adoption situation, individual and social factors which may influence the adoption of 3D HDTV are identified. Some factors such as media technology use and attitude are oriented from the individual difference; some factors such as cost and health risks focus on social aspects. This study analyzes the challenges faced by 3D HDTV diffusion and provides some recommendations for the success of 3D HDTV diffusion. The Bottom Line: The Negative Influences of Technology on the Good Work and Ethics of Journalism • Ian Storey, Colorado State University • New communication technologies have some positive influences on journalism, but overall have added to the decline of ""good work"" by journalists who are pressured to publish sooner in a culture of immediacy. This immediacy has serious consequences on the profession of journalism and the practitioners of it. In the pursuit to be first, news agencies are creating ethical problems that include providing the public with unverified information and failing to adequately deliberate about their actions. Gift Economy: Contributors of Functional Online Collaborations • Yoshikazu Suzuki, University of Minnesota Twin Cities • As the Internet transformed into a social platform following Web 2.0, active audience participation and commons-based peer production has been argued as an alternative arena of production for socially and culturally meaningful artifacts. Past literatures have mainly focused on the societal and cultural implications of such change in the landscape of contemporary Internet. However, despite the significant economic implications of peer production, existing literatures remain silent to investigating the phenomenon through the theoretical scope of economic systems. The present study is a qualitative investigation of user contributions and collaborations aimed provide an alternative understanding of the phenomenon of online collaboration through the scope of gift economy. Reciprocity in social network games and generation of social capital • Donghee Yvette Wohn, Michigan State University • Social network games—games that incorporate network data from social network sites—use exchange between players as a main mechanism of play. However, the type of exchange facilitated by the game is both social and economical. Players get an immediate reward by the system by initiating an exchange with another player, but they can also anticipate an unspecified return from that player. In this dual-exchange environment where reciprocity is triggered by two different stimuli, does reciprocity generate social capital?  This paper describes a longitudinal experiment using a Facebook game (N=89) to examine the effect of behavior and affect on social capital development among zero-sum acquaintances. Reciprocity indicated a significant but small main effect. Affective measures—trust and copresence, but not intimacy—were positive indicators of social capital. Consumer's purchase power and ICT diffusion: Theoretical framework and cross-national empirical study • Xiaoqun Zhang • Combining the theories of Diffusion of Innovations Theory and Consumer Theory, this paper constructs a three dimensional framework for the diffusion process of ICTs. This framework shows how the s-shape curve changes when the average purchase power of a nation increases. Hence, it explains the digital divide between different nations due to the economic gaps. The hypotheses based on this framework are proposed and justified by the cross-national empirical studies. Narcissism, Communication Anxiety, Gratifications-sought on SNS Use and Social Capital among College Students in China • pei zheng; Hongzhe wang • This study investigates whether and how gratifications, narcissism and communication anxiety impact people's social network sites (SNS) use and perceived social capital. Firstly, a factor analysis of a survey data of SNS users (N=581) outlined a set of specific gratifications obtained from Renren, the most popular Chinese social network site. Four aspects of gratifications-sought (self-expression and presentation, peer pressure, social networking maintenance, and information seeking) have been identified. Then Pearson correlation showed narcissism significantly related to identified gratifications and SNS use, while communication anxiety was partially related to them; Intensity of SNS use was positively related to social capital. After that, hierarchical regression revealed that gratifications were the most powerful predictors for SNS use, while narcissism and intensity predicted social capital powerfully. Moreover, the initial significant relationship of narcissism to intensity of SNS use became insignificant when gratifications were entered in subsequent step into the regression, suggesting a mediation effect occurred. The emerging network paradigm in computer-mediated communication: A structure analysis of scholarly collaboration network • Aimei Yang • As the important influence of social networks on communication increasingly being recognized by scholars, a growing number of studies have applied the network perspective to study online communication. This article extensively reviewed the major research topics, patterns of publications, and the structure of scholarly collaboration of an emerging sub-field of online communication research: research into online networks. Findings of this study provide not only an overview of a growing new sub-field but also a baseline that will enable future scholars to see where the sub-field began and trace its shift over time. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4632 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/ctm-2011-abstracts/ Fri, 24 Jun 2011 16:10:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4637 Loss Aversion and Regulatory Focus Effects in the Absence of Numbers: Qualitatively Framing Equivalent Messages on Food Labels • Katie Abrams, University of Illinois • To frame messages as equivalent gains or nonlosses, studies have used quantitative descriptors, but are cognitive biases explained by loss aversion or regulatory focus still powerful using qualitative descriptors? The purpose of this study was to compare effects of qualitatively framed gain and nonloss messages on people's attitude. Each subject was randomly assigned to view either gain- or nonloss-framed messages about environmental impact and animal welfare on chicken packaging. Results showed no difference between frames. The Salience-Setting Function • Mohammed Al-Azdee, Indiana University School of Journalism • Agenda Setting Effect and Political Predisposition Effect are two latent constructs in a structural model. While Affect Salience conceptualizes their covariance, saliences in both of them compete to predict a third latent variable, Voting for President Obama. The analysis shows that in voting behavior, an individual significantly relies on Salience-Setting Function that primarily composes of political predisposition salience and affect salience. Need for Orientation explains condition when the function becomes consequences of media agenda setting. Eye to (Un)Biased Eye? Effects of Visual and Source Attributes  on the Perceived Credibility of Identical Information • Andrew Binder, North Carolina State University; Michael Dahlstrom, Iowa State University; Dominique Brossard, LSC, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study reports an empirical test of the effects of both visual aspects of messages and the labels of a source on judgments of credibility of the exact same information. In addition, we revisit the notion of credibility—and the distinct dimensions that were introduced initially by Meyer and have become standard use in empirical communication research since that introduction—and if they remain equally relevant in the current media environment. We address these questions by systematically varying the type of source and the modality of an informative, visual stimulus about the dangers of global warming in an experimental setting. Our findings suggest that the dimensions of credibility may not always tap the same underlying construct. In addition, we found evidence for a causal influence of apparent reach of a media message—as opposed to perceived reach—in determining higher versus lower evaluations of the biasedness of the experimental stimulus. Implications for communication theory and methodology are discussed. The Relationship Between Motivation Activation and Social Media • Paul Bolls, Missouri School of Journalism; Heather Shoenberger; Dawn Schillenger, Missouri School of Journalism; Anthony Almond, Missouri School of Jounralism; Jaime Williams, Missouri School of Journalism • This study explores relationships between biologically based motivational drives, perceived functions of social media use, and potentially problematic orientations towards social media among college students. A convenience sample of 90 college students was obtained. Respondents completed the motivation activation measure and scales perceived functions of social media use potentially problematic orientations towards social media adapted from previous research. Results indicated that biologically-based motivation predicted two important perceived functions of social media use and that these functions were significantly related to problematic orientations towards social media use among college students. Theoretical and practical implications of this pattern of results is discussed. Beyond Uses and Gratifications: Towards A "Multiple Influences" Model of Media Use • Bryan Carr, The University of Oklahoma • This paper proposes a new user-focused theoretical model of media use motivation under the rationale that current theories are inadequate for researching contemporary digital media and communication. The model uses the theories of uses and gratifications, media systems dependency, and play theory as a starting point. The core assumptions and concepts of each of these theories, as well as their strengths and weaknesses, are explored. From the elements of these theories, concepts and structure for a ""multiple influences"" model of media use and motivation are developed.  The end result of the paper is a theoretical model that proposes three spheres of influence - internal needs, external demands, and medium/source characteristics - which act upon the individual and could predict their likelihood of media or source usage. The paper concludes with a hypothetical application of the model to explore how it could be used to study a media selection situation. With Me or Against Me:  Hostile Media and Third Person Effect in Partisan Media • David Carr, UW-Madison; Matthew Barnidge, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Alexandra Rogers, University of Wisconsin-Madison; David Wise, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication; Emily Vraga, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Scholars have noted that as the menu of available programming choices on cable television increases, so does selectivity of content along partisan or ideological lines. This study begins to explore the interaction between partisanship, program bias, and the distribution of opposing viewpoints in a political talk show. Our results indicate that host partisanship and guest argument distribution both influence ratings of media hostility and perceived impact, and that individuals distinguish the source of said bias. Support for Emerging Technologies: Disentangling the Predispositional, Affective and Cognitive Pathways • Michael Cacciatore, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Doo-Hun Choi, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Dietram Scheufele, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Elizabeth Corley, Arizona St. University • Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of value predispositions in influencing public attitudes toward science topics ranging from stem cell research to agricultural biotechnology. While this research has been helpful in explaining the relationships between particular values and overall evaluations of science topics, the exact process by which these predispositions work to impact larger attitudes remains less well understood. In this study we employ a structural equation modeling approach to garner a better understanding of how religiosity and deference to scientific authority operate to influence evaluations of nanotechnology. The results suggest that while religiosity and deference to scientific authority each influence support directly, these values also operate through risk perceptions and trust, respectively, in their impacts on support. The implications of these findings are discussed. Connecting Interpersonal Discussion and the Internet: How Interpersonal Discussion Moderates the Effect of the Internet on Being Informed about Nanotechnology • Doo-Hun Choi, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Michael Cacciatore, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dietram Scheufele, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Elizabeth Corley, Arizona St. University • The idea that interpersonal discussion moderates the effect of media use on one's knowledge of political and/or social issues has been gaining considerable momentum in recent years. For example, the ""differential gains model"" suggests that interpersonal discussion among citizens facilitates an individual's ability or willingness to acquire information from mass media. With the differential gains model in mind, this study examines the relationship between science media use and science-related interpersonal talk on public understanding of nanotechnology, using a nationally representative telephone survey. Our findings show that the relationships between Internet use and informed learning about nanotechnology are enhanced among those who talk about science with other people more frequently. Moreover, our findings suggest that Internet use enables people to search and process science information more carefully for subsequent interpersonal science discussions with others. Implications of these findings as they pertain to opinion formation and public understanding of science are discussed. The Effects of Questionnaire Frames on Indicators of Data Quality • Jihyang Choi, Indiana University (Bloomington) • This study aims to empirically test how different kinds of frames of survey questions -""informative"" and ""accepting consequences"" frames- affect the quality of the collected data. The study reveals ""informative"" frames did not increase the data quality significantly. ""Accepting consequences"" frames yielded contradictory results. When the questions contain frames that facilitate respondents to evaluate about personal-level consequences, the data quality significantly improved. However, the quality did not increase in the frames of national-level consequences. Support for Message Control: A Multi-level Meta-Analysis of the Third-Person Effect • Charles Feng • However robust the perceptual component of the third-person effect is, the behavioral component of the third-person effect hypothesis, i.e., TPP will lead to support for restrictions on undesirable messages, got mixed support in empirical studies. Are there any methodological artifacts, which caused the variations of results? This paper found that TPE effect size was weak, and the locations where the studies were conducted as well as message types play the important role in moderating the TPE through a meta-analytical review. The implication for theory development was discussed. Stages of Mobilization: An Influence and Rational Choice Model for Consensus, Action and Sustainability • Laleah Fernandez, Michigan State University • This paper proposes a series of network analysis terms to illustrate the stages of mobilization model. The stages of mobilization examined here are (1) consensus (2) action and (3) sustainability. The proposed model merges rational choice theory with a network model of influence recognizing mobilization as a process. As such, terms used in the stages of mobilization model are modified based on conceptual differences at the three stages of mobilization. First, this paper introduces a set of terms for the three stages of mobilization. Second, this paper offers a framework for model building to be used for empirical testing of the stages of mobilization. Political Consumption and Needs of the Self: A Functional Attitudes Approach to Citizen Engagement • Melissa R. Gotlieb, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This paper applies functional attitudes theory to explore motivations for citizen engagement. Using data from the 2007-2008 Cooperative Campaign Analysis Project, this paper examines the factors (predispositions, news use, political information sharing) that predict outcome expectancies for political consumption that relate to needs of the private and collective self, as well as how these outcome expectancies, in turn, predict frequency of engagement in political consumption. Implications for civic and political modes of engagement are discussed. Toward the Third Level of Agenda Setting Theory: A Network Agenda Setting Model • Lei Guo, University of Texas at Austin; Maxwell McCombs, University of Texas at Austin • This paper presents a Network Agenda Setting Model, which proposes that the network relationships among objects and/or attributes can be transferred from the news media to the public's mind. The empirically grounded model is based on a network analysis that compared the media and public network agendas regarding the political candidate attributes in the 2010 Texas gubernatorial election. In support of the Model, this analysis found a significant correlation between the two networks. The Effect of Psychological Reactance and Framing on Attribution of Solution Responsibility for Health Problems • Lesa Hatley Major, Indiana University • This study applies the theory of psychological reactance to news stories presented in health coverage of obesity, depression, and lung cancer. It seems reasonable that individuals who demonstrate high levels of reactance and respond negatively to persuasive communication about health issues might have the same response to frames used in health new stories. It also combines news frames to determine the effects of those frames on how attribute responsibility for solving health problems. The findings suggest that high levels of trait reactance lead to decreased support of societal solutions to health problems. Findings also indicate that thematic and loss-framed stories increase support for health policies. Examining How Social Norms Mediate Presumed Media Influence on Thai Adolescents' Drinking Behavior • Shirley S. Ho, Nanyang Technological University; Thanomwong Poorisat, Nanyang Technological University; Rachel Neo, Nanyang Technological University; Benjamin H. Detenber, Nanyang Technological University • This study uses the influence of presumed media influence (IPMI) model as the theoretical framework to examine how perceived social norms (i.e., descriptive, subjective, and injunctive norms) will mediate the influence of pro- and anti-drinking media messages on adolescents' intention to consume alcohol in Thailand. Using census data collected from 1,029 high school students in Thailand, our results suggest that the three types of perceived social norms could be integrated into the IPMI model. Peer Influence in Adolescent Political Socialization: Deliberative Democracy Inside and Outside the Classroom • Mi Jahng, University of Missouri-Columbia; Mitchell McKinney, University of Missouri; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri • This study explores the role of peer interaction in adolescent political socialization by examining political conversation behaviors. The investigation incorporated different conceptual definitions of deliberative discourse, including more structured political talk as part of in-class political discussions and also informal political conversations found in one's peer group interactions. Results showed that adolescents' informal peer political conversations influenced their level of political tolerance, and likelihood to try out opinions in different settings, whereas political talk in school activity had a positive influence on various types of political participation. Political knowledge was not predicted by either peer group conversation or structured civic learning, but was mostly explained by political conversations with family members and parental political participation. Modeling the Use of Medical Journals as News Sources in The New York Times • Vincent Kiernan, Georgetown University • This paper conceptualizes journalists' reliance on scientific and medical journals as news sources as an example of diffusion of innovation. The paper applies a quantitative model of the diffusion process to the New York Times' citations of five medical journals from 1851 through 2010. Data  for references to the journals as a whole and to the New England Journal of Medicine fit the model well. Who Are Others in The Third-Person Effect? : A Selective Downward Comparison of Non-smokers and Smokers Toward Smoking Issues • Keun Yeong Kim, Pennsylvania State University; Hyun Seung Jin, University of Missouri-Kansas City • Concerning the third-person effect, the purpose of this paper is to answer the fundamental question 'who are others?' when assessing the perceived effects of cigarette and anti-tobacco advertising. The particular interest of this study is to investigate the underlying mechanism of the third-person effect between non-smokers and smokers by applying the social comparison theory and downward comparison theory. Findings indicated that, when downward comparison is not available, people are inclined to compare themselves with similar others in order to defend their self-esteem when assessing the effects of cigarette messages and anti-tobacco messages on themselves as well as on others. Conversely, once downward comparison is applicable, people prefer to compare themselves with dissimilar others for self-enhancement. Consequently, the different choices in reference group between non-smokers and smokers result in the changes in the sign or magnitude of the perceived effects toward both cigarette and anti-tobacco advertising. Partisan Selective Exposure and Its Political Implications • Su Jung Kim, Northwestern University • The proliferation of information sources made a significant impact on the ways in which people consume news and information. One of the daunting pictures about a high-choice media environment is the deepening division of news media users into liberal and conservative news media outlets.  The current media landscape enables people to selectively choose news media outlet that voice opinions consistent with their political beliefs and prevents them from sharing a common social and political agenda, which could be a serious obstacle to the welfare of the democratic system.  This study examines whether selective exposure to partisan news media outlets takes place and whether partisan selective exposure promotes or dampens political participation in a South Korean media context.  By using a single-source data set which combines peoplemeter data and a telephone survey from the same respondents, this study attempted to see whether selective exposure mechanisms found in previous research in Western contexts are also found in a non-Western national context.  The results suggest that partisan selective exposure occurs especially when the political spectrum of the media outlets are pronounced.  The relationship between partisan selective exposure and political participation is not found. Selective Exposure and Reinforcement of Attitudes and of the Political Self Before a Presidential Election • Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick, The Ohio State University; Steven Kleinman, The Ohio State University • A preference for attitude-consistent media messages has long been suggested, yet how such exposure actually reinforces political leanings has only rarely been studied.  Right before the 2008 presidential election, this two-session online quasi-experiment examined consequences of selective exposure to political messages on accessibility of attitudes and political self. In the first session, participants (n = 205) responded to a computerized questionnaire about 12 political issues attitudes and their partisanship, which allowed to measure accessibility of attitudes and political self. In the second session, participants browsed online articles. Four policy issues (target issues) chosen from the 12 issues were covered by eight articles, with two articles featuring opposing topic perspectives. Selective exposure to specific news reports was unobtrusively logged. After the browsing, participants completed measures for attitudes and political self again. Results show that attitude-consistent exposure increased accessibility of attitudes and subsequently accessibility of political self while counter-attitudinal exposure decreased them. Read, Watch, Learn: The Effects of Media Multitasking on the Processing of Cognitively Demanding Information • Anastasia Kononova, American University of Kuwait • This study explored outcomes of media multitasking as cognitive process and media use habit. Two experiments indicated that when individuals processed online messages combining a textual element and an ad, the ad form (static banner/video) affected memory for textual information. Cognitive resources required to process text also affected memory for new information. The habit of media multitasking, which was linked to individuals' cognitive control abilities, influenced the process of learning new, cognitively demanding information. A Conceptualization and Operationalization of Receiver-Based Uncertainty Generated from Mass Media • Kristen Landreville, University of Wyoming • The goal of this study is to propose a framework for analyzing uncertainty that is aroused by mass-mediated messages. Uncertainty reduction theory (Berger & Calabrese, 1975), an interpersonal communication theory, is applied as a theoretical foundation from which to develop a conceptualization of uncertainty generated from mass media. After current research on receiver-based uncertainty is reviewed, a conceptualization of receiver-based uncertainty is offered. Moreover, an operationalization of receiver-based uncertainty is proposed after a critical examination of interpersonal-based uncertainty and prior operationalizations of receiver-based uncertainty. Finally, a future research agenda using receiver-based uncertainty generated from mass media is outlined. Communication Mediation Model of Late-Night Comedy • Hoon Lee, University of Michigan • This study advances a communication mediation model of late-night comedy in an effort to understand the process through which consuming satirical humor works in concert with interpersonal discussion to stimulate political engagement.  The theoretical model was tested across two different research designs and findings from both survey and experiment provide a considerable support for the indirect effects of late-night comedy viewing on political participation via a conduit of interpersonal discussion.  In particular, results demonstrate that various structural features of interpersonal communication (e.g., casual conversation, formal discussion, online interaction, and network size) positively mediate the participatory influence of late-night comedy.  On the other hand, the investigation of the mediating role of heterogeneous discussion illustrates that late-night comedy programs can disproportionately mobilize a certain subset of the electorate in that consuming satirical humor tends to invite more liberals into the deliberation of discrepant views and that well-educated individuals are more likely to benefit from debates of heterogeneous opinions.  The present study urges to extend the scope of the communication mediation model to incorporate a wider range of media sources and diverse structural dimensions of interpersonal communication in the theoretical and empirical framework. Nearly a Decade After September 11: Navigating Current and Future Counterterrorism Communication Research • Brooke Liu, University of Maryland; Abbey Levenshus, University of Maryland • Nearly a decade after September 11, 2001, much remains to be learned about the role of communication in countering violent extremism. Through an analysis of the extant research this paper maps the post-9/11 counterterrorism communication research landscape. The study identifies four groupings of paradigmatic research, which sometimes blurred and overlapped: constructivism, postpositivist, critical, and postmodern. The study concludes with proposing the Counterterrorism Communication Research Compass to understand the current landscape and the uncharted research needs. The Affective Underpinning of Hostile Media Perceptions: Exploring the Distinct Effects of Affective and Cognitive Involvement • Joerg Matthes, University of Zurich • The hostile media effect (HME) refers to a process by which highly involved audiences tend to perceive media coverage as biased against their own views. In this process, issue involvement is usually treated as a cognitive construct, that is, the extent to which the attitudinal issue under consideration is of personal importance. Although Vallone, Ross, and Lepper (1985) raised the issue of affective involvement in their seminal study, hardly any research has tried to disentangle the effects of cognitive and affective involvement. Thus, the aim of this paper is to clarify whether the HME is triggered by cognitive and/or affective involvement. Data from three independent survey studies demonstrate that affective involvement—measured as emotional arousal or as the experience of concrete emotions—can explain the HME over and beyond cognitive involvement. Implications of these findings for future HME research are discussed. News Exposure, Political Knowledge, Partisanship, and (Mis)Perceptions of Change in Conditions Under George W. Bush • Patrick Meirick, University of Oklahoma • This research uses 2008 ANES panel data to examine how partisanship, political knowledge, and news exposure contributed to citizens' perceptions of how the economy, the federal deficit, poverty, and crime rates changed between 2001 and 2008 -- and to how those judgments changed as economic conditions worsened throughout the year.  Partisanship was a robust predictor of perceptions: Democrats tended to see trends more negatively than did Republicans, regardless of the direction of the actual trends. Political knowledge and education tended to promote perceptions that were in the same direction as actual trends, but political knowledge interacted with party identification to promote partisan polarization in perceptions. Television news exposure unexpectedly emerged as the most important media variable, although its relationships with trend perceptions were not always in line with the facts.  This was especially the case with crime, as cultivation research has suggested.  As the year went on, partisans' perceptions of economic trends appeared to be converging on a consensus that reflected reality. But this convergence may have been more the result of a floor effect among Democrats than anything else. An Analytic Method for Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC): Distinguishing the Message Expression and Reception Effects in Online Social Networks • Kang Namkoong, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Dhavan Shah; Bryan McLaughlin, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Jeong Yeob Han, University of Georgia; Ming-Yuan Chih, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Rich Cleland; Shawnika Hull, University of Wisconsin; Eunkyung Kim; Sojung (Claire) Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This paper describes how computer-mediated communication (CMC) data collected from an eHealth system can be used for online social network analysis, which allows for complex understanding of the relationships between message expression and reception effects. The proposed methodology allows us to examine the multi-layered effects of online expression and reception, combining the following three data sets: 1) a more flexible and precise computer-aided content analysis; 2) action log data; and 3) longitudinal survey data. Hostile Media or Hostile Source?: Bias Perception of Weblog-embedded News • Sung-Yeon Park, Bowling Green State University; Gi Woong Yun, Bowling Green State University; Sooyoung Lee, Sogang University; Mark Flynn, Bowling Green State University • The effects of source and user comments on perceptions of Weblog-embedded news reports were examined in the framework of hostile media effect.  Source, one perceived by participants as agreeable and  the other perceived as disagreeable, affected perceived biasedness of the news story and its perceived influence on others, but not perceived reach of the news.  User comments attached to the embedded news story, one set agreeable and the other disagreeable to the issue position of participants, generated no effect on perceived biasedness, perceived influence on others, and perceived reach of the news.  There was no interaction between source and user comments.  A regression analysis revealed that source and perceived influence on others, but not perceived reach, were predictors of the bias perception.  Social and theoretical implications of these findings were discussed and suggestions were made for future research. I Just Bought this Thing!  The Diffusion of Iterations - A Modification of DOI to Explain Incremental Changes in Existing Technology. • Severin Poirot, University of Oklahoma • Devices such as Apple's iPad and the recently released iPad 2, while new to the marketplace, may not exhibit enough new qualities to be considered an innovation.  The existing model of diffusion of innovations (DOI) may not be adequate to explain devices that exhibit incremental and undetectable upgrades over existing versions.  This paper will use Apple's line of products as an example of concepts that may not be considered innovative, yet differ from existing concepts.  It will explore existing research concerning DOI and its application toward technology such as the iPad or its predecessors such as the iPod.  This paper will also introduce the concept of iterations as a way of explaining the diffusion of these upgraded products. Cultural Pluralism, Ethnic Identity and Media Language Choice • Thomas E Ruggiero, University of Texas El Paso; Kenneth C. C. Yang, University of Texas • This study argues that cultural pluralism theory is more robust than ethnic identity theory, specifically in predicting media language choice. Study results indicate that despite strong Mexican-American identity, respondents showed strikingly inconsistent patterns of media language choice, which fail to be fully accounted for in ethnic identity theory. While those who identified as Mexican overwhelmingly preferred Spanish language media content, respondents who strongly identified as Mexican Americans often chose English language content over Spanish language media content. Exploring the Effects of Mood and Culture on Cognitive Thinking Styles • Sela Sar, Iowa State University; Brittany Duff, University of Illinois- Urbana Champaign • Two experiments were conducted to explore the effects of mood and culture on analytic and holistic thinking style on memory, product evaluation and purchase intention. Results of both experiments indicated that people in a negative mood predominantly utilize analytic thinking style, whereas people in a positive mood predominantly utilize holistic thinking style. The findings also showed that Westerners were more likely to use the analytic thinking style whereas Easterners were more likely to use the holistic thinking style. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Media Effects on Group-Related Stereotypes. Evidence from a Three-Wave Panel Survey in a Political Campaign • Christian Schemer, University of Zurich • The present study investigates media effects on the activation of group-related stereotypes in a political campaign. By combining a content analysis of the coverage of the asylum law restriction with a three-wave panel survey the study found that negative portrayals of asylum seekers in the news increase stereotypical beliefs in the public while positive portrayals decreased them. The findings also indicate that the effects are partially time-variant. Specifically, the impact of negative portrayals of asylum seekers on stereotypes was stronger at the beginning than at the end of campaign. A similar effect was obtained for positive portrayals of asylum seekers in the campaign news. However, at the end of the campaign the impact of positive portrayals of asylum seekers on stereotypical beliefs about that social group was indistinguishable from zero. Appropriate Uses of Single-Item Measures • Vivian Sheer, Hong Kong Baptist University • Multi-item scales, due to their ability to produce robust reliability, often are preferred over single-item measures in empirical research. The reality of research practices, particularly in applied research, demands valid, efficient short measures that are more feasible, cost-effective, and adaptable for various populations. This article reviews advantages and disadvantages associated with multi-item and single item measures. Situations in which single items can be used appropriately are identified. Methods for constructing valid single-item measures are illustrated. The importance of measurement efficiency is underscored. Five Antecedents of Media Effects: A Model for Comprehensive Conceptualization of Individual-level Media Effects • Mark Shevy, Northern Michigan University • This paper presents a model that organizes the antecedents of individual-level media effects into five categories based on the variables implicitly or explicitly considered in effects research: 1) Context and time, 2) audience attributes and processes, 3) interactivity, 4) content, and 5) form. The model facilitates scholars' and students' overall conceptualization of an effect by explicitly representing all of these variables and their relationships in a single place (rather than scattered across various studies). Media Capabilities as a Comprehensive Construct for Research on Media Choice: Assessment of a Measurement Model • Kristy Shi, Bowling Green State University; Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State University; Gi Woong Yun, Bowling Green State University • This study proposed a new comprehensive construct for understanding media choices in terms of news consumption in a multiplatform context for leisure use. Media capabilities is the new construct with three dimensions: 1) technology capabilities, 2) gratification capabilities, and 3) source capabilities. The proposed new model was tested and confirmed with a survey of general population and college students through structural equation modeling. Limitations and suggestions for further study were discussed. Explication of Selective Credibility: Is Credibility Perceived or Manipulated? • KyuJin Shim, Syracuse University • Selective credibility is the persuasive communication framework that exhaustively includes the message selection and source selection process under the opinion-reinforcement motivation. With this framework the term de facto credibility is coined, which refers to specific attributes consisting of source credibility by which people, either intentionally or unintentionally, accredit a favorable message. This study also attempts the concrete and systematic modeling of source credibility to build an applicable theory that conceptualizes source credibility as an appendant to reinforcing-opinion selectivity.  Situational factors affecting perceived propagandistic motivation were explored under the cognitive dissonance framework that affects selective credibility. Social Network Analysis: A Mixed-Methodological Approach • Cindy Vincent, University of Oklahoma • This paper proposes a mixed-methodological approach to social network analysis.  Based on Wasserman and Faust's (1999) network analysis concept, Castells' (2009) network society concept, and Wellman's (2001) communities as networks concept, this paper outlines the theoretical foundations for the basis of a mixed-methodological social network analysis.  The paper contributes an alternative network analysis approach by combining new quantitative methods with traditional qualitative methods.  This paper provides implications for mixed-methodological social network analysis in future research. A Case for Survey Based Case Studies: Considerations of Generalizability and Theory • Justin Walden, Penn State University • As a methodological approach, the case study remains a divisive topic. While some scholars tout the ability for cases to provide depth and richness to examinations of particular phenomena and populations, questions persist in the literature about the approach's ability to provide highly generalizable findings and to test theory. This paper responds to both of these criticisms by highlighting examples of well-conducted cases and arguing for more use of survey-based case studies in communications research. How Much is Enough?: Sample Size Guidelines for Content Analysis of Political Blogs • Brendan Watson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Journalism & Mass Communication; Xiaopeng Wang, University of South Florida, St Petersburg • This study based on comparing random samples to known population means derived from a year of posts on 12 ""A-List"" political blogs is the first to produce empirically-derived guidelines for sampling blogs for content analysis. The results suggest one draw" Examining the Relationship between the Third-person Effect and the Hostile Media Effect of Polls in the 2010 U.S. Midterm Elections • Ran Wei, University of South Carolina; Ven-hwei Lo, Chinese University of Hong Kong • The third-person effect and the hostile media effect are two robust phenomena that interest scholars researching media perceptions. To ascertain the relationship between the two theories, this study focused on polls in the 2010 midterm elections. Using survey data of 562 respondents, a path model was built to test how the third-person effect was related to hostile media perception. Results show strong evidence of the hostile media effect in viewing the slant of the polls and the third-person effect in assessing the impact of the polls on others and oneself. Both Republican and Democratic supporters believed the polls favor candidates of the other party. They also perceived the polls to have a greater impact on others than on themselves. More importantly, results indicate that the relationship between the third-person effect and the hostile media effect was mediated by exposure. Perception of hostile polls was found to be negatively related to exposure to polls, which affects perceived effects of polls on oneself and others, which in turn influence support for restrictions of election polls. Experimental Methodology in Journalism and Mass Communication Research • Rob Wicks, University of Arkansas; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri; Glenn Leshner, University of Missouri • Experiments are a powerful method for understanding causal relationships in journalism and mass communication research. In this essay, we examine seven indicators of experimental quality that reviewers should include as criteria in their evaluations. We note that there are complex interrelationships among these indicators. Because some of the standards are controversial, we attempt to summarize the conflicting arguments. Where different conclusions can be rationalized as appropriate, our bottom line suggestion is that the researcher make clear what standards were followed and why, so that readers can evaluate those decisions. Crystallization Theory: Construction of Reality in the Age of Social Media • Donghee Yvette Wohn, Michigan State University; Brian J. Bowe, Michigan State University • Distribution of media has drastically shifted with the introduction of the Internet. Although personal relations, or networks, have always been influential in shaping what people perceive as being important, social media such as Facebook and Twitter are making these networks more accessible.  In this media environment, we suggest crystallization theory as a new framework for understanding the social construction of reality in the age of social media. Crystallization theory builds on social influence theory, which purports that people have a fundamental desire to tune their attitudes towards groups that they want to affiliate themselves with.   Amidst the sea of information, social media facilitates information produced by the members of our social networks, who become neo agenda setters. These neo agenda setters filter information from major media outlets and introduce information that one would otherwise not be familiar with. Since people are influenced by members of their social network, we will see patterns arise where people's perception of reality will crystallize through their social networks and everyone will perceive that the information their social network produces reflects mainstream news, but there will be no true mainstream. News and Multi-tasking Audiences:  Reading Text While Listening to an Audio Newscast • Ronald Yaros, University of Maryland; Jing Guo, University of Maryland • A within-subjects experiment (n = 56) tested participants' ability to simultaneously comprehend news text on a screen while listening to an audio newscast.  Fifteen news stories were used in three conditions including: (1) audio unrelated to text, (2) audio related to text, and (3) audio narrating the text.  Post exposure tests, including thought listing from both audio and text suggest significant differences. Comprehension of both audio and text was best when the audio was identical to the news on screen. Surprisingly, however, comprehension was higher when news on screen was unrelated to the audio compared to related content. When to Use Scott's Pi; or Krippendorff's Alpha;, If Ever? • XinShu Zhao, School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University • Scott's Pi; (1955) and Krippendorff's alpha; (1980) have been among the most-often used or recommended general indicators of reliability. This article presents paradoxes showing that neither can be a general indicator. We show that Pi; or Alpha; should be used only when (a) coders enforce a predetermined quota as the first priority and (b) coders maximize chance coding as the second priority. Because the two conditions rarely hold, Pi; or Alpha; should rarely be used. Does c' Test Help, Anytime? -- On Communication Fallacy of ""Effect to Mediate"" • XinShu Zhao, School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University; Qimei Chen, Department of Marketing, Shidler College of Business, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Bing Tong, Journalism School, Fudan University • Baron and Kenny's (1986) classic procedure for establishing mediation requires a ""c' test,"" namely the simple correlation between independent variable and dependent must be significant. Many authors, including Kenny, later recommended suspending c' test under some conditions. A couple recent articles recommended to completely repeal the test.  Most of the advocates and critics of the test focused on suppression, also known as competitive mediation. This article takes a more comprehensive view. Expanding a typology recently developed by others, we laid out all possible scenarios of three-variable non-recursive models. We grouped the 51 scenarios into three types of mediations and two types of non-mediations.  We then examined each type to see if c' test helps or hinders.  We found that c' test hinders for establishing two types of mediations; it does not help for establishing the third type; it also does not help for rejecting the two types of non-medications.  Further, we show that the goal of c' test, namely ""to establish an effect to be mediated,"" is a communication fallacy resulted from an equivocation and a pseudo concept. We concluded by supporting the emerging view led by Hayes (2009) that c' test should be completely repealed for establishing any type of mediations. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4637 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/ccs-2011-abstracts/ Fri, 24 Jun 2011 16:13:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4640 Reflections of culture in Nigerian video films • Emmanuel Alozie, Governors State University • For more than 25 years, Nigeria has emerged as one of the world's leading video film producers. Since its inception, the cultural messages and values contained in these films have been a subject of interest. Several studies have been conducted to examine the contents. This study relies on a collection of these studies to extract the most common themes that have emerged. It uses the information and communication technologies as its conceptual framework. An American in Paris, Rio & Morocco: A Transnational Analysis of The Price of Beauty • Emilia Bak, UGA • The Price of Beauty follows Jessica Simpson and two friends as they travel the world and talk to women about ideas of beauty. The show appears to be a benign exploration of women's ideas about beauty, but complicated issues about diversity, the dominance of the West, and the genre of the travel show itself arise. Using a transnational feminist lens, this paper explores how diversity, in ideas about beauty, constructed the cultures explored as ""other."" The Political Economy of Hip-Hop Culture in USA Today • Sean Baker, Central Michigan University; Johnny Mann, Towson University • A content analysis was conducted on hip hop articles in the USA Today to observe ways hip-hop culture has been portrayed. Several factors were analyzed including the amount of articles, story location, story type, and story length. The context in which hip-hop culture was presented was measured by the number of references to violence, race, crime, affiliations, success and observing the changes over time. Articles in the early years were more likely to discuss hip hop in short news briefs as violent and criminal. As references to sales and success increased, hip hop received positive and more prominent feature coverage. When Ritual Media Events Fail to Unite: A Case Study on Holodomor Commemoration in Ukraine • Olga Baysha, University of Colorado at Boulder • During recent years, the problematic of social disenchantment, cynicism, and divide as manifestations of media effects has become one of the central areas of inquiry in social research. It has been acknowledges that, instead of enhancing social solidarity, late modern media events sharpen the forces of social disruption. This paper presents the case study of the commemoration of Ukrainian Holodomor (Great Famine) - a media event that has widened the split within the Ukrainian society. Drawing Lines in the Journalistic Sand: Jon Stewart, Edward R. Murrow and Memory of News Gone Bye • Dan Berkowitz; Robert Gutsche Jr, The University of Iowa • In mid-December 2010, Daily Show host Jon Stewart asked Congress to address the healthcare needs of 9/11 rescue workers - which it did. Shortly after, The New York Times published an analysis piece comparing Stewart to the legendary broadcaster Edward R. Murrow. This paper explores how collective memory of Murrow was used by both mainstream media and the blogosphere to negotiate membership boundaries of journalism itself, with analysis conducted through textual analysis of online news texts. ""To See Life as a Poem"": Toward a Mythology of Music • Phil Chidester, Illinois State University • Taking aim at the scholarly consensus that verbal language is the sole symbol system capable of conveying the complexities and nuances of myth, this paper seeks to establish music's own ability to invoke a sense of mythic transcendence. Turning to Bob Dylan's Biograph (1985) as a case study, I argue that Dylan's performance as a mythic storyteller invites listeners to perceive and reconsider their relationships to society and their connections to the cosmos. Haunted asylums? Stigma and mental illness in paranormal reality TV • Michelle Dangiuro-Baker, Penn State University • Stigma is a phenomenon that teaches individuals to discredit those who pose a threat to society. Persons with mental illness have long been stigmatized as abnormal, dangerous, and criminal. Paranormal reality TV, which features former mental institutions, provides the seedbed for such stigma communication. Through textual analysis, episodes of Ghost Hunters and Ghost Adventures featuring mental institutions were analyzed within Smith's (2007) framework for stigma communication. Results suggest that both series perpetuate mental illness stigma. The effects of normalizing forces on the development of an online radicalized public sphere • Rachel Davis, West Virginia University; Bob Britten • This study examines to what degree homosexual blogs are effective in forming online counter-publics as a form of 'other' discussion against mainstream and oppositional discourses. This work draws from Dahlberg's conceptualization of a radicalized public sphere as well as other theories relating to public sphere and homosexual communication. The findings in this study illustrate the ability of blogs to facilitate radicalized public sphere formations through online discourse by enabling users to form discourses of contestation. Power Evasive Diversity: How Journalism's Focus on the Personal and Individual Leaves Racial Power Imbalances Intact • Kevin Dolan • This paper explores how white and journalistic identifications and journalistic conventions and practices perpetuate the racial status quo. If find mainstream U.S. journalism consistently serves white racial interests and the racial status quo despite its push for diversity and stated aims to improve coverage of nonwhite communities. This is based on an in-depth ethnographic study of two daily newspapers and extensive one-on-one interviews with more than 60 journalists. Silence and Agony: A Comparison of Chronic Pain Depictions in Blogs and Newspapers • Robin Donovan • This critical discourse analysis compared blog and newspaper coverage of chronic pain. Framing, definition/self-definition of people with chronic pain, and otherization were examined in a study of 1,223 articles. Bloggers described pain specifically, focusing on its social impact and self-redefinition. In contrast, newspaper coverage highlighted debilitation, victimization, and addiction.  Newspapers medicalized and otherized ill people by portraying chronic pain as less impactful, less agonizing, and less real than bloggers' descriptions. ""Below The Yellow Line"": Competitor Discourse on NBC's ""The Biggest Loser"" • Eric Dunning; Mary Katherine Alsip, University of Alabama; Kim Bissell, University of Alabama • This paper is unique in the sense that it will be an investigation into what has so far been ignored in both body image and reality TV scholarship: participant's ideas about body image/weight loss in the media constructed, competitive ""reality"" of TV. In doing so, this paper utilizes the most robust method of evaluation, especially when looking at contestant attitudes, conceptualizations and responses to body image/weight issues, is a critical discourse analysis of their rhetoric. Framing in the 'New Media Environment': Fox News Channel (FNC) Covers the Bristol Palin Pregnancy • Frank Durham • On 1 September 2008, the opening day of the Republican National Convention, Bristol Palin's teen pregnancy was publicly announced. Fox News Channel (FNC) framed Bristol Palin's pregnancy as a positive story, foreclosing critical debate on the issue of teen pregnancy. Based on Couldry's critique of the use of media rituals to construct and consolidate 'centered' media power, this critical textual analysis examines framing as a media ritual operaating to make the media's symbolic power legitimate. Thinking about Journalism with Superman • Matthew Ehrlich, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • Superman is an icon of American popular culture. However, although Superman's alter ego Clark Kent is a reporter who works for a daily newspaper, few have analyzed in any depth the role that journalism plays in the Superman mythology. This paper uses Superman in its various incarnations in comics, radio, movies, and television as a way of thinking critically about real-world journalism's complex and contradictory relationship to truth, justice, and the American way. Questioning the Kibera Discourse: Articulating Representations and Lived Experience in a Nairobi Slum • Brian Ekdale, University of Wisconsin - Madison • I argue the discourse surrounding the Nairobi slum Kibera exaggerates the community's deplorable conditions and ignores features residents value. As a result, a disconnect exists between this discourse and the lived experiences of Kibera residents. I examine this disconnect by asking Kibera residents to articulate their life experiences and what they understand to be the Kibera discourse. In interviews, residents demonstrate an awareness of and dissatisfaction with the dominant discourse about their community. Theorizing Cultural Development vis-à-vis Cultural Imperialism Theory: Lessons from Nigeria • Nnamdi Ekeanyanwu, Department of Mass Communication, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria • Cultural Imperialism Theory is one of the loose theories that discuss media, society and cultural relations between nations. Scholars of media/cultural orientation have questioned the fundamental pillars of this theory while a few others have continued to support it. This paper re-evaluates the possible positions and concludes that the very foundation upon which this theory is built is no longer solid considering 21st century questions that the proponents have failed to answer satisfactorily. The Copyright Wars, the Free Culture Movement, and Second Wave Critical Legal Studies • Victoria Ekstrand, Bowling Green State University; Cynthia Nicole Shipman; Andrew Famiglietti • This paper maintains that the free culture movement in intellectual property (IP) law, inspired by Critical Legal Studies (CLS), has generated a second wave of CLS critique and activism, in somewhat indirect and unintentional fashion. The practical effect is a new kind of dialogue about IP law that is inclusionary, participatory, and capable of effecting change. The Next Cable Star: Critical industrial practice in HGTV's reality competition format • Madeleine Esch, Salve Regina University • Unlike other better-known reality talent competition shows, HGTV's Design Star offers as grand prize the chance for winning contestant to host his/her own series on the network. I argue that such a ""farm league"" format is not only a hyper-efficient commercialization of necessary processes but also a revealing self-reflexive act (what J. T. Caldwell calls ""critical industrial practice"") that affirms the value of on-camera television labor in an increasingly rationalized production environment. Peace is War: Epistemological and Ethical Concerns in Peace Journalism's Theory, Praxis, and Practice • Nicholas Gilewicz, Temple University • Peace journalism—journalistic practice attempting to critique and correct war journalism—arises from structuralist analysis, has culturalist aims, and emerges as an ethical media frame. 42 recent articles and books about peace journalism's theory, praxis, and practice indicate both its failure to fully consider its own discursive structure and epistemological and professional problems paralleling those of war journalism. To support peace journalism's admirable ethical aims, proponents should attend to refining and strengthening its theoretical bases. A Watchdog to Reckon With: Delivering WikiLeaks in the Israeli and Australian Press • Robert Handley, University of Denver; Amani Ismail, American University in Cairo • By examining how Israeli and Australian news media treated the WikiLeaks phenomenon in the last few months, this study interrogates how news discourses on this so-called ""whistleblower"" inform us about how journalists handle professional versus national narratives, especially when the newsbreaker (WikiLeaks) is a non-national news entity. Analysis indicates that the WikiLeaks factor may well complicate the traditional ""their news"" and ""our news"" dichotomy, particularly because nation-states' secrets are revealed on the global landscape. Spaces for Feminist (Re)articulations: The Blogosphere and the Sexual Attack of Journalist Lara Logan • Dustin Harp, University of Texas School of Journalism; Jaime Loke, University of Oklahoma; Ingrid Bachmann, University of Texas at Austin • This discourse analysis explores traditional and feminist articulations of rape in online mediated discourse of the sexual attack of journalist Lara Logan in Egypt. Examination of 175 stories and links in the top ten news blogs showed that the blogosphere contested traditional rape narratives that blamed Logan for the attack. In doing so, bloggers engaged in a struggle for meaning and mainstreamed feminist understandings on sexual violence within the online public space. I Tweet, You Tweet: Journalists' Use of Twitter and the Individualization of Participation • Kristen Heflin, University of Alabama • This study analyzes journalistic use and evaluation of Twitter and the implications for addressing journalism's present crisis in credibility.  It argues that Twitter serves as a conduit for individualized empiricism, which journalists comfortably accommodate as a supplement to traditional reporting, a move that preserves their professional status without critically reflecting on the practices that perpetuate the crisis of credibility. This study also discusses journalism's crisis of credibility as a crisis of epistemology. Television's spectacle of autism: Metaphors of a popular network program • Avery Holton, University of Texas-Austin • This study explored the metaphor of autism as fear, oddity, and disease in the discourse of a popular American television program, arguing that the public was exposed to multiple metaphorical presentations of autism that are not necessarily representative of the culture of autism. While autism as a diagnosis is characterized largely by cognitive and behavioral characteristics, the discourse presented through the program may have inflated such characteristics for the viewing public. Mediating identities: Taiwanese migrants' readings of Chinese news • Shuling Huang • Using the case of Taiwanese migrants in China, this paper demonstrates that news reception involves three levels of readings: information evaluations, meaning construction and identity negotiation. These readings are cross-referred to each other and associated with migrants' lived experiences. Three news events of China in 2008 invite various readings. Mostly, migrants distrust China's official discourse and struggle over their Chineseness. Through the reception of Chinese news, paradoxically, a kind of Taiwanese consciousness is reinforced. Selling the Post-Communist Female Body:  Portrayals of Women and Gender in Bulgarian Advertising • Elza Ibroscheva, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville • The study examines hypersexualization of the female body in Bulgarian advertising to explore how the trend of what media scholars call ""porno chic"" might normalize and glorify the process of turning the female body into a commodity. This paper examines images of women in the Vodka Flirt campaign to trace the construction of female sexuality and the role of ideology in controlling these images and their expressions in advertising as one form of cultural production. Girlfriends & Sex and the City: an intersectional analysis of race, gender, & commodity feminism in two TV shows • Camille Kraeplin • In intersectional theory, gender and race have been referred to as super-ordinate groups.  People think about themselves in terms of membership in these groups and are likely to be categorized and stereotyped by others based on these affiliations. Discourse analysis was used to examine these group identifications in Sex and the City and Girlfriends.  Three discursive themes were found to connect the two shows: the Desperation Theme, the Networks of Care theme, and the Consumption and Class theme. Double Burdens of Sexuality and Gender on Women: How Queer Texts Marginalize Female Queers • Jungmin Kwon, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • This paper explores how gender translates into sexuality, or specifically, how lesbians are situated within queerness. To illuminate this blind spot, in which queer discourses contribute to the double-marginalization of lesbians, I examine prominent scholarly queer texts and the acclaimed queer media content, Queer as Folk. Through a critical approach to academic and queer cultural products, this study points out that women are constructed as minorities not only in gender, but in sexuality as well. An Historical Overview of Philanthropy in Rock:1950s-2000s • Ji Hoon Lee • This study presents a brief historical overview of rock music's philanthropic efforts in the latter half of the 20th century. A key contention in this study is that rock music has worked to educate and enlighten the public to raise awareness over the course of its history and to present similar possibilities in the new millennium. Better at Life Stuff: Consumption, Identity, and Class in Apple's ""Get a Mac"" Campaign • Randall Livingstone, University of Oregon • Apple's ""Get a Mac"" advertising campaign highlights the differences between the casual, confident, creative Mac user and the formal, frustrated, fun-deprived PC user through a series of comical television spots. Utilizing close reading and ideological criticism, this study considers the campaign as a popular culture text with embedded implications about consumption, identity, and class, revealing thematic dichotomies that obscure these issues while promoting the spectacle of consumption and the myth of self-actualization through commodities. The Wild West of 1911 (or 2010?): Red Dead Redemption's Past/Present Conflation• Ryan Lizardi • With video games' growing cultural legitimacy and the increasing reliance on visual histories as primary sources of collective knowledge, it is important to examine what information and ideologies are learned through experiencing video games' histories. Analyzing Red Dead Redemption (2010), the default contemporary video game historical representation is shown to conflate the past/present and reduce ""history"" to individualistic, simple interpretations. Red Dead Redemption indexes present concerns and ideologies more than its setting, the Wild West. Money as Speech: An Ideological Analysis of how Corporate Speech Rights Influence the Political Process • Nneka Logan, Georgia State University • This article explores the implications of corporate speech rights on the democratic political process. It draws upon critical, ideological and rhetorical approaches to analyze the key Supreme Court cases on corporate speech rights - Buckley v. Valeo (1976) and Citizens United (2010). I argue that corporate speech rights create conditions where corporate influence can overtake citizen participation. A Critical Analysis of Facebook Hate Groups Targeting President Barack Obama • Mia Moody, Baylor University • This exploratory analysis of hate groups on Facebook looks at historical representations of black men, in general, and hate groups targeting President Barack Obama, specifically. Findings indicate most groups fall into one of four categories: race-based, political, humor and love-hate. Such analyses are important because media influence the construction of the racialized condition in which we live, and it is often through media images that people negotiate identities, ideas, and relationships. Media Construction of Global Natural (or Not-so-natural) Disasters: A Critical Discourse Analysis • Siho Nam, University of North Florida • Through critical discourse analysis, this article uncovers the forces underlying the homogenous, sensational, and formulaic media coverage of global natural disasters. Focusing on the intersection between the political economy of global media institutions and the discursive formation of disaster discourses, the article unearths the recurring logics, themes, and patterns of the media discourses of global natural disasters, and it then analyzes the roles these hegemonic discourses play in reinforcing unequal, exploitative world system. Remembering the Korean Past: Sandglass, the Kwangju Democratization Movement, and the 386 Generation • Sang Hwa Oh, University of South Carolina • A Korean television drama, Sandglass represented and explored tumultuous political and social events in Korea from the 1960s to 1980s. Using Benedict Anderson's concept of ""imagined communities,"" this study of the role of the televised drama Sandglass in Korean social life provides valuable insight into how a media text can help a common people construct a usable history out of a hidden, traumatic past. This study also introduces the concept of ""generational imagined community."" Media conduction: Festivals, networks, and boundaried spaces • Robert Peaslee, Texas Tech University • This paper is a report on extended qualitative fieldwork regarding the phenomenon of media festivals, including those related to both film and comic book culture. It is also an initial attempt at forming the trends and patterns suggested by this fieldwork into something like a theory of media conduction.  Media conduction brings with its semantic play a subtle exploration of power relationships often assumed to be transcended in the more emancipatory notions of consumer power. Disrespecting the Doxa: The Daily Show Critique of CNN's Struggle to Balance Detachment and Connectedness • Burton St. John, Old Dominion University • CNN operates with a deep connection to traditional journalistic values and their associated ""rules of the game,"" or doxa.  Not surprisingly, CNN attempts to balance established doxa against pressures brought about by changing news-media technologies, consumer patterns and operation business models.  This study examines how TDS's points to major dysfunctions within such a journalistic doxa and what the show's critiques reveal about the need for a more reflexive journalism. ""It's better than blaming a dead young man:"" Creating mythical archetypes in local coverage of the Mississippi River drownings • Erica Salkin, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Robert Gutsche Jr, The University of Iowa • This study provides a glimpse at myth within newswork (Lule, 2001) in smaller communities dealing with unexpected trauma. An analysis of news coverage of the drownings of 10 young men in Wisconsin over 15 years provides evidence that the values and needs of a given community drive both the creation and use of mythical news archetypes. The archetypes' value appears to reflect the community's assessment of the magnitude of its own loss. Katrina's power: A critical political economic communication analysis of the intersection of government and media institutions • Loren Saxton, University of Georgia; Elli Lester-Roushanzamir • Hurricane Katrina slammed the Gulf Coast on August 29, 2005, and news media flooded the Gulf Coast immediately after to report the disaster.  This analysis, through critical political economy, examines how structures of interconnection between news media and government institutions reorganized public discourse immediately after Katrina. Ultimately, this research suggests that economic structures mask the structural variables of race and class and therefore serve the interests of industrial and corporate blocs. The sovereignty of the Republic of Korea shall reside in the people • Wooyeol Shin, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Ji Yun Ryu, Yonsei University • This study explores strategic use of newspaper advertising by the 2008 Korean Candlelight Vigil. In the ads, the protestors' collective identities functioned as vehicles to link the vigil's issues to shared values, including the protection of democracy and the Korean way of life. The movement was also symbolically connected with the Constitution of South Korea. The underlying message was that the constitutional rights resided with the vigil, not with the opponents, including the Korean government. What is free? Cooperation, collaboration, and the essential dilemma of the Fourth Estate • Edgar Simpson, Ohio University • This study examined the most recent federal Shield Law debate, state Shield Laws, and the statutes of all fifty states and the District of Columbia through a prism of press independence. Thirty-nine states provide a variety of exemptions, exclusions, and privileges for comment and news gathering by established media, in contradiction to longheld notions of independence embodied in First Amendment theory and industry ethical codes. Government has tightened its embrace with journalism and this presents the essential dilemma: Does journalism serve its sources or its audience?" Then and Now, Free Speech v. Free Elections • Shea Smock, Florida State University • This study provides a qualitative content analysis from the political economic perspective of Network and Public Broadcasting Discourse Surrounding McConnell v. Federal Election Commission and Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission . This paper is part of a larger study that serves as my Master's thesis at Florida State University.  The thesis also includes a historical analysis of Supreme Court cases and legislation leading up to Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission. Heroines under control: Unexpected news portrayals of women in the organ of the Bulgarian Communist Party • Miglena Sternadori, University of South Dakota • This is a rhetorical analysis of the news coverage of women's issues in Rabotnichesko Delo, the organ of the Bulgarian Communist Party, over three non-consecutive years. The analysis illustrates an ideologically constructed reality, in which women's  limited career fulfillment co-existed with oppressive expectations, such as the importance of having sons over daughters, maintaining physical attractiveness, and shouldering household chores. The World Cares: What Fantasy Themes Appear on Facebook Status Updates? • Edson Jr. Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; Heather Shoenberger • Studies on self-presentations on social networking sites have focused on biographical data, contact details and multi-media contents and comments that people share. But self-presentation, particularly on Facebook, transcends these pieces of information: Users can tell the online world their thoughts, feelings and opinions through their status updates. Guided by the symbolic convergence theory and the uses and gratifications approach, this study focused on the disclosure of these intimate details through a public and real-time feature. Is it the Audience? A Comparison of Framing of Turkey's EU Membership in the International Herald Tribune and in the New York Times • Nur Uysal, University of Oklahoma • This study examined news framing of Turkey's accession to the European Union in the coverage of the International Herald Tribune and in the New York Times following the 2005 Luxembourg summit. As the first Muslim country seeking membership in the EU, Turkey represented a challenging test. A content analysis of news stories revealed that the IHT framed the issue as a conflict between Muslim Turkey and Christian Europe, a culturally congruent theme for European publics. The Politics of Authenticity: A Dilemma for Campaign Consultants • James Wittebols, University of Windsor • Promotional culture techniques have permeated political campaigns for some time, bringing the techniques of advertising, marketing and PR into politics.  Recently, the promotional culture industry has begun to appropriate the human value of authenticity as a means to promote, sell or persuade.  This paper reports the results of interviews with political campaign consultants on the importance of having the public regard a candidate as authentic and how that authenticity is conveyed in an election campaign. Discourses about Distant Suffering and Benefactors on the Fox-Affiliated Teen Kids News Show • Anne Golden Worsham, BYU • This critical discourse analysis examines stories about distant suffering and benefactor representations on the Fox-affiliated Teen Kids News show. This paper demonstrates how Chouliaraki's (2006) theory on the mediation of distant suffering can be used when analyzing features about benefactors and distant suffering on a teen-oriented news program. Four discourses are identified concerning benefactor representations: militaristic, corporatized, technological, and development discourse. This paper explores the negative societal implications of these discourses. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4640 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/history-2011-abstracts/ Fri, 24 Jun 2011 16:16:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4645 The Conflict over Jim Crow Censorship of Movie Scenes  in Greensboro, North Carolina, 1937-38 • Lorraine Ahearn, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • In the Jim Crow South on December 7, 1937, an association of white North and South Carolina movie theater exhibitors met for  a silver jubilee convention in Pinehurst, N.C. and made an announcement: They resolved  that they would henceforth censor Hollywood movie scenes that violated racial taboos because they showed black performers on an equal footing with whites. The resolution, reported as front-page news in the white-owned Greensboro Daily News, prompted female students from a historically black private campus, Bennett College, to call for a community boycott of white downtown theaters in Greensboro to protest racial stereotypes in movies. This little-known incident may speak to the emerging power of media in the 1930s, particularly in the social construction of race, and may shed light on the history of student activism in a city that was a civil rights flashpoint. Press Coverage of Indira Gandhi • Adrienne Atterberry • This paper examines how press coverage of Indira Gandhi changed during the 1977 election, as compared to the 1971 and 1980 election cycles.  The 1977 election occurred during the Emergency—a time of increased press censorship.  Thus, this paper hopes to explore what effect government censorship has on press coverage of Indira Gandhi during an election.  Newspaper articles from the Times of India, New York Times, and the Washington Post were selected for analysis.  The evidence indicates that press coverage of Indira Gandhi during the 1977 election focused primarily on topics of importance to her political agenda.  Meanwhile, coverage of Gandhi during the 1971 and 1980 elections focused on her competence as the leader of India and her significance in foreign relations. A 'Pestilent, Factional Quarrel': Letters Reveal Lincoln's Obsession with Censorship • Stephen Banning, Bradley University • Contrary to some beliefs, it appears Lincoln did not soften his approach to press suppression during the latter part of the Civil War. This research contrasts two times United State's President Abraham Lincoln suppressed the American Civil War opposition press. Original letters from Lincoln and those involved in the suppressions are used to shed light on Lincoln's involvement in tacitly supporting censorship, particularly in the Border States. The findings suggest Lincoln himself allowed press suppression to continue even when it would influence a local election. Partisan Journalist: William D. Workman and the Rise of the Republican Party in South Carolina • Sid Bedingfield, University of South Carolina • William D. Workman was South Carolina's best-known journalist when he decided to run for the U.S. Senate in 1962.  A segregationist, Workman said he entered the race reluctantly because he feared liberal forces were destroying the nation. He called newspaper work his "life's calling," and as both a news reporter and opinion columnist he had claimed allegiance to the norms of modern professional journalism - detachment, independence, and objectivity. But a review of the Workman personal papers tells a different story. Workman had been engaged in partisan political work behind the scenes since early 1960 to help build a conservative Republican Party in the South. Workman's papers provide a richly detailed example of how press and politics often remained closely entwined in the post-war years, despite the rise of an ethical code that proudly claimed otherwise. "If I've Lost Cronkite …": Myth and Memory of Walter Cronkite, Lyndon Johnson, and the Vietnam War • Lisa Burns, Quinnipiac University • On February 27, 1968, CBS television broadcast a half-hour news documentary called Report from Vietnam featuring CBS Evening News anchor Walter Cronkite. He ended the program with a clearly labeled editorial where he declared the war "a stalemate." After watching the special, President Lyndon Johnson reportedly said, "If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America." The so-called "Cronkite moment" has become part of the collective memory of President Johnson, Walter Cronkite, and the Vietnam War. But in his recent book Getting It Wrong, journalism historian W. Joseph Campbell claims that the "Cronkite moment" is a media-driven myth - a dubious or false story that promotes journalism's significance. But, if the "Cronkite moment" is just a myth, why does it have such staying power?  This essay looks at the "Cronkite moment" from a different angle, that of collective memory. By examining the "Cronkite moment" from a collective memory perspective, a different picture develops that helps to why explain why Cronkite's Tet editorial has become an important part of the collective memories of Johnson, Cronkite, and the Vietnam War. After reviewing references to the "Cronkite moment" in books by journalists, presidential biographers, and media historians, the analysis focuses on two key types of memory-shaping products: memoirs and museum exhibits related to Johnson and Cronkite. This essay will look at how the "story" is remembered in these various iterations, addressing some of Campbell's concerns along the way. From Outsider to Martyr: The Advocate's Coverage of Harvey Milk from 1977 to 1979 • Robert Byrd, University of South Alabama • Harvey Milk's short-lived political career in San Francisco is a milestone in the gay movement. Milk made waves among the established gay political hierarchy of San Francisco. One member of that hierarchy happened to own the nation's most-widely circulated LGBT magazine. This paper explores the evolution of The Advocate's depiction of Milk from a self-centered political outsider with potential to do serious damage to the gay movement to a martyr whose memory will inspire those that follow to continue to work toward the goals he gave his life to achieve. Community Journalism in a Secret City: The Oak Ridge Journal, 1943-1948 • Michael Clay Carey, Ohio University • In 1943 the federal government approved publication of the Oak Ridge Journal, a weekly flyer sent to residents at one of three secret towns created to develop the Manhattan Project. This in-depth review of the Journal's content reveals that early issues focused mainly on government propaganda aimed at workers, but over time the publication grew to look and read more like a traditional community newspaper. Even as it evolved, government censorship was still evident. "Our TV show": Legitimacy, Public Relations and J. Edgar Hoover's "The F.B.I." on ABC-TV • Matthew Cecil, South Dakota State University • "The F.B.I.," television series allowed J. Edgar Hoover's public relations team to reach millions of viewers with stories emphasizing the organization's legitimacy by focusing on themes demonstrating utility and responsibility. A review of FBI control over the series provides a snapshot of state-of-the-art Bureau public relations and brand management at the end of Hoover's 48-year tenure. Made by TV: The American Football League and Broadcast Networks • Thomas Corrigan, Penn State; Melanie Formentin, Penn State • In the 1960s, the American Football League's (AFL) creation ushered in direct competition for professional football's incumbent circuit, the National Football League (NFL). Network television's revenue and promotion proved crucial for the AFL's stability and ascendancy. This paper examines the AFL's relationship with network broadcasters. A crucial piece of sports broadcasting legislation, paired with NBC's role as AFL financier, put upward pressure on player salaries, ultimately hastening the AFL and NFL merger of 1966. A Pulitzer up North, a Libel Suit down South: Southern Editors' Civil Rights Writings, 1954-1968 • Aimee Edmondson • This study focuses on libel suits filed against four Pulitzer Prize winners in the South. Just as the New York Times faced the wrath of police commissioner L.B. Sullivan in the most famous of libel cases, here are four southern editors who fought suits against public officials and public figures in the South in the 1950s and 1960s. In any study of reporters' attempts to cover the civil rights movement and southern efforts to stop them, southern journalists should be included. "Mexicans, Indians and the Worst Kind of White Men": Bayard Taylor's Construction of Mexican Identity • Michael Fuhlhage, Auburn University • This paper analyzes 39 first-person reports New York Tribune correspondent Bayard Taylor wrote in California and Mexico in 1849-50. His letters are packed with observations about Mexican people and relations with the Americans who flooded into the territory. His lectures on ethnicity and race and personal papers are also analyzed. Taylor provided a counterpoint to demonizing portrayals of Mexicans in the press but perpetuated stratification of Californio elites and Mexican farmers and laborers. They Came to Toil:  U.S. News Coverage of Mexicans on the Eve of the Great Depression • Melita M. Garza, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • In the aftermath of the 1929 stock market crash as many as one million Mexican Americans and Mexicans were deported in what has been characterized as a racial exclusion program second only to the Native American removals along the Trail of Tears during the nineteenth century. This study assesses whether Depression era English and Spanish-language newspaper coverage at the incipient stage of this great Mexican diaspora reflected a U.S. economy divided by culture. "Woman at the Wheel" Column Challenges Detroit's Notion of the Female Car Buyer, 1965-1982 • Ellen Gerl, Ohio University; Craig Davis, Ohio University • This paper examines the representation of the woman car driver and themes present in the "Woman at the Wheel" column in Woman's Day from 1965 to 1982. The automotive advice column was created to attract automobile advertising but never did. Textual analysis, interviews, and archival research show that Detroit automakers' gendered notion of the female car buyer kept them from advertising in women's periodicals such as Woman's Day. Trouble on the Right, Trouble on the Left: The Early History of the American Newspaper Guild • Philip Glende, North Central College • The early years of the American Newspaper Guild were filled with internal conflict as intense as the struggle with employers. Many reporters and editors resisted embracing a trade union model for their organization. For some, journalism was a profession made up of reporters who thrived on individual talent and hard work. For many who opposed the Guild, no issue appears to have been more alienating than leftist leadership in local and national offices. Sic Juvat Transcendere Liberi: How Newspapers Built the Case for West Virginia Statehood • Matthew Haught, University of South Carolina • Long before their political separation, the people of West Virginia regarded themselves as unique, sharing few ties with the Virginians east of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Benedict Anderson's concept of imagined communities helps explain the process by which the people of western Virginia united to create a state apart from the east. This paper examines western Virginia newspaper discussions about separation and statehood between 1860-1863 and employs Anderson's framework as a guide. "Race Conference Meets In Atlanta": Public Relations for the NAACP's First Conference in the South, 1920 • Denise Hill, UNC-Chapel Hill • Since its founding in 1909, the NAACP employed a number of public relations strategies and tactics to communicate its primary objective, which was: "to uplift the Negro men and women of this country by securing for them the complete enjoyment of their rights as citizens, justice in the courts, and equal opportunities in every economic, social, and political endeavor in the United States"  More specifically, the NAACP wanted to ""stamp out the evils of race prejudice practiced against the Negro in America in the form of lynching, disfranchisement, Jim-Crowism, unequal industrial and educational opportunities, and other such disabilities."  In 1920, the NAACP decided to hold its first conference in the south. The NAACP believed its first conference in the South, to be held in Atlanta, would be a watershed moment, and its leaders wanted to ensure that it was effectively employing public relations for the conference to further its cause. This study explores how the NAACP used public relations for its eleventh annual conference, and how those public relations activities fit within previously linear models of public relations history. Insults for Sale: The 1957 Memphis Newspaper Boycott • Thomas J. Hrach, University of Memphis • In the 1950s as African Americans around the country began using their economic clout to affect change in public policy, black citizens of Memphis effectively used a boycott to alter policies at that city's largest circulation newspaper. The Citizens Improvement Committee, a group of black citizens organized a successful boycott of The Commercial Appeal in 1957. The citizens were seeking changes in the newspaper's editorial policies including the use of courtesy titles for black women and more coverage of the black community. The 49-day boycott attracted national attention and gained the black community new respect from the white establishment. The boycott set the state for many other successful boycotts in Memphis. The Commercial Appeal had a history of supporting black citizens as evidenced by its receiving the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 1923 for its campaign opposing the Ku Klux Klan. But the newspaper also reflected many of the prejudices of white America as evidenced by its insensitivity to the black citizens of Memphis in the 1950s. The criticisms of the newspaper would continue through the 1960s, and the tensions were heightened in 1968. That was when the newspaper sided with the Memphis mayor in the sanitation strike that brought Martin Luther King to the city. On the 40th anniversary of King's death, the newspaper examined its role in heightening tensions within the black community that were first brought to light in the 1957 newspaper boycott and then in the 1968 sanitation workers strike. "The gathering mists of time:" American magazines and revolutionary memory, 1787-1860 • Janice Hume, University of Georgia • This study examines 231 American magazine articles published prior to the Civil War to see how they recalled the American Revolution and how that memory evolved during important nation-building years. Much like other histories published during the era, these articles homogenized the story of America's origins into a ""cult of consensus,"" featuring heroic narratives told in many different formats. The study adds to our understanding of the relationship between the press and American public memory. Framing White Hopes:  The Press, Social Drama, and the Era of Jack Johnson, 1908-1915 • Phillip Hutchison, University of Kentucky • The social presence of African-American boxing champion Jack Johnson reflects one of the most controversial social and media issues of the early 20th Century. Although many scholars have implicated America's press in the Johnson controversy, the situation has yet to be examined through the lens of journalism history.  To provide some of this missing perspective, this critical-historical analysis illustrates how the white press constructed the entire Johnson situation as an overarching narrative, one that unfolded in real time for nearly seven years.  The study employs Victor Turner's theory of Processual Social Drama to explain how the white press, with little variance, framed the open-ended events involving Jack Johnson in terms of a breach-to-redress narrative trajectory that comprised three palpable dramatic acts.  This finding contrasts with most Johnson histories, which portray the Johnson controversy as a two-act narrative.  The additional insights not only better inform the relationship between the press and the Johnson situation, it also provides insights into how the press of that era used temporal and affective narrative frames to construct news.  This orientation helps better explain how the press shaped the Johnson controversy and how it marginalized divergent views of the situation.  Additionally, by better understanding the dramatic structure of press coverage, historians gain both a more complex understanding of attitudes toward Johnson over time and a more nuanced etymology of the now-ubiquitous term "white hope." A Path Made of Words: The Journalistic Construction of the Appalachian Trail • James Kates, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater • The Appalachian Trail runs for more than two thousand miles from Maine to Georgia. The trail celebrates nature, but its making was a major achievement in the very human art of recreational politics. Conceived in 1921 and completed in 1937, the trail was, for many, simply a venue for hiking and camping. But journalists in many media -- including newspapers, popular magazines, and journals of opinion -- also cast multiple meanings on the project. The trail's purposes would come to encompass regional planning, preservation of rural folkways, and the perpetuation of wilderness areas. This paper examines the work of two influential writers -- forester and author Benton MacKaye, and New York newspaperman Raymond Torrey -- in defining the trail's place in American life. Google Books Ngram Viewer and Text-Mining for Culture:  Corpora and Digital Data-Mining's Place in Journalism History • Robert Krueger, George Mason University • The recently launched Google Books Ngram Viewer has been marketed as a user-friendly and accurate corpus for scholars who want to text-mind publications for cultural trends and patterns.  But how can corpora like this be of use to journalism and mass communication historians?   This paper includes a case study that tests the thesis of historian Sarah Igo's The Averaged American in order to illustrate how corpora, text-mining, and digital visualization can benefit the historical field. New Views of Investigative Reporting in the Twentieth Century • Gerry Lanosga • This paper examines a little-studied period in the history of investigative reporting.  An analysis of Pulitzer Prize nominations reveals the exposé as an enduring practice between the Muckrakers and the 1960s, not isolated to a few newspapers or iconoclastic journalists but published in newspapers of every size from nearly every state.  This examination provides new context for the development of journalism as a profession and of the complex relationship between journalists and official power. The Tale of Two Legends and Philanthropy in Rock and Roll • Ji Hoon Lee • This phenomenology coupled with historical overview is the examination of the two key charity projects in rock and roll history—The Concert for Bangladesh (1971) and "We Are the World" (1985)—with an emphasis on George Harrison and Michael Jackson's humanitarian idealism. The study is also a critical reminisce piece, comparing and contrasting their legacies, influences, and criticism. The study uses the context of the two charity projects as an attempt to analyze how they capitalized on the eras' social and cultural factors. Intellectual Heft: A.J. Liebling as an Opponent of Anti-Intellectualism in American Journalism • Kevin Lerner, Rutgers University/Marist College • A.J. Liebling essentially invented the role of the press critic in the 1940s, 50s and 60s, but his impact on the profession of journalism, and on subsequent press critics has barely been studied. This essay assesses Liebling's 82 Wayward Press columns for The New Yorker through the lens of anti-intellectualism as defined by the historian Richard Hofstadter and sociologist Daniel Rigney, giving Liebling a prime place in the intellectual history of journalism. Marshall "Major" Taylor and the Summer of 1910: Salt Lake City Newspapers Cover the Bicycle Racer's Final Season • Kim Mangun, The University of Utah • This qualitative study examines articles, cartoons, and advertisements published in six white newspapers in Salt Lake City to see how Marshall "Major" Taylor and his final season of bicycle racing there were covered. The artifacts were examined using critical discourse analysis and narrative analysis. The study uses the interrelated concepts of myth and hero-crafting to critically analyze coverage of Taylor and his races. Assessing the Dream: The March on Washington and American Collective Memory • Meagan Manning, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities • Building off the large body of work on collective memory, this research examines the "warehouse" created by the Milwaukee Journal and the Chicago Tribune with respect to the March on Washington of 1963. By presenting a history of the march and assessing media representations of different eras in light of that history, this study aims to isolate potential sites of collective memory formation and trace the ways those memories may have changed over time. Writer by Trade: Journalistic Identity in the Early Eighteenth Century • William Mari • This paper proposes that journalism's ethos began developing a century before commonly assumed, with the journalists of eighteenth-century Great Britain. This ethos, and its accompanying proto-professional identity (formed in a process of legitimatization, commercialization, and politicization) was championed by its first practitioners, including James Ralph, an American expatriate and political writer, in his Case of Authors by Profession or Trade -writers were, indeed, among the first professional groups to debate their identity publicly. What Journalism Textbooks Teach Us About Newsroom Ethos • Raymond McCaffrey, University of Maryland • Journalists avoiding treatment for work-related stress have blamed a newsroom ethos that discourages emotional expression. The ethos that guides organizations is often tied to professional codes, according to institutional theory. This study involved a review of textbooks from 1913-1978 to determine their role in mapping out journalism codes. The analysis revealed that textbooks not only taught principles like impartiality, but also that journalists were to remain emotionally detached, avoid introspection, display courage and take risks. "A Keg of Dynamite and You're Sitting On It": An Analysis of the Ad Council's Atomic Energy Campaign • Wendy Melillo, American University • Following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, American scientists ran a public service advertising campaign from 1946 to 1947 through the Ad Council to establish an international authority to control atomic weapons. This historical analysis of why the Ad Council's atomic energy campaign failed provides important insights about how scientists should conduct communication campaigns when dealing with more contemporary issues like climate change and intelligent design. Kicking off the hype: Newspaper Coverage of Super Bowl I • Brian Moritz • On Jan. 15, 1967, the Green Bay Packers defeated the Kansas City Chiefs, 35-10, in the first AFL-NFL World Championship game - also known as the first Super Bowl. Super Bowl I was the first meeting between teams from the National Football League and the American Football League, and the popular mythology is that the game was not a big story at the time. This paper studies how newspapers at the time covered the game examines the coverage in eight newspapers from across the country. The study shows that the game received wide-ranging and prominent coverage in newspapers at the time, contrary to the myth. The dominant storyline was the merger between the two leagues and the fact that the teams acted as stand-ins for their respective leagues. The Precious Ingredient of War:  The WPB Used Cooking Fat Advertising Campaign of 1943 • Geah Pressgrove, University of South Carolina • In 1943, the U.S. War Production Board (WPB) initiated an advertising campaign instructing American women to collect their used cooking fat for reuse in the making of gunpowder to "exterminate the slant eyes" and sulfa to "ease the pain of a wounded American."  This study examines the WPB cooking fat recycling propaganda using Benedict Anderson's concept of "imagined communities."  In Anderson's conception of nationalism, cultural products expressing patriotic feeling are a means by which a common people—an "imagined community" or nation—create their community and imagine its future. The patriotic appeals in the cooking fat ads encouraged American women to imagine themselves as part of a heroic, just nation defeating evil in the world. Anderson's metaphor is particularly helpful in understanding the social and political meanings, uses, and effects of war time propaganda, as well as the complex relationships among the U.S. government, industry, media, and citizens in constructing national identity in a time of crisis. In building bridges between propaganda studies and Anderson's concept of imagined communities, this study not only breaks new scholarly ground but also adopts and revises Anderson's thesis on nationalism in the context of World War II American propaganda activities. Partisan Rhetoric and the Rise of the Nullification Party in 1831 South Carolina • Erika Pribanic-Smith, University of Texas at Arlington • Rhetoric in South Carolina's partisan press had immense ramifications as the state's voters decided whether to elect politicians who aimed to nullify offensive federal economic policy.  The year 1831 encompassed events crucial to determining the state's political actions. This paper examines six South Carolina newspapers during those twelve months and concludes that Nullification partisans used their presses more effectively than the Unionists over the course of the year, tipping public opinion in their favor. "The Problem Cuts a Dozen Different Ways": Marquis W. Childs and Civil Rights, 1950s-60s • Robert Rabe, Marshall University School of Journalism • This paper is an analysis of columnist Mark Childs' thinking and writing on one of the most significant domestic issues of his day, the postwar civil rights movement.  It briefly discusses the emergence of the civil rights issue during the 1940s and 1950s, and focuses more fully on the topic as it became more prominent through the early 1960s and the era of the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.  The study concludes with a focus on the lingering complex politics of civil rights as they became even more volatile in the latter part of the decade.  It argues that Childs contributed a great deal of support for African-American civil rights programs and policies, but that in the end many of his most important objectives remained unfulfilled. Gathering The "Inside Dope": The Practice of Sports Journalism, 1900-1930 • Amber Roessner, University of Tennessee • Heeding Hanno Hardt and Bonnie Brennen's call for studies that provide insight into the historical role of newsworkers, this study explores the practice of herocrafting in early twentieth century sports journalism. Using a historical case study approach, it examines the rapport-building and newsgathering strategies of Grantland Rice, F.C. Lane, and John N. Wheeler.  In doing so, it sheds light on the prevalence of ballyhoo and the emergence of detachment in sports journalism. The Conflict and Balance of History and Drama in 20th Century-Fox's The Longest Day • Peter Shooner • The film The Longest Day (1962) was largely the product of two men, Cornelius Ryan and Darryl Zanuck. Ryan, who researched and wrote the book that the movie was based on also wrote the screenplay for the film. Zanuck acted as producer/director on the project and saw the film as a chance to resurrect his failing career. The two men had very different ideas of how accurately the film should represent history, and as a result, they feuded during the entire movie-making process, with Zanuck usually winning. The Longest Day blends history and drama in its retelling of D-Day, at times misrepresenting and disregarding historical fact. This paper analyses Ryan's and Zanuck's relationship, how it affected the final product and in what ways the film strays from fact for the sake of drama. The National Association of Manufacturers' Short Film "Your Town": Parable, Propaganda, and Big Individualism • Burton St. John, Old Dominion University; Robert Arnett, Old Dominion University • In the aftermath of the Great Depression, the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) faced growing anti-business sentiment.  As part of a widespread propaganda campaign to assuage public concerns about industry, in 1940 NAM created and distributed the short film Your Town. The movie, pursuing an integration propaganda strategy, appealed to Americans' individualistic values by portraying industry as a beneficent fellow traveler who was a Big Individual -- a heroic, larger-than-life figure that brought blessings to all. Applying critical insights (Altman, Campbell, Gunning, Propp) concerning the parabolic narrative form, this work finds that, while NAM's original concept of Big Individualism has faded, modern American commercial films inadvertently carry forward one conceptual aim of NAM's Your Town: encourage individuals to continue to think of independent action - and not systemic reform - as a foundational worldview for life's challenges. Embed vs.Unilateral, 1904: Risks and Rewards in Coverage of the Russo-Japanese War • Michael Sweeney, Ohio University • This study examines the strengths and weaknesses of war reporting from the perspectives of embedded, accredited correspondents and "unilaterals," who report without military assistance or protection. It uses a variety of primary sources to examine and analyze the work of three reporters from the Russo-Japanese War: Lionel James of The Times of London and New York Times, Stanley Washburn of the Chicago Daily News and Minneapolis Times, and Hector Fuller of the Indianapolis News. All three used boats on the Yellow Sea to gather news, including James, the first to report from a war zone via radio. James chose to report with the approval of the Japanese navy, in return for accepting a Japanese spy and censor aboard his boat. Washburn and Fuller reported independently, with the former gathering news from a dispatch boat and then filing reports from land-based telegraph lines, and the latter sailing into and out of the besieged garrison of Port Arthur to gather the only outsider's view of conditions in the sealed city. The paper determines that each reporter obtained stories that the others could not, and concludes that both embeds and unilaterals have advantages that recommend the use of both in wartime. From Clanking Chains to Clashing Arms: A Black Newspaper and its Coverage of  the Black Soldier in the Civil War • Thomas Terry, Idaho State University • This paper examines the coverage of the black soldier through the pages of a black newspaper, the Pacific Appeal, published in San Francisco, California during two years of the Civil War. Editor Philip Bell admonished the union for neglecting to make emancipation the principal war aim and embracing black recruits. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4645 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/intl-2011-abstracts/ Fri, 24 Jun 2011 16:22:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4649 Bob Stevenson Open Paper Competition The Victim/Hero Legacy of Bulgarian Crime Writer Bobby Tsankov • Edward Alwood, Quinnipiac University • Western news outlets portrayed 30-year old Bulgarian crime writer Bobby Tsankov as a ""prominent"" victim/hero in the struggle for a free press following his brutal murder in 2010.  In contrast, Bulgarian newspapers showed him as an unscrupulous trickster.  This study examines 72 articles from the most widely read Bulgarian daily newspapers to understand factors that account for the contradictory framing of Tsankov's murder.  The findings provide an understanding of the role of framing in media mythmaking. Global Digital Divide: Language Gap and Post-communism in Mongolia • Undrahbuyan Baasanjav, Temple University • This paper explores several factors of the global digital divide in the former socialist country of Mongolia. By analyzing manifest media content on the Internet, as well as by interviewing people involved in Internet development, this research goes beyond the question of access to the Internet and asks how language factors exacerbate the digital divide in an impoverished country. Furthermore, this research explores how post-communist political settings, aid dependency, and international organizations influence Internet development. The Whole Online World Is Watching: Networking Sites and Activism in China, Latin America and the United States • Dustin Harp, University of Texas School of Journalism; Ingrid Bachmann, University of Texas at Austin; Lei Guo, University of Texas at Austin • Using a cross-cultural framework, this study relies on survey data to examine how activists in China, Latin America and the United States use social networking sites for their mobilizing efforts. Activists in China assigned greater importance to the importance of social media to promote debate. Those in Latin America expressed more apprehensions about the ease of using social networking sites. Respondents from the United States had greater confidence in their ability to solve community problems. Journalism Advocacy: How Three Organizations Responded to Attacks Against Journalists in Egypt • Butler Cain, West Texas A&M University • When journalists who were covering the recent political protests in Egypt became targets of assaults and intimidation, three journalism advocacy groups - Reporters Without Borders, the International Federation of Journalists, and the Committee to Protect Journalists - responded quickly and forcefully. The press releases they issued during a two-week campaign of violence against the news media condemned Egypt's actions, advocated for the humane treatment of all journalists, and documented dozens of incidents of press attacks and intimidation. Reporting Global Obesity: A Longitudinal, International Comparative Study of News Coverage of the Public Health Issue as a Social Problem • Kuang-Kuo Chang, Shih Hsin University • Guided by social epidemiology concept, this research studies how 10 major newspapers in seven selected countries have covered the obesity issue. Findings broaden the theoretical scope of health communication in studying other public health or social problems and offer pragmatic implications for journalists, audiences, policymakers, and interested parties in dealing with this staggering issue, i.e. for governmental institutions to regulate food industry in advertising, confronting the seven nations, and the rest of the world. Beauty Without Borders: Representation and role of female models in global women's magazines published in China, India, and USA • BRIDGETTE COLACO, TROY UNIVERSITY • In China and India, a booming economy, rising salaries, disposable incomes, and a growing interest in beauty fashion, and relationships have encouraged a profitable print media industry that has led several foreign women's magazines to launch Chinese and Indian editions. Women's magazines not only shape how a woman views herself but also how society views her. This study is a content analysis that compared how Asian and Western models are portrayed in advertisements in Chinese, Indian, and U.S. editions of five women's magazines. June 2010 issues of Cosmopolitan, Elle, Good Housekeeping, Marie Claire, and Vogue, from each country were examined. Altogether 870 advertisements were analyzed across 15 magazines. In the light of how globalization integrates different cultures, beside numerical representation of models, analysis revealed meanings that advertisers attached to Chinese, Indian and Western women with regard to specific social and beauty variables. This is because advertisers synchronize models, clothes, products, and values, to needs of the target audience. Variables included type of product models advertised, relative importance of models' role and percentage of skin-lightening creams in beauty advertisements. The study found that 30 percent of Chinese beauty advertisements promoted skin-lightening products. The 'Snow White syndrome' exists in Indian advertising too. Drawing on feminist, social comparison and expectancy theories, further analysis revealed meanings that advertisers attached to Chinese and Western women with regard to specific social and beauty variables. This study contributes to the research that exists on how advertisers portray women in non-American media markets. Framing of Election News in the Bulgarian Press • Daniela Dimitrova; Petia Kostadinova • Although election news framing is a burgeoning area of research, framing studies in Eastern Europe remain extremely rare. This study analyzes the media coverage of campaign news in six elite Bulgarian newspapers during the 1990-2009 period. It investigates the use of the game and issue frames and the relationship between these frames and a number of system-level and organizational-level factors. Empirical tests show that the number of parties in government and party ownership are significant predictors of game frame use. The results are discussed in the context of framing research in Western Europe and the United States. Still Stuck in First Gear: The Case of the German Blogosphere • Stine Eckert • An implicit assumption that informs studies of new media is that similar trends and practices are emerging across the world, with blogging being one such widely perceived trend. Analyzing the case of Germany, where blogging has been slow to develop, this paper argues that such assumptions are questionable and identifies a complex combination of social, political, economic and legal factors play a critical role in inhibiting the expansion of blogging in Germany. Development Communication to Internet Connectivity: Milestones in United Nations Formulation and Transfer of Communication Policy to Africa (1958-2010). • Lyombe Eko, University of Iowa • This paper analyzed United Nations formulation and transfer of communication policy to Africa since 1958. It was found that the United Nations and its specialized agencies- UNESCO and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)-started formulating and transferring communication policies to Africa at the dawn of independence.  UN communication policies emphasized the role of the mass media as catalysts for development. At the turn of the 21st century, the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) emphasized reduction of the digital divide between Africa and the rest of the world, and encouraged Internet connectivity as the panacea for the continent's development problems. However, there was no long-term strategy to localize and use information and communication technologies to produce content in African contexts or languages. Policies aimed at reinventing and localizing Information and Communication Technologies in Africa would facilitate the production of African content and make the Internet relevant in different African contexts. Before They Were Revolutionaries: Assessing Journalistic Professionalism in Mubarak's Egypt • mohamad elmasry • Egypt's historic 2011 revolution, which ousted President Hosni Mubarak after 30 years in power, is expected to transform various aspects of Egyptian society. Arguably, one area in need of significant reforms is journalism. Although Egypt has been seen historically as having one of the more developed media industries in the Arab world (Amin & Napoli, 1997; Ayalon, 1995; Rugh, 2004), Egyptian journalism has historically been fraught with problems, including a lack of freedom from government control (Cooper, 2008; Fark, 2004; Mellor, 2005; Najjar, 2004; Pintak, 2008; Sakr, 2001) and poor standards of education and training (Amin, 2002; Waterbury and Richards, 2007). The ousting of Mubarak and the installation of a democratic form of government may address - if it has not already done so - the problem of press freedom. It will likely take a sustained program of reform, however, to address the education and training issues. Education and training are key because they aid the development of a journalistic ideology (Weaver et al., 2003), and are important components of journalistic professionalism in general (Harless, 1990; Weaver et al., 2003; Windahl et al., 1978). The present study — a professionalism survey of Egyptian print journalists — grew out of nearly six-months of fieldwork in Cairo conducted over the last half of 2008. The purpose of the survey was to assess various aspects of Egyptian print journalism practice and professionalism during the (late) Hosni Mubarak era. Specifically, the survey addresses journalism education and training quality, work routines, press freedom, and journalistic ideology. Exploring the potential of wireless technologies to accelerate universal Internet access in Ghana • Ignatius Fosu, University of Arkansas • A qualitative study including in-depth interviews with ISPs explored Internet diffusion in Ghana. Findings suggest that due to Ghana's inefficient and outdated fixed-line infrastructure, Ghana's universal Internet access goals might not be achievable through fixed-line technologies. Rather, wireless technologies present great potential and may be more efficient. Policy suggestions to encourage widespread deployment of wireless broadband, expand bandwidth, and encourage infrastructure sharing are offered as potential directions for future research. A Not-So-Modest Proposal: Advancing a Research Agenda for Studying Central Asia Mass Media • Eric Freedman, Michigan State University School of Journalism • In former Soviet Central Asia, independence produced five distinctive press systems with authoritarian commonalities. Scholars have barely scratched the surface in studying those systems in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. This paper identifies unexplored and under-explored topics, including questions related to journalistic practices, governmental constraints, training and education, coverage of public affairs, access to information, public attitudes toward the press, social media, and the Internet. It also identifies obstacles to research in the region. Country Reputation, Place Branding and ethnocentricity:  South Africa and the 2010 FIFA World Cup • Jami Fullerton, Oklahoma State University; Derina Holtzhausen, Oklahoma State University • Using the 2010 FIFA World Cup event as a stimulus, this study investigated the effect of international sporting events on country reputation. Given the extensive media coverage and viewership of the World Cup in the United States, a pre/post quasi-experimental test was conducted to assess the effect of the sporting event on the country reputation of South Africa.  A nationally representative sample of more than 800 US adults participated in the study. Sample statistics matched US adult population parameters in terms of age, level of income and geographic distribution. Scales measuring Country Reputation (Yang, Shin, Lee & Wrigley, 2008) and Ethnocentrism (Smith & Kim, 2006; Shimp & Sharma, 1987) were administered.  Factor analyses of country reputation and the ethnocentrism were conducted and findings are discussed in the context of the extracted factors.  The study found that on the Affection factor of country reputation, attitudes toward South Africa significantly improved after the World Cup event.Results also showed that levels of ethnocentrism moderated the effect. The Impact of Technology on the Arab Communication Style and Culture:  A Comparison to the U.S. • Salma Ghanem, Central Michigan University; Morris Kalliny, Department of Marketing John Cook School of Business Saint Louis University • The paper focuses on the effects of technology on communication in the Middle East. A content analysis of online respondents to articles published in Al Arabiya online indicates a change is taking place. A comparison of those comments to online respondents' comments to USA Today revealed that differences between Arab communication style and that of the United States still exist. International Advertising Education: A Research Agenda • Frauke Hachtmann, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • The dominance of the American advertising industry in the global marketplace is reflected by the many advertising curricula in higher education in the United States that are preparing students to compete in a globalized world. However, research about what and how to teach international advertising has been scarce in recent years. The purpose of this paper was to review the relevant literature about international advertising curriculum and pedagogy and to provide a research agenda. Determining international news coverage in nonelite newspapers: How important are gatekeepers? • Beverly Horvit, University of Missouri; Peter Gade, University of Oklahoma; Elizabeth Lance, University of Missouri School of Journalism • This study examines international news flow in four nonelite U.S. newspapers. Regression models using data from a content analysis of 2,401 stories, paired with variables such as wire coverage, U.S. troop presence and cultural proximity, explain between 55 percent to 88 percent of the variance in international news coverage. Wire coverage is the strongest predictor, and cultural proximity only affects the coverage of the two larger newspapers, the Houston Chronicle and San Jose Mercury News. A Different Kind of Massive Attack: How the Bulgarian Ultranationalist Party Ataka Engineered Its Political Success Using Digital Media • Elza Ibroscheva, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville • The purpose of this paper is to trace the role of media in securing the success of Ataka, Bulgaria's most prominent far-right political party, which has found a particularly powerful manifestation in new digital platforms of the Internet and the proliferation of other far-right political formations, such as the Bulgarian National Union (BNU). To accomplish this, the study sets two goals: first, to explore the political and socio-cultural environment which has allowed for the growth of ultra-nationalist rhetoric in Bulgaria, and second, to examine how the media publicity machine, with specific focus on their new media tactics, have contributed to securing popular support for the virtually unfettered expression of ultra-nationalistic ideas. By conducting an in-depth analysis of Ataka's and BNU's use of digital media, including websites, online forums, and other social networking tools, the study analyzes the importance of digital media in assisting right wing political platforms in gaining traction with the electorate. The Girls of Parliament: A Historical Analysis of the Press Coverage of Female Politicians in Bulgaria • Elza Ibroscheva, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville; Maria Raicheva-Stover, Washburn University • Using the theoretical thesis of gender mediation, which argues that portrayals of female politicians in the media reflect an ideology that treats male politicians as norm and female politicians as novelty, this study explores to what extent gender mediation is at play in the coverage of female politicians in the Bulgarian press. Given Bulgaria's unique position as a former communist state, this study aims to discover through a historical qualitative analysis of the press coverage of female politicians during communism, through the post-communist transition and to present date, whether the images and language used to cover women in politics has changed, and if so, in what way. The study found that despite some qualitative differences in the way in which media treated women in politics during the different historical periods, their portrayals remained essentially refracted through the ideological prism of patriarchy, reinforcing the idea that women's participation in politics is defined and judged by male-dominated norms of behavior and performance. The Pattern and Determinant Factors of International Television News Flows • Youichi Ito, Akita International University • This is a part of a large-scale international collaborative research on television news in which 17 countries participated.  Political, military, and economic power are all important determinants but multiple regression analyses has shown that geographical distance is the most important determinant.  It was also found  that U.S., U.K., and France enjoy monopolistic privileges in international news flows based on their international mass media including news agencies. Ego, altruism, and irrelevance:  A survey of Bulgaria's news blog scene • Christopher Karadjov, California State University, Long Beach • The paper provides for the first time an overview of Bulgaria's news blogs as an alternative to traditional media and proponents of free speech. In addition to examining the existing literature, the study uses in-depth interviews with bloggers to highlight pertinent characteristics of Bulgarian blogosphere. Bloggers' motivation and perceived influence are scrutinized, and examples are added to illustrate recently featured topics from their blogs. Contrary to expectations, Bulgarian news blogs did not seem to have developed as a mere extension of online discussions on current events but as an independent platform with new participants who defend fiercely their right to free speech. This study also reviews the unexpectedly low popularity of microblogging (such as Tweeter) as a means to deliver news or mobilize audiences. Documenting Africa: The Life and Death of Kevin Carter and his 1994 Pulitzer-winning photograph • Yung Soo Kim, University of Kentucky; James Kelly, Indiana University • An online survey was conducted to investigate the public and photojournalists' perceptions of appropriate reactions to the circumstances surrounding Kevin Carter's photograph of a collapsed Sudanese girl as a vulture awaits her death. Respondents agreed that the picture was newsworthy and accepted the journalistic rationale for making the photograph. The majority indicated that they would have made the photo themselves under similar circumstances, but would have done more to help the girl than did Carter. Journalists' Role, Expertise, and Authority in a Transformation of Media and Citizenship in South Korea: An Audience Perspective • Kyun Soo Kim, Grambling State Univ. • The premise of this study is that answering what news users think the journalists are for will offer crucial clues for understanding the meaning of changes in a contemporary news environment and discussing the future of journalism. With this premise in mind, this study first examined how public's view of the journalists bears on their consumption of news media and citizenships. Then the influence of perceived journalists' roles on perceived journalism expertise and authority was explored as it can indicate an aspect of external legitimacy of journalism. The study found interesting variances in journalists' roles perceived by audience depending on their news media use. The study found relationships between both monitorial and informed citizenships and perceived journalists' roles and at the same time different roles of news media uses in predicting citizenships. Finally this study successfully tested a new journalists' role of guide and further found its strong influence on perceived journalistic expertise and authority. Independent, New, or ""Ours""?: Transformation of Russian NTV Channel • Svetlana Kulikova, Georgia State University • In the modern world, neo-authoritarian governments often use the rhetoric of free market economics to justify backward movements from pluralist and diverse media systems to government-controlled systems. This study looks at how the Russian government carefully orchestrated such transformation of NTV, the first truly independent television in the country and the third largest national television network. Using a case study approach and qualitative analysis of newspaper coverage of 2003 NTV managerial crisis, it shows how after the 2001 takeover by a state-controlled oil and gas company GazProm, the editorial policy and content of NTV programs was gradually changed to conform with the government priorities. Given that television reaches 85-90 percent of the Russian population, the majority of which does not have access to Moscow-based independent newspapers, this transformation of the only independent network has irreparable consequences for democracy in Russia. Influences of Norms and Guilt by Culture: Anti-Secondhand Smoking Context • Hyegyu Lee; Hye-Jin Paek, Michigan State University • This study examined how norm appeals and guilt influence smokers' behavioral intention and whether and how the influence varies by culture. An online experiment among 310 smoking students in individualist (US) and collectivist (Korea) countries indicated that (1) guilt arousal has a strong and direct impact on behavioral intention, and (2) the impact of guilt on behavioral intention appears stronger among Korean smokers than among US smokers so that the power of guilt overshadows that of norms. When Consumption Becomes All-Consuming:   Comparing ""Stickiness"" from the Business and Social Health Perspectives in China • Constance Milbourne, United International College; Jeffrey Wilkinson • Global internet use continues to rise as do efforts to reach and hold onto online consumers. 'Stickiness' is a positive indicator of web site effectiveness reflecting time spent on the site. But published reports suggest that there are increasing numbers of people with various types and forms of so-called 'internet addiction.' Public health experts warn that excessive web use and time spent online can have negative repercussions, but the relationship between consumer marketing stickiness and online addiction is not clear. A convenience sample in China is surveyed on web behaviors, time spent online, and possible internet addiction. Results indicate a link between relative frequency engaging in online behaviors and so-called internet addiction. The more ""sticky"" the web becomes, the higher the self-report of behaviors associated with internet addiction.  Implications and recommendations for marketers and health experts are presented. Self Presentation in Online Environments: A study of Indian Muslim Matrimonial Profiles • Smeeta Mishra, Mass Communication Research Center, Jamia University; Matthew Monippally, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad; Krishna Jayakar, College of Communications, Penn State University • This study examines the self presentation practices of Indian Muslim men and women in online matrimonial advertisements.  Findings indicate that while Indian Muslims are using the new medium to adhere to traditional cultural and religious values, they are also making critical adjustments to adapt to the medium itself. While men and women claimed to possess different attributes in their profiles drawing upon gender role expectations in Indian society, they were identical in their preference for light skin or what is termed as ""fair complexion"" in Indian English. An overwhelming majority of advertisers claimed to possess desirable skin tones and body types. Few Indian Muslim profiles highlighted external manifestations of religiosity, such as praying five times a day, wearing a hijab or burqa, and observing Ramadan. Further, results of this study also illuminate the influence of South Asian culture on Islamic practice, which is evident in the mention of caste identifications in the online matrimonial profiles. Elaboration, content preference and framing: Effects of ""Incompetent Authority"" frame in China-made product recall coverage" • Ji Pan • Building on a replication of the test that media frames influence attitude by activating frame-related thoughts in audience, this study examines the role people's cognitive elaboration and content preferences play in framing effects. Manipulating a New York Times story about Chinese toothpaste recall with reasoning and framing devices from the ""Incompetent Authority"" frame, our experiment found that while readers' in-depth elaboration on the product safety issue did not moderate framing effects on attitude and causal attribution, those closely following consumer news were able to think more comprehensively after reading the stimulus. Implications for framing theory and U.S. media's presentations of Chinese products are discussed. News Accuracy in Switzerland and Italy: A Transatlantic Comparison with the U.S. Press • Colin Porlezza, University of Lugano; Scott Maier, University of Oregon; Stephan Russ-Mohl • Nearly 80 years of accuracy research in the United States has documented that the press frequently errs, but absent is empirical study about news accuracy elsewhere in the world. This study presents an accuracy audit of Swiss and Italian daily regional newspapers. Replicating U.S. research, the study offers a trans-Atlantic perspective of news accuracy. The results show that newspaper inaccuracy - and its corrosive effect on media credibility - transcends national borders and journalism cultures. Framing Corruption: India's Three Largest English-Language Newspapers and the Right to Information Act • Jeannine Relly, University of Arizona, School of Journalism; Carol Schwalbe, School of Journalism, University of Arizona • This exploratory study used a content analysis of articles published in India's three largest English-language newspapers to examine how the press framed corruption in association with the 2005 Right to Information Act. The findings indicate that less than 2 percent of the 281 frames focused on watchdog journalism, suggesting that the English-language dailies in India have not used the freedom of information legislation extensively as an investigative tool to root out corruption. Exploring Cross-Cultural Value Structure with Smartphone • Dong-Hee Shin, Sungkyunkwan University • This study cross-surveyed smartphone users in the U.S. and Korea to determine the differences of perceived values between the countries. Factors of usability and aesthetic values are combined with theory of reasoned action. Several propositions about the strength of the model's relationships are made. The motivations of smartphone services were analyzed cross-nationally focusing on the differences in the composition of motives in the two countries. While the results illustrate the importance of both usability and aesthetic values, the two countries show different pattern and set of values. Based on the results of this study, practical implications for cross-cultural strategies in smartphone global markets and theoretical implications for cross-country studies are recommended accordingly. Community Service: Editor pride and user preference on local newspaper websites • Jane Singer, University of Iowa • As diverse user contributions become prevalent on local newspaper websites, editors are assessing the effect on their own decisions. Through a survey of British editors, this paper examines the overlap between online user preferences, as suggested by assessments of website traffic, and content that the editors identify as their best. The study finds plenty of overlap between the types of stories included on the agendas of editors and users, but a considerable disconnect on specifics. Edward Jordon's newspaper, The Watchman, and the Emancipation of Slavery in Jamaica • Roxanne Watson, School of Mass Communications, University of South Florida • In 1832 Jamaica freedmen were still denied the right to vote and hold office and 300,000 slaves remained on the sugar estates. The Watchman and Jamaica Free Press, a newspaper edited by free colored Edward Jordon, played a role in obtaining equal rights for freedmen and emancipation for the slaves. Because of this, the newspaper's free colored editor, Edward Jordon was indicted and tried for sedition under a statute that carried the death sentence. American perceptions of China and the Chinese: Do the media matter? • Lars Willnat • This study of perceptions of China and the Chinese people is based on a national online survey conducted in early 2011 with a representative sample of 1,012 adult Americans. The findings suggest Americans have more sophisticated views of China than conventional wisdom might predict. Specifically, the data indicate that American respondents are able to distinguish their views of the Chinese government from those of the Chinese people. The survey also found that Americans have more interest in international news, particularly with respect to China, than is typically assumed. News media exposure was found to be associated with perceptions of China, but not perceptions of Chinese. Cultural Assumptions about Domestic and Diaspora Publics in Global Public Diplomacy • Rhonda Zaharna, american university • This paper explores the cultural underbelly of public diplomacy by looking at the varying assumptions about the domestic public in global public diplomacy. The US public diplomacy model, currently the dominant perspective, focuses on foreign publics in developing initiatives. The public diplomacy of other countries tends to focus on their domestic publics and even diaspora as key components. The paper surveys different intellectual heritages to develop multi-cultural lenses for viewing public diplomacy around the world. Covering Terrorism: An Analysis of Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya Web Sites • Lily Zeng, Arkansas State Univ. • This study examines the coverage of terrorism in two leading Arab news Web sites, Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya from September 11, 2009 to September 10, 2010. It finds that the stereotype that ""the terrorist is a Muslim"" continues in terrorism coverage, despite the fact that some terrorists are non-Muslims. However, the two sites manage to send out the message that ""the majority of terrorism victims are Muslims." In addition, it reveals that too much media focus is placed on disseminating and supporting official positions and decisions, and humanitarian sufferings from terrorism are seldom brought to the attention of the public. 36. From Development Communication to Internet Connectivity: Milestones in United Nations Formulation and Transfer of Communication Policy to Africa (1958-2010) • Lyombe Eko, University of Iowa • This paper analyzed United Nations formulation and transfer of communication policy to Africa since 1958. It was found that the United Nations and its specialized agencies– UNESCO and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)–started formulating and transferring communication policies to Africa at the dawn of independence. UN communication policies emphasized the role of the mass media as catalysts for development. At the turn of the 21st century, the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) emphasized reduction of the digital divide between Africa and the rest of the world, and encouraged Internet connectivity as the panacea for the continent’s development problems. However, there was no long-term strategy to localize and use information and communication technologies to produce content in African contexts or languages. Policies aimed at reinventing and localizing Information and Communication Technologies in Africa would facilitate the production of African content and make the Internet relevant in different African contexts. 37. Exploring the potential of wireless technologies to accelerate universal Internet access in Ghana • Ignatius Fosu, University of Arkansas • A qualitative study including in-depth interviews with ISPs explored Internet diffusion in Ghana.Findings suggest that due to Ghana’s inefficient and outdated fixed-line infrastructure, Ghana’s universal Internet access goals might not be achievable through fixed-line technologies. Rather,wireless technologies present great potential and may be more efficient. Policy suggestions to encourage widespread deployment of wireless broadband, expand bandwidth, and encourage infrastructure sharing are offered as potential directions for future research. Markham Student Paper Competition The Emergence of Social Media & the Political Crisis in Pakistan • Rauf Arif, The University of Iowa • The following paper is about the emergence of social media in Pakistan. Using a case study of YouTube videos uploaded both by the journalists and non-journalists during the 2007 political crisis in Pakistan, the paper finds that social media are contributing to the promotion of political dialogue in the country. The study finds that the social media have the ability to serve as an alternate media in the absence of traditional sources of news and information. Future researchers interested in new media may find this study helpful to understand how the Internet communication is challenging and transforming political hierarchies in developing countries by empowering individuals to engage in online political dialogue. The discursive reproduction of Chinese and Japanese national identities: Editorials and opinions of the East China Sea dispute in the China Daily and Daily Yomiuri • Michael Chan, Chinese University of Hong Kong • Using a critical discourse analysis approach this study analyzed how national identities and ideologies were discursively constructed and reproduced through editorial and opinion commentaries in two English-language newspapers from China and Japan on an international incident involving the two countries. The first four editorials/opinions on the incident from the China Daily and Daily Yomiuri were analyzed. Findings showed that a variety of discursive strategies and linguistic devices were adopted by the newspapers to present the 'home' nation positively and 'other' nation negatively. Even though both newspapers are products of globalization and purport to target international and cosmopolitan audiences, the reporting of the East China Sea incident closely adhered to official narratives and discourses of the respective countries. Media Framing and Terrorism: Analysis of frames in news reports of London bombings and Mumbai attacks • Nivedita Chatterjee, Pennsylvania State University • This study explores the manner in which terrorist activities are framed differently in different media systems to deduce what influences the media to frame these attacks in a particular manner. The study further investigates the differences between the frames - geographical, regional, and religious - that are used by countries such as the United States and United Kingdom, with their similar experiences with and policies for terrorism, and India, a country that has been dealing with sporadic terrorist attacks since its independence. The qualitative textual analysis of articles filed in three news portals, timesofindia.com, nytimes.com and bbc.co.uk regarding two terrorist attacks - July 7, 2005 London bombings and November 26, 2008 Mumbai attacks - revealed that frames used by the media for portraying terrorist activities are subject to influences from the manner in which terrorism is perceived and the terrorism policies employed by the host country. Globalization in Guyana: An Exploratory Study on Pirated Television • Sally Ann Cruikshank, Ohio University • Guyana is a country greatly influenced by globalization, particularly when it comes to television programming.  Approximately 90% of programming shown on Guyanese television is pirated from North America and other regions of the world.  Guyana, a former British colony, is the only English-speaking country in South American and is one of the poorest countries in the hemisphere.  Guyana is a racially diverse nation, with a population split between people of African and East Indian descent.  This study examined the television programming of four Guyanese channels.  The programming was analyzed, within the theoretical framework of dependency theory, to determine what socioeconomic status was portrayed in the shows.  It further examined the racial make-up of characters in the shows.  Results revealed that most of the programming aired on Guyanese television depicted a lifestyle completely out of reach for the average Guyanese.  Further, many of the programs featured mainly white characters. Between politics and market: Chinese media's framing of Taiwan's presidential elections in 2004 and 2008 • Ming Dai, University of Missouri, Columbia • The study investigated the variability of media framing of political election to test the conceptual reliability of the generic/issue-specific frames (Han, 2007; Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000). Through a content analysis of major Chinese media's framing of the presidential elections in 2004 and 2008 in Taiwan, the study tested the validity of four generic and issue-specific frames: game, conflict, military consequences and ideology. Factor analysis and independent t-test were conducted to examine how media's frames varied according to the changes in political policy and international relations. The results confirmed the conceptual consistency of generic and issue-specific frames over time. The variability of the frames, however, also depended on the interaction of political need and media's audience orientation. Same old, same old? A content analysis of the framing of Haiti in the news after the 2010 earthquake in the Jamaica Gleaner & the New York Times • Kay-Anne Darlington, Ohio University • This content analysis outlines the framing of Haiti in the Gleaner and New York Times coverage after the 2010 earthquake. The results confirm continued negative framing of Haiti using frames such as poverty, violence and political instability, thereby facilitating the 'othering' of Haiti. While these frames may help readers understand the disaster, they also exacerbate Haiti's problems by ensuring that readers remain unaware of/unresponsive to the real issues facing Haiti. Whose Global Publics? Al-Jazeera English's Network Expansion and North American Media Barriers • Ian Davis, University of Illinois College of Media • The 2011 wave of political change in the Middle-East caught U.S. officials unprepared. Why was boiling regional turmoil so invisible to those in the West? These upheavals revealed blindspots in U.S. public discourse. So, why has Al Jazeera English (AJE) faltered when expanding into North America? This paper tracks the network expansion of AJE from 2006-2010 using newspaper and industry publications to document its organizational globalization as well as the institutional hostility to this growth. The Politics of Cross-Cultural Discourses: ""Translating"" the AIDS  Epidemic to a Western Audience • Estee Fresco, University of Western Ontario • This work undertakes a discourse analysis of excerpts from Stephen Lewis' book Race Against Time and Stephanie Nolen's book 28: Stories about AIDS in Africa. It concludes that Lewis' work maintains and perpetuates the epistemological framework upon which an unequal power relationship between Western and African countries rests while, on the other hand, Nolen's work challenges this framework. This work contributes to considerations of the Developing World's role in addressing the AIDS epidemic in Africa by suggesting that we cannot think about the material impact of strategies to fight the AIDS crisis or efforts to educate individuals about this crisis without first considering the impact that the very act of writing and speaking about the crisis can have on the individuals impacted by AIDS. From Marching to Clicking: How NGOs are Leveraging Digital Tools for Activism in Mexico • Summer Harlow, University of Texas-Austin • This study examines how four activist organizations in Mexico have employed digital communication technologies, exploring how digital tactics are being diffused among these organizations, which dimensions of activism are supported by technologies, what obstacles they face in using technologies, and how they see these tactics as impacting the future of activism in Mexico. Interviews suggest that while the digital divide limits use of these tools, digital tactics still are being diffused, aiding and improving activism. Transnational Comparative Framing: Suggesting a Model of Approach • Lei Guo, University of Texas at Austin; Avery Holton, University of Texas-Austin; Sun Ho Jeong, University of Texas at Austin • The recent rise in academic attention to transnational comparative media studies highlights the need for a more unified research approach to the field. By analyzing recent cross-national framing studies, this paper exposes gaps in the literature that a Transnational Comparative Framing Model suggested by this paper could help fill. An empirical study is applied to the model to illustrate its ability to provide a cohesive approach to this emerging area of media research. Framing the Liberation War of Bangladesh in the U.S. and U.K. Media: A Content Analysis of the New York Times and the Times (London) • Mohammad Hossain, Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIUC) • This study examined the framing of the liberation war of Bangladesh in the New York Times and the Times (London). The results suggest that both newspapers used three frames most frequently: military-conflict frame, prognostic frame and human interest frame. Both newspapers published news stories with more neutral tone than positive and negative tones. The New York Times and the Times (London) relied mostly on official sources as the primary sources in publishing news. Newspaper Visibility of Members of Parliament in Kenya • Kioko Ireri, School of Journalism Indiana University • This research investigates variables that predicted news coverage of 219 Members of Parliament in Kenya by four national newspapers in 2009. The 10 variables examined are: ordinary Member of Parliament, cabinet minister, powerful ministry, parliamentary committee chairmanship, seniority, big tribe identity, major party affiliation, presidential ambition, commenting on contentious issues, and criticizing government. Findings indicate that commenting on contentious issues, criticizing government, being a cabinet minister, being an ordinary MP, holding a powerful cabinet portfolio, and seniority significantly predicted visibility of the parliamentarians. Commenting on controversial issues and major party identification were the strongest and weakest predictors, respectively. Additionally, of the top 10-most visible MPs, eight were cabinet ministers, with seven of them holding powerful ministerial positions. Cultural Motivations for Imported Television Programs: The Korean Audience Watching U.S. Television Programs • Jennifer Kang, University of Texas at Austin • This study examines the motivations and viewing patterns of the Korean audience watching U.S. programs. It also argues that cultural aspects should be included in the viewing process of imported programs as a motivation. Four out of the five motivation factors were cultural motivations, and the viewing pattern factors tended to be active rather than passive. Results also showed that people who were motivated by the program quality tended to have more active watching habits. Two-Level Games and the Issue of Ratification in the Global Public Sphere: A Case of Russia-Ukraine Gas Dispute 2008-09 • Anna Klyueva, University of Oklahoma • This study examined the role of international and domestic public opinion in ratification phase of international negotiations. Building on the two-level game theory (Putnam, 1988), the study examined how international and domestic public discourses are interdependent and may influence the issue salience in the media. To illustrate the argument, the study used the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute 2008-09. The results of the study indicated that foreign governments influence both the issue salience and the tone of media coverage. Globalization in Africa:  A 10-Year Critical Literature Review of Communication Scholars' Research Agenda • Ammina Kothari, School of Journalism - Indiana University • Based on a critical literature review of peer-reviewed scholarship published during the period from 1999 through 2009, I discuss three broad frameworks used by scholars: globalization as an agent of change; globalization as a global force; and globalization as a theoretical construct. My analysis finds that scholars defining globalization as an agent of change generally focus their research on media texts and cultural analyses, in order to highlight how globalization creates hybrid identities and melding of cultures. Scholars who view globalization as a global force, akin to imperialism, take on a more critical stance in their analysis, interrogating the idea of technology as an agent of change and the spread of English language as a conduit for fostering global communities. The third set of scholars who take a theoretical approach towards understanding theories of globalization focus on the disjuncture which currently exists in academia about the lack of a single definition for globalization. I also find that most of the research on globalization is conducted by scholars based in the United States and South Africa.  Additionally the geographical scope of scholarship is largely limited to South Africa. I argue that the absence of African scholars and the lack of diversity in the location of research, limits our understanding of the effects of globalization in Africa within the context of communication scholarship. A Comparative Analysis of Coverage of the 2008 Mumbai Attacks in The New York Times and The Times of India • Elizabeth Lance, University of Missouri School of Journalism • Employing both ethnographic content analysis and institutional analysis of media systems, this paper examines coverage of the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks in two elite newspapers, The New York Times and The Times of India. By examining both the specific coverage in each newspaper as well as the broader structure in which that content was produced, this paper offers a comprehensive analysis to better understand the state of rational critical debate in the public sphere and how that informs democratic practices in each country. This paper concludes that The New York Times is better equipped to contribute to rational critical debate, but that even so, it is along a carefully scripted frame. Globalization as Professionalization:  On the Production Side of China's Journalism • Shi Li, Indiana • Guided by Appadurai's five ""suffix scapes,"" this paper presents a participant-observation study on China's journalism production side: a newsroom in Shanghai and a photojournalism workshop in Rizhao. Findings suggest that globalization has an implication on China's journalism, especially photojournalism production, and that for many working journalists and editors such implication means "professionalization." The resistance toward professionalization, intriguingly, has both local and global roots, and is revealed through censorship, self-censorship, and over-commercialization, among others things. Mass Communication Research on China from 2000 to 2010: A Meta-Analysis • Shi Li, Indiana; Shuo Tang, Indiana University Bloomington • This study presents a meta-analysis of mass communication research on China from 2000 to 2010. It reveals patterns in authorship, methodological and theoretical approaches, medium and area of focus, through a content analysis of 159 articles published in 20 major communication journals. Eight frameworks frequently used by communication scholars to study China are identified in a follow-up analytical review. The paper concludes with a discussion on implications of the findings and suggestions for future work. The story of Qi Shi Ma: Online discussion and community engagement in urban China • Zhengjia Liu, The University of Iowa • This case study discussed the local online forum's potential of being a public sphere in China, using textual analysis of online discussions about a local affair in the City of Hangzhou. The analysis included 16 news stories from a local newspaper archive and 300 threads with 100 subsequent posts from the online forum hosted by the newspaper. The results showed that the online forum provided the residents with a platform to express their opinions, compared with the newspaper that worked as an organ for the government. On the other hand, the online discussions showed low levels of complexity and rationality. The social media only started to be a public space for expression rather than a public sphere for negotiations. The Waning Elitism of U.S. Correspondents in Paris Between 1998 and 2010 • Patrick Merle, Texas Tech University • A qualitative study divulged findings from in-depth interviews conducted with U.S. foreign correspondents based in France in 1998 and in 2010. This longitudinal research investigated differences in the socio-demographic profiles as well as journalistic experiences and practices between journalists who covered France at two distinct time periods. Results suggested an overall wading elitism, an erosion of Paris's news value, as well as the deontological threat posed by the Internet. Countering Cultural Metanarratives: Anna Politkovskaya's Chechen War Reporting • Susan Novak, University of Kansas • Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya, who reported about the Second Chechen War and the innocent Chechen civilians who suffered as a result, was assassinated in 2006. Her journalistic narratives told factual stories, but the Russian people disregarded them while the rest of the world lauded the work. Close textual narrative analysis of Politkovskaya's stories, looking specifically at the Russian metanarratives her work countered, may help explain why her reporting did not resonate with Russian readers. Veiled Politics: Legitimating the Burqa Ban in the French Press • Anne Roberts • This paper argues that mediated discourse in the French press contributed significantly to the passage of a law excluding the veil from being worn in public.  The discourse in the press made the legislation appear reasonable and necessary because of its association with gender inequality and religious fundamentalism. This media narrative was couched in a defensive employment of laïcité and legitimated the political position by presenting the veil as intolerable and against public social order. The effect of ICTs on democratic attitudes and behaviors in sub-Saharan Africa • Elizabeth Stoycheff, Ohio State University • Recent political uprisings in the Middle East have communication scholars, journalists and politicians speculating: How do new media technologies influence citizens' democratic attitudes and behaviors?  This paper empirically examines the relationship between two ICTs (Internet and cell phone use) and citizens' demand for democracy and likelihood to engage in political protest in developing countries.  Implications for current political movements are discussed. Framing Colombia: Problem Definition and Remedy in the New York Times, 1997-2008 • Matt Tedrow, University of Texas at Austin • This study uses framing theory and a content analysis of 794 news items to examine how the New York Times framed Colombia's internal conflict as well as U.S. military involvement in the country for the years 1997-2008. Research questions asked which groups were depicted as responsible for violence and narcotrafficking, and what rationales were given for U.S. involvement in Colombia. Analysis focused on problem definition and remedy, two important framing functions defined by Entman (2004). Soap operas as a matchmaker: A cultivation analysis of the effects of South Korean TV dramas' on Vietnamese women's marital intentions • Hong Vu, The University of Kansas • This cultivation study examined the effects of South Korean soap operas on Vietnamese female audiences. It also assessed cultivation effects in combination with the Theory of Reasoned Actions. Based on a survey of 439 female viewers, it explicated the link between South Korean soap opera consumption and the emergent phenomenon of transnational marriages involving Vietnamese women and South Korean men. Cultivation effects were confirmed in an international setting. Results also have important real world implications. The Power of Social Network in China: How Does Microblog Influence the Way of Expression • Linjia Xu, Renmin University of China • Microblogs have provided a means for citizens to express their opinions and hardships to the public and to the Chinese government. When these hardships are dire, the power of online voices can force the government to act quickly and to respond effectively.  This study focuses on the influence of microblogs on the relationship between citizens and government. A survey of 495 microbloggers shows that the medium is predominantly used to main using for acquiring information and for following celebrities as opinion leaders. The analysis explored the characteristic way of continuous exposure to public by microblog. The tree-structure of information flow as I modeled made a topic to a hot issue. Netizens are mastering this medium, harnessing the power of the microblog in order to solve their societal problems, choosing this form of action over previous actions such as letters, phone calls, or visits to the high authorities.  This paper will show that the relationship between citizens and the Chinese government is fundamentally changing with the rise of new media and the increasing power of microblog. A Qualitative Analysis of How and Why People Use Social Network Sites: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Korea and the U.S. • Jinnie Yoo, University of Texas-Austin • While participation in social network sites (SNSs) has grown rapidly in recent years and is a highly popular, global phenomenon, only few research examined how the different cultural values and attitudes impact the way people adopt and use this new media platform. Employing qualitative approach, this study attempts to uncover the cross-cultural differences in motivations and behavioral patterns for using SNSs among the Korean and American users. The findings of this study show the explicit differences in the motivations and strategies for using SNSs between Korean and American users, which are supported by the independent and interdependent self-construals theory proposed by Markus and Kitayama (1991). The motivational themes and usage patterns emerged from Korean participants are more other- or relationship-focused, pursuing social/emotional support, while those of Americans are more ego- or self-focused, pertaining to entertainment or information seeking. International Coverage, Foreign Policy, and National Image: Exploring the Complexities of Media Coverage, Public Opinion, and Presidential Agenda • Cui Zhang, University of Alabama • This study examines the linkage of media coverage of foreign countries, public opinion, and the policy agenda through the lens of both first- and second-level agenda-settings. A triangulation of research methods compared media coverage, public opinion and presidential public papers for 15 foreign countries. Results indicated that agenda-setting effects exist in media agenda, public agenda, and policy agenda regarding foreign countries. Implications of these findings on agenda-setting theory and national image were discussed. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4649 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/law-2011-abstracts/ Fri, 24 Jun 2011 16:25:05 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4653 Opting-in to Privacy: A Comparison of Proposed Online Privacy Protections • Courtney Barclay, Syracuse University • In 2010, The Wall Street Journal launched an investigative series on “one of the fastest-growing businesses on the Internet — spying on consumers.” The use of online tracking methods, particularly for commercial purposes, has raised significant privacy concerns for consumers. Advertisers using behavioral targeting technologies are able to analyze a person’s web viewing habits “to predict user preferences or interests — based on the preferences or interests inferred from such Web viewing behaviors.” The industry has promoted self-regulatory principles and implementation tools to respond to these concerns. However, in December 2010, the Federal Trade Commission reported that these efforts “have been too slow and up to now have failed to provide adequate and meaningful protection.” The Obama administration has supported broader legislation that would offer more comprehensive protection of individuals’ private data. The leading model for data privacy protection is the 1980 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data, to which the United States is a signatory. This article examines two leading privacy law proposals — the Privacy Bill of Rights draft proposal and the BEST PRACTICES Act — in the context of the OECD principles. This examination concludes that the legislative proposals fill significant gaps in the protection offered by self-regulatory schemes and current privacy laws. Libel Capital No More? Reforming British Defamation Law • Stephen Bates, University of Nevada, Las Vegas • London has repeatedly been called the libel capital of the world, but after years of criticism, it appears that change may finally be under way. In August 2010, President Obama signed into law the SPEECH Act, which addresses the problem of libel tourism as it affects Americans. Further, a January 2011 ruling of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg is likely to reduce the costs facing unsuccessful defendants in some British defamation cases. In addition, and most significantly, the British government released proposals for far-reaching reform of defamation law in March 2011.  This article analyzes the potential reforms of British defamation law. First, it summarizes provisions of the current law, the major criticisms and defenses of them, and the government’s proposals for change. Second, it examines issues related to the costs of litigating defamation cases in Britain, which are not addressed in the government’s proposed bill. Third, the article summarizes and evaluates the American SPEECH Act. Fourth, the article considers the extent to which the completed and the proposed reforms may ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of British defamation law, and discusses problems that are likely to endure. The conclusion notes that major reform of long-criticized defamation law in Britain may finally be at hand, though much remains to be done. Revisiting the Right to Offend Forty Years After Cohen v. California • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • This paper examines the lasting legacy of the United States Supreme Court’s ruling in Cohen v. California upon its fortieth anniversary.  After providing a primer on the case that draws from briefs filed by both Melville Nimmer (for Robert Paul Cohen) and Michael T. Sauer (for California), as well as newspaper articles from the era about the case, the paper examines how subsequent rulings by the nation’s high court have been influenced by the logic and reasoning of Justice Harlan’s majority opinion in Cohen.  The legacy, the paper illustrates, is about far more than just protecting offensive expression.  The paper then illustrates how lower courts, at the state and federal levels, have used Cohen to articulate a laundry list of principles regarding First Amendment jurisprudence.  The paper concludes by considering how new technologies and the digital age may affect Cohen’s future influence, as well as how President Barack Obama’s call in January 2011 for a more civil public discourse about political issues stands counterposed to the First Amendment rights provided by Cohen.  Finally, the U.S. Supreme Court’s eight-justice majority opinion in March 2011 in Snyder v. Phelps demonstrates that, at least for today, the right-to-offend principle is alive and well. The Texting and E-mailing of Fighting Words • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • This paper examines the viability of the aging fighting words doctrine in the digital era.  In particular, the paper explores whether the doctrine, which was designed to address face-to-face confrontations and responsive violence, can be narrowly modified and adapted to apply to new modes of real-time, electronic communication, including texts, instant messages and e-mails.  This issue is timely and ripe for review because the doctrine, if modified, might serve as one legal vehicle for censoring and/or punishing so-called cyber bullies who use these forms of digital communication to convey personally abusive expression in targeted, one-on-one fashion.  In the process of analyzing this issue, the paper addresses the U.S. Supreme Court’s apparent unwillingness in its 2010 opinion in United States v. Stevens for creating new categories of unprotected expression and queries whether this would translate to an equal unwillingness to modify extant categories of unprotected expression.  Significantly, the paper examines the transcript of the October 2010 oral argument in Snyder v. Phelps to search for indications of how current members of the high court interpret the meaning of the fighting words doctrine. SLAPPing e-Publius: Protecting Anonymous Expression and Reputation in a Digital Age • Brian Carroll, Berry College • This paper examines the difficulty in balancing an individual’s right to reputation against another’s right to anonymous expression online, and in so doing it argues against a takedown notice for online defamation similar to that legislated as part of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and against any effort to criminalize online defamation as antithetical to the First Amendment. In fighting off these problematic responses to the admittedly growing problem of anonymous defamation online, this paper examines imbalances created by, among other things, ISP immunity granted by the Communications Decency Act, public figure-private citizen distinctions, and the lack of uniformity among state-level anti-SLAPP statutes. Donaldson v. Beckett and the Common Law of Literary Property: A Century of American Scholarly Perceptions and Misperceptions • Edward Carter, Brigham Young University; Jessica Danowski; Jena Green, Brigham Young University; Karina Shamaileh-Marcella, Brigham Young University • This article attempts to address more than a century of American misperceptions about the 1774 House of Lords copyright case Donaldson v. Beckett by, first, undertaking a detailed examination of the case itself using not just the five reported versions of the House of Lords opinion but also contemporary newspaper accounts.  Although other scholars have referred to a small number of the news accounts, this article undertakes a lengthy and comprehensive review of the news reports, in conjunction with the official versions of the case.  The newspaper accounts reveal significant previously unrecognized, or at least underappreciated, facts about the case.  Next, the article documents the extent of American legal scholars’ misperceptions of and confusion about Donaldson.  Finally, the article discusses the import of these misperceptions. New Technology, Old Obstacles: FOI Advocates Share Their Struggles for Access in the Digital Age • Sandra Chance, University of Florida; Christina Locke, University of Florida • While closed-door meetings, secret files and surreptitious telephone calls were once the primary means that government officials circumvented public scrutiny, new technology poses new challenges.  Modern technology provides government employees and elected officials with a whole new arsenal of ways to avoid transparency, if they choose to do so.  This paper explores the ways state freedom of information (FOI) advocates are coping with the challenges presented by technology.  A survey distributed to FOI advocates nationwide revealed that while technology is influencing the amount of access (for better or worse), most concerns still revolve around the government employees and elected officials upon whom the public depends upon to carry out the function of government and be the guardian of public resources and information.  Most respondents also felt new laws would help ensure access in the digital age.  Nationwide collaboration among FOI advocates may be the best way to achieve effective changes in the law. “Blurring” and “Tarnishment”: How Federal Courts Have Applied the 2006 Trademark Dilution Revision Act Standards. • Roxane Coche, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • A trademark is a word or a symbol used by the owner to brand a product or service, and communicate to consumers the source of that product or service. The unauthorized use of a trademark, or something similar, to brand product or service can lead to consumer confusion and allow the trademark owner to sue the offending party for trademark infringement under federal law. However, federal law offers another cause of action for trademark owners when the circumstances of an unauthorized commercial use do not create consumer confusion but instead lessen the trademark’s uniqueness to brand a product or service — the dilution claim. To protect famous trademarks from dilution, Congress enacted, in 1995, the first comprehensive federal law, the Federal Trademark Dilution Act (FTDA). After a case — Moseley v. V. Secret Catalogue, Inc. — made its way to the Supreme Court, Congress amended the FTDA in the Trademark Dilution Revision Act (TDRA) in 2006. Included in the modifications brought by the TDRA, a new definition of dilution introduced the concepts of “blurring” and “tarnishment.” This study examines the extent to which federal courts have allowed dilution claims under the “blurring” and the “tarnishing” standards set out in the TDRA. It demonstrates that although both constitute dilution, the factors and evidence that come into play, in each of them, are far from being similar. An Extinction of Transparency: The Opaque Endangered Species List • Benjamin W. Cramer, Pennsylvania State University • This paper reconstructs the Endangered Species Act as a government information statute. That Act makes use of an official list of threatened plants and animals, which is used for agency action and the enforcement of regulations. However, this paper argues that the official list of threatened species is not sufficiently accurate or transparent to citizens, making the list a violation of not just environmental law but also government transparency policy. Unknown Knowns: Judicial Review and Mosaic Theory in the years of the George W. Bush Administration • Kelly Davis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • The purpose of this paper is to look for trends in post-9/11 judicial deference to mosaic theory claims concerning national security, including both FOIA national security exemption claims, law enforcement exemption claims involving terrorism investigations, and the state secrets privilege.  Findings indicate that the level of deference given to executive claims of national security is moderate overall, but precedence of judicial review has been set to strong and weak standards by appellate courts composed of democratic and republican appointees, respectively. Corporate Underwriting on PBS and the Funding of Children’s Educational Television • Joelle Gilmore, University of Pennsylvania • The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 prohibits PBS from airing advertisements, but changes to underwriting polices in 2008 allow child-friendly production techniques common to commercial networks. Using samples from 2006/2010, we analyze underwriting spots during children’s programming before and after the changes. Spots from 2006 included fewer child-friendly techniques and were more likely to represent adult-focused industries.  A new business model is needed if PBS is to remain a provider of high-quality, non-commercial children’s programming. Snyder v. Phelps and the Death of Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress as a Speech-based Tort • Wat Hopkins, Virginia Tech • The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in March that the Westboro Baptist Church was not liable for damages in Albert Snyder’s lawsuit for intentional infliction of emotional distress because the church’s protests at the funeral of Snyder’s son involved matters of public concern.  The Court’s focus on a subject-matter based protection for Westboro’s speech makes it virtually impossible for private persons who are brutalized by verbal attacks to achieve recourse through the courts. Tweeting the Police Scanner: The Rediscovered Liabilities • Bill Hornaday, Indiana University • This article examines First Amendment issues that might arise when professional or citizen journalists use Twitter to spread information obtained from “police scanner” transmissions. It addresses confusion concerning the practice’s legality and illustrates potential risks. It concludes by arguing that “scanner tweeting” should be done sparingly and under guidelines that minimize the spread of flawed information, reduce the risk of a potential defamation lawsuit, and promote the safety of emergency personnel, the public, and media. Poker and Prostitution: Craig v. Henry and the Dilemma of Hypothetical Online Prostitution • Jack Karlis, University of South Carolina • Craigslist is a free online forum for users to exchange goods, information and services. Under its “services” heading, content once listed an “erotic” heading, containing user generated ads for “legal escort services, massage workers, exotic dancers, erotic phone lines and other services for ads that often contain adult content” to deter the aforementioned adult-themed content out of other postings on the site. South Carolina Attorney General Henry McMaster and the South Carolina law enforcement officials involved in craigslist, Inc. v. Henry D. McMaster, et al. aimed to stop the illegal activity of prostitution in their own state’s confines, but the actions taken by both parties in the cases have raised greater concerns in the realm of commercial speech in the United States. The U.S. District Court’s ruling and logic for dismissing craigslist’s appeal in its entirety raises more questions than it answers. Why was craigslist not considered a third-party provider in regards to its content? Why was craigslist singled out when various other online outlets offered the same type of content in some way, shape or form? Weren’t craiglist’s numerous restrictions and revisions to the content considered enough? Were McMaster and his party’s threats of criminal prosecution “credible” enough? Was prior restraint involved when craigslist decided to completely eliminate its adult/erotic section? Was the decision of this case incorrectly resolved using current commercial speech guidelines in place? This paper will aim to answer these questions and examine the possible restrictive effect this case may have on future online commercial speech. What the Numbers Tell Us: FOIA Implementation under the Obama Administration • Minjeong Kim, Colorado State University • The Obama administration’s FOIA policy clearly contrasts with that of the Bush administration. To examine if the Obama administration’s policy change has resulted in differences in the actual processing of FOIA requests, this study compares FOIA implementation between the two administrations. The study analyzes quantitative data collected from twenty-five federal agencies’ annual FOIA reports. The study findings suggest that overall the twenty-five agencies have granted more access under the Obama administration than the Bush administration. State Action, Public Forum and the NCAA: First Amendment Rights of the Credentialed Media • Michael Martinez, University of Tennessee Knoxville • In 2007, the NCAA revoked the press credentials of a newspaper reporter for blogging during a tournament baseball game. The association was concerned that it would infringe on broadcast rights granted to ESPN and violate their copyright. This paper will make the case that the revocation was an infringement on the newspaper’s First Amendment right of a free press to disseminate the news and will examine it through copyright law, state action and forum analysis. A Textual Analysis of the Influence of McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission in Cases Involving Anonymous Online Commenters • Jasmine McNealy, Syracuse University • In McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down an Ohio law that prohibited the distribution of anonymous campaign material.  According to the court, speakers may want to remain anonymous for fear of physical, social, and economic reprisal, “Anonymity is a shield from the tyranny of the majority.” But the McIntyre decision concerned offline communications.  A question remains as to whether the courts have or are willing to apply McIntyre to anonymous Internet communications, and if so, is that application limited only to political speech.  This study examines these questions in an attempt understand what impact McIntyre has had on the protection of online anonymity by presenting an textual analysis of cases in which subpoenas have been issued to identify anonymous online commenters. Might This “Legal Attack Dog” Have Much Bite? Righthaven, Fair Use and the Unauthorized Reproduction of News Content Online • Scott Parrott, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • While the Internet allows newspapers and other news producers a chance to reach larger audiences than ever before and to generate revenue through online advertising and subscriptions, the World Wide Web also creates challenges regarding the unauthorized duplication of original news content. Computers and the Internet allow users an easy, quick, and inexpensive method for disseminating exact copies of articles, video footage, photographs and other news content to wide audiences without asking for the copyright owner’s permission. A host of recent copyright infringement lawsuits against bloggers and other Web site operators for republishing news content without permission highlights the growing prominence of a clash between original news content producers and secondary publishers online.  The present paper examines federal court decisions since 1985 to determine how courts have treated fair use in copyright infringement cases in which news content was the material in controversy. The analysis found that federal courts have more often than not denied the fair use defense in copyright infringement lawsuits involving news content. While its factual nature favors fair use, news content still enjoys copyright protection especially when a secondary use is for commercial purposes and hinders the market for the original work. A SLAPP in the Facebook: Assessing the Impact of Strategic Lawsuits against Public Participation on Social Networks • Robert Richards, Pennsylvania State University • In fall 2010, Sony Pictures released The Social Network, a movie about the birth and rapid growth of Facebook.  In the first five weeks of its release, the film grossed $79.7 million as well as critical acclaim.  The film also explores the legal wrangling among the site’s innovators in the technology’s early stages.  Today, larger legal concerns are looming from outside the social networks’ inner circle — specifically, third parties who are suing users directly in an effort to shut them up, close them down or teach them a costly lesson.   The weapon — Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP) — has been a tactic for decades, but the proliferation of online targets, such as Facebook pages, blogs and consumer gripe sites have breathed new life into this nefarious litigation practice.  Additionally, SLAPPs aimed at online discussion pose a particularized threat not only to the technology-driven marketplace of ideas but also the centuries-old notion of anonymous speech.  For various motives, online users often post anonymously or under pseudonyms.  SLAPP filers in search of targets are issuing subpoenas designed to unmask the identities of these posters.  Anti-SLAPP statutes provide some protection to online speakers, but they are of varying availability and utility.  This paper explores the legal issues and challenges faced by social network users, bloggers and consumers who gripe online.  It argues that a national, rather than state-by-state, solution to the problem of online SLAPPs is needed and explores whether legislation pending in Congress addresses the pressing issues. Tobacco Advertising Regulations, Counter-marketing Campaigns and the Compelling Interest in Protecting Children’s Health • Derigan Silver, University of Denver; Kelly Fenson-Hood, University of Denver • The U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly that even a compelling interest in protecting children’s health would not allow the government to overly burden the flow of communication to adults about tobacco products has left public health officials with little room to craft tobacco advertising restrictions that are both demonstrably effective and constitutional. Focusing on social scientific research in the field of health communication and the legal doctrines of counterspeech and government speech, this paper posits that a national counter-marketing tobacco prevention campaign targeting youth and paid for with compulsory fees or a tax paid by tobacco companies would advance the government’s interest in preventing youth smoking, better uphold First Amendment ideals and allow adults to continue to receive information about legal products. However, the paper also concludes that not all counter-marketing campaigns are created equal and campaigns should focus on using techniques proven to be effective. Two Dominant Industries, One Regulatory Agency: Lobbying Strategies to Attain Regulatory Capture • Amy Sindik, University of Georgia • What happens when two dominant industries are regulated by the same agency?  The majority of strategic regulatory research operates under the assumption that the agency is captured by a single, dominant industry.  Having two dominant industries regulated by the same agency impacts the lobbying strategies of organizations in both industries. This article uses lobbying contributions from the broadcast and telecommunications industries, two dominant industries competing for regulatory capture by the FCC, to examine if competing for capture alters isomorphic lobbying strategies.  The findings suggests that isomorphic lobbying strategies still occur frequently between the telecommunications and broadcast industries, but some efforts are made to begin distinguishing lobbying efforts in the areas of policy focus and the amount of internal versus external lobbying conducted by the organizations. Journalist Privilege in 1929: The Quest for a Federal Shield Law Begins • Dean Smith, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • “The difficulty with much constitutional scholarship, “ Professor Michael Gerhardt has said, “is that it fails to account for, much less examine, the interplay between judicial and non-judicial precedents.” Gerhardt’s theory of “non-judicial precedents” asserts that rules made outside courts — norms, regulations, statutes — shape constitutional issues long before courts intervene. The question of whether the First Amendment should provide a testimonial privilege to journalists is a case in point: No federal court addressed that issue until 1958, but journalists had framed it as a constitutional issue for decades — even as they lobbied for statutory shield laws. The primary goal of this paper is to apply Gerhardt’s theory to an early turning point in journalist-privilege history: the first attempts, in 1929, to persuade Congress to adopt a federal shield law. On Gerhardt’s view, it represented a valuable opportunity for non-judicial actors to lead a national dialogue about constitutional meaning and help define freedom of the press, largely undefined by courts at the time.  A second goal is to use original historical research to correct the record about these events and illuminate their significance. This history will emphasize the role non-judicial actors — including William Randolph Hearst and Fiorello La Guardia — played in leading a national debate about journalism, and, as Gerhardt’s theory would predict, the meaning of the First Amendment. It also will tie these events to a raft of shield laws adopted in the 1930s and 1940s, a link that never has been shown. Vox Hawkeye: A Study in the Intellectual Call for Open Government (and How One State Heeded It) • Steve Stepanek, Georgia Southern University • Open government is the linchpin of a representative republic, for it powerfully promotes citizens’  claims for access to the seats of institutional power whereby they are able to both keep themselves informed and make their collective voices heard.  This paper provides a background of the historical/scholarly lineage of the open government movement and offers insight (based upon the legislative and journalistic records extant during the period in question) into the political and philosophical forces that developed as one state sought to implement its regime of “sunshine” laws. Can I Use This Photo I Found on Facebook? Fair Use and Social Media Images • Daxton Stewart, Texas Christian University • When news breaks about unknown people, news media turn to social networking sites such as Facebook to find photographs of the subject.  However, these uses may be infringing on copyrights of photographers.  Applying the fair use analysis to photographs found online and republished for news reporting purposes, the authors conclude that courts are unlikely to approve of this defense except in situations when photographs are independently newsworthy and news publishers act in good faith. Flying Dragon Seeking Freedom of Information: A Critique of Chinese OGI Regulations • Yong Tang, Pennsylvania State University; Halstuk Martin, Pennsylvania State University • In 2008, four decades after U.S. Congress passed the Freedom of Information Act, People’s Republic of China embraced its own concept of freedom of information. This paper examined Chinese freedom of information law known as the Open Government Information Regulations (OGI Regulations) and found that the Chinese law is embracing international standards in many areas but also have something unique. The paper examined the major flaws of the law and also examined many court cases to see how the law has been implemented. Space to Breathe Falsely: Reexamining the Balance between Commercial Speech and Defamation 20 Years after U.S. Healthcare v. Blue Cross • Matthew Telleen, University of South Carolina • This paper examines the case of U.S. Healthcare, Inc. v. Blue Cross of Greater Philadelphia 20 years after it was decided. The case involved a choice between applying the commercial speech doctrine or traditional defamation analysis. The court focused on the commercial nature of the speech and denied the heightened protection of actual malice. A better approach would have been to engage in a tradition defamation analysis, as explained in this paper. Good Intentions, Bad Results: Learning from Failed Media Policies to Avoid Future Mistakes • Tom Vizcarrondo, Louisiana State University • Policymakers often approach potential new regulations with good intentions that the rules will positively address a particular problem, only to observe bad results once the new policy has been implemented.  This paper studies two different media policies that produced bad results, ultimately leading to their repeal.  The paper identifies factors contributing to the failure of these policies, and paper presents recommendations for future policymaking efforts that could alleviate the problem of “good intentions, bad results.” Retransmission Consent: An Exploration of its Past, Present and Future • Gillian Wheat, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • High-profile disputes over retransmission consent, an ongoing issue in the telecommunications industry, have resulted in several television blackouts.  Thus, the Federal Communications Commission recently issued a notice of proposed rulemaking seeking comments on potential changes to the guidelines governing retransmission consent negotiations.  This paper examines the legislative and administrative history of retransmission consent, the current regulatory framework under which it is negotiated and the manner in which the Federal Communications Commission has responded to complaints. Transparency as Talisman: The Shifting Rationales for Campaign Finance Regulation • Justin Wolfgang, University of Missouri-Columbia • This article will argue that recent developments in the Supreme Court’s view of the First Amendment as applied to corporations and the possible threat of corruption have led to an expedited dismantling of decades of precedent since the seminal campaign finance reform case of Buckley v. Valeo in 1976, which said preventing corruption or the appearance of corruption was a valid interest for regulating campaign financing.  This article will further argue that the Court has ignored legislative intent and ultimately stripped campaign finance reform down to a simplified system of using mere disclosure as a method of detecting and preventing possible corruption. The Court’s recent decision in Doe v. Reed upholds the Buckley Court’s approval of disclosure requirements as a valid method of protecting against corruption or the appearance of corruption, because the government interest in informing the public was substantially related to the means of compelled disclosure.  Finally, this article will argue that the Court’s dichotomous treatment of compelled disclosure in Reed as compared to their treatment of corporate contributions in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, contradicts its earlier decisions upholding the protection against corruption or the appearance of corruption in campaign finance reform.  Whether transparency alone can serve to eliminate potential corruption is an untested assumption, and one that represents a signal change in campaign finance philosophy. The Ellsberg Act of 2011: Proposing a Better Policy on the Free Flow of Information in the Era of WikiLeaks, Whistleblowers and War • Jason Zenor, SUNY Oswego • In response to the WikiLeaks issue, this article proposes a new policy on the free flow of information — the Ellsberg Act. This new policy will advance transparency by promoting whistleblowing, while also promoting government efficiency by encouraging proper channels of dissemination. It will also enhance the privileges that the traditional media has already earned. Finally, this policy seeks to distinguish between beneficial “journalism” and harmful “sabotage.” << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4653 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/mag-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 14:10:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4660 The globalization of beauty:  An examination of messages about ideal beauty communicated to readers of fashion and beauty magazines published worldwide • Yan Yan; Kim Bissell, University of Alabama • Mass media have long been considered responsible for perpetuating norms about beauty and attractiveness cross-culturally. The current research examined how ideal beauty and its related constructs were represented by four top fashion magazines—Cosmopolitan, Glamour, Elle and Vogue in 12 countries via a content analysis of 71 magazines. Results indicate an assimilation of norms about beauty and attractiveness across four different magazines published worldwide. Results reveal that there was less evidence of cultural influence on ""ideal beauty""  as the models pictured in editorial content had very similar beauty constructs.  These and other findings are discussed. Candid conversations: A content analysis of the subjects of the Playboy Interview • Ashley Carnifax, Ohio University • This paper explores the subjects of the Playboy Interview from its start in September 1962 until March 2011, looking specifically at genders, ages, races, and professions.  A content analysis of these 569 interviews showed that the majority were white, male, and part of the TV/film industry.  Data also indicate that the interview has moved from a more political and activist focus during the 1960s and 1970s to a more celebrity-driven focus in the 2000s. Cosmonaut to Chimpanzee: The Framing of the First Woman in Space by American Magazines • Kathleen Endres, University of Akron • This paper examines how American magazines presented the story of the flight of cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman to orbit the earth, in 1963. Utilizing the framing analytical technique, the author found that most American magazines ignored the story. Twelve magazines covered it. Frames are discussed by category of magazine. Tuchman's views of the ""symbolic annihilation of women"" are supported. The Traveling Gourmet: Culinary Tourism in Gourmet Magazine 1941-1990 • Elizabeth Fakazis, Univ of Wisconsin Stevens Point • This paper uses qualitative content analysis to map culinary travel writing in Gourmet from 1941 to 1990 asking: what forms did travel articles take, how significant were they in relation to overall content, and how did they use ""authenticity"" and ""exoticism,"" two concepts researchers have identified as central to contemporary culinary journalism. My goal is to provide a historical context for scholarship that has focused attention on culinary journalism produced since the mid-1990s. Establishing and adhering to sexual consent:  The association between reading magazines and college students' sexual consent negotiation • Stacey Hust, Washington State University; Paula Adams, Washington State University; Emily Marett, Mississippi State University; Jessica Willoughby; Chunbo Ren, Washington State University; Ming Lei; Weina Ran, Washington State University; Cassie Norman; Marie Louise Radanielina-Hita • Magazines may influence the sexual scripts individuals establish as norms for sexual behavior (Ward & Walsh, 2009). The current study tests whether exposure to magazines is associated with sexual consent negotiation.  A survey of 313 college students indicate that exposure to men's magazines was significantly negatively associated with sexual consent seeking and adherence to decisions about sexual consent. In contrast, exposure to women's magazines was significantly negatively associated with refusal of unwanted sexual activity. Characteristics of Online Editors at City and Regional Magazines • Joy Jenkins, Oklahoma State University • Continually updated websites have become necessary additions to traditionally print publications, such as newspapers and magazines. In recent years, a particular subset of magazines, city and regional magazines, has also followed this trend, creating online editions with much of the same content as found in their print editions. Many of these magazines have also hired web-focused editors to oversee their online editions, creating online-exclusive content and filling a number of other roles. This study profiles online editors at city and regional magazines that are members of the City and Regional Magazine Association. A survey of these online editors reveals that they share many similarities. Their online editions have many of the same types of content, including articles repurposed from the print edition, blogs and directories and databases, and these online editors have many of the same job duties, including managing social media, copy editing articles and writing blogs. They also see themselves as having similar roles and responsibilities in their workplaces, such as increasing traffic to their online editions and creating a sense of community with their readers. These online editors are similar in the pressures they face as well, with small staff sizes, limited resources and pressure to accommodate advertisers. Overall, these online editors aim to create online editions that are well-designed and functional and present exclusive, dynamic content that will attract readers and present information on a variety of topics. 'This Shot Can Save Your Life!' (Or Can It?): Framing of the HPV Vaccine in Teen, Parenting, and Women's Magazines • Carolyn Lepre, Marist College • In 2006, a highly effective vaccine was approved that would protect against four strains of the HPV virus, which is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. This study investigated how selected teen, parenting, and women's magazines framed information concerning the HPV vaccine between 2006 and 2010, with a goal of discovering how the vaccine was presented as well as if the frames in the magazine types shifted over the time period studied. Self-Schema-Persuasion Perspectives on Localization vs. Internationalization: A Case Study of ELLE China's Editorial Strategies • Zhengjia Liu, The University of Iowa; Marcia R. Prior-Miller, Iowa State University; Jie Yan, Peking University, China • This study examined how international periodicals solve the tensions between internationalization and localization. Analysis of the editorial content of 20 years' issues of Elle China showed increasing amounts of content directly produced by the local editing team. Findings indicate the magazine balances the tensions between sociological contexts and audiences' psychological perceptions by using Eastern faces to present international brand items. Thus the publication in China caters to consumerist values of worshiping the Western lifestyle, while appealing to audience members' self-schema. Effects of media type, news topic and celebrity type on use of media frames • Jing Liu • Through content analysis of 331 cover news stories randomly sampled from two leading but competing news weeklies with top circulation in Hong Kong during the past 20 years, this paper investigated the effects of media type, news topic and celebrity type on the use of media frames in popular journalism.   The results yielded significant effects of news topic and celebrity type on the use of media frames, except for media type. Overall, human interest frame is most frequently used in Hong Kong popular journalism, followed by economic frame, conflict/violence frame, attribution of responsibility, sexuality, social injustice and morality frame.   It is observed that Hong Kong popular journalism focuses intensively on celebrity news, with achieved celebrity as the main concern. There is an increasing entrance of ordinary people into celebrity system, which are highly associated with sexuality frame, while economic and social injustice frames are most frequently used in ascribed celebrity, and morality frame are most used in coverage of ordinary people rather than celebrity. It is noteworthy that the human interest frame are used generally frequently across all news topics and celebrity types, with the peak in coverage of attributed celebrity and ordinary people.   News topic worked as an efficient mediator in the effect of celebrity type on the use of media frames. It is noteworthy that social injustice frame is most frequently used in political/military news but least in entertainment news; sexuality frame are most used in entertainment news while least in economic news. Embedded in the Gulf: On the Ground with the Boys of Company C • J. Keith Saliba, Jacksonville University; Ted Geltner, Valdosta State University • Relatively few studies have systematically analyzed the ways literary journalists construct meaning within their narratives. This study employed rhetorical framing analysis to discover embedded meaning within the text of John Sack's Gulf War Esquire articles. Textual analysis revealed several dominant frames and one master frame capable of shaping readers' interpretation of events. The study concludes that Sack's literary approach to war reportage is in many ways superior to that of conventional journalism. Changing Attitudes, Changing Lives: How the Christian Press Framed the AIDS in Africa Crisis • Ken Waters, Pepperdine University; Elizabeth Smith, Pepperdine University • During the past three decades, no region has been more devastated by the HIV/AIDS pandemic than the continent of Africa, specifically the sub-Saharan countries. While active now, churches in both Africa and North America were slow to respond with compassion and educational resources as the crisis grew. Initially, high profile fundamentalist Christians claimed AIDS was God's punishment on homosexuals, a further sign of the ""end times"" (Long, 2005; Palmer, 1996).  One important source that helped change perceptions of Christians in America were the specialized publications targeted to these believers. This research explores how Christian periodicals framed the AIDS in Africa crisis, and, in turn, set an agenda for how religious individuals and their organizations eventually responded to the growing pandemic.  Five frames dominated religious periodical coverage of the AIDS crisis in Africa:  moral responsibility, theological and doctrinal controversy, victimization, education and policy considerations, and medical and scientific care/concern. The variety of articles and frames used by the publications highlighted the plight of AIDS victims in such a way as to help readers understand the need to reach out and help others in the name of their religion.  As a result, by early in the 21st century, churches in North America became a major source of funding and advocacy on behalf of those suffering with the virus. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4660 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/mcs-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 14:17:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4664 Media of the People, by the People, for the People: Redefining Public Service Broadcasting in Emerging Democracies • Md. Abu Naser, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Debashis Aikat • Public service broadcasting has faced many challenges during a decline in the last 20 years. Although the crisis of public service broadcasting is global in nature, the problems the PSB institutions face in developing countries and in emerging democracies differ fundamentally from the challenges that the PSB outlets encounter in the Western world. Public service broadcasting in many developing countries remains a government monopoly where the public has no role in the process. In authoritarian political systems, public broadcasting becomes state propaganda that corrupts the whole broadcasting system. Because of the varied nature of the problems facing PSB institutions in developing countries, there is an emerging need for a variety of solutions. In this context, a plan to make public service television in Bangladesh more effective is proposed. This model may be applied to many other emerging democracies in Asia, Africa, East Europe, and Latin America since PSBs of those countries face similar problems. Is Family Guy E/I Programming? An Analysis of Adult Primetime Animations for Educational Messages. • Mary Katherine Alsip, University of Alabama; Wyley Shreves • Many studies have found that E/I programming may be falling short of the FCC guidelines prompted by the Children's Television Act of 1990.  Adult primetime animations have gained popularity in recent years, especially with adolescent and teen viewers.  An analysis of the availability and educational quality of adult animation is made and compared to previous data on E/I programming.  Recommendations for the adjustment of FCC guidelines based on this analysis are made. Digital media, citizenship orientation, and youth political consumerism • German Alvarez, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Matthew Barnidge, University of Wisconsin - Madison; ByungGu Lee, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study aims to explore how youth online usage patterns and notions of citizenship foster certain forms of political participation - namely political consumerism. Using cross-sectional survey data from a national representative sample of youth, this study offers a unique attempt to uncover the social-psychological predispositions that make up and define citizenship orientation. Specifically, this paper argues that a typology of trust in political institutions and political efficacy are important factors that contribute to citizenship orientation. Placing these social-psychological predispositions within the analytical framework of the communication mediation model, this paper also examines the mediating role of citizenship orientation between online communication and political participation. This study presents evidence that citizenship is evolving, and that new forms are emerging that place emphasis not on institutional politics, but rather on personally meaningful behaviors such as political consumerism. The results generally support the conclusion that citizenship orientation, as defined by the typology of trust and efficacy, is a significant factor mediating the effects of online media on political participation. The findings also highlight the role of online media in the development of citizenship orientation, indicating differential paths of communicative development that lead to different orientations toward citizenship. Why your grandparents are on Facebook:  A survey of uses and gratifications of Facebook by older adults • monica ancu, Univ. of South Florida St. Petersburg • This is a uses and gratifications study looking at why older adults, people aged 45 and older, use Facebook. A survey of 225 respondents reveals that older adults are drawn to Facebook by two primary factors, Mood Management (entertainment and emotional connectivity) and Social Action (express opinions and news, and establish relationships). The most popular activity among our sample was playing games and using other entertainment Facebook apps, followed by browsing friends profiles and photos. Content creation and communication through status updates, wall comments, messages and other types of expression were less popular among this age group, with only a third (roughly 30% of respondents) engaged in such activities. The study discusses additional findings and their implications, and it is one of the very few studies looking at the social networking uses and gratifications of older adults. The new communication environment and its influence on media credibility • Ashley Anderson, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Peter Ladwig; Dominique BROSSARD, LSC, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dietram Scheufele; Michael Xenos • How exposure to uncivil discussion in online comments alongside two controversial issues—nuclear energy and nanotechnology—influences media credibility is the focus of this study. Using an experimental design with a representative sample of the American population, we find exposure to uncivil discussion increases perceptions of blog post bias and trust in news media for information on science. Exposure to incivility in blog comments increases trust in online sources for the issue of nuclear energy. Overweight and unworthy? The role of priming in attractiveness, gender, and credibility • Julie Andsager, University of Iowa; Erin O'Gara; Robert Gutsche Jr, The University of Iowa; James Carviou; Nicholas Yanes, University of Iowa • Obesity is a prevalent health concern in the U.S. Guided by attribution theory and priming, an experiment was conducted to assess attitudes toward attribution of responsibility, attractiveness, and credibility in thin versus overweight individuals. Subjects considered thin individuals more attractive than their overweight counterparts, and reader gender was significantly related to evaluations of attractiveness, particularly when weight was primed with an opinion column.  Weight and gender of columnists interacted in perceived credibility.  Implications are discussed. The Effects of Gain and Loss Frames on Perceptions of Racial Inequality • Erin Ash, Penn State University; Mike Schmierbach, Penn State University • Previous content analytic research has examined the extent to which the media frame racial disadvantage in terms of black losses and gains and white losses and gains, finding that news reports are by far most likely to frame disadvantage in terms of what blacks are more likely (than whites) to lose. This study is an empirical test of the effects of racial gain and loss framing. Results reveal loss frames amplified perceptions that the issue was important and due to systematic, institutional causes. No main effects of race were found, but race did interact with the frame manipulation to influence perceived importance and symbolic racism. Further, regression models showed the influence of perceptions of importance, causal attributions, and symbolic racism in predicting support for two proposed remedies to alleviate the inequality. Exploring News Media Literacy: Developing New Measures of Literacy and Knowledge • Seth Ashley, University of Missouri; Adam Maksl, University of Missouri; Stephanie Craft, University of Missouri • Using a framework previously applied to other areas of media literacy, we developed an attitudinal scale focused specifically on news media literacy and compared that to a knowledge-based index including items about the structure of the U.S. news media system. Among our college student sample, the knowledge-based index was a significant predictor of knowledge about topics in the news, while the attitudinal scale was not. Implications for future work in assessing news literacy are discussed. Social Media Consumption, Interpersonal Relationship and Issue Awareness • Sungsoo Bang, University of Texas, Austin • This study examines the relationship between social media consumption and issue awareness using South Korea's 2007 national survey dataset. This study finds that there is a significant and positive relationship between consuming social media, such as Internet community sites, and issue awareness. The findings indicate that frequency of using social media significantly and positively increases issue awareness such as public policy.  The finding also indicates using social media for socilability is positively related to issue awareness, which is essential for democracy in terms of political knowledge. Furthermore, the finding shows social media uses mediate the relationship between issue awareness and interpersonal relationship such as political discussion, which demonstrates consuming social media decrease the information gap caused by interpersonal relationship. The Third-Person Effect Among Mormon College Students: An Examination of Social Distance and Behavioral Outcomes • Stephen Banning, Bradley University; Guy J. Golan, Syracuse University; Sherry Baker, Brigham Young University • This study examines perceived media influence amongst a highly religious sample of Mormon college students and investigates the potential behavioral consequences of these perceptions. While Golan (2002) tested the relationship between religiosity and the third-person effect, no study to date has examined third person perceptions and their behavioral consequences amongst religious adherents. Consistent with previous research, our study found robust support for the perceptual hypothesis of the third-person effect and support for third-person perceptions as key predictors of censorship and government regulation of the mainstream news media. The Impact of the BP Oil Spill on Views about Nuclear Energy: A Natural Experiment • John Besley, University of South Carolina; Sang Hwa Oh, University of South Carolina • A natural experiment involving a survey about nuclear energy conducted just before the BP oil spill and followed-up after the oil spill showed that self-reported attention to the oil spill interacted with environmental attitudes to produce higher perceived risks and less overall support for nuclear risk management policies. An experimental manipulation that involved asking half of the respondents about the oil spill, prior to asking about nuclear energy, resulted in more negative views about nuclear energy. The research speaks to climate-change-related debate about the value of arguing in favor of one energy technology through the critique of another. What Viewers Want:  Assessing the impact of host bias on perceptions of credibility in political talk shows • Leticia Bode; Emily Vraga, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Magda Konieczna; Michael Mirer; German Alvarez, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Courtney Johnson • The new media environment, and particularly cable news, has recently embraced a partisan style of journalism. It is unclear how subtle changes in the way this style is adopted affect how viewers perceive and evaluate the journalists and programs in question. To consider this question, we employ a 3x3 experimental design. Using professional actors and experienced producers and editors, we imitated a pundit-based political talk show, altering whether the host was neutral, conservative, or liberal, and whether he gave equal time to both sides of the argument, or unevenly distributed time either in favor of the liberal or the conservative guest. We expected that both overt bias and the more subtle bias of allowing one side more time would both factor into evaluations of the host and the program's credibility, and this expectation is supported by the data. Moreover, their effects are contingent upon the partisan identity of the viewer, and there is an important interaction between the two types of bias. Our findings have significant implications for models of journalism in the cable news era. Factors Affecting Journalistic Adherence to the Protest Paradigm: The Influence of Protest Goals and Tactics • Michael Boyle, West Chester University; Cory Armstrong, University of Florida; Doug McLeod • A recent spate of protest activity across the globe has reinforced the important role that news media play in covering protesters. Research under the protest paradigm has shown that not all protest groups are treated equally and has consistently found that more deviant protest groups receive more critical coverage. However, our understanding of what factors predict when the protest paradigm will be enacted and when it will not needs further exploration and clarification. This study considers this issue using a geographically diverse set of newspapers  to consider the distinct role of a protest group goals and their tactics as well as the location and issue being protested. The findings indicate that the tactics employed by protest groups have a significant bearing on how they are treated trumping the influence of goals. Further, it is clear that location and issue indirectly influence coverage by influencing group tactics. Mirror, Mirror on the Screen...The Facebook-Narcissism Connection • Jennifer Braddock, University of Florida • Narcissism is an issue of increasing concern among current generations in the United States.  Young individuals are also more connected than ever, particularly via the social networking site Facebook.  This study uncovers several relationships between narcissism as determined by responses to the NPI-16 and Facebook use based on Uses and Gratifications Theory.  The data suggest that narcissistic individuals look to Facebook to support their self-promoting tendencies. Everything is Not What It Seems: An Examination of Sitcom Sibling Interactions • Nancy Bressler • Real-life sibling interactions may not be as simplistic as the portrayals on television sitcoms.  Yet, real-life siblings may still identify with these characters.  This study examined popular family sitcoms during the 2009-2010 television season using a quantitative content analysis.  The valence of interactions, types of interactions, sources of conflict, and overall outcomes were all investigated.  These results were further correlated with each sitcom to determine if there was a pattern of sibling interactions. The pregnancy of ""Skinny Moms"" for Sale!: Representations of Celebrity Moms' Pregnancies in Korean Online Media"            Jiyoung Chae • This paper explores the representations of celebrity mothers' pregnancies in Korean online media. An analysis of articles dealing with ten Korean female celebrities' pregnancies revealed that the celebrities' thinness during and just after pregnancy are highly emphasized by the media and those celebrities are called ""skinny moms." In skinny mom discourses, celebrity moms are portrayed as a woman who has both ideal beauty and motherhood. These representations imply that women should be thin and beautiful even during their pregnancies. Also, what the celebrities consume to maintain the skinny body is the center of attention. As a result, the celebrities' bodies are commodified and objectified by the media representations, which is for women who aspire to have a thin and beautiful pregnancy as they do. Third-person perception and health beliefs • John Chapin, Penn State • Purpose: To study third-person perception (TPP) within the context of a public health issue (intimate partner violence) and to explore theoretical linkage between TPP and the health belief model.  Methods: Survey of 316 medical professionals  Results: Medical professionals exhibit TPP, believing they are less influenced than patients by media depictions of IPV. In terms of the Health Belief Model, one element, perceived susceptibility, emerged as a predictor of TPP.  Conclusions: There is a rich area of health-related messages yet to be explored in future research. Adolescents' Varying Responses to Pro-Health Messages After Media Literacy Training • Yi-Chun Chen • With an increasing attention to entertainment-education (EE) as an integral part of health campaigns, children cultivated in more than two decades of media literacy (ML) movements might view EE differently. This paper thus asks: Will different approaches to media literacy impede the effectiveness of entertainment-education?  A total of 105 adolescents participated in a 2 (sex: female and male) X 3 (ML approaches: negative mediation, positive mediation and control) posttest only with a control group quasi-experimental design. Results showed that a positive evaluative not only had positive influences on key decision-making process concerning alcohol use but also heightened the effectiveness of pro-health entertainment.  Significant sex effects also indicated that female adolescents may be more receptive to the educational aspect of health-focused entertainment-education than their counterparts. Findings suggest that media literacy could enhance pro-health entertainment and has the potential to be employed simultaneously in health campaigns to improve adolescents' health. Examining the Conjoint Influence of Parental Mediation and Media Literacy in Substance Use • Yi-Chun Chen; Erica Austin • Prior research has established significant factors that impact individuals' substance use behavior, including parental communication strategies and their level of media literacy. This study bridges the gap between parental mediation and media literacy in relation to substance use.  Two separate cross-sectional Internet studies with each survey focusing on either alcohol (n=347) or tobacco use behavior (n=291) were conducted at a large mid-Atlantic university (N=638).  Mediation and coviewing had distinctive relationships with media literacy, such that coviewing predicted less advertising skepticism but more critical thinking, negative mediation consistently associated with higher levels of media literacy, rulemaking associated with lower levels of critical thinking, and positive mediation associated with lower levels of advertising skepticism but was unrelated to critical thinking. The results show that parental communication influences can be traced into early adulthood and that strategies which cultivate independent, analytical message processing have indirect protective effects but passive strategies can increase risk. The Indirect Effect of Media on Political Participation: How Media Promote Political Participation • Doo-Hun Choi, University of Wisconsin - Madison • Analyzing data from the 2008 ANES, the study explored the role of media use in influencing political participation. Particularly, the research examined (a) the relationship between media use and interpersonal trust and (b) the connection between interpersonal trust and political participation. The findings support the thesis that interpersonal trust was positively related to political participation. Moreover, Internet use promoted interpersonal trust, whereas national television viewing was negatively associated with interpersonal trust. Taken together, the findings suggest that the Internet may enhance political participation at least indirectly, an effect mediated by interpersonal trust. Results and implications are discussed in greater detail. The effect of geographical distance and intensity of online news on user emotion, personal relevance, and perceived intensity • EunRyung Chong, University of Maryland; Ronald Yaros, University of Maryland; John Newhagen • More than two decades of online news environment invited reconsideration of the traditional journalistic definition of ""proximity." Emotional or virtual proximity of users was examined by 2 (geographical distance) X 2(news story intensity) within subject factorial design online survey experiment. Perceived news intensity and perceived personal relevance to the online news were measured.  Findings indicate that emotional proximity is independent from geographical proximity. Virtual proximity, however, illustrates strong association with the geographical proximity. In ""near"" story, users appeared more strongly to be involved in low intensive story than high intensive story, while in ""far"" story, high intensive story more affected users than low intensive story. The implication of findings for editorial direction of online news is suggested. Packaging Inspiration: Al Qaeda's Digital Magazine Strategy and Popular Culture Resonance • Susan Currie Sivek, Mass Communication, Linfield College • This study examines the function and content of Inspire magazine, an English-language digital publication created by Al Qaeda of the Arabian Peninsula with the goal of recruiting Western Muslims to participate in jihad. The selection of the digital magazine medium, as well as the resonance of the content with Western popular culture narratives and tropes, are considered in light of existing research on magazines, social movements, and Islamic terrorism. The effect of narrative messages on young adults' response to a health message about Hepatitis C • Michelle Dangiuro-Baker, Penn State University; Fuyuan Shen, Ad Division • Designing health messages for young adults can be challenging, both in getting the attention of young adults and persuading them to adopt safe health behaviors. This study, guided by narrative transportation theory, explored the role that story formats play in immersing young adults into a health message and persuading them to adopt a specific health behavior. An experiment (N=125) was conducted featuring public service announcements (PSAs) regarding the dangers of the Hepatitis C Virus that utilized a 2 (message format: factual vs. narrative) X 2 (message valence: positive vs. negative) factorial design. Results indicated an interaction between valence and message format, with negatively valenced narratives leading to greater persuasion and transportation than positively valenced messages and factual messages when controlling for perceived susceptibility to Hepatitis C. Transportation was shown to fully mediate the relationship between the negative-narrative message and persuasion. However, neither message format nor valence significantly impacted behavior intention, a possible effect of participants' low perceived susceptibility to contracting the Hepatitis C Virus. Adding Depth to the Relationship Between Reading Skills and Television Viewing • Steven Dick, Picard Center for Child Development and Lifelong Learning; William Davie; Betsy Bryan Miguez • It has been long accepted that there is a negative correlation between excessive television and academic performance, however, with so many children watching at least some television each day, it is worth considering the effects of more limited viewing.  This project performs a secondary analysis on a nationally representative (NAEP) dataset of more than 26,000 students to evaluate the relationship between television viewing and academic achievement.  Findings include support for the positive effect of moderate viewing among certain young demographic groups (males, students in poverty, Hispanics, and English language learners), which in this study contrasts with the diminishing return of the viewing benefit as students matured. Partisan Balance and Bias in TV Network Coverage of the 2000, 2004 and 2008 Presidential Elections • Arvind Diddi, State University of New York at Oswego; Frederick Fico; Geri Alumit Zeldes, Michigan State University • This study did a content analysis of television broadcast network news in the 2008 presidential election to examine the partisan balance and bias and compared it with the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections. The study replicated the partisan balance and bias measures used in similar studies in 2000 and 2004 elections. The study findings were comparable to the general conclusions of the earlier research. However, the 2008 data indicated that though the broadcast news networks were largely balanced in their coverage they showed a slight Republican tilt in their coverage. Money Mothers and Mediators: A Thematic Analysis of Say Yes to the Dress • Katherine Eaves, University of Oklahoma • The explosive growth of the now multi-billion dollar a year wedding industry has been fueled in part by a dramatic increase in the number of wedding-focused television programs. These programs, much like other forms of bridal-focused media, present women with images, ideas and fantasies about what their weddings should be like, look like and feel like.  Using a thematic analysis method and social constructionist theoretical perspective, this study identifies three primary thematic elements in the wedding-focused program Say Yes to the Dress; the role of the mother, financial considerations (or lack thereof), and the positioning of the bridal consultant as a mediator. Understanding News Preferences in a “Post-Broadcast Democracy”: A Content-by-Style Typology for the Contemporary News Environment • Stephanie Edgerly, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Kjerstin Thorson, University of Southern California; Emily Vraga, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dhavan Shah • This study develops a 2x2 news typology accounting for an individual's orientation toward content (news vs. entertainment) and style (factual reports vs. pundit opinions). Findings from cross-sectional and panel data reveal that our typology predicts distinct patterns of news consumption during the 2008 election. Specifically, we predict selection of cable news outlets, soft news programs, and late-night talk shows. Our results also shed light on knowledge change during the 2008 election season. In Deepwater: A comparative analysis of The New York Times and The Guardian's coverage of the BP oil spill • Patrick Ferrucci, U of Missouri • This paper offers a comparative analysis of news coverage by The New York Times and The Guardian during the ten days following the BP oil spill of April 20, 2010. Ethnographic content analysis examines the coverage, and institutional analysis examines the outlets in broader cultural and economic contexts. The paper concludes that despite what existing literature would suggest, The New York Times better embodied the spirit of journalism through a diversity of sources and ideas. The green editorial debate: A comparison of the framing of environmental issues in the Columbia Daily Tribune and St. Louis Post-Dispatch • Maria Garcia, University of Missouri-Columbia; Guy J. Golan, Syracuse University; Jeffrey Joe Pe-Aguirre, University of Central Arkansas • The current study compares how environmental issues were framed in the editorial section of a small community newspaper, Columbia Daily Tribune, and metropolitan newspaper, St. Louis Post-Dispatch. The results of a content analysis point to significant differences in the framing strategies, news values and overall valence in coverage between the two newspapers. The central function of community journalism in relationship to the formation of civic participation and public opinion are discussed. Expressing opinions on GLBT tolerance using Facebook:  A modern application of the spiral of silence • Sherice Gearhart, Texas Tech University; Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University • The present study examined the role of the spiral of silence, in the online environment of the social network site (SNS) Facebook as it is used to express opinions on tolerance for gays and lesbians. Using an experimental manipulation, respondents were presented with either a friendly or hostile hypothetical scenario concerning gay-bullying, a social issue has recently garnered increased media attention and impacts the lives of people across the country. Issue importance and willingness to self-censor indicated the presence of the spiral of silence, so did other individual level variables such as age, gender, media and level of social tolerance. However, perceived climates of opinion and attitude certainty were not found to have any significant impact.  Findings suggest that the spiral of silence does, in fact, exist in the online context of Facebook, an SNS based upon relationships anchored to offline others. Theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed. Prevalence and Context of Verbal Aggression  in Children's Television Programming • jack glascock, Illinois State University • This study examines the prevalence and context of verbal aggression in children's television programming. In all 256 episodes of children's programming from cable and broadcast television were examined. About 18 acts of verbal aggression were found, most of which were insults (49.2%) and name calling (24%). A majority of the acts were depicted as externally motivated, justified and followed by either positive or neutral reinforcement. Proportionately, male and female characters were equally verbally aggressive however female characters were more likely than expected to be victims. Social learning implications are discussed. Perceived H1N1 flu vaccine efficacy and likelihood of vaccine uptake: Assessing the influences of mass media and risk perception • Gang (Kevin) Han, Iowa State University; Kejun Chu; Guolin Shen • This study examines the influences on college students' perceived efficacy of H1N1 flu vaccine that are exerted by mass media and risk perception, along with personal experience, interpersonal communication and self-efficacy. Respondents' perceived likelihood of receiving flu shot is also assessed at personal, group, societal and global levels. An online survey was conducted and 1321 completed questionnaires were analyzed. Findings suggest that mass media and risk perception significantly affect respondents' perceptions of H1N1 flu shot effectiveness, where exposure to both traditional and new media also moderates the influence of risk judgment. In addition, findings reveal an ""mounting pattern"" of perceived likelihood of flu vaccine reception across these levels, wherein respondents perceive that taking H1N1 flu vaccine is more likely for mass collectives than for themselves or family. Knowledge Gaps, Belief Gaps, and Public Opinion about Health Care Reform • Doug Hindman, Washington State University • Partisanship and political polarization has become the norm in national, and increasingly, local politics. The passage of the health care overhaul legislation, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, signed into law in March 2010, was no exception to the trend towards greater levels of partisanship; the legislation passed without a single Republican vote. This study raises an additional issue thought to be associated with polarization and partisanship: the distribution among the public of beliefs regarding heavily covered political controversies. Specifically, this study tests hypotheses regarding the distribution of beliefs and knowledge about health care reform. Hypotheses are formulated that seek to extend the knowledge gap to account for the partisan environment.  The belief gap hypothesis suggests that in an era of political polarization, self identification along ideological or political party dimensions would be the better predictor of knowledge and beliefs about politically contested issues than would one's educational level.  Findings showed that gaps in beliefs and knowledge regarding health care reform between Republicans and Democrats grew, and traditional knowledge gaps, based on educational level, disappeared. Attention to cable TV news narrowed gaps in knowledge among party identifiers. Findings are discussed in terms of improving news coverage of partisan debates. Clash of coverage: An analysis of the cultural framing components of U.S. newspaper reporting on the 2011 protests in Bahrain • Jennifer Hoewe, The Pennsylvania State University; Brian J. Bowe, Michigan State University • Samuel Huntington's clash of civilizations paradigm was established after the Cold War to explain an emerging new world order and was utilized in the cultural framing hypothesis' explanation of U.S. news coverage of conflicts. Through content analysis of three major U.S. newspapers' coverage of the 2011 protests in Bahrain, this study uses the cultural framing hypothesis to determine if a clash of civilizations shaped news stories. The results largely support the hypothesis and Huntington's paradigm. Information Surplus, Information Overload, and Multiplatform News Consumption: Updating Considerations of Influential Factors • Avery Holton, University of Texas-Austin; H. Iris Chyi, University of Texas at Austin • Information surplus tends to trigger psychological effects on news and information consumers, causing information overload. This study explored novel areas of information overload, specifically with regards to news and information, and empirically examined factors associated with the degree of information overload as well as how people perceive the amount of time required to consume information across a broad spectrum of news and information platforms. The findings revealed that the majority of news and information consumers today feel overloaded with the amount of news they are confronted with. Gender, news interest, and the use of specific news platforms and outlets predict the degree of information overload. Additionally, consumers distinguish multiple news platforms by the perceived time required to consume news items on those platforms - older platforms are perceived as more time-consuming than newer platforms. Implications for media psychology, news consumption, and evolving production models are discussed. Great Planes: National Media's Understanding of America's ""Flyover Country"" • Brian Hough, Ohio University • This content analysis investigates topical and spatial understandings of the American Great Plains by national media—specifically USA Today, The Wall Street Journal, and The New York Times. The study finds (1) the Plains are sparsely mentioned in these media,; (2) stories involving economics and politics are the most common topics; (3) North Dakota and South Dakota are the most frequently mentioned states; (4) a high occurrence of depopulation articles in The New York Times. The Rise of Specialists, the Fall of Generalists • S. Mo Jang • The present study revisits the question as to whether U.S. citizens are information specialists or information generalists.  Although the literature has presented mixed views, the study provides evidence that the changing information environment facilitates the growth of specialists.  Using a national survey (n=1208), the study found that individuals seek issue-specific knowledge driven by their perceived issue importance rather than by general education, and that this trend was saliently observed among those who relied on the Internet. Framing National and International Disasters: An Analysis of Media and Actor Frames of Hurricane Katrina and Haiti Earthquake • Sun Ho Jeong, University of Texas at Austin • Using frames as organizing principles to construct meanings of an abstract concept of disaster, media and actor frames of Hurricane Katrina and Haiti Earthquake were examined in three stages upon development of the post-disaster relief: (a) Call for humanitarian assistance; (b) New Orleans under anarchy and hopelessness versus Haiti under scrutiny and hope; and (c) Katrina effects. Considering frames as cultural structures involving different social actors, newspapers, press releases and statements were analyzed. Conflict Frames, Media Bias, and Power Distribution: Title IX as a Longitudinal Social-Movement Case • Kent Kaiser, Northwestern College • Through examination of Title IX as a social-movement case, this paper identified frames advocating for and against Title IX and used content analyses to discover the faithfulness with which conflict frames were transferred from the legal and legislative debate into newspapers.  The study finds that the newspapers were generally faithful to the legal and legislative debate but demonstrated some bias in favor of social reform, thereby challenging hegemonic ideas and empowering the women's rights movement. Does Online News Reading and Sharing Shape Perceptions of Online Deliberation?: Exploring the Structural Relationships among Motives and Behaviors of Online News Consumption and Online Deliberation Perceptions • Hyunjin Kang, The Pennsylvania State University; Jeong Kyu Lee, ClearWay Minnesota; Kyung Han You, The Pennsylvania State University; Seoyeon Lee • With the rapid development of interactive communication technology, the Internet is a major source of news and also plays an important role in connecting individual members of society. However, Internet users may have different perspectives on whether or not the Internet positively functions as a medium for civic deliberation. Because being exposed to information on public affairs is a crucial step for one's civic engagement, this study focuses on the effects of online news consumption motives and behaviors on one's perceptions of online deliberation. The study (N = 998) explores structural relationships between online news consumption motives, behaviors—elaborative reading and sharing—and perceptions of online deliberation. The study finds significant relationships between online news consumption motives and elaborative news reading and sharing behaviors, but only elaborative reading behavior had a significant effect on one's perceptions of online deliberation. The implications of these findings are discussed. The Digital Age, Future of News and Implications for the MDM • Andrew Kennis • This paper is an attempt to make sense out of the many questions surrounding news media performance and its inadequacies. It does this by first synthesizing two critical models of news analysis and applying their respective strengths toward the other's weaknesses. The synthesis is based on the propaganda (Herman and Chomsky 1988, 2002, 2008) and indexing models (Bennett 1990; Bennett, Livingston and Lawrence 2007). The new digital era of journalism, conventional wisdom on the topic asserts, has significantly usurped prior tendencies in terms of the domination of news themes and sources by government and corporate officials. Scholarly inquiries and findings into the matter, however, have showed that this is simply not the case (Livingston and Bennett 2003; Livingston and Van Belle 2005) and that an era of hyper-commercialism is mostly to blame for a lack of news media independence (McChesney 2000, 2004, 2008). While it cannot be denied that new media and online-based news outlets are increasingly producing exceptional content, the fact remains that the reach of this content is widely dispersed and its subsequent influence is also dispersed, disparate and lacking in comparison to the traditional outlets. Most importantly, it is widely acknowledged that the leading agenda-setting and U.S.-based print sources - the New York Times and Washington Post - are by-and-large responsible for an overwhelming amount of news content, which are in turn re-sourced by alternative news sources in broadcast and online-based media. How Scholars Have Responded to Social Media Phenomena in Advertising, Communication, Marketing and Public Relations Research From 1997-2010 • Hyoungkoo Khang, University of Alabama; Eyun-Jung Ki, The University of Alabama; Lan Ye, The University of Alabama • Drawing upon the social media phenomena in both practical and academic arenas, this study explored patterns and trends of social media research over the past 14 years across the four disciplines of advertising, communication, marketing, and public relations. As a whole, these findings exhibit a definite increasing trend in terms of the number of social media-related studies published in the four disciplines. This indicates that social media has gained incremental attention among scholars, and in turn, they have been responding and keeping pace well with the increased usage and impact of this new medium. In addition, we suggest that future scholarly endeavors emphasize the prospective aspects of social media, foreseeing applications and technological progress, and elaborating theories. Attention, Explicated: A Psychological Approach to Mass Communication"            Gyoung Kim • In academia, the term ""attention"" has been defined, explicated, and studied intensively in cognitive psychology and neuroscience.  However, this term is also an important factor to analyze and explain mass communication effects.  This study explains and explores the mass communication theories, mass media effects, and types of a media audience in terms of media audience's psychological cognitive process of attention and suggests a new definition of attention for studying mass communication effects. Does Disagreement Mitigate Polarization? How Partisan Media Use and Disagreement Affect Political Polarization • Yonghwan Kim; Hsuan-Ting Chen • This study examines how partisan selective exposure and interpersonal political disagreement influence political polarization. Using data from the 2008 National Annenberg Election Study, this study first investigates the association between individuals' selective partisan media use and attitude polarization. This study also examines whether disagreement in political discussion networks moderate the association between partisan selective exposure and polarization. As expected, individuals' partisan selective media use leads to political polarization. Results further show that exposure to disagreement attenuates the association between partisan media use and polarization. How Self-Other Perceptions and Media Affordances Are Related to News Use by College Students • Esther Thorson, University of Missouri; Eunjin (Anna) Kim, University of Missouri; Margaret Duffy, University of Missouri School of Journalism • This study examines how the Self-Other variables and preferences for certain kinds of Media Affordances affect college students' news use and importance. Guided by the Media Choice Model (Thorson & Duffy, 2005) we suspected that three Self-Other variables fundamental to how people process information about themselves, others, and the relationship between the two would prove to be individual differences important to media choice.  We also expected that four Media Affordances that we found college students value would predict their news use and importance. Finally, we suspected that the media features would mediate the effects of the self-other variables on news use and importance. This study discovered that the sSelf-Other variables and Media Affordances significantly predicted news use and News Importance. Also, it is revealed that Media AffordanceS successfully mediated the effect of the Self-Other variables on news use and News Importance. Local 2.0: New Media, Advertising and the Emerging Local Web • Kathleen Kuehn • This paper offers an exploration of the local 2.0 technologies which are leading to the popularity of a ""local web"" in which place-based communities are being harnessed by start-ups and advertisers alike in order to capitalize on the untapped markets of local communities. However, new media research needs to consider this shift, as well as the implications resulting from it in regards to how it will impact social, cultural and political economic relationships. While there is much potential for the local web, there is equally many potential problems. Future media research must account for both. Investigative Reporting and Local Power • Gerry Lanosga • This analysis of Pulitzer Prize nominations reveals a complex and varied relationship between investigative reporters and contingent groups of elites in which both sides have substantive roles to play as catalysts for societal change.  Investigative journalism, though entangled with power in strikingly intimate ways, plays a role as referee among competing power groups, periodically challenging components of the social system, if only in the interest of keeping the system operating by its own rules. Female Journalists Contribute to Greater Transparency and Accountability on Twitter • Dominic Lasorsa • Female and male journalists were found to differ little in their use of the microblog medium Twitter, including their general presence on Twitter and the topics about which they tweeted. Furthermore, female and male j-tweeters were no different in the extent to which they engaged in two characteristic microblogging activities that contest major journalistic norms, expressing opinions and admitting nonprofessionals to participate in the news production process. However, regarding a third journalistic norm—transparency—female journalists provided significantly more openness and accountability in their tweets than did male journalists. Supporting a socialization perspective, it was found that female journalists working for larger, national, prestigious news media were less likely than those working for other less ""elite"" news media to express opinions in their tweets, to allow nonprofessional participation in the news they produce on Twitter, and to provide evidence of transparency and accountability in their tweeting. The implications of these findings are considered. Persuasive Appeals in Television Food Advertising for Children: A Comparative Analysis of Low-Nutrition vs. General-Nutrition Food Advertisements in the U.S • Hyuk Soo Kim, The University of Alabama; Doohwang Lee, University of Alabama; Yangsun Hong • Television food advertisements targeted to children were content analyzed. Using Elaboration likelihood model (ELM) of persuasion, the study identified the various advertising appeals and conceptualized as central and peripheral cues. Further, it investigated how advertising appeals of central and peripheral cues were differently associated with low-nutrition food and general-nutrition food commercials. Overall, the findings suggest that general-nutrition food commercials employed persuasive appeals of central cues more frequently than low-nutrition food commercials. Theoretical, practical and regulatory implications are discussed in the discussion section. The Impact of Contradicting Media Messages on Political Perceptions:  The Case of a Partisan Dispute in Korea over Lifting Ban on U.S. Beef Imports • ByungGu Lee, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Since mass media is the primary channel through which average citizens are informed of political issues, the way a political affair is described by the media plays an important role in shaping people's political attitudes. Although its impact has largely been supported by many experimental results, not many studies have tapped into real world issues and very few have tried to answer the question of whether a frame can survive in a competitive environment. By utilizing a natural experiment setting where news frames from different types of media outlets contradicted each other, this study examined whether the impact of countervailing frames can persist in competitive environments to affect citizens' political evaluations. Along with the impact of news media frames, the influence of perceived responsibility on political judgments (Iyengar, 1989, 1990; Iyengar & Kinder, 1987) was taken into account as well. The results show that media messages with conflicting frames failed to influence citizens' political evaluations, cancelling out each other's effect. Instead, the evidence suggests that political perceptions were largely shaped by such factors as the locus of causal responsibility and policy evaluations, which, in turn, were affected by one's political ideology. Implications for framing research and suggestions for future research were discussed. Portrayals of Eating and Drinking in Popular American TV Programs: Comparison between Scripted and Non-scripted Shows • Moon Lee, University of Florida; Lauren Gispanski • The purpose of this study was to investigate the portrayals of eating behaviors in popular American TV programs as they pertain to popular scripted television programs as well as non-scripted or ""reality"" television shows. Through a content analysis of 95 episodes, we also measured the prevalence and nature of alcohol consumption that accompanied depictions of eating behaviors in 461 scenes. Regarding the type of food, various foods were portrayed in popular American TV programs of which only 6% of foods portrayed were healthy (e.g. low in calories and fat content such as fruits, vegetables, protein bars, etc.). In addition to food consumption, approximately half of eating scenes were either accompanied by alcohol or solely contained alcoholic beverages, suggesting that popular American TV programs portray alcohol and drinking as a predominant feature of society.  Implications as well as limitations of the study are also discussed in the paper. The Effect of Editorials on Perceptions of Adolescent Marijuana Use as a Societal Problem • Stacey Hust, Washington State University; Ming Lei • News reports have influenced adolescents' perceptions of the risks of marijuana use, so media advocacy could be a useful strategy to bring awareness to this public health issue. The current study informs our understanding of the media advocacy strategy by experimentally testing the effectiveness of editorials aimed at framing adolescent marijuana use as a societal problem.  The results indicate the effects of editorials with a societal frame differed based on participants' decision to use marijuana. The Influence of News Media on Optimism about Retrospective and Prospective Economic Issues as Sources of Social Capital: Tracing the Effects by A Path Model • Yung-I Liu • This study helps understand media's conditional effects by investigating the role of mediating attitudinal factors in explaining the relationships between media, and civic attitudes and behaviors. This study attempts to understand the mechanism by which media could influence how much optimism people have in perceiving economic issues, which accordingly could influence people's possession of social capital. Analyzing the 2004 ANES data by using the structural equation modeling approach, this study finds a path model that links news media to various dimensions of social capital through people's optimism about economic issues. The findings suggest that news media could influence people's possession of social capital indirectly through influencing people's optimism about issues that are highly important and relevant to their lives. What motivates online disagreement expression?: Examining the influence  of verbal persuasion, vicarious experience, mastery experience and self-efficacy • xudong liu, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Aaron Veenstra, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • A 2_2 experimental design explored factors influencing self-efficacy and the willingness to express disagreement online. The study found that self-efficacy is a salient factor in predicting whether people will choose to present different opinions on the online forum where the majority discussants opposes to their opinions. Mastery experience and verbal persuasion positively predict self-efficacy, while vicarious experience has no effects on self-efficacy concerning online disagreement expression. Overall, this study responded to the call to explore the reference group's influence on online discussion and partially confirmed online peer discussants' motivation role in discussion involvement. When Undesirable Media Message Looms:  Possibility of Event Occurrence, General Self-efficacy, and Third Person Perception • xudong liu, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • This paper examines the influence of perceived possibility of event occurrence, self-efficacy, and general self-efficacy on third person perception concerning exposure to media coverage of H1N1 swine flu pandemic. Social cognitive theory and construal level theory guided the rationale. Results from a survey showed that people's concern of disease spreading likelihood in the local community positively predicts perceived media effects on self and on others, but its impact on self-evaluation of media effect is more salient, and thus negatively influence third person perception. People confident in pretending oneself tend to be less affected by media coverage of the pandemic and demonstrate more third person perception. General self-efficacy also positively influences third person perception. Who in the World? People, Content, and Systemic Bias on Wikipedia • Randall Livingstone, University of Oregon • This research investigates systemic bias on the English-language Wikipedia by focusing in on the representation of persons and people. The work of a particular group of editors devoted to combating bias, WikiProject:Countering System Bias, over a bounded number of edits (n = 2,204) is considered and compared to a sample (n = 2,588) drawn from the general population of editors. Statistical analysis and geographic mapping reveal successes and shortcomings of this group's work. So, Who's an American Now? A Discourse Analysis of CNN.com's Readers' Comments on the Fort Hood Shooting and ""Jihad Jane"" Indictment • Jaime Loke, University of Oklahoma; Tania Cantrell Rosas-Moreno, Loyola University • This study discursively analyzes 2,782 readers' comments from CNN.com's stories of the Food Hood shooting and the indictment of ""Jihad Jane."  The analysis illuminates society's perceptions of what it means to be American. It also helps make sense of how criminals sharing similar religious background but different race and gender are discussed. Additional research on the complex relationship among religion, race and gender within the private-public space of online news readers' comments is called for. The ecology of news: Tracking emerging media forms • Wilson Lowrey • Low barriers to entry, failed business models, and a cultural decentering of mainstream journalism have sparked unprecedented variation in news forms and practices, and yet relatively little attention has been paid to the ongoing processes by which such innovations emerge, develop, persist, change and fade. These complex dynamics need more systematic study. This paper proposes a model that offers explanation for the evolution of news forms. The model is informed by sociological scholarship on organization ecology and by concepts from media sociology and media economics. The paper reports findings on an empirical test of aspects of the model, examining the case of ""health blogs"" - blogs that focus on health, medicine and fitness. Support for aspects of the model was found: overall, the health blog population is becoming more institutionalized and formalized, more specialized, and the growth rate more slow and stable. Why Politics?: Young People's Motivations for Facebook Political Engagement • Timothy Macafee; Karyn Riddle, University of Wisconsin - Madison • This study uses a convenience sample of undergraduate students to explore the motivations for engaging in three Facebook political activities and probes the extent to which political predispositions predict the motivations for engaging in these political activities. Results reveal that motivations for Facebook political activity vary by activity; the extent to which political predispositions influence motivations to participate politically reveal few patterns, suggesting young people's political tendencies influence motivations for Facebook political engagement differently. Less Objectivity Please: Teen preferences for news information • Regina Marchi, Rutgers University • This paper contributes to the ongoing discussion about news consumption among young people, examining news behaviors and attitudes of teenagers. Based on one-on-one interviews and focus group discussions with 61 racially diverse high school students, this paper examines how adolescents become informed about current events and why they prefer certain news media formats to others. The results reveal not only changing ways that news information is being accessed and new attitudes regarding what it means to be informed, but also a preference among youth for opinionated rather than objective news. Understanding the Internet's Impact on International Knowledge and Engagement: News Attention, Social Media Use, and the 2010 Haitian Earthquake • Jason A. Martin, Indiana University School of Journalism • Relatively little is known about how Internet media use and other motivational factors are associated with outcomes such as knowledge of international news and involvement. Recent research suggests that attention and interaction with foreign affairs news is one path to closing the knowledge gap in this context. The acquisition of foreign affairs knowledge also has implications for individuals' abilities to have a broader worldview, to hold accurate public opinions about foreign nations, to facilitate a greater since of global belonging, and to get involved with international events.  This paper examines the relationship of media use, foreign affairs political knowledge, and international involvement. A nationally representative survey conducted shortly after the 2010 Haitian earthquake produced measures of demographics, news media use, social media use, international engagement, general political knowledge, and foreign affairs knowledge.  Statistical analysis found that news exposure, news attention and various types of social media use produced significant independent positive associations with international news knowledge and international involvement after demographic controls. Hierarchical regression also found that domestic political knowledge, cable TV exposure, Internet news exposure, and radio exposure were the most important predictors of international knowledge. Another regression found that news attention, e-mail use, social media use, and texting about the Haitian earthquake were the three strongest predictors of international involvement.  These findings support related research that has found a positive association among Internet news use, international knowledge, and international engagement while also making new contributions regarding the importance of mediated interpersonal discussion for predicting international involvement. Media Multitasking and Narrative Engagement: Multitasking as a Moderator of Transportation • Rachel Ross; Michael McCluskey, Ohio State University • This study investigates the role of multitasking as a moderator of narrative engagement. A sample of 201 undergraduates was exposed to either a film-only condition or a film coupled with a task to be completed on a computer, and responded to items measuring empathy, transportation, perceived realism and enjoyment. Media multitasking was found to moderate transportation, negatively impacting absorption. Evidence also showed that transportation led to perceived realism and enjoyment. Implications and potential avenues for future research are discussed. Wikipedia vs. Encyclopedia Britannica: A Longitudinal Analysis to Identify the Impact of Social Media on the Standards of Knowledge • Marcus Messner, Virginia Commonwealth University; Marcia DiStaso, Pennsylvania State University • The collaboratively edited online encyclopedia Wikipedia is among the most popular Web sites in the world. Subsequently, it poses a great challenge to traditional encyclopedias, which for centuries have set the standards of society's knowledge. It is, therefore, important to study the impact of social media on the standards of our knowledge. This longitudinal panel study analyzed the framing of content in entries of Fortune 500 companies in Wikipedia and Encyclopedia Britannica between 2006 and 2010. Content analyses of the length, tonality and topics of 3,985 sentences showed that Wikipedia entries are significantly longer, more positively and negatively framed, and focus more on corporate social responsibilities and legal and ethical issues than in Britannica, which is predominantly neutral. The findings stress that the knowledge-generation processes in society appear to be shifting because of social media. These changes significantly impact which information becomes available to society and how it is framed. Conceptualizing Beauty and Culture:  A Quantitative Analysis of U.S. and French Women's Fashion Magazine Advertisements • Pamela Morris, Loyola University Chicago; Katharine Nichols • This study investigates differences in the concept of beauty between France and the United States based on magazine advertisements found in each country.  As beauty is implicated in culture, culture is also explored.  Beauty is not only a mammoth idea; but looking beautiful is a major industry.  The difficulty with researching beauty is that it is elusive and varies with society.  Over 570 ads from ten women's fashion magazines are reviewed.  Among the major findings is that American publications consist of more ads as a percentage of total pages.  American magazines also include more ad copy.  French advertisements employ more English words as opposed to the number of French words found in American publications.  In addition, ads for hair care products and makeup are more prevalent in the U.S. than in France.  In contrast, French magazines include more ads for lotions and perfumes.  Differences illustrate cultural priorities. In terms of tone, people in American publications show more smiles, while people in France are more bizarre and sexy.  American advertisements present more women, non-working women, and women as decoration than their French counterparts.  This may indicate that the United States is more traditional.  French publications show more men with family, which may imply more contemporary gender roles.  People in French publications also demonstrate more endorsements. Even though Americans and French have many similarities, subtle differences in advertising reveal cultural variations in beauty between the two nations.  This paper provides a framework for further study on advertising, culture, and beauty. Paging Dora: Examining the impact of recognition of children's television characters through the capacity model • Cynthia Nichols, Oklahoma State University • The purpose of this study was to examine how liking and recognition influence the processing of educational and narrative content through the constructs of the capacity model. The quasi-experimental portion of this study used 3- to 5-year-old children (N = 135) in a 3 (pace) x 2 (distance) factorial, within-subject design to measure the acquisition of educational content and narrative content. Pace, distance, and children's cognitive maturity played a significant role in the acquisition of information, as well as liking and recognition. However, the sensitivity of these variables varied. Additionally, the results revealed that the degree of semantic distance and children's cognitive maturity played a significant role in their ability to acquire information from educational and narrative content. The Influence of Knowledge Gap on Personal and Attributed HIV/AIDS Stigma in Korea • Byoungkwan Lee; Hyun Jung Oh; Seyeon Keum; Younjae Lee, Hanyang University • This study tests a comprehensive model that explicates the influence of AIDS knowledge gap on personal and attributed stigma. Fear of contagion serves as a mediator between AIDS knowledge gap and AIDS stigma. An analysis of the survey data collected to evaluate the impact of 2008 AIDS campaign in Korea reveals that AIDS knowledge was significantly associated with personal stigma both directly and indirectly but only indirectly associated with attributed stigma through fear of contagion. Cultural Influence in Differential Normative Mechanisms: A Cross-National Study of Antismoking PSA Effectiveness • Hye-Jin Paek, Michigan State University; Hyegyu Lee; Thomas Hove, Michigan State University • This study explores the detailed mechanisms of norm message effectiveness and cross-national differences in normative mechanisms. Online experiment data from 464 U.S. and Korean participants reveal three findings: (1) collectivism played a significant role in audience receptivity to norm messages, but the role varied by norm type and by country; (2) descriptive and injunctive norm perceptions affected behavioral intention through different mechanisms; (3) the normative mechanism was more rigorous and consistent among Koreans than Americans. Does Prior Message Work to Promote Motivation for Serious Game Playing? • Eun Hae Park; An Soontae • This study aims to test effects of external aid that can enhance motivation and performance of serious game playing to maximize learning effects. Based on self-determination theory, two types of rationales were examined. Also, individual's level of issue involvement was tested as a moderating variable. Overall, providing intrinsic goal was effective to increase both motivation and performance but there was no main effects and interaction effect in terms of issue involvement. Reality TV Subgenres and Cultural Orientations: Individualistic vs. Collectivistic Values among a Multiethnic Sample of Viewers • David Park; Maria Elana Villar • This study tested uniformity of cultural orientations and reality TV subgenre preferences through gender and across a variety of ethnic groups. The results established correlations between collectivism and two reality TV subgenres, crime/police and informational reality programming, among an ethnically diverse group of participants. There were no significant correlations between individualism and any of the reality TV subgenres. Gender and ethnic differences existed in frequency of reality TV subgenre viewing, but not in orientations. The rumors of our death have been greatly exaggerated: What the data say about the future of television • Jack Powers, Ithaca College • There has been a great deal of controversy and speculation about the impact of the Internet and related digital media on traditional media, particularly television. Some have predicted—and sometimes purport to have discovered—a sharp decline in use of traditional media in general and television viewing in particular. Obviously, confirmation of the future awaits the passage of time. However, data of excellent quality and undeniable pertinence exist that identify the likely future pattern. Three representative national surveys of 8-18 year olds-- each about five years apart-- report on comprehensive media use in the United States. At the time of the first (1999), Internet use was well underway. By the time of the second (2004), Internet use had reached a high state of development, and by the time of the third (2009), wireless broadband was widely available for use in handheld devices, tablet computers, and portable laptops.  Between 1999 and 2009, time spent on the Internet more than tripled (3.6x) and new uses, not significant at the time of the first survey, appeared by the second and third surveys. However, traditional media—screen, audio, print—did not see the drastic decreases many had expected. Instead, total time devoted to television content increased considerably, but real differences in how that content is being accessed have emerged. Breaking the News: Advertising Embedded in Local Television Broadcasts & Journalist Alienation • Andrea Prewitt, Portland State University • Advertisements have become an increasingly dominant part of daily life and television news is no exception. Market-driven journalism has impacted the way outlets choose stories as well as how they get covered. However, there is still work to be done on the overlooked issue of advertising embedded in news content and the effect it has on both viewer and newsroom values. This study aims to reveal how one station features promotional pieces about businesses and organizations that also pay to have commercials run on that channel. These stories are not clearly labeled as advertisements or sponsored spots and instead blend in with pieces on other topics and events. The practice is an abuse of the public airwaves and forces journalists to struggle with their own professional identity. However, these effects are part of a larger movement that will also be addressed: the implication of market-driven journalism. This study includes a textual analysis of stories the station aired during one program over four months in 2008 to understand the scope of embedded advertising. Additionally, the paper analyzes qualitative interviews with station employees through Karl Marx's concept of alienation. Journalists come to realize that their work is slowly severed from its definition as a personal contribution to society and any sense of self that is tied to professional identity fails to coincide with roles assumed on the job. Seeing what you get: A comparison of newspapers' visual brand personalities and consumer perceptions • Adriane Jewett, University of Kansas; Scott Reinardy, University of Kansas • A visual brand analysis identifies distinctive characteristics and current branding trends in the eight largest newspapers in the U.S., including USA Today, the Los Angeles Times, the New York Daily News, the New York Post, the Chicago Tribune, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times and The Washington Post.  Additionally, A survey of college students (n = 608) utilizes J. Aaker's (1997) Brand Personality Scale to examine the visual brand personality of top-circulating U.S. newspapers.  The theory of semiotics classifies newspaper brands as symbols, allowing the researcher to study their signified meanings and associations. Unaided versus aided personality rankings indicate that students with no visual brand aids rank newspapers as more personality filled than those face-to-face with the visual brand.  An analysis of current branding strategies concludes that most of the sample newspapers (7) portray an exciting or competent brand personality and suggests that newspapers are failing to realize the full potential of their visual brands. Perceived Threat, Immigration Policy Support, and Media Coverage: Hostile Media and Presumed Effects in North Carolina • Brendan Watson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Journalism & Mass Communication; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill • This study, using survey data (N=529), examined perceived ""threat,"" subjective knowledge about immigration, support for punitive and assimilative policies, and opinions about media coverage effects. Perceived threat was related to support for punitive policies, and ""hostile media perception"" was confirmed.  However, perceived threat was not related to presumed influence of coverage. Internet use, age, race, and education predicted threat perception; perceived threat, perceived favorableness of coverage, and daily newspaper reading predicted presumed influence of coverage. Stereotypical Beauty Norms in Advertisements in Fashion Magazines • Sara Roedl, Southern Illinois University • This study examined models in advertisements in fashion magazines to determine whether portrayals conforming to the stereotypical beauty ideal decreased during a 5 year period. Fifteen codes were used to examine women in ads in Cosmopolitan and Glamour.  While some characteristics were shown with equal frequency, significant changes occurred in ethnicity, skin tone, hair length, and age, indicating an increase in the portrayal of multi-ethnic women and women over the age of 30. What Makes Young Adults Care to Read Online Health Messages?  Efficacy and Exemplar Impacts on Message Perceptions and Selective Exposure • Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick; Melanie Sarge, The Ohio State University • Avoidance of health information presents a paramount challenge to health communication campaigns. Drawing on social-cognitive theory and exemplification theory, two studies examined how efficacy and exemplification as message characteristics influence young adults' selective exposure and perceptions of health messages. Participants (n = 258) browsed an online magazine, with news leads varying by efficacy and exemplification, while selective exposure was unobtrusively logged. Participants generally preferred exemplar information. Men favored 'low efficacy, exemplar' messages; women avoided 'high efficacy, base-rate' messages. A second experiment (n = 111) examined how efficacy and exemplification affected message perceptions and found neither influenced relevance perceptions but both affected perceived message intent. Results suggest a trade-off of using persuasive elements in health campaigns, as they may reduce exposure. The Ku Klux Klan's right-wing appeal: An examination of today's more mainstream KKK • Andrew Selepak, The University of Florida; john SUTHERLAND, uf dept of adv • The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among political orientation and fundamental Christian beliefs and agreement with Ku Klux Klan ideology. Results suggest political orientation and Christian fundamental beliefs are significantly related, but not as strong as expected, to agreement with Klan values. These findings support the notion the Klan is taking steps to rebrand its image into a more mainstream organization with an ideology similar to white, religious and political conservatives. Examining Persuasion Appeals and Substance Featured in Antismoking and Antidrug Advertisements in Social Marketing Campaigns • Drew Shade, Penn State University; Robert Magee, Virginia Tech; Erin Cooper, The Johns Hopkins Institutions; Sarah Long, O'Keeffe & Company • Due to continuing debate regarding the best ways to use mass media to discourage youth marijuana and tobacco use, social marketing campaigns must examine which persuasion appeals will be most effective in changing young adults' attitudes and behavior. Although the effects of fear appeals have been well documented, much less is known about the impact of humor and shock appeals. The effectiveness of these appeals was tested in a factorial experiment (N = 209) with persuasion appeal (fear vs. shock vs. humor) and substance featured (tobacco vs. marijuana) as factors. Findings revealed that the appeals had differing effects and that the success of any given appeal also depended on the substance with which the appeal was used. The Use of Blogging as Online Grassroots Activism: Analysis of Blogs in the Scott Sisters Case • Thomas Broadus, University of Southern Mississippi; Melody Fisher, University of Southern Mississippi; Riva Teague, University of Southern Mississippi; Jae-Hwa Shin, University of Southern Mississippi • This study uses content analysis to examine the presence, involvement and mobilization of blogs in the case of Gladys and Jamie Scott, two sisters from Mississippi who received double life sentences for an armed robbery they say they did not commit. This study is significant because it examines how activists used blogs to publicize the Scott sisters&#8223; case to push for their early release from prison, which the governor granted after nearly 17 years. Blog posts and comments are analyzed and compared in terms of theme, frame, emotion, language and message. Results show that about half the blogs were administered by African Americans. Blog posts primarily provided case background and were predominantly oriented in the direction of personal and political content. The dominant theme was fact-based for blog posts and value-based for comments. The blog posts and comments both employed an episodic dominant frame, diagnostic language and neutral emotions. The findings support similar research that shows most bloggers tend to provide information rather than push their readers to take action. Teaching Millennials to Engage THE Environment instead of THEIR Environment: A Pedagogical Analysis • Rick Stevens, University of Colorado Boulder; Deserai Crow, University of Colorado Boulder • This paper examines the difficulty in teaching contemporary students of journalism (those in the much-discussed Millennial Generation) to cover complex topics like science and environmental reporting. After examining contemporary literature, the authors subjected 120 undergraduate students to a strategy that combined visual representations of abstract concepts, media texts and experiential peer interactions with positive outcomes on comprehension and demonstrations of critical analysis. Evolutionary Psychology, Social Emotions and Social Networking Sites -- An Integrative Model • Sandra Suran; Gary Pettey; Cheryl Bracken; Robert Whitbred • This exploratory research employed an Evolutionary Psychology (EP) perspective whereby the human mind is viewed through the lens of the physiological and psychological mechanisms that created the developmental programs we use today (Cosmides & Tooby, 1992). This theoretical framework was used to study the relationship between human behavior, the state of alienation, and Social Networking Sites  (SNS). Based on survey data from college students, there seemed to be a relationship between alienation and SNS. Alienation dimensions were highest among those who had the lowest amount of contacts on SNS.  The findings from this study will add to the body of knowledge on Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) as well as afford an opportunity for further research in understanding human behavior engaged in SNS through the viewpoint of Evolutionary Psychology. The Concept Of Online Image Of A Brand And Its Application To Nation Brands • Giorgi Topouria, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Journalism • Unlike traditional media, Internet, which is a dynamic global information system, is no longer just communication channel, but environment into which human communication and interactions are moving, and where these interactions leave tangible trace, forever changing the environment itself and parties involved.  Under these circumstances, the concept of brand acquires new momentum and special importance, especially for nations. With globalization and IT revolution, countries have become increasingly aware of their image internally and internationally. The concept of brand has strong connection to reputation and image of a country which is becoming increasingly important in world where everything is interconnected. Many countries adopted approach that looks at nations as brands and started managing their country's image based on branding methods and practices developed within advertising, marketing and PR fields. This approach has become known as nation branding.  Based on Chaffee's blueprint, the paper provides detailed explication of concept of online brand image conceptualized as dynamic sum of all available online information related to brand. Explication includes: justification, empirical description, primitive terms, underlying assumptions, variables, unit definition, operationalization and measurement. Further, the concept is applied to nation-brands, integrated into framework of conceptual model of nation image formation and is used as foundation for expansion of conceptual model of key perspectives in nation image.  Paper suggests an expanded model of image of nation-brand and defines directions of future study of how online brand image of nation affects countries'/nations' reputation and global competitiveness. Twitter As Public Salience: An Agenda-Setting Analysis • Christopher Vargo, Fall 2011: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Twitter provides an opportunity as a source of public opinion. Therefore, this paper argued Twitter as an indirect measurement of public salience. The issues of BP Oil and The Mortgage and Housing Crisis were given a time series analysis. First and second-level agenda setting variables were coded for television newscasts and newspapers and interpreted as measurements of media salience. Tweets were labeled public salience. A mild relationship between media salience and public salience was shown. Are you for real? Communication Professionals, Virtual Identity Deception, and Consumer Backlash • Anastasia Pronin; Carson Wagner, Ohio University • Promoters have recognized electronic word-of-mouth can boost message effectiveness. Using anonymous identities, they've acted as ""everyday people"" to gain credibility but risk exposure, begging the question whether it causes more harm than good. A two- condition experiment (N= 59) examines source deception exposure effects on credibility and attitudes. In one condition, participants read eWOM by a professional who self- disclosed. In another, participants read the same message — by a product ""enthusiast." Results show deception exposure backlash effects. Re-Enlightenment: How Contemporary Dissenters in Pop Culture are Cultivating a New Age of Reason • Sheliea Walker • This essay seeks to explore the similarities between 18th century literature during The Enlightenment and 21st century discourse in the media. I propose that our society is entering a new age of enlightenment based on contemporary expression of dissent in popular culture. Just as in the age of The Enlightenment, dissenting opinions push our society toward increased progress, equality, and tolerance. Are We Signing In or Logging Off?: The Effect of Information and Entertainment-seeking Internet use on Civic Engagement and the Role of Psychological Well Being and Political Talk • JungHwan Yang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Nathan Hebert, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Chia-chen Yang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; MinWoo Kwon, University of Wisconsin at Madison; Stephanie Hartwig, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This article examines how two distinctive patterns of Internet use are associated with civic engagement, how four age cohorts might moderate these relationships, and how psychological well-being and political talk might mediate them. The data, drawn from the 2006 DDB Life Style Survey, indicate a positive effect for information-seeking use of the Internet on civic engagement, and a negative effect for entertainment-seeking use.  For both types of use, the effects of the Internet on engagement were largest for the youngest cohort and grew weaker, sometimes to insignificance, as age increased. A mediating role for political talk was not found. A mediating role for psychological well-being was found, but only for the youngest age cohort, ""Net Generation"".  For Net Generation, both types of Internet use were negatively associated with well-being, and lower well-being scores were associated with higher civic engagement. Though no mediation effect of well-being was found for the two oldest age cohorts, for them higher well-being was associated with higher civic engagement. Our findings suggest that Internet effects on civic engagement are changing and may be growing more influential on the young. The results underscore the need to continually track these relationships in rapidly changing democratic information societies. Exploring Political Polarization: Polarized Attitudes or Polarized Perceptions? • JungHwan Yang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Hernando Rojas, University of Wisconsin - Madison • This study first examined multiple dimensions of political polarization by differentiating between the affective and cognitive components of attitude polarization and by introducing new concept of issue perception polarization. Then we identified factors that predict each aspect of polarization. In doing this, we constructed several measures that capture polarization at the group and individual level. Based on national survey data that conducted in Colombia in 2010, we found that the affective and cognitive attitude polarization and issue perception polarization showed different patterns: issue perception and cognitive attitude are highly polarized, whereas affective attitude polarization is not that severe. Also the predictors of each dimension of the polarization were different: the impact of media use was found only for affective attitude polarization; the extreme political ideology affects affective attitude polarization; and the extreme issue perception affects cognitive attitude polarization and issue perception polarization. The findings suggest that political polarization is consisted of multiple distinctive dimensions, which are differently influenced by diverse predictors. Further implications in polarization research were discussed. Conflict Thesis or the Reverse?: Testing the Relationships among Religiosity, Attitude toward Science and Technology, Media Use, and Subjective Health Status among 56 Societies • Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao, Fort Hays State University • Does religiosity harms supports to science and technology advancements? Does news media use mediate the relationship? With data drawn from the recent wave of world value survey that covers 56 societies, this study finds that religiosity neither increases nor decreases supports toward science and technology but enhances self-rated health status. Religiosity reduces news media use, but consuming news media does not improve health status and it lowers supports toward science and technology advancements. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4664 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/med-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 14:23:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4666 Open Competition Role perceptions and ethical orientations: An analysis of individual-level influences on ethical aggressiveness of journalists • Sheetal Agarwal • Using the 2007 American Journalist panel survey this study examines how role perceptions influence journalists' ethical aggressiveness. Factor analyses and scale reliability tests find that the long-standing “ethical aggressiveness” index and the “disseminator” role may need re-evaluation. Using regression analysis and a newly constructed ethical orientation scale I find that journalists with affinity to adversarial and interpreter functions have higher levels of ethical aggressiveness. However, populist mobilizers are less likely to justify ethically questionable practices. “A Watchdog of Democracy”: State of Media Ethics in Bangladesh • Md. Abu Naser, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Debashis Aikat • By situating journalism ethics within a larger intellectual context of global communication and social change, this study explores and documents the state of media ethics and journalistic standards in Bangladesh, the theoretical and conceptual development of Bangladeshi media ethics in its many forms. Drawing upon recent studies, meta-analyses of ethical issues and reviews of ethical lapses in Bangladeshi journalism, this study covers three aspects. First, it explicates the media practices and journalism ethics theories as they relate to Bangladeshi media. Second, it provides a thorough assessment of journalism ethics through a comprehensive review of a Jatri (2009) survey of Bangladeshi journalists. Third, it identifies theoretically-grounded approaches to unethical practices in Bangladeshi journalism by exploring a seven-point categorized listing of various instances of ethical lapses in Bangladeshi journalism. In conclusion, this study also identifies the need for a comprehensive code of ethics for Bangladeshi media. In its mission to advance its watchdog role, the Bangladeshi code of ethics should draw upon the evolution of its media ethics as a 20th century phenomenon and seek a sustaining significance in the 21st century digital age that is transforming Bangladesh's contribution to global communication and social change. The Ethics of Pinkwashing: Applying Baker and Martinson's TARES Test to Breast Cancer Cause-Related Marketing Campaigns • Kati Berg, Marquette University; Shannon Walsh • From cars and cosmetics to fast food and toasters, everything seems to be turning up pink lately. But not all pink products benefit breast cancer equally. Some companies take advantage of consumers' concern about breast cancer and in reality profit from marketing pink products while donating little or nothing to the cause. It's a process known as pinkwashing. As cause-related marketing (CRM) efforts for breast cancer have risen dramatically in the last decade so has media criticism and consumer backlash. Yet, the ethics of pinkwashing have not yet been examined from a theoretical perspective. Thus, this paper critically analyzes the ethics of such campaigns by applying Baker and Martinson's (2001) TARES test for ethical persuasion to two CRM campaigns: Mike's Hard Pink Lemonade and KitchenAid Cook for the Cure. Specifically, we argue that consumers are particularly vulnerable because the persuasive communication used in these CRM campaigns fail to meet the five principles of the TARES test: truthfulness, authenticity, respect, equity, and social responsibility. Unnamed Sources: A utilitarian exploration of their justification and guidelines for limited use • Matt Duffy, Zayed University; Carrie Freeman, Georgia State University • This article critically examines the practice of unnamed sourcing in journalism. A literature review highlights arguments in favor of and against their use. Then, the authors examine some common examples of anonymous sourcing using the lens of utilitarianism, the ethical model commonly used to justify the practice. We find that few uses of unnamed sourcing can be justified when weighed against diminished credibility and threats to fair, transparent reporting. The authors then suggest specific guidelines for journalists that, if followed, would curb many of the pedestrian uses of unnamed sourcing but still allow for the practice in specific circumstances. Media Responsibility in a Public Health Crisis: An Analysis of News Coverage of H1N1 “Swine Flu” in One Community • Elizabeth Hindman, Washington State University; Ryan Thomas, Washington State University • This qualitative analysis of news reports regarding the H1N1 virus' impact on a particular community provides insight into the responsibilities of the media within the realm of health communication. Generally, news media did a poor job presenting accurate, timely and useful information, both to local residents who needed specific information, and to the broader public, which needed a context to interpret events on the forefront of what could have been a national health care disaster. Journalism's “Crazy Old Aunt”: Helen Thomas and Paradigm Repair • Elizabeth Hindman, Washington State University; Ryan Thomas, Washington State University • Veteran White House correspondent Helen Thomas abruptly retired in summer 2010 after she gave unscripted remarks widely perceived to be anti-Semitic.  This case study applies paradigm repair and attribution theories to explore how mainstream journalists repaired the damage to their profession's reputation. It concludes, among other things, that they suggested her remarks were caused by senility and that she failed in her obligation to objectivity. Ethical Pitfalls of Data Digging in Journalism • Jan Leach, Kent State University; Jeremy Gilbert, Medill, Northwestern University • Journalists have been mining publicly available data for decades, but significant changes in presentation means that data journalism is common and this increased use raises new ethical issues. This paper examines the potential for harm when journalists use data mining in reporting. Ethics questions surface about truthfulness, interpretation and potential privacy issues. Authors interview five journalists who frequently use data for journalistic purposes and discuss how they evaluate potential harm when working with data sets. Agapeistic Ethics and News Coverage of Secular/Religious Conflict • Rick Moore, Boise State University • Agapeistic ethics has received a small amount of attention from scholars interested in how it might be applied to the journalistic profession. This investigation continues that discussion but specifically in regard to how journalists might cover stories that entail religious dimensions. In analyzing the particular case of reporting on legal disputes related to teaching of intelligent design in schools, the paper hopes to shed light on the unique contributions agape can make to media ethics. Social Responsibility and Tomorrow's Gatekeepers: How Student Journalists Prioritize News Topics • Sara Netzley, Bradley University • This study examines whether student journalists prioritize news topics that serve social concerns or economic concerns. A nationwide survey asked student journalists to identify which topics they personally preferred as well as which topics they believed were most important for the media to cover. The data suggest that tomorrow's journalists may have embraced a new theory of the press: the dual responsibility model, in which social and fiscal responsibilities are equally weighed when making editorial decisions. These findings have key implications for the gatekeeping decisions the journalists will make on the job and the type of agenda they might set for the public. Naming Names: Crime Coverage Rituals in North America, Sweden, and the Neterhlands • Maggie Jones Patterson, Duquesne University; Romayne Smith Fullerton, University of Western Ontario • When a Dutch man killed seven people and injured ten more in an attempt to assassinate the Queen Beatrix, the Dutch Press Agency ANP did not use his name in their stories. This paper examines the ethical practices of journalists in the Netherlands and Sweden, specifically in regard to withholding the names of those accused or convicted of crime, in order to tease out the cultural values these practices reflect. National news stories of great public interest were used as starting points in interviews with Swedish and Dutch journalists and academics. By analyzing these interviews, national codes of ethics, and specific news coverage, the paper examines the reasons behind this respect for criminals' privacy. The paper argues that the European practices reflect a greater ethic of care than those found in North American journalism. However, these practices are under threat both from the internationalization of news on the Internet and a backlash against immigration in Sweden and the Netherlands. Ethics and Wartime Self-Censorship: Precedents for a Utilitarian Model in the Digital Age • Michael Sweeney, Ohio University • This paper argues that official government and military censorship have become impossible in the digital age. It offers the World War II model of effective self-censorship by the press, including legal and ethical issues constraining publication decisions, as an example of how cooperation and trust can make the alternative of self-censorship possible. It also addresses the complications posed by the relatively new phenomenon of citizen journalists and the challenges they pose to would-be censors. Finally, it frames the discussion of self-censorship in wartime using a utilitarian model of journalism ethics. Walter Lippmann's ethical challenge to the individual • Steve Urbanski, West Virginia University • This paper analyzes in hermeneutic fashion random concepts of the individual from three of philosopher Walter Lippmann's major works, Liberty and The News, Public Opinion and The Phantom Public. The paper addresses the following: By considering Lippmann's multi-leveled representation of the individual, 21st century media professionals can become empowered to avoid emotivism and strive toward a more narrative-based form of ethics. The paper compares and contrasts Lippmann's representation of the individual with John Dewey's Great Community and Daniel Boorstin's notion of the pseudo-event. Teaching Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development Through the Movie NETWORK • John Williams, Principia College • Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of six stages of moral development has been significant to thinking about moral education for half a century and is viewed by many as the definitive description of moral development. Moral development theories describe moral maturity and the steps or stages that one follows to reach this maturity. Contemporary films and literature have been used as mechanisms for stimulating moral development in students. It would make sense that contemporary film could be used to introduce and teaching Kohlberg's theory of moral development. This paper is a description and assessment of the use of the feature film Network as a vehicle for engaging undergraduate mass communication students with Kohlberg's theory of moral development. The activity allows students to engage with the theory, attempt to apply it to a fictional situation, offer critiques to the theory, and suggest alternative perspectives. Identifying Ethical Challenges and Solutions in the Online Coverage of Recruiting High School Athletes • Molly Yanity, Ohio University • The coverage of the recruitment of high school athletes has exploded into a multimillion-dollar industry. That demand has led to a wave of ethical challenges for the web-based publications providing the coverage. This study will reveal ethical challenges in the coverage and solutions for the publications. This multi-method study should help web-based publications draft of a code of ethics. Media covering high school recruiting can use those guidelines to gain and maintain credibility, uphold a high level of ethics, and protect themselves from rules instituted by outside interests. Carol Burnett Award Unprofessional, ineffective, and weak: A textual analysis of the portrayal of female journalists on Sports Night • Chad Painter, University of Missouri; Patrick Ferrucci, U of Missouri • This study investigates the portrayal of five female journalists on the Aaron Sorkin television show Sports Night. The women were depicted as acting unprofessionally, displaying motherly qualities, choosing their personal lives over work, being deferential to men for ethical decisions, and showing a lack of sports knowledge compared to the male characters. The researchers use social responsibility theory to suggest why these portrayals were ethically problematic. Ethical Attitudes of Male and Female Students Concerning Academics and Journalism • Bill Hornaday, Indiana University • Survey data on plagiarism and fabrication - and perceptions about both among journalism students [n=6873] - indicate females harbor more concern about such activity than males. The findings are consistent for academic settings involving student journalists and scenarios involving professional journalists. Regardless of gender, students were more concerned about fabrication and believed professional breaches merit more concern than academic ones. This study draws from an ongoing, longitudinal project launched in 2004 at a large Midwestern university. Correcting the record: The impact of the digital news age on press accountability • Nicole Joseph, Northwestern University • This study examines changing news practices to determine if, and how, they have been accompanied by changes in journalists' abilities to enact traditional ethical standards in the newsroom. To illustrate these changes, I explore the use of news corrections as a means for maintaining journalistic accountability in the digital news age. The findings suggest that key attributes of the contemporary news environment can help journalists in their quests for accountability. Conflicting Agendas: Economics and Social Responsibility in the Press • Jason Laenen, Manship School of Mass Communication at LSU • Many scholars have argued the economic responsibilities of the American (capitalist) press ultimately undermine its social responsibilities. Little attention has been paid, however, to how the press has successfully neglected these duties--while maintaining its special “inviolable” rights provided by the Constitution. This article argues the press has used the tenets of the dominant economic models (liberalism, Keynesianism, and neoliberalism) in three periods of American history to influence and justify its behavior. Implications are discussed. Is Ideological Coverage On Cable Television an Ethical Journalistic Practice? Duty, Responsibility, and Consequence • Aimee Meader, University of Texas at Austin • Ideological coverage is a journalistic practice that abandons objective ideals in favor of opinionated analysis. Although editorialism has always been evident in American journalism, this practice is becoming more frequent among cable broadcasters as the industry responds to growing economic pressures. This essay examines ideological coverage to determine whether it meets journalistic duties, such as veracity, and if it can facilitate a deliberative democracy. Additionally, the essay outlines guidelines that allow for ethical, ideological reporting. The real skinny on food in the media: Ethical shortfalls of covering and marketing food to an ever expanding nation • Temple Northup, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Meghan Sherrill, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill • Consumers deciding what food to purchase are faced with thousands of options at the typical grocery store. In order to help make decisions, the media can be used as a source of information: from advertisers, marketers, and journalists. Through a series of cases studies, this paper critically analyzes the role of the media in misinforming the public about the healthfulness of certain food, thereby playing a contributing role in the growing obesity epidemic. “Can We Be Funny?”: The Social Responsibility of Political Humor • Jason Peifer, Saint Louis University • Probing the vague boundaries and constraints commonly placed on humor, this essay considers the responsibilities and duties that can guide political humor. Working within a deontological paradigm, this essay establishes the relevance of ethics within society's political humor and considers the importance of ethical humor. Moreover, this study points to Christians and Nordenstreng's model of global social responsibility theory as providing a promising framework for orienting ethical political humor. The Ethics of the ESRB: Social Responsibility Theory and Video Games • Severin Poirot, University of Oklahoma • The video game industry is a multimillion-dollar industry, which reaches millions of customers a day. While there is a variety of research available on the subject, there is little dealing with the ethics of video game content. Using the social responsibility theory of the press, this paper conducts an ethical analysis of the video game industry. Specifically the history and purpose of the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB), a self-imposed video game rating system, is discussed. Using the principles of the theory the ESRB appears to meet the requirements of social responsibility. Future research is suggested to further explore the ethical implications of video game content. Neuroethics, Moral Development and Media: An Emotional War Over Reason • Rhema Zlaten • Neurobiology provides a unique perspective to the moral development process of media professionals and challenges current prevalent theories of ethical evolution. Neurological firings initiate an ethical response, which is then carried out and fostered by character development and experience. Several fields, namely psychology and sociology, have utilized this brain data to consider a full range of human behaviors from the inside out. There is a shortage of similar applications to the media and communication fields, and the viewpoint of neuroscience creates a theoretical challenge to the cognitive level theories that drive current media research, particularly to the areas of moral development and normative theory. Special Call: Methods for Media Ethics Research Press Apologias: A New Paradigm for the New Transparency? • Sandra Borden, Western Michigan University • This paper examines the requirements for ethical press apologias, defined as attempts to defend credibility when accused of ethical failure. Facing changing transparency expectations, apologists may fail to fully respond to injured stakeholders. Criticisms of CBS News' flawed report on President Bush's National Guard service illustrated this problem. Hearit and Borden's (2005) paradigm for ethical apologia is applied to “RatherGate” to see if and where the paradigmatic criteria fell short. A revised paradigm is proposed. The Psychology of Plagiarism • Norman Lewis, University of Florida; Bu Zhong, Penn State University • Journalists and writers have often wondered if plagiarism, an ethical taboo, has a psychological element. Two studies to test that informal hypothesis revealed that plagiarists are remarkably similar to their non-copying peers in Big Five personality traits. However, the two groups differ in a scale that measures integrity on a continuum between principles and expediency. The results show that journalistic plagiarism has more in common with a “normal” accident than with a troubled mind. Dissecting Press Ethics: A Methodological Evaluation of the Discipline • Jenn Burleson Mackay, Virginia Tech • This paper explores trends in journalistic ethics research. The researcher shows areas where additional research is warranted. Most scholars have relied on essays or surveys to study journalistic ethics. While researchers frequently have analyzed newspaper ethics, scholars have failed to thoroughly study broadcast journalism or new media ethics. Researchers have placed little emphasis on studying audience perceptions of journalistic ethics. The author suggests that triangulation would improve the literature in this discipline. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4666 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/mme-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 14:56:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4675 The Newspaper Boom in India and China: Exploring Media Models in the World's Largest Newspaper Markets • Nikhil Moro, University of North Texas; Debashis Aikat, University of North Texas • The newspaper markets in India and China have flourished in recent years. Together, the two countries daily sell more than 220 million copies of some 3,300 titles. This paper identifies 11 major media models as operationalized in India and China's newspaper industry from 1990 through 2010, the two decades when a relatively free market economy emerged in both countries. This paper also delineates the success of India and China's newspaper industry with a view to offering valuable lessons for the beleaguered newspaper industry in other nations, especially the United States. Grounded in freedom of expression theory, the ongoing research reported in this paper explores possible lessons for the beleaguered newspaper industry in other nations. Blockbusted. A Resource Dependence Analysis • Gabe Otterson, University of North Texas; Alan Albarran, University of North Texas • This case study examines the rise and hard fall of one of America's corporate giants, Blockbuster Inc. Resource dependency theory posits that a company is dependent on its external environment, and must adapt to changing market conditions in order to eliminate dependencies and ensure long-term survival. A historical analysis of Blockbuster reveals the company not only failed to recognize growing dependencies, but as those problems manifested, Blockbuster responded inadequately and not soon enough, eventually forcing the company into bankruptcy at the end of 2010. Regardless of how the bankruptcy proceedings eventually play out, the case of Blockbuster should serve as a warning to other media firms and companies in general facing a highly competitive environment. Transforming the News: Examining the influence of transformational leadership behaviors of newspaper editors on newsroom innovation • Kris Boyle, Creighton University • This study examined the influence of transformational leadership behavior newsroom innovativeness, including the adoption and use of interactive elements on newspaper Web sites. An online survey of 99 U.S. online and managing editors revealed that certain transformational leadership behaviors influenced the editors' perceptions of innovativeness, though the editors reported a low level of innovativeness within their newsrooms. Innovativeness is a moderator of transformational leadership and may explain the lack of transformational leadership in the newsroom. Niche Theory and Online Music: The Changing Face of The Billboard Top 200 • Jason Cain, University of Florida • The sound recording industry has undergone serious upheaval since digital distribution became popular in the early 2000s. This paper examines the Billboard 200 album chart in an effort to demonstrate volatility and seeks to explain such volatility through ideas found in the theory of the niche. This study also discusses the larger subject of the future of mass appeal media in the Internet age and demonstrates niche theory's utility in examining this issue. Business Models of Most-Visited U.S. Social Networking Sites • Jiyoung Cha, University of North Texas • This study aims to examine and compare business models of major U.S. social major networking sites. The case studies of the four most-visited U.S. social networks revealed different values, target markets, sources of competencies, and revenue models. The findings also indicate that international expansion and small advertisers play critical roles in growth of the social networks. The revenues come from advertising, commerce, paid subscriptions, syndication, and other specialized services. The Rise and Rise of Cable TV: Demand elasticity of cable television during the Great Recession • Matthew Danelo, University of Georgia • In 2008, the United States economy slid into what many termed the “Great Recession." During the following 15-month, economic downturn the percentage of unemployed Americans rose consecutively, while the number of new subscriptions to cable and satellite television services also increased. This trend was especially present in media markets hardest hit by the recession - the worse off the local economy, the higher these new subscriptions numbers climbed. Comic relief: Television choices in economic downturns • Terri Denard, University of Alabama • The purpose of this study is to compare prime time network television viewing preferences before and after three significant shocks to the American economy to determine whether viewers prefer a different type of programming in down economies than in stable times. The study revealed directional insights indicating that viewers tend to shift their preferences toward comedies following severe negative events. The results are of interest to media management, broadcasters, producers, and advertisers, who may wish to reconfigure the tonality of their programming to reference more humorous or lighthearted elements in stressful economic times. Is High-Definition Video Streaming Delivery Economically Sustainable for Broadband Service Providers? • Michel Dupagne, University of Miami • While the advent of high-definition video streaming is no longer in doubt, its long-term viability is questionable in light of recently implemented bandwidth caps. To address these economic implications for providers and consumers, this paper analyzes trends in revenue, expenses, and prices for broadband Internet service. Available data and industry information indicated that revenue of broadband providers has risen significantly over time while expenses have declined or stabilized, revealing high profit margins for this business. The Impact of Alternative Video Distribution Platforms on Traditional Television Viewing: How Motives, Affinity, Consumption Patterns, and Perceived Characteristics Affect Substitution • Miao Guo, University of Florida • This study examines the impact of alternative video distribution platforms such as online video streaming and portable video devices (i.e., mobile television) on traditional television viewing. By drawing upon the uses and gratifications theory, the technology acceptance model (TAM), and the innovation diffusion constructs, the study explored how motives, perceived media characteristics, affinity for alternative outlets, and viewing behavior shaped the substitution phenomena between the emerging alternative platforms and traditional television. Results show that the online and mobile platforms are associated with different motives, invoke different levels of affinity and viewing frequency, and represent different degrees of time displacement effects on regular television viewing. Online video streaming, driven by companionship and information motives, appears to exhibit the most time displacement effects on traditional television viewing. Identity fallout: The draining effects of technological and economic change on newspaper journalists • Amber Hinsley, Saint Louis University • This study assessed newspaper journalists' perceptions of their job roles and the impact of technological and economic changes on their work. Social identity theory explains how those beliefs affect journalists' identification with their organizations. Journalists maintained high regard for their job roles but believe technological and economic changes have hindered their ability to perform those roles. Journalists with these negative feelings had lower identification with their organizations. Job type and circulation size influenced those relationships. Media Sales Management and New Product Innovation: An Exploratory Study • Todd Holmes, University of Florida • The advent of a product innovation can provide a unique and potentially profitable opportunity for a media firm. The sales department primarily has responsibility for capitalizing on these opportunities and can increase the chance of success if the salespeople believe in the value of the innovation (Booz, Allen, & Hamilton 1982). Even though the sales team structure may not be altered by a new product rollout, the increased product-market scope resulting from the introduction can have major effects on the department's ability to increase revenues. As such, this study explores how the sales team's perceived value of the innovation, sales team structure, and product-market scope can impact firm outcomes. This is accomplished via nine semi-structured depth interviews with television executives overseeing sales teams amidst the introduction of the new product innovation of multicasting. IPTV Redlining: Income-driven Competition • Sung Wook Ji, Indiana University, Bloomington • This study examines the current status of the entry behavior of IPTVs into the video programming service market, with a particular focus on income redlining and local competition. Analyzing previously unavailable data compiled by the Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission, evidence is presented of the practice of income redlining associated with IPTVs' entry into Indiana market, as well as of the presence of income-driven local competition" An Empirical Analysis of Social Media Use: Examination of Determinants of Twitter and Facebook Use • Sangwon Lee, Central Michigan University; Moonhee Cho, University of Florida • This study examines the factors that influence the use of social media utilizing an integrated research framework that employs diverse theoretical frameworks like diffusion of innovations, the technology acceptance model, the theory of reasoned actions, and the uses and gratification theory. Through an online survey of social media users, we analyze the factors that influence the attitudes toward Twitter and Facebook use and the actual use of Twitter and Facebook. The results of multiple regression analysis suggest that perceived characteristics like relative advantage and observability, perceived user values like interactivity and mobility, and perceived ease of use are influential factors in explaining the formation of an attitude toward Twitter use. The significance of interactivity in explaining Twitter attitude and use may imply that interactive innovations (social media like Twitter) or those that offer two-way communication can speed-up the adoption process because they attain a critical mass of users more quickly. The results of data analysis also suggest that perceived characteristics like relative advantage, trialability, and observability, perceived user value like mobility, and perceived usefulness have formed an attitude toward Facebook use. In addition, multiple regression analysis suggests that, for Twitter use, attitude toward Twitter use, subjective norm, and mobile phone usage are the main factors. For Facebook use, subjective norm, account holding period, passing time, and perceived popularity are the main factors. The Impact of Online Advertising on European Inter-Media Competition • Dan Shaver, Jönköping International Business School; Mary Alice Shaver, Jönköping International Business School • Within media ecologies, resource competition focuses on revenues from advertising and marketing for most traditional media industries. The introduction of the World Wide Web as a platform for delivery of digital content—including advertising—has shifted competition patterns. This study examines competitive patterns in 21 European national markets before and after the introduction of online advertising, identifies shifts in inter-media competition for revenues and changes in overall media market patterns between the two periods. The Globalization of Magazines in India: A case study • Seema Shrikhande, Oglethorpe University • Media globalization has become an established business phenomenon that has seen new markets being developed. Many of these are in emerging markets like China and India that have the promise of high growth. The print media sector, in particular magazines are expanding into these countries. The magazine segment in India, has seen a huge transformation with a steady influx of foreign titles in a variety of sectors. Cosmopolitan and Elle, both early entrants to the market started operations in India in the mid 90s. But it was only in the first decade of the 21st century that international magazine publishers' interest in India gained momentum leading to a number of new titles with the promise of more to come. This paper examines the internationalization of consumer magazines in India. Using a qualitative exploratory approach, I examine how Western publishing companies have entered the Indian market and provide an in depth analysis of their globalization strategies. Factors Affecting Evaluation of Co-branding in Mobile Phone Manufactures and Luxury Fashion Brands • Hyunsang Son, University of Florida; Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida • This study aims to create an effective branding strategy in mobile phone market based on the co-branding strategy of mobile phone manufacture and luxury fashion brand. Integrating the brand extension factors (e.g., original brand attitude, perceived fit, attitude toward ingredient brand) to co-branding extension evaluation, this study identifies factors affecting attitude toward co-branding extension and actual purchasing intention of mobile phone, and Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) of each brand. The findings show that the favorable attitude toward luxury fashion brand led to greater purchasing intention through positive evaluation of co-branding extension. Also perceived fit between partner brand, attitude toward ingredient brand also significant predictor of favorable attitude toward co-branding extension and purchasing intention of mobile phone. Understanding sources of competitiveness in broadcasting industry in the era of convergence : A case study of Korea Educational Broadcasting System • Lee Sungjoon, Korea Educational Broadcasting System; Chihyung Park, Korea Educational Broadcasting System • This study examines how terrestrial broadcasting networks in South Korea have adapted to media industry changes by leveraging their internal resources and capabilities. For this purpose, the current study provides a case study of Korea Educational Broadcasting System (KEBS), which is one of representative broadcasting network in South Korea, based on the framework of resource-based views (RBV). In-depth interviews with senior officials in charge and experts at KEBS were conducted. The results shows there are still several unique resources that can sustain competitiveness of broadcasting networks in South Korea as compared to service providers based on the other platforms. The implications of the results are also discussed. Willingness to pay for paid channels of digital TV: an Empirical Analysis • Fan-Bin Zeng, Jinan Universtity • Willingness to pay for paid channels of digital TV includes four aspects: response to paid channels about status and reason for payment by paid channels users; future payment liability and reason for payment by unpaid channels users; the highest price the users are willing to pay; the users' attitude toward paid channels to switch to advertisement in order to reduce the price. Based on a Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing the households in Guangzhou (N=308), this study finds that willingness to pay for paid channels by users is low. The key reason is that the paid channels of digital TV is nothing special and the free channels of digital TV are too many and diverse. This study also reveals that the highest price which the users are willing to pay is low, and the users wouldn't support advertising in paid channel even if it could reduce the cost. Results of the hierarchical regression analysis also reveals that willingness to pay for paid channels is related with the TV use variable, but not related with income variable, which means that the media goods of paid channels are abnormal goods, in other words, the number of people willing to pay would not increase even if their income levels are higher. Based on these results, this study states briefly that if the willingness to pay for paid channels is raised, the key point is to improve the quality and reduce the price of paid channels. Media Structure and Conduct: A Comparative Study of Cancer-related Ads in Black and General Readership Newspapers • Ye Wang,; You Li, University of Missouri; Shelly Rodgers, University of Missouri • The purpose of the present study is to compare cancer-related ads in Black versus general readership newspapers and identify market-structure factors that are attributable to cancer-related ads in Black versus general readership newspapers. Using Ramstad' (1997) revised Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) model, this study examines the influence of newspaper type (Black versus general readership newspapers), newspaper circulation, average household income, city population, and the number of newspapers in the local market on newspapers' conduct of running cancer-related advertisements. A content analysis on cancer-related advertisements in 24 Black and 12 general readership newspapers from 2004 to 2007 was conducted as measures of newspapers' conduct. Market structural data of the 36 newspapers were collected from various professional and government databases. By conducting a series of stepwise regressions, this study found that newspaper type (Black versus general readership newspapers) and newspaper circulation are the two major market-structure factors that influence cancer-related advertisements. The implications of this study are government policies of reducing cancer disparity make Black newspapers more competitive to obtain cancer-related advertisements from government organizations and programs. The lower economic status of African Americans makes Black newspapers less competitive to obtain advertisements about cancer-treatment. Non-profits' limited advertising budget makes them purchase from newspapers with smaller circulation. Leisure Time Budget, Time Price and Consumption of Traditional News Media and New News Media • Xiaoqun Zhang; Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State University • This study attempted to explain the relationship between leisure time availability and media choice in this age of media abundance. A new concept of time price which is related to communication efficiency was proposed. Two effects—the substitution effect and time effect were recognized and defined. The contrast between "traditional" news media and "new" news media use of different group of people showed the influence of time budget on the media consumption. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4675 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/mac-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 15:11:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4681 African-American Students' Perceptions of Public Relations Education and Practice: Implications for Minority Recruitment • Kenon A. Brown, The University of Alabama; Candace White, University of Tennessee; Damion Waymer, Virginia Tech University • In-depth interviews were conducted with African-American public relations students to explore their perceptions of public relations and the role race may play in their career success. The motivations for pursuing public relations and perceptions of the field are not different than those of other groups of students found in previous studies. However, the findings provide insights that are helpful in recruiting African-American students, and also in retaining them in the major. Central themes that emerged from the data are that it is important to have African-American role models, and that students' view race as a fact of life that can be both a barrier and an asset. What Y’all Laughin’ At? Humor Theory in Tyler Perry’s Sitcoms • Teddy Champion, University of Alabama • This paper examines a sample of content from Tyler Perry’s two television shows, House of Payne and Meet the Browns, in order to scrutinize specific joke types from a creative voice that has dominated film and television for the past five years. Analysis incorporates both cultural and psychological aspects of the characters and of the audience using two major theories of humor: misattribution and superiority. References to other sitcoms give a context for Perry’s comedy, noting comparisons to other black and non-black artists or characters, with the goal of defining how Perry’s agenda may affect audiences. Expanding the Parameters of Research on the News Media & the Other: The Faisal Shahzad Case Study and 'Homegrown' Terrorism • Angie Chuang, American University School of Communication; Robin Chin Roemer, American University Library • Research on news media representations of the Other has generally addressed racial minorities, immigrants, and Muslims as often-disparate areas of study with some similarities but few overlaps. In particular, since the September 11 terrorist attacks, the question of Muslim Americans as an identity group has at times been viewed through the scholarly lens of race and, more often, through assessments of coverage patterns of terrorism. This case study focuses on the Pakistani American perpetrator of the 2010 attempted Times Square bombing. It contextualizes newspaper coverage of Faisal Shahzad with existing research on Orientalism and Other identity, as well as on media representations of black, immigrant, and Muslim Americans. The findings include that in constructing Shahzad as a new kind of “homegrown terrorist,” newspapers deviated from historical representational patterns of immigrant Americans observed in previous scholarship on the general topic. The papers gave near equal emphasis to Shahzad's “normal American” characteristics as they did to his alien, foreign, Other ones. Sources of health information for American Indians in the Midwest United States • Mugur Geana, School of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of Kansas; Allen Greiner, Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas; Angelia Cully; Myrietta Talawyma, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health KUMC; Christine Makosky Daley, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health KUMC • American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIAN) have significantly higher rates of tuberculosis, alcoholism, diabetes, death by traffic accidents and suicide compared to the general population; American Indians show poor results on other health outcomes and are near the top of the list for unhealthy behaviors, such as obesity and smoking. Providing target audiences with accurate and culturally tailored health information has been shown to influence health attitudes and behaviors. The present study explores sources of health information for American Indians from the Midwest United States, their preferences for information presentation, and their use of health information during the medical encounter. We conclude that campaigns targeting Natives should be narrow focused and be community driven or employing community resources. American Indians use a diversity of media sources to obtain health information, with Internet being an underutilized, but highly regarded source. Partnership with the IHS providers and pharmacists may offer the “expert” advice needed to enforce attitude or behavioral change. “To Plead Our Own Cause”: How Citizen Journalism Served as a Vehicle for Racial Equality in Austin, Texas, Post 1968 • Dean Graber, University of Texas - Austin • Sociologist Anthony M. Orum (1987) has described the history of Austin, Texas, as a series of struggles between capitalism and democracy, and a set of conflicting visions over the city’s growth. Early in the 20th century, a core group of Austin leaders envisioned a metropolis built on industry, wealth, and private property. However, other Austinites—many concentrated in the East Side, home to large Black and Mexican American neighborhoods—imagined a city in which greater numbers of people share the benefits of growth and take part in defining the city’s future. Orum identifies Austin’s daily newspapers as key promoters of the capitalist vision. In contrast, this paper presents the trajectories of three East Austin publications produced outside traditional settings in 1968–1982, the period when the civil rights movement turned to focus on matters of desegregation. I use a comparative-historical method described by sociologist Mounira M. Charrad as “examining how long-term trajectories combine with short-term developments at critical historical moments to lead to different political outcomes.” The publications are presented as emerging at crucial moments in Austin’s history and combining with long-term legacies of inequality and discrimination. The resulting media demonstrated a varied mix of ideologies, objectives, and practices toward achieving equal citizenship. I argue that the small-scale newspapers form a history of citizen journalism that pre-dated the Internet by several decades, and that journalism discussions that emphasize Internet-based media as catalysts for “citizen media” should Covering Immigration: Journalists' Perceptions of Geo-Ethnic Storytelling • Josh Grimm, Texas Tech University • In 2006, millions of immigrants protested in cities around the nation against H.R. 4437, a new bill in Congress that threatened to treat undocumented immigrants as felons. I interviewed editors and reporters at California newspapers about the debate surrounding this bill to determine the presence and/or prevalence of geo-ethnic storytelling, which posits that racial and geographic location of a particular community creates a unique network for telling and understanding stories. These results suggest that editors acknowledge the importance of race and community, but that these factors do not influence news coverage of immigration issues. Story-Chatterers Stirring Up Hate: Racist Discourse in Reader Comments on U.S. Newspaper Websites • Summer Harlow, University of Texas - Austin • This content analysis of online comments explores how readers discuss race in online newspaper forums, and provides insight for editors struggling to meet the Kerner Commission’s objectives. Results show that reader comments included racial terms, even when the article did not. Further, reader comments that mentioned race tended to reiterate stereotypes. This study suggests newspapers eliminate anonymous comments and “color-blind” policies that ignore race, and make a concerted effort to publish more race-related articles. Tarred With the Same Brush? African-American Journalists and Memories of Janet Cooke and Jayson Blair • Mary Hill-Wagner, member at large (University of Southern California) • This study examines how African-American reporters view the workplace narratives of Janet Cooke and Jayson Blair. This analysis, based on interviews, employs the theory of narrative inquiry from the field of communications. In the study, African-American reporters believe the scandals created by two black reporters, Blair and Cooke, had an adverse impact on the careers of other African-American journalists. The Little Smith Act: Application of the Smith Act to the Pro-Independence Movement in Puerto Rico • Myrna Lebron, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville • This historical analysis compares use of the Smith Act by the Puerto Rican authorities to its application by the American legal system. Ley 53 trials are also examined, including Pueblo v. Pedro Albizu Campos (1951), the case against the leader of the PRNP. Specifically, the study contributes to the literature of First Amendment rights in the understudied context of Puerto Rico’s struggle for independence during the first half of the twentieth century. Latino Youth as Information Leaders: Implications for Family Interaction and Civic Engagement in Immigrant Communities            Mike McDevitt, University of Colorado; Mary Butler, University of Colorado • This study contemplates implications of Latino adolescents acting as information leaders in immigrant families. We highlight the heuristic value of thinking about the family as a venue for information exchanges that engender civic inclinations. This framework is refined by insights obtained from a survey and focus groups conducted in northern Colorado. We find that assimilation is both embraced and resisted in family communication, as parents and children work out tensions between Latino and Anglo values. To Protest a Cause but Dismantle a Company: Newspaper Framing of the Montgomery Bus Boycott • Felicia McGhee-Hilt, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga • The Montgomery Bus Boycott is seen as a catalyst in the Civil Rights Movement. The success of this 381-day boycott forced the city to integrate the Montgomery bus system. The purpose of this study is to show how the bus company, The Montgomery City Bus Lines, was framed during the course of the boycott thus becoming the voice “caught in the middle." The method used was a content analysis of 311 articles from the Montgomery Advertiser to determine how the bus company was framed in the local newspaper, along with an analysis of the bus boycott trial transcript. Findings indicate that the bus company suffered a severe loss of revenue, and as a result the company was forced to discontinue routes, lay off employees, and double the cost of fares. This study is important because it demonstrates how the company suffered a financial quandary by no fault of its own. The company could not change the segregation laws, but nevertheless, was the focus of a widespread boycott. Also, for contemporary scholarship, the results of this study could be applicable in regards to current boycotts of businesses. Lastly, this analysis provides a deeper understanding of the historic boycott and its reach into the business community. Differences in Editorial Coverage of Jeremiah Wright in the Minority and Mainstream Presses • Mia Moody, Baylor University; Amanda Sturgill, Elon University • This article looks at how the black and mainstream press's editorials framed the Rev. Jeremiah Wright scandal during the 2008 presidential primaries. Findings indicate the two presses differed significantly in most areas, except sources. Regarding media frames, the presses were particularly different on religious issues, with the black press significantly more likely to include a frame of Wright's comments being appropriate within the church with the idea that his quotes were taken out of context. This fits within Blinder's (2006) idea of the black press representing a 'separate public sphere,' wherein the religious issues might be discussed as a part of the process of educating audiences. It also suggests that while both newspaper types remained true to their missions, black press was more steadfast in its aim to provide the black perspective for its readers. Online Social Networking and Socialization Among Hispanic College Students • David Park; Homero Gil de Zuniga, University of Texas - Austin; Oleg Mironchikov; Maria Cedeno • This study examines relationships between socialization and online social network (SNS) use among Hispanics. Respondents were placed in “high” and “low” groups based on the number of online friends within their SNS networks. Our results indicate that among Hispanics, the larger the SNS network, the more likely the user is to report having fewer “real” friends, the more likely he or she will be younger, and the more likely he or she will prefer to communicate through mediated methods rather than in person. In this context, our study confirms and adds to previous studies by indicating heightened participation with online social networking appears to hamper face-to-face socialization among Hispanic SNS users. Pushed to the Periphery: Incivility in Online Newspaper Readers' Comments • Arthur Santana, University of Oregon • Reader comment forums in online newspapers have been called spaces of public deliberation, but the forums are also widely seen as sites of pervasive incivility. Analyzing reader comments from three border state newspapers, this paper aims to quantify and contextualize anecdotal evidence from reporters around the country that Latinos are regularly debased, stereotyped and cast as subhuman in the forums by anonymous commenters, especially following immigration stories. “What Are You Talking About?” Differences in Twitter Uses and Gratification Between Black and White Twitter Users • Christopher Saunders, University of Missouri, School; Saleem Alhabash, University of Missouri; Cynthia Frisby, University of Missouri • A survey of Black and White Americans (N = 223) explored the differences in their motivations to use Twitter and patterns of using this site. Results showed that compared to Whites, Black users significantly spend more time on Twitter, reported having more followers, higher intensity of use, and higher likelihood of using Twitter to communicate with their offline friends. When it comes to motivations of using Twitter, both Black and White participants were equally motivated to use Twitter to express themselves. However, White participants rated the motivation to us the site for information sharing higher than Black participants, who in turn reported higher levels of motivation to use the site for social interaction and entertainment motivations. Results are discussed in light of the uses and gratifications theory and other sociological approaches to racial and ethnic differences in media use. African American Cartoon Characters: An Analysis of The Proud Family • Adrienne Smith, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville • The purpose of this research is to examine the portrayals of the African American cartoon characters in the Disney Channel series The Proud Family (2001) and demonstrate the implications of those portrayals concerning race and representation. A textual analysis was used to address the following research question: How do the African American cartoon characters in The Proud Family television series relate to Stuart Hall’s three tropes of blackness (the slave, the native, the clown/entertainer)? Charting the future of journalism education at HBCUs: Finding a place for convergence in the curriculum • Kim Smith, North Carolina A&T State University • A survey of 240 journalism educators and their department chairs at 51 Historically Black Colleges and Universities was taken to learn how they were coping with possible changes in their journalism curriculum as a result of the growing popularity of convergence journalism. Ninety seven percent of respondents agreed that all students in a journalism program should be required to take convergence courses. But they disagreed over who should take the lead for making curriculum changes. Other obstacles included (a) lack of faculty training in convergence (multimedia) techniques, and (b) lack of financial resources to buy and maintain the equipment needed to teach convergence. The study also compared obstacles HBCUs face in adding convergence to the curriculum to studies that examined the stumbling blocks predominately white colleges and universities (PWCUs) have faced in adding convergence to their journalism curriculum. Reporting Health to Minority Populations: A Content Analysis of Localized News Reporting • Ye Wang, University of Missouri; Shelly Rodgers, University of Missouri • The purpose of this study is to examine localized news reporting in minority newspapers and compare localized news reporting in minority newspapers and local general readership newspapers. Localized news reporting is based on the news value of proximity and targeted messages, which can potentially improve health communication through media channels targeting minority populations. To inform health journalists about the practice of localized news reporting in health reporting targeting minority populations, a content analysis was conducted to examine local news, local sources, localized information, and localized statistics in health news sampled from Hispanic, Black, and general readership newspapers in five areas in California. The results showed that local sources were most frequently used while localized statistics was least used in health reporting. Hispanic newspapers were most likely to use localized information in health news reporting, and Black newspapers were least likely to report local health news. The results suggest that Hispanic newspapers better serve the health informational needs of the local Hispanic communities. The discussion suggests that which tactics of localized news reporting will be used in health reporting depends upon a number of factors including newsroom resources. Mass Media and Perceived and Objective Environmental Risk: Race and Place of Residence • Brendan Watson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Lynsy Smithson-Stanley, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Emily Ogilvie, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Framed in an environmental justice context, this study using statewide telephone survey data (N=406) shows that nonwhite residents of North Carolina perceive greater environmental risk where they live than do whites, but the hypothesized additional effect of rural residence was generally not supported. Perceptions, however, may not reflect objective health risks. Race (being nonwhite), residence (urban), and watching local and national TV news predicted overall environmental risk perceptions, but county-level health measures did not. Headline Hawai`i: Racial Aloha in Kama`aina News • Cory Weaver, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University • The front page of Hawai`i’s largest-circulated newspaper – The Honolulu Star-Bulletin – was reviewed for a three-month period: March 1, 2008 – June 1, 2008, to examine representations of race in a media market where Caucasian individuals are the minority. Analysis of the data collected determined that there is an extremely large gap between quality of coverage for different ethnic groupings, with Caucasian individuals shown much more positively than people of color. Quality of minority health communication: An analysis of Hispanic-targeted health websites • Emma Wertz, Kennesaw State University; Sora Kim, University of Florida • The Internet has become one of the most used forms of health communication media. Using the Health on the Net code of conduct, this study examined the quality of health information available on the Internet for one of the United State's fastest growing minorities, Hispanics. When comparing Hispanic-targeted websites with those that target the majority population, this study found significant differences with respect to quality. Specifically, sites targeting Hispanics had a lower level of quality than those that targeted the majority population. Americans Misbehaving: Anti and prosocial behaviors on minority vs. mainstream television networks • Sherri Williams, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University; Cory Weaver, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University; Lynessa Williams, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University • Researchers conducted a content analysis of prosocial and antisocial behavior on three networks: CBS, the number one mainstream television network; Black Entertainment Television, geared toward African-Americans and LOGO targeted toward gays. Results show antisocial behavior occurred most prevalently on CBS. BET had the most prosocial acts coded. Niche networks that showcase marginalized communities exhibited more prosocial behavior, which goes against traditional stereotypical television portrayals of socially maligned groups. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4681 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/news-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 15:20:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4685 Open Competition Mainstream Newspaper Coverage of Native Americans: A content analysis of newspaper coverage of Native American issues in circulation areas with high concentrations of Native Americans • Cristina Azocar • A content analysis examined coverage of Native Americans in newspapers in circulation areas that have the highest percent of Native Americans. The three most common topics were Arts/Entertainment, Casinos/Gaming and Tribal Politics. The majority of the stories were neutral in tone, however most stories used non-Native sources. The theory of in-group bias is posited as a possible explanation to the findings. Bias, Slant and Frame Selection in Murdoch's Wall Street Journal • Sid Bedingfield, University of South Carolina • When Rupert Murdoch purchased the Wall Street Journal, critics feared he would slant the news to fit his political views. This study used content analysis to compare coverage in Murdoch's Journal with New York Times coverage of President Obama's health care plan. It then compared coverage in Murdoch's Journal with Wall Street Journal coverage of the Clinton health care plan in 1994, when the Bancroft family owed the paper. Findings suggest Murdoch's Journal was no more negative in its coverage than either the Times or the Bancroft family's Journal. Reputation Cycles: the Value of Accreditation for Undergraduate Journalism Programs • Robin Blom, Michigan State University; Lucinda Davenport; Brian J. Bowe, Michigan State University • Many faculty members feel constrained by various outside influences when developing an ideal journalism curriculum. Accreditation is one of these. The value of journalism accreditation standards for undergraduate programs has been the focus of prior studies and continues to be debated among educators. This study adds to discussion by finding out the views of opinion leaders in journalism programs across the country. Almost 130 administrators responded to a survey on the reasons for being accredited or not being accredited. Results show that for schools with accreditation, or those in the certification process, the most important reason is reputation enhancement. However, many directors question the value of accreditation. In particular, some perceive the cap on the number of journalism credits a student can take as a limitation of student development and a hindrance of the ability to respond to the growing convergence in the professional marketplace. Morality of News Issues and Public Contributions in Comment Forums on U.S. Daily Newspaper Websites • Serena Carpenter, Arizona State University; Robin Blom, Michigan State University; Stephen Lacy, Michigan State University; Ryan Lange • The media shapes individual attitudes and beliefs. Communication research has found the morality of an issue can affect human behavior in experimental and survey settings. Comment forums present an opportunity for researchers to examine behavior in naturally occurring settings. Through a quantitative content analysis of individual comments (n=2,103), this research examines human behavior in comment forums to determine whether there are significant differences between morally laden and nonmoral articles in adjacent forums on 14 U.S. newspaper websites. The results show that morally laden articles do have a greater proportion of negative emotional responses from participants. Consumer Adoption of Mobile News: An Examination of Motivation Predictors • Sylvia Chan-Olmsted; Hyejoon Rim, University of Florida; Amy Zerba • Applying the uses and gratification approach, this study identifies the motivation predictors of mobile news adoption among young adults. The survey findings suggest that content related motives, in particular surveillance, are significant in predicting most adoption behaviors for mobile news. This finding suggests informational needs continue to be important with this emerging medium. From the perspective of platform related and integrated motives, this study found instrumentality to be the most significant predictor for adoption. A Matter of Life and Death? Examining the Quality of Newspaper Coverage on the Newspaper Crisis • H. Iris Chyi, University of Texas at Austin; Seth Lewis, University of Minnesota; Nan Zheng, University of Texas at Austin • During 2008-2010, U.S. newspapers covered the crisis of their own industry extensively. Such coverage raised questions about whether journalists misunderstood or over-reacted to this newspaper crisis. This study examines how the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and the New York Times framed the crisis. Results showed that the coverage focused on short-term drama, lacked sufficient context, shifted blame away from newspapers themselves, invoked “death” imagery, and altogether struggled to capture a holistic portrayal of newspapers' troubles. Framing Airline Mergers in Newspapers: A Crash Course • Clay Craig, Texas Tech University; Shannon Bichard, Texas Tech • The merger and acquisition (M&A) process tends to be examined through the lens of those directly involved in the merger (employees or shareholders), with little attention paid to how the media portrays the situation. The blending of organizational and communication theories provides the theoretical background for examining the newspapers' coverage of M&A. This study evaluates the application of a subset of social identity theory (SIT) and tenor framing in local newspapers either directly or indirectly affected by the 2008 Delta and NWA merger. A content analysis of 614 articles pertaining to the Delta Airlines and NWA merger from four local newspapers over two 10-month periods was utilized in order to examine the variation of tone, space, and prominence framing between the newspapers. The findings indicate a significant difference between tone, space, and prominence used by directly and indirectly affected local newspapers over the time frame investigated. Contrary to Scholarly Opinion: Sourcing Trends in New York Times Drug-War Reports Before and After 9/11 • Bryan Denham, Clemson University • Extending the analytic approach used in previous research on anonymous attribution, the current study focused on how the New York Times, through its sourcing, covered the US war on drugs before and after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Data were gathered from 135 news reports and 3,541 news paragraphs published across an eight-year period, September 1997 to September 2005. Results revealed that while anonymous sources and public officials from certain agencies were plentiful in drug-war coverage, especially following the terrorist attacks, person-on-the-street sources were not as rare as journalism scholars may have assumed and in fact appeared in higher numbers than did many in the 21-source coding scheme. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are offered. Traditional Newspapers and Their Web-based Counterparts: A Longitudinal Analysis of Relative Credibility • Gregg Payne; David Dozier, San Diego State University • This study provides a longitudinal extension of a 2001 study of newspaper credibility. That study showed that familiarity with a media type enhances perceived credibility. Subjects rated conventional (paper) newspapers as more credible than web-based counterparts. This study, sampling from the same population, shows that statistically significant differences in channel credibility have disappeared. This change is attributed to growing familiarity with web-based newspapers, due to passage of time and increased exposure to web-based newspapers. Longitudinal review finds decline in unnamed source use, rise in transparency • Matt Duffy, Zayed University; Ann Williams, Georgia State University • Some have argued that the use of unnamed sourcing has increased in recent years. This longitudinal content analysis finds that anonymous sourcing peaked in the 1960s and 1970s, an era some call journalism's “Golden Age." The analysis also finds that contemporary journalists are more likely to explain the reason for anonymity and offer details about the identity of the source. No change was detected in the use of information from a single, unnamed source. &#8195;" Use of print & online news media for local news: A uses & dependency perspective • Kenneth Fleming, University of Missouri-Columbia • This study examines the effects of uses and dependency model of mass communication on use of both print and online news media for local news. The data of the study came from a telephone survey of 605 residents of a college town in the Midwest of the United States in 2010. Results show that print media dependency was significantly and positively associated with readership of the print community newspaper; online media dependency was significantly and positively associated with use of the newspaper's website, and with use of the Internet for local news, after demographics were statistically controlled. In addition, age was significantly and negatively associated with online media dependency, and positively associated with legacy media dependency. Game Over? Male and female sportswriters' attitudes toward their jobs and plans to leave journalism • Jessie Jones; Jennifer Greer, University of Alabama • Through a survey of 200 sports journalists at the 100 largest U.S. newspapers, this study examined gender differences in demographics, job characteristics, job satisfaction, feelings of empowerment, and outlook toward the profession. Male and female sportswriters were fairly satisfied with their jobs and did not differ on any attitudinal measure. However, controlling for all factors, female sportswriters were still significantly more likely than men to say they planned to leave the field before retirement. National Unity and Memory: Discursive Construction of War Memories • Choonghee Han, Hope College • Presentations of collective and cultural memory in newspapers are based upon the construction of the past, which enables nation states to remind the public of national unity. This paper explores the discursive constructions of the past and collective/cultural memories of the Asia-Pacific War that appeared in three East Asian newspapers from China, South Korea, and Japan. A critical discourse analysis was employed to examine the ways in which national unity was constructed through war memories. Follow the Leaders: Newspaper Journalists' Networks of Association on Twitter • Kyle Heim, Seton Hall University • This study examined newspaper journalists' patterns of following users on Twitter. Results showed that the distribution of users conformed to a power-law relationship, although the distribution did not display as much concentration or inequality as has been found in other online contexts. The Twitter user followed most frequently by journalists was Poynter Institute blogger Jim Romenesko. Generally, the users followed most frequently tended to be other journalists from elite news organizations, particularly The New York Times. Missing the Metro: Can an E-Reader Replace the Print Newspaper? • Barry Hollander, University of Georgia; Dean Krugman, University of Georgia; Tom Reichert, University of Georgia; J. Adam Avant, University of Georgia • As major metropolitan newspapers have withdrawn from outer circulation areas, many are left without access to a primary source of state news. In just such a real-world situation, we explore whether an e-reader (Kindle DX) preoloaded with a digital subscription to a major metro paper was seen by former readers of the print edition as an adequate substitute. While most liked the Kindle, reviews of the e-reader as a replacement were mixed. Covering a world in conflict: The New York Times and peace journalism • Elizabeth Lance, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Beverly Horvit, University of Missouri; Amy Youngblood, Texas Christian University • This study examines New York Times coverage of four conflicts for the characteristics of peace journalism advocated by Galtung. A content analysis of stories about Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia-Ethiopia and Chad-Sudan finds the majority were framed as peace journalism. This study contradicts findings that Western news organizations primarily report from a war journalism perspective. More than half the stories explained the causes and consequences of conflict and were careful to avoid victimizing, demonizing and emotive language. The Diffusion of an Online Community Newspaper Among College Students • Daniel Hunt; David Atkin; Chris Kowal • As more news consumers are turning to online news instead of traditional news sources, the diffusion of online newspapers within communities needs further empirical investigation. This study tested a diffusion model for an online newspaper among a community of college students (N = 428). Community attachment was shown to be a predictor of one's level of interactive feature use and ratings of credibility for an online newspaper. An individual's level of use for interactive features on the online community newspaper website was shown to predict satisfaction with the online newspaper. Higher credibility ratings positively predicted satisfaction with the online newspaper, although there were gender differences in ratings of credibility. The application of this research to future studies is also addressed. Turning a Blind Eye: Why Reporters Ignore Third-Party Candidates • John Kirch, Towson University • This paper examines why political reporters ignore third-party gubernatorial candidates. Using in-depth interviews with eight reporters in California and Wisconsin, this study identified five criteria journalists use to determine when to provide a minor-party candidate with substantial coverage. In addition, this paper found both practical and ideological reasons to explain why candidates who challenge the establishment are often relegated to the sidelines, where their voices are rarely heard. Sources of Evaluative Information in Election News: The Role of Reporters                  Dominic Lasorsa • This study tested and found lacking long-held assumptions about the use of sources in news coverage. It examined evaluative information (either positive or negative themes toward a candidate) included in the news pages of the New York Times in the final weeks of the 2008 U.S. presidential election, focusing upon the sources of that information, including the candidates, their spokespersons, other supporters, those unaffiliated with the campaigns, and reporters themselves. Surprisingly, the reporters accounted for most of the evaluative coverage, followed by the unaffiliated sources. While the partisan sources tended to talk more about the opponent than about their own candidate, the two ostensibly nonpartisan sources (reporters and unaffiliated) shared their coverage more equitably between the two major candidates. Although the overall evaluative coverage was more negative than positive, the reporters' evaluations surprisingly were more positive than negative, and more positive than any of the other sources. Compared to the partisan sources, which predictably gave mostly positive coverage to their own candidate and negative coverage to opponents, the reporters were more equitable in their coverage. Still, the reporters gave more positive coverage to Obama and more negative coverage to McCain, and were less equitable in their coverage than the unaffiliated sources. Thus, while reporters were more impartial than the partisan sources, they appeared to be less impartial than the other ostensibly nonpartisan sources, those not affiliated with either campaign. Implications of these surprising findings are discussed. Distinctions in Covering BP Oil Spill Suggest a Maturing Press • Norman Lewis, University of Florida; Walter Starr, University of Florida; Yukari Takata, University of Florida; Qinwei (Vivi) Xie, University of Florida • Newspapers in the five Gulf states (n = 777) covered the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill as an environmental story that morphed into an economic one while the three national dailies (n = 238) treated it as an event story. Each state treated the story differently, affirming Bennett's indexing hypothesis. Overall, nuances in how the story was covered suggest the press has matured in its handling of environmental disaster stories. Newspaper Financial Performance: Content Really Does Make a Difference • You Li, University of Missouri; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri; Shrihari Sridhar • This study explores the relationship between newspaper content and financial performance using a rare monthly data spanning10 years. The study assesses amount and type of newspaper content by measuring the number of words produced along three dimensions: topic category, geographic focus, and origin of contents (wire or staff-produced). Each dimension is regressed upon the newspaper financial indicators, which include online and print revenues, advertising revenue, and circulation. The study finds that the content measures, especially the topic categories of contents, significantly predict newspaper financial performance. Both linear and nonlinear relationships between newspaper content quality and financial performance appear to be present, indicating diminishing returns to content. The three types of content have varying patterns and magnitudes of influence, suggesting implications for newspaper theory and management. Online Disagreement Expression and Reasoned Opinions: An Exploratory Study of Political Discussion Threads on Online Newspapers • xudong liu, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Xigen Li • This study content analyzes the comments posted immediately after the stories published on two online newspapers and investigates political discussion involvement reflected in the comments posted in online newspaper forums. More than one-third of the comments on the online newspapers involve disagreement expressions towards others' opinions, and the comments provide fewer reasons for others' opinions than for one's own opinions. Online disagreement expression is positively related to opinion reasoning and discussion involvement. The finding's implication for online newspaper's role in deliberative democracy is discussed. News Framing of the 1984 Bhopal Gas Leak and the 2010 BP Oil Spill • Chen Lou, Ohio University; Hong Cheng, Ohio University; Carson Wagner, Ohio University • Focusing on news framing and nationalism, this study examines how The New York Times and The Washington Post framed the Bhopal gas leak in India in 1984 and the British Petroleum (BP) oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. The findings show that the frame for the Bhopal incident-caused by Union Carbide, de-emphasized the U.S. corporation's role. Conversely, the framing of the BP spill focused on the faults of the BP. Constructing an Image of the U.S.: An Analysis of British and French WikiLeaks News Coverage • Ivanka Radovic, University of Tennessee; Catherine Luther; Iveta Imre • The main objective of this study was to explore how newspapers can convey images of nations through news framing. With a focus on the image of the United States in Britain and France, coverage of the WikiLeaks disclosure of classified U.S. diplomatic cables by Britain's The Guardian and France's Le Monde was analyzed. Remarkably similar news frames were revealed from these newspapers. As a result, an analogous image of the United States came to light. Local News Coverage in the Digital Age: Comparing Online News with Newspapers in Two Metropolitan Markets • Scott Maier, University of Oregon; Staci Tucker • A content analysis of digital and print newspapers in Seattle and Minneapolis indicates that a fundamentally different mix of top news stories is provided online than in print. Online newspapers focused on old-style news - crime, disaster and sports - while print offered more on politics, environment and education. But the digital divide all but disappeared when major news occurred. Applying news consonance as a theoretical framework, the study explores the implications for the newspaper industry and the reading public. Conflict in the news: Influences of proximity, importance and newspaper size • Michael McCluskey, Ohio State University; Young Mie Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison • News values help explain why newspaper stories are published and the way stories were written. Few studies, however, evaluate the way values and other characteristics interact in news decisions. This study examined 952 non-opinion stories about advocacy organizations to examine how conflict with government was portrayed, considering proximity, story location and newspaper size. Proximity (with federal government) and story location (with state and local government) were important factors both in group-government engagement and the tone of conflict. Analysis suggests that interaction of values and context are important factors in understanding how conflict and other values are portrayed" The Engagement Effect: The Relationships Among Engagement, Satisfaction, and Readership and What Can be Done to Stop the Death of the Print Newspaper • Rachel Davis Mersey, Northwestern University; Edward Malthouse, Northwestern University • Satisfaction is commonly measured by newspapers to monitor consumer responses because satisfaction is an antecedent to readership. In fact, countless studies have shown that satisfaction is associated with usage. Still an essential, open question remains: How do you get to satisfaction? This paper explores how to produce satisfaction that newspapers so desperately want by focusing on readers' experiences with newspapers. Newspaper Headlines on Human Trafficking in the United States from 2000 to 2010 • Brandon Burnette; Lyle Olson • Human trafficking has spurred increasing international media attention. Previous research, limited to two United States newspapers, focused on the framing of stories and differing opinions on the issue. This investigation randomly sampled 54 U.S. newspapers, examining the extent and frequency of human trafficking headlines. It concluded that higher circulation newspapers had statistically significant heavier coverage, accounting for three-fourths of the total number of headlines found. This study also examined how regions of the country, border versus non-border states, and type of ownership affected coverage of human trafficking. Data from this study is useful to organizations attempting to increase public awareness of human trafficking, a first step toward prevention. The results also revealed that continued media research on this socially important topic is needed. Hard News Still Attracts Readers: A comparison of online and pre-Internet community newspaper readership • Carol Schlagheck, Eastern Michigan University • This study looks at readership of a 20,000-circulation Midwest community daily newspaper, comparing online page views throughout 2010 with reader choices reported in an unpublished 1992 survey of print subscribers of the same newspaper. The original study, conducted before the Internet was widely available and years before this newspaper had an online presence, asked 400 print newspaper subscribers about their readership choices. It identified several types of traditionally “hard” news among the top news sought. The current investigation identified specific stories that received the most page views during 2010. Again, hard news articles emerged as the most-read stories. Social Construction, Influence, and News Work: A Study of the 'Reality' of Newspaper Journalism Today • Bill Schulte, Ohio University; Joseph Bernt • Informed by the social construction of reality and the hierarchy of influence model, this exploratory study examined 25 interviews with newspaper journalists to study the culture of the modern newsroom as newsworkers adjust to the paradigm shift between digital and traditional news platforms. The analysis revealed that many newsworkers are struggling with digital tasks which were not prevalent when the entered the workforce, and concern with ever downsizing organizations which can not seem to find a business model that will keep them employed in the future. It also finds that with management constantly looking upward for answers, newworkers are finding new opportunities to exert autonomy. Blogging Wall Street on DealBook: A Content Analysis (2006-2010) • Michael Sheehy, University of Cincinnati; Hong Ji, The Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism • Examining the content of DealBook, a business and finance news blog on nytimes.com, this study found that from 2006 through 2010, DealBook produced an increasing amount of original content over time and began to rely less on reprocessed news from other information sources; that coverage topics changed over time; that most content contained named sources; that linkage to New York Times content increased over time; and that most content was oriented to fact reporting. Crowd Control: Collaborative Gatekeeping in a Shared Media Space • Jane Singer, University of Iowa • This paper explores the implications of a significant but generally unheralded transition to an environment in which users have become gatekeepers of the content published on media websites. This expanded user role involves assessment of contributions by other users; assessment and communication of the perceived value or quality of user- and journalist-produced content; and selective re-dissemination of that content. Preliminary empirical evidence indicates these user gatekeeping capabilities have become pervasive on U.S. newspaper sites. Redefining 21st Century Partnerships: Who's Sharing What With Whom and Why? • Larry Dailey; Mary Spillman, Ball State University • This exploratory study, based on data from a 2010 national survey of editors at daily newspapers in the United States, examines the types of partnerships that exist between newspapers and both traditional (newspapers, radio, television) and non-traditional (web sites, blogs, universities) news organizations. Results suggest that newspapers are open to partnerships, but that organizational culture affects their propensity to innovate and successfully develop new routines and storytelling models. Framing Capital Crimes in Two Newspapers • Jakob Berr, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Tim Vos, University of Missouri School of Journalism • This study examines how two newspapers framed capital punishment in two different parts of the U.S. - an area with high public support and an area with low public support for the death penalty. The framing analysis uses Bandura's mechanisms of moral disengagement to explore how stories are framed. The analysis shows distinct differences in framing in the two locations, with a morally engaged frame in Maryland and a morally disengaged frame in Texas. Audience perceptions of editing quality: An experimental study of the effects of news processing • Fred Vultee, Wayne State University • This study uses a controlled experiment to begin addressing whether and how much traditional markers of editing quality affect audience perceptions of the quality and professionalism of news articles. Articles were presented in a mixed design in which participants saw four articles in the edited condition and four in the unedited condition. Results indicate that standard newsroom editing practices have a significant positive effect on a diverse audience's perception of news quality. Local Newspaper Coverage Influences Support of the U.S. Military Buildup on Guam • Francis Dalisay, Cleveland State University; Masahiro Yamamoto, Washington State University • Roughly 8,600 U.S. Marines and about 10,000 of their dependents will be relocated to Guam. A content analysis revealed that the Pacific Daily News (PDN), a newspaper on Guam, reported more frequently on this military buildup's economic benefits, and less on its environmental risks. A community survey showed that reading the PDN influenced residents' endorsement of the buildup's economic benefits, but not endorsement of its environmental risks. Findings support the system-maintenance role of local newspapers. Changing News Frames as a Pandemic Develops: Coverage of the 2009 H1N1 Flu in the Washington Post • Lily Zeng, Arkansas State Univ.; Zhiwen Xiao, University of Houston • This study examines the coverage of the H1N1 flu pandemic in the Washington Post from a dynamic perspective. According to the CDC definition of two peaks of flu activity in the U.S. (May and October 2009), this study identifies four stages of the crisis: Peak I, Valley, Peak II, and Post-Peak II. The findings reveal that the amount of media attention across time reflected the dynamics of flu activity. During the lifespan of the pandemic (April 2009 to February 2010), the capital-based newspaper maintained a consistent emphasis on the event as a “nationwide health emergency” as announced by the government, with an apparent focus on current updates of the situation of the disease, especially during the two peak stages of the pandemic. When the crisis entered a new stage, however, the frame-changing strategy was usually employed to maintain the salience of the event on the news agenda. Man, woman, or child: The portrayal of young adults in the news media • Amy Zerba; Cory Armstrong, University of Florida • The term “young adults” is often used loosely in conversation and research. This can leave audiences to interpret whom young adults are, possibly reinforcing stereotypes. Using the theoretical framework of social construction of reality, this content analysis study examines how media describe young adults and related terms in news stories. The findings showed few definitions and use of young adults as sources; and negative portrayals by city officials and of young adults' behavior and health. MacDougall Student Paper Competition Analyzing News about the Veil: Examining Racist Discourses in Europe • Katie Blevins, The Pennsylvania State University • This paper examines newspaper coverage concerning the 2010 legislation in France that bans the wearing of the full-face Muslim veil, or niqab, in public places. This paper is concerned with the representation of French-Muslim women who lie at the intersection of competing interests in this: media, political, and individual. Methodologically, this paper employs a feminist critical discourse analysis of the newspaper coverage and Joan Wallach Scott's four categories of discourse from The Politics of the Veil (racism, secularism, sexuality, and individualism) to frame the discourse. A Study of the Urbanization of News Content • Michael Clay Carey, Ohio University • This research analyzes geographic coverage trends in two American metropolitan newspapers, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution and The Columbus Dispatch, to understand how frequently those newspapers included news about places and people far from their urban coverage areas. A content analysis found a trend away from rural coverage and an increase in coverage in and around urban cores during the five-year time period studies. Deceptive Reality: Using Media to Implant False Memories and Internet Source Credibility • Jenna Carolan, Iowa State University; Faye Gilbert , Iowa State University• People are constantly bombarded with media messages that affect the way they think, but can it also affect their memories? This study measures the extent to which false memories can be implanted using media. It also looks at the effect of perceived source credibility in false memory formation. Surveys were used to compare memories before and after stimuli exposure and showed that a large number of participants had, in fact, created false memories regarding the news events. The perceived credibility of all four sources was nearly identical, although some sources were fabricated. Witnessing Executions: How Journalists Prepare for and Respond to Planned Trauma Exposure • Kenna Griffin • This series of interviews with journalists who witnessed executions explains how these journalists prepared for and emotionally responded to witnessing the traumatic events. The journalists fulfilled their professional obligation to report the newsworthy happenings to the public, while putting themselves at risk of suffering emotional trauma. The emotional impact can be mediated if addressed through organizational support and training. The journalists who were interviewed, however, rarely were offered support and denied experiencing negative emotions. Press Independence in the Guantanamo Controversy: Effects of The New York Times' Coverage on Public Opinion During the Bush and Obama Administrations • Jaesik Ha, Indiana University • This study analyzes the relationship between the U.S. government and the media after the events of 9/11. It investigates two aspects of the prison camp at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba: (1) How The New York Times covered the controversy over the closing of the Guantanamo prison during the Bush and the Obama administrations; and (2) How The New York Times' choice of frames affected public opinion. This study analyzed the content of 2,216 news paragraphs which dealt with the Guantanamo prison issue between 2004 and 2010. One of the issues that this study explores is whether the American news media played an independent role as a watchdog of the government's issue-framing by challenging the Bush government's anti-terrorism frame or if it acted as the government's guard dog and consistently reinforced its frames. 57.4% of the content-analyzed news stories published during the Bush administration used a “torture frame” which described the Guantanamo prison as violating the human rights of prisoners and lacking due process. On the other hand, the “anti-terrorism frame,” which emphasized the positive aspects of the Guantanamo prison - such as its role in reinforcing national security and protecting Americans from possible future terrorist attacks - was found in 21.3% of the news stories published during the period of the Bush presidency. By contrast, during the Obama administration, 40.3% of news reports used the torture frame, while 28.3% used the anti-terrorism frame. The New York Times showed itself to be a powerful and consistent challenger to the Bush administration on the Guantanamo issue. However, the findings also show that The New York Times' coverage did not have a significant impact on public support for the closing of the Guantanamo prison. Experiencing error: How journalists describe what it's like when the press fails • Kirstie Hettinga, Penn State • Corrections are a way for newspapers to amend the record when errors occur. However, while the process of correcting a mistake is dealt with through industry norms, how error is experienced is personal to each journalist who makes an error that gets printed. This research, which borrows ethnographic techniques and draws upon gatekeeping theory, explores how journalists in one newsroom experience error and their recommendations for how errors and their corrections should be handled. Typing corrections: Examining corrections and their role in democratic theory • Kirstie Hettinga, Penn State • Newspaper errors typically fall in subjective and objective categories. In this qualitative content analysis of corrections from The New York Times in 2010, the kinds of articles that typically yielded errors are documented. Other themes including attribution of error are also noted. The author suggests that in terms of democratic theory, corrections fall along a continuum of significance, where not all corrections are necessary for people to function within society. Media Agenda Setting Concerning the 2009 Health Care Reform Debate • Jihye Kim, Univ. of Florida • The purpose of this study is to evaluate the newspapers agendas concerning the United States healthcare program by applying the agenda-setting process to identify varying agendas. The study also applied intermedia agenda-setting in order to correlate the relationship between the newspaper media and the press releases. The results expressed unidirectional and directional trends paired with interesting results of the relationship between the two agendas, while attempting to identify an “elite” newspaper source. Examining the Local Sections of Three South Florida Newspapers Before and After a Content-Sharing Agreement. • Jeffrey Riley, Ohio University • This study examined the effects of a content-sharing agreement on the local news sections of three South Florida metropolitan newspapers: The Miami Herald, the Sun Sentinel, and The Palm Beach Post. The content analysis found that only nine articles out of 971 examined were borrowed through the sharing agreement. Additionally, the study found that the number of published local articles per year dropped 28.95% from 2006 to 2009. Medium Matters: Newsreaders' Recall and Engagement with Online and Print Newspapers • Arthur Santana, University of Oregon; Randall Livingstone, University of Oregon; Yoon Yong Cho, University of Oregon • Increasingly, newsreaders are abandoning the print newspaper in favor of online news. This experimental research asks: Do reader engagements towards news stories vary by media? Half of a subject pool (N = 45) perused The New York Times and half browsed its accompanying Web site. Both groups answered questions on the extent to which the news stories made an impression. The results reflect prior research that shows print subjects remembered more news stories than online subjects and suggest that the development of dynamic online story forms in the past decade have had little effect toward making them more impressionable than print stories. Does competition make a difference? An examination of the impact of the Apple Daily on three major newspapers in Taiwan • Chien-Yun Song, University of Kansas; Jia-Wei Tu, University of Kansas • This content analysis study examined the effects of the Apply Daily on three leading Taiwanese newspapers after its publication in 2003. Findings show that these newspapers have added more “soft news” on their front pages in 2004 in order to compete. It can be argued that the Apple Daily has forced its rivals to become more sensational. Competition does not improve news quality in this case. Bloggers' Reliance on Newspaper, Online, and Original Sources in Reporting on Local Subjects Ignored by the Press • Brendan Watson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Journalism & Mass Communication • This study of 100 blogs found that contrary to media assertions and prior research, local public affairs bloggers do not rely on newspapers for a majority of their sources. Bloggers in this study were more likely to use original sources and original reporting than rely on media sources, particularly when writing about local topics (e.g. historic preservation) the news media frequently ignore. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4685 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/pr-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 16:16:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4689 Open Competition Quiet, Creeping, and Sudden?!: Exploring Public Information Officers' Definitions of Health Crisis • Elizabeth Avery and Tatjana Hocke, University of Tennessee • Practitioners' responses to crises and academic theory construction are guided by how crises are conceptualized; yet, research informing how we define and discuss crisis is limited contextually. Depth interviews with 17 public information officers (PIOs) provide new insights into public health crisis. Interview analysis reveals unique crisis characteristics as a foundation for future research and theory construction in public relations, specifically crisis communication: resources, organizational partnerships, nature of crisis and publics, and internal management. Developing a Valid and Reliable Measure of Crisis Responsibility • Kenon A. Brown and Eyun-Jung Ki, University of Alabama • This study attempted to develop a reliable and valid measure of a crisis responsibility that could be uniquely applied to public relations research. The four dimensional measure of crisis responsibility was initially tested and refined using Netemeyer's (2003) four-step process for scale construction. Specifically, this study conducted rigorous two-step pilot tests and a nationwide panel full administration survey. The constructed measures were further refined using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The factor analysis resulted in including 11-items in the final crisis responsibility scales, consisting of two items for intentionality, three items for locality and six items for accountability. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the hypothesized factor structure and confirmed the three dimensions of crisis responsibility scale had reliable and valid factor structure. Twittering to the Top: A Proposed Model for Using and Measuring Twitter as a Communication Tool • Haley Edman and Nicole Dahmen, Louisiana State University • The microblogging site, Twitter, has become a communication channel where interpersonal conversations between millions of users thrive. This study examines how 47 corporations use Twitter as a communication and relationship-building tool. Grounded in Grunig's four models of public relations, the research concludes with implications of using Twitter and how public relations practitioners can effectively use Twitter for developing and maintaining long-term, mutually beneficial relationships with publics. Relationship Management With the Millennial Generation of Public Relations Agency Employees • Tiffany Gallicano, University of Oregon • The purpose of this study is to achieve a deep understanding of the Millennial generation of practitioners who work at public relations agencies and to understand the best ways of building effective relationships with them. Data was gathered through five asynchronous focus groups with a total of 51 participants. The data resulted in implications for Millennial practitioners, for the teachers who work with them, and for the bosses who manage them. Strategize - Implement - Measure - Repeat: Are We Evaluating Our Way to PR Accountability • Susan Grantham, University of Hartford; Edward Vieira, Simmons College • This study examines attitudes toward PR measurement, if evaluation is a standard part of the planning process, and who is driving this demand. Through the assistance of PRSA, 256 PR professionals participated (66% = women and 34% = men). Findings revealed that although encouraged by senior management, respondents were evenly split on the need to evaluate. Senior management and those involved with strategic planning perceived value to PR measurement" What Information is Available For Stakeholders on Facebook and How Does This Information Impact Them? • Michel Haigh and Pamela Brubaker, Pennsylvania State University; Erin Whiteside, University of Tennessee • This two-part study examines organizations' Facebook pages. First a content analysis was conducted of 114 organizations' Facebook pages. Results indicate organizations update their Facebook pages about every 15 days. Coding results indicate Facebook pages major purpose is public relations, and organizations post similar types of information as nonprofit Facebook pages. Facebook does promote two-way communication, and offers some general information about corporate social responsibility. After the content analysis was conducted, a two-phase experiment was employed (N = 275) to see how the Facebook pages impact stakeholders. Results indicate Facebook pages bolster stakeholders' attitudes toward the organization, perceptions of the organization - public relationship, and purchase intent. Experimental results indicate if an organization discusses CSR efforts on its Facebook page, it leads to more favorable perceptions of the organization - public relationship, perceptions of CSR, and purchase intent than when an organization uses Facebook to discuss products and services. Communication and the D.C. Sniper: Toward a response typology for public safety crises • J Suzanne Horsley and Kenon A. Brown, University of Alabama • The D.C. Sniper case of 2002 provides an opportunity to explore crisis communication responses by law enforcement and government sources during the three-week shooting spree. The authors generated a list of 32 possible crisis communication responses from image repair theory, situational crisis communication theory, best practices in crisis communication, and best practices in emergency management communication. The results showed that image repair theory and SCCT did not provide an adequate explanation of the communication choices made during this event. The authors propose a public safety crisis communication typology that fills a gap in the existing crisis communication literature that does not take into account organization type or goals. Toward A Theory of Public Relations Practitioners' Own Conflict: Work vs. Life • Hua Jiang, Towson University; Hongmei Shen, San Diego State University • This study took a first step to build a theory understanding public relations practitioners' work-life balance. Specifically, through a national sample of PRSA members, we examined what factors give rise to public relations practitioners' perceptions of work-life conflict and what kind of impact such perceived work-life conflict may have on their income and career path. Analysis of online survey data of 820 public relations practitioners found that a more family-supportive organizational work environment overall would minimize practitioners' reported work-life conflict. Gender did matter, especially in explaining strain-based conflict perceived by practitioners. Lastly, regardless of gender, practitioners generally received lower salaries if their career was ever interrupted. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. The Impact of Organizational Social Capital on Transparency and Trust: Communication Adequacy and Accuracy • Bumsub Jin, State University of New York at Oswego; Moonhee Cho, University of Florida; Maria De Moya, University of Florida • The purpose of this research was twofold: First, based on social capital, the study examined whether adequacy and accuracy of communication are empirically different as indicators of organizational social capital. Second, it tested the impact of these indicators on three measurable outcomes (transparency, trust in corporations, and behavioral intent), which are related to effectiveness of public relations. The study was conducted in two phases. The first included a statewide mail survey and the second a 2 x 2 between-group experiment. Results of CFA analysis showed evidence of empirical difference between adequacy and accuracy. A two-way MANCOVA test found effects of the two indicators on organizational transparency, trust, and behavioral intent. These results suggest theoretical and practical implications of how social capital indicators can contribute to organizational effectiveness in the perspective of public relations. Determinants of Ethical Practices of Public Relations Practitioners • Eyun-Jung Ki and William Gonzenbach, University of Alabama; Hong-Lim Choi, Sun Moon University; Junghyuk Lee, Kwangwoon University • The present study was designed to examine various determinant variables influencing public relations practitioners' ethical practices. Six variables, consisting of idealism, relativism, age, gender, education, and awareness of ethics code existence, were utilized for this study. Results indicate that relativism and awareness of ethics code existence directly impact ethical practices, whereas age influenced ethical practices though relativism. Relative effectiveness of prior corporate ability vs. corporate social responsibility associations on public responses in corporate crises • Sora Kim, University of Florida • This experimental study employing both victim and preventable crises supports strong transferring effects of corporate ability (CAb) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) associations on the public's responses in corporate crises. In addition, CSR associations are found to be more effective than CAb associations in offsetting detrimental damage created by corporate crises. The study argues that the reason for more enduring and salient transferring effects of prior CSR associations in crisis situations is because CSR associations are positioned on a company's virtue-related dimensions, whereas CAb associations are positioned on its skill-focused dimensions. Revisiting the effectiveness of base crisis response strategies in comparison of reputation management crisis responses • Sora Kim and Kang Hoon Sung, University of Florida • This experimental study found that employing reputation management crisis-response strategies was no better than adopting only the base crisis-response strategy (i.e., instructing and adjusting information) in terms of generating positive responses from the public. Two-sided messages (i.e., sharing both positive and negative information) in crisis communication were found to be more effective than one-sided messages in a victim crisis. In addition, even in a preventable crisis, one-sided messages (i.e., sharing only positive information) were not more effective than two-sided messages. Finally, the study found little support for Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT)'s recommendations for the best crisis response strategy selections. Presidential apology and level of acceptance: The U.S.Beef import negotiation upheaval in South Korea • Yungwook Kim and Yujin Lim, Ewha Womans University • The purpose of this paper is to analyze apology strategies used by South Korean President Myung-bak Lee during the U.S. beef import negotiation upheaval in South Korea in 2008, and to investigate how these apologies were perceived by the South Korean public. The role of party identification as an audience-related variable in the perception of political apologies in the South Korean context was then examined. A content analysis of President Lee's speeches and related daily newspaper coverage was conducted, and experimental work assessing the level of acceptance of the President's apology strategies as well as the effects of party identification on the level of acceptance was also carried out. As a result, two new strategies, ambiguous corrective action and fear mongering, were identified and added to the existing apology classification of Benoit (1995). According to the results of the experimental work, President Lee's apology strategies were generally ineffective, with the exception of the clear corrective action strategy. The impact of party identification on the level of acceptance of the major apology strategies was then confirmed. Influencing forces or mere interview sources? What media coverage about health care means for key constituencies • Cheryl Ann Lambert and Denis Wu, Boston University • This study aimed to discover the strategies and actions of those involved in the mediated communication process of health care reform during 2009-10. The researchers conduct in-depth telephone interviews of twelve identified sources that appeared in print and broadcast media coverage. The semi-structured questions of the interview centered on the sources' activities and their interaction with media professionals and policy makers during that time frame. The results of the interviews revealed that sources were keenly aware of media's tendencies and practices. Given the complexity of this issue, the sources stressed the importance of expertise, knowledge, and ability to explain the matter in a lucid fashion to the general public. They also agreed on the anxiety of the American people toward the issue and the important role media played in the policy-making process. Finding antecedents of CSR perceptions and Relationship Outcomes: Individual-Level Collectivist Orientation and CSR Genuineness • Hyunmin Lee, Ye Wang, Glen Cameron and Shelly Rodgers, University of Missouri • The purpose of this study was to identify and test individual-level collectivist orientation and CSR genuineness as antecedent factors of CSR activity perceptions and organization-public relationship (OPR) outcomes. Based on multidisciplinary literature, this study proposed a model that individual-level collectivist orientation is positively associated with positive perceptions of CSR activates, perceptions of the CSR activities as being genuine, and positive organization- public relationship management outcome of satisfaction and commitment. The model also projected that CSR genuineness is positively associated with positive perceptions of CSR activities. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to test seven hypotheses, and the analyses concluded that individual-level collectivist orientation and CSR genuineness are significant antecedents to CSR perceptions and OPR outcomes. Legitimacy Disputes and Social Amplification of Perceived Risk • Joon Soo Lim and Kwansik Mun, Middle Tennessee State University; Sung-Un Yang, Syracuse University • This article examined how the legitimacy disputes for government's risk communication affected online publics' perceived risk in the case of the 2008 U.S. beef import controversy in South Korea. A content analysis of the Korean blogosphere revealed that there have been notable changes in types of legitimacy disputes and perceptions of risk among bloggers, across four phases of issued development. Results of the content analysis produced significant two-way interaction effects between legitimacy and such risk communication phases, as well as between perceived risk and risk communication phases. As the key finding of the study suggests, failures to establish a legitimate and credible public relations program during the risk situation caused inflated public fear and created enormous damage to involving constituencies, followed by huge protests from disgruntled publics. Effective Public Relations Leadership in Organizational Transformation: A Case Study of Multinationals in Mainland China • Yi Luo, Montclair State University • This study explores the role of public relations leadership during organizational transformation in four multinational organizations in mainland China. The results are based on 40 in-depth interviews. Particularly, the findings suggest that organization-wide public relations leadership during change was shown through managing employee emotions, providing training to middle management, resolving conflicts, and reinforcing shared visions. Individually, the senior public relations directors exhibit leadership during change through advising top management's communication styles, fostering participatory management, and challenging management decisions. The senior public relations participants also demonstrated popular leadership types (e.g., transformational, pluralistic, and interactive leadership). This findings support existing research on leadership in public relations and also shed light on some unique dimensions about public relations leadership during organizational transformation. “Like” or “Unlike”: How Millennials Are Engaging and Building Relationships with Organizations on Facebook • Tina McCorkindale, Appalachian State University; Marcia DiStaso, Pennsylvania State University • More than half of Facebook's 500 million active users in the U.S. consist of the Millennial generation (ages 13 to 29). With more organizations taking advantage of the site's high consumer ratings, determining how organizations are interacting with Millennials on Facebook is important. Thirty Millennials participated in one of three focus groups. Results indicate participants were not opposed to interacting with organizations on Facebook, but were very specific in terms of how and why they wanted to engage. Suggestions for future research are included. How Companies Cultivate Relationships with Publics on Social Network Sites in China and the United States: A Cross-Cultural Content Analysis • Linjuan Rita Men and Wanhsiu Tsai, University of Miami • This study extends the investigation of relationship cultivation on social media from a cross-culture perspective by examining how companies use popular social network sites (SNSs) to facilitate dialogues with publics in two culturally distinct countries: China and the United States. In order to understand dialogic relationships on SNSs, we incorporate both the messages of the organizations and the voices of the publics. Through an exploratory content analysis of fifty corporate pages with 500 corporate posts and 500 user posts from each country, findings suggest that overall, companies in both countries have employed the relationship-cultivation strategies proposed by scholars but the specific tactics vary across the two markets. Furthermore, this study finds cross-cultural differences among the types of corporate posts and public posts on SNSs, indicating that cultural differences play a significant role in shaping the dialogue between organizations and publics in different countries. This analysis provides implications and suggestions for future research. Testing the Theory of Cross-National Conflict Shifting: A Quantitative Content Analysis and a Case Study of the Chiquita Brands' Transnational Crisis Originated in Colombia • Juan-Carlos Molleda and Vanessa Bravo, University of Florida; Andrés Felipe Giraldo Dávila and Luis Horacio Botero, Universidad de Medellín • This study uses the Cross-National Conflict Shifting theory to analyze Chiquita Brands' transnational crisis originated in Colombia with consequences in the United States. The research includes a content analysis and a case study conducted by U.S. and Colombian scholars. This research contributes to the global public relations' body of knowledge by supporting nine out of 10 theoretical propositions, and further supporting the theory with three research questions and eight hypotheses (two partially supported, six supported). Exploring Negative Organization-Public Relationships (OPR) in Public Relations: Toward the Development of an Integrated Measurement Model of OPR • Bitt Beach Moon and Yunna Rhee, Hankuk University of Foregin Studies • Although several organization-public relationship measurements have been developed in public relations, negative characteristics of organization-public relationship (OPR) have not been researched extensively. As much as it is important to understand how public relations can contribute to the development of positive OPR, it is also important to know how negative OPR can hamper or damage public relations efforts. In this regard, the study focuses on exploring the negative dimensions OPR, and attempt to develop an integrated measurement model of OPR. In order to develop the model, this study implemented a thorough literature review, expert surveys, pretests, and two surveys. The study identified four negative OPR dimensions including dissatisfaction, distrust, control dominance, and dissolution. The study results revealed that the 32-item, integrated OPR scale including the negative and the positive dimensions is reliable and valid. Theoretical and practical implications of the study results are also discussed. Students' Motivations and Expectations for Service Learning in Public Relations • Nancy Muturi, and Samuel Mwangi, Kansas State University; Soontae An, Ewha Womans University • The paper is a survey of public relations students (N=96) on their motivations to engage in service learning projects and their expectations from that engagement over two year period. It reports their understanding of service learning, prior engagement in service learning projects and how this influences their attitudes and expectations for participating in the project. Results show no significant association between prior engagement and attitudes or motivation but motivation and attitude are significantly associated. Motivation is also significantly associated with expectations from the project. Consumer Knowledge of News Making: How Increased Persuasion Knowledge of Video News Releases Influences Beliefs and Trust in a News Story • Michelle Nelson and Sangdo Oh, University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign; Jiwoo Park, Southern Illinois University • News stories offer valuable information to consumers and drive sales for featured companies. Many stories are inspired by video news releases (VNRs), which are short video segments created and provided by a public relations agency to the news organization for free. Across two studies, we show how viewers' beliefs about and perceptions of credibility in a news story “change” as their persuasion knowledge about VNRs and the featured story increases. The Effective of Dialogic Relationship on the Military Public Relationship • Sejin Park, Lisa Fall and Michael Kotowski, University of Tennessee; • This research investigates the influence of dialogic relationship and organizational cultures on the military-public relationship. College students (N=218) participated in a 2 x 2 (levels of dialogic relationship: high vs. low x organizational cultures: military vs. civilian) factorial design experiment. The results reveal that dialogic relationship exerts a strong effect on the military-public relationship by improving the degree of control mutuality, trust, commitment and communal relationship and that organizational culture has a partial influence on the military-public relationship. The results of this study have both theoretical important practical implications for military public affairs. Implications and recommendations are discussed. Integrated Impression Management: How NCAA Division I Athletics Directors Understand Public Relations • Angela Pratt, Bradley University • The purpose of this study is to learn how intercollegiate athletics directors (ADs) understand public relations. For this study, a qualitative approach was used. Twelve NCAA Division I ADs were interviewed, and their transcripts were analyzed using comparative analysis procedures. The findings show that the participants understand public relations as integrated impression management: a combination of image, message, and action/interaction. The results imply that executives do not necessarily separate public relations from other disciplines, such as marketing. Issue Salience Formation among Information Subsidies and Business Media Coverage during Corporate Proxy Contests • Matt Ragas, DePaul University • This study tests for issue agenda-building between corporate-controlled information subsidies (news releases and shareholder letters) and business media coverage during contested corporate elections, known as proxy contests. Detailed content analyses of subsidies and media coverage in the 25 largest proxy fights over a five-year period (2005-2009) support the agenda-building proposition and suggest issue salience formation may be a contributing factor in a successful contest outcome. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Internal Relationship Building: A Chinese Story • Hongmei Shen, San Diego State University • This study was one of the first to empirically test a relationship-building model within organizations in an international context, in the hopes of developing an international theory of internal relationship management, to add to the extant strategic management paradigm of public relations. It tested a model that included symmetrical relationship maintenance strategies as antecedents, quality relationships between organizations and their employees as the mediator, and subsequent behavioral outcomes, i.e., employees' turnover intention and contextual performance behavior. Data were collected from an online survey of 568 Chinese employees working in a variety of types of organizations. Structural equation modeling results supported all the hypothesized linkages. The overlooked sector: An analysis of nonprofit public relations literature • Hilary Fussell Sisco, Quinnipiac University; Erik Collins and Geah Pressgrove, University of South Carolina • Using a content analysis, this study identified the number of articles about nonprofit public relations published in the Journal of Public Relations Research and Public Relations Review from their inceptions through 2010. Various aspects of the journal articles were examined, including types of nonprofit organizations studied, theoretical frameworks and research methodologies. A key finding is evidence of a recent growth in the number of articles published, but an overall paucity of research specifically about nonprofit public relations. Also, there was a noticeable lack of theory-based research in the journal articles studied, in contrast to the number of introspective articles published about nonprofit public relations. Women as Public Relations Managers: Show Me the Money • Bey-Ling Sha and David Dozier, San Diego State University • Using probability sampling, a 2010 survey of Public Relations Society of America members confirmed hypotheses that women earn significantly lower salaries than men, have less professional experience, and enact the technician role more frequently than men. Counter to hypotheses, women enacted the manager role as frequently as did men. Men and women did not differ significantly in the role (manager or technician) they enacted predominantly. Income differences were reduced but remained statistically significant after controlling for role enactment and professional experience. Corporate Social Performance and Reputation: Effects of Industry and Corporate Communication • Weiting Tao and Mary Ann Ferguson, University of Florida • Corporate social performance (CSP) and corporate reputation have become two concepts of strategic significance to corporations. By conducting secondary data analysis, this study attempted: (1) to explore relationships between seven CSP dimensions (i.e., community, environment, employee relations, diversity, product, human rights, and corporate governance) and corporate reputation, and (2) to discover whether industry type and corporate communication efforts moderate the relationship between CSP and corporate reputation. A network approach to public diplomacy: A case study of U.S. public diplomacy in Romania • Antoneta Vanc, Quinnipiac • Few studies have attempted to explore public diplomacy practices around the world and the scholarship that investigates public diplomacy practices in the newly democratic countries now members of the European Union is even scarcer. Hence, this exploratory case study looks at U.S. public diplomacy practices in Romania and aims to explore in more detail diplomats' functions abroad. By employing the relationship management theory of public relations, this case study seeks to explore diplomats' roles of facilitators of relationships between people of the two countries and their role of catalysts of relationships within the Romanian civil society. Data collected through in-depth interviews with former U.S. diplomats who served in Romania during 2001-2009, reveal diplomats' new roles of creators and managers of networks of relationships, which ultimately aim to establish the embassy as a social, cultural, professional, and business network hub in the host society. Representational, structural, and political intersectionality of public relations' publics • Jennifer Vardeman-Winter, University of Houston; Hua Jiang, Towson University; Natalie Tindall, Georgia State University • We interviewed 31 women of different racial, socioeconomic, age, and relationship backgrounds to explore the extent to which they perceived their multiple, overlapping identities impact their health decision-making. This study is an effort to provide evidence to a proposed publics' theory of intersectionality. We suggest that publics experience co-occurring oppression and privilege in varying contexts: in representations of them, in policies that impact them, and in structures that enable or hinder their ability to do something about their health. The topic we explored with participants was how their identities impacted their perceptions of the new recommendations for breast cancer screening. Findings suggest that gendered roles are the most salient identity for these women; furthermore, the data demonstrate that age, race, and class alter how women perceive their roles have been recognized by policy-makers. The findings expand current theory of segmentation of publics and policy-making as well as practical suggestions for how to understand publics' unique situations more comprehensively. Motivating Publics to Act: An Analysis of the Influence of Message Strategy and Involvement on Relational Outcomes and Communication Behavior • Kelly Werder and Michael Mitrook, University of South Florida • This study tested the main and interaction effects of public relations message strategies and issue involvement on relational outcomes and communication behavior. The results of a 2 x 6 factorial design (N = 333) indicate that issue involvement influences trust, control mutuality, and commitment in publics. Message strategies and issue involvement significantly influence communication behavior. Cooperative problem solving strategies were the most effective in motivating publics to act in both high and low issue involvement conditions. Private labeling, crisis communication and media influence: The Menu Foods pet food recall • Worapron Worawongs and Colleen Connolly-Ahern, Pennsylvania State University • In 2007, Menu Foods Inc. issued a voluntary recall of more than 60 million cans and pouches of pet food, becoming the largest recall recorded in the United States. The current study investigates the complexities of crisis communication in the current private label manufacturing environment through an examination of information subsidies distributed and news accounts written during the Menu Foods crisis. Analysis of the press releases disseminated during the pet food recall revealed organizations predominantly adopted excuses and defense of innocence strategies to protect their images. The findings indicated organizations were not effective in getting journalists to adopt their image restoration strategies. Localization of Public Health News Releases for Publication in Community Newspapers • Rachel Young, Erin Willis, Jon Stemmle and Shelly Rodgers, University of Missouri • Although localization is linked to publication of news releases, no study analyzes localized news releases in their published form. This study uses content analysis to compare the rate and form of health news releases (n = 378) published in urban and suburban vs. rural newspaper. Localization of content spurred publication in community newspapers and retention of localized data and resources referrals. Our findings indicate that localization assists in disseminating public health messages to rural audiences. Teaching Missing citations, bulking biographies and unethical collaboration: Types of cheating among public relations' majors • Giselle Auger, Duquesne University • Educators know and research has shown that students cheat (McCabe and Trevino (1993; 1996). It would stand to reason then that students of public relations are not immune from such practice. For a field such as public relations that has had a continual struggle for credibility, the issue of student cheating should be paramount, for the unethical students of today become tomorrow's practitioners. Therefore, the purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the extent to which public relations majors cheat, and the types of academically dishonest behaviors in which they participate. Results of the study indicated cause for concern as more than 79% of students admitted to cheating and the average number of times students participated in any given cheating behavior ranged from a low of 1.9 times to a high of 3.5 times. Perceptions of public relations students' empowerment, faculty interaction, and perceived relationship investment as determinants of relationship quality with their academic department • Moonhee Cho, University of Florida; Giselle Auger, Duquesne University • Scholars of public relations stress that the role of public relations is to help organizations manage their relationships with publics (Broom, 2010); however, studies of the relationship between students (as publics) and their academic departments (as organizations) has been neglected. This oversight is surprising as the on-going recession, economic uncertainty, and increased costs of post-secondary education (Cotton & Wilson, 2006; Pryor, Hurtado, DeAngelo, Palucki, Blake, & Tran, 2010) have placed increased scrutiny on colleges and universities not only by parents but also by government such as, state legislatures (Tinto, 2006-07; Rockwell, 2011). Research indicates that part of a quality post-secondary educational experience should involve student-faculty interaction (Kuh & Hu, 2001; Tinto, 2006-07). Given the increasing need for retention of satisfied and successful students, and given the demonstrated importance of faculty-student interaction to retention of students, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between student empowerment, faculty-student interaction, students' perceived relationship investment of department and the perceived quality of relationships formed with students' departments. Results of the study demonstrate the significance in relationship between student-faculty interaction, empowerment, and perceived relationship investment to quality of student-departmental relationships. Are we teaching them to be CSR managers? Examining students' expectations of practitioner roles in CSR • Rajul Jain; Lawrence Winner • This study examines the roles that public relations students expect to play in corporate social responsibility (CSR) and how these perceptions are influenced by their public relations education and professional training, as well as their personal and professional values. A survey of 198 college students reveals that students most strongly identify with a managerial role in CSR and that their attitudes have a significant association with their values and an insignificant association with their training. Service-Learning for Branding Success: A Case of Student-Client Engagement in Oklahoma State University's $1 Billion Capital Campaign • Lori McKinnon, Oklahoma State University; Jacob Longan; Bill Handy • This paper offers a case analysis of student-client service learning in OSU's $1 billion, capital campaign, Branding Success. Capstone campaign students joined with the OSU Foundation to develop and implement strategic plans for the campaign and its OSUccess scholarship contest component. The service-learning arrangement succeeded in engaging the University community in an online conversation about “success,” in securing media coverage, in generating attendance at the campaign launch event, and in stressing the importance of giving. U.S. Student-Run Communication Agencies: Enhancing Students' Understanding of Business Protocols and Professionalism • Lee Bush, Elon University; Barbara Miller, Elon University • Student-run communications agencies mimic professional public relations and advertising agencies by providing students with a professional environment in which to work on real projects for real clients. This study involved a survey of agency advisors at AEJMC universities and ACEJMC-accredited universities to evaluate the attributes, structure, and perceived student learning outcomes of agencies in the U.S. Additionally, this study examined how agency structure, workspace and advisor commitment impact agency protocols and student learning outcomes. College vs. Credential: What Do Entry-Level Practitioners in Public Relations Need? • Bey-Ling Sha, San Diego State University; John Forde; Jay Rayburn • Using an online survey (response rate=16.4%; n=1,634), this study examined the attitudes of members of the Public Relations Society of America regarding entry-level qualifications in public relations in general, as well as their views on an entry-level credential in particular. In short, association members generally felt positively toward both public relations-specific curriculum and toward the concept of an entry-level certification. The manuscript also examines the history of both public relations curriculum and the effort to establish an entry-level certification in public relations. Student A Process Evaluation of the Carolina Covenant's Communication Strategy • Joseph Erba, Stephanie Silverman and Luisa Ryan, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Low-income high school students are most in need of financial aid programs to attend college. Concomitantly, they are also the least informed about scholarship opportunities. A process evaluation assessed the communication strategy of the Carolina Covenant, the first loan-free financial aid package offered by an American public university. Best practices and recommendations are discussed. Findings could help other programs hone their communication efforts and conduct their own process evaluations. Forty Years of Award-Winning Campaigns: What PRSA's Silver Anvil-Winning Campaigns Say about the Public Relations Industry • Eva Hardy, North Carolina State University • Public relations textbooks prescribe a common approach to the campaign development process: Conduct research to understand the situation and publics, develop goals and objectives prior to planning and implementing the campaign, evaluating the efforts and finally carrying out stewardship elements to further the relationship with the campaign's targeted audiences. This process has become the norm for the public relations industry. This project seeks to provide a more sound description of professional norms in the public relations industry by analyzing Silver Anvil-winning public relations campaigns from 1969 to 2010 (n = 420). A content analysis of the award-winning campaigns from the Public Relations Society of America database reveals trends in how the five phases of the campaign process have been carried out over the past 42 years as well as striking differences in how public relations agencies and non-agency campaign sources carry out the campaign development process. Public Diplomacy at Arab Embassies: Fighting an Uphill Battle • Leysan Khakimova, University of Maryland • Following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the practice and study of public diplomacy gained increased attention. However, three major gaps are evident in public diplomacy literature: weak theoretical background, the lack of empirical research, and limited scope of many studies. This study seeks to address some of the gaps in the literature by using Benoit's image repair theory to explore Arab governments' public diplomacy efforts in the United States. Analysis of 16 interviews with Embassy employees and 84 documents retrieved from Embassies' websites revealed that Arab embassies face opportunities and constraints relating to culture, power, strategic planning, interpersonal and online communication. In addition to theoretical implications, the study offers practical suggestions to government employees on building a positive relationship with foreign publics such as giving more power and independence to embassies as well as using embassies' cultural and communication expertise to engage with foreign audiences. How a Public Evaluate an Organization's Official Statement to pursue Organizational Transparency: An Impact of Organizational Claims to Truth on the Public's Perception of Credibility toward the Content • Bo Kyung Kim and Seoyeon Hong, University of Missouri • Guided by previous research in transparency (Allen, 2008; Craft & Heim, 2009; Mitchelle & Steele, 2005; Plaisance, 2007; Sweetser, 2010) and the empirical study regarding two types of organizational claims to pursue transparency (Kim, Hong, & Cameron, 2011), this study explores the lay public's estimation of the initial measure for organizational transparency (Rawlins, 2009) and a relationship between an organization's claim to pursue transparency, perceived credibility of the claim, and organizational reputation. Factor analyses and bootstrapping analysis are used. Youth Political Engagement: Factors That Influence Involvement • Jarim Kim, University of Maryland, College Park • This study employed qualitative, in-depth interviews with college students to look at how and why they became actively engaged in the political process. The situational theory of publics was employed as a guideline to examine their active participation. Specific attention was given to the antecedent factors of involvement. Findings indicate that a set of factors, including issue relevance, source characteristics, communication strategies, significant others, general interests about the world, and emotional satisfaction, influenced an active public's level of involvement. Lastly, this paper discusses theoretical elaborations of the situational theory of publics and practical implications for political campaign practitioners. Exploring the Impact of CEO Credibility on Perceived Organizational Reputation and Employee Engagement • Linjuan Rita Men, University of Miami • The purpose of this study is to explore how corporate leadership influence internal public relations effectiveness by examining the relationships between CEO credibility, employees' evaluation of organizational reputation and employee engagement. To that end, an on-line survey was conducted with 157 employees at different levels of position from a Fortune 500 company. Key findings include that CEO credibility is positively associated with perceived organizational reputation and employee engagement. Organizational reputation in the eyes of employees has a large and positive impact on employee engagement. In addition, employees' perception of organizational reputation fully mediates the impact of CEO credibility on employee engagement. Important theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed. The Impact of Dialogue on Blog Traffic: An Analysis of the Blogs of the Philanthropy 400 • Sarah Merritt, Dale Mackey and Lauren Lawson, North Carolina State University • The five principles of dialogue, as described and measured according to the methodology of Kent and Taylor (1998), were used to identify and measure the use of dialogic principle on blogs hosted by nonprofit organizations. Using every blog available from organizations on the Philanthropy 400 list, 124 blogs were coded using a 32-item coding schema, measuring ease of interface, conservation of visitors, useful information, generation of return visitors, and the dialogic loop. Most nonprofit blogs used the five principles, however to varying degrees, and few similarities of dialogue principle use was found across all nonprofit subsectors. Our results also showed that blogs frequently utilizing the dialogic principles frequently had higher traffic rankings, although traffic ranking was not affected by the number of sites that linked to individual blogs. The number of sites linking in to a blog was higher for nonprofits with a top ranking on the Philanthropy 400 list. Impact of corporate social responsibility on consumers' attribution of a crisis responsibility: A buffer against reputation withdrawal or a backfire • Hanna Park, University of Florida • This study aimed to examine how CSR-crisis congruency interacted with the severity of crisis on subjects' attribution of the crisis, attitude, trust, and supportive behavior intention toward a company. Specifically, 2 (severe crisis vs. minor crisis) _ 3 (high CSR-crisis congruency vs. low CSR-crisis vs. no CSR information) factorial designs were used to investigate main effects of two independent variables and their interaction. Six experiment booklets were developed for the study. Results showed that subjects in the severe and high CSR-crisis congruency condition indicated (1) more negative attitudes, (2) less trust, and (3) less supportive behavior intention toward the company than people in the low CSR-crisis congruency condition. Despite the negative effects that occur when CSR programs are congruent with severe crises, this study provides evidence that implementing CSR programs is preferable to not making any CSR efforts at all. The affect of receiver expertise on perceptions of source credibility and message believability • Austin Sims, Texas Tech University • From a public relations perspective, credibility is one of the most powerful tools possessed by a practitioner or organization. Whether it deals with one or multiple publics, broad or niche, the perception of credibility lends itself to greater persuasiveness and more effective communications (Conger, 1998; Hart, Friedrich, & Brummett, 1983). However, throughout such research, the focus has been almost exclusively on defining attributes of the source that increase credibility and make messages more persuasive, ignoring the possibility that expertise held by the receiver could influence the perception of the message. The question becomes: Can an expert set aside his or her expertise and/or trustworthiness of the source based upon the merits of the information provided? Legislative aides in a large, southwestern state capitol and students from a large southwestern university were surveyed using an experiment embedded within a survey to ascertain if public policy experts perceive sources and persuasive messages differently than non-experts. The experiment measured perceived message and source credibility based upon the expertise of the receiver (expert, non-expert) and sources (lobbyist, citizen, industry executive, and economist/professor) typical of those sources most likely to testify before a committee or speak to legislators and/or staff. The results showed experts' perceptions were significantly different than non-experts in reviewing message content. Expert receivers were effectively able to separate the message from low-trust, low-expert sources. Expecting the unexpected: Nonprofit media responses to anti-abortion terrorism • Beth Sundstrom, Rowena Briones and Melissa Janoske, University of Maryland, College Park • This study explored crisis management through the lens of complexity theory to understand six nonprofit organizations' communication responses to anti-abortion terrorism. Through a qualitative content analysis of 277 press releases, news articles and tweets, findings suggest practical implications for anti-abortion counterterrorism and crisis management, provide opportunities to develop communication counter measures, and further develop complexity theory. Is Interactivity always worth it? The Effect of Interactivity and Message Tone on Attitude toward Organization • Kang Hoon Sung, University of Florida • This study examined the effect of three independent variables (i.e., Perceived interactivity, Message valence, and Tone of the organization) on people's attitude toward an organization and their purchase intention, specifically on a social media setting. The findings confirmed that public's exposure to negative comments about the organization can do harm to the attitude toward organization. However, the findings suggest that increasing interactivity with customers by responding to their opinions can minimize the negative effects of the online comments. In addition, when responding to customer's opinions, the response should be done in a human voice, (i.e., personal and caring approach) rather than in an organizational voice (i.e., mechanical and routine approach). The Impact of Corporate Social Performance on Customer Satisfaction: A Cross-Industrial Analysis • Weiting Tao, University of Florida • Corporate social performance (CSP) and customer satisfaction have become two critical areas of focus for corporations. However, their relationship has not yet been explored. Therefore, by analyzing a comprehensive secondary data set obtained from three different databases, this study attempted (1) to explore the relationship between CSP and customer satisfaction, and (2) to discover whether industry type moderates the impact of CSP on customer satisfaction. Furthermore, its contributions to the public relations arena were briefed. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4689 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/rtvj-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 17:24:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4693 Sourcing in national vs. local television news coverage of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A study of experts, victims, roles and race • Andrea Miller, Louisiana State University; Victoria Bemker LaPoe, LSU • The purpose of this study is to identify the sources used by national and local television news outlets in the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill coverage and how those sources contributed to the frames and functions of the media in crisis. The study consisted of a content analysis of the sourcing from weeks one and six of the disaster. Findings show national press did a better job of serving the management role, but also operated in a responsibility frame and relied heavily on political analysts. Local outlets relied more on state officials and scientists. National versus local differences in sourcing (experts, victims, race) and frames are discussed in terms of their individual missions and responsibilities to their publics during a crisis situation. Who says news can't be imaginative? A quasi-experiment testing perceived credibility of animated news, news organization, media use and dependency. • Ka Lun Benjamin Cheng, School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University; Wai Han Lo, Hong Kong Baptist University • Animated news is a news reporting technique emerging in Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China. Online news media using such technique has yielded very considerable size of viewership to their news videos. Animated news is a format of using digital animation to reenact the detail course of a news event as part of a news report. Often times animated news video mixes the facts gathered by journalists with their own imaginations to fill missing links of an event. A quasi-experiment with 153 college students as participants was done to compare the perceived credibility of news using and without using animation. Results showed that participants indicated sound effects of animated news would reduce its credibility. Perceived news credibility was also found related to its news organization and medium dependency. Implications to animated news media and future research direction in animated news were discussed. Are Advertisers Potential (and Effective) Influencers on News Content? An Examination of TV Reporters' Perceptions of Possible Extramedia Pressures on Media Content & Coverage Decisions • Rita Colistra • This study examined reporter perceptions of extramedial-level influence on news content based on an original data from a national Web-based survey of TV reporters. More specifically, this study asks how, how often, and under what conditions do organizational forces attempt to influence television media and their coverage, and to what effect are they successful at doing so? The project also attempts to develop the little-studied area of agenda cutting. Golden-age Foreign Correspondence, Sourcing, and Propaganda • Raluca Cozma, Iowa State University • This study uses content analysis to complement existing historical research on the use of propaganda by CBS foreign correspondents during World War II. Using the propaganda definition and typology proposed by the Institute of Propaganda Analysis during the time that this research captures, the analysis could not find support for the thesis that Edward Murrow and the reporters he recruited to cover World War II used blatant propaganda in their foreign news reporting. While many of their reports were biased and relied heavily on foreign officials and local media, they also used more peace journalism than war journalism and steered away from employing fear appeals. The study also lends support to the literature on the relationship between sourcing and framing. Making Noise in the New Public Sphere: How Small Market Television Stations Find Their Mouth on Facebook • Shawn Harmsen, University of Iowa • For decades, Jurgen Habermas and other scholars and critics have worried that mass media in general and television in particular would stunt or destroy the public sphere necessary for a health democracy. This study examines the experience of several television news departments and finds some evidence that television news might be helping recreate a new public sphere online using social media, particularly Facebook. Across Town or Across the Country? Remote Delivery of Local TV News • Lee Hood, Loyola University Chicago • The practice of outsourced local news, a trend for several years in radio, is also appearing in local television markets. This study employs a content analysis to compare locally- and remotely-produced newscasts in one market served by both, examining newscasts recorded over several weeks in fall 2010. Newscasts are compared on measures of story type, including the use of video, and on whether the stories cover local, state, or national news. Statistical measures of the comparisons yielded highly significant results on several measures. Thirty Years of Broadcasting Africa on the U.S. Network Television News • Yusuf Kalyango, Ohio University; Uche Onyebadi, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • The study examines how ABC, CBS, and NBC covered news topics about Africa. It also assessed whether coverage featured stories with a specific U.S. strategic interests and whether coverage changed over time. A content analysis of news items about Africa from 1980 to 2010 indicated that the networks disproportionately focused primarily on southern Africa (mainly South Africa) and northern Africa (mainly Egypt and Libya) regions. Coverage of natural disasters and conflicts featured more stories on the aftermath than during the event itself. Coverage declined in the 1980s and 1990s and during the U.S. wars with Iraq and Afghanistan. Skill Set: A Measurement of Journalistic Skills, Accuracy, and Objectivity in Television Journalists • David Keith, University of Central Arkansas • This study suggests that people perceive broadcast journalists who they see as having a higher level of journalistic skill also provide information that is more accurate and objective. It is indicated that positive perceptions of a journalist are possible even if the individuals have a low opinion of the journalist's network. It also appears that individuals' personal political beliefs are not a strong factor in measuring the journalistic skill, accuracy, and objectivity of specific journalists. Political Transition, Freedom of the Press, and the Iraqi Broadcasting Industry • Hun Shik Kim, University of Colorado at Boulder • This study examined how Iraqi broadcasters perceive the concept of press freedom in their newly emerging media environment since 2003. Based on the survey of 122 Iraqi broadcasters, this study found that individual, attitudinal, and organizational factors determine Iraqi broadcasters' perceptions of press freedom. Specifically, their perceptions are shaped by their individual characteristics such as education, and income; their attitudinal characteristics such as job satisfaction, interest in adopting Western-style reporting skills, and their views on the future of Iraqi broadcast media; and their organizational characteristics such as type of broadcast media ownership, the expansion of their broadcast operations, and beat reporting. Three groups—Shiite militias, religious sects, and Sunni insurgents—were identified as the groups that are most influential on press freedom in Iraq. Departing from the conventional press freedom indices on Iraq compiled by Western freedom advocate organizations, this study suggests that the Iraqi broadcasters' perceptions on the press freedom are relative, not absolute or uniform as depicted through numerical indices or qualitative labels. The Real “Sunshine” State: An Oral History of Cameras in the Courtroom During the 2000 Recount in Florida" • Christina Locke • The debate over cameras in the courtroom pits fair trial rights against the guarantee of a free press. Florida has long been a leader in bringing “sunshine” into the courts. This paper draws on oral history interviews to illustrate how the 2000 election recount proceedings in Florida once again allowed the state's openness to spur better access in other courts. From State Controlled to Public Broadcasting: Signs of Change in Serbia's RTS Television Newscasts from 1989-2009 • Ivanka Radovic, University of Tennessee; Catherine Luther • This study examined the newscasts produced by Serbia's main television broadcaster, Radio-Television of Serbia (RTS), from 1989 to 2009. Its goal was to reveal possible changes that had been made in the newscasts as a shift took place in Serbia's political system, from one of authoritarian control to that of democratic governance. The findings showed the newscasts had changed, making them appear Western in style. Elements of Serbia's older news practices, however, were also apparent. Facebook and Twitter: How and Why Local Television News is Getting Social with Viewers • Suzanne Lysak, Syracuse University; Michael Cremedas, Syracuse University; John Wolf • This paper examines the role social media is playing in local television newsrooms. The authors used a Web-based national survey of news managers at network affiliated stations to look at what forms of social media are being used in the newsroom, who is using it and how it is being applied. The results show stations are embracing social media as a means of connecting with news consumers and raising their newsrooms' profile in the community, and are encouraging their news staff members to have an individual social media presence. Stations also report their news staff are using social media as a newsgathering tool, but the value and reliability of information gathered through this means is up for debate. Perceived Media Bias and Cable News Branding: The Effects of Diversification in the Marketplace of Information • Dylan McLemore, Southern Arkansas University • This study measured perceptions of bias in differentiated news outlets CNN, MSNBC, and the Fox News Channel. An experiment was conducted utilizing an unbiased news article and the cable network logos, serving as cues for potential perceptions of bias. Participants had distinct perceptions of each of the networks, which often differed among partisans. However, neither personal ideology nor perceptions of the cued networks affected perceptions of the experimental article, which was overwhelmingly perceived as unbiased. Modern Arab Uprisings and Social Media: An Historical Perspective on Media and Revolution • Roger Mellen, New Mexico State University • New social media are given credit for helping to organize and even causing the wave of current popular uprisings in the Middle East. Using primary sources from social media sites, news reports, and state department documents, this paper examines—within the media theories of historians—the idea of new media causing revolution. It concludes that new media are an important factor in inspiring and implementing these recent revolts, but that they do not cause revolution. The Tyler Perry Effect:            George Musambira; Nicole Jackson • This paper examined the relationship between Tyler Perry's two highly rated shows, House of Payne and Meet the Browns and the cultivation of the black identity. Only House of Payne was found to have some positive links with African American identity. Measuring the Messenger: Analyzing Bias in Presidential Election Return Coverage • Kathleen Ryan, University of Colorado, Boulder; Lane Clegg • Media bias has long been discussed in relation to the presentation of politics to media consumers and is defined as “a concept used to account for perceived inaccuracies to be found within media representations” (Hartley 2002, 17). It is a concept that has gained traction with the general public, with the assumption that some news outlets skew more conservatively and others more liberal. But it has frequently been difficult to quantify, with the perception of bias often being in the eye of the beholder (and his or her own world view). This study used methodology developed by Zeldes et al (2008) to measure if bias was present in 2008 national election return coverage by the American broadcast and cable news networks. Partisan and structural bias were differentiated as a measurement of favoritism shown to candidates on each of the news channels. The study found that while the coverage was skewed in favor of the winners on election night and the day after, networks and news channel were distributed over a fairly narrow spectrum of difference, presenting partisans from both sides for analysis and commentary. It argues that hostile media perception, rather than news outlet bias, may be responsible for accusations of bias by outlets. Multimedia Effects on News Story Credibility, Newsworthiness, and Recall • Zhi Wen Ho, University of Missouri; Alice Marie Roach, University of Missouri; Youn-Joo Park, University of Missouri; Yue Sun, University of Missouri • The purpose of this experiment was to investigate whether multiple multimedia elements presented on an online news story influence people's perceptions of credibility, perceptions of newsworthiness, and recall of story information. Sixty participants were presented with six online news stories; three of the stories contained three multimedia elements plus a text story, and three of the stories were text-only. Findings indicated that exposure to a text story plus multiple multimedia elements—a video, photo, and illustrative graphic—in online news stories significantly enhances the story's perceived message credibility, the story's perceived newsworthiness, and respondents' recall of the story. Broadcast journalism education and the capstone experience • Andrea Tanner, University of South Carolina; Kathy Forde; John Besley, University of South Carolina; Tom Weir, University of South Carolina • This study assesses the current state of the television news capstone experience in accredited journalism and mass communication programs. Specifically, the authors employed a mixed-methods approach, interviewing 20 television news capstone instructors and conducting an analysis of broadcast journalism curriculum information obtained from 113 schools. More than 90% of accredited schools offer a television news capstone, and faculty had similar insights about television news instruction and how best to teach the television news capstone course. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4693 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/schol-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 17:29:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4697 Law Textbooks for School Administrators: Do They Present the Same Tinker and Hazelwood We Know? • Candace Perkins Bowen, Kent State University; Trevor Ivan, Kent State University • Textbooks that future secondary school administrators use in their educational law classes cover student media and related legal issues. These books explain the challenge of balancing students' First Amendment rights and principals' concern for control. Comparing how these texts and the only scholastic media text on the subject, Law of the Student Press, cover two landmark Supreme Court cases — Tinker and Hazelwood  — could be a clue to disagreements and misunderstandings between principals and journalism teachers. Technology, Self-Efficacy, and Job Satisfaction: A Study of Predictors of Burnout Among High-School Journalism Educators • Gretchen Sparling, University of North Texas; Koji Fuse, University of North Texas • This research investigated high-school journalism educators' use and teaching of convergence technology, as well as their self-efficacy, job satisfaction, job dissatisfaction, and burnout. In general, instructions and uses of multimedia tools were not as prevalent as traditional-journalism instructions and tools. One-third of the teachers expressed moderate or strong levels of burnout in terms of their emotional exhaustion. Although both job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction were strong predictors of burnout, self-efficacy was not. Journalism students and civic engagement: Is there still a connection? • Geoffrey Graybeal, University of Georgia; Amy Sindik, University of Georgia; Jen Ingles, University of Georgia • This study examines the civic engagement levels of high school journalism students.  Through a pilot study and focus groups, this paper examines the way high school journalism students feel about civic engagement, and if the students connect civic engagement to their works as young journalists.  The focus group findings indicate that being involved in journalism does increase an interest in the world around them, and creates a group of students that believe that they know more about current affairs than their peers.  Cyclically, the students believe that civic engagement also develops their journalism skills. Digital Natives, Journalism and Civic Engagement:  Cultivating Citizenship with Technology • Ed Madison, University or Oregon • Scholarly literature reveals a troubling truth: younger generations show declining levels of interest in civic affairs. Simultaneously, new technology, in the form of smartphones, electronic tablets and other mobile devices that were once considered optional accessories are quickly becoming essential communicating and learning devices.  This qualitative study looks at two schools where digital cameras, laptops and smart mobile devices are being used to catalyze civic engagement in and outside of the classroom. The student journalist: Roles of the scholastic press in the 21st Century • Adam Maksl, University of Missouri • This paper examines normative roles of high school journalism in general, and the high school newspaper in particular, over the course of the history of the scholastic press. More importantly, through a survey of high school newspaper advisers (N=365), it answers the question of what school newspaper roles are most dominant today, as well as what factors influence an adviser's role perceptions. Implications for future study of scholastic press freedom are discussed. Just Hit Reply: How Student Journalists Use Email in the Newsroom • Sara Netzley, Bradley University • This article examines the way in which student journalists use email on the job. College students working at campus newspapers across the country participated in an online survey asking them how often they use email to conduct certain newsgathering tasks, including using email to conduct interviews with sources. It also asked about their perceptions of the quality of such interviews and their use of social media such as Facebook and Twitter. The findings could have implications for how these students will conduct themselves in professional settings upon graduation and for how journalism educators should approach this topic in the classroom. Journalism as a viable career choice: What guidance counselors are telling students • Terry Rentner, Bowling Green State University; Seth Oyer, Bowling Green State University; Mark Flynn, Bowling Green State University • Media portrayals of journalism careers paint a dismal picture of its future.  Of concern is how these portrayals may influence high school guidance counselors' recommendations of a journalism career.  This study surveyed U.S. high school guidance counselors to gauge their knowledge of the journalism field.  Results show that while roughly half of the guidance counselors surveyed would recommend a journalism career, they think that fewer students are likely to pursue journalism as a career path. Student Journalists v. School Administrators: A More Structured Way To Resolve Disputes • Jonathan Peters, University of Missouri • Public schools have wrestled for decades with the boundaries of free expression.  Although students do not enjoy the same First Amendment rights as adults, they do not shed those rights at the schoolhouse gate.  Disputes between student journalists and school administrators are common, and because they take place in the school environment, they have the potential to be disruptive.  Student journalists and school administrators need a structured way to address and resolve those disputes. Perils and Recommendations for Student Publications After Christian Legal Society v. Martinez • Andrew Pritchard, North Dakota State University • The Supreme Court's 2010 ruling in Christian Legal Society v. Martinez, that a public university's student organizations may be required to accept a ""take all comers"" policy as a condition of recognition, jeopardizes the ability of student publications to maintain their quality, distinctiveness, and independence. Close examination of the court's opinion, however, reveals several avenues by which student publications can limit the decision's consequences for them. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4697 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/viscom-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 17:35:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4700 Developing and testing self-administered computer tutorials using Photoshop as the model • William Adams, Kansas State University • The study used focus groups to evaluate how effective commercial and tutorials provided with computer software were in teaching students with no previous experience. Students did not consider any of them affective for those totally unfamiliar with the software. We then tested our own 11-step Photoshop tutorial for beginners, designed to be self taught using a manual and Photoshop, with success. A second set of tutorials for more advanced work was then also created. Oil-soaked Images of Disaster: Identifying the National vs. Local Television Visuals • Victoria Bemker LaPoe, LSU; Andrea Miller, Louisiana State University • This study seeks to identify the television visual imagery of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill across national and local news outlets as it unfolded over time. The study compared a content analysis of the visuals from week one of the disaster to week six of the disaster. The visuals of the first week represent a media trying to come to terms with the loss of life, the enormity of the disaster, and the difficulties in covering it. The visuals of week six represent consequences and containment. National versus local differences in visual coverage are discussed in terms of their individual missions and responsibilities to their publics. The Use and Abuse of Financial Graphs in American and British Annual Reports • Zhilian Deng, Iowa State University • This study examines the use of graphs in the 2009 annual reports of 30 leading American and British companies in terms of selectivity and the extent to which companies manipulate these infographics to serve managerial interests. The results indicate that selectivity occurs in both countries, but the U.S. annual reports demonstrated more measurement distortions. The U.K. companies were more likely to use new types of graphs with a greater tendency to blur data. The aesthetics of cosmetic surgery: How websites visualize the fountain of youth • Robyn Goodman, U. of Florida • The present study investigated the visuals on cosmetic surgery websites including photographs, gender, hair color, eye color, color choices, and typography. The content analysis of 90 cosmetic surgery websites showed more women than men in general photographs and on commercially sponsored sites but men and women appeared in the proportions expected in before-and-after photographs. Brunette men and women significantly outnumbered blondes. However, there more significantly more men with dark colored eyes, while women were significantly more likely to have light colored eyes. Cool colors were used significantly more than warm colors. Sans serif was the most used type classification. These findings are important because previous research has found that website visuals, colors, and typography have been found to produce greater recall, persuasion, learning, positive attitudes, and behavioral intentions (e.g., Leong et al., 1996; Hall & Hanna, 2004; Tractinsky et al., 2006; Robins & Holmes, 2008). Picturing defiance: Visions of Democracy in Iran • Keith Greenwood, University of Missouri • This study examines the visual framing in photographs related to Iran's 2009 presidential election, comparing images photographers identified as their best work to those considered the Pictures of the Year. The analysis shows photographers primarily covered events leading up to the election and the violence that followed through a variety of frames while the award-winning photographs framed the election primarily through the violence, presenting a much narrower interpretation to outside observers" Narratives and Television News Editing • Keren Henderson, LSU • This study offers a method for analyzing the narrative content of television news videos. Very few scholars approach the study of visual narratives in television news because the technique is highly specialized and not commonly articulated by practitioners. However, cognitive experiments are supporting the importance of understanding the way the brain processes video messages; in particular, those coming from television news. Based in norms and routines theory, this study combines an unprecedented method of content analysis and in-depth interviews with award-winning local news editors in order to reveal the contemporary state of narrative production in television news. Building a Case for Visual Communication Curriculum • Yung Soo Kim, University of Kentucky; Deborah Chung, University of Kentucky • A Web-based survey of administrators (N =59) and visual instructors (N = 60) was employed to examine the state of visual communication curricula among U.S. journalism and mass communication programs. Findings indicate courses were smaller, skills-based and required by a limited number of students. Instructors had strong professional backgrounds, had stronger opinions for expanding visual communication education and indicated having less confidence in their students' competence when landing a job than administrators. From Pictorialism to Visual Cliché: Tracing the Historical Developments of Scenic Photography in China • Shi Li • This paper traces the historical developments of scenic photography, a highly popular and amateurish art form in China, from its initial pictorial style to the current debate about its banality. Through an examination of major scenic photographs throughout China's modern and contemporary history, it argues that scenic photography was born from pictorialism as a means for Chinese photographers to reclaim their Chinese cultural identity by appropriating a western medium against the backdrop of imperialism and colonialism. Framing Franco: Editorializing Time Newsmagazine Cover Art Through Switching to Illustration • Sarah Merritt, North Carolina State University • Visual media used in mass communication serve as unique and powerful components in the framing used by mainstream media outlets to guide perception and interpretation of foreign events. Still powerful and influential today, Time newsmagazine is one of the oldest mainstream news outlets in the U.S. that has consistently guided public perception of foreign events through editorialized illustration of foreign leaders. During the Spanish Civil War, the late dictator Franco became the first foreign leader to be portrayed through editorialized illustration on Time cover art, and this qualitative case study aimed to identify and interpret historical presence and utility of visual framing components in Time's coverage of Franco from 1936 to 1966. The six solo portraitures of Franco appearing on Time cover art were analyzed across a four-tier methodology, beginning with the identification of manifest content and visual metaphor and ending with ideological interpretation. Utilizing framing theory to predict, identify and explain the use of visual frame components, the analysis extends from identifying these components towards the interpretation of ideological implications. Ideological implications included portrayal of Franco's inner character in terms of interactivity with the viewer and his imposition and threat to the U.S. Through qualitatively interpreting how illustrated foreground and background content in each image were used to convey specific messages, findings revealed that the potential use of visual framing based on components necessary for visual framing coincided with ideological messages that influence public perception of foreign events. Developing News Photography: The Post-WWII Rise of Normative Photojournalism Instruction in Liberal Arts Journalism Education • Stanton Paddock, University of Maryland • This paper seeks to explain the development of normative photojournalism education practice in the fifteen years following WWII. Drawing on historical evidence preserved in contemporary scholarly writings and the archival records the Department of Journalism and Public Relations at the University of Maryland, this paper finds photojournalism education was gradually included and a normative form of liberal arts-based journalism education developed. Strong echoes of this are found in journalism education today. As modern journalism education seeks to include new forms of multimedia journalism, many of the same issues raised 60 years ago are encountered. Framing Kim Jong-Il in American Political Cartoons • Sangwon Park • This study investigated how American political cartoons visually represented the North Korean leader Kim Jong-Il from 2001 to 2009. To assist the primary analysis, this study also examined how President George W. Bush was portrayed, as compared to Kim Jong-Il, to determine whether the media (cartoons) supported the American foreign policy and its values. Based on media framing analysis, 85 political cartoons in the American news media (primarily newspapers) were analyzed. The study found that issues related to nuclear weapons and missiles appeared to be the dominant frame used to portray North Korea in American political cartoons during the Bush administration. Furthermore, Kim Jong-Il was mainly depicted as a criminal, immature and childish being, and aggressor, which also supported that American political cartoons published during the Bush administration did advocate American foreign policy toward North Korea. Visual representations of genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms in the online media • Lulu Rodriguez, Iowa State University; Ruby Lynn Asoro, Iowa State University • Do images of biotechnology that saturate the media accurately portray the science and the process? A content analysis of web images collected over a seven-day period was conducted. The results show an abundance of visuals in personal and special interest group sites, stock photo and cartoon banks. Images with a negative valence trounced those with a positive tone. The visuals presented a range of perspectives on genetic engineering, but many failed the accuracy test. Meaning of Democracy Around the World: A Thematic and Structural Analysis of Videos Defining Democracy • Hyunjin Seo, University of Kansas; Dennis Kinsey • This study examines thematic and structural features of short films submitted to a worldwide video competition defining democracy. A total of 120 videos are analyzed to examine prominent themes of democracy such as popular participation and diversity as well as audio/visual elements of the videos from around the world. Authors investigate whether and how thematic and structural aspects of videos are different based on geographical region and measure of democracy of the country. Still “Live at the Scene”: A quantitative analysis of timeliness in local television broadcast hard news stories re-published as online content • Jennifer Ware, North Carolina State University • This study assessed grounding elements present in broadcast news stories re-purposed as online content and investigated the presence or absence of temporal fixity. A content analysis of 266 online news videos from NBC, CBS, ABC, and FOX affiliate stations was conducted. The videos (n=209) were found to have high levels of timeliness and no temporal fixity. There are three objectives of this research (1) to contribute a new theoretical concept, temporal fixity, (2) to provide news media with ways of thinking about repurposed online materials (3) outline a new method of studying online materials with the screen capture software Camtasia®. Shooting the Shooter: How experience level affects photojournalistic coverage of a breaking news event • Carolyn Yaschur, University of Texas at Austin • Interviews were conducted with professional, student, and citizen photojournalists to determine how experience level and training affect the photojournalistic coverage of a breaking news event. Building upon the Hierarchy of Influences approach, influences on the individual and routines levels were examined. Four themes emerged - emotional attachment to the story, teamwork and competition, risk taking, and intent and approach - which varied by level of experience and were complicated by role as a student or employee. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4700 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/ccj-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 17:40:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4704 Interactions of news frames and incivility in the political blogosphere: Examining news credibility and political trust • Porismita Borah, Maryville University • The anonymity and flexibility of the online world allows the free expression of views. This same anonymity and unconstrained expression can initiate uncivil debate. The political blogosphere is thus replete with uncivil discussions and becomes an apt context to examine the influence of incivility on news frames. Moreover, although there is an increasingly growing literature on framing, few have examined framing effects in the new media landscape. Thus, the present study brings in literature from incivility and framing effects and uses an experiment embedded in a web survey to examine the influence of incivility on news frames for perceptual outcomes such as news credibility and political trust. Findings show that incivility increases the credibility of a news article while decreasing political trust. Further, results demonstrate the interactions of incivility and news frames. For instance, news credibility is increased only in the value-framed condition. Implications are discussed. Exposing the digital news photo hound: A study on the normative structure and routines of citizen photojournalists • Tara Buehner and Julie Jones, University of Oklahoma • A growing trend in journalism is the rise of the citizen-captured images. However, no study has examined the common traits, values, and influences upon citizen photojournalists - photographers who post images on news-sharing sites. This paper sought to do exactly that through in-depth interviews with Yahoo! You-Witness-News members. Findings suggest that citizen photojournalists are savvy with regard to news values and conventions but have the freedom to be creative, consistent with creators of user-generated content. The Refrigerator as a Megaphone: Addressing the Motivations of Citizen Photojournalists, Tara Buehner, University of Oklahoma • Journalists are losing their gatekeeping role, as citizens create and disseminate their own material. Some have a news-making intent, while others simply find themselves at the scene of breaking news. Due to the pervasiveness of digital cameras, much of this content is photographic in nature. Because little research exists regarding the motivations of citizen photojournalists, in-depth interviews with photographers on a citizen journalism site were conducted. Motivations include validation, self-expression, affinity, entertainment, altruism, and community-seeking. Not paid to play: A case study of online community participants and the effects of non-monetary motivation upon public journalism • Robert Gutsche Jr and Rauf Arif, The University of Iowa • This paper is based upon interviews with six non-paid community members who write columns and blogs for a local U.S. newspaper. It provides insight into the continued evolution of public journalism. Our major finding concerns the issue of compensation and its influence upon the standards of community participants in their collaboration with the newspaper. We also provide attempt to stretch the normative approach of media production from traditional media to a new media environment. Case of the #UTShooter: Citizens working around, with, and for traditional news media • Avery Holton, University of Texas-Austin • Scholars have examined what motivates people to seek out news and information through various platforms, most recently analyzing how and why citizens use social networking platforms such as Twitter to engage in the news process. Using open-ended questionnaires and content analysis, this study identified previously unrecognized motivations for citizen engagement in the news process via Twitter, using the recent case of the shooting at the University of Texas at Austin as a backdrop. The findings encourage new avenues of research and suggest updates to current definitions of journalism. Exploring Contexts in Citizen Journalism: A Conceptual Framework • Nakho Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison • The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical framework for qualitatively exploring contexts in citizen journalism case studies. Specifically, dimensions of purpose, external conditions and internal dynamics will be discussed. Based on arguments on the normative directions of community and communication, historical research of media and social action elements of citizen journalism, this paper explains why they matter and what needs to be explored. News Innovation and the Negotiation of Participation • Seth Lewis, University of Minnesota • This paper examines the Knight News Challenge and its winning proposals as a way of exploring intersecting concerns about innovation and participation in journalism. A qualitative analysis finds that innovators negotiated issues of professional control and open participation in three ways: (1) embracing the idea of participation as a taken-for-granted assumption; (2) envisioning a symbiotic relationship between professionals and citizen collaborators; and (3) acknowledging that yielding control, in some cases, could result in better journalism. No Experience Necessary: The Perceived Credibility of Citizen Journalism • Sara Netzley and Mark Hemmer, Bradley University • The news credibility crisis and the rise of citizen journalism have created new questions regarding the usefulness of citizen-generated content, particularly when compared to content created by professional journalists. This article explores the results of an experiment asking college students at a private Midwestern university to assess the credibility of an article that they either were told was written by a professional journalist or by a citizen. The perceived credibility the articles received based on their authors has key implications for news credibility research in a landscape where online media and citizen journalism are on the rise. #Forward!: Twitter as Citizen Journalism in the Wisconsin Labor Protests • Aaron Veenstra, Narayanan Iyer, Namrata Bansal, Mohammad Hossain, Jiwoo Park and Jiachun Hong, Southern Illinois University - Carbondale • Recently, Twitter has become a prominent part of social protest movement communication. This study examines Twitter as a new kind of citizen journalism platform emerging at the aggregate in the context of such “crisis” situations. Specifically, we undertake a case study of the use of Twitter in the 2011 Wisconsin labor protests. Our findings suggest that Twitter and the use of mobile phones allow individuals to become conveyors of existing news and new information producers. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4704 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/comsher-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 17:45:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4708 How to Resolve Contradictory Health Messages? : An Alternative Message Framework for Public Service Announcement Developers • Ho-Young (Anthony) Ahn, U of Tennessee; Lei Wu; Eric Haley • A qualitative study was designed to explore college students’ interpretations of and responses toward conflicting tanning health messages, as well as understanding college students’ knowledge, experience, and perceptions toward the popular health issues. Practical implications were provided in terms of developing effective skin cancer prevention messages as well as tanning-promotion messages to help people build correct attitudes toward tanning. Predicting Scientists’ Participation in Public Life • John Besley, University of South Carolina; Sang Hwa Oh, University of South Carolina • This manuscript provides secondary data analysis of two large-scale surveys of scientists, including a 2009 survey by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press conducted in cooperation with the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), as well as a 2006 survey by the United Kingdom’s Royal Society. The data is used to develop multivariate models explaining scientists’ involvement in communication activities such as engagement with the public and the news media. Demographic factors and scientific sub-field has little impact on engagement, but views about the public and the value of engagement predict scientists’ engagement behavior and willingness to engage. Future survey work, however, should use a more theory-driven variable selection process. Branding Health Communication Strategies Aimed at Healthcare Professionals • Patrick Merle; Robin Haislett; Dane Kiambi, Texas Tech University; Shannon Bichard, Texas Tech; Kat Livingston; Shankar Borua, Texas Tech University; Spencer Sorensen; Stephanie Kang; Trent Seltzer, Texas Tech University; Elizabeth Gardner, Texas Tech University; Coy Callison • The current study addresses the effort to brand new communication strategies among healthcare professionals. In-depth interviews and focus groups were conducted for the analysis of current communication barriers, message channels and sustainability tactics, and their influence on the patient experience. Strategies are offered to address effective communication training tactics and sustainability in an effort to maximize patient care and satisfaction. Not in my backyard or yours: Communicative influences of opinion leadership on perceptions of risks and benefits of a bioresearch facility • Andrew Binder, North Carolina State University; Dietram Scheufele; Dominique BROSSARD, LSC, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study builds on past research in the communication of science and risk by integrating models of attitude formation and learning with an important social factor: opinion leadership. We consider the role that opinion leadership can play in the flow of mass media and interpersonal communication to influence how individual-level risk and benefit perceptions of a potentially high-risk research facility evolve. In order to do so, we rely on primary data from a longitudinal study of the communication and public opinion dynamics surrounding the establishment of the National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF) in five candidate communities. The models tested in this study suggest a very flexible influence of opinion leadership in these different communities, in part moderated by the overarching social network—of supporters or opponents—within which they are embedded. Implications for future work on the public communication of science and technology are discussed. How Global Warming Websites Frame Science Information • Lisa Parcell, Wichita State University; Michael Boyle, West Chester University • The global warming “debate” began as a pure science story, later framed by the media as a heated conflict. No longer solely reliant on the news media to present their “side” of the issue, special interests on both sides launched websites to inform and persuade visitors to their sites. However, these sites vary greatly in the extent to which they use science information, opinion, and other devices in framing global warming arguments. This study builds on science communication literature to examine 21 global warming websites and the specific nature and prominence of scientific information within the sites through a qualitative content analysis. The impact of social context, warning components, and receiver characteristics on evacuation decisions of African Americans • Vankita Brown, Howard University • This study explores the situational influences found in the Protective Action Decision Model: family involvement (social context), source, channel, message components, (warning components), and fatalism and place attachment (receiver characteristics) on the protective action of African Americans in New Orleans during a hurricane. Additionally, the role of social networks among this community during these times was also assessed. Statistical analyses indicate that social context did not reveal a relationship with evacuation decisions. Public and governmental officials were found to be sources relied on during a hurricane. Both mass mediated and interpersonal communication channels were utilized among respondents, and all message components tested were important to participants. While fatalism was not correlated with evacuation decisions, place attachment was found to have an inverse relationship with willingness to evacuate. Thematic analysis reveals that social networks function as: a source of information and resources, confirmation of warnings, and catalyst to incite action. Results have implications for risk communicators utilizing PAMD as a framework to aid in devising outreach and educational campaigns. Regulatory trust, risk information processing and support for an emerging technology • Michael Cacciatore, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dietram Scheufele; Elizabeth Corley, Arizona St. University • Research investigating public attitudes toward nanotechnology has been primarily concerned with assessing the types of risks that the public perceives, as well as how these risks influence larger evaluations of the technology. Recently, however, there have been calls for a more complete understanding of the relationship between risk perceptions and support (Kahan, 2009). This analysis seeks to provide such an understanding by exploring the moderating effects of trust on the risk perception-attitude link. Our findings reveal that while risk perceptions are negatively related to support, the influence of specific risk perceptions on support can vary depending on an individual’s level of trust in the regulators of science. Specifically, our findings suggest two groups of people. The first group (those low in trust) are much more likely to base their decisions about support for nanotechnology on their perceptions of risks. That is, as their risk perceptions increase, their support decreases. The second group of people (those high in trust) are less likely to base their evaluations of nanotechnology on risk perceptions. While many of these individuals may agree that risks are high, their trust appears to override such beliefs and leads to a significantly smaller drop in support for the technology. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed. Investigating the Role of Identities and Opinion Leadership on Risk Information Seeking and Sharing about Proposed Natural Gas Drilling in New York’s Marcellus Shale • Chris Clarke, Cornell University • This study investigates how identities motivate risk information seeking and sharing about risk controversies, using natural gas drilling in New York State’s Marcellus Shale as a case study. Thirty-six interviews explore the novel premise that an opinion leader identity and the contexts in which it emerges (including group membership and social roles) helps people negotiate a complex risk message environment and shapes communication behavior over time. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Examining Metaphors in Biopolitical Discourse • Cynthia-Lou Coleman, Portland State University; L. David Ritchie • This essay argues that common metaphors and metaphoric phrases used in biopolitical discourse limit how meanings are constructed by framing messages narrowly: so much so, that alternate readings are delimited, resulting in less opportunity for cognitive scrutiny of such messages. We moor our discussion of metaphors in cognitive linguistics, building on three decades of research by scholars including Sam Glucksberg (2008), George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980, 1999), and Ray Gibbs, Jr. (2006, 2008), demonstrating how research in framing effects bolsters our claims of limited entailments resulting from message construction. By situating our discussion of framing in biopolitics we make a case that metaphors including Frankenfood, Designer Baby, Vegetative State and Death Tax address how life and death are “managed” in discourse (Foucault, 1980). In this essay we demonstrate ways in which the framing of some metaphors in social discourse slip under readers’ and viewers’ cognitive radars, and thus become “under-the-radar metaphors.” Impacts of Generalized Interpersonal and Institutional Trust on Environmental Health and Safety Risk Information-Seeking • Christopher Cummings, North Carolina State University • Traditional models of risk communication need elaboration as the media landscape has fundamentally changed. Researchers should investigate not only how messages are disseminated, but also how the public seeks-out risk information within the increasingly complex media landscape. This paper investigates preliminary questions about citizens’ information-seeking behavior and the impacts of generalized interpersonal and institutional trust on media channel selection. Data are populated from a national survey study treating traditional broadcast media and Internet-based media. The Goldilocks Zone of Science Communication: An analysis of how media depicted Gliese 581g • Michael Dahlstrom, Iowa State University; Michael Bugeja, Iowa State University • This study examines how the pre-existing meaning stored within “Goldilocks” was used in coverage of the discovery of a potentially habitable planet. Results of content analysis revealed that while “Goldilocks” was present in half of the articles, its use was rarely attributed. When compared to the technical name of the planetary system, “Goldilocks” was more clustered near the top of the story and its use remained constant over time while the technical term declined. Following the leader: Using opinion leaders in environmental strategic communication • Kajsa Dalrymple; Bret Shaw; Dominique BROSSARD, LSC, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study explores the role that opinion leaders play in encouraging more positive environmental behaviors regarding an issue of growing concern. Results indicate that media can have mixed effects on levels of self-efficacy, and that opinion leaders with higher levels of self-efficacy are more likely to participate in behaviors that could influence their social network(s). These findings offer insights as to how future campaigns can utilize these groups in order to promote prevention activities. Consensus and Controversy: Climate Change Frames in Two Australian Newspapers • Jamie Nolan, University of Miami; Michel Dupagne, University of Miami • This content analysis evaluated the salience of climate change frames in news and opinion articles of two influential Australian newspapers with different editorial stances between 1997 and 2007. Results revealed that the scientific uncertainty frame appeared more frequently in the more conservative Australian than in the more liberal Age. But the scientific background, policy background, political strategy, and public engagement frames related to climate change were less prevalent in that newspaper than in The Age. The Australian’s climate change articles also relied less on the Australian government and environmental groups as news sources and were more negative in tone than those published in The Age. Can eWOM Help Smokers Quit? Effects of Online Consumer Reviews of Smoking Cessation Products • Petya Eckler, University of Iowa • This study examines the psychological effects of electronic word of mouth (eWOM) about smoking cessation products on smokers through the Theory of Planned Behavior. The effects of three message features (valence, extremity, appeal) are tested on attitude toward quitting smoking and perceived behavioral control. Valence affected both dependent variables; extremity and appeal interacted to affect perceived behavioral control. Theoretical and practical implications for the study of eWOM in a health context are discussed. Richard Dawkins: A critical case study of the celebrity scientist • Declan Fahy, School of Communication, American University, Washington, D.C • Celebrity is a pervasive cultural phenomenon, but compared to other professions, scientific fame has remained under-examined. This paper uses zoologist and writer Richard Dawkins as a critical case study to explore scientific celebrity, tracing the historical development and meanings of Dawkins’s fame, through his writing on evolution, his defense of scientific rationality and his current position as emblem of positivist, rational atheism. Celebrity offers a novel framework for analyzing the media representation of science. Mediated Messages and Self-Efficacy: An Examination of Entertainment-Education, Junk Food commercials and Healthy Eating Habits • Anthony Galvez • According to the National Center for Health Statistics, the rate of obesity in the U.S. has doubled from 1980 to 2004. Because of the pervasiveness of television viewing in American households, it seems logical to implement healthy eating initiatives through television programming. The existing literature demonstrates the effectiveness of the entertainment-education model of message creation to educate audiences about a long list of prosocial issues. One question that remains unanswered is the following: Can the entertainment-education model succeed in industrialized nations where media choices are so varied that reaching target audiences becomes problematic? The purpose of the study was to test if a) exposure to a prosocial message would affect individual self-efficacy toward controlling eating and b) if exposure to junk food commercials would negate any effect of the prosocial message. A convenience sample of 139 college students from Mass Communications courses at a large southwestern university participated in a 2X2 factorial design experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups and asked to watch a 30-minute sitcom with half of the participants watching an entertainment-education type message about diet and exercise. Participants were also exposed to junk food advertisements in two of the treatment groups. Results indicated no difference in levels of self-efficacy between those groups exposed to the entertainment-education messages and junk food messages when compared to the control group, thus indicating a need to further evaluate how to develop a better strategy for entertainment-education in media saturated countries. Exploring the effects of Anti-Alcohol Abuse Message Types on Rebellious College Students • Eun Go, Pennsylvania State University; Moon Lee, University of Florida • The purpose of this study was to examine the responses of college students who were exposed to anti-alcohol abuse messages (fear vs. humor) aimed at discouraging heavy drinking. Particularly, this study explores how college students process humorous and fear-arousing messages differently based on their rebellious tendency. A total of 302 people participated in this study. Results indicated that rebellious college students who watched the fear ads reported lower levels of intention to change their drinking behaviors than those who watched the humor ads. Theoretical as well as practical implications are discussed in the paper. Message Framing and Vaccination Outcomes: A Within-messages Framing Manipulation Experiment • Rustam Haydarov, UNICEF; Joye Gordon, Kansas State University • This experimental research tested what combination of attribute and goal frames within messages produces the strongest effect on vaccination behavior. Participants (N=476) were exposed online to four experimental framing manipulations and a control condition. A combination of the positive attribute and the negative goal frame was the only condition significantly more persuasive than the control condition. This study contributes to the evidenced-based applicability of framing theory within the context of health communication activities. Understanding H1N1 influenza with PIM model: A comparison on risk perceptions between the U.S. and China using structural equation modeling • Gang (Kevin) Han, Iowa State University; Kejun Chu; Guolin Shen • This study proposes a “personal-interpersonal-mass mediated” influence (PIM) model, aiming to understand how H1N1 flu risk at four reference levels (personal, group, societal and global) are perceived by college students living in the U.S. and China. The structural equation modeling is tested with the data collected from 1895 and 1441 completed online questionnaires. Findings suggest that the PIM model fits the data well, three dimensions of which are positively associated with respondents’ H1N1 risk perceptions at all levels. Personal disease history is the most powerful factor, showing relatively stronger influence on Chinese respondents than on U.S. respondents. Interpersonal communication exerts stronger influence at group and societal levels, and is a more powerful predictor to U.S. respondents. Mass communication illustrates ubiquitously significant effects on risk perceptions at all reference levels, which plays a more important role for Chinese respondents than for U.S. respondents. Mass-mediated experience has also been more influential than interpersonal communication for Chinese respondents to understand health risk in remote area at global level. Motivated Reasoning, Identity Cues, and Support for Climate Mitigation Policies a Moderated-Mediation Model • Philip Hart, American University; Erik Nisbet, Ohio State University • This study draws from theories of motivated reasoning, social identity, and persuasion to examine how science-based messages may increase public polarization on controversial science issues such as climate change. Exposing 240 adults to simulated news stories about possible climate change health impacts on different groups, we find that political affiliation interacts with social distance cues to influence identification with victims, which in turn impacts support for climate mitigation policies. Implications for science communication are discussed. Newspaper coverage of Shaken Baby Syndrome, 1992-2008 • Heidi Hennink-Kaminski, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Elizabeth Dougall • This longitudinal content analysis examines whether news media coverage of shaken baby syndrome aligns with contemporary scientific knowledge about its context, incidence and consequences. A quantitative content analysis of 1,167 newspaper articles about shaken baby syndrome from 1992 to 2008 published in top U.S. newspapers was conducted. Variables of interest included mention of “infant crying” or “colic” in relation to shaking, mention of early infant crying as normal, the consequences of shaking, victim/perpetrator portrayals, and types of sources. SBS is typified in ways that are at odds with contemporary scientific knowledge of its context and consequences. Most newspaper coverage provides no explanation of triggers such as crying, and positions the abuse as unpredictable and unpreventable. Understanding Recycling Behaviors: A Theoretical Expansion of the Influence of Presumed Media Influence Model • Youqing Liao; Yanyi Yang; Titus J. Yong; Shirley S. Ho • This paper presents a theoretical framework to explain the influence of individuals’ attention to pro-environmental media messages on their recycling intentions. Building on the influence of presumed media influence (IPMI) model, we examine both direct and indirect media effects on recycling intentions and integrate the constructs of attitudes, descriptive, subjective, and injunctive norms into the model. We tested this framework on a random sample of 1,144 Singaporeans using computer-assisted telephone interviewing. Using structural equation modeling, we found evidence of IPMI on recycling intentions, in addition to direct media effects on attitudes, norms and recycling intentions. As expected, perceived media influence on others affected one’s recycling intentions. This relationship was further accounted for by three mediating constructs: attitudes, descriptive, and subjective norms. Injunctive norms, however, did not serve as a mediator. Implications and limitations of the findings were discussed. The Blame Frame: Media attribution of blame during the MMR-autism vaccination scare • Avery Holton, University of Texas-Austin; Brooke Weberling, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Chris Clarke, Cornell University; Michael Smith, University of Louisville • Scholars have examined how news media frame events, including responsibility for causing and fixing problems and how these frames inform public judgment. This study analyzed the content of 281 newspaper articles about a controversial study linking the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination with autism. Given criticism of the study as well as its negative impact on vaccination rates across multiple countries, this study examined the actors to whom news media attributed blame for the association between the MMR vaccination and autism, what sources were employed to support those attributions, and what solutions, if any, were offered. This study provides unique insight by examining the evolution of these attributions over the lifetime of the MMR-autism controversy. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. News Coverage of Psychological Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Trauma Causes, Reactions, and Treatment • J. Brian Houston, University of Missouri • In order to understand how psychological trauma and PTSD are depicted in the news media, a content analysis of television news and newspapers was conducted. Results found that news depictions of psychological trauma were more likely to focus on “trauma” in general than on “PTSD." Almost all trauma news stories (98.2%) described the cause of the trauma. The most common cause of trauma in news stories was military service, which was mostly related to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Most trauma news stories did not mention a trauma reaction (64%) or a type of trauma treatment (69%). Committing murder/homicide was the most frequent trauma reaction overall. On average, trauma news stories were more episodic than thematic and there were significant differences in the episodic and thematic framing of different trauma causes. The Role of Unequal Information Resources Distribution on Health Information Seeking • Heewon Im, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities; Jaeho Cho • The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and individuals’ health information seeking has been tested in previous studies, but not many explanations for the relationship have been suggested. In this study, the role of unequal resources distribution is proposed as a possible mechanism underlying both the relationship between SES and health information seeking and the relationship between social engagement and health information seeking. The information resources, which are time, money, and information skills, are not equally distributed across different SES groups and individuals’ levels of social engagement; the unequal distribution of resources results from individuals’ different abilities and motivations in seeking health information. In addition, the unequal resources distribution is predicted to moderate the effect of personal relevance of health issues on health information seeking, by varying motivation and ability level. The secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2007 ANHCS. The results show partial support for the positive relationship between social engagement and health information seeking. The study contributes to the theoretical understanding of the effect of social capital on individuals’ health. Examination of message features in DTC ads and its impact on disclosure recall • Narayanan Iyer, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • Typically disclosures about risks and side effects are communicated via the audio modality in televised pharmaceutical drug commercials. A recent directive from the FDA advises prescription drug advertisers to concurrently convey disclosure information through both audio and video modality (congruence). The FDA also directs drug commercials to not have any elements that could potentially distract viewers from paying attention to disclosures (dominance). There is little research on DTC advertising that tests the impact of modality congruence and visual dominance on recall. An experiment was conducted (N = 98) to investigate this further and the results showed significant effects for visual dominance and its interaction with modality congruence. Leading and Following in Medical Pack Journalism • Vincent Kiernan, Georgetown University • This study applies the concept of opinion leadership to the phenomenon of pack journalism among medical journalists at daily newspapers. Journalists were surveyed about stress and autonomy in their work. Respondents also were asked to identify other journalists whose work influences them. Regression analysis showed no relationship between autonomy or stress and the propensity of respondents to follow other journalists. Journalists at elite media outlets exerted significant influence over other journalists’ news coverage. Potential for Cancer Care or Health Threats Producer?: Interaction Effects of News Frame and Information Processing Style on Further Information Seeking About Nanotechnology • Sojung (Claire) Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Timothy Fung, Department of Communication Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University; Dominique BROSSARD, LSC, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This investigation explored main and interactive effects of different news frame and information processing style on further information seeking about nanotechnology and its effects on health treatment. With a total of 378 participants, a 2 (gain vs. loss frame) X 2 (systematic vs. heuristic information processing) between-subjects experimental design was used to test the proposed hypotheses. The study revealed that individuals who were exposed to a positively framed story about the use of nanotechnology in cancer care were more willing to seek out further information about the topic than those who in a negatively framed news. Moreover, individuals sought out information about the topic most when they systematically processed the information in a positively framed story, whereas they sought out the least amount of information when they systematically thought about the topic but in a negatively framed article. Theoretical insights and practical implications of the study findings are further discussed. Online Information and Self-Reported Learning About Health Care Quality and Costs • Ashley Kirzinger, Louisiana State University; Margaret DeFleur, Louisiana State University; Kirby Goidel • According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, 61 percent of Americans report going online for health-related information. Described as “e-patients,” this group of health consumers is frequently looking for very specific, tailored information with 60 percent of “e-patients” reporting that the information they found online related to the treatment of an illness or a condition. While we are beginning to understand the online behavior of individuals searching for information about a specific illness, considerably less is known about individuals’ reliance on the Internet for other aspects of health care information, especially information about health care quality and costs. A telephone survey of a random sample of Louisiana residents examined the factors associated with self-reported learning about health care quality and costs. We explore whether using online health information affects individuals’ intent to use a website that posts information about health care quality and costs. Results indicate that since online health information seeking is generally directed at specific diseases, there is little relationship between the use of online sources for medical and health-related information and self-reported learning about health care quality and costs. Yet, individual choice in health care providers is a strong predictor of increased levels of learning about health care quality and costs and increased levels of online health information seeking. We conclude by demonstrating that while there is ample interest among health consumers for information about health care quality and costs, there is a strong disconnect between consumer needs and the information that is available. “Dr. Soundbite”: The Making of an Expert Source in Science and Medical Stories • Marjorie Kruvand, Loyola University Chicago • Bioethicists have been increasingly used as expert sources in science and medical stories involving ethical issues. This descriptive case study examines how and why a single bioethicist, Dr. Arthur L. Caplan, has become such a ubiquitous source on an extremely broad range of topics. Organizational news routines provide the theoretical framework for a content analysis of coverage in six newspapers over a 19-year period and interviews with Caplan and six science and medical journalists. The study finds that as part of the small, trusted roster of sources that journalists turn to again and again, Caplan has been the de facto representative of the bioethics profession in the news for the last two decades and has helped shape media discourse on bioethical issues. Findings show that Caplan is quoted so extensively because he understands and follows news routines, likes talking with reporters, provides pithy quotes, and is committed to public engagement. Critics are concerned, however, that Caplan’s personal opinions, values, and biases may be viewed by news consumers as “the” ethical position on issues. The Influence of a Spin-off of a Health Division on the Content of Health News:A Comparison of Two Leading Korean Newspapers • Na Yeon Lee • This study examines how the establishment of a spin-off, a subsidiary of a parent company that was created as a strategy to increase profits for news organizations, affects the content of the health news. A content analysis of two leading Korean newspapers showed that the main frames of health news changed from promotion of a healthy lifestyle to medical treatments related to potential advertisers, such as private hospitals and pharmaceutical companies. Results also demonstrated that reporters relied more upon health news sources from potential advertisers. These findings suggest that a spin-off may influence the frames of news in ways that give more emphasis to advertisers. This study can contribute to framing research about the hierarchy of influence on news content by identifying the new factor of spin-offs. The Role of Social Capital in Public Health Communication Campaigns: The Case of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign • Chul-joo Lee, The Ohio State University • In this paper, we explored how media health campaigns exert their effects through audience’s social capital. Using the National Survey of Parents and Youth (NSPY) dataset, we examined the interactive effects of parents’ campaign exposure and antidrug-specific social capital at both individual- and geographically-aggregated levels on parents’ drug-related talk with their child. We found main effects of parents’ campaign exposure and parents’ antidrug-specific community activities on their talk about drugs with their child. More interestingly, there was a negative interactive effect between campaign exposure and antidrug-specific community activities on the parent talking behavior. In contrast, there was neither a contextual effect of aggregate-level antidrug-specific social capital nor a cross-level interaction involving aggregate-level social capital. The implications of these findings for communication research and public health intervention were discussed. Resources Aren’t Everything, But They Do Help! Assessing Local TV Health News to Deliver Substantive and Useful Information for Smart Health Decisions • Young Ah Lee, University of Missouri; Erin Willis, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Sun A Park; Hyunmin Lee • Gatekeeping theory informed this comparative analysis of local TV health news stories (N=416) from two different local television stations. Station characteristics such as available resources and network affiliation influenced length (Cramer’s V= .517), location (V= .369), health topics (V= .410), number and quality of news sources, and imputed target audience (V= .173) of local TV health newscasts. Third-Person Effect and Rectifying Behaviors: Studying Antisocial and Prosocial Online Messages of Youth Drug Abuse • Wan Chi Leung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study examined third-person perceptions for two types of online messages, the antisocial drug-encouraging messages and the prosocial anti-youth drug abuse messages, and their relationship with three types of rectifying behaviors, restrictive, corrective and promotional. While the perceptual gap of antisocial online messages significantly predicted three types of rectifying behaviors, that of prosocial messages failed. Instead, perceived effect of prosocial messages on the self significantly predicted higher likelihood of rectifying behaviors. Perceived effects of antisocial messages on the self and on others were also significant in predicting rectifying behaviors. This study thus calls for more investigation on perceived effects on the self, especially for prosocial messages. Examination of the target corollary was contrary to previous findings, showing that perceived exposure of others to prosocial messages was a significant predictor to behaviors. This points to more explorations on the role of perceived exposure to prosocial messages in the behavioral component. An Examination of the Indirect Effects of Media on Intentions to Avoid Unprotected Sun Exposure • Jennette Lovejoy, University of Portland; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill • A regional online survey (N=1, 251) of students enrolled at institutions of higher education examined whether internal psychological states, such as attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioral control, and perceived risk mediated the relationship between individual media environments and the likelihood of engaging in a health-adverse behavior such as unprotected sun exposure. Direct effects showed that general and health media use were significant predictors of tanning intentions. All psychological states, except perceived susceptibility, were positively related to intentions to avoid unprotected sun exposure. Indirect effects revealed that general news use was associated with a greater perception of one’s peers and important others engaging in sun protective behaviors, which in turn increased one’s own intentions to engage in sun protection behaviors. A single case of suppression was also evident and showed that individuals’ decreased perceptions of the severity of cancer enhanced the relationship between general newspaper use and sun protection intentions. Effects of Proximity on the Cognitive Processing of Environmental News • Charles Meadows, University of Alabama; Cui Zhang, University of Alabama; Shuhua Zhou, University of Alabama • To investigate the influence of physical proximity on the cognitive and affective processing of environmental news stories, this study examined the physiological responses and cued recall to environmental news stories on four different environmental issues. The results showed that high-proximity environmental news stories elicited greater heart rate deceleration than low-proximity ones. No significant effects were found for proximity on electrodermal activity. Additionally, no significant effects were found for cued recall, suggesting only limited proximity effects on arousal and retrieval of environmental news stories. These findings present a complex role for proximity in the cognitive processing of news stories. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed. Computer Mediated Social Support and the Effects of Expression: The Mediating Role of Perceived Bonding on Cancer Patients’ Coping Strategies • Kang Namkoong, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Dhavan Shah; Bryan McLaughlin, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Woohyun Yoo, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Sojung (Claire) Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Shawnika Hull, University of Wisconsin; Tae Joon Moon; Courtney Johnson; Robert Hawkins; David Gustafson • This study examines the mechanism underlying the effects of computer-mediated social support (CMSS) on cancer patients’ coping strategies, distinguishing between the effects of the expression and the reception of emotionally supportive messages. 237 breast cancer patients participating in CMSS groups were included in the analysis. Findings show that the effects of (a) CMSS group use and (b) emotionally supportive expression on patients’ positive coping strategies are mediated by perceived bonding among breast cancer patients. Acceptability of the H1N1 Vaccine among Older Adults: The Interplay of Message Framing and Perceived Vaccine Safety and Efficacy • Xiaoli Nan, University of Maryland; Bo Xie; Kelly Madden • This study examines the relative effectiveness of using gain- vs. loss-framed messages to promote H1N1 vaccination among older adults, focusing on the moderating role of the message recipients’ perceived vaccine safety and efficacy. An experiment was conducted with older adults recruited from senior centers in the state of Maryland. Results show that older adults who were presented with a loss-framed H1N1 vaccination message developed more favorable attitudes toward H1N1 vaccination and greater intentions to receive the vaccine. But these findings are only limited to older adults who perceived low vaccine efficacy. For those who perceived high vaccine efficacy, message framing didn’t make a difference in post-exposure attitudes and intentions. Overall, framing had no systematic main effects and perceived vaccine safety did not moderate framing effects. Multilevel Analysis of the Impact of School-Level Tobacco Policies on Adolescent Smoking: Implications for Health Communication • Hye-Jin Paek, Michigan State University; Thomas Hove, Michigan State University; Hyun Jung Oh • This study explores what degrees and types of tobacco-free school policy (TFSP) enforcement are associated with adolescent smoking. A multilevel analysis using 1082 individual students who are nested in 14 schools indicates that a greater punishment of TFSP violation and more tobacco control communication efforts are associated with lower adolescent smoking. But designation of a tobacco-free school zone and school-level smoking are associated with higher adolescent smoking. Implications for effective communication efforts on TFSP are discussed. (Conditional) Support, Permission, and Misconceptions: Considering Workplace Support for Breastfeeding • Sheila Peuchaud • This paper analyses the responses of 123 business owners and managers when asked about their current practices and attitudes concerning workplace support for breastfeeding mothers. The responses indicate that breastfeeding is largely considered a behavior that employers may or may not permit, placing the practice and womens’ bodies under the control of the employer. Space and time accommodations vary widely, and several responses indicated misconceptions which, if rectified, could extend support for breastfeeding to women in a wider variety of industries and socio-economic levels. How does Doctor-Patient Communication Differ Based on the Gender of Doctor and the Gender of Patient? An Analysis of Entertainment-Education Based Network Medical Drama Grey’s Anatomy. • Lok Pokhrel, Washington State University • This study content analyzed the total of 12 episodes of Grey’s Anatomy of season six. Total of twenty four episodes of the season six, in which total of sixty eight (N= 68) units of doctor-patient (characters) interactions were coded. This study aimed to find whether there is any significant difference in the communication between doctor and patient due to their gender difference. This study didn’t find a significant difference in terms of doctor-patient communication influenced by the gender of the doctor. The study found that the patients have interacted more to the female doctor characters than to the male doctor characters; however, the difference is not significant except in two categories: patient providing information on past medical diagnosis, and patient seeking information on adjustment/coping (p<.05). In average, patients have communicated more with the female doctor characters than the male counterparts (Male: n=28, Female: n= 40). The Role of Family Communication Style, Coviewing and Mediation in Family Nutrition Efficacy and Behavior • Erica Austin; Pinkleton Bruce; Marie Louise Radanielina-Hita; Weina Ran, Washington State University • An internet-based survey of 150 parents investigated parental communication styles, mediation and coviewing behaviors regarding media and family nutrition. The results indicated that concept-oriented parental communication predicted negative mediation and parental efficacy for making healthy changes in family nutrition behaviors, while socio orientation predicted the tendency to watch TV during dinner. Coviewing negatively predicted efficacy and positively predicted eating dinner while watching TV. The results suggest that interventions aimed at reducing obesity may benefit from targeting parental mediation strategies and encouraging concept-oriented approaches to family communication practices. HIV Stigmatization and Stereotyping in Chinese News Coverage: From a Framing Perspective • Chunbo Ren, Washington State University; Stacey Hust, Washington State University; Peng Zhang, The University of Georgia; Yunze Zhao, Renmin University of China • A recent study revealed serious HIV/AIDS stigmatization is prevalent in Chinese media discourse. The current study extends this research by exploring how people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are portrayed in Chinese media, and how these media frame HIV transmission and responsibility attribution for PLWHA. The result suggests that the newspaper articles promote two different views of people living with HIV/AIDS that is dependent on the manner with which the contracted the disease. Individuals who contract the disease through socially acceptable means are worthy of being featured. In contrast, individuals who contract the disease through socially unacceptable means are less likely to be identified as individuals, and instead are devalued as a nondescript member of a highly dangerous group. This juxtaposition reinforces stigmatization the will mitigate China’s HIV/AIDS anti-stigma efforts. Mind or Body? A Qualitative Framing Analysis of Fibromyalgia in Newspapers Versus Health Websites • Joy Rodgers, University of Florida; Mari Luz Zapata Ramos, University of Florida • This qualitative framing analysis examined stories and articles in newspapers and health websites to identify frames in the ongoing debate about whether fibromyalgia is a medical or mental affliction. A total of 95 articles retrieved from online archives of elite newspapers and top health information websites were analyzed. The study found that newspapers more frequently framed fibromyalgia in terms of a medical condition, while health websites leaned more toward a mental frame. Self-identity and past behavior in risk information seeking intention: An augmented PRISM • Sonny Rosenthal, The University of Texas at Austin • This study augmented Kahlor’s (2010) planned risk information seeking model (PRISM). The augmented PRISM depicts risk information seeking intention as the product of attitudes toward seeking, seeking-related subjective norms, perceived control over seeking, affective response, information-seeking self-identity, and past seeking. This study used an online survey of Americans (N = 602) in order to assess the fit of the augmented model, with specific attention to the novel model components—information-seeking self-identity and past seeking. Results supported the proposed model (R2 = .62) and five stated hypotheses related to information-seeking self-identity. In addition, I explored a research question related to past seeking. A notable, but unanticipated finding was that—at least with the current sample—perceived behavioral control did not predict seeking intention significantly. Inoculating against confusion and restoring confidence in vaccinations: A mental models approach to risk communication • Valarie Bell Wright, The College of Charleston; Heather Woolwine; Amanda Ruth-McSwain, College of Charleston; Margaret White, College of Charleston; Jennifer Lockhart, College of Charleston • Child vaccinations are considered a necessary precaution in safeguarding society by eliminating or reducing the occurrence of several potentially deadly diseases. While there is clear consensus amongst the medical community that vaccinations are critical, there exists some discrepancy in the importance and effects associated with vaccinations throughout the parent community. A parent’s decision to vaccinate is often complicated by fear or apprehension. As such, a mental models approach was used to guide the present study in an attempt to identify the gaps between expert knowledge and nonexpert (parents) understanding of the risks associated with child vaccinations. The results provide the framework for an informed message strategy to assuage fears as well as to provide research-based risk information regarding childhood vaccinations. News Media’s Treatment of HPV Vaccination in Males: Analysis of U.S. Newspapers and Health Websites • Kang Hoon Sung, University of Florida; Kathryn Gerlach, University of Florida • In October 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Gardasil, a vaccine for the prevention of four types of human papillomavirus (HPV), for use in boys and men. No studies to date have been conducted to determine the manner in which mainstream media outlets frame vaccination of this particular segment of the population. The current study explores how the media have, thus far, presented this controversial issue. Analyses revealed a total of three dominant frames, which the media employed to present the issue of male HPV vaccination. These frames were: 1) Uncertainty, 2) Unreasonable cost and Vaccines as revenue creators, and 3) Opposition and Controversy. “There would be no peace for me if I kept silent:” A discourse analysis of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring • Melissa Thompson • Rachel Carson’s novel Silent Spring is often singled out as beginning the modern environmental movement. This paper explores the discourse of the novel itself, the sociocultural environment of the U.S. in the early 1960s, and the institution of literary journalism to draw conclusions about why the novel left such an impression on readers and lawmakers. The paper concludes that the manner in which Carson was able to frame the issue of pesticide use left a lasting impression on the upper middle-class readers who were likely to have read the work and taken up the book’s call to action. News Valence and Attribution of Responsibility in a Cross-National Study of TV News Coverage of the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen • Jiun-Yi Tsai, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Xuan Liang, Department of Life Science Communication; Magda Konieczna; Kristine Mattis, Environment and Resources Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies • This research examines how valence of media frames reflects cross-country differences in journalistic norms and national stakes on attribution of responsibility for climate change for alleviating global climate change. By analyzing prime-time television news in three major countries-the United States, China and Canada during the 2009 climate change conference in Copenhagen, we capture the media presentation of the overall valence toward the conference negotiation, home country’s performance, and foreign countries’ performance. The results indicate that the news media of the three countries commonly presented negative assessments throughout the Copenhagen conference. The news media valued their home country’s performance and foreign countries’ performance differently. The relationship between treatment responsibility in the home country and its country performance significantly differed cross the three countries. Reporters and anchors demonstrated national differences in overall tone of messages. Competing with the conventional wisdom: Newspaper coverage of medical overtreatment • Kim Walsh-Childers, University of Florida College of Journalism & Communications; Jennifer Braddock, University of Florida • Overtesting and overtreatment in health care has had serious consequences, economically and physically, for an American public constantly in search of ways to maintain or regain good health. This qualitative content analysis considered examined the framing of overtreatment in four elite U.S. newspapers. Three frames emerged from the analysis: uncertainty on the part of physicians and patients, the costs of unnecessary medical tests and procedures, including their causes, and legal issues, including malpractice and fraud. How will College Newspapers Frame a Pandemic? • Allison Weidhaas, University of South Florida • This paper explores how student reporters frame the risk of an infectious disease in their student newspapers. The researcher conducted a content analysis of 12 student newspapers selected from a multi-stage sample in the fall of 2009 to determine if students accurately present the level of risk. The findings indicate that as the potential personal risk of H1N1 increased, the students attempted to reduce anxiety by offering reassuring messages. On-line Environmental Engagement among Youth: Influences of Parents, Attitudes and Demographics • Rob Wicks, University of Arkansas; Myria Allen; Stephanie Schulte, University of Arkansas • A national stratified quota sample of 1,096 parents and their children between the ages of 12 and 17 was conducted to investigate the factors that may be related to young people’s efforts to persuade members of their on-line social networks to be more environmental. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that, while parents seem to influence youth behavior, the greatest variance in behavior was not explained by parents but by, among others, environmental self-efficacy, environmental news consumption, political interest, time spent online, and environmental consumerism. The regression model explained more of the variance in the girls’ online environmental advocacy than the boys’. Construing health message framing: Motivational systems, valence of framing and event tendency of framing • Changmin Yan, Washington State University • Through a 2 (motivational systems: approach/avoidance) by 4 (framing: gain, no loss, loss and no gain) mixed design, this study tested two competing views on health message framing, i.e., the valence perspective and the event tendency view and their interactions with approach or avoidance motivational systems. Although empirical data favored both views when motivational systems were not considered, after adding motivational systems as a moderating variable, only the event tendency mediation model was supported. Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to Examine Preventive Behaviors against H1N1: A US-Singapore Comparison • Zheng Yang, SUNY at Buffalo; Jennifer Allen Catellier; Shirley S. Ho; May O. Lwin • This study applies the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine individuals’ intention to adopt preventive behaviors against the H1N1 influenza in the United States and in Singapore. Given the potential risks involved, an alternative measurement strategy is employed to assess attitude. Results suggest that past behavior, news deliberation, and favorable attitude were significant predictors of behavioral intention in both samples. However, societal-level risk perception and subjective norm had different influence between the two samples. Framing HBV -- Newspaper Coverage of HBV in China in 2009 • Chun Yang; Chunbo Ren, Washington State University • This paper focuses on newspapers’ coverage of hepatitis B in general and hepatitis B stigmatization during 2009 in mainland China. Medical treatment, HBV stigma, and anti-stigma efforts were the three main aspects highlighted by newspapers. Although Chinese newspaper coverage was positive with regards to anti-stigma efforts, newspapers placed responsibility on the individual to initiate anti-stigma activities. Additionally, newspapers contributed to the construction of HBV stigma by adopting stigmatizing terms among articles that supported anti-stigma efforts. Toward A Theoretical Understanding of Using Online Health Communities: Motivation, Ability, and Doctor-Patient Communication Satisfaction • Yinjiao Ye • Drawing on the elaboration likelihood model and the behavioral of health services use, this study explores various correlates of participation in online health groups, including health-involvement variables, ability to use online health support groups, and consumer satisfaction with communication with health professionals and with health care received. The 2007 Health Information National Trend Survey data were analyzed. Results showed that controlling for demographics, health involvement variables, such as family cancer history and psychological health were significant. Also, consumer satisfaction with doctor-patient communication was marginally significant. This study adds to the literature by offering a conceptual understanding of use of online peer-to-peer health support; that is, motivation and ability to use online health information are important, and communication with online peers is pursued when communication with health professionals is less satisfactory. Effects of Communication on Colorectal Cancer Screening: Revisited Health Belief Model • Woohyun Yoo, University of Wisconsin - Madison; MinWoo Kwon, University of Wisconsin at Madison • The Health Belief Model (HBM) has been the most commonly used in predicting individuals’ cancer screening behaviors. Numerous studies have investigated the role of communication as cue to behavior of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) screening in the HBM, but there is still a lack of research of the effect of communication in the HBM to predict CRC screening behaviors. Communication has a strong potential to play more influential and various roles in influencing CRC screening behaviors. Thus, this study explores how communication influences the behavior-making process of CRC screening on the basis of the HBM. Our findings suggest that communication has an impact on the components inherent in the HBM as well as the effect on CRC screening exert via the mechanism of the HBM. Effects of Negative Exemplars of Celebrity Smoking on College Students’ Smoking • Woohyun Yoo, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Albert Gunther, University of Wisconsin - Madison • Most anti-smoking efforts have focused on adolescent smoking, and relatively little attention has been paid specifically to prevent college students’ smoking. Negative news stories on celebrity smoking increase the risk perception of smoking and they attract people’s attention to the problem inherent in smoking. From the point of view of the exemplification theory, this kind of news can be considered as an exemplar that influences individual assessment of smoking risk as well as contingent apprehension that motivates smoking avoidance and anti-smoking behavior. This study examines the effect of the negative exemplars of celebrity smoking in health news on college students’ perceived risk of smoking and smoking intentions. Our findings supported that negative exemplars of celebrity smoking have a strong impact on college students’ smoking. In addition, the effects are moderated by smoking status. Ever-smokers who read smoking news with negative exemplars of celebrity smoking are more likely to report higher levels of perceived risk of smoking and lower levels of smoking intentions, but never-smokers do not show the patterns << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4708 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/comjig-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 17:55:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4713 At the Community Level: Culturally Competent News Coverage of a City Neighborhood • Dianne Garyantes, Rider University • This study represents the second phase of a larger study that examined the cultural competence of journalists reporting on inner-city communities. This phase explored journalists' reporting and news texts, and found support for the importance of “micro” knowledge to interpret cultural cues and the need for “insider” news sources to negotiate one's “outsider” status. However, reporters also need to go beyond “insider” news sources to provide culturally competent coverage of the community. Community News along the Rural-Urban Continuum: Looking for News in All the Wrong Places? • Gary Hansen, University of Kentucky; Elizabeth Hansen, Eastern Kentucky University • Access to news on local politics and community issues is critical to community life. Using data from 1,154 respondents to a mail survey sent to a random sample of Kentucky households, both sources of local news and ratings of them are examined at various locations along the rural-urban continuum. Results demonstrate different media and information environments along the continuum and suggest many people may be looking for news in all the wrong places. A new community journalism? The Deseret News' shift toward Gemeinschaft and a values-centered audience • Richard G. Johnson, Brigham Young University; Quint Randle, BYU • In August 2010, the Deseret News, a daily newspaper in Salt Lake City, announced a significant change in direction. It would begin to produce content based on core values that were consistent with teachings of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which owns the newspaper. This article examines whether the Deseret News has shifted from traditional metropolitan journalism to a more community-oriented focus. In an exploratory constant comparative analysis, it examines two months front-page content in 2011 and compares them with the same dates from 2010. It explores the sociological construct of Gemeinschaft and the principle of community journalism. The data from 2011 show a substantial difference in coverage, providing far more content directed toward a values-oriented community. Yes We Censor: The Impact of Commenting Policies on Two Nonprofit Community Journalism Websites • Rebecca Nee, San Diego State University • This qualitative, multiple case study looks at the impact of commenting policies on public engagement with two of the oldest U.S. digitally native nonprofit community journalism sites, Voice of San Diego and the New Haven Independent. Findings suggest an effective commenting community can be created by requiring registration, providing appropriate technical supports, and having journalists monitor and enforce strict guidelines. Human resource demands and other attempts at community engagement by these news sites are also addressed. Community News as Collective Action • Mark Poepsel, University of Missouri • Online news is a collective good. It is difficult, at times impossible, to exclude people from access to information once it is made available digitally. One's consumption of news does not subtract from the ability of another to use the same information. This basic economic theory helps explain the difficulty of establishing a working business model for online news. This theoretical approach also lays the groundwork for a discussion of alternative approaches to funding community news in a digital environment. This study examines a community news website in the American South. The website is supported in equal parts by advertising and by voluntary contributions. Theories of collective behavior are applied to a textual analysis of notes included with voluntary contributions to the news website in relation to the journalistic and social ideals of the site's publisher/editor. What results is a case study of a conversation between a community news publisher and that publisher's audience in the context of the moral imperatives underlying collective action. Social responsibility, altruism and an appreciation for the ideals of news in democratic society are examined as factors influencing decisions to contribute to community news. Identifying key elements of voluntary contribution can help with future funding efforts. The extension of theories of collective behavior has both theoretical and practical implications for community news if it is to survive in an economically challenging media ecosphere. Patched in: Corporately owned online community news sites pursue different news topics than independent ones • Jack Rosenberry, St. John Fisher College • A content analysis found differences in news topics covered by independent online community news sites and ones that are part of the Patch.com network owned by AOL. Patch sites tended to have a greater emphasis on social ritual coverage while the independent operators favored coverage related to community structure. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4713 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/esig-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 18:07:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4718 Growing Up Biased: Character Body Shape and Attractiveness Assessments in Popular Children’s Entertainment Programming • Mary Katherine Alsip, University of Alabama; Kim Bissell, University of Alabama • Anti-fat bias is a pervasive attitude found in the population at all ages.  This bias can result in poor healthcare and a lower quality of life for those who are overweight.  One potential explanation for this bias is the amount of anti-fat messages found in the media.  Until recently, most anti-fat bias studies focused on adult television programming, but very little is known about the characters in programs that children watch.  Additionally, most of the research done on children’s programming focuses only on pre-school and elementary-school age children, ignoring the visual messages that older children receive.  A content analysis of twenty-seven programs and 130 characters by a group of thirteen coders indicated that even at an early age, children are exposed to characters who are average to underweight with little to no representation of overweight characters.  This analysis also indicated that as target age increased, the average size of characters decreased, demonstrating that as children develop, they are exposed to thinner characters. Film Families: The Portrayal of the Family in Teen Films from 1980 to 2009 • Mark Callister, Brigham Young University; Caroline Clark, Brigham Young University; Sarah M. Coyne, Brigham Young University • Adolescents as group watch more movies than any other group of the population, yet little research has been done on what is shown in teen movies. Media portrayals of the family serve an important socializing function for young viewers. While there has been a vast amount of research looking at the family as portrayed on television shows, there has been little research done on film families. More specifically, there has not been an examination of the family as seen in movies targeted towards the teen audience. This study reviews three decades of families as depicted in teen films, focusing specifically on family structure and parent portrayals. Ninety of the top-grossing teen movies made during the 1980s, 1990s, and the 2000s were analyzed, for a total of 151 different film families. Results indicate increased diversification in family structure and occupational roles over the three decades. In addition, parents are portrayed in a relatively positive light in terms of parenting style and competency. The results of this study are compared to findings of past studies regarding television families and U.S. census data. The implications of the results of this study are discussed through the lens of cultivation theory. Ryan Choi is Dead:  Ideological Representations of Asians and Asian Americans in American Superhero Comics • Bryan Carr, The University of Oklahoma • This paper uses the theory of ideology to explore the portrayal of Asians and Asian Americans in superhero comics. The paper places these comics in the context of other media to explore how stereotypes and images of Asians and Asian Americans perpetuate distorted perceptions. A historical overview of Asian portrayals in superhero comics and examples of modern characters and depictions is included to provide comparative context. A content analysis of the best-selling comics over a three-month period found that Asian characters comprised 3.8% of the prominent character appearances surveyed, and were more likely to play a supporting or non-superpowered role than a lead role. This data is used to illustrate that certain ideological structures do exist in the portrayal of Asian and Asian American characters. Specifically, the sample shows that Asian characters were underrepresented and generally played supporting roles, and that attempts to diversify character lineups have not extended to the best-selling titles. However, at a qualitative level, the sample showed more positive portrayals of Asian characters and focused less on their ethnicity as a sole source of identification. What Are We Laughing At? A Phenomenological Study of Tyler Perry Fans • Teddy Champion, University of Alabama • This study involves a phenomenological look at fans of Tyler Perry, one of the most successful black filmmakers and television producers in history.  A focus group consisting of young African Americans from the South who considered themselves fans of Perry was selected to give opinions about both his content and his success.  They also addressed potential controversial issues, such as criticism that Perry uses stereotypes in his portrayals of black characters.  Analysis demonstrates that fans embrace the overt moral agenda that Perry includes in most of his work, they believe the humor works on several levels, and they dismiss criticism that old stereotypes apply to Perry’s characters. Mood Management and Highly Interactive Video Games: Examining Emotion Change in Relation to Arousal, Involvement and Enjoyment • Yen-Shen Chen, Florida State University • The purposes of this study were to examine the role of interactivity within video games on the emotion change process, and the association among enjoyment, arousal, involvement and emotion change.  The researcher predicted that highly interactive video game players would experience more arousal, involvement and enjoyment than low interactive video game players, and thus a greater emotion management effect would be found with the highly interactive video game than the low interactive video game. Furthermore, enjoyment would be associated with involvement and arousal in the highly interactive video game condition. Gaming performance was assumed to be correlated with enjoyment and emotion change. The 165 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to one of the three interactivity conditions (Wii gaming, Flash gaming, and DVD watching).  The results demonstrated that 1) interactivity within video games influences the overall emotion management effect, 2) only highly interactive video gamers can simultaneously increase positive affects and decrease negative affects, 3) highly interactive video games produce the greatest arousal, involvement and enjoyment out of the three conditions, 4) two affect-related components, arousal and involvement are correlated with an increase in positive affect, 5) enjoyment is correlated with an increase in positive affect. Violent Words, Violent Acts, and Weapons: A Content Analysis of Print Advertisements and Internet Trailers for Video Games • Sarah Beth Combs, University of Alabama; Erin Ryan, Kennesaw State University • This analysis examined violent content in video game advertisements and trailers. Whereas video games are difficult to analyze due to their fluid nature, ads and trailers provide insight into key game content. Print ads were selected from two popular video game magazines between 2007 and 2010, and the trailer for each game was downloaded.  The sample included 347 print ads and 260 trailers (N = 607).  Content was broken into four categories: violent words, violent acts, presence of weapons, and overall violence. Results indicated violence is prevalent; 78.9% of games included violent content.  Game genre and rating were significantly related to weapons, violent acts, violent words, and total violent content. Trailers contained significantly more weapons, violent acts, and violent content than print ads, but there was no significant difference in violent words used. Results are discussed in the context of the General Aggression Model, Social Learning Theory, and Cultivation Theory. The Learning Environment Provided by a Successful, Violent Video Game: The Roles of Story, Sexism, Collaboration, and Immersion in Resident Evil 5 • J.J. De Simone, University of Wisconsin - Madison • This case study analyzes a dyadic play experience of a survival-horror, cooperative video game in order to discern the qualities that foster or inhibit a learning environment from which effects can be generated. Using education/literacy scholars’ language (video games as inherent learning mechanisms) as my base, I discovered cut scenes, immersive elements, and collaboration contributed to the game’s learning environment. Existing sexist feelings by the players inhibited the game from providing a great learning atmosphere. Does Cooperation Decrease State Hostility? An Exploration of Cooperative Play in a Violent, War-Themed Video Game • J.J. De Simone, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Karyn Riddle, University of Wisconsin - Madison • Although the effects of violent video games on aggression are well documented, researchers have only recently begun to explore the social nature of violent video game play. The present research adds to this growing literature by examining the role of cooperative violent video game play on state hostility, enjoyment, and presence. An experiment was conducted in which male college students played a violent video game either alone or in a cooperative dyad. The results show that cooperative dyads exhibited lower state hostility after playing compared to solo players. Furthermore, the data suggest that enjoyment and presence are not responsible for the decreases in state hostility. The role of player motivation is discussed in the context of the General Aggression Model. Pixar’s "New Man": A Textual and Thematic Analysis of Masculinity in the "Toy Story" Trilogy • Bruce Finklea, University of Alabama • This textual analysis of Pixar’s Toy Story trilogy examined messages presented about masculinity. Themes that emerged are: (a) alpha males have difficulty expressing non-violent emotions before their "New Man" transformation; (b) the emotions expressed most often are anger and frustration; (c) "New Men" ask for help, (d) are natural leaders, (e) want love, (f) and cannot control their sexuality; (g) females value males’ strength and physicality; (h) effeminate males are ridiculed by other males. Narrowly Scripted: A Content Analysis of the Sexual Scripts Present in Popular R&B and Hip-Hop Songs • Stacey Hust, Washington State University; Kathleen Rodgers, Washington State University; Weina Ran, Washington State University • Listening to music, specifically popular genres like Rap and Hip-Hop, is the second most popular media activity among youth.  There is growing concern about the sexual and violent content present in this music, however. This study includes a content analysis of the sexual content present in 100 R&B and Hip-Hop songs.  Overall, results indicate the lyrics provide a limited traditional sexual script, which is hegemonic and manipulative, for both young men and women to follow. The Author on YouTube: Confronting a Crisis of Authorship Through the Amateur Documentary • Mark Lashley, University of Georgia • This paper looks at user-produced YouTube video through the lens of Michel Foucault and his detailed analysis of the "author function." Using a textual study of popular YouTube documentary series "The Shaytards," along with a consideration of the "produser" (as popularized by Axel Bruns), this paper examines the way in which the author functions as a new and novel kind of subject in the YouTube environment, and probes Foucault’s question, resituated for the contemporary mediascape: "What is an author?" "But You Don’t Make Games!": Conflict and Crisis Between Core Game Developers and Casual Gamers • Kristin Lindsley, Indiana University • The incredible success of social games on the cluttered new media market has created an uneasy conflict within the world of game development. Independent game developers, long accustomed to making games for a core gaming audience, resent and disdain casual game developers for diluting the pool of games with unimaginative, simplistic gameplay designed for new gamers rather than an experienced audience. This paper examines the economic and social forces at play in the recent success of social games, and critiques the resistance to the social game model by many in the gaming industry. The New Celebrity: Kim Kardashian and Twitter • Amanda McClain, Holy Family University • This paper explores the contemporary interaction of celebrity and new media through a discourse analysis of Kim Kardashian’s Twitter usage.  Since 2007, Kardashian has skyrocketed to fame and is now a ubiquitous media presence.  Moreover, her embrace of new media, particularly the social media outlet Twitter, has helped sustain her fame and fortune.  On Twitter, Kardashian is immensely popular; according to The New York Times, she is ranked sixth in popularity and ninth in influence.  As of April 1, 2011 Kardashian had over 6.9 million Twitter followers.  From January 1, 2011 to March 31, 2011, Kardashian generated 921 individual tweets.  This discourse analysis determined each tweet fit into one of six categories: personal tidbits, lifestyle, fan interaction, celebrity interaction, traffic, and promotional/publicity.  Personal tidbits and fan interaction convey supposed normality and authenticity, while lifestyle and celebrity interaction affirm and legitimize her celebrity status.  The traffic and promotional tweets urge followers to consume sundry products and engage followers.  In fact, as evidenced throughout all six categories her followers are more than active or interactive—they are a part of Kardashian’s brand.  On Twitter, followers collaborate with her and advocate for her.  Each audience member is an individual consumer/producer/distributor and noticeably an endorser, approving her product ventures, working in tandem with Kardashian to bolster her celebrity, brand, and economic interests. By smart, interactive media use and "being herself," Kim Kardashian revamps banal social media use into character-constructing building blocks of celebrity, brand, and profits. "As long as you live under my ocean, you’ll obey my rules": A Content Analysis of the Portrayal of Authority Figures in Disney Animated Films • Tina McCorkindale, Appalachian State University • While most research concerning Disney animated films has investigated gender inequality, little research has examined interpersonal communication between authority figures and "others." Results from a quantitative analysis of 72 interactions in six animated Disney films indicated the power of most authority figures was legitimate, indicating few actually earned their positions. Typically, when women were authority figures they were often portrayed as villainesses. Also, most characters complied with the authority figure’s requests whether they agreed with them or not, and more than half of the interactions were negative. Based on social learning theory, these findings may affect modeling behaviors in children. Suggestions for future research are included. "Fatties Get a Room!" An Examination of Humor and Stereotyping in Mike & Molly • Cynthia Nichols, Oklahoma State University; Bobbikay Lewis, Oklahoma State University; Mary Katherine Alsip, University of Alabama • The purpose of this study is to examine the use of humor and stereotyping—both traditional and non-traditional—in the CBS program Mike & Molly. The sample for this study was determined by examining jokes in five randomly selected episodes of the first season of the CBS sitcom Mike & Molly (n = 646). To serve as a control for a typical sitcom, jokes in four episodes of Mad Love (n= 499)—a sitcom with similar characteristics, but without obese main characters—were also coded. A total of 1144 jokes were coded for the character that made the joke, who the joke was targeting, the tone, the topic of the joke, the type of joke, and whether the joke was self-deprecating. The findings showed that Mike & Molly was more likely to have jokes relating to weight issues and food than the typical sitcom. Results also indicated that obese characters—specifically the obese male lead—are targeted for jokes more often than non-obese characters, and were more likely to use self-deprecating humor. Fake Forensics, Real Effects?: Testing the Cultivating Power of Crime Drama • Emily Ogilvie, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill • On one channel, the forensic heroes of CSI gallantly pour silicone into a victim’s fatal knife wound to create a perfect, inculpatory cast of the blade. On the next, politicians exchange heated words in endless debates over stem cell research, climate change, and the teaching of evolution in schools. But what are viewers taking away from such media messages? Central to cultivation theory is the premise that television’s recurrent narrative, visual, and ideological patterns cultivate viewers’ (mis)constructions of the real world in a manner positively correlated with the amount and types of exposure. This study tested that premise by examining the relationships between and among crime drama viewing, perceptions of the effectiveness of the U.S. criminal justice system, and scientific literacy via an analytical web-based survey of 1365 undergraduate students. Contrary to the cultivation thesis, few significant and no strong associations emerged between or among any of the study’s main variables; in other words, little evidence of cultivation effects or processes was manifest in the data. Prisoners and Guards: Bob Dylan’s Contribution to the Popular Memory of George Jackson • Theodore Petersen, Florida Institute of Technology • After hearing of the death of black revolutionary George Jackson in 1971, folksinger Bob Dylan wrote and released a musical tribute to the man. The song’s thesis was clear: George Jackson was assassinated for his political beliefs. In this case, Dylan’s song was more than entertainment; it contributes to the way we remember these events. This paper analyzes the coverage of Jackson’s death by four sources: the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, the Chicago Defender, and Bob Dylan. The result is that Dylan’s version didn’t stray dramatically from what the others said, but his version has a longer shelf life, and therefore contributes more to the public memory of Jackson’s death. Message Board Use and the Fantasy Sport Experience • Brody Ruihley, University of Southern Indiana; Rob Hardin, University of Tennessee • Fantasy sport joins competition, sport knowledge, and socialization into one interactive activity. The purpose of this study is to analyze socialization, and specifically, message board use in fantasy sport. Under Uses and Gratifications framework, this analysis addresses overall satisfaction in fantasy sport, return intentions, and reasons why FSUs use message boards. The results further empirical research in the areas of sport communication, fantasy sport, and message boards in sport. GLEE: Masculinity in the Sub-Basement • Jennifer Safreno, Washington State University • This study investigated the first season of the show GLEE. Framing of masculinity through male student interactions was researched. Research questions examined the context of these interactions and how they framed or emphasized/overlooked specific masculinities. Framing literature and Social Cognitive Theory were used to understand the results.  Results followed Connell and Messerschmidt’s (2005) hegemonic, complicit, subordinate, and marginalized masculinity types. Themes were bullying, equating Glee club to gayness, and exerting hypermasculinity to reinforce hegemonic masculinity. The Sound of Hate: Exploring the Use of Hatecore Song Lyrics as a Recruiting Strategy by the White Power Movement • Andrew Selepak, The University of Florida; Belio Martinez, University of Florida • This study examines "hatecore" song lyrics that spread white supremacist ideology. Results point to the portrayal of ethnic and religious minorities, and homosexuals as inferior. Lyrics describe Jews, the government and liberals as responsible for eroding white power. Lyrics recruit poor whites by highlighting their disenfranchisement and by promoting white racial pride. Power is a central organizing concept in "hatecore" song lyrics, defining the problem, identifying the causes, and prescribing solutions for white America. "I Play The Road" Reexperience: Phenomenology of the Zac Brown Band • Sarita Stewart, The University of Alabama • The Zac Brown Band (ZBB) is one of the hottest country bands in the U.S.  This study explores how consumption factors figure into the phenomenon of musical stardom.  The three-revenue stream model provides an understanding of elements key in the band’s success.  A textual analysis data collection technique was used to pull fan commentary from the band’s Facebook and fan club.  A phenomenological approach identified top consumption themes prevalent in both social media arenas. Beverly Hills Bullies and Gossiping Girls: The Portrayal of Bullying on Teen Television Dramas • Kimberly Walsh, University of Massachusetts, Amherst • This content analysis examines how the portrayal of bullying on teen television dramas has changed from the 1990s to the 2000s. Results based on a sample of 40 episodes and 305 characters suggest that recent teen dramas depict more emotional and physical bullying, show more female involvement in bullying, and demonstrate less harm to bullying victims than older teen dramas. Drawing from media effects literature, the possible problematic implications of these findings are discussed. "Everybody’s Doing It": Framing Analysis of "Rehab" on Celebrity News Blog • Erin Willis, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Margaret Duffy, University of Missouri School of Journalism • This study used framing analysis to explore "rehab" in relation to excessive drug and alcohol use by celebrities as depicted on celebrity news blog, PerezHilton.com. In recent years, the word "rehab" has become Hollywood’s mea culpa. No matter the behavior, entering a rehabilitation facility is thought to be a "fix" to the problem but also offers public repentance for celebrities gone wrong. PerezHilton.com mocks celebrities’ repeated attempts at sobriety and misuse of rehabilitation programs; although rehab is to be taken seriously, as most of these stars have serious addictions. Three themes were found including warning, mockery, and cheerleading as ways of communicating "rehab." Although celebrity bad behavior means big business to PerezHilton.com, the blogger uses celebrity bad behavior as lessons for his Generation X audience members. Bad Pleasure and/or Good Comedy?: A Textual Analysis of Television Stand-up Comedies in South Korea • Kyung Han You, The Pennsylvania State University • By offering the concept "sociality of laughter," the present study explores the power relationships between dominance and resistance, as they intervene in pleasure and the sociality of laughter in television comedies. From a textual analysis of television stand-up comedies in South Korea, the present study found that stand-up comedies represented a dominant structure that weakens resistance inherent within the texts and limits the audience’s ability to deviate from cultural norms which was structurally involved in reinforcing existing value systems. The implications of the study were discussed. 2D or 3D? The Effects on Viewers’ Sense of Presence and Enjoyment • Cui Zhang, University of Alabama; Shuhua Zhou, University of Alabama; Charles Meadows, University of Alabama • This study investigates the effects of depth of field cues in movies and dimensionality on viewers’ sense of presence and enjoyment. Participants were shown 4 movie clips in either 2-dimensional or 3 dimensional viewing conditions. The findings indicate that depth of field cues and dimensionality have effects on viewers’ presence and enjoyment. Moreover, individual’s transportability influenced sense of presence and enjoyment. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4718 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/glbt-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 18:16:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4719 Femme, Butch, or Other: A Study of LGBT Characters in Television • R. Serena Aubrey, University of South Florida • This study discusses the visibility and stereotypes present in lead and supporting LGBT characters in network prime-time television. Previous research is updated by analyzing the most current LGBT characters on 12 shows. Television has become a significant presence in the lives of Americans. This topic is worthy of examination because the public’s opinions could be influenced by the media’s representations, or misrepresentations, of LGBT people. Body, My Gender, My Story: A Qualitative Analysis of Transgender Narratives and the It Gets Better Project • Erica Ciszek, University of Oregon • In response to a series of gay teen suicides, in September 2010, columnist and author Dan Savage and his partner Terry Miller created a YouTube video to reach out to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth. The video became the foundation for the It Gets Better Project, which has nearly 10,000 user-generated videos and over 30 million views. The purpose of this qualitative study is to examine the dominant  narrative elements in the stories told by transgender members of the LGBTQ community in user-generated YouTube submissions to the It Gets Better Project. The first person narrative structure provides the framework for trans people to speak for themselves in a public forum, in their own voice, truthfully and openly. The It Gets Better Project provides a repository of personal narratives that present not only messages of hope, but also provide a roadmap of how to navigate one’s individual and social identity, particularly as it relates to the transgender community. While the main objective of this project is to present the notion that in the future things do get better, the narratives highlight the importance of physical and psychological transitioning which is dependent on access to economic and social capital. This study illustrates how existing theoretical concepts may be used to understand the response of transgender members of the LGBTQ community to the recent gay teen suicides. Analyses suggest the importance of community, both on and offline, in the construction of personal and social identity of transgender people. Selling Community: Uses of History in Philadelphia’s LGBT Tourism • Byron Lee, Temple University • This paper will examine the use of history as a method of promoting LGBT community in tourism advertising. Through a case study of Philadelphia’s LGBT tourism campaigns, this paper will examine how notions of history are used anchor and legitimize images of LGBT individuals and community in advertising. LGBT history is used both to locate LGBT individuals in history, as well as locate them in the present as a historical past. Back to the Future: Uses of History in Newspapers and Judicial Records on Marriage Equality • Anqi Li, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill • In 2008, California voters amended the state constitution to limit marriage to heterosexual couples by passing Proposition 8. Federal district Judge Vaughn Walker declared the marriage ban unconstitutional on August 4, 2010, in Perry v. Schwarzenegger.  The Perry case helped foreground the issue of marriage equality. Research suggests newspapers and courts sometimes draw on history to explain issues and bolster arguments. This paper assesses some of the ways in which three newspapers and three judicial records marshaled history to discuss marriage equality during and after the Perry trial (Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 2010); how those uses reflected or challenged notions of marriage; and whether judicial uses of history were contradictory to or consistent with newspapers’ uses.  The history marshaled by the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and Bay Area Reporter, and by the Perry decision, Plaintiff-Intervenor-Appellee Response Brief, and Defendant-Intervenors’ Trial Memorandum, typically favored same-sex couples’ inclusion in marriage. During the trial, newspapers used history to highlight the social significance of marriage and to explore same-sex couples’ qualifications to participate in marriage. Coverage thus focused on “marriage." After the trial, newspapers used history to construct how society has grappled with marriage in the public forum. Coverage after the trial, then, dealt with “marriage discourse."  The narratives of marriage history in the newspaper coverage and judicial records challenged accepted memories of what marriage has been. Historical comparisons of public opinion and of political events and climate suggested what marriage could or should be in the future. Moving Beyond Vodka, Vacations, and Viaticals: How The Advocate’s 1992 Redesign Solidified a New LGBT Marketing Segment • Laurie Phillips, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill • In 1992, gay newsmagazine The Advocate’s editorial staff decided to banish the most profitable advertising - sexually explicit ads - from the magazine altogether in an attempt to secure ad dollars from national corporations. The banishment had been tried nearly 20 years earlier and failed. Through a historical study using narrative analysis of magazine advertisements and media coverage of the event, the purpose of this study is to explain why the timing of the second redesign made it successful and how the The Advocate’s 1992 redesign solidified today’s gay market segment. Guided by sociologist Gaye Tuchman’s expansion of the concept of symbolic annihilation and the cultural-historical method, this study argues that The Advocate’s redesign, which was prompted by competition from new market entrants, had far-reaching implications for the overall gay market. Documenting a De Facto Same-Sex Marriage: Tennessee Williams and Frank Merlo • Rodger Streitmatter, American University • One aspect of the same-sex marriage issue that scholars have not explored in depth is documenting case studies of significant de facto same-sex marriages from the past.  This paper illuminates the relationship between Tennessee Williams and Frank Merlo. Biographies of Williams include only brief references to Merlo, but this study shows that Merlo made major contributions to the legendary playwright’s career. Gender: The Next Generation (Representations of Transgender Teens in Fictional Media) • Jenny Porter Tilley, Indiana University • This paper offers a textual analysis of fictional representations of transgendered youth, including a teen television series (Degrassi, which recently won a 2010 Peabody Award for its two-part episode about a transgender teen), a television crime drama for an adult audience (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit) and three young adult fiction novels. The analysis of characters and plot in this sample focuses on relationship with friends and family; instability and self-harm; and the high school setting, showing ways in which recent mainstream media represent transgendered teens with more empathy than many past representations of transgendered adults. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4719 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/geig-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 18:35:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4726 Educational Crusade or Product Masquerade? Exploring the Commercialization of Social Responsibility in America's Healthcare Industry • Laura Crosswell, Louisiana State University • Aiming to uncover the societal implications of Merck Pharmaceutical's recently launched, multi-phased social marketing health campaign, and intending to reveal the underlying variables of affective and conative consumer processing, this investigation leans on group discussion to more deeply examine the company's HPV/GARDASIL campaign. By utilizing social trust theory, and reinforcing the philosophical model with contemporary social marketing research, this exploratory study employs focus group methodology to gauge the ways in which specific branding techniques influence viewers in their perceptions of and reactions to Merck's health awareness messages. The analysis explores Merck's HPV social marketing effort and the methods by which the health messages created demand for, and ultimately launched, the company's HPV vaccination, GARDASIL. This study questions the ethical foundation of Merck's campaign strategy, and in a broader sense, encourages a movement towards modernizing marketing research. Industry Change and Programming Choice: Public Television in a Shifting Marketplace • Kelly Davis, UNC School of Journalism and Mass Communication • This study conducted a survey of programmers to examine the relationship between perceived organizational threat, organizational identity, workplace satisfaction and the perception of threat to the organization to determine which considerations may influence programming decisions for public television programmers.  Results indicated that six main factors contribute to programming decisions, and that these are related to perceived threat to the organization, time spent in the organization, and perceived organizational prestige. Freedom of the Press and the Pursuit of Happiness • Edson Jr. Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; Heather Shoenberger • The press enjoys freedom in democratic societies in recognition of its important functions in democracy. A free press, however, also plays other roles that have not been sufficiently explored. The pursuit of happiness is a universal motivation and by looking across different countries, our current study seeks to answer this general question: Can press freedom bring happiness? This study used indices from various organizations that rate countries and territories based on levels of democracy, press freedom, corruption, global competitiveness, and life satisfaction. Countries that were excluded in at least three of the five indices were not included. Thus, a total of 177 countries were included in the analysis that found press freedom and corruption control as significant predictors of life satisfaction, a measure of happiness. The effects of press freedom on life satisfaction, however, are absorbed by its effects on deterring corruption. Far from Home: How and why transnational audiences use mass media to visit homeland • Emily Ehmer, Indiana University • Transnationals use media to connect to home, but media also promote migrants' assimilation into the host country's culture. This study follows the media habits of adults who are ether international students or their spouses studying at a university. Availability and ease of connecting to the Internet are major factors in connecting with home. An interesting finding is the tension about a sense of belonging - a gray area that is not static but constantly changing. Portrayal of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region in U.S. Newspapers • Goran Ghafour, Master student • The Iraqi Kurdistan region considers itself the closest ally of the United States in the Middle East. Therefore, to know how the U.S. newspapers portray the region is essential and more important is whether the portrayal reflects the U.S. foreign policies or not. A content analysis of articles in three U.S. newspapers from 2009 is conducted. Findings show that that news coverage reflected U.S. positions and policies about Iraq. The Effects of Message Framing and Evidence in Anti-Binge Drinking Messages • Eun Go, Pennsylvania State University; Keun Yeong Kim • This study investigates the influence of framing (gain- and loss-framing), message evidence format (narrative evidence and statistical evidence), and their interaction effects on perceptual, attitudinal, and behavioral responses to binge drinking. The results show that gain-framed message increased message persuasiveness and consequently behavioral intention to responsible drinking. It also demonstrated the benefits of narrative evidence format in reducing undesirable drinking behaviors. In particular, the interaction effect of gain-loss and narrative-statistical conditions in the perceived persuasiveness of the message was found, showing that match of loss frame and narrative evidence maximized the persuasiveness of the message. This findings will help public health practitioners construct more sophisticated message to decrease college students' alcohol consumption level. Applications and Gratifications: Games and Genres in Apple's App. Store • Kelly Cochran, University of Kansas; James Field, University of Kansas; Thomas Hardy, University of Kansas; Mark Shonka, University of Kansas; Laura A. Thomas, University of Kansas; Jia-Wei Tu, University of Kansas • Americans are increasingly exposed to gaming applications on their smart phones. The authors of this study investigated games in Apple's App Store: its most popular games, their associated genres, and the factors that predict ranking. A content analysis showed that the 'arcade' genre dominated and that popularity correlates with the rating and number of reviews received. The uses and gratifications identified were competition, fantasy, and arousal. Findings will interest Internet researchers and application developers. Just the facts, ma'am: A study of literary journalism courses in journalism and mass communications curricula • Jack Karlis, University of South Carolina • This study investigates the prevalence of literary journalism courses in undergraduate journalism and mass communication programs in the United States; to investigate the rationales for offering or not offering such courses in journalism programs; and to document and to explore the content and learning objectives of literary journalism courses already being taught.  An electronic survey of ACEJMC schools and in-depth interviews of literary journalism scholars around the country for their best practices was used. Framing the Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing Issue in the U.S. and British Print Media • Jihye Kim, Univ. of Florida • The purpose of this study was to examine the different frames within the news print media regarding DTC genetic testing, while comparing the different news frames in the United States and Great Britain. The study analyzed the differences of opinion concerning DTC genetic testing abilities. The comprehensive media framing analysis of newspaper reports was undertaken using the qualitative and quantitative analysis method. Six distinct frames were identified: legitimate, financial, political, ethical, health, and consequential. Defamation on Today's Internet: A Critical Assessment of Law and Self-Regulation on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube • Mark Lashley, University of Georgia • Through a critical engagement with legislation, relevant case law, and legal literature on the subject of online defamation, as well as a critical appraisal of the procedures used by three major social networking platforms (Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube) to regulate defamatory and harassing speech, this paper seeks to unpack the ways courts and site administrators have handled defamatory speech online. By examining the social media apparatus from the inside out, this paper argues for a procedure that will protect the interest of personal reputation, clarify the potential liability of social networking sites, and outline the best practices for effective jurisprudence of defamation law in our online world. Lights, Camera, Lesson: Teaching Literacy Through Film • Michael Lipiner • The in-depth case study explores a modern approach to education: the benefits of using film, technology, and other creative, non-conventional pedagogical methods in the classroom to enhance students' understanding of literature. The study explores the positive effects of introducing a variety of visual (and auditory)-based teaching methods to learners within an urban high school English Language Arts inclusion classroom. The study group reads literature, analyzes films, and works on various creative assignments, such as incorporating music lyrics, using computer technology, and creating art. The study outlines supplemental assignments designed to have students respond critically to literature within a creative learning environment. As a result, the students' grades improve, and they are able to stay connected with the readings. The case study also references similar professional case studies, authors, and educational theorists. HIV/AIDS coverage in Chinese media: A case study of the 'Girl with AIDS' • Chen Lou, Ohio University • This case study considers the story of Zhu Liya, who went public as the alleged ""first"" HIV-positive college student in 2005 in China. First, Zhu's exposure provided a rare example of Chinese media coverage and public discourse about HIV/AIDS patients. Second, this study builds upon the intergroup discrimination hypothesis from social identity theory to explain the prevalent discrimination against HIV/AIDS patients in China. The study also explored how Zhu used narratives to influence the public. Making Sense of a Left-Field Success Story: Five Frames in Rolling Stone Coverage of Phish • Jordan McClain, Temple University • This paper uses framing research to examine all Rolling Stone magazine coverage of the band Phish.  Through textual analysis, the aim is to enhance understanding of how media make sense of something that embodies an unconventional combination of features.  The analysis revealed five frames: Phish as superlatively successful; Phish as an unconventional band; Phish as the subject of mockery; Phish in relation to various peers and/or successors; and Phish in relation to the Grateful Dead. Exploring Surveilland and Socializing Gratifications from Streaming Network Television Shows in an On-demand age • Stephen McCreery, University of Georgia, The Grady College • This study applies a Uses and Gratifications conceptual framework to streaming network TV shows online, whereby how people use the Internet for gratifying certain needs are evolving.  A survey of 274 students on their TV-streaming habits was conducted.  Results suggest that both surveillance and social utility are gratified through interactive processes related to streaming entertainment programs.  Implications for the television industry on interactive viewing, and directions for future studies, are discussed. Media Portrayals of Mental Illness and the Third-Person Effect • Robert McKeever, UNC Chapel Hill • A survey was conducted to examine student views on mental illness, portrayals of mental illnesses in media and estimated effects of media depictions. Third-person perceptions were predictably strong when other students were the comparison group; however, perceived effects on self were larger than respondent estimations of media effects on their parents. The unexpected findings offer a unique contribution to third- and first-person research examining the influence of message desirability and comparison groups on perceived effects. Contrasting For-profit and Nonprofit College Home Pages from a Political Economist Perspective • Nisa Schmitz, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville • The oligopoly that nonprofit colleges once enjoyed is now over due to competition from for-profit colleges. Using a political economist perspective, this study contrasts the new for-profit college home pages to that of the veteran nonprofit colleges. A content analysis of 35 for-profit college home pages and 35 nonprofit college home pages reveals a range of significant differences in the areas of academics, target audience, campus information, financials, home page organization, imagery, and student life. Newspaper hubris: Did hubris impact the industry's' decision not to charge for online news? • Amy Sindik, University of Georgia • This study examines if organizational hubris had a role in newspaper organizations' decisions not to charge for online editions of the newspaper and belier that the online edition would not compete with, and cannibalize, the print newspaper product.  By drawing on Hayward and Hambrick's measures of hubris (1997) (organizational success, media praise, a measure of organizational importance and board vigilance), this study tested for hubris among the top one hundred newspapers at the advent of online newspapers editions.  The study finds that organizational success, media praise and board vigilance indicated hubris and contributed to the decision not to charge for the online editions of newspapers, while a measure of organizational importance does not indicate hubris. What do You Want from Corporate Blogs?: Motivations for Using Corporate Blogs • Doori Song, University of Florida; Joonghwa Lee, University of Missouri • Two studies were conducted to explore blog users' motivations and their consequences.  The factor analysis revealed five reasons that people visit and use corporate blogs.  Additionally, this study compares the people's initial motivations when they visit corporate blogs and users' motivations for their corporate blog usages.  Finally, the findings demonstrate that the motivations predict users' attitudes toward the blog, usefulness of the blog, perceived interactivity (PI), and expected interactivity (EI). An Empirical Study on How IPTV Affects Chinese Peasants' Attitudinal Modernity • Nan Wu, Missouri School of Journalism; Hongbo Gao • The paper is designated to find out how IPTV use in rural China enhances peasants' attitudinal modernity. With statistical analysis of survey data collected from rural IPTV users in a fourth-tier municipality of China, five hypotheses of the causal relationships between major factors in IPTV use and users' attitudinal modernity are tested. The researchers identify that three factors, pragmatic function, remote technology performance and interactive application, play significant roles in promoting Chinese peasants' attitudinal modernity. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4726 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/icig-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 18:49:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4728 Internships in Public Relations: Using narrative to examine the nature of intern's experience. • Catherine Gugerty, University of South Florida • This narrative analysis examines the nature of the experience of public relations interns. Three decades of scholarly inquiry into the internship experience has provided little insight into the actual experience of the interns themselves.  Yet what we learn directly from their individual experience can provide both educators and professionals valuable insight for enhancing the learning process.  The following study is an analysis of the journals and reflective essays written by 11 undergraduate students as they participated in a public relations internship.  The interns' experience follows four themes: (1) positive interpretation of duties, (2) influence of site supervisors, (3) lessons learned, and (4) the overwhelming endorsement of the experience. Hyperlocal News Internships and Digital Practicums:  Blurring the Distinction Between Students and Professionals • Ed Madison, University or Oregon • News internships have long been a way for college students to gain practical experience before entering professional careers in journalism.  However, the definition and dynamics of what constitutes an internship are changing, in pace with the technological and economic changes presently facing media organizations.  This qualitative research study looks at three university journalism schools are actively partnering with mainstream media organizations to create digital practicums. These programs often center on "hyperlocal" news web sites. International service-learning as a mechanism for building skills in mass communication: enhancing ability through authentic experiences • Amanda Sturgill, Elon University; Sang Nam, Elon University; Phillip Motley, Elon University • This paper uses a qualitatively analyzed case study to examine the value of service-learning overseas in developing communication skills that are difficult to teach in the regular classroom. Does the immersive environment of international travel, combined with the application of communication skills for a real-world client, create an authentic setting in which to develop skills essential to career success? Such skills include client management, analysis and application of visual culture, working in an autonomous group and determining the appropriate use of technology to gather and present content. Four different group projects in Latin America were studied. Journals, researcher memos, public blogs, focus groups and final project artifacts were analyzed, and support was found for skill acquisition in such a setting. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4728 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/pcig-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 18:57:41 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4733 Ad Claim Accountability:  Examining News Coverage of Political Advertising in the 2008 Presidential Election • Michelle Amazeen, Temple University • In a media environment where candidate ads are increasingly influencing U.S. news coverage, how do news organizations hold politicians accountable for their ad claims?  Using semantic network analysis, four clusters emerged among the 18 sampled press organizations covering candidate advertising during the 2008 presidential election.  Horserace reporting predominated among a plurality of newspapers.  Other clusters were identified by partisan-style and pluralist-style reporting conventions.  One cluster was notable for its hallmarks of consistently holding politicians accountable for their ad claims.  This “adwatching” group focused more than anything else on verifying the accuracy of candidate claims as they relate to the policy and governance matters facing the electorate.  Additionally, this research demonstrates that influential factors such as candidate endorsement and political ideology can be conditionally independent from ad watching. Viewer Ideology and the Effect of Argument Flow on Guest Evaluations in Political Talk Shows • Mitchell Bard, University of Wisconsin School  of Journalism and Mass Communication; Melissa R. Gotlieb, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Bryan McLaughlin, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Keith J. Zukas, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Jackson Foote, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Young Mie Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Contested political issues are inevitably debated on political talk shows, with two guests on ideologically opposite sides of the issue. Using an experimental design, we test the impact of viewers’ ideology and argument flow (i.e. the number of arguments offered by each guest) on guest evaluations. We find a significant impact for moderate viewers, who rate the guests lower when they make fewer arguments. This finding has normative implications for television news and democracy. Examining news frames in the new media landscape: Moderating effects of incivility in the political blogosphere • Porismita Borah, Maryville University • Increasingly researchers are being faced with questions about new theoretical perspectives to investigate the contemporary media landscape. The anonymity and flexibility of the online world allows the free expression of views. This same anonymity and unconstrained expression can initiate uncivil debate. The political blogosphere is thus replete with uncivil discussions and becomes an apt context to examine the influence of incivility on news frames. Moreover, although there is an increasingly growing literature on framing, few have examined framing effects in the new media landscape. Thus, the present study brings in literature from incivility and framing effects and uses an experiment embedded in a web survey to examine the influence of incivility on news frames for democratic outcomes such as willingness to participate, openmindedness, and attitude certainty. Findings indicate the detrimental effects of incivility causing less openmindedness and more attitude certainty. At the same time, incivility causes more willingness to participate. The findings also demonstrate how incivility interacts with news frames. For instance, incivility effects are primarily prominent in the value-framed condition. Implications for news framing effects in the new media landscape are discussed. What do they want us to do?  Global warming Web sites use of mobilizing information • Michael Boyle, West Chester University; Lisa Parcell, Wichita State University • Information is key to the democratic process. For individuals to be involved in political and social change they must know what to do as well as where and how to do it. Yet, the literature suggests that mainstream news media typically lack the so-called mobilizing information individuals need to act on their beliefs and interests. News media are not the only sources individuals can use to gain information - Web sites for activist and political groups can potentially fill that void. However, little research has explored the extent to which these sites provide mobilizing information. This paper analyzes global warming Web sites for how well they present mobilizing information. The findings show that mobilizing information tends to be incomplete and typically centers on online actions as opposed to “real world” actions. In addition, pro-global warming sites provides more thorough mobilizing information than sites that deny global-warming is a problem. Poaching from the Male Preserve? The Influence of Gender and Political Connectedness on Contacting Government Officials Online and Offline • Jennifer Brundidge, University of Texas, Austin; Kanghui Baek, University of Texas at Austin; Larissa Williams • This study employs a secondary analysis of data from the Pew Internet 2008 civic engagement study to examine whether people are more likely to contact government officials online than offline as well as the degree to which both ways of contacting public officials is explained by gender. Results suggest that people are more likely to contact government officials online than  offline. While women are somewhat less likely to contact government officials through direct means, such as emailing a congress person, they are more likely to sign petitions.  Furthermore, after controlling for political connectedness and demographic variables, women are actually somewhat more likely than men to contact government officials online, while there are no gender differences in contacting government officials offline. Damsel in Electoral Distress:  Gendered framing in cable news coverage of Hillary Clinton’s presidential campaign • Kathryn Cassidy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst • Voter consumption of partisan new media, specifically cable news programming, soared in the midst of the 2008 Presidential election, and so too did questions regarding the nature of reporting and its influence on citizens in the 21st century.   As voters continue to choose the construction of news that is best in-line with their political leanings, rather than that which challenges their value systems, it arguably becomes easier for new media outlets to perpetuate stereotypes, as they go unquestioned by viewers; they simply appear as “facts” of the news.   The historic Presidential bid of Hillary Rodham Clinton provides a meaningful opportunity to assess how these partisan outlets relied on gender stereotypes as a means to frame her character and campaign in an attempt to affect the electoral outcome.  If Clinton, as one of the most popular female candidates for President to date, was the target of such framing, the outlook for success for future female candidates appears grim, as they too will have to navigate this complex new media landscape.  Further, the results of this study may serve as the basis for consciousness-raising among cable news program viewers, as well as an impetus for a media reform movement that rejects outlets that unjustly frame issues or individuals in the name of the political and corporate goals that they hold in higher esteem than their audiences. The impact of political identity, efficacy, and selective media exposure on political participation. A comparative study of young adults in the United States and Hong Kong • Michael Chan, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Jing Guo, University of Maryland • This comparative study between an established democracy (US) and transitional democracy (Hong Kong) analyzed the interrelationships among political identification, self efficacy, collective efficacy and selective exposure; and subsequent effects on political participation among young adults.  Regression analyses showed that self efficacy and selective exposure were significant predictors of political participation for both countries while collective efficacy was significant only for the Hong Kong sample. There were also significant interaction effects between efficacy and selective exposure in the US sample and between political identity and collective efficacy in the Hong Kong sample. The findings support the cross-contextual validity of self efficacy and selective exposure as general predictors applicable to democracies at different stages of development. Implications of the findings for youth participation in politics are discussed. Political Talk Shows in Taiwan:  Multiple Issue Publics, Political Efficacy and Their Relationships to Political Knowledge, Participation and Attitude • Hsuan-Ting Chen; Yonghwan Kim • This study examines political talk shows in Taiwan by understanding the factors and the influence of exposure to political talk shows. Using data from Taiwan’s 2008 Social Change Survey, the findings showed that multiple issue public membership, as a construct of individuals as members of multi-issue publics, was positively associated with exposure to political talk shows. Individuals’ internal and external political efficacy turned out to have different relationships with exposure to political talk shows, and an interactive effect was found to be significant between internal political efficacy and multiple issue public membership. In addition, exposure to political talk shows contributed to increases in political knowledge and online political participation; however, it leads to negative attitude towards the politics. In this sense, although the viewers tend to have negative attitude towards the politics, they are more likely to be well-informed, and open to political mobilization. Therefore, the role of political talk shows needs to be reconsidered. Psychological Needs and Talk Show Host Style: News Effects in the Post-Broadcast Age • Stephanie Edgerly, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Melissa R. Gotlieb, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Emily Vraga, University of Wisconsin-Madison • We use an experimental design to test the effects of talk shows hosts who promote critical thought, conflict, or humor through their hosting styles. Specifically, we examine how host style interacts with the psychological needs for cognition, conflict, and humor to produce greater recall of information and valuing of open debate. Our results support this compatibility argument and suggest that post-broadcast news may engage a new audience who were left behind in the broadcast era. Press Coverage of Nigerian President Yar’Adua’s Pre-Election Campaign: A Case Study on Agenda-setting • Nnamdi Ekeanyanwu, Department of Mass Communication, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria • The issue of whether our opinions are formed based on information we get from the media remains controversial as scholars maintain divergent views on the actual nature of media influence. This paper therefore examines if newspapers pre-election coverage of candidate Yar’Adua, influenced people’s perception of him. The result shows that Yar’Adua had biased coverage in his favour. The paper therefore recommends that the media take political reporting to the next level of responsible journalism. Learning about Politics from The Daily Show: The Role of Processing Motivations • Lauren Feldman, American University • Although late-night comedy and satirical news programs like The Daily Show have been recognized as an important source of political information, prior research suggests that viewers gain only a limited amount of political knowledge from watching these programs. Drawing from uses and gratification theory and studies of political information processing, this study examines whether learning from The Daily Show depends on whether viewers orient to the message as news or as entertainment. Results from an online experiment suggest that viewers who naturally orient to The Daily Show as news or as a mix of news and entertainment invest more mental effort and subsequently learn more than viewers who have a purely entertainment processing orientation. Further, among viewers who orient to The Daily Show as purely entertainment, providing them with an explicit informational processing goal increases the amount of invested mental effort and learning relative to viewers who are given no explicit viewing objective. Understanding Support for Internet Censorship in China: An Elaboration of the Theory of Reasoned Action • Charles Feng • This study investigates young people’s support for Internet censorship in China within the broad conceptual approach of the theory of reasoned action (TRA). Two concepts, authoritarian personality and third-person perception, were added as part of our elaboration of the TRA model. We closely examined dimensions pertinent to the unique social context of China such as party membership, Confucianism tradition, and one-child policy. A sample of 266 college students in a large metropolitan was surveyed and Structural Equation Modeling was employed in data analyses. Support for censorship based on TRA received general empirical evidence. So did the submissive dimension of authoritarian personality. Mixed findings were discussed and future research directions were suggested. Framing the Rise and Fall of Sonia Gandhi during the 2004 General Elections in India • Rajul Jain; Maria De Moya, University of Florida; Juliana Fernandes, Florida International University • Informed by framing theory and critical and cultural perspectives, this study examines how newspapers in India framed the leading female Prime Minister candidate and her male counterpart during the 2004 general elections. An analysis of the frames each candidate was associated with, as well as the differences in the scope and focus of news coverage accorded to the two candidates is provided.  Results and implications are discussed in comparison to similar framing of political candidates in the U.S. and in the context of gender roles in Indian culture. Audience frames elicited by political advertising: Reconsidering the audience • Elizabeth Housholder, University of Minnesota • This study used audience analysis to examine the audience frames elicited by political advertising.  Participants between the ages of 25-60 discussed their individual responses to political advertising in in-depth interviews.  Overall, this study found that three common frames were elicited: political cynicism frame, issue frame, and gender frame. Overall, the study concluded that furture research in the area of political advertising must begin to consider more individual level difference variables beyond the usual demographic controls (age, gender, race, political party and education) such as personality, values and other psychographic variables.  This study also advances the literature on audience framing, a relatively under-studied area of framing theory research. Ideology and the Interactive Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Anxiety Predicting Discussion • Myiah Hutchens, Texas Tech University • The study aims to examine theoretical predictors of engaging in discussion with dissimilar discussion partners, which would be considered beneficial from a Democratic standpoint. Process models used in a variety of contexts suggest that both self-efficacy and anxiety are important variables to consider when examining communicative behaviors, yet the interaction appears to not have been adequately studied in a political communication context. Using data the American National Election Survey, and supporting theoretical predictions, it was found that political moderates who have high levels of self-efficacy and anxiety are more likely to have diverse discussion networks; however, effects were not found when examining all individuals. Marginalized Critical News Content, Spiked Stories and Series • Andrew Kennis • This paper focuses on all major and reported post-Cold War instances of anti-democratic phenomena occurring within the U.S. news media industry: the “spiking” of news stories and investigations with critical inclinations; demotions to enterprising journalists or editors; cancellations of TV programs due to critical content and forced resignations of journalists; independent and wire-based stories overlooked by mainstream media; and investigative series whose follow-ups are either marginalized out of existence or simply spiked altogether. The reported occurrences are based on a plethora of damning evidence and documentation: testimony by journalists and/or their newsroom colleagues; audio-recorded conversations between editors and journalists; documented pressure by advertisers and/or powerful public officials; and documented meetings between editors and high powered officials, with subsequent decisions to spike stories and/or follow-up reporting. This underlying evidence shows a clear pattern of institutional constraints resulting in varying forms of censorship. The focus on these occurrences, which is not only an attack on journalists but an attack on democracy as a whole, is of significant theoretical importance. The most important theoretical tension between two models of media analysis - the indexing and propaganda models (IM and PM) - is a conflicting attribution of culpability for poor media performance and the subsequent lack of news media independence. This paper represents an attempt to resolve this underlying theoretical tension by criticizing the disproportionate fault attributed to journalists themselves, as well as the underestimation by the PM of the role of “crude intervention” resulting from institutional constraints. Campaign Agenda-Building Online: Emotions, Evaluations, and Important Perceptions • Ji Young Kim; David Painter; Maridith Miles • This experimental investigation explored 311 participants’ emotional and evaluative responses to online campaign information during Florida’s 2010 gubernatorial election using a two (campaign website vs. social network sites) by three (interactivity levels) between-subjects factorial design. Interaction effects in one campaign notwithstanding, the emotions and evaluations elicited by the other campaign were positively associated with public agenda-building. Thus, those responding favourably to the winner’s campaign were likely to consider the election more important and to vote. Humor Works in Funny Ways: Examining Humorous Tone as a Key Determinant in Political Humor Message Processing • Heather LaMarre, University of Minnesota; Kristen Landreville, University of Wyoming • The purpose of this study was to re-conceptualize two competing political humor message processing theories as complementary models under a higher order theoretical framework. Using data from an online experimental survey (N = 115), message discounting (Nabi, Moyer-Guse, & Byrne, 2007) and reduced cognitive capacity to scrutinize (Young, 2008; Baumgartner 2007) were examined as potentially co-existing (rather than competing) message processes, which occur as a function of humorous tone. Results indicate that political cartoon viewing directly influences individual-level political attitudes, and that affective disposition toward the cartoon moderates the effect. More importantly, evidence was found to support the development of a political humor process model that encompasses competing frameworks and makes sense of seemingly disparate findings in extant literature. Specifically, light-hearted political humor led to message discounting while serious-toned political humor suppressed argument scrutiny. Crisis and kairos: Activists use social media to support political protests • Jacqueline Lambiase, Texas Christian University • Moldova, Iran, Tunisia, Egypt, and Sudan: These nations and their citizens engaged in political dialogues during 2009-2011, resulting in government accommodations of demands, regime change, hard-line responses, or civil war. Frequently, these dialogues occurred in computer-mediated spaces, especially blogs and social media. Some online activism burst into protests in public squares, resulting in violence and showdowns for power. This qualitative case study traces social media efforts, both crisis communication strategies and tactics, in five nations that raised awareness of revolutionary ideas, garnered support for these efforts, and transformed this spirit from digital expression to flesh-and-blood resistance. Mass-Mediated Political Messages, Uncertainty Arousal, and Interpersonal Political Discussion • Kristen Landreville, University of Wyoming • Constructive interpersonal political discussion among citizens is traditionally regarded as an indicator of a healthy democracy (e.g., Fishkin, 1991, 1995; Habermas, 1962/1989; Tarde, 1901/1989). At the same time, politics bears an inherent complexity, ambiguity, and intricacy (Delli Carpini & Williams, 1996) that makes it a topic ripe for uncertainty arousal. Considering that uncertainty arousal is more likely when situations are ambiguous, complex, and unpredictable (Babrow, Hines, & Kasch, 2000; Babrow, Kasch, & Ford, 1998), Uncertainty Reduction Theory (Berger, 1979; Berger & Bradac, 1982; Berger & Calabrese, 1975) is applied to study the crossroads of interpersonal political discussion and the consumption of a variety of mass-mediated messages about politics. The overarching research question that guides this work is: What is the extent to which people interpersonally communicate their uncertainty about mass-mediated political messages? A computer-mediated discussion experiment was conducted to answer the study’s hypotheses, which concern the amount and type of uncertainty expressions in response to several kinds of mass-mediated political messages. Investigating media’s agenda-setting effects on different generations in the new media environment, 1976-2004 • Jae Kook Lee; Renita Coleman, University of Texas • This study tests two competing hypotheses of media’s agenda-setting effects on different generations in the new media environment. Using ANES surveys and the New York Times Index data from 1976 to 2004, this study found that different generations perceived similar issues as important for society. The public agenda is fairly stable across generations despite increasing signs of media diversification and audience specialization over the time period. More importantly, the three generations’ agendas were highly correlated with the agenda of the New York Times in each year, indicating robust agenda-setting effects of the media on the public regardless of generations differential media use. Implications of the findings are discussed. Burned by the Spark: Tea Party Identity and News Media • Colin Lingle, University of Washington; Damon Di Cicco, University of Washington • News media have covered the Tea Party intensively since 2009. Behind the scenes, members have responded by reframing political identities and adapting strategies. We examine attitudes and opinions of individuals within the movement, culled from 12 semi-structured interviews across eight states. Data suggest that disaffectation with news media can be an inciting factor leading people to political action, and that an oppositional posture toward news media drives important decisions about movement-building and alternative information networks. Citizens’ Perceptions of Online Political Information Credibility • Hsiao-Ying Liu, University of Florida; Spiro Kiousis, University of Florida • This investigation explored citizens’ perceptions of online political information credibility, their attitudes towards candidates, and their intentions for political participation. A 2 (high vs. low Facebook site interactivity) X 2 (high vs. low involvement) factorial experiment was completed to examine these relationships. The results indicate that both involvement and interactivity affect perceived information credibility, citizens’ attitudes towards candidates, and their intentions to participate politically. The implications of the findings are discussed. Mixing Strategy and Issues: Campaign Coverage and  Candidate Communications in the 2010 U.S. Senate Midterm Election • Jason A. Martin, Indiana University School of Journalism • There is much disagreement and a lack of precise knowledge about the framing and public affairs issue content of campaign coverage and candidate press releases. One of the few points of consensus is that news coverage consistently focuses on candidate strategy and the outcome of elections. Yet it remains unclear to what extent this emphasis on strategy obscures, eliminates, or prohibits coverage of substantive public affairs issues. Most empirical research on non-presidential election content suggests substantial variation in the media’s coverage and candidate communications based on factors such as the office contested and the news appeal of the campaign.  To address this research problem, a quantitative content analysis was conducted on election information available in a 2010 U.S. Senate midterm campaign in a top-20 media market. Using the media sources most popularly identified by a survey of registered voters, all newspaper articles, television stories, and candidate press releases in a two-month period preceding the election were systematically and comparatively analyzed. By accounting for the possibility of simultaneous or overlapping frames, a deeper and better-rounded understanding of the issue content was produced.  Among the key findings was that while media campaign coverage mostly used the strategy frame, public affairs issues were well represented on a daily basis, especially in newspaper coverage. Candidates focused mostly on issues but also indulged in strategy framing. These data support related research that has suggested that attention to methodology is needed to better understand the sophisticated ways that issues are embedded within strategy-framed election coverage. Creating, Sustaining, or Dispelling Misconceptions: A Discourse Analysis of Coverage of Obama’s Religious Identity • Laura Meadows, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill • Since Barack Obama announced his candidacy for president in 2007, his Christian religious identity has been called into question.  At present, a plurality of Americans do not know what religion he follows.  In light of the increased relevance of religion in today’s political landscape, such confusion poses a serious threat to his continued political viability.  This qualitative discourse analysis examined coverage of President Obama’s religious identity in the mainstream print media from the time he announced his candidacy for president in January 2007 through his first two years in office.  The study found six themes that have potentially shaped both understandings and misinterpretations of Obama’s religious beliefs, including current faith practices, connections to history, blame game, otherness, politicization, and Muslim connections.  The study considers the ways in which the mainstream print media’s use of these themes created, sustained, or dispelled misconceptions of Obama’s religious identity. Registered voters on the web: Looking for information, looking for confirmation, not looking at all • Ericka Menchen-Trevino, Northwestern University • There are several theories about how the internet may impact democratic politics. Some heralded the internet as inherently democratizing, claiming that it would help citizens become more informed about a broader array of issues, and help them organize for political action. Others warned that partisans would use online technologies to screen out opposing views and thus increase political polarization. Recently some have cautioned that with all of the entertainment options available in today’s media environment, more citizens may opt out of political information altogether. This study examines these claims using real-world web data collected from forty-one carefully selected adult participants during the 2010 mid-term campaign in Illinois using software created for this project. The full text content of the web pages participants accessed was analyzed for information pertaining to the Illinois U.S. Senate race. The participants also completed ten online surveys and an in-person interview. The web data is interpreted in the context of participants’ interviews and survey responses. Although this small-scale study cannot provide generalizable results, it does offer in-depth cases that reveal the mechanisms that underlie the broader effects seen in larger but less contextual studies. Some cases illustrate how online political information can inform voters, while one case shows how partisan information helped to polarize a participant. Other cases show that it is possible to ignore political information online, although it is not clear that it is easier to do so online than in other media. Avenues for future research are discussed. U.S. presidential election: International assessment of U.S. media coverage of male and female candidates • Uche Onyebadi, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Yusuf Kalyango, Ohio University • Several studies have addressed how United States media cover candidates in U.S. elections. Some of the findings show that female contestants are poorly covered and stereotypically portrayed in the media, impeding their chances of victory. In this study, the focus was on how foreigners resident in the U.S. assessed media coverage of candidates in the 2008 presidential election. Results support previous research findings on negative coverage of female candidates, and suggest further investigation into candidates’ issues and personal characteristics as factors that may also impact the type of media reports a candidate gets, irrespective of his or her gender. The survey instrument was used in this study. Political Window: Analyzing Newspapers’ Images of Candidates in 2010 California gubernatorial election • Kyung-Gook Park, University of Florida; Enjung Kang, University of Florida • The goal of this study is to explore how candidates in the 2010 California gubernatorial election were covered by the news media. This study uses visual frames as a significant determinant of how the media differently portrayed these candidates. In particular, this study places emphasis on four major newspapers, USA Today, New York Times, LA Times, and the San Francisco Chronicle, since these are currently the primary California regional and nationwide newspapers. Furthermore, past researches associated with agenda-setting theory and visual framing are widely reviewed in order to verify the topic question.  Taken together, this study provides evidence that USA Today and the New York Times tried to create a balance in their image coverage of the gubernatorial candidates in the 2010 campaign, whereas the LA Times and San Francisco Chronicle were not trying to balance the images used. Furthermore, this study shows that a significant difference occurred in the frequency, prominence and behavioral of the frames chosen by the media in the candidates. Regardless of its limitations, this study provides a basis on which future studies regarding political communication and visual framing can follow.. Cite of The Times: How 2008 Presidential Campaign Advertisements Used News-Mediated Information As Evidence • Chris Roberts, University of Alabama • This paper uses the functional theory of campaign discourse to discover how candidates and political parties used news-mediated information as evidence in broadcast advertising during the 2008 presidential election cycle. More than a third of video ads included more than 340 pieces of evidence originally produced by news organizations. Hypotheses showing types of news items, and purpose of use in ads, based on previous election cycles are supported. Parenting Styles in Political Socialization: How the Path to Political Participation Begins at Home • Esther Thorson, University of Missouri; Edson Jr. Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; Mi Jahng, University of Missouri-Columbia • Political socialization research suggests that parent-child relationships exert strong influences on political outcomes among children like interest in politics, political knowledge, and participation in community and politics, both in the real world and online. In a survey of 399 parents and their children in a Midwest city right after the off-term Fall 2010 elections, this study found that evaluative parental mediation of children’s news use directly predicted only political interest among children. The effects of parental news mediation on political knowledge and participation appear to be absorbed by children’s media use and engagement in political talk, variables that parental styles also predict. It is often taken for granted, if not overlooked, but parents’ mediation of their adolescents’ news access has significant effects on adolescents’ political awakening and development that goes through a complex pathway from the home to the political arena. The role of parents is central in their adolescents’ political socialization that starts with encouraging their children to be interested in politics. Knowing is half the battle: Youth, civic norms and the informed citizen in late modern society • Kjerstin Thorson, University of Southern California • This paper draws on theorizing concerning late modern society to synthesize findings from a multi-methodological investigation into how young citizens are negotiating and acting (or not acting) on civic norms related to political knowledge acquisition. Using evidence from in-depth interviews and national survey data, the paper argues that our current era of information abundance and institutional decline has paradoxical consequences for young citizens’ relationships political knowledge, at the same time providing magnificent opportunities for the motivated and disempowering the less interested. As a result, the link between endorsing norms related to getting informed and actual, demonstrated political knowledge is eroding for younger cohorts of American citizens. Deliberation or Small Talk? Motivations for Public Discussion and their Effects on Civic Engagement • Sebastian Valenzuela, University of Texas at Austin; Sun Ho Jeong, University of Texas at Austin; Homero Gil de Zuniga, University of Texas - Austin • We use original survey data to examine (1) the motivations people have for engaging in online and interpersonal discussions, and (2) the influence of instrumental and relational goals on civic participation. Using structural equation modeling, we find that both goals trigger discussions online and offline, which in turn lead to civic engagement. These results cast citizen-to-citizen communication on a different perspective than deliberative theory and point to social motivations as an alternative path to civic life. Can I Support That Candidate’s Party?  Implications of Disagreement with Party Candidates for Political Attitudes • Emily Vraga, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Candidates are heralded as the standard-bearers for their party, but how do a party candidate’s issue positions impact political attitudes more generally? This study uses an experimental manipulation to test response to issue disagreement, which is corroborated through analysis of a panel dataset during the 2008 presidential election. The results support expectations: individuals who see greater distance between themselves and candidates adjust their political attitudes, and emotions play a key part in this process. Televised Debates Matter...Sort Of • John Williams, Principia College • A vast and expanding literature on the effects of presidential debates finds ample evidence that “debates matter." Debates have the capacity to influence individual vote choice and provide voters with more information about candidates and public policy issues. In a presidential election not involving a sitting president or vice president, two U.S. senators as the major party candidates, the first African-American to head a major party ticket and only the second female to be on a major party ticket, the 2008 Election seemed like a prime opportunity to test some of the expectations about the impact of presidential debates.   Taking advantage of scheduled debate-watching events on our campus for the three presidential and one vice-presidential debate, we conducted a repeated field experiment under controlled conditions. Collectively, we found evidence that the debates did result in some shifts in expressed vote intentions but relative stability in the assessment of candidate leadership traits and perceived capacity to address pressing domestic and foreign policies. We also see evidence of the ability to separate partisan leanings and pre-debate vote intentions from the evaluation of candidate debate performance. The Power of Local Political Debates to Influence Voters: An Experiment at the Congressional Level • John Williams, Principia College • We know a lot about presidential debates and there is a large body of literature on the impact and effects of such debates.  But, there is very little literature on the impact and influence of local political debates.  This study uses a debate between an incumbent and a challenger for a seat in the US House of Representatives as its treatment.  In addition to measuring the shift of position of the audience from pre-test to post-test, the study examines impact of partisanship and influence on likely voters.  Because of the nature of the audience--a combination of college students and local constituents, the treatment group was capable of subdivision into “likely voters” and non-voters (those students registered in other jurisdictions).  This and other dimensions helped refine the research. How blog use affects voter behavior: Engagement, expressiveness and voting • W. Joann Wong, Indiana University • This survey study investigates the effects of political blogs on voters during the 2008 presidential election. Blogs have been an increasingly popular and important means of communication, helping voters obtain campaign information and exchange political opinions as well as helping candidates motivate and mobilize their supporters. The relationship between political blogs and voter behavior has not been thoroughly understood through empirical evidence. This research sheds some light on how blog users behave politically. The findings suggest that political blogs significantly contributed to both campaign engagement and political expressiveness. Political expressiveness also strongly predicted voter turnout. With the vanishing mobilizing function of traditional media, political blogs appeared to be an effective media format in 2008 to energize voters to participate in politics. Does Internet News Contribute to Make More Efficacious Citizens?: Role of Efficacy in Communication Mediation Model of Political Socialization • JungHwan Yang, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This paper examines political socialization process of the youth based on communication mediation model, and elaborates the model by providing a link between news media use and political discussion. I suggest that political efficacy and discussion efficacy would mediate the impact of news media use on political discussion and further political socialization. For this investigation, this study analyzed online survey data for 300 college students from Metropolitan area of Seoul, South Korea (N = 300). The results suggest that (a) news media use (i.e. Internet news and television news), efficacy (i.e. political efficacy and discussion efficacy), and political discussion (i.e. interpersonal discussion, family conversation, online opinion exchange) are meaningful predictor of political participation of the youth; (b) only political efficacy, however, is a meaningful predictor of political knowledge; and (c) efficacy mediates impact of Internet news use and newspaper use on interpersonal discussion and online opinion exchange.  Implications for communication mediation model and future political socialization research are discussed. A Free Bonus in the Internet: Incidental News-Exposure Effects on Political Knowledge, Online and Offline Participation • Sung Woo Yoo, University of Texas at Austin; Yonghwan Kim; Homero Gil de Zuniga, University of Texas - Austin • This study examines the effect of the incidental new exposures of the Internet and television on political knowledge and participation. Using US national data from an online survey, this study found incidental news exposure of the Internet to be positively and significantly associated with political knowledge, and online and offline political participation. This effect is fully mediated by political discussion. In contrast, incidental news exposure of television was not associated with knowledge or participation. Twenty years of the internet and civic engagement: A review beyond hypes and hopes • Inzhi Zhang • This paper provided a theoretical review of the research tradition on the internet use (and other internet-based media) and civic and political engagement in the past twenty years. Based on 130 pieces of referred journal articles retrieved from Web of Sciences Database, I identified five “camps of research” based on the scholars’ explanation on the mechanism of internet’s political impact, namely, 1) the internet has direct mobilization effects on civic participation; 2) the impact from internet is conditional and indirect on individual’s psychological traits; 3) both the internet use pattern and civic engagement are multi-dimensional and differential; 4) demystifying the reciprocal relationship and causality of internet use and politics; and 5) extending the research in nondemocratic or transitional societies with comparative research design. Chaffee and Berger’s (1987) and Whetten’s (1987) criteria for theory evaluation were addressed during the critical of the above literature. Suggestions to future research along this line followed, including, a) to address established theories or hypotheses in political science or sociology to catch the essential process of media-society relationship; b) to conduct longitudinal research design even panel study to confirm the causal relationship between media use and political engagement; and c) to take context background with comparison study across societies with different political nature, and use multi-level perspective, integrating macro-, meso-, and micro- levels of constructs. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4733 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/rmig-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 19:06:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4736 A Bigger Footprint: Religion Coverage by Another Name • Jesse Holcomb, Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism • A content analysis of significant religion stories in recent years suggests that the presence of religion in the news is broader than previously thought. However, in some cases, events with religious significance were primarily covered by journalists as politics, crime, or terrorism stories. The findings point to a journalistic landscape in which religion and other beats are not neatly segregated, but reflect the connectivity of the 21st century public sphere in which we all live. As Predicted: Fact and Improbability in News Coverage of Astrology • Rick Moore, Boise State University • This study examines a recent eruption of news about astrology. It uses as a lens research on how traditional news values might allow “mystical” ideas to maintain public acceptance in spite of scientific evidence against them. Contrasting that approach with a lens provided by Neil Postman, the current study finds reporting about astrology did not provide significant scientific basis for dismissal of the belief. The two lenses for discussing this provide very different insights, however. Assuaging Death and Assigning Blame: A Lyric Analysis of Mormon Murder Ballads • Clark Callahan, Brigham Young University; Quint Randle, BYU • This paper uses Fisher’s narrative approach as a theoretical foundation for deconstructing 19th century Mormon culture through the use of its ballads. Specifically, this paper investigates Mormon and non-Mormon lyrical representations of murder (killing), “Mormon Murder Ballads." This mode of cultural expression was especially relevant during the first 20 or so years of the church which was marked by both individual and group killings and persecution. Using narrative criticism, each of the selected songs was coded for themes—four main themes were identified in the analysis. These themes are blood and gore, broken promises of America, heavenly justice and vengeance, and rational perspective. These four theme offer insights into the social structures in which violent acts were contextually situated and how persecution was symbolized by 19th-century Mormons. Coverage of Islam in the Egyptian Press • Gregory Perreault, Washington Journalism Center • This study investigates how Islam is covered by English-language Egyptian media. In past research, Arab media scholars have noted that Arab media, examined as a whole, is problematic to draw conclusions from because of it’s complex, varied nature. It is more effective to look at the environment with a more localized, media-specific approach. And existing English-language research on the coverage of Islam is mainly centered on Western media coverage of Islam. Little or no English research exists which examines how Egyptian media professionals and bloggers cover Islam, the major religion of Egypt. In this study, data will be gathered to help fill in this important gap in research with a very specific medium, country and language.  In this study, conducted the year before Mubarak resigned, a news framing content analysis examines articles related to Islam in English-language Egyptian news sources Al Ahram Weekly, Daily News Egypt and Al-Masry Al-Youm over a three month period to determine how discussions of Islam are framed in coverage. Interviews performed with journalists who work in Egyptian English news media help discern the motivations and influences that affect coverage of Islam. Cultivating, or alleviating, fear? How religion and media influence feelings about terrorism • Rosemary Pennington, Indiana University; Ammina Kothari, School of Journalism - Indiana University; Stacie Meihaus Jankowski; Jae Kook Lee • It has been almost ten years since the September 11th terrorist attacks. Religion played a pivotal role in the recovery of many people who witnesses the attacks; news media covered the event thoroughly and has been covering terrorism-related stories since. This study examined how both religiosity and media use influence feelings about terrorism. It found only a positive relationship between newspaper readership and fear of terrorism. Marketing Religion Online: The LDS Church’s SEO Efforts • Chiung Hwang Chen, Brigham Young University Hawaii • This paper examines the relationship between new media technologies and religious marketing. Specifically, it looks at how the LDS/Mormon Church employs Search Engine Optimization (SEO) techniques to influence online search results. The paper acknowledges the reasonable motivations behind and the ethical practice of the LDS Church’s SEO efforts; however, it also brings up philosophical questions about religions applying proactive/aggressive business marketing strategies. Perceptions of Media Trust and Credibility amongst Mormon College Students • Guy J. Golan, Syracuse University; Sherry Baker, Brigham Young University • Based on a wide body of media credibility research, the current study explores media credibility perceptions amongst a highly conservative and religious sample. A survey of Brigham Young University students reveals low assessments of media credibility across platform and specific news sources. The study point to higher assessments of traditional news sources over broadcast news sources. In addition, the study identifies participants concern over the potential of the mainstream news media to mislead individual from within and without the Mormon community. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our study and call for future research to further investigate the complex relationship between media credibility and religion. Religion, Affect and Cognition in Listener Contributions to NPR’s Talk of the Nation: Before, During and After 9/11. • Anna Turner; William Kinnally, University of Central Florida • Broadcast media often provide forums for public expression. This exploratory study sought to examine broadcast content to find support for Marx’s notion that religion is used as a tool to reduce suffering during a time of public crisis. Additionally, the project looked beyond the notion of religion to examine how affective and cognitive expressions evident in broadcasts of public’s voices differ in times of crisis. Public contributions to Talk of the Nation, a nationally broadcast, call-in talk show were analyzed using linguistic inquiry and word count software (LIWC). This longitudinal analysis included three week-long periods in the years before, during, and after 9/11. No differences were observed for expressions of religion or expressions of positivity. However, differences in expressions of negativity and cognitive processes were observed. Secular and Religious Press Framing of the Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill • Dave Ferman, University of Oklahoma • This study examines the differences in frames used by major American secular and religious publications in describing the controversy over the role American evangelists played in a bill introduced in the Ugandan parliament in October 2009 that would include the death penalty for some homosexuals. Fame analysis is also applied to study how the publications employed the hypocrisy topos, one of seven topoi descried by Silk as used by journalists in writing about religion and religious leaders. The findings indicate extensive differences between secular and religious publications, both in how they framed the evangelists’ influence on the bill and homosexuality in Africa, and how they employed the hypocrisy topos when looking at the messages that the evangelists used both before and after the bill was introduced and became a major topic of news reports and public debate in America and around the world. Seeking to understand interactivity in church websites • Matthew Broaddus • When people seek to express their faith it is now often online in a cyber faith setting. This quantitative study provides a brief summary of the trends facing modern churches in the U.S., presents literature on cyber interactivity and Diffusion of Innovation Theory, reviews previous academic research in the area of innovation adopted by churches, and presents the results of a content analysis conducted on church websites to understand what interactive features churches have adopted. State and national media coverage of Oklahoma’s proposed constitutional amendment outlawing the consideration of Sharia law in court decisions • Joel Kendall, Southwestern Oklahoma State University • This study analyzes state and national media coverage during Oklahoma’s November 2010 election season on a state constitutional amendment designed to ban the use of Sharia law in state courts. This study analyzes the way the media handled coverage of the issue before and immediately following the election. It analyzes six months of print and broadcast coverage of the debate surrounding the state question leading up to the November election and the 10 days following the election. It studies to what extent state and national news organizations educated potential voters and framed the debate in terms of level of attention to the debate, favorable or unfavorable opinion of the amendment, and explanation of issues involved. The researcher concluded that the proposed amendment received sparse coverage by both state and national newspapers, and that reader-submitted opinions comprised most of the state coverage. Furthermore, state or national media offered little discussion or explanation on the concept of sharia law in any articles leading up to the election. The Impact of Responsiveness and Conflict on Millennials’ Relationship with Religious Institutions • Richard Waters, North Carolina State University; Denise Bortree, Penn State University • Research continues to document a decline in the number of young adults affiliated to a religious institution; however, most measures of spiritual behavior indicate that Millennials reflect similar beliefs of previous generations. This study examines how institutional responsiveness and personal conflict with the religious institutions impact the relationship that Millennials have with organized religion. Through a survey of 284 young adults, this study found that Millennials evaluate their relationship with their religious institution favorably and that their involvement with religion can be predicted by how they evaluate this relationship. Additionally, structural equation modeling revealed that perceived personal conflict had a detrimental impact to the relationship while institutional responsiveness to Millennials helped restore the relationship. The Second Level Agenda Setting Effect of News Coverage of Islam in American Newspapers • Brian J. Bowe, Michigan State University; Shahira Fahmy, University of Arizona; Wayne Wanta, Oklahoma State University • Second level agenda setting offers a way of demonstrating the effects of news content by providing evidence that the attributes emphasized in news coverage become more salient in the minds of media consumers and more influential in terms of actual effects on opinions and attitudes. This study examines the substantive and affective attributes of the religion of Islam in coverage of 18 U.S newspapers and compares those attributes with results of a Gallup Center for Muslim Studies’ poll to determine whether the coverage of Islam in the media influences perception, as second-level of agenda-setting suggests. Two hypotheses were tested, and the analysis of media coverage of attributes linked to the “object” of Islam and public perceptions of Islam suggests little support for attribute agenda-setting. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4736 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/spig-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 19:09:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4740 Assessing Outcomes Using E-portfolios in Communication Courses: What Student Reflections in a Pilot Program Teach Us About Teaching • Steve Hill; Chang Wan Woo, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point; Rhonda Sprague; Mark Tolstedt • This study investigated whether student reflections that were part of an e-portfolio pilot project could help assess deeper learning. Qualitative analysis of 56 reflection papers from two communication courses revealed that students did appear to meet learning outcomes, but were unable to indicate learning in sufficiently detailed, articulate ways. The authors were able to use data from these reflections to reassess their own teaching and suggest instructional improvements that would lead to better long-term assessment of learning outcomes. Assessing the Teaching of Media Ethics in Small Programs • John Williams, Principia College • Higher education in American is under attack and one of the forms of the attack is the growing threat of the federal government to participate more fully in institutional accreditation. In response to the threat, regional accrediting bodies have been pushing for institutional self-assessment for the purpose of institutional improvement. The assessment movement, including outcomes-based assessment and performance assessment, is filtering down to the individual instructor and course level. This paper is an exploration of one instructor's attempt to design an assessment process, by which he can assess student change using an experimental method. The subject of the assessment is a course in media ethics. Assessing students over a seven year period, using his other classes as control groups, the instructor found that the course does cause changes in his students. However, the study raises troubling questions for the instructor, including, “Are these the changes that should happen?” Finally, the paper argues that journalism and mass communication educators must be prepared for assessment, both because it will be required and because it is integral to good teaching. Blogs as learning tools in journalism education • Amy DeVault, Wichita State University; Les Anderson, Wichita State University • This exploratory study looks at the use of class blogs in two college journalism classes. Attitudes on the use of the blog and usefulness of the blog from both instructors' perspectives and students' perspectives are discussed. Qualitative assessment of the data suggests the instructors and students found the blogs useful for collaboration, extending discussions beyond the classroom and improving the quality of work. Twitter's effects on student learning and social presence perceptions • Lakshmi N Tirumala, Texas Tech University; Jessica Smith, Texas Tech University • Social presence, the concept that individuals have a sense of others as “real people” in mediated communication, is a pivotal concept in online interaction and learning. Social presence theory suggests that social media tools, such as Twitter, should build community among groups such as students. This could affect how much students learn. In this study, participants in a quasi-experiment (N=76) completed supplemental class exercises either by conversing with classmates on Twitter or by individually writing essays. Participants who used Twitter had more positive perceptions of Twitter as a classroom tool, and these students had greater social comfort with their classmates. Twitter use for class discussion did not correlate with higher scores on objective questions testing students' memory of class content. What is needed vs. what is taught: A national survey of online journalism course instructors • Ying Roselyn Du, Hong Kong Baptist University; Ryan Thornburg • This study is a national survey of online journalism course instructors. It reports an overview of what is taught in online journalism classrooms and what instructors perceive important for students to prepare for online newsrooms. Attention was paid to journalism skills, duties, and concepts. Results show an online journalism education that is tied to traditional journalism in many ways, but is not merely a more technologically focused version of traditional journalism. Overall, the current online journalism education is training future journalists who must be well-versed in multi aspects of journalism and technology, rather than being specialized in one or two types of tasks. For online journalism educators and journalism program administrators, this report may help in developing the appropriate curriculum to prepare students to work in the field. For future online journalists, it will give an idea of which skills are most needed, which duties are most performed, and which concepts are most valued in the current online journalism profession. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4740 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/sports-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 19:15:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4745 Expressed, Written Consent: The Broadcast Industry and Sports Anti-Trust Legislation, 1953-1961 • Thomas Corrigan, Penn State • Though NFL Commissioner Rozelle undoubtedly facilitated the Sports Broadcasting Act’s quick passage and signing, these accounts tend to remove the bill from nearly a decade of relevant Congressional, legal and industry context. This paper attempts to shore up some of these gaps by closely examining the interests of and actions by broadcasters in the lead-up to and debate over the legislation. In light of the SBA’s long-term industry implications, the view of broadcasters and the NAB is an important side of the act that—up to this point—has received scant interest. Can Visual Complexity Impede Appreciation of Mediated Sports? • Glenn Cummins, Texas Tech University College of Mass Communications • Sports telecasts are frequently the showcase and testing ground for innovative broadcast technologies. One particularly novel example of this is ESPN’s coverage of college athletics via its multiscreen or mosaic format. This experiment demonstrates that although this format does not impede appreciation of game play, viewers nonetheless reported a more negative evaluation of this technique compared to a traditional broadcast. However, tentative evidence hints that appreciation of dull game play is enhanced by this format. The Ochocinco Brand: Social Media’s Impact on the NFL’s Institutional Control • Jacob Dittmer • The National Football League is mockingly dubbed the “No Fun League” by sports fans and critics who view the league’s hyper-regulatory nature as prohibiting expression and limiting player and fan choice. Chad Ochocinco has broken free of the league’s controls by developing a brand persona and identity that embraces his NFL player status and deploys social media in its construction. This paper examines the emergence of the “Ochocinco brand,” its development through mediated platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Reality TV), and its commodity forms (t-shirts, smart phone apps, cereal). By examining the political economy of the NFL institution and aspects of digital culture exemplified in social media, this paper explores the conflicts between old institutions of control and individual brands developed through social media. “They never do this to men”: College women athletes’ responses to sexualized images of professional female athletes • Tracy Everbach, University of North Texas; Jenny Mumah, University of North Texas • This study examined the reactions of college women athletes to mass media images of nude and scantily clad professional female athletes. Employing a qualitative process, the study sought to find how 18- to 22-year-old female athletes felt about the pressure on women to pose for sexualized photographs. This research is important because of the lack of media coverage of women’s sports and the mass media’s sexualization of women’s bodies. Using a feminist framework, the study found that such photos revealed athletes’ impressions of their own and others’ femininity, sexuality, gender differences and body image. The study found that college female athletes are well aware of the notion that “sex sells” and the commodification of women’s bodies in American society. Many were uncomfortable with this phenomenon and said it is unfair and perpetuates double standards for men and women. Others said sexualized images lead to negative body image and, perhaps, eating disorders. Some college athletes embraced the nude photos, maintaining they empowered women and showed off their femininity. An Everyday Issue: Examining race in baseball journalism • Patrick Ferrucci, U of Missouri; Melanie Buford, University of Missouri; Ashley Douglas; David Herrera, University of Missouri • Philomena Essed’s theory of everyday racism suggests that racism in America occurs subtly, even unnoticeably, but still affects our society in the same way overt racism does. This experiment examined whether everyday racism exists in baseball journalism. The findings suggest that everyday racism lurks in baseball journalism and that news consumers may not detect its presence or effects. Gender and Racial Source Bias in Sports Illustrated Kids, 2000-2009 • Ashley Furrow, Ohio University • Most studies of daily news reports have found evidence of substantial source bias, especially in the form of heavy reliance on European male societal elites for information (Brown, Bybee, Wearden, & Straughan, 1987; Hackett, 1985; Lasorsa & Reese, 1990). Source bias refers to the extent that journalists seek information from particular groups, which results in a limited range of perspectives and opinions about the news item or event. Such bias exists when people holding different points of view have limited or no opportunity to express those views or become part of the news process (Gans, 1979; Lee & Solomon, 1990; Sigal, 1973). This study conducted a content analysis of sources in feature articles (N=315) in Sports Illustrated Kids to determine whether the sources reflect actual participation rates in athletic competition based on gender and race. This study found that women continue to be vastly underrepresented within the magazine’s pages as dominant subjects and sources. Articles using men as sources vastly outnumber those using women as sources by a ratio of more than 5 to 1 (84.1% to 15.9%). Only 21.1% of feature articles were stories for which the dominant subject(s) were female athletes or female-specific sports teams, whereas men accounted for 78.9%. As far as a racial difference, only 30.9% of articles featured racial minority athletes as the dominant subject. Framing the concussion issue in the NFL: A content analysis of New York Times Coverage from 2001 to 2010 • Vernon Harrison, University of Alabama; Kenon A. Brown, The University of Alabama • The increase of concussions in the NFL has become a serious issue for not only the league, but for college and youth football programs as well. Using framing theory as the theoretical lens, this paper will examine the framing of the concussion issue in NFL. A content analysis was conducted of New York Times coverage of the issue from May 2001 until October 2010. Results show that the increase of concussions in the NFL has been identified, and possible causes and solutions have been given in the last two years. Results also show that the issue is being framed increasingly more as an organizational issue that needs to be addressed. Baseball’s digital disconnect: Trust, media credentialing, and the independent blogger • Avery Holton, University of Texas-Austin • Non-media affiliated sports blogs represent the largest contingent of sports blogs today, yet bloggers continue to face accessibility problems when it comes to coverage. Most professional sports teams employ media relations personnel who serve as gatekeepers, deciding who receives access and who does not. Such choices are often based on the abstract concept of trust, which this study focused on. The survey results from 126 professional baseball gatekeepers reinforce the fact that accessibility is most likely to restricted for bloggers, especially those not connected with a media outlet. However, this study sought to determine the differences, if any, between the levels of trust gatekeepers place in traditional news media and bloggers as well as how such disparities might impact accessibility. Antapologia on Steroids: How Newspapers Covered Andy Pettitte’s Apology and Roger Clemens’ Denials, 2007-2008 • Paul Husselbee, Southern Utah University; Kyle B. Heuett • This paper analyzes newspaper antapologia and valence in response to Andy Pettitte’s apology and Roger Clemens’ denials after both New York Yankees pitchers were accused of using performance-enhancing drugs in the 2007 Mitchell Report. Findings suggest that newspapers were more favorable or neutral toward Pettitte after his apology, but they were more unfavorable toward Clemens throughout his repeated denials. Thus, Pettitte’s strategy of mortification was more successful than Clemens’ strategy of defeasibility and blame-shifting. “What’s Wrong With Baseball?”: The Press and the Beginning of the Campaign to Desegregate Baseball” • Chris Lamb, College of Charleston • On February 5, 1933, columnist Heywood Broun of the New York World-Telegram called for the end of baseball’s color line in a speech at the annual meeting of the all-white New York Baseball Writers’ Association. This article examines newspaper coverage of Broun’s speech in black and white newspapers. The response to Broun in the black press is significant because it provides what is perhaps the beginning of the campaign to desegregate baseball. The Pittsburgh Courier, which published a series of articles on the issue of the color line in the weeks following Broun’s speech, became ground zero in the campaign to desegregate baseball. The newspaper’s interest in baseball was part of a larger crusade for racial equality in America. Behind the leadership of editor Robert L. Vann, the newspaper achieved prominence by condeming racial discrimination and reporting hate crimes against blacks. Vann’s formula, according to historian Roland Wolseley, was to confront racial discrimination whenever and wherever it appeared. “These campaigns were against Jim Crowism and discrimination against blacks in major league baseball,” Wolseley wrote, “two of the classic targets of papers out to fight for black rights." Between 1933 and 1945, the newspaper’s circulation increased from 46,000 to more than 260,000--more than a hundred thousand over its nearest rival, the Chicago Defender" Marion Jones and Michael Vick: Press Coverage on Their Journey of Redemption and Renewal • Pamela Laucella, IU School of Journalism; Kathryn Shea • Michael Vick and Marion Jones were elite football and track athletes at the pinnacles of their sports. Both lost reputations and respect and served prison time, before restoring their tarnished images and athletic careers. This research studies press coverage of both, beginning with Vick’s dogfighting charges and Jones’ charges for lying to federal prosecutors about doping and knowledge of a check-fraud scheme. It offers a longitudinal and comparative analysis with their comebacks in the NFL and WNBA, and elucidates the scandals and the intersecting worlds of sport, media, race, and gender. This research adds to work on the cultural impact of media and sport, reinforces the criminal-athlete discourse, and examines journalists’ use of master myths in describing athletes and events. Selling Sports Culture: A Narrative Analysis of Nike’s “Just Do It” Campaigns in the United States and China • Bethany Ray, University of Alaska Anchorage; Joy Chavez Mapaye, University of Alaska Anchorage • The advent of globalization, advancements in technology and mass communication, and an influx of consumerism have revolutionized strategic marketing and corporate communications. Consequentially, corporations face the challenge of adapting general branding messages to specific cultures and societies. This study explores elements of consumer psychology by applying a comparative narrative analysis to selected advertisements from Nike’s “Just Do It” campaign that aired in the United States and China during the last 5 years. Nike’s campaign employed hybridization tactics to integrate its corporate brand with cultural traits. The study found that by altering narrative structure and components, Nike was able to successfully market the “Just Do It” to both audiences, thus selling sports culture. I’m a Big Fan: Studying Media Dependency Among Fantasy Football, Baseball, and Basketball Owners • Greg Armfield, New Mexico State University; John McGuire, Oklahoma State University • This research study examined media dependency among fantasy sports owners (n=333) involving three popular U.S. professional sports (football, basketball and baseball). Results showed that fantasy football and fantasy baseball owners that desired to be successful (i.e., win their league) were found to have a high level of media dependency. Another finding showed that media dependency was high among fantasy football owners who wanted their own team to win even more than their favorite NFL team. Sports Department vs. News Department: Editorial Control in Television Newsrooms • Ray Murray, Oklahoma State University; Stan Ketterer; Mike Sowell, Oklahoma State University • This exploratory research study examined the attitudes of television sports directors (n=108) concerning editorial judgments made in covering local sports and how such judgments are supported by or come into conflict with other newsroom personnel. Findings included sports directors (a) believed their editorial judgments on stories were frequently questioned, and (b) had sports stories regularly reassigned to news personnel. John L. Griffith and the Commercialization of College Football Broadcasts in the Depression Era • Kathleen O’Toole, Pennsylvania State University • This study found that John L. Griffith, the first full-time commissioner of the Big Ten Conference, played a pivotal role in the expansion, commercialization and commodification of intercollegiate athletics in the Depression era. Echoing the “American Way” rhetoric of the radio industry in its battle to control broadcasting, Griffith positioned college football as a bulwark of capitalism and the antithesis of the emerging social welfare policies of the New Deal. Once the commercial radio industry successfully squeezed from the airwaves the educational broadcasters that had carried their own sports coverage, Griffith sought to forge a lucrative partnership between his conference and a national network. In aligning football’s interests and ideals with the competitive corporate ethos rather than the public service mission of public universities, Griffith helped to justify the commercialization of college football into the television age. In doing so, he also sowed the seeds for 21st century corporate/academic partnerships such as the Big Ten Network. Exploring Perception of Online Sport Commentary: An Affective Disposition Approach • Po-Lin Pan, Arkansas State University • This study aimed at examining whether exposure to the positive/negative comments on the win/loss of their favorite team would activate readers’ dispositions toward their favorite team and whether such disposition effects would dominate reader’s perceptions of online sport commentary. A two (the win of favorite team versus the loss of favorite team) by two (the positive commentary versus the negative commentary) within-subjects repeated measures experiment was designed to examine readers’ perceptions in terms of quality, credibility, representativeness. Results showed that the positive/negative commentaries on readers’ favorite team would be a stronger factor that impacted readers’ quality and credibility perceptions than the win/loss of readers’ favorite team. However, the positive/negative commentaries and the win/loss of the favorite team both did not lead readers’ representativeness perceptions. Public Relations Responsibility within NCAA Division I Athletics Departments: Understandings of Athletics Directors • Angela Pratt, Bradley University • The purpose of this paper is to address intercollegiate athletics directors’ understandings of responsibility for public relations within their departments. For this study, a qualitative approach was used: Twelve NCAA Division I ADs were interviewed, and their transcripts were analyzed using comparative analysis procedures. The findings show that the overall understanding of public relations to the participants is integrated impression management. Their overall understanding of public relations translated into a range of responsibility within their organizations for public relations. American News Magazine Framing of China and the 2008 Beijing Olympics • Sean Sadri, University of Florida • A content analysis was conducted to examine the coverage and framing of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games in two news magazines, Time and Newsweek. Athlete/team profiles and the impact on China were the most common story topics. However, articles about the impact on China or its government were much more negative in tone. Additionally, articles with an American agenda frame were predominantly positive in tone, while articles that framed China were primarily negative. Ambivalence on the front lines? Attitudes toward Title IX and women’s sports among Division I sports information directors • Marie Hardin, Penn State University; Erin Whiteside, University of Tennessee; Erin Ash, Penn State University • In light of the continued research assessing how dominant ideology is communicated via mediated sport, this study assess the attitudes of sports information directors (SIDs), arguably initial “gatekeepers” and thus critical players in shaping sports media messages. A random sample of Division I SIDs was surveyed on questions clustered around gender and sexuality issues. The results showed that Division I SIDs are likely to help gay athletes stay in the closet, although they express more progressive attitudes toward sexuality than sports journalists, who were similarly surveyed in 2009. The results also showed mixed support for women’s sports and Title IX, and strong support for a gendered division of labor that could be problematic for the future prospects of women in the profession. The authors use the survey to question assumptions that female SIDs will advocate on behalf of women’s sports, Title IX and other related issues. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4745 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/csw-2011-abstracts/ Tue, 28 Jun 2011 19:17:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4746 The Male Gaze and Online Sports Punditry: A Case Study of the Ines Sainz Controversy • Aidan Bryant, Syracuse University; Kenneth Merrill, Syracuse University; Emily Dolan, Syracuse University; Siying Chang, Syracuse University • On September 11th, 2010 Ines Sainz, a sports reporter for TV Azteca (a Spanish language Mexican network), was allegedly harassed by members of the New York Jets. Controversy erupted around the role of women in sports broadcasting and the myriad attendant dimensions involved, including issues of credibility, dominant beauty ideals, and the male gaze, among others. This case study assesses how sports blogs covered the controversy, using a combination of in-depth interviewing and textual analysis of four popular sports blogs. This study examines themes of the male gaze, credibility, the role of women in sports broadcasting, and the political/sexual economy of sports blogs. Sexual Messages in Black and White: A case study of Essence and Cosmo • Carolyn Byerly, Howard University; Rebecca Reviere, Howard University • The study examined the discourse on women’s sexual freedom as it appeared in the advice columns of two popular American magazines, Essence and Cosmopolitan -- the first oriented toward Black women, the second to White women. The study situated its concerns historically by asking whether the discourse in these columns reflected the tenets of second wave feminism, which advanced new tenets of women’s sexual liberation. Next, it sought to learn whether the discourse engaged sexual themes of transgression, pleasing the other and go-getting, as posed by Machin and Thornborrow. Black feminist theory and critical discourse analysis provided the theoretical framework and methodology. Findings revealed that readers of Essence are more likely to see tenets of sexual liberation embedded in advice columns, which give women a wider range of sexual choices than are those of Cosmo. Cosmo readers are more likely to be advised to excite and keep their men and to be more flexible if they stray. Don’t Call Me That: Examining the Discourse the Precedes the Term "Mommy Blogger" • Gina Masullo Chen, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University • A textual analysis of 29 women’s blog posts and 653 blog comments debating the meaning of the term mommy blogger reveals that these women feel the term reinforces women’s hegemonic normative role as nurturers, thrusting women into a virtual private sphere in the blogosphere. The use of mommy, versus mother, highlights this subjective norm, although some women pointed out the term was useful for marketing and creating a sense of community with other women online. An Analysis of Attributes Students Use to Describe Good Male and Female Instructors • Katie Clune, Rockhurst University • The purpose of this study was to analyze ways students describe those instructors they consider to be "good" instructors and to assess how well male and female instructors meet the expectations for a good instructor. Male instructors were more frequently described as engaging, focused on student learning, knowledgeable, and ethical. Female instructors were more frequently described as caring, helpful, and friendly than their male counterparts. Results indicate students may have gendered expectations for their instructors. "Vicious assault shakes Texas town:" The politics of gender violence in The New York Times’ coverage of a schoolgirl’s gang rape • Meenakshi Durham, University of Iowa • This paper analyzes public discourse around The New York Times coverage of the gang rape of a schoolgirl in Cleveland, Texas. After the story broke, bloggers, commentators and editorial writers launched searing critiques of the story’s victim-blaming and sexist perspective. Using critical textual analysis, this study analyzes the ways in which feminist media scholarship formed an implicit framework for the response. The analysis revealed that lay critics examined sourcing, language use, and racial stereotyping to dissect and dissent with The Times’ reportage. The paper reflects on feminist praxis as it is articulated in online media to bring about changes to a rape culture. Women to Watch speak out: Looking behind the curtain of mentoring, networking and gender • Kali Flewellen, University of North Texas; Sheri Broyles, University of North Texas; Jean Grow, Marquette University • Senior women in advertising from Advertising Age’s 1997 to 2009 Women to Watch lists were asked open-ended questions about the award. A content analysis of responses identified thematic categories pointing to the importance of mentors and networks for women. Parity in the workplace and whether the “Plexiglas” ceiling is still firmly in place are also discussed. Rich verbatim comments give insights to both the past and hope for the future for women in advertising. Paying Her Dues: The Early Career of Pioneering Broadcaster Pauline Frederick • Marilyn Greenwald, Ohio University • By the time she died in 1990 at 84, Pauline Frederick had been the first women to broadcast news from overseas and the first women to cover the United Nations as a fulltime beat. By the time she was 39, Frederick had extensive newspaper, syndicate and radio experience, but she was still hired only as a stringer in an era and an industry that marginalized women. This paper examines her early career and outlines how she persevered and navigated a male-dominated industry to become a pioneering journalist. "Ronald Reagan in Heels": How Tea Party "Mama Grizzlies" Framed Gender and Public Issues in the 2010 U.S. Mid-Term Election • Jaesik Ha, Indiana University • This study examined how, in the 2010 election, female Tea Party candidates frequently attacked both the "femininity" of male candidates and some of President Obama’s policies, such as immigration and health care. It used a discourse analysis of news media interviews with female Tea Party candidates, as well as the candidates’ television debates, campaign advertisements and web-site content during the course of the mid-term election of 2010. One salient tactic by female Tea party candidates was to attack the manhood of their opponents. A second, recurring strategy favored by female tea partiers was to construct a public persona linked to widely known conservative luminaries in order to appeal to voters. They purposefully tried to depict themselves as disciples of Ronald Reagan and of Sarah Palin. By doing so, they framed themselves as determined, strong, and courageous politicians. The tactical choice to align their public personas with Reagan and to become Palinesque "mama grizzlies" came from their judgment that such personas could be advantageous to their campaigns. Also, even though female Tea Party candidates expressed strong opposition to government intervention, they nonetheless advocated the state’s involvement in individuals’ private lives in moral and cultural issues such as abortion and gay rights. This study shows that the campaign by female Tea Party candidates in the 2010 election was driven by not "women’s" issues, but by the economic distress felt by the American public. The Symbolic Annihilation of Women in Globalization Discourse: The Same Old Story in U.S. Newsmagazines • Dustin Harp, University of Texas at Austin; Summer Harlow, University of Texas at Austin; Jaime Loke, University of Oklahoma • This quantitative and qualitative analysis of Time and Newsweek explores how women are incorporated into a globalization discourse that often is seen as a masculinized public sphere. Results indicate that while female journalists integrate women into the news more than their male counterparts, females are invisible in globalization coverage. When discussing female empowerment via globalization, it is through an economic lens with an eye to the impact on women’s traditional roles as wives and mothers. What’s the Problem? Newspapers Explain Global Sex Trafficking • Anne Johnston, School of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Barbara Friedman, School of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Autumn Shafer, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This study content analyzed all sex trafficking-related stories appearing in major U.S. print news sources in 2009. A total of 281 news articles were analyzed for the differences occurring in stories that focused on the domestic aspect of sex trafficking from those that focused on transnational dimensions of trafficking. Findings indicated that transnational stories were more likely to cover a range of solutions, causes and consequences to sex trafficking than did domestic focused stories. Feminist pornography as cultural variation: Using Judith Butler to analyze its potential for resistance • Rachael Liberman, University of Colorado at Boulder • The following paper takes up an analysis using the work of feminist philosopher Judith Butler—specifically Gender Trouble (1990), Bodies That Matter (1993), and The Psychic Life of Power (1997)—as a point of entry for analyzing the work of feminist pornography as resistance. Butler’s commitment to the deconstruction of normative assumptions concerning gender and sexuality, as well as her related conceptualizations of subjectivity, performance, and cultural intelligibility offer an alternative to the long-standing argument that feminist pornography is either a "good" or "bad" project for feminism. As feminists have begun to embrace the postmodernist ideas, a trend easily identified in third wave feminism and navigations though identity politics, it should follow that feminist praxis, such as feminist pornography, should be analyzed in a similar fashion. Butler (1993) points out that gender and sexuality as not static conditions of the body, but are rather processes of materialization or intelligibility that are informed by changing cultural conditions (p. 2). The questions therefore become: Where does feminist pornography fit within the "matrix of gender relations?" (p. 7). To what extent does feminist pornography disrupt the process of sexual norm stabilization? And finally, why does feminist pornography matter for feminism? In order to answer these questions as well as provide a general analysis of feminist pornography vis-à-vis Judith Butler’s theories on performance, subjectivity, and materialization, this paper will analyze the work of three feminist pornographers: Candida Royalle, Tristan Taormino, and Joanna Angel. Gender Stereotypes and Citizen Journalism: Exploring what effect, if any, gender match has on story credibility for citizen journalism and staff written news • Hans Meyer, Ohio University • Researchers have suggested that gender stereotypes help determine the credibility of news stories, but the Internet may help mitigate that effect, especially for citizen journalism. Through an online experiment that manipulates story authorship - either staff or audience - and the author’s gender, this study suggest other cues on the Web have more of an effect than gender for staff written stories. Audience written stories appeal and are more credible to women if they are written by other women. This reflects that citizen journalism sites work as an alternative to traditional media online. Feminist Media Literacy and Underserved Girls • Micah Carpender; Leigh Moscowitz, College of Charleston • This project reports on the results of a semester-long feminist critical media literacy initiative targeting underserved fourth- and fifth-grade girls at a Title I school in South Carolina. The goal of this project - an after-school club for girls- was to help students think critically about their relationships with and responses to media messages, particularly in terms of race, gender, and class. Specifically, this club aimed to privilege girls’ voices, experiences, and agency by culminating with the girls’ own media production, zines (hand-made, hand-distributed booklets based around the girls’ own interests and experiences). This study assesses this initiative using the scholarly frameworks of media studies, girls’ studies and feminist critical media literacy. Through examining before and after focus group interviews conducted with participants and analyzing the content of their zines, we ascertain what effect the initiative had on girls’ self-image, critical thinking skills, and media relationships. This study thus provides media educators, scholars, and activists with a case study of the effects of feminist media literacy and cultural production on underserved girls of color. Ultimately, our findings both emphasize the need for feminist critical media literacy education and cultural production and articulate its pedagogical challenges. It is our hope that our assessment of this project will function as a starting point, encouraging educators and activists to continue creating and practicing relevant and meaningful forms of critical media pedagogy with girls. Anorexia on the Internet: A Look at the Pro-Ana Community Through Feminist, Social Comparison, and Uses and Gratifications Theories • Rachelle Pavelko, University of Memphis • "Pro-ana" refers to those who view anorexia nervosa as a "lifestyle choice" rather than a disease, and is a community rooted within social networking. A thorough review of feminist, social comparison, and uses and gratifications theories was conducted and applied to both pro-ana participants and websites. A content analysis was then executed to determine which females are more prone to join the pro-ana community, and what types of information are available through the websites. Gender and power at the crossroads: Examining the nexus of gender and power in public relations • Katie Place, Saint Louis University • This qualitative study of 45 women public relations practitioners in the United States examined how gender and power intersect in the public relations industry. One research question was posed: What are the intersections of gender and power in public relations for women practitioners? Results suggest that gender and power intersect through gendered appearances, management style, women’s bonding together for power, expectations and stereotypes, and women’s self-realization and choices. This study contributes to the body of public relations and gender scholarship by illustrating that gender and power are inherently intersectional and forged through discourse, socialization and resulting solidified stereotypes, expectations and workplace standards. Ultimately, gender and power exist in a push-pull system of simultaneous empowerment and oppression. The Gendering of Weight-Loss Advertisements in the Beginning of the Obesity Age • Deanna Pogorelc, Ohio University • A content analysis of more than 400 weight-loss advertisements published in men’s and women’s magazines between 2001 and 2005 revealed that weight-loss advertising demonstrated patterns of gendered stereotypes and may contribute to weight problems in the United States by driving a preoccupation with food and flaunting idealized male and female bodies. Coverage of Domestic Violence: A Pilot Study • Megan Ward, Therese Lueck and Heather Walter, The University of Akron • Mediated reality that draws on cultural myths for gendered narratives reinforces patriarchy. This study explores the coverage of domestic violence as a culturally constructed journalistic narrative. A research team assessed journalism students’ understanding of domestic violence before and after presentations and workshops. Overall, the students showed a heightened awareness of domestic violence and an ability to discern the quality of journalistic practices in its coverage. A False Start, a Heavy Burden and Hugs: A Study of the Female "Firsts" in Newspaper Management • Kimberly Voss, University of Central Florida; Lance Speere, University of Central Florida • This is an examination of the promotions and the aftermath for three significant women in newspaper management: Gloria Biggs, Carol Sutton and Janet Chusmir. Their stories are important to understand how progress was made and how it was slowed. It also provides perspectives about the different paths to management for women. To truly understand the time period, this study will also address the intersection of these women’s careers with feminism. Material was drawn from interviews with former colleagues and family members, media coverage of their promotions, archival materials for Biggs and an oral history for Sutton. From Inept Intruders to Suspicious Sex Vixens: The Problem of Heterosexuality in Sports Information • Erin Whiteside, University of Tennessee • This research expands on the ways sexuality as a discourse can be understood as an expression of power with a specific effect on women through the exploration of what I call the problem of heterosexuality. As deviants in the space of sports, women stand before a constant “panoptical gaze” (Bartky, 1988). Their presence is questioned and their motives are framed as suspect, two concepts explored in this research. In escaping the lesbian stigma, women may earn acceptance from men and freedom from suspicion regarding their sexuality. Yet, that acceptance may result in a cost to their professional credibility in the form of sexual harassment and suspicion regarding their ethics and virtue as SIDs. Ultimately, in proving their heterosexuality, women must also manage it in a way as to not invite unwanted advances or the perception that their presence in sports information is the product of unethical motives in the form of a desire to meet men. I conclude this article by arguing that sexuality discourses are problematic for women in that female SIDs find themselves in a kind of maze with no way out: Their presence raises constant questions about their sexuality that forces women into a constant state of angst about their appearance and public presentation. Culture Changes as Reflected in Portrayals of Women in Chinese Magazines Published in Three Eras • Yue Yin, Iowa State University • This study examines how women’s roles and gender were portrayed in magazines published during three epochs of Chinese history: before, during, and after the Cultural Revolution. A content analysis and discourse analysis of articles that discussed the role of women and gender were conducted to determine and describe the most commonly occurring frames applied over time. The findings suggest more attention to the combined impact of the mainstream culture and sub-cultures on media content. << 2011 Abstracts]]> 4746 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/06/plenary/ Wed, 29 Jun 2011 18:39:41 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4793 AEJMC Plenary — Grade inflation: Does ‘B’ stand for ‘Bad’? (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, July 2011 issue) Grade inflation. Now that’s a prickly subject. Some cite the Vietnam War as the beginning of grade inflation. Students – and professors – were rebelling against the war, and grades were raised so young men could avoid the draft by maintaining their student deferment. Others point to graduate programs where a “C” is a failing grade, a standard which may have passed down to undergraduates. Every faculty member has a story. There’s the “My parents paid for an A” saga. Really, I had a student say that. My response: “I think you owe your parents a refund.” I was new to teaching and, perhaps, too honest. But that was the mentality at the private university where I was teaching at the time. Now I realize it was a push for grade inflation. Grade inflation – that upward shift in GPAs without a similar shift in what was learned – seems to be systemic. And wherever the grade inflation debate surfaces, many questions bubble up. Why are grades inflated? Do we, as faculty, fear poor student evaluations? Or do we have so many spinning plates that we can’t spend the time grading – and giving detailed feedback – to justify lower grades? Is an “A” the trophy entitled millennials expect for showing up, similar to the trophies they received in elementary school for being on the team, no matter the record? Is the earned grade worth the harassment from students – and sometimes their helicopter parents? Do you wait until the last minute to post your grades, then bolt from campus before anyone can find you? Even more basic, does grade inflation exist? Or are reports of grade inflation inflated? The Standing Committee on Teaching has been kicking the grade inflation topic around and realizes this is an issue for all of us – whether you’re in a public or a private school, a big or a small program. We plan to tackle the grade inflation quagmire in our plenary session titled The Lake Woebegone effect: Are all our students above average? The session will kick off with Stuart Rojstaczer, a Ph.D. from Stanford and former Duke University professor who is the founder of GradeInflation.com, a website that publishes research on grading. Dr. Rojstaczer has written extensively about higher education, including articles in The New York Times, The Washington Post and The Chronicle of Higher Education. In addition, a panel also will share perspectives on grade inflation – as junior and senior faculty, as an administrator and as a student. Then we’ll open the floor for Q&A so you can join in the discussion. We hope you’ll learn both the myths and facts associated with grade inflation. For example, do tough teachers receive bad student evaluations? Or higher? Is rigorous grading related to how much our students learn? If students work, and have less time to study, are their grades higher or lower? And we’ll address other concerns: What will my chair and dean think of me if I’m tough? Will they support me, or cave to student demands? Should we expect more of our students? Should our classes be more rigorous? Will they meet the challenge? This is especially relevant to those of us in journalism and mass communication programs. What do we teach in journalism? Writing. Above all else, we are writers. And to be a writer you have to be a critical thinker that requires complex reasoning. So we, professors of journalism, have a tough job. You’ll hear solid advice gleaned from other experts that will point the way to possible solutions. Don’t miss this thought-provoking plenary session at 10 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. on Thursday, August 11. We anticipate a packed house and hope you’ll join the conversation. Now for a bit of wisdom from a cartoon that’s taped to the wall of our copy room. The name of the strip is missing, but the message is clear. The setting is the exchange between a young student and a person sweeping the floor.

Student:                “Isn’t the customer always right?” Reply:                    “Right.” Student:                “So Mrs. Olsen is always wrong and I’m always right.” Reply:                    “Wrong.” Student:                “I’m the student! I’m the customer!” Reply:                    “Wrong.” Student:                “I’m the product, aren’t I?” Reply:                    “Right.”

We want our students – the products of our programs – to be the writers and thinkers for the next generation. We hope this plenary strengthens your understanding of why “tough is good” – leading to stronger “products” for a better future. By Sheri Broyles, Chair University of North Texas AEJMC Teaching Committee << Teaching Corner ]]> 4793 0 0 0 http://www.aejmcstlouis.org/home/schedule Tue, 19 Jul 2011 16:36:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4820 4820 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/08/plenary-session11/ Thu, 04 Aug 2011 18:32:43 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4847 Lake Wobegon Meets Grade Inflation: Are All Our Students Above Average? 2011 Conference • St. Louis, Missouri Teaching Resources (PDFs)

• Stuart Rojstaczer's PowerPoint: Grade Inflation in American Higher Education
• Grade Inflation: Recommended Resources

<< Teaching Resources]]> 4847 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/09/thwarting-trouble/ Thu, 22 Sep 2011 19:39:43 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=5334 Thwarting Trouble: Creating an ethical foundation through a good syllabus and meaningful conversation (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, September 2011 issue) Looking back at some of my Indiana University undergraduate syllabi from the late 1960s and early 1970s, I see how much the world of syllabus-making has changed. In those days, professors provided a single sheet that gave their names, titles (sometimes; mine generally just said things like Mr. Lohmann, rarely “Professor” or “Dr.”), office-hour info and a description of the course. Dates were noted with a two- or three-word phrase to let students know what the topic of the week would be. Abbreviated reading lists were included, as well. A purplish-blue page from the mimeo machine was all we got, and we did just fine. My courses were, in fact, awfully good. These days, our syllabi are more like term papers. We include descriptions of the course; ACEJMC values and competencies; elaborate schedules that include readings, viewings, assignments and more; often a paragraph promoting our own great achievements; an every-growing section about classroom rules and behavior (turn off cell phones, don’t surf the Web, be civil to one and all); and a section about academic misconduct (sometimes called “academic integrity”). It’s this last item that I address here: how to provide your students with an adequate mix of support and threat regarding the rules of academic and professional endeavors. Support to learn the difference between acceptable and unacceptable practices; threat, to understand the consequences of screwing up. Academic misconduct, as it is usually defined, covers a range of issues. At IU, the Code of Student Rights and Responsibilities includes sections on cheating, plagiarism, fabrication, interference, violation of course rules and facilitating academic misconduct. I think there are a number of ways to set the stage at the beginning of the semester and then to reinforce lessons during the term. Nothing’s failsafe, but here are some ideas. 1. Use your syllabus to define the terms and clarify policies. As a written document handed out at the beginning of the term, the syllabus may later provide you with support you need. (“Recall the section on the syllabus that addresses plagiarism?” you may find yourself asking a student at term paper time.) 2. Make sure you yourself have reviewed the campus misconduct definitions and policies. Make sure you are clear about your own unit’s policies. Refer to both in your syllabus. 3. Include, too, the ACEJMC Values and Competency statement (#4) that speaks to ethics and integrity: — “all graduates should be aware of ... And able to demonstrate an understanding of professional ethical principles and work ethically in pursuit of truth, accuracy, fairness and diversity.” Presumably this will be one of a number of the values and competencies you include on your syllabus. 4. Spend some time in class on Day 1 or Day 2 talking about the importance of doing your own work and making sure to reference the work of those from whom you borrow information. Use real examples from the journalism world and from academics to make your points. Talk about why students and why journalists may be tempted to take shortcuts. Provide suggestions for reducing those temptations and dealing with time and grade pressures that are likely the root of temptation. 5. In your talk, make sure your students know that your job is not that of prison warden. Rather, you are there to help them understand and succeed. Provide avenues for them to talk with you privately, or in class, and to have you preview their work BEFORE a deadline. 6.  Refer students to Web sites that can help them. (The Teaching & Learning program at my university - teaching.iub.edu/policies_misconduct.php?nav=policies -  has a good site, which includes definitions, tips for instructors and links to other useful sites.) If your campus has Turnitin (turnitun.com) or another software program that detects plagiarism, make your students aware of the program. Consider bringing in an expert to show them how to make the program work for, and not against, them. 7.  Depending on the class, create an assignment that has students investigate cases of journalistic or academic misconduct. A colleague of mine has reporting students choose from a list she has created of journalistic transgressors. Each student prepares a short presentation for class that describes the case and the consequence. Alternatively, sending students on a Google search to “academic misconduct” or something more specific such as “internet plagiarism” will yield a class period full of examples and opportunities for exploring issues. A Google search for “news about academic misconduct” yields a host of examples, from college football players (and sometimes their coaches) to college provosts to journalists for small and large news organizations. I’ve never been as confident as some colleagues that one can construct assignments that render misconduct impossible. In any case, the real world we are sending our graduates into is filled with temptations to skirt the rules. To me, our campus classrooms are as good a place as any to provide a solid ethical foundation. By Bonnie J. Brownlee, Indiana University, AEJMC Teaching Committee << Teaching Corner]]> 5334 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/09/aejmc-2011-resolutions/ Thu, 29 Sep 2011 17:04:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=5465 AEJMC Members approved four resolutions during the 2011 Convention in St. Louis, MO.

• Resolution One: To Recognize and Honor Pamella Price, AEJMC Membership/Subscription Manager, for her 25 Years of Service to AEJMC.
• Resolution Two: To Recognize and Honor Lillian Coleman, JMC Quarterly and JMC Educator Production Manager, for her 25 Years of Service to AEJMC.
• Resolution Three: To affirm the ethical practice of journalism and mass communication in a global age.

<< AEJMC Resolutions]]> 5465 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/09/resolution-one-2011/ Thu, 29 Sep 2011 17:14:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=5471 Resolution One to the General AEJMC Membership: To Recognize and Honor Pamella Price, AEJMC Membership/Subscription Manager, for her 25 Years of Service to AEJMC. Pamella Price started work for AEJMC in February 1986. Whereas, as Membership/Subscription Manager, Pam is responsible for processing all membership materials and renewals, outside journal subscriptions and journal claims as well as maintaining all association databases; Whereas, Pam also works with the Membership Committee to develop ideas for increasing membership and enhancing membership services; Whereas, in recognition of the valuable contributions she has made to the members both formally and informally; Therefore, be it resolved that: The members of Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) formally recognize and commend Pamella Price for her dedicated service these past 25 years. << 2011 Resolutions]]> 5471 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/09/resolution-two-2011/ Thu, 29 Sep 2011 17:29:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=5477 Resolution Two to the General AEJMC Membership: To Recognize and Honor Lillian Coleman, JMC Quarterly and JMC Educator Production Manager, for her 25 Years of Service to AEJMC. Lillian started full-time work with AEJMC in September 1986. Whereas, her proofreading skill, attention to detail and keen eye have enhanced the quality of both JMC Quarterly and JMC Educator for many years; Whereas, Lillian’s even disposition and helpful attitude working with authors and scholars through the years have made publishing with our journals a pleasant experience; Whereas, in recognition of the importance of Lillian’s tireless service to the Association, and in recognition of the valuable contributions she has made to the members both formally and informally; Therefore, be it resolved that: The members of Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) formally recognize and congratulate Lillian Coleman for her extraordinary and dedicated service these past 25 years. << 2011 Resolutions]]> 5477 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/09/resolution-three-2011/ Thu, 29 Sep 2011 17:34:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=5482 Resolution Three: To affirm the ethical practice of journalism and mass communication in a global age. 2011 Conference, St. Louis The London-based newspaper, News of the World, published since 1843, was closed this year by its owners, the Murdochs, as a consequence of the scandal involving the newspaper’s unethical and illegal actions involving both the hacking of a 13-year-old murder victim’s cell phone account and payment to Scotland Yard for information. Whereas, hacking into online or cell phone accounts of citizens, victims of crime or others under investigation damages the credibility of journalism and violates privacy rights; Whereas, it is unethical to compensate sources for interviews, purchase gifts for sources, or pay for other unpublished material; Whereas, checkbook journalism damages the credibility of journalism; Whereas, blatant disregard for the ethical practices and standards of journalism not only erodes the credibility of media, but it also creates an incentive for sources to falsify information in the hopes of potential payment or other benefit from media; Therefore, be it resolved that: The members of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) formally affirm the ethical practice of journalism and mass communication in a global and digital era, and condemn all such ethical breaches wherever committed. << 2011 Resolutions]]> 5482 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/11/100years/ Mon, 07 Nov 2011 20:07:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=5672 (Excerpt from AEJMC President, Linda Steiner's November 2011 column, New Projects…and New Ways to Contribute.)

Download and Mail the Form OR Make Your Donation Online

]]> 5672 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/11/2011-12-bridge-grant-recipients/ Tue, 08 Nov 2011 14:25:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=5695 Building a Bridge Between the Knight News Challenge and JMC Programs Through a grant from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, AEJMC has funded ten proposals to develop innovative and creative academic applications of projects already funded through the Knight News Challenge.  The goal is to implement these projects in ways that enhance the education of future journalists for the new media landscape.  Individual grants are up to $8,000 each. Questions? Contact Jennifer McGill at AEJMCHQ@aol.com or 803-798-0271.  

Recipients of 2011-12 Bridge Grants  (alpha)

1. Ingrid Bachmann and Sebastian Valenzuela, Universidad Catolica de Chile; (Ushahidi) “Adopting Ushahidi for Crowdsourcing and Data Visualization: New Paths for Event-mapping in Chile”
2. Peter (Piotr) Bobkowski, University of Kansas;  (Printcasting/FeedBrewer) “Kansas.com High School News Feed”
3. Serena Carpenter and Nancie Dodge, Arizona State University;  (CityCircles) “CityCircles Light Rail Job Classifieds”
4. Julie Jones and John Schmeltzer, University of Oklahoma; (Ushahidi) “Reporting from the Storm”
5. Jacqueline Marino, Kent State University; “OpenBlock Campus”
6. Ray Murray, Oklahoma State University; (DocumentCloud) “In-depth Reporting of Methamphetamine Production and Abuse in Oklahoma”
7. Cindy Royal and Jacie Yang, Texas State University San Marcos; (VIDI) “Telling Stories with Data: Life at a Hispanic Serving University”
8. Hyunjin Seo, University of Kansas. (OpenBlock) “LarryvilleKU: Web and Mobile Application of OpenBlock to The Kansan”
9. Adam Wagler, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; (BookBrewer,Politiwidgets, DocumentCloud) “Photojournalism and Social Engagement Tablet App”
10. Amy Schmitz Weiss, San Diego State University; (Ushahidi) “@SDSU — Where’s the News?”

 ]]> 5695 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/11/fun-classroom/ Fri, 11 Nov 2011 18:01:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=5811 Fun in the Classroom? Seriously, Here’s How (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, November 2011 issue) Part of my job as an associate dean is to mentor junior faculty about teaching. As a professional school, many of our hires come from industry and the transition from running a meeting to running a classroom can be trying. So each August, I join a colleague to discuss teaching tips with our Future Professoriate Program. My talk focuses on identifying classroom management pitfalls and setting strict parameters. Be tough at the beginning. Set high expectations. Tell them your pet peeves (texting! stapling! tardiness!) and don’t let them off the hook if they break your rules. And, as I was wrapping up the talk this time, I realized I sounded like a big pain in the butt. Graciously, my colleague reassured the group that I was indeed, an excellent teacher, having won a few teaching awards in my time. And even though I sound really tough, the students love me. Why would they, I thought, based on the picture I had just painted? And then I realized I left out half the story. I used the time I had to discuss rules, but I didn’t tell my new professors about the creative assignments, fun stories and occasional oddball things I do in class to nurture learning. These memorable moments are intended to help them learn. While I believe strong structure is very important, so are laughter, inspiration and understanding. Think of my approach as salty-sweet. To wit, I offer some examples: I teach a class in media buying and sales. For a group sales presentation project, students have to invite me very creatively to the presentation or I tell them I will not show up and they will get a 0. This is real life…if I am a super-busy client, I won’t make time for a sales rep unless they pique my interest. I tell my students not to spend a lot of money or scare me, but otherwise any idea is fair game. They just need to invite me in a way that shows off the medium they are selling, and be inventive. They have planted billboards in my front lawn at 2 a.m. (accompanied by my barking collie when they set off the sensor lights); shown up 10 minutes before my then-favorite Desperate Housewives show with a dinner tray, promotional ABC placemats, wine and cheese; met me immediately outside a faculty meeting for a taste test, an event enjoyed by several trailing faculty members; and plastered the revered I.M. Pei-built Newhouse I with floor graphics up three flights of stairs and through my hallway. Humor helps memory, but it must be used with care, and not as a put-down. Sarcasm can work, but it’s a fine line to walk. Self-deprecating humor strengthens the connection with your class. While describing how the size of the Super Bowl-viewing audience is measured, I relate how I am a Buffalo Bills fan and suffered terribly through their string of four consecutive Super Bowl losses, finally resorting to watching the game by myself. Now no self-respecting advertising person watches the Super Bowl alone (that’s just lame!); it’s supposed to be a party. The anecdote gets my students to question the process and accuracy of Nielsen estimates. I try to design in-class examples that drive home key messages. To explain how the appeal of radio station formats change with age, I have students write down the following: what song was No. 1 when a) they graduated high school b) they were a freshman in high school and c) when they were 10. Billboard has the answers, which I download from iTunes and play in class. Usually their 10-year-old song is already on Adult Contemporary radio. Last semester it was Janet Jackson. I do my best impersonation of her dance moves (sans wardrobe malfunction), which apparently is quite comical, judging by the tweets I’ve seen from students. One day soon, I tell them, one of their favorite high school songs will be on an AC station and it will freak them out. It will be one short step to the groovin’ oldies station, and then when they hit 45, they will listen to only news and their life will be over. They groan and instantly relate it to their family members, but are only mildly depressed as they are still busy laughing at my dancing. I also play the three songs for my age and, happily for me, they can still recognize the No. 1 hit when I was 10: Midnight Train to Georgia. Woo-hoo! Of course, this only cements in their mind that oldies stations are for old people. Now not every teacher should perform silly dance moves in front of their class, because the first rule of good instruction is that each teacher must work in a way that is true to that teacher’s own personality and core self. But every teacher should be on the lookout for ways to bring energy to the classroom and make memorable moments that foster learning. By Amy P. Falkner, Syracuse University, AEJMC Teaching Committee << Teaching Corner]]> 5811 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/12/incorporating-diversity/ Wed, 07 Dec 2011 13:14:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6015 Incorporating “Diversity” into Course Curricula and Class Discussions (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, January 2012 issue) A study at the University of Maryland found that multicultural classroom contexts offered a broader range of ideas and perspectives that generated more complex thinking among students. Students and faculty involved in the multicultural classrooms believed that the experience made a positive impact on students’ cognitive and personal development because it challenged stereotypes and developed critical thinking skills. But what if there is no multicultural classroom available? What about the majority of higher education environments that are predominantly homogenous in their student populations and in instructor demographics? What can instructors do to perhaps gain some of the same learning benefits but in a classroom that has little diversity among its students? A classroom that incorporates diversity is one that represents the diverse voices that inform a professional or scholarly field for student consideration and critique. There are various ways, both subtle and obvious, that allow instructors to represent this diversity in curriculum design, in selection of texts, and in decisions regarding guest speakers, assignments and lectures. I offer a few suggestions below. First, there are various forms and types of diversity that can be embraced within a course’s curriculum and in class discussions. For example, if in one class, diversity is discussed mainly as different national perspectives, consider emphasizing for next class gender and religion and how these identities are represented in the day’s topic. If diversity is reflected as racial and ethnic difference in one discussion, for another discussion think about how to represent diverse political ideology and international perspectives. Stay open to the various ways of thinking differently and the ways that being different can assist students in feeling comfortable to talk about their differing perspectives on readings and lectures. Second, there are complexities that should be recognized within groups of people that are typically considered “diverse.” For example, African Americans are sometimes discussed as a monolithic category that includes individuals with similar characteristics. However, the various backgrounds and cultures that comprise “African American” can be part of the classroom discussion. Being careful to illustrate the diverse voices and identities within any cultural group discussed encourages students to see others in the same light as they see themselves. Third, consider implementing a self-governing set of rules on establishing diversity in each of the following: readings; guest speakers; assignments; lectures and presentations; and in-class activities and discussion. Instructors frequently set up rubrics and guidelines for students when considering how to evaluate and grade student work; instructors can initiate rubrics for their own selection of readings and designing of assignments, etc., based on criteria measuring diversity. One system that can be implemented and measured might be based on percentage of voices represented. For readings, for example, many popular textbooks and journal articles are authored by white Americans and Europeans. When selecting readings, instructors may decide that only 40% of readings for a course will derive from white American authors; 30% will be international; 30% will be female, etc. Of course, the percentages may be limited by access and by language, but the strategy offers a way to purposively attend to diversifying the perspectives that can be introduced to students. Fourth, a somewhat hidden opportunity for change is in considering the terminology and language used in course materials and in lectures. Instructors may not be aware of the subtle ways that word use can reinforce norms of exclusion or of legitimacy. Mainstream norms for research and for professional practices play out through terminology, such as a legitimacy of quantitative methodology over other methodologies, acceptance of masculine pronouns, and socioeconomic markers in case studies and visual presentations. Consider the assumptions that might be reflected in these and other examples of visuals and readings used in a course. Finally, diversity can also be incorporated into a classroom spontaneously during class time through discussions and exercises. Instructors may encourage students to consider other alternative explanations and perspectives. Probes might be one way to do this: “What is another way to interpret [the reading]?” “How do you think others might interpret what you said?” There are several other ways to strategically and sensitively incorporate diverse perspectives into journalism and mass communication curriculum, and many universities offer their own committees or guidelines on multicultural instruction. Just a few examples of web resources include: 1) the “Diversity Web” site of the Association of American Colleges and Universities (http://www.diversityweb.org/index.cfm); 2) the National Lesbian & Gay Journalists Association has an “Educators Toolbox” to offer resources for faculty (http://www.nlgja.org/education/toolbox.htm); and 3) AEJMC’s own Teaching Resources page that offers materials and strategies to improve teaching and address classroom challenges (http://www.aejmc.org/home/resources/teaching-resources/). By Linda Aldoory, University of Maryland, AEJMC Teaching Committee << Teaching Corner]]> 6015 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/glbt-2007-abstracts-2/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 14:48:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6147 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 6147 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/geig-2007-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 14:58:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6152 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 6152 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/icig-2007-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 15:06:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6157 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 6157 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mdig-2007-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 15:11:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6162 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 6162 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/rmig-2007-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 15:17:11 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6167 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 6167 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/sci-2007-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 15:21:00 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6171 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 6171 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/spig-2007-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 15:34:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6176 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 6176 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/csw-2007-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 15:46:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6181 << 2007 Abstracts]]> 6181 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/adv-2006-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 18:00:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6212 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6212 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctec-2006-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 18:12:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6220 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6220 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctm-2006-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 18:19:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6226 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6226 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ccs-2006-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 18:25:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6231 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6231 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/hist-2006-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 18:30:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6234 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6234 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/intl-2006-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 18:46:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6242 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6242 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/law-2006-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 18:52:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6248 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6248 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mag-2006-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 18:57:11 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6253 << 2006 Abstracts  ]]> 6253 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mcs-2006-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 19:24:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6259 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6259 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/med-2006-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 19:31:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6265 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6265 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mme-2006-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 19:58:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6273 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6273 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mac-2006-abstracts/ Tue, 17 Jan 2012 20:10:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6279 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6279 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/news-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 18:33:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6288 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6288 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/p-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 18:39:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6293 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6293 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/rtvj-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 18:44:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6297 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6297 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/schol-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 18:50:32 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6303 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6303 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/viscom-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 18:59:45 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6309 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6309 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/civic-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 19:12:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6318 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6318 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/cjig-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 19:18:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6324 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6324 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ent-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 19:21:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6328 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6328 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/glbt-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 19:30:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6333 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6333 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/geig-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 19:36:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6337 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6337 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/icig-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 19:47:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6343 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6343 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mdig-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 19:52:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6348 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6348 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/rmig-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 19:55:58 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6352 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6352 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/sci-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 19:59:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6355 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6355 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/spig-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 20:02:43 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6359 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6359 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/csw-2006-abstracts/ Wed, 18 Jan 2012 20:06:32 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6362 << 2006 Abstracts]]> 6362 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/adv-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 16:58:41 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6375 << 2005 Abstracts]]> 6375 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctec-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 17:04:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6380 << 2005 Abstracts]]> 6380 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctm-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 17:10:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6384 << 2005 Abstracts]]> 6384 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ccs-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 17:36:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6390 << 2005 Abstracts]]> 6390 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/hist-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 17:41:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6395 << 2005 Abstracts]]> 6395 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/intl-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 17:45:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6397 << 2005 Abstracts]]> 6397 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/law-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 17:48:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6403 << 2005 Abstracts]]> 6403 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mag-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 18:05:25 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6409 << 2005 Abstracts]]> 6409 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mcs-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 18:08:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6412 6412 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mme-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 18:13:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6417 average unit pricing and percent inventory sellout. Using one typical commercial television station as a case study, a correlation analysis of six months of proprietary sales data, representing nine distinct program segments revealed that this pricing/inventory relationship varied considerably across program segments. Self Sufficiency or Market Transaction? Vertical Integration in the U.S. Television Syndication Market • Goro Oba and Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida • This study explores the programming relationship between vertically integrated syndicators and their affiliated stations in the context of two theoretical frameworks associated with the advantages of vertical integration, the transaction cost and vertical foreclosure theories. The programming on stations vertically integrated with syndicators was assessed along with the destination of programming distributed by those syndicators. The results indicated that vertically integrated syndicators struck the right balance between self-sufficiency and the advantage derived from market transaction. Managing News in a Managed Media: Mediating the Message in Malaysiakini.com • Augustine Pang, University of Missouri-Columbia • Widely regarded as a deviant web newspaper in Malaysia, Malaysiakini.com is proving that managing an independent media in a government-managed media landscape is more than a Sisyphean struggle. Using ethnography and interviews, this study seeks to understand media management through news management, using Shoemaker and Reese’s (1996) model. Findings show that despite its attempts to minimize governmental influences through media socialization, the greatest impediment to editorial freedom are pressures from extramedia forces, which act as a surrogate ideology. Video On Demand: Pragmatics of the Holy Grail • Eun-A Park, Penn State University • Many market analysts have prospected that most of on-demand video delivery will be occupied by digital cable VOD outpacing the Internet or other options. Nevertheless, past predictions of when cable VOD would come to the mass market have never materialized. Ultimately, it can be argued that consumers would select a service for watching movies based on their juggling of time, money and utility regardless of the innovativeness of the service. The effect of mulitmarket contacts on radio station revenue per listener • Heather Polinsky, Central Michigan University • This study investigates the effects of multimarket contacts between the top ten national radio station group owners in 2001. A positive correlation was found between multimarket contacts among the top ten radio station group owners and radio station revenue per thousand listeners, but no evidence of mutual forbearance between the top ten radio group owners was established. However, there is evidence that the top ten radio group owners have an impact on radio market competition. The News-Sports Management Disconnect in Local Television • Brad Schultz, University of Mississippi and Mary Lou Sheffer, Louisiana State University • A theoretical framework of administrative behavior was applied to the management relationship between news and sports departments in local television. While such departments cooperated to a degree, there was a decided lack of communication on long-range issues such as strategy, audience and implementation. The resulting problems and issues of this management ‘disconnect’ had implications not only for sports, but also for the entire structure and management of local television news. Digital Technologies and Media Management: Rough Waters Ahead • Dan Shaver, University of Central Florida • In the decades ahead, traditional media organizations will face a transformation in information creation, distribution, and consumption patterns more fundamental than any change since the printing press created the basis for mass communication. “Information” is used here in the broadest sense, including the full array of media content from entertainment to commercial information to news. Laws of the Marketplace or a Market Culture? The Place of Markets in Explaining the Origins of Political Broadcasting Policy • Tim P. Vos, Seton Hall University • This paper explores how markets were invoked during the early legislative battles over political broadcasting policy. Two distinct logics of historical explanation are considered: 1) an explanation that conceptualizes markets as a real ontological force, i.e., as an extension of the laws of nature, and 2) an explanation that conceptualizes markets as a cultural force, i.e., as part of a market culture. The paper concludes that the historical record best supports a cultural explanation. << 2005 Abstracts]]> 6417 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mac-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 18:19:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6426 << 2005 Abstracts]]> 6426 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/news-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 18:23:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6431 << 2005 Abstracts]]> 6431 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/pr-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 18:31:59 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6437 << 2005 Abstracts]]> 6437 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/rtvj-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 18:38:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6442 << 2005 Abstracts]]> 6442 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/scho-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 18:42:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6447 << 2005 Abstracts]]> 6447 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/viscom-2005-abstracts/ Thu, 19 Jan 2012 18:51:43 +0000 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16:08:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6526 << 2004 Abstracts]]> 6526 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ccs-2004-abstracts/ Tue, 24 Jan 2012 16:16:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6533 << 2004 Abstracts]]> 6533 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/hist-2004-abstracts/ Tue, 24 Jan 2012 16:19:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6536 << 2004 Abstracts]]> 6536 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/intl-2004-abstracts/ Tue, 24 Jan 2012 16:22:58 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6541 << 2004 Abstracts]]> 6541 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/law-2004-abstracts/ Tue, 24 Jan 2012 16:24:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6543 << 2004 Abstracts]]> 6543 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mag-2004-abstracts/ Tue, 24 Jan 2012 16:27:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6546 << 2004 Abstracts]]> 6546 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mcs-2004-abstracts/ Tue, 24 Jan 2012 16:30:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6550 << 2004 Abstracts]]> 6550 0 0 0 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https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mdig-2004-abstracts/ Tue, 24 Jan 2012 18:27:41 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6605 << 2004 Abstracts]]> 6605 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/rmig-2004-abstracts/ Tue, 24 Jan 2012 18:29:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6608 << 2004 Abstracts]]> 6608 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/sci-2004-abstracts/ Tue, 24 Jan 2012 18:32:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6610 << 2004 Abstracts]]> 6610 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/csw-2004-abstracts/ Tue, 24 Jan 2012 18:37:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6612 << 2004 Abstracts]]> 6612 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/adv-2003-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 15:29:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6616 << 2003 Abstracts]]> 6616 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctp-2003-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 15:35:45 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6625 << 2003 Abstracts]]> 6625 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctm-2003-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 15:39:59 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6628 << 2003 Abstracts]]> 6628 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ccs-2003-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 15:44:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6630 << 2003 Abstracts]]> 6630 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/hist-2003-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 15:48:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6636 << 2003 Abstracts]]> 6636 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/intl-2003-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 15:50:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6639 << 2003 Abstracts]]> 6639 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/law-2003-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 15:54:00 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6643 << 2003 Abstracts]]> 6643 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mag-2003-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 15:56:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6646 << 2003 Abstracts]]> 6646 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mcs-2003-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 16:04:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6649 << 2003 Abstracts]]> 6649 0 0 0 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<< 2003 Abstracts]]> 6672 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/viscom-2003-abstract/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 17:22:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6675 << 2003 Abstracts]]> 6675 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/civic-2003-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 17:25:11 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6678 << 2003 Abstracts]]> 6678 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ent-2003-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 17:27:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6681 << 2003 Abstracts]]> 6681 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/geig-2003-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 17:38:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6684 << 2003 Abstracts]]> 6684 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/icig-2003-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 17:46:05 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6689 << 2003 Abstracts]]> 6689 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mdig-2003-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 17:48:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6691 << 2003 Abstracts]]> 6691 0 0 0 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+0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6722 << 2002 Abstracts]]> 6722 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/hist-2002-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 19:00:31 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6725 << 2002 Abstracts]]> 6725 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/intl-2002-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 19:03:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6727 << 2002 Abstracts]]> 6727 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/law-2002-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 19:04:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6729 << 2002 Abstracts]]> 6729 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mag-2002-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 19:07:27 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6731 << 2002 Abstracts]]> 6731 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mcs-2002-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 19:10:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6733 << 2002 Abstracts]]> 6733 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/med-2002-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 19:15:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6735 << 2002 Abstracts]]> 6735 0 0 0 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0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/sci-2002-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 21:14:25 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6775 << 2002 Abstracts]]> 6775 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/csw-2002-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 21:17:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6777 << 2002 Abstracts]]> 6777 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/adv-2001-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 21:34:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6782 << 2001 Abstracts]]> 6782 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctp-2001-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 21:37:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6786 << 2001 Abstracts]]> 6786 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctm-2001-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 21:39:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6789 << 2001 Abstracts]]> 6789 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ccs-2001-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 21:41:58 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6791 << 2001 Abstracts]]> 6791 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/hist-2001-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 21:44:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6793 << 2001 Abstracts]]> 6793 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/intl-2001-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 21:50:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6795 << 2001 Abstracts]]> 6795 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/law-2001-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 21:54:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6801 << 2001 Abstracts]]> 6801 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mag-2001-abstracts/ Wed, 25 Jan 2012 21:56:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6804 << 2001 Abstracts]]> 6804 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mcs-2001-abstracts/ Thu, 26 Jan 2012 14:18:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6807 << 2001 Abstracts]]> 6807 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/med-2001-abstracts/ Thu, 26 Jan 2012 14:20:18 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6811 << 2001 Abstracts]]> 6811 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mme-2001-abstracts/ Thu, 26 Jan 2012 14:24:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6813 << 2001 Abstracts]]> 6813 0 0 0 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0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/adv-2000-abstracts/ Thu, 26 Jan 2012 15:51:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6853 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6853 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctp-2000-abstracts/ Thu, 26 Jan 2012 15:53:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6857 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6857 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctm-2000-abstracts/ Thu, 26 Jan 2012 15:55:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6860 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6860 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ccs-2000-abstracts/ Thu, 26 Jan 2012 15:58:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6865 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6865 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/hist-2000-abstracts/ Thu, 26 Jan 2012 16:00:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6868 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6868 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/intl-2000-abstracts/ Thu, 26 Jan 2012 16:44:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6873 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6873 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/law-2000-abstracts/ Thu, 26 Jan 2012 16:46:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6876 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6876 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mag-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:07:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6878 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6878 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mcs-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:12:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6896 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6896 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/med-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:17:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6899 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6899 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mme-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:21:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6901 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6901 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mac-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:23:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6903 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6903 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/news-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:25:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6906 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6906 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/pr-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:27:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6909 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6909 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/rtvj-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:33:17 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6912 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6912 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/schol-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:35:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6915 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6915 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/viscom-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:37:45 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6917 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6917 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/civic-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:39:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6919 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6919 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/geig-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:41:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6921 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6921 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/icig-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:43:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6923 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6923 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mdig-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:44:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6926 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6926 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/rmig-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:46:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6928 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6928 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/sci-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:48:32 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6930 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6930 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/spig-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:50:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6932 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6932 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/csw-2000-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:53:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6934 << 2000 Abstracts]]> 6934 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/adv-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:59:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6941 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6941 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctp-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:01:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6943 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6943 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctm-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:04:11 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6945 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6945 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/hist-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:07:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6949 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6949 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/intl-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:13:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6953 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6953 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/law-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:15:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6955 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6955 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mag-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:17:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6957 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6957 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mcs-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:18:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6959 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6959 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mme-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:21:07 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6962 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6962 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mac-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:22:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6964 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6964 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/news-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:25:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6966 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6966 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/pr-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:27:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6968 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6968 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/qual-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:29:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6971 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6971 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/rtvj-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:31:24 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6973 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6973 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/schol-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:32:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6975 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6975 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/viscom-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:38:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6977 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6977 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/civic-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:41:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6979 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6979 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/geig-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:46:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6981 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6981 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/icig-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:48:52 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6984 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6984 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mdig-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:50:27 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6986 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6986 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/meig-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:54:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6988 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6988 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/rmig-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 16:59:11 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6993 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6993 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/sci-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:02:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=6997 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 6997 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/spig-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:05:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7001 7001 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/csw-1999-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:07:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7004 << 1999 Abstracts]]> 7004 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/adv-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:13:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7009 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7009 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctp-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:16:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7012 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7012 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctm-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:19:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7016 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7016 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/hist-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:22:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7018 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7018 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/intl-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:24:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7020 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7020 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/law-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:25:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7022 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7022 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mag-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:28:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7025 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7025 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mcs-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:31:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7029 << 1998 Abstracts ]]> 7029 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mme-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:33:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7032 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7032 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mac-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:41:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7035 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7035 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/news-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:43:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7037 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7037 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/pr-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:44:52 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7039 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7039 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/qual-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:46:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7042 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7042 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/rtvj-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:48:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7045 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7045 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/schol-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:52:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7049 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7049 0 0 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18:14:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7067 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7067 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/csw-1998-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 18:16:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7069 << 1998 Abstracts]]> 7069 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/adv-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 18:26:58 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7074 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7074 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctp-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 18:29:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7077 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7077 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/ctm-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 18:32:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7080 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7080 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/hist-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 18:35:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7082 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7082 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/intl-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 18:37:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7084 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7084 0 0 0 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+0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7104 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7104 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/qual-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 19:00:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7106 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7106 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/rtvj-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 19:04:17 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7108 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7108 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/schol-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 19:19:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7110 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7110 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/viscom-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 19:21:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7112 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7112 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/civic-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 19:23:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7114 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7114 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/geig-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 19:25:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7116 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7116 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/icig-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 19:28:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7122 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7122 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/lgfd-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 19:32:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7124 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7124 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/mdig-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 19:35:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7126 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7126 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/sci-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 19:37:18 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7128 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7128 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/01/spig-1997-abstracts/ Fri, 27 Jan 2012 19:40:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7130 << 1997 Abstracts]]> 7130 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/02/march2012ads/ Thu, 23 Feb 2012 16:37:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7546 Indiana University, School of Journalism, Full Professor – Journalism: Indiana University’s School of Journalism on the Bloomington campus seeks a senior scholar with qualifications appropriate for appointment at the rank of full professor, beginning Fall 2012 or Spring 2013. Candidates’ research interests should be relevant to the vital issues of journalism and the media, such as political communication and public opinion, health care and science communication, communication law and policy, ethics, media history, media diversity, analyses of changes in the economics, professional roles and institutional structure of the media, or other issues—both nationally and globally. Successful candidates will have a Ph.D. in a relevant academic field, a well-established program of nationally recognized research and publication, a commitment to rigorous and innovative teaching, and a record of mentoring doctoral-level graduate students. Other desirable qualifications include the ability to work collaboratively within the School and also with scholars in other disciplines on campus and internationally, professional experience in a relevant mass-communications medium, a record of success securing external grants to support research projects, and leadership experience in relevant academic institutions (journal editor, association president, institute director, etc.). Screenings of applicants will continue until the position is filled. Send vita, names and contact information of six references, and a statement of interest in the position to: Professor Lars Willnat, School of Journalism, Indiana University, 940 E. Seventh Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-7108. Indiana University is an Equal Employment Affirmative Action Employer and is strongly committed to achieving excellence through cultural diversity. The university actively encourages applications and nominations of women, minorities, persons with disabilities, and candidates with diverse cultural backgrounds. <<AEJMC News Ads]]> 7546 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/doctors-2012/ Fri, 09 Mar 2012 16:35:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7717 “The Doctors Are In” Slated for Chicago Convention (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, March 2012 issue) Whether you are a brand-new instructor or a classroom veteran looking to hone your skills and re-energize your teaching acumen, the Standing Committee on Teaching has something special in store for you this year. At the AEJMC Conference in Chicago, the committee will unveil the latest edition of its pre-conference workshop for faculty and will again offer its fast-moving and informative “The Doctors Are In” session on issues of interest to classroom teachers. This will mark the sixth year of the popular “The Doctors Are In” session at AEJMC. The session was conceived in 2006 in San Francisco, and the first roundtables were initiated in 2007 in Washington, D.C. The original idea was to answer questions to those new to academe and give them guidance across a range of topics. Guidance for Faculty What we discovered was that many faculty, both rookies and veterans, wanted—or perhaps needed—a safe place to ask questions, share their frustrations, and take home some new ideas that would help them in their classrooms. Our “Doctors Are In” sessions have been a big draw year after year, and this year promises to be better than ever! Think speed dating, but for ideas: participants move from table to table, with each table responsible for a different topic that keeps teachers, new and experienced, up at night. How do you balance teaching, research and service? How do you maintain some semblance of a life with the ever-increasing demands of the professoriate? And what about long-held dream you’ve had of teaching and researching abroad for a year? We’ll also tackle some of the more pressing issues as a new academic year dawns. What does a model syllabus look like? How does a writing teacher keep from drowning in grading, yet still work with students to improve their reporting and writing skills? The pre-conference workshop this year will be shorter, faster and best of all, in the evening of Wednesday, August 8, so you can travel in that day and still make it in time for the session. We’ll gather at 6:00 p.m., introduce ourselves and then immediately begin a fast-paced series of mini-sessions that you can attend on all sorts of subjects ideally designed for new faculty. The mini-sessions will be run by a team of classroom veterans who have seen, and done, everything from large lectures to small seminars, newsroom classes and graduate courses. The sessions will be fast, intense and informal—and we’ll even feed you! Look for signup information on the Conference Registration Form. Topics Just a few of the topics we’ll be tackling this year:

• Syllabi and course construction: we’ll provide you with model syllabi and a great way to organize your course so you are confident, from Day One to final exams.
• Grading: the bane of any new instructor’s existence is the art and science of grading. There are ways to deliver grades, to balance rigor and humanity, to use grades to motivate rather than punish…we’ll tackle the basics and take all of your questions.
• Getting That Tenure File Going: We want to build great teachers who balance research and teaching. We’ll get your progression toward tenure and promotion started by giving you a vital checklist of things to be thinking about, and keeping track of, as you begin the journey.
• Setting Professional Boundaries: From Facebook and Twitter to after-hours socializing, the academic life these days is a dizzying race. We’ll tackle the toughest questions in a give-and-take where all of the toughest issues are tackled.

The pre-conference workshop is a must for new teachers, or those seeking a new perspective on teaching. You’ll not only benefit from the session content, but you’ll also benefit from building a network of colleagues from across the country who are in the same place you are professionally, giving you a bunch of new friends to bounce ideas off of and to turn to when you need that all-important mid-term pep talk. For years to come, you’ll turn to your AEJMC contacts for advice and collaboration. The pre-conference workshop is the best first step you can take as you enter the academy. We hope to see you there! Schedule Here is the schedule at a glance: Teaching Committee — Wed., Aug. 8, 6 to 9:30 p.m. — Workshop Thurs., Aug. 9, 10 to 11:30 a.m. — Best Practices panel Fri., Aug. 10, 7 to 9:45 a.m. — Teaching Committee meeting Fri. Aug. 10, 1:30 to 3 p.m. — “Doctors Are In” session Sat., Aug. 11, 8:15 to 9:45 a.m. — Faculty Concerns session By Charles Davis University of Missouri AEJMC Teaching Committee << Teaching Corner]]> 7717 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-subject-index-61-70/ Tue, 20 Mar 2012 18:31:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7747 The following is an index by subject of articles that appeared in Journalism Quarterly from 1984 to 1993. (In 1995 Journalism Quarterly changed its name to Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly.) Advertising Audience Analysis Business Coverage Cable Circulation Communication Analysis Communication Effects Communication Theory Content Analysis Economics of the Press Editorial Page Education in Journalism Ethics Film Gatekeeping Government and Mass Communication Graphics History and Biography International Communication Law Magazine Journalism Media Management and Ownership Methodology - Research Minorities and Media Newswriting and Reporting Photojournalism Political Communication Press Performance Public Relations Radio Readership Research Productivity Technology Television Typography and Design Women and Media   << J&MC Quarterly Cumulative Index]]> 7747 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-advertising/ Tue, 20 Mar 2012 18:32:07 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7748 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Advertising Advertisements by Banks Before, During and After a Collapse (Cynthia De Riemer and Richard L. Baxter), 63:630-33. Advertising and Commercial Speech Since the 1986 Posadas Case (Roxanne Hovland and Ronald E. Taylor), 67:1083-1089. Advertising Practitioners Look at a Ban on Tobacco Advertising (John H. Crowley and James Pokrywczynski), 68:329-37. Advertising's Role in the Diffusion of Country-Western Trend in the U.S. (Gerald A. Schorin and Bruce G. Vanden Bergh), 62:515-22. Alternatives to Newspaper Advertising, 1890-1920: Printers' Innovative Product and Message Designs (Claire Badaracco), 67:1042-1050. An Analysis of Japanese Television Commercials (Jyotika Ramaprasad and Kazumi Hasegawa), 67:1025-1033. Army Advertising's Perceived Influence: Some Preliminary Findings (William H. Harkey, Leonard N. Reid and Karen Whitehill King), 65:719-25. An Assessment of the Cloze Procedure as an Advertising Copy Test (George Zinkhan and Edward Blair), 61:404-08. Attention to Magazine Ads as Function of Layout Design (Leonard N. Reid, Herbert J. Rotfeld and James H. Barnes), 61:439-41. Attributional Bias in Predictions of Retail Advertising, Content Preferences (Ann Marie Major), 67:826-37. Baiting Viewers: Violence and Sex in Television Program Advertisements (Lawrence C. Solely and Leonard N. Reid), 62:105-10, 131. Buying From A Friend: A Content Analysis of Two Teleshopping Programs (Philip J. Auter and Roy L. Moore), 70:425-36. Changes in Stereotypes: Blacks and Whites in Magazine Advertisements (George M. Zinkhan, Keith K. Cox and Jae W. Hong), 63:568-72. Channel One in High School Classrooms: Advertising Content Aimed at Students (K. Tim Wulfemeyer and Barbara Mueller), 69:724-42. CLIO Commercials from 1975-1985: Analysis of 151 Executional Variables (Alice Gagnard and Jim R. Morris), 65:859-68. Color Quality in Print Advertising (Anthony F. McGann and David Snook-Luther), 70:934-38. Comparing Positive and Negative Political Advertising on Radio (Michael A. Shapiro and Robert H. Rieger), 69:135-45. A Comparison of Cultural Values in British and American Print Advertising: A Study of Magazines (Katherine Toland Frith and David Wesson), 68:216-23. Consumer Response to Seagram's Equivalency TV Ad Campaign (Lauren Tucker, Roxanne Hovland and Gary Wilcox), 64:834-38. Consumer Response to a TV Liquor Spot (Gary B. Wilcox, Roxanne Hovland and Dwight Fletcher), 65:195-96. A Content Analysis of Visuals Used in Print Media Advertising (Sandra Moriarty), 64:550-54. Contractual Offers in Advertising (George E. Stevens), 67:32-34. Copywriting and the Prose of Hemingway (Florence G. Feasley), 62:121-26. The Cross Elasticity of Demand for National Newspaper Advertising (John C. Busterna), 64:346-51. Dimensional Relationships of Memory: Implications for Print Advertisers (Victor V. Cordell and George M. Zinkhan), 66:954-59. An Editorial Comment (Donald L. Shaw), 68:325. Effect of Cable Television on Advertiser and Consumer Spending on Mass Media, 1978-1990 (Jack Glascock), 70:509-17. Effects of Attractiveness of the Endorser on the Performance of Testimonial Ads (Gary B. Wilcox, John H. Murphy and Peter S. Sheldon), 62:548-52. Elements of Timing and Repetition in Award-Winning TV Commercials (Alice Gagnard), 66:965-69. Facial Expressions in Magazines Ads: A Cross-CulturaI Comparison (Jae Hyun Choe, Gary B. Wilcox and Andrew P. Hardy), 63:122-26, 166. Farm Journalists and Advertiser Influence: Pressures on Ethical Standards (Robert G. Hays and Ann E. Reisner), 68:172-78. Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures (Robert G. Hays and Ann E. Reisner), 67:936-42. Female Roles in Radio Advertising (Gary Warren Melton and Gilbert L. Fowler, Jr.), 64:145-49. Female Stereotyping in Advertising: An Experiment on Male-Female Perceptions of Leadership (William E. Kilbourne), 67:25-31. Females and Minorities in TV Ads in 1987 Saturday ChildrenÕs Programs (Daniel Riffe, Helen Goldson, Kelly Saxton, and Yang-Chou Yu), 66:129-36. Feminism and Advertising in Traditional and Non-Traditional Women's Magazines (Linda J. Busby and Greg Leichty), 70:247-64. Financial Services Advertising Before and After Crash of 1927 (Stephen E. Everett), 65:920-24. Game Time, Soap Time and Prime Time TV Ads: Treatment of Women in Sunday Football and Rest-of-Week Advertising (Daniel Riffe, Patricia C. Place, and Charles M. Mayo), 70:437-46. How Valuable to an Advertiser Are Secondary Audiences? (John C. Schweitzer), 63:752-56, 853. Humor and Comparatives in Ads for High and Low-Involvement Products (Bob T.W. Wu, Kenneth E. Crocker, and Martha Rogers), 66:653-61. Humorous Advertising in the Post, 1920-1939 (Gary B. Wilcox and Sandra E. Moriarty), 61:436-39. The Information Content of Comparative Magazine Ads: A Longitudinal Study (Linly Chou, George R. Franke and Gary B. Wilcox), 64:119-24. Informational Content of American and Japanese Television Commercials (Jyotika Ramaprasad and Kazumi Hasegawa), 69:612-22. Is Bigger Better In Yellow Pages Ads? (Dennis Hinde and Gary Scofield), 61:185-87. Measuring Recognition and Attraction in Corporate Advertising Trademarks (Frank Thayer), 65:439-42. Methods of Presentation Used in Clio-Winning Television Commercials (Leonard N. Reid, W. Ronald Lane, Leila S. Wenthe and Otto W. Smith), 62:553-58, 691. National Advertising Pricing: Chain vs. Independent Newspapers (John C. Busterna), 65:307-12. Novelty vs. Practicality in Advertising Typography (Sandra Ernst Moriarty), 61:188-90. Perceived Informativeness of and Irritation with Local Advertising (Yorgo Pasadeos), 67:35-39. Policy Issues and Personal Images in Political Advertising in State Election (Margaret K. Latimer), 61:776-84. Political Advertising for Federal and State Election: Images or Substance? (Margaret K. Latimer), 62:861-68. Pricing of Advertising in Weeklies: A Replication (Stephen Lacy and Stephen Dravis), 68:338-44. Product-Related Programming and Children's TV: A Content Analysis (B. Carol Eaton and Joseph R. Dominick), 68:67-75. Reactions to Political Advertising: Clarifying Sponsor Effects (Gina M. Garramone and Sandra J. Smith), 61:771-75. Readability as a Factor in Magazine Ad Copy Recall (David A. Wesson), 66:715-718. Receiver Prejudice and Model Ethnicity: Impact on Advertising Effectiveness (Hsiu-chen Sandra Lai, Zoe Tan and Marye Tharp), 67:794-803. Recent and Future Economic Status of U.S. Newspapers (Jon G. Udell), 67:331-39. Representation, Roles, and Occupational Status of Black Models in Television Advertisements (Jane W. Licata and Abhijit Biswas), 70:868-82. Sex in Ads Targeted to Black and White Readers (James V. Pokrywczynski), 65:756-60. Sound Advice on Brand Names (Bruce G. Vanden Bergh, Janay Collins, Myrna Schultz and Keith Adler), 61:835-40. Suspension of the NAB Code and Its Effect on Regulation of Advertising (Lynda M. Maddox and Eric J. Zanot), 61:125-30, 156. Taxing Newspaper Advertising Supplements: A Study of State Trends (Greg Stefaniak), 67:21-24. Third-Person Effects and the Differential Impact in Negative Political Advertising (Jeremy Cohen and Robert G. Davis), 68:680-88. Trends in Factual Claims in Ads in Magazines, 1958, 1968 and 1978 (Dan Sarel), 6l:650-54, 743. The Use of Blacks in Magazine and Television Advertising: 1946-1986 (George M. Zinkhan, William J. Qualls and Abhijit Biswas), 67:547-49. Use of Endorsers in Magazine Advertisements (Patricia A. Stout and Young Sook Moon), 67:536-46. Use of Linguistic Characteristics with Various Brand-Name Styles (Bruce G. Vanden Bergh, Keith E. Adler and Lauren Oliver), 65:464-68. The Use of Nostalgia in Television Advertising: A Content Analysis (Lynette S. Unger, Diane M. McConocha and John A. Faier), 68:345-53. Viewer Reactions to Music in Television Commercials (Patricia A. Stout, John D. Leckenby and Sidney Hecker), 67:887-98. Voter Responses to Negative Political Ads (Gina M. Garramone), 61:250-59. When the Newspaper Closes: A Case Study of What Advertisers Do (Mary Alice Sentman), 63:757-62.   << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7748 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-audience-analysis/ Tue, 20 Mar 2012 18:47:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7753 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Audience Analysis Activation as News Exposure Predictor (Janay Collins and John D. Abel), 62:316-20. Adolescent TV Viewing in Saudi Arabia (Douglas A. Boyd and Ali M. Najai), 61:295-301, 351. Applying Situational Communication Theory to an International Political Problem: Two Studies (L. Erwin Atwood and Ann Marie Major), 68:200-210. Assessing the Active Component of Information Seeking (Walter Gantz, Michael Fitzmaurice and Ed Fink), 68:630-37. Attitudes of Newspaper Business Editors and General Public Toward Capitalism (Robert A. Peterson, Gerald Albaum, George Kozmetsky and Isabella C. M. Cunningham), 61:56-65. Attitudes of Parents Concerning Televised Warning Statements (Dan Slater and Teresa L. Thompson), 61:853-59. Audience Activity and Satisfaction with Favorite Television Soap Opera (Elizabeth M. Perse and Alan M. Rubin), 65:368-75. The Audience for, and Male vs. Female Reaction to, 'The Day After' (R. C. Adams and Gail M. Webber), 61:812-16. Audience Recall of News Stories Presented by Newspaper, Computer, Television and Radio (Melvin L. DeFleur, Lucinda Davenport, Mary Cronin and Margaret DeFleur), 69:1010-22. Audience Selectivity of Local Television Newscasts (Carolyn A. Lin), 69:373-82. Audiotext and the Re-invention of the Telephone as a Mass Medium (Robert LaRose and David Atkin), 69:413-21. Biased Optimism and the Third-Person Effect (Albert C. Gunther and Paul Mundy), 70:58-67. Byline Bias? Effects of Gender on News Article Evaluations (Ford N. Burkhart and Carol K. Sigelman), 67:492-500. Cable Access: Market Concerns Amidst the Marketplace of Ideas (David Atkin and Robert LaRose), 68:354-62. Communication by Agricultural Publics: Internal and External Orientations (James E. Grunig, Clifford L. Nelson, Susie J. Richburg and Terry J. White), 65:26-38. Communication and Community Integration: An Analysis of the Communication Behavior of Newcomers (Keith R. Stamm and Avery M. Guest), 68:644-56. Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers (Jae Chul Shim and Charles T. Salmon), 67:852-63. Community Ties in a Rural Midwest Community and Use of Newspapers and Cable TV (Kasisomayajula Viswanath, John R. Finnegan Jr., Brenda Rooney and John Potter), 67:899-911. Comparing Predictors of the Likelihood of Voting in a Primary and a General Election (J. David Kennamer), 67:777-84. Comparison of Media Use by Reporters and Public During Newspaper Strike (William L. Rosenberg and William R. Elliott), 66:18-30. Consumer Costs: A Determinant in Upgrading or Downgrading of Cable Services (Don Umphrey), 68:698-708. Correlations of Newspaper Content with Circulation in the Suburbs: A Case Study (Stephen Lacy and Ardyth B. Sohn), 67:785-93. A Cross-Cultural Experiment on How Well Audiences Remember News Stories from Newspaper, Computer, Television, and Radio Sources (Luis Buceta Facorro and Melvin L. DeFleur), 70:585-601. Dependency Relations and Newspaper Readership (William E. Loges and Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach), 70:602-614. Different Questions, Different Answers? Media Use and Media Credibility (Tony Rimmer and David Weaver), 64:28-36. Differential Criteria for Evaluating Credibility of Newspapers and TV News (John Newhagen and Clifford Nass), 66:277-84. Discrepancy Between Perceived First-Person and Perceived Third-Person Mass Media Effects (James T. Tiedge, Arthur Silverblatt, Michael J. Havice and Richard Rosenfeld), 68:141-54. An Editorial Comment (Donald L. Shaw), 68:616-17. Effect of Support and Personal Distance on the Definition of Key Publics for the Issue of AIDS (Glen T. Cameron and Jian Yang), 68:620-29. Effects of Cuing Familiar and Unfamiliar Acronyms in Newspaper Stories, An Experiment (Jack Nolan), 68:188-94. The Effects of Editorials on Audience Reaction to Television Newscasters (Elizabeth Krueger and James D. Fox), 68:402-411. Effects of Information and Evaluation in Film Criticism (Robert O. Wyatt and David P. Badger), 67:359-68. Effects of Newspaper Competition on Public Opinion Diversity (Dominic L. Lasorsa), 68:38-47. The Emotional Use of Popular Music by Adolescents (Alan Wells and Ernest A. Hakanen), 68:445-54. Encoding TV News Messages Into Memory (Tom Grimes), 67:757-66. Energy in the Eighties: Education, Communication, and the Knowledge Gap (Robert J. Griffin), 67:554-66. Ethnic Concentration as a Predictor of Media Use (Pamela J. Shoemaker, Stephen D. Reese, Wayne Danielson and Kenneth Hsu), 64:593-97. Exposure to Sources of Heart Disease Prevention Information: Community Type and Social Differences (John R. Finnegan Jr., K. Viswaneth, Emily Kahn, and Peter Hannan), 70:569-84. Exposure to What? Integrating Media Content and Effects Studies (Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese), 67:649-52. Foreshadowing the Electronic Publishing Age: First Exposures to Viewtron (Tony Atwater, Carrie Heeter and Natalie Brown), 62:807-15. Format Effects on Comprehension of Television News (Hans-Bernd Brosius), 68:396-401. Gender and Readership of Heads in Magazine Ads (David A. Wesson and Eileen Stewart), 64:189-93. Gratifications of Grazing: An Exploratory Study of Remote Control Use (James R. Walker and Robert V. Bellamy Jr.), 68:422-31. Heavy Television Viewing and Perceived Quality of Life (Michael Morgan), 61:499-504, 740. How Do Adolescents' Perceptions of Television Reality Change Over Time? (W. James Potter), 69:392-405. How Partisan and Non-Partisan Readers Perceive Political Foes and Newspaper Bias (Laurie Mason and Clifford Nass), 66:564-70. How Viewing of MTV Relates to Exposure to Other Media Violence (James R. Walker), 64:756-62. Humor and Comparatives in Ads for High and Low-Involvement Products (Bob T.W. Wu, Kenneth E. Crocker, and Martha Rogers), 66:653-61. The Impact of the Newer Television Technologies on Television Satisfaction (Elizabeth M. Perse and Douglas A. Ferguson), 70:843-53. The Importance of Perspective in Parent-Child Interpretations of Family Communication Patterns (Erica Weintraub Austin), 70:558-68. The Importance of Political Activity in Explaining Multiple News Media Use (Gary Kebbel), 62:559-66. Influence of News Coverage of the "Scandal" on PTL Viewers (Robert Abelman), 68:101-110. The Influence of Religiosity on Television News (Neal F. Hamilton and Alan M. Rubin), 69:667-78. Information Seeking and Information Processing Newspapers Versus Videotext (Eugenia Zerbinos), 67:920-29. Interpersonal Communication and the Agenda-Setting Process (Wayne Wanta and Yi-Chen Wu), 69:847-55. It's All in the Family: Siblings and Program Choice Conflict (Susan Brown Zahn and Stanley J. Baran), 61:847-52. Learning from News: Effects of Message Consistency and Medium on Recall and Inference Making (Robert H. Wicks and Dan G. Drew), 68:155-64. Listener Perception of Radio News (John W. Wright II and Lawrence A. Hosman), 63:802-08, 814. Local Predictors of Basic and Pay Cable Subscribership (Joey Reagan, Richard V. Ducey and James Bernstein), 62:397-400. Mass Media Use by Women In Decision-Making Positions (Carolyn Johnson and Lynne Gross), 62:850-54, 950. Measuring Nonresponse and Refusals to An Electronic Telephone Survey (Michael J. Havice), 67:521-30. Media Attention, Media Exposure, and Media Effects (Dan Drew and David Weaver), 67:740-48. Media Choices for Specialized News (Herbert H. Howard, Edward Blick and Jan P. Quarles), 64:620-23. Media Orientation and Television News Viewing (Daniel G. McDonald), 67:11-20. Media Reliance and Public Images of Environmental Politics in Ontario and Michigan (John C. Pierce, Lynette Lee-Sammons, Mary Ann E. Steger and Nicholas P. Lovrich), 67:838-42. Media Roles and Legislators' News Media Use (Daniel Riffe), 67:323-30. Media Use and Community Ties (Leo W. Jeffres, Jean Dobos and Jae-Won Lee), 65:575-81. Media Use by Foreign Students (Charles Okigbo), 62:901-04. Neighborhood Newspapers, Citizen Groups and Public Affairs Knowledge Gaps (Cecilie Gaziano), 61:556-66, 599. Network Rerun Viewing in the Age of New Programming Services (Barry R. Litman and Linda S. Kohl), 69:383-91. New Technologies and News Use: Adopters vs. Nonadopters (Joey Reagan), 66:871-75. News Reading, Knowledge About, and Attitudes Toward Foreign Countries (David K. Perry), 67:353-58. Newspaper Column ReadersÕ Gender Bias: Perceived Interest and Credibility (H. Allen White and Julie Andsager), 68:709-718. Newspaper Image: Dimensions and Relation to Demographics, Satisfaction (Judee K. Burgoon, Michael Burgoon and David B. Buller), 63:771-81. A Newspaper's 900 Telephone Poll: Its Perceived Credibility and Accuracy (Michael E. Gerhard), 67:508-513. Perceived Informativeness of and Irritation with Local Advertising (Yorgo Pasadeos), 67:35-39. Perceived Task of News Report as Predictor of Media Choice (Charles C. Self), 65:119-25. Perceptions of Credibility of Male and Female Syndicated Political Columnists (Julie L. Andsager), 67:485-91. Personal Computers and Media Use (John C. Schweitzer), 68:689-97. Political Discussion and Cognition: A 1988 Look (J. David Kennamer), 67:348-52. Political Knowledge and Communication Resources (Dan Berkowitz and David Pritchard), 66:697-702. Political Outspokenness: Factors Working Against the Spiral of Silence (Dominic L. Lasorsa), 68:131-40. Portrayal of Journalists on Prime Time Television (Gerald Stone and John Lee), 67:697-707. Primary News Source Changes: Question Wording, Availability, and Cohort Effects (Michael D. Basil), 67:708-722. Program Interests of NPR Subaudiences (Michael Woal), 63:348-52, 393. Program Ratings and Levels of TV Exposure in Belize (J. David Johnson and Omar Souki Oliveira), 65:497-500. Public Opinion on Investigative Reporting in the 1980s (David Weaver and LeAnne Daniels), 69:146-55. Public Salience of Foreign Nations (Michael B. Salwen and Frances R. Matera), 69:623-32. Racial Differences in Evaluations of the Mass Media (Lee B. Becker, Gerald M. Kosicki and Felicia Jones), 69:124-34. Reading International News in a Censored Press Environment (Albert Gunther and Leslie B. Snyder), 69:591-99. The Sandwich Programming Strategy: A Case of Audience Flow (James T. Tiedge and Kenneth J. Ksobiech), 65:376-83. Science Stories: Risk, Power, and Perceived Emphasis (Susanna Hornig), 67:767-76. Sources for Health Care Information in Two Small Communities (Joey Reagan and Janay Collins), 64:560-63. Spreading Activation and Involvement: An Experimental Test of a Cognitive Model of Involvement (Glen T. Cameron), 70:854-67. Steps Toward a Comprehensive Model of Newspaper Readership (Laurence B. Lain), 63:69-74, 121. Teletext Viewing Habits and Preferences (Lucy L. Henke and Thomas A. Donohue), 63:542-45, 553. Television News and Audience Selectivity (Daniel G. McDonald and Stephen D. Reese), 64:763-68. Television News Viewing by Older Adults (R. Irwin Goodman), 67:137-41. Third-Person Effects and the Differential Impact in Negative Political Advertising (Jeremy Cohen and Robert G. Davis), 68:680-88. Transnational Radio Listening Among Saudi Arabian University Students (Douglas A. Boyd and Morad Asi), 68:211-15. Trust in Government and News Media Among Korean Americans (Steven H. Chaffee, Clifford I. Nass and Seung-Mock Yang), 68:111-19. Two Comparisons of Rural Public Television Viewers and Non-Viewers in Northern Mississippi (Will Norton, Jr., John W. Windhauser and Susan Langdon Norton), 69:690-702. The Uses and Gratifications of Rerun Viewing (Diane Furno-Lamude and James Anderson), 69:362-72. Validating an Ethical Motivations Scale: Convergence and Predictive Ability (H. Allen White and R. Charles Pearce), 68:455-64. VCR Owners' Use of Pay Cable Services (Michael J. Murray and Sylvia E. White), 64: 193-95. Video Movies at Home: Are They Viewed like Film or like Television? (Dean M. Krugman, Scott A. Shamp and Keith F. Johnson), 68:120-30. Viewer Reactions to Content and Presentational Format of Television News (Ralph R. Behnke and Phyllis Miller), 69:659-66. Viewer Reactions to Music in Television Commercials (Patricia A. Stout, John D. Leckenby and Sidney Hecker), 67:887-98. Voter Learning in the 1988 Presidential Election: Did the Debates and the Media Matter? (Dan Drew and David Weaver), 68:27-37. Voter Partisan Orientations and Use of Political Television (Kim A. Smith and Douglas A. Ferguson), 67:864-74. When Characters Speak Directly to Viewers: Breaking the Fourth Wall in Television (Philip J. Auter and Donald M. Davis), 68:165-71. Why Teenagers Do Not "Read All About It" (Cathy J. Cobb-Walgren), 7:340-47. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7753 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-business-coverage/ Tue, 20 Mar 2012 18:54:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7760 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Business Coverage Attitudes of Newspaper Business Editors and General Public Toward Capitalism (Robert A. Peterson, Gerald Albaum, George Kozmetsky and Isabella C. M. Cunningham), 61:56-65. Local Business Press: New Phenomenon in the Marketplace (Bruce G. Vanden Bergh, Alan D. Fletcher and Mary A. Adrian), 61:645-49.   << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7760 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/cable/ Tue, 20 Mar 2012 19:03:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7766 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Cable Cable Access: Market Concerns Amidst the Marketplace of Ideas (David Atkin and Robert LaRose), 68:354-62. Cable Public Access as a Public Forum (Gregory S. Porter and Mark S. Banks), 65:39-45. Cable Television's Impact on Audience for Local News (James G. Webster), 61:419-22. Community Ties in a Rural Midwest Community and Use of Newspapers and Cable TV (Kasisomayajula Viswanath, John R. Finnegan Jr., Brenda Rooney and John Potter), 67:899-911. Community Ties and Use of Cable TV and Newspapers in a Midwest Suburb (John R. Finnegan Jr. and Kasisomayajula Viswanath), 65:456-63. A Comparison of Cable Disconnecters and Subscribers (Don Umphrey), 66:628-631. Consumer Costs: A Determinant in Upgrading or Downgrading of Cable Services (Don Umphrey), 68:698-708. Effects of Cable Television on News Use (Joey Reagan), 61:317-24. Gratifications of Grazing: An Exploratory Study of Remote Control Use (James R. Walker and Robert V. Bellamy Jr.), 68:422-31. How Presence of Cable Affects Parental Mediation of TV Viewing (David Atkin, Carrie Heeter, and Thomas Baldwin), 66:557-63. The Impact of Cable on Traditional TV News Viewing (Lucy L. Henke, Thomas R. Donohue, Christopher Cook and Diane Cheung), 61:174-78. Impact of Cable Television on Library Borrowing (E. W. Brody), 61:686-88. Influence of Cable on Television News Audiences (Thomas F. Baldwin, Marianne Barrett and Benjamin Bates), 69:651-58. Local Predictors of Basic and Pay Subscribership (Joey Reagan, Richard V. Ducey and James Bernstein), 62:397-400. Nationally Distributed ChildrenÕs Shows: What Cable TV Contributes (Michele Siemicki, David Atkin, Bradley Greenberg and Thomas Baldwin), 63:710-18, 734. Public Vs. Private: Attitudes Toward Ownership of Cable TV Systems (Leo W. Jeffres), 61:325-31. Segmenting the Cable Audience by Reason for Subscribing (Don Umphrey), 65:972-75. Telecommunications Research Productivity of U.S. Communication Programs: 1984-1989 (Richard C. Vincent), 68:840-51. An Update on Cable TV Ownership: 1985 (Herbert H. Howard), 63:706-09. The Weekly 'World Report' on CNN, An Analysis, (Charles Ganzert and Don M. Flournoy), 69:188-94.   << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7766 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/circulation/ Tue, 20 Mar 2012 19:13:18 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7772 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Circulation Central City Market Structure's Impact on Suburban Newspaper Circulation (Walter E. Niebauer Jr., Stephen Lacy, James M. Bernstein and Tuen-yu Lau), 65:726-32. Effects of Targeted Sales Messages on Subscription Sales and Retention (Glenn Gamst, Tim Alldridge and Steve Bush), 64:463-72. Predicting Newspaper Circulation After Consolidation (William B. Blankenburg), 64:585-88.   << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7772 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-comm-analysis/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 14:15:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7778 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Communication Analysis Agreement Between Reporters and Editors in Mississippi (Will Norton, Jr., John W. Windhauser, and Allyn Boone), 62:633-36. An Analysis of Writing Coach Programs on American Daily Newspapers (Ray Laakaniemi), 64:569-75. Attitudes of College Newspaper Advisers Toward Censorship of the Student Press (Michael Ryan and David L. Martinson), 63:55-60, 88. Broadcasting Departmental Impact on Employee Perceptions and Conflict (Myria Watkins Allen, Joy Hart Seibert, John W. Haas and Stephanie Zimmerman), 65:668-77. Changing Profiles of News Directors of Radio and TV Stations, 1972-1986 (Vernon A. Stone), 64:745-49. Communication Practices of Journalists: Interaction with Public, Other Journalists (Judee K. Burgoon, Michael Burgoon, David B. Buller and Charles K. Atkin), 64:125-32. Consolidation in Two-Newspaper Firms (William B. Blankenburg), 62:474-81. Content and Teacher Characteristics For Master's Level Research Course (Gilbert L. Fowler, Jr.), 63:594-99. Credibility of Newspaper Opinion Polls: Source, Source Intent and Precision (Michael B. Salwen), 64:813-19. The Credible Scientific Source (Sharon Dunwoody and Michael Ryan), 64:21-27. The Effect of Leadership Behavior on Job Satisfaction and Goal Agreement and Attainment in Local TV News (Angela Powers), 68:772-80. How Science News Sections Influence Newspaper Science Coverage: A Case Study (Renate G. Bader), 67:88-96. Influence of Perceived Editorial Concern and Role Concept of Source Reliance (Frederick Fico), 63:322-30. Invisible Power: Newspaper News Sources and the Limits of Diversity (Jane Delano Brown, Carl R. Bybee, Stanley T. Wearden and Dulcie Murdock Straughan), 64:45-54. Job Satisfaction Among Newspaperwomen (Grace H. Barrett), 61:593-99. Journalist Wanted: Trade-Journal Ads as Indicators of Professional Values (Susan Caudill, Ed Caudill and Michael W. Singletary), 64:576-80. Leader and Editor Views of Role of Press in Community Development (G.A. Donohue, C.N. Olien and P.J. Tichenor), 62:367-72. Mortality Among Swedish Journalists (Anna-Karin Furhoff and Lars Furhoff), 64:533-36. Network Television Evening News Coverage of Infectious Disease Events (Michael Greenberg and Daniel Wartenberg), 67:142-46. News Reporting: Method in the Midst of Crisis (Elise Keoleian Parsigian), 64:721-30. Newspaper Business News Staffs Increase Markedly in Last Decade (J. T. W. Hubbard), 64:171-77. Perceived Career Barriers of Men and Women Television News Anchors (Anthony J. Ferri), 65:661-67. Perceived Roles and Editorial Concerns Influence Reporters in Two Statehouses (Frederick Fico), 62:784-90. Perceptions of Communication Use in Science Policy Decision Making (Carroll J. Glynn), 65:54-61. Perceptions of Viewer Interests by Local TV Journalists (K. Tim Wulfemeyer), 61:432-35. Political Cartoonists as They Saw Themselves During the 1950s (Audrey Handelman), 61:137-41. Profile of Local Television Reporters and Photographers (Conrad Smith), 66:181-85. Public Accountability or Public Relations? Newspaper Ombudsmen Define Their Role (James S. Ettema and Theodore L. Glasser), 64:3-12. Relation Between Corporate Ownership and Editor Attitudes About Business (C. N. Olien, P.J. Tichenor and G. A. Donohue), 65:259-66. The Relationship of Prize-Winning to Prestige and Job Satisfaction (Randal A. Beam, Sharon Dunwoody and Gerald M. Kosicki), 63:693-99. The Religious Press: A Case Study (David E. Sumner), 66:721-24. Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership (George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien and Phillip J. Tichenor), 62:489-99, 507. Restaurant Critics: Who Are They? What Are They Saying? (Yvonne Heather Burry, G. Robert Holsinger and Kathy A. Krendl), 62:400-03. School-Press Relations: Perceptions and Practices (Richard A. Gorton), 63:184-87. Slanting the News: Source Perceptions After Changes in Newspaper Management (William A. Tillinghast), 61:310-16, 418. U.S. Television, Radio and Daily Newspaper Journalists (David Weaver, Dan Drew and G. Cleveland Wilhoit), 63:683-92. Who Sets the Agenda for the Media? A Study of Local Agenda-Building (David Weaver and Swanzy Nimley Elliott), 62:87-94.   << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7778 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-comm-effects/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 14:26:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7783 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Communication Effects Agenda-Setting by Electronic Text News (Carrie Heeter, Natalie Brown, Stan Soffin, Cynthia Stanley, and Michael Salwen), 66:101-106. Attitude Extremity and Trust in Media (Albert Gunther), 65:279-87. Children's Learning from a Television Newscast (Dan G. Drew and Stephen D. Reese), 61:83-88. Cognitions and Attitudes About Community: Compensating for Media Distortion (Eric Fredin and Gerald Kosicki), 66:571-78. Community Orientation and Media Use (Kurt Neuwirth, Charles T. Salmon, and Maryl Neff), 66:31-39. Comparison of Media and Other Sources of Information for Alabama Legislators (Daniel Riffe), 65:46-53. Crime: Effects of Media Exposure and Personal Experience on Issue Salience (Edna F. Einsiedel, Kandice L. Salomone and Frederick P. Schneider), 63:131-36. Discrepancy Between Perceived First-Person and Perceived Third-Person Mass Media Effects (James T. Tiedge, Arthur Silverblatt, Michael J. Havice and Richard Rosenfeld), 68:141-54. Editorial Influence on GOP Vote in 1948 Presidential Election (Tim Counts), 66:177-81. Effect of Debate Exposure on Evaluation of 1984 Vice-Presidential Candidates (William L. Rosenberg and William R. Elliott), 64:55-64. Effect of Media Advertising and Other Sources on Movie Selection (Ronald J. Faber and Thomas C. OÕGuinn), 61:371-77. The Effect of Newspaper Endorsements and Party Identification on Voting Choice (Byron St. Dizier), 62:589-94. Effect of Use of Metro Dailies on Knowledge Gap in Small Towns (Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien and George A. Donohue), 64:329-36. Effects of an AIDS Communication Campaign (Richard M. Perloff), 68:638-43. Effects of Attractiveness of the Endorser on the Performance of Testimonial Ads (Gary B. Wilcox, John H. Murphy and Peter S. Sheldon), 62:548-52. The Effects of Bad News and Good News on a NewspaperÕs Image (Jack B. Haskins and M. Mark Miller), 61:3-13, 65. Effects of Cable Television on News Use (Joey Reagan), 61:317-24. Effects of Frequent Television Viewing on Stereotypes: "Drip, Drip" or "Drench" (Diana C. Reep and Faye H. Dambrot), 66:542-50. Effects of 'Good News' and 'Bad News' on Newscast Image and Community Image (Mary-Lou Galician and Norris D. Vestre), 64:399-405. Effects of Issue Specificity, Ambiguity on Evaluations of Candidate Image (Robert Rudd), 66:675-82. How Editing and Typesetting Technology Affects Typographical Error Rate (Starr D. Randall), 63:763-70. How Media Use During Campaign Affects the Intent to Vote (J. David Kennamer), 64:291-300. How Reviews Affect Interest in and Evaluation of Films (Robert O. Wyatt and David P. Badger), 61:874-78. How Voice Reports, Actualities Affect Recall of Radio News (Lionel Grady), 64:587-90. Image and Issue Political Information: Message Content or Interpretation (Deirdre D. Johnston), 66:379-82. The Impact of a Mini-Series: A Quasi-Experimental Study of "Amerika" (James R. Walker), 66:897-901. The Impact of Negative Network News (Marc G. Weinberger, Chris T. Allen, and William R. Dillon), 63:287-94. Is Religious Knowledge Gained From Broadcasts? (Gary D. Gaddy and David Pritchard), 63:840-44. The Media Agenda-Setting Effect of Concrete versus Abstract Issues (Aileen Yagade and David M. Dozier), 67:3-10. Media Orientation and Television News Viewing (Daniel G. McDonald), 67:11-20. Media Use and Knowledge of AIDS (Carolyn A. Stroman and Richard Seltzer), 66:881-87. Media Use and Meaning of Music Video (Rebecca B. Rubin, Alan M. Rubin, Elizabeth M. Perse, Cameron Armstrong, Michael McHugh, and Noreen Faix), 63:353-59. Media Use and Perceptions of Crime (Carolyn A. Stroman and Richard Seltzer), 62:340-45. Mobilization of Health Behavior by the Press in Britain (Connie M. Kristiansen and Christina M. Harding), 61:364-70, 398. Newspaper Column ReadersÕ Gender Bias: Perceived Interest and Credibility (H. Allen White and Julie Andsager), 68:709-718. Newspaper Coverage of Hazards and the Reactions of Readers (Oene Wiegman, Jan M. Gutteling, Henk Boer, and Reinder J. Houwen), 66:846-52. Newspaper Design Preferences Among Students Revisited (James C. Stanton), 63:633-36. The 1985 Philadelphia Newspaper Strike: A Uses and Gratifications Study (William R. Elliott and William L. Rosenberg), 64:679-87. Perceived Influence of Media on What Goes on in a Community (Kim A. Smith), 62:260-64, 338. Press Puts Unemployment on Agenda: Richmond Community Opinion, 1981-1984 (Donald L. Shaw and John W. Slater), 65:407-11. Race, Homicide and Newspapers (David Pritchard), 62:500-07. Real and Perceived Effects of "America" (Dominic L. Lasorsa), 66:373-78. Selective Perceptions of Outcome of First 1984 Presidential Debate (Donna Rouner and Richard M. Perloff), 65:141-47. Sex-Stereotyping as Factor in Children's Comprehension of Television News (L. Theresa Silverman-Watkins, Stephen C. Levi and Meryl A. Klein), 63:3-11. Some Effects of Video Editing on Perceptions of Television News (Dan G. Drew and Roy Cadwell), 62:828-31. Sources for Recipe Information (Joey Reagan and Janay Collins), 63:389-91. Television Viewing and Support of Punitive Criminal Justice Policy (Ray Surette), 62:373-77, 450. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7783 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-comm-theory/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 14:34:58 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7787 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Communication Theory Active Television Viewing and the Cultivation Hypothesis (Donna Rouner), 61:168-74. Adolescents' Perceptions of the Primary Values of Television Programming (W. James Potter), 67:843-51. Agenda-Setting, Agenda Reinforcing, or Agenda-Deflating? A Study of the 1990 German National Election (Klaus Schoenbach and Holli A. Semetko), 69:837-46. Agenda Setting and Consequentiality (Richard F. Carter, Keith R. Stamm and Katherine Heintz-Knowles), 69:868-77. Agenda-Setting with Bi-Weekly Data on Content of Three National Media (Howard Eaton, Jr.), 66:942-48. Applying Situational Communication Theory to an International Political Problem: Two Studies (L. Erwin Atwood and Ann Marie Major), 68:200-210. Assessing the Active Component of Information-Seeking, (Walter Gantz Michael Fitzmaurice and Ed Fink), 68:630-37. Assessing Sources: Interviewing, Self-Monitoring and Attribution Theory (Eric S. Fredin), 61:866-73. Attentional Penchants and Recall of Information from Background Radio (Margaret Andreasen), 63:24-30, 37. Attributional Bias in Predictions of Retail Advertising Content Preferences (Ann Marie Major), 67:826-37. Audience Recall of News Stories Presented by Newspaper, Computer, Television and Radio (Melvin L. DeFleur, Lucinda Davenport, Mary Cronin and Margaret DeFleur), 69:1010-22. Beyond Agenda-Setting: The Influence of Partisanship and Television Reporting on the Electorate's Voting Intentions (Hans-Bernd Brosius and Hans Mathias Kepplinger), 69:893-901. The Bridging Function of Interpersonal Communication in Agenda-Setting (David H. Weaver, Jian-Hua Zhu and Lars Willnat), 69:856-67. Channel Effectiveness Over Time and Knowledge and Behavior Gaps (Leslie B. Snyder), 67:875-86. Communication and Community Integration: An Analysis of the Communication Behavior of Newcomers (Keith R. Stamm and Avery M. Guest), 68:644-56. The Communication of Public Opinion (Carroll J. Glynn), 64:688-97. Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers (Jae Chul Shim and Charles T. Salmon), 67:852-63. Community Ties in a Rural Midwest Community and Use of Newspapers and Cable TV (Kasisomayajula Viswanath, John R. Finnegan Jr., Brenda Rooney and John Potter), 67:899-911. A Comparison of Trial Lawyer and News Reporter Attitudes about Courthouse Communication (Jeremy Harris Lipschultz), 68:750-63. Conflict Resolution and the Prestige Press: El Universal and the Mexican Oil Crisis, 1938 (Michael Leslie), 68:224-29. The Conformity Hypothesis: Empirical Considerations for the Spiral of Silence's First Link (William J. Gonzenbach), 69:633-45. Diffusion of Information about Cyanide-Laced Tylenol (Noreen M. Carrocci), 62:630-33. Diffusion of News of Shuttle Disaster: What Role for Emotional Response (Daniel Riffe and James Glen Stovall), 66:551-56. Diffusion of a Proximate News Event (Walter Gantz, Kathy Krendl and Susan R. Robertson), 63:282-87. Discrepancy Between Perceived First-Person and Perceived Third-Person Mass Media Effects (James T. Tiedge, Arthur Silverblatt, Michael J. Havice and Richard Rosenfeld), 68:141-54. An Editorial Comment (Donald L. Shaw), 67:639. An Editorial Comment (Donald L. Shaw), 69:808-09. Effect of Accumulation of Coverage on Issue Salience in Agenda Setting (Michael Salwen), 65:100-06. Effect of Support and Personal Distance on the Definition of Key Publics for the Issue of AIDS (Glen T. Cameron and Jian Yang), 68:620-29. Effects of an AIDS Communication Campaign (Richard M. Perloff), 68:638-43. Effects of Color and Complexity in Still Photographs on Mental Effort and Memory (Kathy Gilbert and Joan Schleuder), 67:749-56. The Effects of Dominant Photographs: An Agenda-Setting Experiment (Wayne Wanta), 65:107-11. The Effects of Editorials on Audience Reaction to Television Newscasters (Elizabeth Krueger and James D. Fox), 68:402-411. Effects of Information and Evaluation in Film Criticism (Robert O. Wyatt and David P. Badger), 67:359-68. Effects of Personal, Interpersonal, and Media Experiences on Issue Salience (Dominic L. Lasorsa and Wayne Wanta), 67:804-813. Encoding TV News Messages Into Memory (Tom Grimes), 67:757-66. Energy in the Eighties: Education, Communication, and the Knowledge Gap (Robert J. Griffin), 67:550-62. Explorers and Surveyors: Expanding Strategies for Agenda-Setting Research (Maxwell E. McCombs), 69:813-24. Exposure to What? Integrating Media Content and Effects Studies (Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese), 67:649-52. Format Effects on Comprehension of Television News (Hans-Bernd Brosius), 68:396-401. Framing Risk: Audience and Reader Factors (Susanna Hornig), 69:679-89. The Function of Mass Media Agenda Setting (Donald L. Shaw and Shannon E. Martin), 69:902-20. Gender Differences in Attitude Strength, Role of News Media and Cognitions (J. David Kennamer), 63:782-88, 833. Gratifications of Grazing: An Exploratory Study of Remote Control Use (James R. Walker and Robert V. Bellamy, Jr.), 68:422-31. Home Excitation from Prior Programming Affects Television News Recall (Randall K. Scott and David H. Goff), 65:615-20. How Do Adolescents' Perceptions of Television Reality Change Over Time? (W. James Potter), 69:392-405. How President's State of Union Talk Influenced News Media Agendas (Wayne Wanta, Mary Ann Stephenson, Judy Van Slyke Turk, and Maxwell E. McCombs), 66:537-41. How Town Administrator's View Relates to Agenda Building in Community Press (Ellen Williamson Kanervo and David W. Kanervo), 66:308-15. Information Subsidy and Agenda-Building in Local Television News (Dan Berkowitz and Douglas B. Adams), 67:723-31. Intellectual History, Social History, Cultural History, and Our History (David Paul Nord), 67:645-48. Internal Work Motivation: Predictor of Using Ethical Heuristics and Motivations (H. Allen White and Michael W. Singletary), 70:381-92. Interpersonal Communication and the Agenda-Setting Process (Wayne Wanta and Yi-Chen Wu), 69:847-55. Is the Medium the Message?: An Experimental Test with Morbid News (Ellen M. Bennett, Jill Dianne Swenson and Jeff S. Wilkinson), 69:921-28. Issue Competition and Attention Distraction: A Zero-Sum Theory of Agenda-Setting (Jian-Hua Zhu), 69:825-36. Learning from News: Effects of Message Consistency and Medium on Recall and Inference Making (Robert H. Wicks and Dan G. Drew), 68:155-64. Linking TV Program Orientations and Gratifications: An Experimental Approach (Serena Stanford and Betsy Riccomini), 61:76-82. Mass Communication Research in Latin America: Views From Here and There (Steven H. Chaffee, Carlos Gomez-Palacio and Everett M. Rogers), 67:1015-1024. Measuring Agenda Diversity in an Elastic Medium: Candidate Position Papers (Hugh M. Culbertson), 69:938-47. Media Agenda-Setting with Environmental Issues (Tony Atwater, Michael B. Salwen and Ronald B. Anderson), 62:393-97. Media Attention, Media Exposure, and Media Effects (Dan Drew and David Weaver), 67:740-48. Media Gratifications and Choosing A Morning News Program (J. D. Rayburn II, Philip Palmgreen and Tawney Acker), 61:149-56. Media Reliance and Complexity of Perspective on International Relations (Laura Hendrickson), 66:876-80. Media Reliance and Public Images of Environmental Politics in Ontario and Michigan (John C. Pierce, Lynette Lee-Sammons, Mary Ann E. Steger and Nicholas P. Lovrich), 67:838-42. Media Schemata, Information-Processing Strategies, and Audience Assessment of the Informational Value of Quotes and Background in Local News (Eric S. Fredin and Tracy Tabaczynski), 70:801-814. Meta Analysis of Research on Children and the Media: Atypical Development? (Jeanne M. Meadowcroft and Daniel G. McDonald), 63:474-80. Motivation and Selective Attention To Political Information Formats (Gina M. Garramone), 62:37-44. Motivational Models: Replication across Media for Political Campaign Content (Gina M. Garramone), 61:537-41, 691. Motivations for Viewing "The 700 Club" Robert Abelman), 65:112-18. Negativism as News Selection Predictor (Robert H. Bohle), 63:789-96. Newspaper Agenda Setting and Community Expectations (Ardyth Broadrick Sohn), 62:892-97. Newspaper Credibility and Relationships of Newspaper Journalists to Communities (Cecilie Gaziano and Kristin McGrath), 64:317-28. Our Future Research Agenda: Confronting Challenges...Or Our Dying Gasp? (Richard F. Carter), 67:282-85. Perceptions of Opinion "Climates" and Willingness to Discuss the Issue of Abortion (Charles T. Salmon and Kurt Neuwirth), 67:567-77. Political Discussion and Cognition: A 1988 Look (J. David Kennamer), 67:348-52. Political Group Viability as Predictor of Media Attitudes (Pamela J. Shoemaker), 61:889-92. Political Outspokenness: Factors Working Against the Spiral of Silence (Dominic L. Lasorsa), 68:131-40. Power Prose: The Syntax of Presidential News (Katherine C. McAdams), 67:313-22. Predicting Voting Behavior Via the Agenda-Setting Tradition (Marilyn S. Roberts), 69:878-92. Presidential Approval Ratings as a Variable in the Agenda-Building Process (Wayne Wanta), 68:672-79. Proximity: Localization vs. Distance in PR News Releases (Linda P. Morton and John Warren), 69:1023-28. Public Opinion About Public Opinion (Carroll J. Glynn and Ronald E. Ostman), 65:299-306. Public Salience of Foreign Nations (Michael B. Salwen and Frances R. Matera), 69:623-32. Relation Between Attribution Specificity and Accessibility to News Sources (Mark A. Algraawi and Hugh M. Culbertson), 64:799-804. Rural and Urban Newspaper Coverage of Wildlife: Conflict, Community and Bureaucracy (Julia B. Corbett), 69:929-37. Science Stories: Risk, Power, and Perceived Emphasis (Susanna Hornig), 67:767-76. Social Correlates of Public Attitudes Toward New Communication Technologies (Stephen D. Reese, Pamela J. Shoemaker and Wayne A. Danielson), 63:675-82, 692. Spanish-Language Print Media Use as an Indicator of Acculturation (Pamela J. Shoemaker, Stephen D. Reese and Wayne A. Danielson), 62:734-40, 762. The Stability of Media Gratifications (Daniel G. McDonald and Carroll J. Glynn), 61:542-49, 741. Structures of North-South Informational Flows: An Empirical Test of Galtung's Theory (William H. Meyer), 68:230-37. Television 'Addiction'? An Evaluation of Four Competing Media-Use Models (Seth Finn), 69:422-35. Three Strategies for Elaborating the Cultivation Hypothesis (W. James Potter), 65:930-39. TV's "Instant Analysis" and "Querulous Criticism": Effects of the 1988 First Bush-Dukakis Debate (Dennis T. Lowry, Janet A. Bridges and Paul A. Barefield), 67:814-25. Uses and Gratifications Motives as Indicators of Magazine Readership (Gregg A. Payne, Jessica J.H. Severn and David M. Dozier), 65:909-13. Using Grunig's Indices to Differentiate Organizational Public Relations Functions (Joey Reagan, Janine Sumner and Scott Hill), 69:181-87. A View from the Inside: Brainwaves and Television Viewing (William Miller), 62:508-14. A Within Message Analysis of Communication Behavior (Fiona Chew), 65:634-41. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7787 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-content-analysis/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 14:45:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7794 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Content Analysis Advertising in Taiwan Newspapers Since the Lifting of the Bans (Yun-Ju Lay and John C. Schweitzer), 67:201-206. African-American Photo Coverage in Life, Newsweek and Time, 1937-1988 (Paul Lester and Ron Smith), 67:128-36. Aggresive Cue Prominence and Gender Participation in MTV (Pamela Kalis and Kimberly A. Neuendorf), 66:148-54. AIDS in International News Magazines (Anette Grube and Karin Boehme-Duerr), 65:686-89. Alternative Newspapers and Mobilizing Information (Douglas W. Stanfield and James B. Lemert), 64:604-07. Alternatives to Newspaper Advertising, 1890-1920: Printers' Innovative Product and Message Designs (Claire Badaracco), 67:1042-1050. American Newsmagazine Coverage of the Supreme Court, 1978-81 (J. Douglas Tarpley), 61:801-04. An Analysis of Japanese Television Commercials (Jyotika Ramaprasad and Kazumi Hasegawa), 67:1025-1033. Arab vs. Israeli News Coverage in the New York Times, 1976 and 1984 (Deborah Barranco and Leonard Shyles), 65:178-81. Buying from a Friend: A Content Analysis of Two Teleshopping Programs (Philip J. Auter and Roy L. Moore), 70:425-36. Campaign Coverage by Local TV News in Columbus, Ohio 1978-1986 (David H. Ostroff and Karin Sandell), 66:114-20. Censoring ('Editing') the Comics (Gregg Phifer and Thomas R. King), 63:174-77. Changes in Editorials: A Study of Three Newspapers, 1955-1985 (Ernest C. Hynds), 67:302-312. Changes in the International Focus of U.S. Business Magazines, 1964-1988 (Charles Mayo and Yorgo Pasadeos), 68:509-514. The Changing Nature of Foreign Affairs: 'The Most Influential Periodical in Print' (Thomas J. Price), 63:155-60, 187. ChildrenÕs Television Programming and the "Free Market Solution" (Dennis D. Kerkman, Dale Kunkel, Aletha C. Huston and Marites F. Pinon), 67:147-56. Civil Rights Vanguard in the Deep South: Newspaper Portrayal of Fannie Lou Hamer, 1964-1   << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7794 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-economics/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 14:51:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7802 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Economics of the Press Consumer Costs: A Determinant in Upgrading or Downgrading of Cable Services (Don Umphrey), 68:698-708. Corporate Structure and Emphasis on Profits and Product Quality at U.S. Daily Newspapers (David Pearce Demers), 68:15-26. Correlations of Newspaper Content with Circulation in the Suburbs: A Case Study (Stephen Lacy and Ardyth B. Sohn), 67:785-93. Paradigmatic Drift: A Bibliographic Review of the Spread of Economic Analysis in the Literature of Communication (Kurt M. Miller and Oscar H. Gandy Jr.), 68:663-71. The Press as an Elite Power Group in Japan (Roya Akhavan-Majid), 67:1006-1015. Price Discrimination as Evidence of Newspaper Chain Market Power (John C. Busterna), 68:5-14. Pricing of Advertising in Weeklies: A Replication (Stephen Lacy and Stephen Dravis), 68:338-44. Recent and Future Economic Status of U.S. Newspapers (Jon G. Udell), 67:331-39. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7802 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-editorial/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 15:08:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7807 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Editorial Page Behind the Editorial Page Cartoon (Daniel Riffe, Donald Sneed and Roger L. Van Ommeren), 62:378-83, 450. Editorial Endorsements: Bias in Coverage of Ferraro's Finances (Jeff Merron and Gary D. Gaddy), 63:127-37. Editorials, Opinion Pages Still Have Vital Roles at Most Newspapers (Ernest C. Hynds), 61:634-39. Format Preferences in Editorial Cartooning (Thomas H. Bivins), 61:182-85. How Editorial Page Editors and Cartoonists See Issues (Daniel Riffe, Donald Sneed and Roger Van Ommeren), 62:896-99. Initial Construction of Ferraro tn Newspaper Editorials (Jane Blankenship, Serafin Mendez-Mendez, Jong Guen Kang and Joseph Giordano), 63:378-82. Republican Endorsements, Democratic Positions: An Editorial Page Contradiction (Byron St. Dizier), 63:581-86. What Newspaper Editorials Have Said about Deregulation of Broadcasting (Alf Pratte and Gordon Whiting), 63:497-502. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7807 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-education/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 15:10:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7809 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Education in Journalism Advertising Article Productivity Updated (Lawrence C. Soley and Leonard N. Reid), 65:157-64. AEJMC Presidential Address (Sharon M. Murphy), 64:942-44. After Journalism (Karen Jurgensen and Philip Meyer), 69:266-72. Broadcast Journalists' Education in a Metropolitan Setting (Charles R. Bantz and Robert J. McFarlin, Jr.), 64:610-13. Career Values as Predictor of the Perceived Role of Media (John Dillon), 67:369-76. A Comparison of Career Attitudes of News-Editorial and Ad-PR Students (Ron F. Smith), 64:555-59. An Editorial Comment (Donald L. Shaw), 67:i-ii. An Editorial Comment (Donald L. Shaw), 67:273-74. An Editorial Comment (Donald L. Shaw), 68:325. Factors Affecting Scholarly Research Among Mass Communications Faculty (John C. Schweitzer), 66:410-17. Gender, Pay and Job Satisfaction of Faculty in Journalism (James D. Kelly), 66:446-52. High School Publications Experience as a Factor in College-Level Writing (Jack Dvorak), 65:392-98. "Mass Communication Scholars" Revisited and Reviewed (Bradley Greenberg and John C. Schweitzer), 66:473-75. Predictors of Systematic Public Relations Research in Higher Education (Glen T. Cameron, RuthAnn Weaver Lariscy and Duane D. Sweep), 69:466-70. Publications Experience as Predictor of College Success (Jack Dvorak), 66:702-706. Research Article Productivity by Mass Communication Scholars (John C. Schweitzer), 65:479-84. The Research Climate in Programs in Journalism and Mass Communication (John C. Schweitzer), 66:987-91. The Role of Readers in Reporting Texts (Linda Steiner), 65:642-47. Sex Discrimination in Promotion and Tenure in Journalism Education (Larissa A. Grunig), 66:93-100. Standards and Perceived Roles of JMC Journal Reviewers (Stanley T. Wearden and Fredric F. Endres), 68:499-508. The Training of Journalists in France, Britain and the U.S. (Philip Gaunt), 65:582-88. Value System Changes by Students as Result of Media Ethics Course (Stuart H. Surlin), 64:564-68. Values of Communication Studies and Professional Self-Selection (Patrick R. Parsons), 66:161-68. What High School Teachers Want in University Journalism Programs (Sharon Hartin Iorio and R. Brooks Garner), 65:990-95. Who Are All These Advertising Majors and What Do They Want? (John C. Schweitzer), 65:733-39. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7809 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-ethics/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 15:15:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7814 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Ethics Anonymous Attribution in Network News (K. Tim Wulfemeyer and Lori L. McFadden), 63:468-73. Blacks in the News: Television, Modern Racism and Cultural Change (Robert M. Entman), 69:341-61. Channel One in High School Classrooms: Advertising Content Aimed at Students (K. Tim Wulfemeyer and Barbara Mueller), 69:724-42. A Clash Over Race: Tennessee Governor Ellington versus CBS, 1960 (David E. Sumner), 68:541-47. Colorization and Moral Rights: Should the United States Adopt Unified Protection for Artists? (Roger Cooper) 68:465-73. Corrections Policies in Local Television News: A Survey (Michael E. Cremedas), 69:166-72. Deciding the Limits of Taste in Editorial Cartooning (Daniel Riffe, Donald Sneed and Roger L. Van Ommeren), 64:607-10. Defining Ethics in Electronic Journalism: Perceptions of News Directors (K. Tim Wulfemeyer), 67:984-91. Ethical Values, the Flow of Journalistic Information and Public Relations Persons (Michael Ryan and David L. Martinson), 61:27-34. Ethics, Journalism and Television: Bibliographic Constellations, Black Holes (Thomas W. Cooper), 65:450-59. Farm Journalists and Advertiser Influence: Pressures on Ethical Standards (Robert G. Hays and Ann E. Reisner), 68:172-78. Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures (Robert G. Hays and Ann E. Reisner), 67:936-42. How Managing Editors View and Deal with Newspaper Ethical Issues (Douglas Anderson), 64:341-45. Impact of Ethics Codes on Judgments by Journalists: A Natural Experiment (David Pritchard and Madelyn Peroni Morgan), 66:934-41. Individual Differences in Ethical Values of Public Relations Practitioners (Jacob Shamir, Barbara Strauss Reed and Steven Connell), 67:956-63. Is Ethical Journalism Simply Objective Reporting? (John C. Merrill), 62:391-93. Is the Medium the Message?: An Experimental Test with Morbid News (Ellen M. Bennett, Jill Dianne Swenson and Jeff S. Wilkinson), 69:921-28. Issue Importance and Trust in Mass Media (Albert Gunther and Dominic L. Lasorsa), 63:844-48. Measuring the Concept of Credibility (Cecilie Gaziano and Kristin McGrath), 63:451-62. Motives for Ethical Decision-Making (Michael W. Singletary, Susan Caudill, Edward Caudill and Allen White), 67:964-72. Newspaper Editors' Attitudes Reflect Ethical Doubt on Surreptitious Recording (S. Elizabeth Bird), 62:284-88. Non-Monetary Conflicts in Interest for Newspaper Journalists (Katherine C. McAdams), 63:700-05, 727. Numbers versus Pictures: Did Network Television Sensationalize Chernobyl Coverage? (Carole Gorney), 69:455-65. Objectivity in Journalism: A Search and a Reassessment (Richard Streckfuss), 67:973-83. Public Expectations of Media Versus Standards in Codes of Ethics (Sandra Braman), 65:71-77. Responsibility of Newspaper for Errors in Supplement (James G. Schneider), 61:905-07. The Right to Know vs. the Right of Privacy: Newspaper Identification of Crime Victims (Rita Wolf, Tommy Thomason and Paul LaRocque), 64:503-507. Self-Regulation Broadcasting Revisited (Bruce A. Linton), 64:483-90. The Smoking and Health Issue in Newspapers: Influence of Regional Economies, the Tobacco Institute and News Objectivity (C. Kevin Swisher and Stephen D. Reese), 69:987-1000. A Survey of Correction Policies of Arkansas Newspapers (Gilbert L. Fowler and Tommy L. Mumert), 65:853-58. Validating an Ethical Motivations Scale: Convergence and Predictive Ability (H. Allen White and R. Charles Pearce), 68:455-64. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7814 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-film/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 15:25:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7819 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Film Colorization and Moral Rights: Should the United States Adopt Unified Protection for Artists? (Roger Cooper), 68:465-73. Democracy's Guardians: Hollywood's Portrait of Reporters, 1930-1945 (Stephen Vaughn and Bruce Evensen), 68:829-38. Effects of Information and Evaluation in Film Criticism (Robert O. Wyatt and David P. Badger), 67:359-68. Video Movies at Home: Are They Viewed like Film or like Television? (Dean M. Krugman, Scott A. Shamp and Keith F. Johnson), 68:120-30. When Characters Speak Directly to Viewers: Breaking the Fourth Wall in Television (Philip J. Auter and Donald M. Davis), 68:165-71. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7819 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-gatekeeping/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 15:49:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7826 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Gatekeeping Broadcast Condom Advertising: A Case Study (Herb Kaplan and Rick Houlberg), 67:171-76. Community Structure and Editor Opinions About Planning (C.N. Olien, P.J. Tichenor, G.A. Donohue, K.L. Sandstrom and D.M. McLeod), 67:119-27. Comparing Decisions on Releases by TV and Newspaper Gatekeepers (Eric A. Abbott and Lynn T. Brassfield), 66:853-56. Factors Affecting GatekeepersÕ Selection of Foreign News: A National Survey of Newspaper Editors (Tsan-Kuo Chang and Jae-won Lee), 69:554-61. Gatekeeping: The Mix of Topics and the Selection of Stories (Guido H. Stempel, III), 62:791-96, 815. Gatekeeping and the Network News Mix (Daniel Riffe, Brenda Ellis, Momo K. Rogers, Roger L. Van Ommeren and Kieran A. Woodman), 63:315-21. A Gatekeeping Study of Gannett's All-Local Newspaper Experiment (Ron F. Smith, Sheryln Ann Tumlin and Volker Henning), 65:740-44. The Influence of Chain Ownership on News Play: A Case Study (Theodore L. Glasser, David S. Allen and S. Elizabeth Blanks), 66:607-14. Mr. Gates Goes Electronic: The What and Why Questions in Local TV News (Mark D. Harmon), 66:857-63. News Use on the Front Pages of the American Daily (Janet A. Bridges), 66:332-37. The 98th Congress and Freedom of Information Issues (Robert G. Picard), 64:617-20. Regression Analysis of State Role in Press Economics (Robert G. Picard), 64:846-50. Sportswriters Talk About Themselves: An Attitude Study (J. Sean McCleneghan), 67:114-18. Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers (G.A. Donohue, C.N. Olien and P.J. Tichenor), 66:807-21. Three Newsgathering Perspectives for Covering an Execution (John S. Detweiler), 64:454-62. Topic and Story Choice on Five Network Newcasts (Guido H. Stempel III), 65:750-52. TV News Sources and News Channels: A Study in Agenda Building (Dan Berkowitz), 64:508-13.   << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7826 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-government/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 15:55:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7832 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Government and Mass Communication An Analysis of Government Cost Estimates of Freedom of Information Act Compliance (John Ullmann and Karen List), 62:465-73. Assessing FCC Response to Report of Children's Television Task Force (Michael A. McGregor), 63:481-87, 502. Federal Preemption of Obscenity Law Applied to Cable Television (William E. Hanks and Stephen E. Coran), 63:43-47. Limitations on the State as Editor in State-Owned Broadcast Stations (William Hanks and Lemuel Schofield), 63:797-801. Patterns of State Intervention in Western Press Economics (Robert G. Picard), 62:3-9, 30.   << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7832 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-graphics/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 17:30:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7877 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Graphics Accuracy of Visual Perception of Quantitative Graphics: An Exploratory Study (Prabu David), 69:273-92. The Data-Ink Ratio and Accuracy of Newspaper Graphs (James D. Kelly), 66:632-39. Design Trends in U.S. Front Pages, 1885-1985 (Kevin G. Barnhurst and John C. Nerone), 68:796-804. An Editorial Comment (Donald L. Shaw), 69:258-59. The Effectiveness of Sidebar Graphics (Douglas B. Ward), 69:318-28. Effects of Color and Complexity in Still Photographs on Mental Effort and Memory (Kathy Gilbert and Joan Schleuder), 67:749-56. Graphic Forms in Network Television News (Joe S. Foote and Ann C. Saunders), 67:501-507. The Graphics Explosion: Questions Remain About Roles (Robert D. Hilliard), 66:192-94. How They Look: An Updated Study of American Newspaper Front Pages (Sandra H. Utt and Steve Pasternak), 66:621-27. Information Graphics in 30 Daily Newspapers (Edward J. Smith and Donna J. Hajash), 65:714-18. Mug Shots and Reader Attitudes Toward People in the News (Laurence B. Lain and Philip J. Harwood), 69:293-300. Use of Visual Elements on Newspaper Front Pages (Paul Lester), 65:760-63. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7877 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-history/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 17:34:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7881 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: History and Biography Abortion News in the Late 1920s: A New York Case Study (Marvin Olasky), 66:724-26. African-American Women Journalists and Their Male Editors: A Tradition of Support (Rodger Streitmatter), 70:276-86. Alternatives to Newspaper Advertising, 1890-1920: Printers' Innovative Product and Message Designs (Claire Badaracco), 67:1042-1050. American Muckraking of Technology Since 1900 (Harry H. Stein), 67:401-409. American 'New Journalism' Takes Root in Europe at End of the 19th Century (Marion T. Marzolf), 61:529-36, 691. American Over European Community? Newspaper Content Changes, 1808-1812 (Donald R. Avery), 63:311-14. Assessing Public Opinion in the 1930s-1940s: Retrospective Views of Journalists (Susan Herbst), 67:943-49. The Authority of Truth: Religion and the John Peter Zenger Case (David Paul Nord), 62:227-35. Battling Censors, Chiding Home Office: Harrison Salisbury's Russian Assignment (Don Grierson), 64:313-16. The Bay of Pigs and The New York Times: Another View of What Happened (Daniel D. Kennedy), 63:524-29. Benjamin Franklin to Watergate: The Press in U.S. History Textbooks (Dan B. Fleming), 61:885-88. Birth of a Network's "Conscience": The NBC Advisory Council, 1927 (Louise M. Benjamin), 66:587-90. The Body Politics: The Changing Shape of Uncle Sam (Thomas H. Bivins), 64:13-20. Brand-Name Use in News Columns of American Newspapers Since 1964 (Monroe Friedman), 63:161-66. Breaking the Ice: An In Depth Look at Oriana Fallaci's Interview Techniques (Santo L. Arico), 63:587-93. The Business Values of American Newspapers: The 19th Century Watershed in Chicago (David Paul Nord). 61:265-73. Calvin Chase's Washington Bee and Black Middle-Class Ideology, 1882-1900 (David Howard-Pitney), 63:89-97. "Cave Man" Meets "Student Champion": Sports Page Storytelling for a Nervous Generation during AmericaÕs Jazz Age (Bruce J. Evenson), 70:767-79. Changes in Editorials: A Study of Three Newspapers, 1955-1985 (Ernest C. Hynds), 67:302-312. Chauvinism, Populism and Pre-War TV: Two Views as Seen by the Press, 1937-42 (Dave Berkman), 65:347-51. Chicago Journalists at the Turn of the Century: Bohemians All? (Norma Green, Steve Lacy, and Jean Folkerts), 66:813-21. Civil Rights Vanguard in the Deep South: Newspaper Portrayal of Fannie Lou Hamer, 1964-1977 (Sharon Bramlett-Solomon) 68:515-21. A Clash Over Race: Tennessee Governor Ellington versus CBS, 1960 (David E. Sumner), 68:541-47. Class, Polemics, and America's First Newspaper (William David Sloan), 70:666-81. Comparing Gender Differentiation in the New York Times, 1885 and 1985 (Lee B. Jolliffe), 66:683-91. A Content Analysis of Press Views of Darwin's Evolution Theory, 1860-1925 (Ed Caudill), 64:782-86. Democracy's Guardians: Hollywood's Portrait of Reporters, 1930-1945 (Stephen Vaughn and Bruce Evensen), 68:829-38. 'Dear Companion, Every-Ready Co-Worker:' A Woman's Role in a Media Dynasty (Susan Henry), 64:301-12. Design Trends in U.S. Front Pages, 1885-1985 (Kevin G. Barnhurst and John C. Nerone), 68:796-804. The Dolt Laughs: Satirical Publications under Hitler and Honecker (Randall L. Bytwerk), 69:1029-38. E.L. Godkin and His (Special and Influential) View of 19th Century Journalism (Edward Caudill), 69:1039-50. E.L. Godkin and the Science of Society (Edward Caudill), 66:57-64. Early Television on Public Watch: Kefauver and His Crime Investigation (Gregory C. Lisby), 62:236-42. Economic Elements of Opposition to Abolition and Support of South by Bennett in New York Herald (Gary Whitby), 65:78-84. An Editor Speaks for the Natives: Robert Knight in 19th Century India (Edwin Hirschmann), 63:260-67. Eleanor Roosevelt's Press Conferences: Symbolic Importance of a Pseudo-Event (Maurine Beasley), 61:274-79, 338. Establishing the Frontier Newspaper: A Study of Eight Western Territories (Barbara Cloud), 61:805-11. Exception to the Female Model: Colonial Printer Mary Crouch (Susan Henry), 62:725-33, 749. Father Coughlin in the Periodical Press, 1931-1942 (Robert M. Ogles and Herbert H. Howard), 6l:280-86, 363. FCC Standard-Setting with Regard to FM Stereo and AM Stereo (W.A. Kelly Huff), 68:483-90. FDR Versus His Own Attorney General: The Struggle over Sedition 1941-42 (Patrick S. Washburn), 62:717-24. FDR Wins (and Loses) Journalist Friends in the Rising Age of News Interpretation (Betty Houchin Winfield), 64:698-706. First Amendment Theories and Press Responsibility: The Work of Zechariah Chafee, Thomas Emerson, Vincent Blasi and Edwin Baker (Elizabeth Blanks Hindman), 69:48-64. From Black Politics to Black Community: Harry C. Smith and the Cleveland Gazette (Summer E. Stevens and Owen V. Johnson), 67:1090-1102. Germany's Kurt Korff: An Emigre's Influence on Early Life (C. Zoe Smith), 59:412-19. The Greek-American Press: A 90-Year Compendium (Yorgo Pasadeos), 62:140-44. Hard News/Soft News Content of the National Television Networks, 1972-1987 (David K. Scott and Robert H. Gobetz), 69:406-12. Hawks or Doves: Texas Press and Spanish-American War (Marvin Olasky), 64:205-08. Horace Greeley and Social Responsibility (Warren G. Bovee), 63:25l-59. Horns of a Dilemma: The Sun, Abolition, and the 1833-34 New York Riots (Gary L. Whitby), 67:410-19. How Excess Profits Tax Brought Ads to Black Newspapers in World War II (Mary Alice Sentman and Patrick S. Washburn), 64:769-74. How Radical Were the Muckrakers? Socialist Press Views, 1902-1906 (Shiela Reaves), 61:763-70. How Readers' Letters May Influence Editors and News Emphasis: A Content Analysis of 10 Newspapers, 1948-1978 (David Pritchard and Dan Berkowitz), 68:388-95. Influence of Telegraph on Wisconsin Newspaper Growth (Bradford W. Scharlott), 66:710-15. The Influences of Publicity Typologies on Sherwood Anderson's News Values (Claire Badarraco), 66:979-86. Intellectual History, Social History, Cultural History, and Our History (David Paul Nord), 67:645-48. Jacksonians Discipline a Party Editor: Economic Leverage and Political Exile (Robert K. Stewart), 66:591-99. Japanese-American Relocation During World War II: A Study of California Editorial Reactions (Lloyd Chiasson), 68:263-68. Journalism Behind Barbed Wire, 1942-44: An Arkansas Relocation Center Newspaper (Jay Freidlander), 62:243-46, 271. Journalism History Writing, 1975-1983 (Jean Folkerts and Stephen Lacy), 62:585-88. The Journalism of David Graham Phillips (Robert Miraldi), 63:83-88. The Journalist in Fiction, 1890-1930 (Howard Good), 62:352-57. Journalists and Novelists: A Study of Diverging Styles (Wayne A. Danielson, Dominic L. Lasorsa and Dae S. Im), 69:436-46. Labor Press Demands Equal Education in Age of Jackson (C. K. McFarland and Robert L. Thistlewaite), 65:600-08. Law That Led to Free Press Passed Just 500 Years Ago (Charles Stuart), 61:689-91. Let's Sightsee Radiovision --TV Terms That Didn't Last (Dave Berkman), 63:626-27. The Libel Climate of the Late 19th Century: A Survey of Libel Litigation, 1884-1899 (Timothy Gleason), 70:893-906. The McLuhan Papers: Some Preliminary Notes (William R. Lindley), 63:391-93. National Security Benchmark: Truman, Executive Order 10290, and the Press (Kathleen L. Endres), 67:1071-1077. The New Deal Publicity Operation: Foundation for the Modern Presidency (Betty Houchin Winfield), 61:40-48, 218. New York City's Penny Press and the Issue of Woman's Rights, 1848-1860 (Sylvia D. Hoffert), 70:656-65. News About Slavery from 1820-1860 in Newspapers of South, North and West (Donald Lewis Shaw), 61:483-92. News Conferences on TV: Ike Age Politics Revisited (Craig Allen), 70:13-25. News of the 'Good War': World War II News Management (Richard W. Steele), 62:707-16, 783. The Newspaper Industry's Campaign against Spacegrabbers, 1917-1921 (Susan Lucarelli), 70:883-92. Newspaper Photo Coverage of Censure of McCarthy (Larry Z. Leslie) , 63:850-53. Newspapers Call for Swift Justice: A Study of the McKinley Assassination (Don Sneed), 65:360-67. The 19th Century World Versus the Sun: Promoting Consumption (Rather than the Working Man) (Janet E. Steele), 67:592-601. No Taste for Fluff: Ethel L. Payne, African-American Journalist (Rodger L. Streitmatter), 68:528-40. Not an Empty Box with Beautiful Words on It: The First Amendment in Progressive Era Scholarship (Linda Cobb-Reiley), 69:37-47. Numbers versus Pictures: Did Network Television Sensationalize Chernobyl Coverage? (Carole Gorney), 69:455-65. Objectivity in Journalism: A Search and a Reassessment (Richard Streckfuss), 67:973-83. Opposing Abortion Clinics: A New York Times 1871 Crusade (Marvin N. Olasky), 63:305-10. The Origins of NBC's Project XX in Compilation Documentaries (Vance Kepley, Jr.), 6l:20-26. Our First "Television" Candidate: Eisenhower over Stevenson in 1956 (Craig Allen), 65:352-59. Politics and Radio in the 1924 Campaign (Dave Berkman), 64:422-28. The Post-Revolutionary Woman Idealized: Philadelphia Media's Republican Mother (Karen K. List), 66:65-75. The Precedent that Almost Was: A 1926 Court Effort to Regulate Radio (Louise M. Benjamin), 67:578-85. Presidential Endorsement Patterns By Chain-Owned Papers, 1976-84 (John C. Busterna and Kathleen A. Hansen), 67:286-94. Press and U.S. Policy Toward Nicaragua, 1983-1987: A Study of the New York Times and Washington Post (Sandra H. Dickson), 69:562-71. Racial References in the Texas Press, 1813-1836 (Michael Buchholz), 67:586-91. A Reappraisal of Legislative Privilege and American Colonial Journalism (Jeffrey A. Smith), 61:97-103, 141. Robert Henry Best: The Path To Treason, 1921-1945 (James C. Clark), 67:1051-1061. The Rogue Elephant of Radio Legislation: Senator William E. Borah (Donald G. Godfrey and Val E. Limburg), 67:214-24. Roots of the Space Race: Sputnik and the Language of U.S. News in 1957 (Jack Lule), 68:76-86. Roscoe Dunjee: Crusading Editor of Oklahoma's Black Dispatch, 1915-1955 (William S. Sullins and Paul Parsons), 69:204-13. Scripps' Competitive Strategy: The Art of Non-Competition (Gerald J. Baldasty and Myron K. Jordan), 70:265-75. Sharpening of The Blade: Black Consciousness in Kansas, 1892-97 (Teresa C. Klassen and Owen V. Johnson), 63:298-304. Sibling Interactions in 1950s versus 1980s Sitcoms: A Comparison (Mary Strom Larson), 68:381-87. Social Darwinism on the Editorial Page: American Newspapers and the Boer War (Marvin Olasky), 65:420-24. Social Responsibility of the Texas Revolutionary Press (Michael Buchholz), 59:185-89. Social Utility of Sensational News: Murder and Divorce in the 1920's (John D. Stevens), 62:53-58. Soldiers Reflect on War Coverage at Turn of Century (Wallace B. Eberhard), 66:706-10. Southern Magazine Publishing, 1964-1984 (Sam G. Riley and Gary Selnow), 65:898-901. Space Race Propaganda: U.S. Coverage of the Soviet Sputniks in 1957 (Cheryl L. Marlin), 64:544-49. State Constitutions and the Press: Historical Context and Resurgence of a Libertarian Tradition? (James R. Parramore), 69:105-23. 'Strictly Confidential': Birth-Control Advertising in 19th Century City (Kathleen L. Endres), 63:748-51. Surrogate State Department? Times Coverage of Palestine, 1948 (Bruce J. Evensen), 67:391-400. Testing Siebert's Proposition in Civil War Indiana (Jon Paul Dilts), 63:365-68. Trends in Journalism Quarterly: Reflections of the Retired Editor (Guido H. Stempel III), 67:277-81. Trying to Harness Atomic Energy, 1946-1951: Albert Einstein's Publicity Campaign for World Government (Susan Caudill), 68:253-62. Unlicensed Broadcasting and the Federal Radio Commission: The 1930 George W. Fellowes Challenge (Steven P. Phipps), 68:823-28. Weekly Editors in 1900: A Quantitative Study of Demographic Characteristics (Jean Folkerts and Stephen Lacy), 64:429-33. World Wars at Home: U.S. Response to World War II Propaganda (Alex Nagy), 67:207-213. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7881 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-international/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 17:39:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7885 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: International Communication The Abortive 1956 Reform of Chinese Journalism (Jinglu Yu), 65:328-34. Advertising in Taiwan Newspapers Since the Lifting of the Bans (Yun-Ju Lay and John C. Schweitzer), 67:201-206. African Newspaper Editors and the New World Information Order (Connie Roser and Lee Brown), 63:114-21. Agenda-Setting, Agenda Reinforcing, or Agenda-Deflating? A Study of the 1990 German National Election (Klaus Schoenbach and Holli A. Semetko), 69:837-46. American TV in the Philippines: A Test of Cultural Impact (Alexis S. Tan, Gerdean K. Tan and Alma S. Tan), 64:65-72. American TV and Social Stereotypes of Americans in Thailand (Alexis S. Tan and Kultilda Suarchavarat), 65:648-54. An Analysis of Japanese Television Commercials (Jyotika Ramaprasad and Kazumi Hasegawa), 67:1025-1033. Applying Situational Communication Theory to an International Political Problem: Two Studies (L. Erwin Atwood and Ann Marie Major), 68:200-210. Australia and Australians: View from the New York Times (Kevin W. J. McCracken), 64:183-87. Bad News or No News?: Covering Africa, 1965-1982 (William A. Hachten and Brian Beil), 62:626-30. Beyond Agenda-Setting: The Influence of Partisanship and Television Reporting on the Electorate's Voting Intentions (Hans-Bernd Brosius and Hans Mathias Kepplinger), 69:893-901. Broadcasting in Nigeria: Its Post-Independence Status (Ebele N. E. Ume-Nwagbo), 61:585-92. Changes in the International Focus of U.S. Business Magazines, 1964-1988 (Charles Mayo and Yorgo Pasadeos), 68:509-514. Channel Effectiveness Over Time and Knowledge and Behavior Gaps (Leslie B. Snyder), 67:875-86. Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers (Jae Chul Shim and Charles T. Salmon), 67:852-63. Concentration of Ownership in the Belgian Daily Press (Jan Servaes), 66:367-72. Conflict Resolution and the Prestige Press: El Universal and the Mexican Oil Crisis, 1938 (Michael Leslie), 68:224-29. A Content Analysis of Prime-Time TV and Radio News in Puerto Rico (Gloria J. Canino and Aletha C. Huston), 63:150-54. Counting Items Versus Measuring Space in Content Analysis (Abdulrahman H. Al-Enad), 68:657-62. Coverage of Africa South of the Sahara by Pravda, Izvestia, Trud and Selskaya Zhizn, 1979-1987: A Content Analysis (Festus Eribo), 70:51-57. Coverage of Developmental News by Developed and Developing Media (Christine Ogan), 64:80-87. Criticism of Government Officials in the Mexican Press, 1951-1980 (Louise F. Montgomery), 62:763-69. Cuban Mass Media after 25 Years of Revolution (John A. Lent), 62:609-15, 704. Cultural Proximity in International News Coverage: 1988 U.S. Presidential Campaign in the Greek Press (Thimios Zaharopoulos), 67:190-94. Culture Clash: Impact of U.S. Television in Korea (Jong Guen Kang and Michael Morgan), 65:431-38. Death and Funeral Ads in the Nigerian Press (Charles Okigbo), 64:629-33. Developed and Developing Nation News in U.S. Wire Service Files to Asia (C. Anthony Giffard), 61:14-19. Development News in Rural Georgia Newspapers: A Comparison with Media in Developing Nations (William F. Griswold and Jill D. Swenson), 69:580-90. Development News in Two Asian Nations (Drew McDaniel), 63:167-70. Development News on All India Radio (Hemant Shah), 65:425-30. Developments in Soviet Journalism (Philip Gaunt), 64:526-32. Dying (and Being Killed) on the Job: A Case Study of World Journalists, 1982-1989 (Leonard R. Sussman), 68:195-99. An Editorial Comment (Donald L. Shaw), 69:539-40. Effect of U.S.-India Relations on New York Times Coverage (Jyotika Ramaprasad and Daniel Riffe), 64:537-43. El Alcazar: Daily Under Siege (Jerry W. Knudson), 66:471-73. El SalvadorÕs Civil War as Seen in North and South American Press (Walter C. Soderlund and Carmen Schmitt), 63:268-74. An Essay: Defining International Communication as a Field (Robert L. Stevenson), 69:543-53. Factors Affecting Gatekeepers' Selection of Foreign News: A National Survey of Newspaper Editors (Tsan-Kuo Chang and Jae-won Lee), 69:554-61. Factors Influencing Development News Production at Three Indian Dailies (Hemant Shah), 67:1034-1041. Factors Influencing International News Flow (Herbert G. Kariel and Lynn A. Rosenvall), 61:509-16, 666. Foreign Correspondents Cover Washington for World (Shailendra Ghorpade), 61:667-71. Foreign News in Two Jordanian Newspapers (Mohamed N. El Sarayrah), 63:363-65. Geographic Emphases of International News Studies (Kuo-Jen Stang, YeanTsai and Scott S. K. Liu), 65:191-95. Global Television Flow to Latin American Countries (Maria C. Wert and Robert L. Stevenson), 65:182-85. Handling Unpleasant News in the East German Press (Randall L. Bytwerk), 62:136-38. A Hierarchy of Access: Aspects of Source Bias in Canadian TV News (Robert A. Hackett), 62:256-65, 277. How Eight Weekly Newsmagazines Covered Elections in Six Countries (Robert Buckman), 70:780-92. How Newspapers Cover Education in Three Countries (Jerry L. Johns, Colleen Faye Brownlie and Rhoda L. Ramirez), 63:177-80. How the Tehran Press Responded to the 1979 Iranian Revolution (Naiim Badii and L. Erwin Atwood), 63:517-23, 536. The Image Gap: How International News Affects Perceptions of Nations (David K. Perry), 64:416-21. The Image of the U.S. in the Greek Press (Thimios Zaharopoulos), 66:188-92. Images of the United States in the Latin American Press (Louise F. Montgomery), 65:655-60. Inclination of Nations to Control Press and Attitudes on Professionalization (John C. Merrill), 65:839-44. Informational Content of American and Japanese Television Commercials (Jyotika Ramaprasad and Kazumi Hasegawa), 69:612-22. The Inter Press Service: New Information for a New Order (C. Anthony Giffard), 62:17-23, 44. International Gazettes and Politics of Europe in the Revolutionary Period (Jeremy Popkin), 62:482-88. International News and Borrowed News in the New York Times: An Update (Daniel Riffe, Charles F. Aust, Rhonda J. Gibson, Elizabeth K. Viall, and Huiuk Yi), 70:638-46. International News Borrowing: A Trend Analysis (Daniel Riffe), 61:142-48. International News Exposure and Images of Nations (John T. McNeIly and Fausto Izcaray), 63:546-53. International News Photos in U.S. and Canadian Papers (Roy E. Blackwood), 64:195-99. International News in U.S. Media: Perceptions of Foreign Students (Kasisomayajula Viswanath), 65:952-59. Israeli Elite Journalists: Views on Freedom and Responsibility (Jacob Shamir), 65:589-94. Japanese Politicians' Exposure to National and Local Dailies (Ofer Feldman), 63:821-26. The Knowledge Gap and Foreign Affairs: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict (Oscar H. Gandy, Jr. and Mohammed El Waylly), 62:777-83. Labels Used to Define Central American Situation (John Sumser), 64:850-53. Latin America on Network TV (Waltraud Queiser Morales), 61:157-60. Libel Law and the Press in Japan (Kyu Ho Youm), 67:1103-1112. The Liberian Press: An Analysis (Momo K. Rogers), 63:275-81. Mass Communication Research in Latin America: Views From Here and There (Steven H. Chaffee, Carlos Gomez-Palacio and Everett M. Rogers), 67:1015-1024. Mass Media in Grenada: Three Lives in a Decade (John A. Lent), 62:755-42. Media Development Without Press Freedom: Lee Kuan Yew's Singapore (William A. Hachten), 66:822-27. Media Reliance and Public Images of Environmental Politics in Ontario and Michigan (John C. Pierce, Lynette Lee-Sammons, Mary Ann E. Steger and Nicholas P. Lovrich), 67:838-42. A Meta-Research Case Study of Developmental Journalism (Jo Ellen Fair), 59:165-70. Multicultural Journalism: A Profile of Hawaii's Newspeople (John P. Henningham), 70:550-57. New World Information Order in Action in Guyana (M. Kent Sidel), 61:493-98,639. News Content Homogeneity in Elite Indian Dailies (S.M. Mazaharul Haque), 63:827-33. News Reading, Knowledge About, and Attitudes Toward Foreign Countries (David K. Perry), 67:353-58. News Sources in Network Coverage of International Terrorism (Tony Atwater and Norma F. Green), 65:967-71. The News and U.S.-China Policy: Symbols in Newspapers and Documents (Tsan-Kuo Change), 65:320-27. Newspaper Political Advertising and News in the 1984 Israeli Elections (Chaim H. Eyal), 62:601-08. Nigerian High School Students Evaluate Journalism Careers (Charles Okigbo), 61:907-09. The Nigerian Press Under Civilian Rule (Sylvanus A. Ekwelie), 63:98-105, 149. 'Not This Way Please!' Regulating the Press in Nazi Germany (Robert G. Young), 64:787-792. Outside Over National News Agencies? A Study of Preferences In the French Regional Press (Philip Gaunt and David Pritchard), 67:184-89. Partisan Press Coverage of Government News in Hong Kong (Chin-Chuan Lee), 62:770-76. Press and U.S. Policy Toward Nicaragua, 1983-1987: A Study of the New York Times and Washington Post (Sandra H. Dickson), 69:562-71. The Press as an Elite Power Group in Japan (Roya Alchavan-Majid), 67:1006-1015. Press Freedom and Development: U.S. and the Latin American Views (Michael B. Salwen and Bruce Garrison), 66:87-92. Press-Government Relations in Jordan: A Case Study (Badran A. Badran), 59:335-40. 'Problematic' Situations in Press Coverage of the 1988 U.S. and French Elections (Ann Marie Major), 69:600-11. Program Ratings and Levels of TV Exposure in Belize (J. David Johnson and Omar Souki Oliveira), 65:497-500. Public Salience of Foreign Nations (Michael B. Salwen and Frances R. Matera), 69:623-32. Reading International News in a Censored Press Environment (Albert Gunther and Leslie B. Snyder), 69:591-99. Reform of the German Press System (Norbert Frei), 64:793-98. Relations Between the Diet and the Japanese Press (Ofer Feldman), 62:845-49. Remnants of Cultural Revolution in Chinese Journalism of the 1980s (William A. Mulligan), 65:20-25. Reportage of Agricultural News in Nigerian Newpapers (Terry A. Olowu), 67:195-200. Role of Haitian Newspapers in the United States (Leara Rhodes), 70:172-80. South African TV and Censorship: Does It Reduce Negative Coverage (C. Anthony Giffard and Lisa Cohen), 66:3-10. Stability and Change At The "Big Five" News Agencies (Mark D. Alleyne and Janet Wagner), 70:40-50. Structures of North-South Informational Flows: An Empirical Test of GaltungÕs Theory (William H. Meyer), 68:230-37. Surrogate State Department? Times Coverage of Palestine, 1948 (Bruce J. Evensen), 67:391-400. Third-World Images of U.S.: Media Use by Jordanians (G. Norman Van Tubergen and Douglas A. Boyd), 63:607-11. Three Press Systems View Sino-U.S. Normalization (Carolyn Lin and Michael B. Salwen), 63:360-62. Transnational Radio Listening Among Saudi Arabian University Students (Douglas A. Boyd and Morad Asi), 68:211-15. Trust in Government and News Media Among Korean Americans (Steven H. Chaffee, Clifford I. Nass and Seung-Mock Yang), 68:111-19. Two Moscow Dailies: Content Changes and Glasnost, 1985-1987 (Elisabeth Schillinger), 66:828-35. U.S. Government Assistance to AP's Worldwide Expansion (Jean-Luc Renaud), 62:10-16, 36. U.S. and Japanese Source Reliance for Environmental Information (John C. Pierce, Lynette Lee-Sammons and Nicholas P. Lovrich, Jr.), 65:902-08. U.S. News Media Citations in Neues Deutschland (Stuart J. Bullion), 63:170-74. Using Positive vs. Negative PhotographsÐOr No PhotographsÐin Third-World Fund Raising (Evelyne J. Dyck and Gary Coldevin), 69:572-79. VIBAX: Nassau's Forgotten Radio Station (Howard S. Pactor), 65:1000-03. Video Policy in Guyana (M. Kent Sidel), 67:531-35. Women and the Media in China: An Historical Perspective (Liu Mei Ching), 62:45-52. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7885 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-law/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 17:51:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7889 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Law Acceptability Clauses and the Writer's Legal Remedies (George E. Stevens), 61:898-901. Advertising and Commercial Speech Since the 1986 Posadas Case (Roxanne Hovland and Ronald E. Taylor), 67:1083-1089. The Application of Libel Law to Fiction (Paul F. Parsons), 63:294-97, 336. Assessment of the Renewal Expectancy in FCC Comparative Renewal Hearings (Michael A. McGregor), 66:295-301. The AT&T Consent Order and Electronic Publishing (John H. Boyer), 62:797-806. Choosing the Standard of Care in Private Individual Defamation Cases (Susan Caudill), 66:396-401. Communication Law and Justice: BrennanÕs Structural-Functional Theory (Roy V. Leeper), 70:160-71. Contracts and Confidential Sources: The Implications of Cohen v. Cowles Media (Paula S. Horvath-Neimeyer), 67:1078-1082. Contractual Offers in Advertising (George E. Stevens), 67:32-34. Copyright and New Technology: Implications for Audiovisual Works (Janay Collins), 64:94-98. Courts Restrict Release of Discovery Information (Deckle McLean), 59:503-07. Criminal Libel After Garrison (George E. Stevens), 68:522-27. Dangers of Libeling the Clergy (Paul F. Parsons), 62:528-32, 539. Deregulation and Competition: Explaining the Absence of Local Broadcast News Operations (Michael L. McKean and Vernon A. Stone), 69:713-23. The Different Functions of Speech in Defamation and Privacy Cases (Gary Kebbel), 61:629-33, 743. The Dynamics of Expression Under the State Constitutions (Robert F. Copple), 64:106-113. An Editorial Comment (Donald L. Shaw), 69:1-2. Editorial Rights, Constitutional Restraints of Editors of State-Supported Newspapers (Ruth Walden), 62:616-25. Effects of Gertz Decision in One Circuit (Phyllis Ann Avery and John D. Stevens), 61:897-98. Effects of Herbert v. Lando on Small Newspapers and TV Stations (James Bow and Ben Silver), 61:414-18. Experimental Test of Some Notions of the Fact/Opinion Distinction in Libel (Jeremy Cohen, Diana Mutz, Clifford Nass, and Laurie Mason), 66:11-18. Fair Press or Trial Prejudice? Perception's of Criminal Defendants (Regina Ganelle Sherard), 64:337-340. The First Amendment at its Bicentennial: Necessary But Not Sufficient? (Dwight L. Teeter, Jr.), 69:18-27. First Amendment Implications of Banning Alcohol Beverage Ads on Radio and TV (Lemuel B. Schofield), 62:533-39. First Amendment Theories and Press Responsibility: The Work of Zechariah Chafee, Thomas Emerson, Vincent Blasi and Edwin Baker (Elizabeth Blanks Hindman), 69:48-65. Flag Desecration as Seditious Libel (W. Wat Hopkins), 68:814-22. Free Expression and Wartime: Lessons from the Past, Hopes for the Future (Margaret A. Blanchard), 69:5-17. Free Expression: The First Five Years of the Rehnquist Court (F. Dennis Hale), 69:89-104. The Freedom of Information Act and Accountability in University Research (David Pritchard and Craig Sanders), 66:402-409. Free Lancers and 'Work Made for Hire' (George E. Stevens), 64:187-89. Free Lancers and the 'Work Made for Hire' (George E. Stevens), 63:848-51. A Government Action Approach to First Amendment Analysis (Ruth Walden), 69:65-88. How Editors View Legal Issues and the Rehnquist Court (Douglas A. Anderson, Joe W. Milner and Mary-Lou Galician), 65:294-98. How Justice Department Viewed the St. Louis Joint Operating Agreement (Carolyn Tozier), 63:503-08. How Print and Broadcast Journalists Perceive Performance of Reporters in the Courtroom (Val E. Limburg, Nicholas P. Lovrich, Charles H. Sheldon and Erik Wasmann), 65:621-26. How State Open Meeting Laws Now Compare with Those of 1974 (Sharon Hartin Iorio), 62:741-49. How Texas Journalists View Status of FOI Act (Lawrence C. Sutherland), 64:202-08. The Impact of Richmond Newspapers (Deckle McLean), 61:785-92. The Indeterminate Future of the First Amendment (Todd F. Simon), 69:28-36. Indiana Legal Leaders' Perceptions of Camera Trial Access Arguments (Greg Stefaniak), 61:399-403. ISKCON Court Decisions: Setback for Proselytizing Rights (Achal Mehra), 61:109-16. Judge's Perceptions of Fair Trial-Free Press Issue (Robert E. Drechsel), 62:388-90. Judging Public Interest in Libel: The Gertz DecisionÕs Contribution (Steven Helle), 61:117-24. Judicial Linking of Intentional Emotional Distress to Intrusion (Bruce L. Plopper), 67:40-50. Killing "Gnats with a Sledgehammer"? Case Study: Fairness Doctrine and a Broadcast License Denial (Timothy W. Gleason), 68:805-813. Legal Protection for a Magazine Article Idea (George F. Stevens), 61:679-82. Legally Enforceable Reporter-Source Agreements: Chilling News Gathering at the Source? (Matthew D. Bunker and Sigman L. Splichal), 70:939-46. Libel and the Opinion Writer: The Fact-Opinion Distinction (Harry W. Stonecipher and Don Sneed), 64:491-98. The Libel Climate of the Late 19th Century: A Survey of Libel Litigation, 1884-1899 (Timothy Gleason), 70:893-906. Libel Consequences of Headlines (Deckle McLean), 66:924-29. Libel Law and the Press in Japan (Kyu Ho Youm), 67:1103-1112. Lifting the Veil: Ethics Bodies, the Citizen-Critic, and the First Amendment (Matthew D. Bunker), 70:98-107. Local and Topical Pervasive Public Figures After Gertz (George E. Stevens), 66:463-66. Mass Media and Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress (Robert E. Drechsel), 62:523-27, 539. Mass Media and the "Libel Proof" Doctrine (George E. Stevens), 66:174-77. Mass Media Liability for Intentionally Inflicted Emotional Distress (Robert E. Drechsel), 62:95-99. Media Access to Juvenile Courts (Louis A. Day), 61:751-56. Media Coverage of the Supreme CourtÕs Caseload (Jerome O'Callaghan and James O. Dukes), 69:195-203. Media Defamation and the Free-Lance Writer (George E. Stevens), 64:601-04. Media Tort Liability for Physical Harm (Robert E. DrechseI), 64:99-105. Mediasat and the Tort of Invasion of Privacy (Jeremy Harris Lipschultz), 59:507-11. More Freedom for the Prison Press: An Emerging First Amendment Issue (Don Sneed and Harry W. Stonecipher), 63:48-54, 68. Move to Clear and Convincing Proof as Libel Standard Gain for Media (Deckle McLean), 66:640-45. News Councils and Libel Actions (Ronald Farrar), 63:509-16. News Council Complainants: Who Are They and What Do They Want? (Louise Williams Hermanson), 70:947-70. Newsmagazine Coverage of the Supreme Court During the Reagan Administrations (Dorothy A. Bowles and Rebekah V. Bromley), 69:948-59. Newspaper Attention to (and Support of) First Amendment Cases, 1919-1969 (Dorothy Bowles), 66:579-86. Newspapers' Policies on Rejection of Ads for Products and Services (Steve Pasternack and Sandra H. Utt), 65:695-701. Newsracks and the First Amendment (George E. Stevens), 66:930-33. Newtonian Communication: Shaking the Libel Tree for Empirical Damages (Jeremy Cohen and Sara Spears), 67:51-59. Not an Empty Box with Beautiful Words on It: The First Amendment in Progressive Era Scholarship (Linda Cobb-Reiley), 69:37-47. 'Official Conduct' and the Actual Malice Rule (George E. Stevens), 64:857-60. Origins of the Actual Malice Test (Deckle McLean), 62:750-54. Press Identification of Victims of Sexual Assault: Weighing Privacy and Constitutional Concerns (Morgan David Arant Jr.), 68:238-52. Press May Find Justice Scalia Frequent Foe but Impressive Adversary (Deckle McLean), 65:152-56. Presumed Harm: An Item for the Unfinished Agenda of Times v. Sullivan (David A. Anderson), 62:24-30. Prior Restraint on Photojournalists (Caroline Dow), 64:88-93. The Pro Athlete's Right of Publicity in Live Sports Telecasts (Louis A. Day), 59:62-70. The Problem of Trespass for Photojournalists (Michael D. Sherer), 62:154-56, 222. ProsecutorsÕ Use of External Agendas in Prosecuting Pornography Cases (David Pritchard, Jon Paul Dilts and Dan Berkowitz), 64:392-98. Radio Libel Laws: Relics That May Have Answer for Reform Needed Today (Robert L. Hughes), 63:288-93, 359. Rationalizing Libel Law in Wake of Gertz: The Problem and a Proposal (Robert L. Hughes), 62:540-47, 566. Recent Developments in Law of Access (Ann L. Plamondon), 63:61-68. Recent Privacy Cases Deal with Diverse Issues (Deckle McLean), 63:374-78. Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia and the Emerging Right of Access (Roy V. Leeper), 61:615-22. RICO and Obscenity Prosecutions: Racketeering Laws Threaten Free Expression (Matthew D. Bunker, Paul H. Gates Jr., and Sigman L. Splichal), 70:692-99. Scaring Off the Muckrakers with the Threat of Libel (Robert Miraldi) 59:609-14. Seditious Libel Today Versus the Imperative of Absolute Immunity (Robert B. Gilbert), 63:38-42, 47. The Single-Publication Rule: A Solution That Raises Problems (David A. Haberman), 61:623-28, 744. State Constitutions and the Press: Historical Context and Resurgence of a Libertarian Tradition? (James R. Parramore), 69:105-23. Summary Judgment in Defamation Under Gertz (Robert M. Ogles and George E. Stevens), 65:745-47. A Survey of Photojournalists and Their Encounters with the Law (Michael D. Sherer), 64:499-502. The Survival of "End-Run" Theories of Tort Liability After Hustler v. Falwell (Robert E. Drechsel), 67:1062-1070. Suspension of the NAB Code and Its Effect on Regulation of Advertising (Lynda M. Maddox and Eric J. Zanot), 61:125-30, 156. 'Taken as a Whole' in Print Obscenity Cases (George E. Stevens), 63:371-74. Taxing Newspaper Advertising Supplements: A Study of State Trends (Greg Stefaniak), 67:21-24. Tort Liability of the News Media For Surreptitious Recording (Robert L. Spellman), 62:289-95. Unauthorized Use of a NewspaperÕs Name (George E. Stevens), 61:426-29. The University's Liability for Libel and Privacy Invasion by Student Press (Ruth Walden), 65:702-08. Unlicensed Broadcasting and the Federal Radio Commission: The 1930 George W. Fellowes Challenge (Steven P. Phipps), 68:823-28. Unshackled by Unwilling: Public Broadcasting and Editorializing (Howard M. Kleiman), 64:707-713. Update on Scale Analysis of Supreme Court Cases (Guido H. Stempel III), 64:860-61. What Iowa Editors Know About Libel Law (Brian J. Steffin), 65:998-1000. The "Wire Service" Libel Defense (Kyu Ho Youm), 70:682-91. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7889 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-magazine/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 17:58:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7894 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Magazine Journalism African-American Photo Coverage in Life, Newsweek and Time, 1937-1988 (Paul Lester and Ron Smith), 67:128-36. American Muckraking of Technology Since 1900 (Harry H. Stein), 67:401-409. Changes in the International Focus of U.S. Business Magazines, 1964-1988 (Charles Mayo and Yorgo Pasadeos), 68:509-514. Comparing Magazine Photos of Vietnam and Korean Wars (Michael Sherer), 65:751-56. A Comparison of Cultural Values in British and American Print Advertising: A Study of Magazines (Katherine Toland Frith and David Wesson), 68:216-23. Coverage of Chang and Mao in Three U.S. News Magazines (Yang-Chou Yu and Daniel Riffe), 66:913-19. Enticing Viewers: Sex and Violence in TV Guide Program Advertisements (Gilbert A. Williams), 66:970-73. Farm Journalists and Advertiser Influence: Pressures on Ethical Standards (Robert G. Hays and Ann E. Reisner), 68:172-78. Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures (Robert G. Hays and Ann E. Reisner), 67:936-42. Feminism and Advertising in Traditional and Non-Traditional Women's Magazines 1950s-1980s (Linda J. Busby and Greg Leichty), 70:247-64. How and Why Anonymous Attribution Is Used by Time and Newsweek (K. Tim Wulfemeyer) 62:81-86, 126. How Eight Weekly Newsmagazines Covered Six National Elections (Robert Buckman), 70:780-92. How Organization Editors Regard Their Jobs and Their Profession (Don Ranly), 66:949-53. Images Through Time: Man-of-the-Year Covers (William G. Christ and Sammye Johnson), 62:891-93. Magazine Coverage of Mentally Handicapped (Cathy Meo Bonnstetter), 63:623-26. Newsmagazine Visuals and the 1988 Presidential Election (Sandra E. Moriarty and Mark N. Popovich), 68:371-80. News Magazine Coverage of the Supreme Court During the Reagan Administrations (Dorothy A. Bowles and Rebekah V. Bromley), 69:948-59. Of Lasting Interest? A Study of Change in the Content of Reader's Digest (Ron F. Smith and Linda Decker-Amos), 62:127-31. Research Activity of Magazine Publishers (Thomas Jacobson), 65:511-14. Terrorists in the News, as Reflected in Three News Magazines, 1980-88 (Brian K. Simmons and David N. Lowry), 67:692-96. Trends in Journalism Quarterly: Reflections of the Retired Editor (Guido H. Stempel III), 67:277-81. Trends in Magazine Advertorial Use (Patricia A. Stout, Gary B. Wilcox and Lorrie S. Greer), 66:960-64. The Use of Blacks in Magazine and Television Advertising: 1946-1986 (George M. Zinkhan, William J. Qualls and Abhijit Biswas), 67:547-49. Use of Endorsers in Magazine Advertisements (Patricia A. Stout and Young Sook Moon), 67:536-46. Using Expert Sources in Breaking Science Stories: A Comparison of Magazine Types (Shannon E. Martin), 68:179-87. Visibility of Blacks and Whites in Magazine Photographs (Giacomo L. Ortizano), 66:718-21.   << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7894 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-media-mgt/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 18:05:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7900 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Media Management and Ownership Balancing Business with Journalism: Newsroom Policies at 12 West Coast Newspapers (Doug Underwood and Keith R. Stamm), 69:301-17. Career-Related Characteristics of Male and Female News Directors (Kimberly K. Burks and Vernon A. Stone), 70:542-49. Chain Ownership and Editorial Independence: A Case Study of Gannett Newspapers (Roya Akhavan-Majid, Anita Rife and Sheila Gopinath), 68:59-66. Competition Among Metropolitan Daily, Small Daily and Weekly Newspapers (Stephen Lacy), 6l:640-44, 742. Competition, Ownership, Newsroom and Library Resources in Large Newspapers (John C. Busterna, Kathleen A. Hansen and Jean Ward), 68:729-39. Corporate Structure and Emphasis on Profits and Product Quality at U.S. Daily Newspapers (David Pearce Demers), 68:15-26. Daily Newspaper Managing Editors' Perceptions of News Media Functions (Janet A. Bridges), 68:719-28. Daily Publishers' Preferences on Reporter Decision-Making (Ted Joseph), 62:899-901. Does Advertising Lower the Prices of Newspapers to Consumers (Lawrence C. Soley), 66:801-06. Editors' Attitudes and Behavior Toward Journalism Awards (David C. Coulson), 66:143-47. Effect of Corporate Structure on Autonomy of Top Editors at U.S. Dailies (David Pearce Demers), 70:499-508. The Effect of Growth of Radio on Newspaper Competition, 1929-1948 (Stephen Lacy), 64:775-81. Effect of Intermedia Competition on Daily Newspaper Content (Stephen Lacy), 65:95-99. The Effect of Intracity Competition on Daily Newspaper Content (Stephen Lacy), 64:281-90. Effect of Monopoly in Cleveland on Diversity of Newspaper Content (Maxwell McCombs), 64:740-44. Effect of Newsroom Management Styles on Journalists: A Case Study (Cecilie Gaziano and David C. Coulson), 65:869-80. The Effects of Public Ownership on the Financial Performance of Newspaper Corporations (William B. Blankenburg and Gary W. Ozanich), 70:68-75. First Amendment vs. Business Orientations of Broadcast General Managers and News Directors (Jeremy H. Lipschultz and Michael L. Hilt), 70:518-27. Goals and Achievement Orientations of Women Newspaper Managers (Ardyth B. Sohn), 6l:600-05. Group and Cross-Media Ownership of TV Stations: A 1989 Update (Herbert H. Howard), 66:785-91. How Managerial Ownership Affects Profit Maximization in Newspaper Firms (John C. Busterna), 66:302-307. How Newspapers in Alaska Cope with Staff Turnover (Donald L. Guimary), 63:627-30. The Impact of Group Ownership Variables on Organizational Professionalism at Daily Newspapers (Randal A. Beam), 70:907-18. The Impact of Newspaper Ombudsmen on JournalistsÕ Attitudes (David Pritchard), 70:77-86. Importance of Diversity in Controversy over Financial Interest and Syndication (Michael A. McGregor). 61:831-34. Local Broadcast News Editors and Managers: A Multiple Station, Single Market Study (John Hewitt and Rick Houlberg), 63:834-39. Minorities in the Newsroom and Community: A Comparison (Dick Haws), 68:764-71. A Model of Demand for News: Impact of Competition on Newspaper Content (Stephen Lacy), 66:40-48. Monopoly Metropolitan Dailies and Inter-City Competition (Stephen Lacy), 62:640-44. The Motivational Perspectives of Newspaper Managers (Ardyth B. Sohn and Leonard H. Chusmir), 62:296-303. The News Conference: How Daily Newspaper Editors Construct the Front-Page (Ann E. Reisner), 60:971-86. Newspaper Promotions and Coverage of Literacy (Carmen L. Manning-Miller and James Crook), 70:118-25. Ownership and Employment in Specialized Business Press (Kathleen L. Endres), 65:996-98. Pennsylvania Editors' Perceptions of Communication in the Newsroom (Gilbert L. Fowler and John Martin Shipman), 61:822-26. Predictors of Job Satisfaction Among Black Journalists (Sharon Bramlett-Solomon), 69:703-12. The Press as an Elite Power Group in Japan (Roya Akhavan-Majid), 67:1006-1015. Price Discrimination as Evidence of Newspaper Chain Market Power (John C. Busterna), 68:5-14. The Relationship of Job Satisfaction to Newsroom Policy Changes (Keith Stamm and Doug Underwood), 70:528-41. Trends in Daily Newspaper Ownership (John C. Busterna), 65:831-38. TV News Directors' Perceptions of Station Management Style (R.C. Adams and Marjorie J. Fish), 64:154-62. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7900 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-methodology/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 18:11:05 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7904 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Methodology — Research Applying Fiction Conflict Situation to Analysis of News Stories (Hunter P. McCartney), 64:163-70. Comparisons Between Three Versions of the Professional Orientation Index (J.P. Henningham), 61:302-09. Counting Items Versus Measuring Space in Content Analysis (Abdulrahman H. Al-Enad), 68:657-62. Defining and Measuring Credibility of Newspapers: Developing an Index (Philip Meyer), 65:567-74. Development of a Conformity Index to Assess Network Television News (David L. Jaffe), 66:662-69. Do "Instant Polls" Hit the Spot? Phone-in vs. Random Sampling of Public Opinion (Benjamin Bates and Mark Harmon), 70:369-80. The Effectiveness of Random, Consecutive Day and Constructed Week Sampling in Newspaper Content Analysis (Daniel Riffe, Charles F. Aust and Stephen R. Lacy), 70:133-39. Establishing Construct Validity of the Hayakawa-Lowry News Bias Categories (Dennis T. Lowry), 63:573-80. How Comics and Cartoons View Public Opinion Surveys (Tom W. Smith), 64:208-11. How Credible Is the Credibility Crisis? (Cecilie Gaziano), 65:267-78. How Response Rates Compare for Human and Digitized Phone Surveys (Michael Havice), 66:137-42. The Impact of Varying Reference Periods in Survey Questions about Media Use (Vincent Price), 70:615-27. Measuring Nonresponse and Refusals to An Electronic Telephone Survey (Michael J. Havice), 67:521-30. Organizational Factors and Nonresponse in a Survey of Newspaper Editors (Tsan-Kuo Chang, David Voelker and Jaewon Lee), 67:732-39. Paradigmatic Drift: A Bibliographic Review of the Spread of Economic Analysis in the Literature of Communication (Kurt M. Miller and Oscar H. Gandy Jr.), 68:663-71. Post-Card Questionnaires May Boost Response Rate (Robert C. Kochersberger Jr.), 64:861-63. Reliability of Immediate Reward and Delayed Reward Categories (Michael W. Singletary), 62:116-20. Reliability of the News Direction Scale for Analysis of the Good-Bad News Dimension (Jack B. Haskins, M. Mark Miller and Jan Quarles), 61:524-28. Research About Magazines Appearing in Journalism Quarterly (Peter Gerlach), 64:178-82. The Roper Question and Television vs. Newspapers: The Case of Hispanics (M. Mark Miller, Michael W. Singletary and Shu-Ling Chen), 65:12-19. Sampling Ethnic Media Use: The Case of Hispanics (Tsan-Kuo Chang, Pamela J. Shoemaker, Stephen D. Reese and Wayne Danielson), 65:189-91. Sins of Omission and Commission in Mass Communication Quantitative Research (Stephen R. Lacy and Daniel Riffe), 70:126-32. Standards and Perceived Roles of JMC Journal Reviewers (Stanley T. Wearden and Fredric F. Endres), 68:499-508. Use of Message Stimuli in Mass Communication Experiments: A Methodological Assessment and Discussion (Michael D. Slater), 68:412-21. Use of Polls in Reporting Changes Slightly Since 1978 (David Pearce Demers), 64:839-42. Use of 'Vague' Quantifiers in Measuring Communication Behaviors (J. David Kennamer), 69:646-50. Using Grunig's Indices to Differentiate Organizational Public Relations Functions (Joey Reagan, Janine Sumner and Scott Hill), 69:181-87. Validating an Ethical Motivations Scale: Convergence and Predictive Ability (H. Allen White and R. Charles Pearce), 68:455-64. Why Going Online for Content Analysis Can Reduce Research Reliability (Philip A. Kaufman, Carol Reese Dykers, and Carole Caldwell), 70:824-32. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7904 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-minorities/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 18:14:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7907 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Minorities and Media African-American Photo Coverage in Life, Newsweek and Time, 1937-1988 (Paul Lester and Ron Smith), 67:128-36. Blacks in the News: Television, Modern Racism and Cultural Change (Robert M. Entman), 69:341-61. Byline Bias? Effects of Gender on News Article Evaluations (Ford N. Burkhart and Carol K. Sigelman), 67:492-500. Civil Rights Vanguard in the Deep South: Newspaper Portrayal of Fannie Lou Hamer, 1964-1977 (Sharon Bramlett-Solomon), 68:515-21. A Clash Over Race: Tennessee Governor Ellington versus CBS, 1960 (David E. Sumner), 68:541-47. Coverage of Black Americans in Five Newspapers Since 1950 (Carolyn Martindale), 62:321-28, 436. An Editorial Comment (Donald L. Shaw), 67:481-82. Ethnic Concentration as Predictor of Media Use (Pamela J. Shoemaker, Stephen D. Reese, Wayne Danielson and Kenneth Hsu), 64:593-97. Ethnic Minorities in Newsrooms of Major Market Media in California (Donald L. Guimary), 61:827-30. Female Stereotyping in Advertising: An Experiment on Male-Female Perceptions of Leadership (William E. Kilbourne), 67:25-31. Females and Minorities in TV Ads in 1987 Saturday Children's Programs (Daniel Riffe, Helen Goldson, Kelly Saxton, and Yang-Chou Yu), 66:129-36. From Black Politics to Black Community: Harry C. Smith and the Cleveland Gazette (Summer E. Stevens and Owen V. Johnson), 67:1090-1102. The Jackson Campaign: Mass Media and Black Student Perceptions (Oscar Gandy, Jr. and Larry G. Coleman), 63:138-43, 154. Minorities and Journalism: Career Orientations Among High School Students (Judee K. Burgoon, Michael Burgoon, David B. Buller, Ray Coker and Deborah Coker), 64:434-43. Minorities in the Newsroom and Community: A Comparison (Dick Haws), 68:764-71. No Taste for Fluff: Ethel L. Payne, African-American Journalist (Rodger L. Streitmatter), 68:528-40. Non-Whites in Newsrooms of California Dailies (Donald L. Guimary), 65:1009-11. Perceptions of Credibility of Male and Female Syndicated Political Columnists (Julie L. Andsager), 67:485-91. Predictors of Job Satisfaction Among Black Journalists (Sharon Bramlett-Solomon), 69:703-12. Puerto Rican Leaders' Views of English-Language Media (Pia Nicolini), 64:597-601. Racial Differences in Evaluations of the Mass Media (Lee B. Becker, Gerald M. Kosicki and Felicia Jones), 60:124-34. Racial References in the Texas Press, 1813-1836 (Michael Buchholz), 67:586-91. Receiver Prejudice and Model Ethnicity: Impact on Advertising Effectiveness (Hsiu-chen Sandra Lai, Zoe Tan and Marye Tharp), 67:794-803. Roscoe Dunjee: Crusading Editor of Oklahoma's Black Dispatch, 1915-1955 (William S. Sullins and Paul Parsons), 69:204-13. Selected Newspaper Coverage of Causes of Black Protest (Carolyn Martindale), 66:920-23. Sex Discrimination in Earnings and Story Assignments Among TV Reporters (Conrad Smith, Eric S. Fredin and Carroll Ann Ferguson), 65:3-11. Trends in the Status of Minorities and Women in Broadcast News (Vernon A. Stone), 65:288-93. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7907 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-newswriting/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 18:18:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7909 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Newswriting and Reporting Between Quotation Marks (Adrienne Lehrer), 66:902-06. Communication and Community Integration: An Analysis of the Communication Behavior of Newcomers (Keith R. Stamm and Avery M. Guest), 68:644-56. A Comparison of Trial Lawyer and News Reporter Attitudes about Courthouse Communication (Jeremy Harris Lipschultz), 68:750-63. Competition, Ownership, Newsroom and Library Resources in Large Newspapers (John C. Busterna, Kathleen A. Hansen and Jean Ward), 68:729-39. Contracts and Confidential Sources: The Implications of Cohen v. Cowles Media (Paula S. Horvath-Neimeyer), 67:1078-1082. Deviant Acts, Risky Business and U.S. Interests: The Newsworthiness of World Events (Pamela J. Shoemaker, Lucig H. Danielian and Nancy Brendlinger), 68:781-95. Dimensions of Writing Apprehension Among Mass Communication Students (Daniel Riffe and Don W. Stacks), 65:384-91. An Editorial Comment (Donald L. Shaw), 68:1. Effects of Cuing Familiar and Unfamiliar Acronyms in Newspaper Stories, An Experiment (Jack Nolan), 68:188-94. Effects of the Electronic Library on News Reporting Protocols (Jean A. Ward, Kathleen A. Hansen and Douglas M. McLeod), 65:845-52. Effects of Newspaper Competition on Public Opinion Diversity (Dominic L. Lasorsa), 68:38-47. Factors Influencing Development News Production at Three Indian Dailies (Hemant Shah), 67:1034-1041. Fairness and Balance in the Prestige Press (Stephen Lacy, Frederick Fico and Todd F. Simon), 68:363-70. Finding Work and Getting Paid: Predictors of Success in the Mass Communications Market (Lee B. Becker, Gerald M. Kosicki, Thomas Engleman, and K. Viswanath), 70:919-33. Hispanic Americans in the News in Two Southwestern Cities (Judy VanSlyke Turk, Jim Richstad, Robert L. Bryson, Jr., and Sammye M. Johnson), 66:107-113. How Bureacratic Writing Style Affects Source Credibility (Duangkamol Chartprasert), 70:150-59. How Journalists at Two Newspapers View Good Writing and Writing Coaches (David C. Coulson and Cecilie Gaziano), 66:435-40. How Journalists Describe Their Stories: Hypotheses and Assumptions in Newsmaking (S. Holly Stocking and Nancy LaMarca), 67:295-301. The Impact of Quotation in News Reports on Issue Perception (Rhonda Gibson and Dolf Zillmann), 70:793-800. The Impact of Training on User Evaluations of Videotext (Lee B. Becker and Bernadette M. Hemels), 69:1001-09. The Importance of Mechanics in Journalistic Writing: A Study of Reporters and Editors (Steven A. Ward and Rick Seifert), 67:104-113. Inclusion of "Useful" Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy (Marshel D. Rossow and Sharon Dunwoody), 68:87-100. Information Richness and Newspaper Pulitzer Prizes (Kathleen A. Hansen), 67:930-35. Journalist and Librarian Roles, Information Technologies and Newsmaking (Jean Ward and Kathleen A. Hansen), 68:491-98. Journalists and Novelists: A Study of Diverging Styles (Wayne A. Danielson, Dominic L. Lasorsa and Dae S. Im), 69:436-46. Live Television Interviews at the 1988 Democratic Convention (David L. Womack), 66:670-74. Media Coverage of Disasters: Effect of Geographic Location (Eleanor Singer, Phyllis Endreny and Marc B. Glassman), 68:48-58. Motives for Ethical Decision-Making (Michael W. Singletary, Susan Caudill, Edward Caudill and Allen White), 67:964-72. Murder and Myth: New York Times Coverage of the TWA 847 HijackingVictim (Jack Lule), 70:26-39. The New England Journal of Medicine as News Sources (Edward Caudill and Paul Ashdown), 66:458-63. News Context and the Elimination of Mobilizing Information: An Experiment (James B. Lemert), 61:243-49, 259. News Coverage, Endorsements and Personal Campaigning: The Influence of Non-Paid Activities in Congressional Elections (Ruth Ann Weaver-Lariscy and Spencer F. Tinkham), 68:432-44. News Sources and News Context: The Effect of Routine News, Conflict and Proximity (Dan Berkowitz and Douglas W. Beach), 70:4-12. News Sources, Power Elites, and Journalistic Values in Newspaper Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (Conrad Smith), 70:393-403. News Strategies and the Death of Huey Newton (Jack Lule), 70:287-99. On the Wire: How Six News Services are Exceeding Readability Standards (Kevin Catalano), 67:97-103. Political Diversity Is Alive Among Publishers and Opinion Page Editors (Suraj Kapoor and Jong G. Kang), 70:404-411. Predictors of Job Burnout in Reporters and Copy Editors (Betsy B. Cook and Steven R. Banks), 70:108-17. Press Identification of Victims of Sexual Assault: Weighing Privacy and Constitutional Concerns (Morgan David Arant Jr.), 68:238-52. Proximity of Event as Factor in Selection on News Sources (Shannon Rossi Martin), 65:986-89. Public Opinion on Investigative Reporting in the 1980s (David Weaver and LeAnne Daniels), 69:146-55. Recent Trends in Adversarial Attitudes among American Newspaper Journalists: A Cohort Analysis (Jian-Hua Zhu), 67:992-1004. Scientists' Reasons for Consenting to Mass Media Interviews: A National Survey (Suzan M. DiBella, Anthony J. Ferri and Allan B. Padderud), 68:740-49. Shotgun Marriage: A Study of Tennessee Law Enforcement, Reporters and Sources (Elinor Kelly Grusin), 67:514-20. Source Diversity and Newspaper Enterprise Journalism (Kathleen A. Hansen), 68:474-82. Sources and Channels of Local News (John Soloski), 66:864-70. Sourcing Patterns of National Security Reporters (Daniel C. Hallin, Robert Karl Manoff, and Judy K. Weddle), 70:753-66. Sportswriters Talk About Themselves: An Attitude Study (J. Sean McCleneghan), 67:114-18. A Survey of VU/TEXT Use in the Newsroom (Cynthia De Riemer), 69:960-70. Symbiosis of Press and Protest: An Exchange Analysis (Gadi Wolfsfeld), 61:550-55, 742. Using Expert Sources in Breaking Science Stories: A Comparison of Magazine Types (Shannon E. Martin), 68:179-87. Value Coding and Consensus In Front Page News Leads (Dennis M. Corrigan), 67:653-62. Who Will Talk to Reporters? Biases in Survey Reinterviews (Marc Baldassare and Cheryl Katz), 66:907-12. Winning Newspaper Pulitzer Prizes: The (Possible) Advantage of Being a Competitive Paper (H. Allen White and Julie L Andsager), 67:912-19. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7909 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-photojournalism/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 18:23:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7914 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Photojournalism Contemporary Interpretations of Robert Frank's The Americans (Alexander Nesterenko and C. Zoe Smith), 61:567-77. Daily Newspaper Photojournalism in the Rocky Mountain West (Steve Pasternack and Don R. Martin), 62:132-35, 222. An Editorial Comment (Donald L. Shaw), 69:258-59. The Influence of Training on Taking and Judging Photos (Paul Hightower), 61:682-86. International News Photos in U.S. and Canadian Papers (Roy E. Blackwood), 64:195-99. Invasion of Poland Photos in Four American Newspapers (Michael D. Sherer), 61:422-26. Is the Medium the Message?: An Experimental Test with Morbid News (Ellen M. Bennett, Jill Dianne Swenson and Jeff S. Wilkinson), 69:921-28. More Than Art: P. H. Emerson as 19th Century Photojournalism Pioneer (Robert S. Kahan and J. B. Colson), 63:75-82. Mug Shots and Reader Attitudes Toward People in the News (Laurence B. Lain and Philip J. Harwood), 69:293-300. News Photos in Time and Newsweek (Kuo-jen Tsang), 61:578-84, 723. News Values in Award-Winning Photos (Michael W. Singletary and Chris Lamb), 61:104-08, 233. Newsmagazine Visuals and the 1988 Presidential Election (Sandra E. Moriarty and Mark N. Popovich), 68:371-80. Newspaper Illustration and Readership: Is USA Today on Target? (Philip C. Geraci), 61:409-13. The Problem of Libel for Photojournalists (Michael D. Sherer), 63:618-23. Professionalism and Awards in Television News Photography (Conrad Smith and Tom Hubbard), 64:352-59. The Rise and Triumph of the White House Photo Opportunity (Rodger Streitmatter), 65:981-85. A Sociological Profile of the Daily Newspaper Photographer (Beverly M. Bethune), 61:606-14, 743. A Study of Newsmagazine Photographs of the 1984 Presidential Campaign (Sandra E. Moriarty and Gina M. Garramone), 63:728-734. A Survey of Photojournalists and Their Encounters with the Law (Michael D. Sherer), 64:499-502. Using Positive vs. Negative Photographs -- Or No Photographs -- in Third-World Fund Raising (Evelyne J. Dyck and Gary Coldevin), 69:572-79. Vietnam War Photos and Public Opinion (Michael D. Sherer), 66:391-95. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7914 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-political/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 18:32:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7918 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Political Communication Apparent Impact of Endorsements by Group and Independent Newspapers (Kenneth Rystrom), 64:449-53. Beyond Agenda-Setting: The Influence of Partisanship and Television Reporting on the Electorate's Voting Intentions (Hans-Bernd Brosius and Hans Mathias Kepplinger), 69:893-901. Chain Newspaper Homogeneity and Presidential Endorsements (Cecilie Gaziano), 66:836-45. Changes in Presidential Press Conferences (Larry L. Burriss), 66:468-71. Comparing Positive and Negative Political Advertising on Radio (Michael A. Shapiro and Robert H. Rieger), 69:135-45. Comparing Predictors of the Likelihood of Voting in a Primary and a General Election (J. David Kennamer), 67:777-84. Content of Television Political Spot Ads for Female Candidates (James G. Benze and Eugene R. Declercq), 62:278-83, 288. Coverage by the Prestige Press of the 1988 Presidential Campaign (Guido H. Stempel III and John W. Windhauser), 66:894-96. Coverage of the 1984 Presidential Campaign (James Glen Stovall), 59:443-49. Debate Viewing and Debate Discussion as Predictors of Campaign Cognition (J. David Kennamer), 64:114-18. The Distribution of News Coverage in Presidential Primaries (Paul-Henri Gurian), 70:336-44. Does Poll Coverage Improve as Presidential Vote Nears? (Michael B. Salwen), 62:887-91. Effect of Endorsements on Presidential Vote (Tim Counts), 62:644-47. Effects of Debate Exposure on Evaluation of 1984 Vice-Presidential Candidates (William L. Rosenberg and William R. Elliott), 64:55-64. Effects of News Measures on Selection Of State Government News Sources (Margaret K. Latimer and Patrick R. Cotter), 62:31-36. Effects of TV "Instant Analysis" and "Querulous Criticism": Following the First Bush-Dukakis Debate (Dennis T. Lowry, Janet A. Bridges and Paul A. Barefield), 67:814-25. Exploring Media Credibility: How Media and Nonmedia Workers Judged Media Performance in Iran/Contra (Thomas J. Johnson), 70:87-97. Filling Out the Racing Form: How the Media Covered the Horse Race in the 1988 Primaries (Thomas J. Johnson), 70:300-310. The Floating Voter and the Media (Margaret K. Latimer), 64:805-812. A Government Action Approach to First Amendment Analysis (Ruth Walden), 69:65-88. The Honeymoon Period: Fact or Fiction (Karen S. Johnson), 62:869-76. How Ideological Constraints Affected Coverage of the Jesse Jackson Campaign (Jannette Lake Dates and Oscar H. Gandy, Jr.), 62:595-600, 625. How Lawmakers Use Reporters: Differences in Specialization and Goals (Frederick Fico), 61:793-800. How Mayor Candidates Seek Endorsements in New Mexico (Ruth Ann Ragland), 64:199-202. How Media Reliance Affects Political Efficacy in the South (James R. Walker), 65:747-50. How Media Use During Campaign Affects the Intent to Vote (J. David Kennamer), 64:291-300. Impact of Radio Ads on New Mexico Mayoral Races (J. Sean McCleneghan), 64:590-93. Inclusion of "Useful" Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy (Marshel D. Rossow and Sharon Dunwoody), 68:87-100. Influences of Party and Incumbency on 1984 Michigan Election Coverage (Frederick Fico, John Clogston and Gary Pizante), 65:709-13. Legislator's Advertising Message in Campaign in Seven States in 1986 (Margaret A. Latimer), 66:338-46. Live TV Interviews at the 1984 GOP Convention (David L. Womack), 65:1006-09. Measuring Agenda Diversity in an Elastic Medium: Candidate Position Papers (Hugh M. Culbertson), 69:938-47. Media Roles and Legislators' News Media Use (Daniel Riffe), 67:323-30. News Coverage, Endorsements and Personal Campaigning: The Influence of Non-Paid Activities in Congressional Elections (Ruth Ann Weaver-Lariscy and Spencer F. Tinkham), 68:432-44. The News MediaÕs Failure to Facilitate Citizen Participation in the Congressional Policy-Making Process (Joseph D. Keefer), 70:412-424. News on the "700 Club" After Pat Robertson's Political Fall (Robert Abelman), 67:157-62. Newsmagazine Visuals and the 1988 Presidential Election (Sandra E. Moriarty and Mark N. Popovich), 68:371-80. Newspaper Advertisements in Canadian Election Campaigns (Eric Mintz), 63:180-84. Newspaper Endorsement Influence on the 1980 Presidential Election Vote (Robert E. Hurd and Michael W. Singletary), 61:332-38. Newspaper and Wire-Service Leads in Coverage of the 1980 Campaign (Carolyn Martindale), 61:339-45. Policy Issues and Personal Images in Political Advertising in State Election (Margaret K. Latimer), 61:776-84. Political Advertising for Federal and State Elections: Images or Substance? (Margaret K. Latimer), 62:861-68. Political Communication and Voter Volatility in a Local Election (Kim A. Smith), 62:883-87. Polls in Network Newscasts in 1984 Presidential Race (Kevin Keenan), 63:616-18. Post-Debate Analysis and Media Reliance: Influences on Candidate Image and Voting Probabilities (William R. Elliott and Jayanthi Sothirajah), 70:321-35. Predicting Voting Behavior Via the Agenda-Setting Tradition (Marilyn S. Roberts), 69:878-92. Presidential Endorsement Patterns By Chain-Owned Papers, 1976-84 (John C. Busterna and Kathleen A. Hansen), 67:286-94. The Prestige Press Revisited: Coverage of the 1980 Presidential Campaign (Guido H. Stempel III and John W. Windhauser), 61:49-55. ÔProblematic' Situations in Press Coverage of the 1988 U.S. and French Elections (Ann Marie Major), 69:600-11. Reactions to Political Advertising: Clarifying Sponsor Effects (Gina M. Garramone and Sandra J. Smith), 61:771-75. The Reporting of Public Opinion Polls During Presidential Years, 1968-1984 (Michael B. Salwen), 62:272-77. Roots of the Space Race: Sputnik and the Language of U.S. News in 1957 (Jack Lule), 68:76-86. Search for the Statehouse Spokesman: Coverage of the Governor and Lawmakers (Frederick Fico), 62:74-80, 94. Senators' Television Visibility and Political Legitimacy (Mohamed Wafai), 66:323-31. The Seven Dwarfs and Other Tales: How the Networks and Select Newspapers Covered the 1988 Democratic Primaries (Thomas J. Johnson), 70:311-20. Sources of Political Information in a Presidential Primary Campaign (June O. Yum and Kathleen E. Kendall), 65:148-51. Sourcing Patterns of National Security Reporters (Daniel C. Hallin, Robert Karl Manoff, and Judy K. Weddle), 70:753-66. Southern Voters' Reaction to Negative Political Ads in 1986 (Karen S. Johnson-Cartee and Gary Copeland), 66:888-93. Spanish-Language Daily Newspapers and the 1984 Elections (Federico A. Subvervi-Velez), 65:678-85. Thematic Coverage of the 1988 Presidential Primaries: A Comparison of USA Today and the New York Times (Erika G. King), 67:83-87. The Third-Party Challenge of 1980: News Coverge of the Presidential Candidates (James Glen Stovall), 62:266-71. Third-Person Effects and the Differential Impact in Negative Political Advertising (Jeremy Cohen and Robert G. Davis), 68:680-88. The Ultimate Spokesman Revisited: Media Visibility of State Lawmakers (Frederick Fico), 61:383-91. Voter Learning in the 1988 Presidential Election: Did the Debates and the Media Matter? (Dan Drew and David Weaver), 68:27-37. Voter Learning in the 1990 Off-Year Election: Did the Media Matter? (David Weaver and Dan Drew), 70:356-68. Voter Partisan Orientations and Use of Political Television (Kim A. Smith and Douglas A. Ferguson), 67:864-74. Voter Responses to Negative Political Ads (Gina M. Garramone), 61:250-59. Was Coverage of the 1988 Presidential Race by Washington's Two Major Dailies Biased? (Keith Kenney and Chris Simpson), 70:345-55. Was Nixon Cheated in 1960? Tracing the Vote-Fraud Legend (Edmund F. Kallina, Jr.), 62:138-40. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7918 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-press/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 18:37:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7921 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Press Performance Accounting for Patterns of Selection of Topics in Statehouse Reporting (Sharon Dunwoody and Steven Shields), 63:488-96. Accuracy of News Magazines as Perceived by News Sources (Larry L. Burriss), 62:824-27. After Journalism (Karen Jurgensen and Philip Meyer), 69:266-72. An Analysis of Religion News Coverage in Three Major Newspapers (Judith M. Buddenbaum), 63:600-06. Balancing Business with Journalism: Newsroom Policies at 12 West Coast Newspapers (Doug Underwood and Keith R. Stamm), 69:301-17. Community Perceptions of Media Impressions (Kim A. Smith), 61:164-68. Comprehensiveness of Press Coverage of a Food Irradiation Proposal (Denis F. Sullivan), 62:832-37. Contextual Coverage of Government by Local Television News (James M. Bernstein and Stephen Lacy), 69:329-40. Corrections Policies in Local Television News: A Survey (Michael E. Cremedas), 69:166-72. Correlations of Newspaper Content with Circulation in the Suburbs: A Case Study (Stephen Lacy and Ardyth B. Sohn), 67:785-93. Covering Conflict and Controversy: Measuring Balance, Fairness, Defamation (Todd F. Simon, Frederick Fico, and Stephen Lacy), 66:427-34. Crime News in the Louisiana Press, 1980 vs. 1985 (John W. Windhauser, Jennifer Seiter and L. Thomas Winfree), 67:72-78. Dying (and Being Killed) on the Job: A Case Study of World Journalists, 1982-1989 (Leonard R. Sussman), 68:195-99. Factors Affecting GatekeepersÕ Selection of Foreign News: A National Survey of Newspaper Editors (Tsan-Kuo Chang and Jae-won Lee), 69:554-61. Fairness and Balance in the Prestige Press (Stephen Lacy, Frederick Fico and Todd F. Simon), 68:363-70. Four Categories of Change at the Weekly Newspaper (Lea Guenther), 64:863-67. The Gossip Tabloid as Agent of Social Control (Jack Levin, Amita Modt-Desbareau and Arnold Arluke), 65:514-17. Hard News/Soft News Content of the National Television Networks, 1972-1987 (David K. Scott and Robert H. Gobetz), 69:406-12. How Local Television Learns What Is News (John McManus), 67:672-83. How New York Times Covered Discrimination Cases (Stephanie Greco Larson), 62:894-96. How Readers and Advertisers Benefit from Local Newspaper Competition (Shu-Ling Chen Everett and Stephen Everett), 66:76-79. How Readers' Letters May Influence Editors and News Emphasis: A Content Analysis of 10 Newspapers, 1948-1978 (David Pritchard and Dan Berkowitz), 68:388-95. The Importance of Mechanics in Journalistic Writing: A Study of Reporters and Editors (Steven A. Ward and Rick Seifert), 67:104-113. Information Richness and Newspaper Pulitzer Prizes (Kathleen A. Hansen), 67:930-35. Japanese-American Relocation During World War II: A Study of California Editorial Reactions (Lloyd Chiasson), 68:263-68. Killing "Gnats with a Sledgehammer"? Case Study: Fairness Doctrine and a Broadcast License Denial (Timothy W. Gleason), 68:805-813. Language Use and Political Environments in Media Coverage of 'Super Tuesday' (Donald L. Fry and Virginia H. Fry), 63:719-27. Large Daily Newspapers Have Improved Coverage of Religion (Ernest C. Hynds), 64:444-48. Media Coverage of the Supreme CourtÕs Caseload (Jerome O'Callaghan and James O. Dukes), 69:195-203. Minorities in the Newsroom and Community: A Comparison (Dick Haws), 68:764-71. Network Evening News Coverage of the TWA Hostage Crisis (Tony Atwater), 64:520-25. News about State Community Block Grant Programs: A Survey of State Directors (Michael Brintnall, Jean Folkerts and Trudie Musson), 67:163-70. News Source Use in the Crash of 1987: A Study of Four National Media (Dominic L. Lasorsa and Stephen D. Reese), 67:60-71. Newspaper Competition and Number of Press Services Carried: A Replication (Stephen Lacy), 67:79-82. A Newspaper's 900 Telephone Poll: Its Perceived Credibility and Accuracy (Michael E. Gerhard), 67:508-513. Numbers versus Pictures: Did Network Television Sensationalize Chernobyl Coverage? (Carole Gorney), 69:455-65. Opinion Polling Practices of Chain and Independent Papers (David Pearce Demers), 65:500-03. Presidential Approval Ratings as a Variable in the Agenda-Building Process (Wayne Wanta), 68:672-79. Press Identification of Victims of Sexual Assault: Weighing Privacy and Constitutional Concerns (Morgan David Arant Jr.), 68:238-52. Product-Related Programming and Children's TV: A Content Analysis (B. Carol Eaton and Joseph R. Dominick), 68:67-75. Public Confidence in the News Media (Ralph S. Izard), 62:247-55. Readers' Perceptions of Purpose of Newspaper Ombudsman Program (Barbara W. Hartung, Alfred JaCoby and David M. Dozier), 65:914-19. Recent Trends in Adversarial Attitudes among American Newspaper Journalists: A Cohort Analysis (Jian-Hua Zhu), 67:992-1004. Rural and Urban Newspaper Coverage of Wildlife: Conflict, Community and Bureaucracy (Julia B. Corbett), 69:929-37. Scientific Sources' Perceptions of Network News Accuracy (Barbara Moore and Michael Singletary), 62:816-23. The Smoking and Health Issue in Newspapers: Influence of Regional Economies, the Tobacco Institute and News Objectivity (C. Kevin Swisher and Stephen D. Reese), 69:987-1000. Source Diversity and Newspaper Enterprise Journalism (Kathleen A. Hansen), 68:474-82. Sports Polls: Predictive or Promotional? (Stuart W. Showalter), 62:100-04. Survey Finds Large Daily Newspapers Have Improved Coverage of Education (Ernest C. Hynds), 66:692-96. Use of an Electronic Database to Evaluate Newspaper Editorial Quality (Philip Meyer and Morgan David Arant), 69:447-54. Value Coding Consensus In Front Page News Leads (Dennis M. Corrigan), 67:653-62. Victimage in Times Coverage of the KAL Flight 007 Shooting (Jack Lule), 66:615-20. Weather Coverage in Dailies (Douglas A. Anderson and Claudia J. Anderson), 63:382-85. The Weekly 'World Report' on CNN, An Analysis (Charles Ganzert and Don M. Flournoy), 69:188-94. Winning Newspaper Pulitzer Prizes: The (Possible) Advantages of Being a Competitive Paper (H. Allen White and Julie L. Andsager), 67:912-19. Work, Workers and the Workplace: Is Local Newspaper Coverage Adequate? (Sara Douglas, Norman Pecora and Thomas Guback), 62:855-60. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7921 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-radio/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 18:43:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7926 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Radio Attribution in Network Radio News: A Cross-Network Analysis (Larry L. Burriss), 65:690-94. Audience Recall of News Stories Presented by Newspaper, Computer, Television and Radio (Melvin L. DeFleur, Lucinda Davenport, Mary Cronin and Margaret DeFleur), 69:1010-22. Birth of a Network's "Conscience": The NBC Advisory Council, 1927 (Louise Benjamin), 66:587-90. Comparing Positive and Negative Political Advertising on Radio (Michael A. Shapiro and Robert H. Rieger), 69:135-45. Defining Ethics in Electronic Journalism: Perceptions of News Directors (K. Tim Wulfemeyer), 67:984-91. The Emotional Use of Popular Music by Adolescents (Alan Wells and Ernest A. Hakanen), 68:445-54. FCC Standard-Setting with Regard to FM Stereo and AM Stereo (W.A. Kelly Huff), 68:483-90. Ownership, Operating, Staffing and Content Characteristics of "News Radio" Stations (Daniel Riffe and Eugene F. Shaw), 67:684-91. The Precedent that Almost Was: A 1926 Court Effort to Regulate Radio (Louise M. Benjamin), 67:578-85. President Reagan's Return to Radio (Howard H. Martin), 61:817-21. Primary News Source Changes: Question Wording, Availability, and Cohort Effects (Michael D. Basil), 67:708-722. A Profile of Canadian Radio Newsworkers (George Pollard), 66:80-86. Radio News Directors' Perception of Involvement in Advertising and Sales (Thomas A. Griffiths and R. Irwin Goodman), 66:600-606. The Rogue Elephant of Radio Legislation: Senator William E. Borah (Donald G. Godfrey and Val E. Limburg), 67:214-24. Unlicensed Broadcasting and the Federal Radio Commission: The 1930 George W. Fellowes Challenge (Steven P. Phipps), 68:823-28. Use of Audio Inserts in Network Radio Newscasts (Larry L. Burriss), 65:474-78. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7926 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-public-relations/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 18:46:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7928 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Public Relations Applying Situational Communication Theory to an International Political Problem: Two Studies (L. Elwin Atwood and Ann Marie Major), 68:200-210. A Class Action Suit as Public Relations (S. E. Rada), 62:150-54. Communication by Agricultural Publics: Internal and External Orientations (James E. Grunig, Clifford L. Nelson, Susie J. Richburg and Terry J. White), 65:26-38. Coorientation of PR Practioners and News Personnel in Education News (Sandra Kruger Stegall and Keith P. Sanders), 63:341-47, 393. Effect of Public Relations Efforts on Media Visibility of Organizations (S. Holly Stocking), 62:358-66, 450. Effects of Gender on Professional Encroachment in Public Relations (Martha Lauzen), 69:173-80. A Factor Analysis of Broom and Smith's Public Relations Roles Scales (Joey Reagan, Ronald Anderson, Janine Sumner and Scott Hill), 67:177-83. How Public Relations Practitioners and Editors in Florida View Each Other (Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, David L. Martinson and Michael Ryan), 6l:860-65. Impact of SEC Rule 10b-5 on Corporate Public Relations (Douglas P. Killian), 63:735-739. Individual Differences in Ethical Values of Public Relations Practitioners (Jacob Shamir, Barbara Strauss Reed and Steven Connell), 67:956-63. Job Satisfaction and Its Correlates Among Public Relations Workers (Terry Lynn Rentner and James H. Bissland), 67:950-55. Journalists and Public Relations Practitioners: Why the Antagonism? (Michael Ryan and David L. Martinson), 65:131-40. Organizational Constraints on Corporate Public Relations Practitioners (Michael Ryan), 64:473-82. Participative vs. Authoritative Public Relations Environments (Michael Ryan), 64:853-57. Practitioner Roles and Uses of New Technologies (Ronald Anderson and Joey Reagan), 69:156-65. Predictors of Systematic Public Relations Research in Higher Education (Glen T. Cameron, RuthAnn Weaver Lariscy and Duane D. Sweep), 69:466-70. Proximity: Localization vs. Distance in PR News Releases (Linda P. Morton and John Warren), 69:1023-28. Public Relations Environments (Lalit Acharya), 62:577-84. Public Relations for Appalachia: Berea Mountain Life and Work (Catherine C. Mitchell and C. Joan Schnyder), 66:974-78. Public Relations in State Government: A Typology of Management Styles (Judy VanSlyke Turk), 62:304-15. Public Relations Practitioners, Public Interest and Management (Michael Ryan and David L. Martinson), 62:111-15. Public Relations Practioners' Views of Corporate Social Responsibility (Michael Ryan), 63:740-47. The Role of Public Relations in Four Organizational Types (Larissa A. Schneider), 62:567-76, 594. Sequence Faculty Divided on PR Value, Status and News Orientation (Peter Haberman, Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver and David L. Martinson), 65:490-96. Social Science Research, Professionalism and Public Relations Practioners (Michael Ryan and David L. Martinson), 67:377-90. Trying to Harness Atomic Energy, 1946-1951: Albert EinsteinÕs Publicity Campaign for World Government (Susan Caudill), 68:253-62. Using Grunig's Indices to Differentiate Organizational Public Relations Functions (Joey Reagan, Janine Sumner and Scott Hill), 69:181-87. Using Positive vs. Negative Photographs -- Or No Photographs -- in Third-World Fund Raising (Evelyne J. Dyck and Gary Coldevin), 69:572-79. RADIO Attribution in Network Radio News: A Cross-Network Analysis (Larry L. Burriss), 65:690-94. Audience Recall of News Stories Presented by Newspaper, Computer, Television and Radio (Melvin L. DeFleur, Lucinda Davenport, Mary Cronin and Margaret DeFleur), 69:1010-22. Birth of a Network's "Conscience": The NBC Advisory Council, 1927 (Louise Benjamin), 66:587-90. Comparing Positive and Negative Political Advertising on Radio (Michael A. Shapiro and Robert H. Rieger), 69:135-45. Defining Ethics in Electronic Journalism: Perceptions of News Directors (K. Tim Wulfemeyer), 67:984-91. The Emotional Use of Popular Music by Adolescents (Alan Wells and Ernest A. Hakanen), 68:445-54. FCC Standard-Setting with Regard to FM Stereo and AM Stereo (W.A. Kelly Huff), 68:483-90. Ownership, Operating, Staffing and Content Characteristics of "News Radio" Stations (Daniel Riffe and Eugene F. Shaw), 67:684-91. The Precedent that Almost Was: A 1926 Court Effort to Regulate Radio (Louise M. Benjamin), 67:578-85. President Reagan's Return to Radio (Howard H. Martin), 61:817-21. Primary News Source Changes: Question Wording, Availability, and Cohort Effects (Michael D. Basil), 67:708-722. A Profile of Canadian Radio Newsworkers (George Pollard), 66:80-86. Radio News Directors' Perception of Involvement in Advertising and Sales (Thomas A. Griffiths and R. Irwin Goodman), 66:600-606. The Rogue Elephant of Radio Legislation: Senator William E. Borah (Donald G. Godfrey and Val E. Limburg), 67:214-24. Unlicensed Broadcasting and the Federal Radio Commission: The 1930 George W. Fellowes Challenge (Steven P. Phipps), 68:823-28. Use of Audio Inserts in Network Radio Newscasts (Larry L. Burriss), 65:474-78. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7928 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-readership/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 19:16:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7934 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Readership An Assessment of the Cloze Procedure as an Advertising Copy Test (George Zinkhan and Edward Blair), 61:404-08. Comprehension of Styles of Science Writing (Lloyd R. Bostian and Tomas E. Byrne), 61:676-78. Headline Length as a Factor in Magazine Ad Readership (David A. Wesson), 66:466-68. Newspaper Subscribing: A Dynamic Analysis (Jian-Hua Zhu and David Weaver), 66:285-94. A Typology of Newspaper Readers (A. Carlos Ruotolo), 65:126-30. Unpredictability as Correlate of Reader Enjoyment of News Articles (Seth Finn), 62:334-39, 345.   << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7934 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-research-prod/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 19:20:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7936 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Research Productivity Broadcast Research Productivity of U.S. Communications Programs, 1976-83 (Richard C. Vincent), 61:841-46. Citation Networks as Indicators of Journalism Research Activity (James W. Tankard, Jr., Tsan-Kuo Chang and Kuo-Jen Tsang), 61:89-96, 124. Student Research Productivity: Analysis of Journalism Abstracts (Frances Goins Wilhoit), 61:655-61. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7936 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-technology/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 19:24:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7940 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Technology Audience Recall of News Stories Presented by Newspaper, Computer, Television and Radio (Melvin L. DeFleur, Lucinda Davenport, Mary Cronin and Margaret DeFleur), 69:1010-22. Audiotext and the Re-invention of the Telephone as a Mass Medium (Robert LaRose and David Atkin), 69:413-21. The Blurring of Headline Sizes Under New Editing Technology (Stephen B. Everett and George A. Everett), 65:627-33. The Effect of "Electronic" News Sources on Selection and Editing of News (Kurt Neuwirth, Carol M. Liebler, Sharon Dunwoody and Jennifer Riddle), 65:85-94. Exploring the Role of VCR Use in the Emerging Home Entertainment Culture (Carolyn A. Lin), 70:833-42. From Hot Type to Video Screens: Editors Evaluate New Technology (William R. Lindley), 65:485-89. The Impact of the Newer Television Technologies on Television Satisfaction (Elizabeth M. Perse and Douglas A. Ferguson), 70:843-53. The Impact of Training on User Evaluations of Videotext (Lee B. Becker and Bernadette M. Hemels), 69:1001-09. Network Rerun Viewing in the Age of New Programming Services (Barry R. Litman and Linda S. Kohl), 69:383-91. Perceptions of Colorization (Barry L. Sherman and Joseph R. Dominick), 65:976-80. Practitioner Roles and Uses of New Technologies (Ronald Anderson and Joey Reagan), 69:156-65. Role of the Newspaper Library in the Production of News (Kathleen A. Hansen, Jean Ward and Douglas M. McLeod), 64:714-20. A Survey of VU/TEXT Use in the Newsroom (Cynthia De Riemer), 69:960-70. Use of an Electronic Database to Evaluate Newspaper Editorial Quality (Philip Meyer and Morgan David Arant), 69:447-54. Why Going Online for Content Analysis Can Reduce Research Reliability (Philip A. Kaufman, Carol Reese Dykers, and Carole Caldwell), 70:824-32. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7940 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-television/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 19:31:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7943 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Television Adolescent TV Viewing in Saudi Arabia (Douglas A. Boyd and Ali M. Najai), 61:295-301, 351. Adolescents' Perceptions of the Primary Values of Television Prograrnming (W. James Potter), 67:843-51. America in a Visual Century (Robert Kahan), 69:262-65. American TV and Social Stereotypes of Americans in Taiwan and Mexico (Alexis S. Tan, Sarrina Li and Charles Simpson), 63:809-14. Assessing Quality in Local TV News (Churchill L. Roberts and Sandra H. Dickson), 61:392-98. Attitudes of Parents Concerning Televised Warning Statements (Dan Slater and Teresa L. Thompson), 61:853-59. Audience Recall of News Stories Presented by Newspaper, Computer, Television and Radio (Melvin L. DeFleur, Lucinda Davenport, Mary Cronin and Margaret DeFleur), 69:1010-22. Audience Selectivity of Local Television Newscasts (Carolyn A. Lin), 69:373-82. Baiting Viewers: Violence and Sex in Television Program Advertisements (Lawrence C. Soley and Leonard N. Reid), 62:105-10, 131. Blacks in the News: Television, Modern Racism and Cultural Change (Robert M. Entman), 69:341-61. Broadcast Condom Advertising: A Case Study (Herb Kaplan and Rick Houlberg), 67:171-76. Broadcasting Departmental Impact on Employee Perceptions and Conflict (Myria Watkins Allen, Joy Hart Siebert, John W. Haas and Stephanie Zimmerman), 65:668-71. Buying From A Friend: A Content Analysis of Two Teleshopping Programs (Philip J. Auter and Roy L. Moore), 70:425-36. Campaign Coverage by Local TV News in Columbus, Ohio, 1978-1986 (David H. Ostroff and Karin L. Sandell), 66:114-20. Changes in the News: Trends in Network News Production (Raymond L. Carroll), 65:940-45. Children's Learning from a Television Newscast (Dan G. Drew and Stephen D. Reese), 61:83-88. Children's Television Programming and the "Free Market Solution" (Dennis D. Kerkman, Dale Kunkel, Aletha C. Huston and Marites F. Pinon), 67:147-56. A Clash Over Race: Tennessee Governor Ellington versus CBS, 1960 (David E. Sumner), 68:541-47. Comparison of Journalistic Values of Television Reporters and Producers (Conrad Smith and Lee B. Becker), 66:793-800. Content Values in TV News Programs in Small and Large Markets (Raymond L. Carroll), 62:877-82. Contextual Coverage of Government by Local Television News (James M. Bernstein and Stephen Lacy), 69:329-40. Corrections Policies in Local Television News: A Survey (Michael E. Cremedas), 69:166-72. Defining Ethics in Electronic Journalism: Perceptions of News Directors (K. Tim Wulfemeyer), 67:984-91. Degree of Conformity in Lead Stories in Early Evening Network TV Newscasts (Joe S. Foote and Michael E. Steele), 63:19-23. Deregulation and Competition: Explaining the Absence of Local Broadcast News Operations (Michael L. McKean and Vernon A. Stone), 69:713-23. Determinants of Network News Coverage of the Oil Industry During the Late 1970s (Stephen Erfle and Henry McMillan), 66:121-28. Economic News on Network Television (Stephen D. Reese, John A. Daly and Andrew P. Hary), 64:137-44. An Editorial Comment (Donald L. Shaw), 69:258-59. Effect of Cable Television on Advertiser and Consumer Spending on Mass Media, 1978-1990 (Jack Glascock), 70:509-17. The Effect of Leadership Behavior on Job Satisfaction and Goal Agreement and Attainment in Local TV News (Angela Powers), 68:772-80. Effects of Cable Television on News Use (Joey Reagan), 61:317-24. The Effects of Editorials on Audience Reaction to Television Newscasters (Elizabeth Krueger and James D. Fox), 68:402-411. The Emotional Use of Popular Music by Adolescents (Alan Wells and Ernest A. Hakanen), 68:445-54. Encoding TV News Messages Into Memory (Tom Grimes), 67:757-66. Format Effects on Comprehension of Television News (Hans-Bernd Brosius), 68:396-401. A 40-Year Portrait of the Portrayal of Industry on Prime-Time Television (Nick Trujillo and Leah R. Ekdom), 64:368-375. The Frequency and Context of Prosocial Acts on Prime-Time TV (W. James Potter and William Ware), 66:359-66. Game Time, Soap Time and Prime Time TV Ads: Treatment of Women in Sunday Football and Rest-of-Week Advertising (Daniel Riffe, Patricia C. Place, and Charles M. Mayo), 70:437-46. Geographic Coverage by Local Television News (James M. Bernstein, Stephen Lacy, Catherine Cassara and Tuen-Yu Laue), 67:663-71. Gratifications of Grazing: An Exploratory Study of Remote Control Use (James R. Walker and Robert V. Bellamy Jr.), 68:422-31. Group and Cross-Media Ownership of TV Stations: A 1989 Update (Herbert H. Howard), 66:785-91. Hard News/Soft News Content of the National Television Networks, 1972-1987 (David K. Scott and Robert H. Gobetz), 69:406-12. Heavy Television Viewing and Perceived Quality of Life (Michael Morgan), 61:499-504, 740. How Anchors, Reporters and Newsmakers Affect Recall and Evaluation of Stories (Larry L. Burriss), 64:514-19. How Do Adolescents' Perceptions of Television Reality Change Over Time? (W. James Potter), 69:392-405. How Local Television Learns What Is News (John McManus), 67:672-83. How Network Television Coverage of the President and Congress Compare (Lynda Lee Kaid and Joe Foote), 62:59-65. How Political Is Religious Television? (Robert Abelman and Garry Pettey), 65:313-19. How the Presence of Cable Affects Parental Mediation of TV Viewing (David Atkin, Carrier Heeter and Thomas Baldwin), 66:557-63. How Three Chicago Newspapers Covered the Washington-Epton Campaign (Timothy F. Grainey, Dennis R. Pollack and Lori A. Kusmierek), 61:352-55, 363. Impact of Arousing Commercials on Perceptions of TV News (Seth Finn and Terry M. Hickson), 63:369-71. Impact of Budget Cuts on CBS News (Joseph R. Dominick), 59:469-73. The Impact of Negative Network News (Marc G. Weinberger, Chris T. Allen, and William R. Dillon), 61:287-94. The Impact of the Newer Television Technologies on Television Satisfaction (Elizabeth M. Perse and Douglas A. Ferguson), 70:843-53. Influence of Cable on Television News Audiences (Thomas F. Baldwin, Marianne Barrett and Benjamin Bates), 69:651-58. Influence of News Coverage of the "Scandal" on PTL Viewers (Robert Abelman), 68:101-110. The Influence of Religiosity on Television News (Neal F. Hamilton and Alan M. Rubin), 69:667-78. Information Subsidy and Agenda-Building in Local Television News (Dan Berkowitz and Douglas B. Adams), 67:723-31. Informational Content of American and Japanese Television Commercials (Jyotika Ramaprasad and Kazumi Hasegawa), 69:612-22. Is the Medium the Message?: An Experimental Test with Morbid News (Ellen M. Bennett, Jill Dianne Swenson and Jeff S. Wilkinson), 69:921-28. It's All in the Family: Siblings and Program Choice Conflict (Susan Brown Zahn and Stanley J. Baran), 61:847-52. Killing "Gnats with a Sledgehammer"? Case Study: Fairness Doctrine and a Broadcast License Denial (Timothy W. Gleason), 68:805-813. Latin America on Network TV (Waltraud Queiser Morales), 61:157-60. Learned Helplessness in Local TV News (Grace Ferrari Levin), 63:12-18, 23. Live ABC, CBS and NBC Interviews During Three Democratic Conventions (David L. Womack), 62:838-44. Local Station Coverage of Campaigns: A Tale of Two Cities in Ohio (David H. Ostroff and Karin Sandell), 61:346-51. Locally Produced Programming on Independent Television Stations (Garry A. Hale and Richard C. Vincent), 63:562-67, 599. Network Evening News Coverage of the TWA Hostage Crisis (Tony Atwater), 64:520-25. Network News Coverage of Invasion of Lebanon by Israeli in 1982 (Manny Paraschos and Bill Rutherford), 62:457-64. Network Rerun Viewing in the Age of New Programming Services (Barry R. Litman and Linda S. Kohl), 69:383-91. Network Television Evening News Coverage of Infectious Disease Events (Michael Greenberg and Daniel Wartenberg), 67:142-46. News Conferences on TV: Ike-Age Politics Revisited (Craig Allen), 70:13-25. News Critics, Newsworkers and Local Television News (Conrad Smith), 65:341-46. News on the "700 Club" After Pat Robertson's Political Fall (Robert Abelman), 67:157-62. Newspaper Coverage of Proposals for Rate Increase by Electric Utility (David O. Wolverton and Donald Vance), 64:581-85. Numbers versus Pictures: Did Network Television Sensationalize Chernobyl Coverage? (Carole Gorney), 69:455-65. Perceived Career Barriers of Men and Women Television News Anchors (Anthony J. Ferri), 65:661-67. Perceptions of Good News and Bad News on Television (Mary Lou Galician), 63:611-16. Perceptions of Viewer Interests by Local TV Journalists (K. Tim Wulfemeyer), 61:432-35. The Portrayal of Corporate Crime in Network Television Newscasts (Donna M. Randall), 64:150-53. Portrayal of Families on Prime-Time TV: Structure, Type and Frequency (Thomas Skill, James D. Robinson and Samuel P. Wallace), 64:360-67. Portrayal of Journalists on Prime Time Television (Gerald Stone and John Lee), 67:697-707. Portrayals of Mental Illness in Daytime Television Serials (Laurel Fruth and Allan Padderud), 62:384-87, 449. Primary News Source Changes: Question Wording, Availability, and Cohort Effects (Michael D. Basil), 67:708-722. Prime-Time TV Portrayals of Sex, Contraception and Venereal Diseases (Dennis T. Lowry and David E. Towles), 66:347-52. Prime Time TV Portrayals of Sex, "Safe Sex" and AIDS: A Longitudinal Analysis (Dennis T. Lowry and Jon A. Shidler), 70:628-37. Product Differentiation in Local TV News (Tony Atwater), 61:757-62. Product-Related Programming and ChildrenÕs TV: A Content Analysis (B. Carol Eaton and Joseph R. Dominick), 68:67-75. Representation, Roles, and Occupational Status of Black Models in Television Advertisements (Jane W. Licata and Abhijit Biswas), 70:868-82. Risk, Drama and Geography in Coverage of Environmental Risk by Network TV (Michael R. Greenberg, David B. Sachsman, Peter N. Sandman and Kandice L. Salamone), 66:267-76. The Sandwich Programming Strategy: A Case of Audience Flow (James T. Tiedge and Kenneth J. Ksobiech), 65:376-83. Satellite News Gathering and News Department Operations (Gladys L. Clelland and David H. Ostroff), 65:946-51. Segmenting Broadcast News Audiences in the New Media Environment (Robert H. Wicks), 66:383-90. Sex Discrimination in Earnings and Story Assignments Among TV Reporters (Conrad Smith, Eric Fredin and Carroll Ann Ferguson), 65:3-11. Sibling Interactions in 1950s versus 1980s Sitcoms: A Comparison (Mary Strom Larson), 68:381-87. Status of News Sources Interviewed During Presidential Conventions (David L. Womack), 63:331-36. Telecommunications Research Productivity of U.S. Communication Programs: 1984-1989 (Richard C. Vincent), 68:840-51. Television 'Addiction'? An Evaluation of Four Competing Media-Use Models (Seth Finn), 69:422-35. Television and Adults' Verbal Intelligence (Michael Morgan), 63:537-41. Television as Babysitter (Walter Gantz and Jonathan Masland), 63:530-36. Television News Coverage of Six Federal Regulatory Agencies (Larry W. Thomas and Laslo V. Boyd), 61:160-64. Television News Viewing by Older Adults (R. Irwin Goodman), 67:137-41. Television Use and Mental Health (Alexis S. Tan and Gerdean K. Tan), 63:106-13. Television's Professional Women: Working with Men in the 1980s (Diana C. Reep and Faye H. Dambrot), 64:376-81. Traits of Perpetrators and Receivers of Antisocial and Prosocial Acts on TV (W. James Potter and William Ware), 64:382-391. TV News Directors' Perception of Station Management Style (R. C. Adams and Marjorie J. Fish), 64:154-62. TV News in Saudi Arabia (Jerry C. Hudson and Steve Swindel), 65:1003-06. TV's "Instant Analysis" and "Querulous Criticism": Effects of the 1988 First Bush-Dukakis Debate (Dennis T. Lowry, Janet A. Bridges and Paul A. Barefield), 67:814-25. TV-Related Mother-Child Interaction and Children's Perceptions of TV Characters (Paul Messaris and Dennis Kerr), 61:662-66. Two Comparisons of Rural Public Television Viewers and Non-Viewers in Northern Mississippi (Will Norton, Jr., John W. Windhauser and Susan Langdon Norton), 69:690-702. Understanding and Recall of TV News (Thomas J. Housel), 61:505-08, 741. Unshackled by Unwilling: Public Broadcasting and Editorializing (Howard M. Kleiman), 64:707-13. The Use of Blacks in Magazine and Television Advertising 1946 to 1986 (George M. Zinkhan, William J. Qualls and Abhijit Biswas), 67:547-53. The Use of Nostalgia in Television Advertising: A Content Analysis (Lynette S. Unger, Diane M. McConocha and John A. Faier), 68:345-53. Use of Satellite Technology in Local Television News (Stephen Lacy, Tony Atwater and Angela Powers), 65:925-29. Useful News, Sensational News: Quality, Sensationalism and Local TV News (C. Richard Hofstetter and David M. Dozier), 63:815-20, 853. The Uses and Gratifications of Rerun Viewing (Diane Furno-Lamude and James Anderson), 69:362-72. Video Movies at Home: Are They Viewed like Film or like Television? (Dean M. Krugman, Scott A. Shamp and Keith F. Johnson), 68:120-30. Viewer Reactions to Content and Presentational Format of Television News (Ralph R. Behnke and Phyllis Miller), 69:659-66. Viewer Reactions to Music in Television Commercials (Patricia A. Stout, John D. Leckenby and Sidney Hecker), 67:887-98. Voter Learning in the 1988 Presidential Election: Did the Debates and the Media Matter? (Dan Drew and David Weaver), 68:27-37. Voter Partisan Orientations and Use of Political Television (Kim A. Smith and Douglas A. Ferguson), 67:864-74. When Characters Speak Directly to Viewers: Breaking the Fourth Wall in Television (Philip J. Auter and Donald M. Davis), 68:165-71. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7943 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-typography/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 19:36:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7949 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Typography and Design Attention to Magazine Ads as Function of Layout Design (Leonard N. Reid, Herbert Rotfeld and James H. Barnes), 61:439-41. The Effects of Display Format and Data Density on Time Spent Reading Statistics in Text, Tables and Graphs (James D. Kelly), 70:140-49. Front Pages of U.S. Daily Newspapers (Sandra H. Utt and Steve Pasternak), 61:879-84. Maker and Viewer Disagreement in Aesthetics of Visual Composition (Douglas C. Covert), 64:133-36. Novelty vs. Practicality in Advertising Typography (Sandra Ernst Moriarty), 61:188-90. Reader Response to Color Halftones and Spot Color in Newspaper Design (Robert H. Bohle and Mario R. Garcia), 64:731-39. A Search for the Optimum Line Length (Sandra Ernst Moriarty), 63:337-40. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7949 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jq-index-women/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 19:39:25 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7951 Volumes 61 to 70 1984 to 1993 Subject Index: Women and Media Beyond the Locker Room: Women in Sports on Major Daily Newspapers (Wallace B. Eberhard and Margaret Lee Meyers), 65:595-99. Civil Rights Vanguard in the Deep South: Newspaper Portrayal of Fannie Lou Hamer, 1964-1977 (Sharon Bramlett-Solomon), 68:515-21. Clio's Consciousness Raised? Portrayal of Women in Rock Videos, Re-Examined (Richard C. Vincent), 66:155-60. Comparing Gender Differentiation in the New York Times. 1885 and 1985 (Lee B. Jolliffe), 66:683-91. A Comparison of Coverage of Male and Female Officials in Michigan (Diane Silver), 63:144-49. Effects of Gender on Professional Encroachment in Public Relations (Martha Lauzen), 69:173-80. Females and Minorities in TV Ads in 1987 Saturday Children's Programs (Daniel Riffe, Helen Goldson, Kelly Saxton and Yang-Chou Yu), 66:129-36. Gender Differences in Attitude Strength, Role of News Media and Cognitions (J. David Kennamer), 63:782-88. Newspaper Column Readers' Gender Bias: Perceived Interest and Credibility (H. Allen White and Julie Andsager), 68:709-718. No Taste for Fluff: Ethel L. Payne, African-American Journalist (Rodger L. Streitmatter), 68:528-40. Peceived Career Barriers for Female Television News Anchors (Anthony J. Ferri and Jo E. Keller), 63:463-67. Sex-Role Stereotyping in Writing the News (Judy Vanslyke Turk), 64:613-17. Trends in the Status of Minorities and Women in Broadcast News (Vernon A. Stone), 59:288-93. WomenÕs Magazines' Coverage of Smoking Related Health Hazards (Lauren Kessler), 66:316-22. Women Through Time: Who Gets Covered? (Sammye Johnson and William G. Christ), 65:889-97. << JQ 61-70 Subject Index]]> 7951 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-author-index-71-80/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 19:50:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7954 The following is an index of articles by author that appeared in Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly from 1994 to 2003. (In 1995 Journalism Quarterly changed its name to Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly.) Indexed by author's last name.

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I, J | K | L

M | N, O, P | Q, R | S | T | U, V | W | X, Y, Z

  << J&MC Quarterly Cumulative Index]]> 7954 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-a-71-80/ Wed, 21 Mar 2012 20:17:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7961 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 ABELMAN, ROBERT, News on "The 700 Club": The Cycle of Religious Activism, 71:4, 887-892. ABERNATHY-LEAR, GLORIA, African Americans’ Criticisms Concerning African American Representations on Daytime Serials, 71:4, 830-839. ABRAHAMSON, DAVID, The Visible Hand: Money, Markets, and Media Evolution, 75:1, 14-18. ACREE, CYNTHIA K. (See McKinnon). ADAMS, DOUGLAS B. (See Dyer). ADAMS, EDWARD E., Chain Growth and Merger Waves: A Macroeconomic Historical Perspective on Press Consolidation, 72:2, 376-389. ADAMS, EDWARD E., Secret Combinations and Collusive Agreements: The Scripps Newspaper Empire and the Early Roots of Joint Operating Agreements, 73:1, 195-205. ADAMS, EDWARD E. and GERALD J. BALDASTY, Syndicated Service Dependence and a Lack of Commitment to Localism: Scripps Newspapers and Market Subordination, 78:3, 519-532. ADAMS, EDWARD E., Collusion and Price Fixing in the American Newspaper Industry: Market Preservation Trends, 1890-1910, 79:2, 416-426. ADAMS, WILLIAM J., Scheduling Practices Based on Audience Flow: What Are the Effects on New Program Success?, 74:4, 839-858. ADER, CHRISTINE R., A Longitudinal Study of Agenda Setting for the Issue of Environmental Pollution, 72:2, 300-311. AIDS COMMUNITY DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS (See McAlister). AKHAVAN-MAJID, ROYA and TIMOTHY BOUDREAU, Chain Ownership, Organizational Size, and Editorial Role Perceptions, 72:4, 863-873. AL-MAKATY, SAFRAN S., DOUGLAS A. BOYD, and G. NORMAN VAN TUBERGEN, Source Credibility during the Gulf War: A Q-Study of Rural and Urban Saudi Arabian Citizens, 71:1, 55-63. ALBÆK, ERIK, PETER MUNK CHRISTIANSEN, and LISE TOGEBY, Experts in the Mass Media: Researchers as Sources in Danish Daily Newspapers, 1961-2001, 80:4, 937-948. ALTHAUS, SCOTT L. (See Tewksbury). ANDERSON, WILLIAM B., Does the Cheerleading Ever Stop? Major League Baseball and Sports Journalism, 78:2, 355-382. ANDSAGER, JULIE L. and ANGELA POWERS, Social or Economic Concerns: How News and Women‘s Magazines Framed Breast Cancer in the 1990s, 76:3, 531-550. ANDSAGER, JULIE L., How Interest Groups Attempt to Shape Public Opinion with Competing News Frames, 77:3, 577-592. ANDSAGER, JULIE L. and TERESA MASTIN, Racial and Regional Differences in Readers’ Evaluations of the Credibility of Political Columnists by Race and Sex, 80:1, 57-72. ANDSAGER, JULIE L. (See Miller). ANDSAGER, JULIE L. (See Powers). ARMSTRONG, G. BLAKE (See Oliver). ARPAN, LAURA M. and ARTHUR A. RANEY, An Experimental Investigation of News Source and the Hostile Media Effect, 80:2, 265-281. ASHLEY, LAURA and BETH OLSON, Constructing Reality: Print Media’s Framing of the Women’s Movement, 1966 to 1986, 75:2, 263-277. ATWOOD, L. ERWIN, Illusions of Media Power: The Third-Person Effect, 71:2, 269-281. ATWOOD, L. ERWIN (See Major). AUFDERHEIDE, PATRICIA, Controversy and the Newspaper’s Public: The Case of Tongues Untied, 71:3, 499-508. AUST, CHARLES F. and DOLF ZILLMANN, Effects of Victim Exemplification in Television News on Viewer Perception of Social Issues, 73:4, 787-803. AUSTIN, ERICA WEINTRAUB and QINGWEN DONG, Source v. Content Effects on Judgments of News Believability, 71:4, 973-983. AVERY, ROBERT K. (See Stavitsky).   << Back]]> 7961 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-b-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 16:10:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7964 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 BAILEY, MARTHA (See Larson). BALAZS, ANNE L. (See Zinkhan). BALDASSARE, MARK and CHERYL KATZ, Measures of Attitude Strength as Predictors of Willingness to Speak to the Media, 73:1, 147-158. BALDASTY, GERALD J. (See Adams). BALLARD, MICHELLE (See Rivera-Sanchez). BALLINGER, JANE (See Reese). BANG, HAE-KYONG (See Taylor). BARKER-PLUMMER, BERNADETTE, Producing Public Voice: Resource Mobilization and Media Access in the National Organization for Women, 79:1, 188-205. BARNETT, BROOKE (See Grabe). BARNETT, BROOKE (See Reynolds). BARNHURST, KEVIN G. (See Middlestadt). BASIL, MICHAEL D. and WILLIAM J. BROWN, Interpersonal Communication in News Diffusion: A Study of "Magic" Johnson’s Announcement, 71:2, 305-320. BEAM, RANDAL A., How Perceived Environmental Uncertainty Influences the Marketing Orientation of U.S. Daily Newspapers, 73:2, 285-303. BEAM, RANDAL A., Does It Pay To Be A Market-Oriented Daily Newspaper?, 78:3, 466-483. BEAM, RANDAL A., Content Differences between Daily Newspapers with Strong and Weak Market Orientations, 80:2, 368-390. BEAUVAIS, FREDERICK (See Slater). BECHTEL, ARATI (See Wu). BECKER, JONATHAN A., A Disappearing Enemy: The Image of the United States in Soviet Political Cartoons, 73:3, 609-619. BECKER, LEE B., VERNON A. STONE, and JOSEPH D. GRAF, Journalism Labor Force Supply and Demand: Is Oversupply an Explanation for Low Wages? 73:3, 519-533. BECKER, LEE B., EDMUND LAUF, and WILSON LOWREY, Differential Employment Rates in the Journalism and Mass Communication Labor Force Based on Gender, Race, and Ethnicity: Exploring the Impact of Affirmative Action, 76:4, 631-645. BECKER, LEE B. (See Kosicki). BECKER, LEE B. (See Lowrey). BECKMANN, MATTHEW N. (See Valentino). BEKKEN, JON, The Chicago Newspaper Scene: An Ecological Perspective, 74:3, 490-500. BENDIX, JACOB (See Liebler). BERKOWITZ, DAN and YEHIEL LIMOR, Professional Confidence and Situational Ethics: Assessing the Social-Professional Dialectic in Journalistic Ethics Decisions, 80:4, 783-801. BERKOWITZ, DAN (See Lafky). BERNT, JOSEPH P. (See Stempel). BISWAS, RAHUL, DANIEL RIFFE, and DOLF ZILLMANN, Mood Influence on the Appeal of Bad News, 71:3, 689-696. BJORK, JONAS, Latest from the Canadian Revolution: Early War Correspondence in the New York Herald, 71:4, 851-858. BLAKELY, DEBRA E., Social Construction of Three Influenza Pandemics in the New York Times, 80:4, 884-902. BLANCHARD, ALAN (See Lacy). BLANK-LIBRA, JANET (See Johnson). BLANKENBURG, WILLIAM B., Hard Times and the News Hole, 72:3, 634-641. BLESKE, GLEN L. (See Straughan). BLESKE, GLEN L. (See Zhao). BLOUNT, DAVID (See Cameron). BODLE, JOHN V., Measuring the Tie between Funding and News Control at Student Newspapers, 71:4, 905-913. BODLE, JOHN V., Assessing News Quality: A Comparison between Community and Student Daily Newspapers, 73:3, 672-686. BOEYINK, DAVID E., How Effective Are Codes of Ethics? A Look at Three Newsrooms, 71:4, 893-904. BOLGER, BETHANY (See Bunker). BORDEN, DIANE L., Reputational Assault: A Critical and Historical Analysis of Gender and the Law of Defamation, 75:1, 98-111. BORUM, CATHERINE (See Maxwell). BOUDREAU, TIMOTHY (See Akhavan-Majid). BOUDREAU, TIMOTHY (See Johnson and Glowaki). BOUDREAU, TIMOTHY (See Johnson and Wanta). BOWEN, LAWRENCE, Time of Voting Decision and Use of Political Advertising: The Slade Gorton-Brock Adams Senatorial Campaign, 71:3, 665-675. BOWEN, LAWRENCE and JILL SCHMID, Minority Presence and Portrayal in Mainstream Magazine Advertising: An Update, 74:1, 134-146. BOYD, DOUGLAS A. (See Al-Makaty). BOYLE, THOMAS P., Intermedia Agenda Setting in the 1996 Presidential Election, 78:1, 26-44. BRADDOCK, MELISSA A. (See Sumpter). BRADLEY, PATRICIA, The Boston Gazette and Slavery as Revolutionary Propaganda, 72:3, 581-596. BRAIMA, MAHMOUD A. M. (See Johnson). BRAMLETT-SOLOMON, SHARON and GANGA SUBRAMANIAN, Nowhere Near Picture Perfect: Images of the Elderly in Life and Ebony Magazine Ads, 1990-1997, 76:3, 565-572. BRASHERS, DALE E. (See Jackson). BREEN, MICHAEL J., A Cook, A Cardinal, His Priests, and the Press: Deviance as a Trigger for Intermedia Agenda Setting, 74:2, 348-356. BREWER, MARCUS and MAXWELL MCCOMBS, Setting the Community Agenda, 73:1, 7-16. BRIDGES, JANET A. and LAMAR W. BRIDGES, Changes in News Use on the Front Pages of the American Daily Newspaper, 1986-1993, 74:4, 826-838. BRIDGES, LAMAR W. (See Bridges, Janet A.). BROSIUS, HANS-BERND (See Daschmann). BROWN, CINDY M. and GAIL M. FLATOW, Targets, Effects, and Perpetrators of Sexual Harassment in Newsrooms, 74:1, 160-183. BROWN, WILLIAM J. (See Basil). BUCY, ERIK P., Media Credibility Reconsidered: Synergy Effects between On-Air and Online News, 80:2, 247-264. BUHR, THOMAS A. (See Valentino). BUKOVAC, JANICE L. (See Li). BUNKER, MATTHEW D., The Corporate Plaintiff as Public Figure, 72:3, 597-609. BUNKER, MATTHEW D., Have It Your Way? Public Records Law and Computerized Government Information, 73:1, 90-101. BUNKER, MATTHEW D. and CHARLES D. TOBIN, Pervasive Public Figure Status and Local or Topical Fame in Light of Evolving Media Audiences, 75:1, 112-126. BUNKER, MATTHEW D. and CHARLES N. DAVIS, Privatized Government Functions and Freedom of Information: Public Accountability in an Age of Private Governance, 75:3, 464-477. BUNKER, MATTHEW D., Trespassing Speakers and Commodified Speech: First Amendment Freedoms Meet Private Property Claims, 77:4, 713-726. BUNKER, MATTHEW D., Intellectuals’ Property: Universities, Professors, and the Problem of Copyright in the Internet Age, 78:4, 675-687. BUNKER, MATTHEW D. and BETHANY BOLGER, Protecting a Delicate Balance: Facts, Ideas, and Expression in Compilation Copyright Cases, 80:1, 183-197. BURKHART, FORD N., CAROL SIGELMAN, and KATHERINE T. FRITH, The Case of "Alvarez" vs. "Albertson": Effects of Author’s Ethnicity on Evaluation of News Stories, 74:2, 304-314. BURKUM, LARRY (See Riffe). BURROWES, CARL PATRICK, Press Freedom in Liberia, 1830-1847: The Impact of Heterogeneity and Modernity, 74:2, 331-347. BURT, ELIZABETH V., The Wisconsin Press and Woman Suffrage, 1911-1919: An Analysis of Factors Affecting Coverage by Ten Diverse Newspapers, 73:3, 620-634. BURT, ELIZABETH V., The Ideology, Rhetoric, and Organizational Structure of a Countermovement Publication: The Remonstrance, 1890-1920, 75:1, 69-83. BUSH, ELLEN M., Access to Governors’ Records: State Statutes and the Use of Executive Privilege, 71:1, 135-144. << Back]]> 7964 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-c-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 16:13:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7969 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 CAMERON, GLEN T. and PATRICIA A. CURTIN, Tracing Sources of Information Pollution: A Survey and Experimental Test of Print Media’s Labeling Policy for Feature Advertising, 72:1, 178-189. CAMERON, GLEN T., KUEN-HEE JU-PAK, and BONG-HYUN KIM, Advertorials in Magazines: Current Use and Compliance with Industry Guidelines, 73:3, 722-733. CAMERON, GLEN T. and DAVID BLOUNT, VNRs and Air Checks: A Content Analysis of the Use of Video News Releases in Television Newscasts, 73:4, 890-904. CAMERON, GLEN T. (See Kinnick). CAMERON, GLEN T. (See Porter). CAMERON, GLEN T. (See Reber). CAMERON, GLEN T. (See Shin). CAMPBELL, W. JOSEPH, Not Likely Sent: The Remington-Hearst "Telegrams," 77:2, 405-422. CAREY, JAMES W., The Internet and the End of the National Communication System: Uncertain Predictions of an Uncertain Future, 75:1, 28-34. CARPENTIER, FRANCESCA DILLMAN (See Knobloch). CARPINI, MICHAEL X. DELLI, SCOTT KEETER, and J. DAVID KENNAMER, Effects of the News Media Environment on Citizen Knowledge of State Politics and Government, 71:2, 443-456. CARROLL, RAYMOND L. and C.A. TUGGLE, The World Outside: Local TV News Treatment of Imported News, 74:1, 123-133. CARSTARPHEN, META (See Reichert). CARTER, SUE, FREDERICK FICO, and JOCELYN A. MCCABE, Partisan and Structural Balance in Local Television Election Coverage, 79:1, 41-53. CASSARA, CATHERINE, U.S. Newspaper Coverage of Human Rights in Latin America, 1975-1982: Exploring President Carter’s Agenda-Building Influence, 75:3, 478-486. CATLETT, TERRI (See Joliffe). CHAFFEE, STEVEN H. (See Martinelli). CHAMBERLIN, BILL F. (See Halstuk). CHAMBERLIN, BILL F. (See Splichal). CHAN-OLMSTED, SYLVIA M. and JUNG SUK PARK, From On-Air to Online World: Examining the Content and Structures of Broadcast TV Stations’ Web Sites, 77:2, 321-339. CHANCE, JEAN (See Walsh-Childers). CHANG, HOSOON, The News Media’s Right of Access to Pretrial Discovery Materials in Civil Lawsuits, 71:1, 145-158. CHANG, KUANG-KUO, Auto Trade Policy and the Press: Auto Elite as a Source of the Media Agenda, 76:2, 312-324. CHANG, KUANG-KUO (See Lacy). CHEN, CHONGSHAN (See Zhu). CHEN, HUAILIN (See McLeod). CHENG, HONG, Toward an Understanding of Cultural Values Manifest in Advertising: A Content Analysis of Chinese Television Commercials in 1990 and 1995, 74:4, 773-796. CHERN, DAVID SHANO-YEON (See Voakes). CHEW, FIONA, The Relationship of Information Needs to Issue Relevance and Media Use, 71:3, 676-688. CHIA, STELLA CHIH-YUN (See Gunther). CHO, CHANG-HOAN, The Effectiveness of Banner Advertisements: Involvement and Click-through, 80:3, 623-645. CHO, HIROMI and STEPHEN LACY, International Conflict Coverage in Japanese Local Daily Newspapers, 77:4, 830-845. CHO, HIROMI (See Lacy). CHORY-ASSAD, REBECCA M. (See Tamborini). CHRISTEN, CINDY T. (See Gunther). CHRISTIANSEN, PETER MUNK (See Albæk). CLICK, J. WILLIAM (See Kopenhaver). COLEMAN, RENITA, Race and Ethical Reasoning: The Importance of Race to Journalistic Decision Making, 80:2, 295-310. COLLINS, ROSS F., A Battle for Humor: Satire and Censorship in Le Bavard, 73:3, 645-656. CONNERS, JOAN L. (See Hansen). CORBETT, JULIA B. and MOTOMI MORI, Medicine, Media, and Celebrities: News Coverage of Breast Cancer, 1960-1995, 76:2, 229-249. COTE, WILLIAM (See Fico). COTTER, PATRICK R., DAVID K. PERRY, and JAMES G. STOVALL, Active and Passive Indicators of Public Opinion: Assessing the Call-in Poll, 71:1, 169-175. COULSON, DAVID C., Impact of Ownership on Newspaper Quality, 71:2, 403-410. COULSON, DAVID C. and ANNE HANSEN, The Louisville Courier-Journal’s News Content after Purchase by Gannett, 72:1, 205-215. COULSON, DAVID C. and STEPHEN LACY, Journalists’ Perceptions of How Newspaper and Broadcast News Competition Affects Newspaper Content, 73:2, 354-363. COULSON, DAVID C. and STEPHEN LACY, Newspaper Economic Coverage of Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards, 75:1, 154-166. COULSON, DAVID C., DANIEL RIFFE, STEPHEN LACY, and CHARLES R. ST. CYR, Erosion of Television Coverage of City Hall? Perceptions of TV Reporters on the Beat, 78:1, 81-92. COULSON, DAVID C. (See Lacy). COWARD, JOHN M., Explaining the Little Bighorn: Race and Progress in the Native Press, 71:3, 540-549. CRAIG, DAVID A., Ethical Language and Themes in News Coverage of Genetic Testing, 77:1, 160-174. CRAIG, DAVID A., The Promise and Peril of Anecdotes in News Coverage: An Ethical Analysis, 80:4, 802-817. CRONIN, MARY M. and JAMES B. MCPHERSON, Pronouncements and Denunciations: An Analysis of State Press Association Ethics Codes from the 1920s, 72:4, 890-901. CURTIN, PATRICIA A. and SCOTT R. MAIER, Numbers in the Newsroom: A Qualitative Examination of a Quantitative Challenge, 78:4, 720-738. CURTIN, PATRICIA A. (See Cameron). << Back]]> 7969 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-d-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 16:17:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7973 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 DAILY, KATIE (See McLeod). D’ALESSIO, DAVE, An Experimental Examination of Readers’ Perceptions of Media Bias, 80:2, 282-294. DANIEL, DOUGLASS K., They Liked Ike: Pro-Eisenhower Publishers and His Decision to Run for President, 77:2, 393-404. DANIELS, GEORGE L. and C. ANN HOLLIFIELD, Times of Turmoil: Short- and Long-Term Effects of Organizational Change on Newsroom Employees, 79:3, 661-680. DANIELSON, WAYNE, Talking with a Dinosaur, 75:4, 689-691. DASCHMANN, GREGOR and HANS-BERND BROSIUS, Can a Single Incident Create an Issue? Exemplars in German Television Magazine Shows, 76:1, 35-51. DAVID, PRABU, Role of Imagery in Recall of Deviant News, 73:4, 804-820. DAVID, PRABU and MICHAEL M. PIERSON, Public Affairs Decision Making in the U.S. Air Force: An Application of Multiattribute Utility Theory, 75:3, 606-626. DAVID, PRABU (See Fredin). DAVIE, WILLIAM R. and JUNG-SOOK LEE, Sex, Violence, and Consonance/Differentiation: An Analysis of Local TV News Values, 72:1, 128-138. DAVIE, WILLIAM R. (See Lee). DAVIE, WILLIAM R. (See Taylor). DAVIS, CHARLES N. (See Bunker). DAVIS, JOEL J., Environmental Advertising: Norms and Levels of Advertiser Trust, 71:2, 330-345. DAVIS, JOEL J., The Effects of Message Framing on Response to Environmental Communications, 72:2, 285-299. DELAURELL, RICHARD (See Rothenbuhler). DEMERS, DAVID, Corporate Newspaper Structure, Editorial Page Vigor, and Social Change, 73:4, 857-877. DEMERS, DAVID K., Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions: Another Test of the Editorial Vigor Hypothesis, 75:3, 572-592. DEMERS, DAVID PEARCE, Effect of Organizational Size on Job Satisfaction of Top Editors at U.S. Dailies, 71:4, 914-925. DEMERS, DAVID PEARCE, Does Personal Experience in a Community Increase or Decrease Newspaper Reading?. 73:2, 304-318. DENHAM, BRYAN E., Anonymous Attribution during Two Periods of Military Conflict: Using Logistic Regression to Study Veiled Sources in American Newspapers, 74:3, 565-578. DESHPANDE, SAMEER and JACQUELINE C. HITCHON, Cause-Related Marketing Ads in the Light of Negative News, 79:4, 905-926. DEUZE, MARK, National News Cultures: A Comparison of Dutch, German, British, Australian, and U.S. Journalists, 79:1, 134-149. DEVITT, JAMES, Framing Gender on the Campaign Trail: Female Gubernatorial Candidates and the Press, 79:2, 445-463. DEVITT, JAMES (See Waldman). DICK, STEVEN J. (See Ellis). DICKEN-GARCIA, HAZEL, The Internet and Continuing Historical Discourse, 75:1, 19-27. DICKSON, SANDRA H., Understanding Media Bias: The Press and the U.S. Invasion of Panama, 71:4, 809-819. DILLON, JOHN F. (See White). DIMMICK, JOHN (See Gant). DOMENECH-RODRIGUEZ, MELANIE (See Slater). DOMINICK, JOSEPH R., Who Do You Think You Are? Personal Home Pages and Self-Presentation on the World Wide Web, 76:4, 646-658. DOMINICK, JOSEPH R. (See Woo). DOMKE, DAVID and DHAVAN V. SHAH, Interpretation of Issues and Voter Decision-Making Strategies: A New Perspective on "Issue-Oriented" Election Coverage, 72:1, 45-71. DOMKE, DAVID, DAVID P. FAN, MICHAEL FIBISON, DHAVAN V. SHAH, STEVEN S. SMITH, and MARK D. WATTS, News Media, Candidates and Issues, and Public Opinion in the 1996 Presidential Campaign, 74:4, 718-737. DOMKE, DAVID (See Moy). DOMKE, DAVID (See Shah). DONAVAN, JANET (See Shah). DONG, QINGWEN (See Weintraub). DOOLEY, PATRICIA L., Minnesota Publishers and Editors As Elected Officials, 1923-1938: A Comparison of Journalistic Rhetoric and Conduct, 71:1, 64-75. DRAGER, MICHAEL W. (See Riffe). DRECHSEL, ROBERT (See Grimes). DRESS, ABBY, Running Out of Time: An Analysis of Shutting Down New York Newsday by Times Mirror, 76:4, 745-755. DREW, DAN (See Weaver, David). DREW, DAN and DAVID WEAVER, Voter Learning in the 1996 Presidential Election: Did the Media Matter?, 75:2, 292-301. DRISCOLL, PAUL D. and MICHAEL B. SALWEN, Self-Perceived Knowledge of the O.J. Simpson Trial: Third-Person Perception and Perceptions of Guilt, 74:3, 541-556. DUFFY, MARGARET (See Lafky). DUKE, LISA, Black in a Blonde World: Race and Girls’ Interpretations of the Feminine Ideal in Teen Magazines, 77:2, 367-392. DUKE, LISA L. (See Goodman). DUNWOODY, SHARON (See Griffin). DUPAGNE, MICHEL, Regulation of Sexually Explicit Videotex Services in France, 71:1, 121-134. DURHAM, MEENAKSHI GIGI, Girls, Media, and the Negotiation of Sexuality: A Study of Race, Class, and Gender in Adolescent Peer Groups, 76:2, 193-216. DYER, CAROLYN STEWART and DOUGLAS B. ADAMS, The Financial Affairs of Wisconsin and Iowa Weekly Newspapers in 1860: An Analysis of Products of Industry Census Data, 71:2, 370-379. << Back]]> 7973 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-e-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 16:22:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7978 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 EATON, B. CAROL, Prime-Time Stereotyping on the New Television Networks, 74:4, 859-872. ECKERT, MELISSA (See Pauly). EGAN, KATHRYN S., A Constructivist’s Approach to Broadcast Communications Academe: A Feminist Success Story, 71:4, 960-972. EHRLICH, MATTHEW C., Myth in Charles Kuralt’s "On the Road," 79:2, 327-338. EICHHOLZ, MARTIN (See Shoemaker). EKSTRAND, VICTORIA SMITH, Online News: User Agreements and Implications for Readers, 79:3, 602-618. ELLIOTT, LARRY (See Husselbee). ELLIOTT, WILLIAM R. (See Wanta). ELLIS, BARBARA G. and STEVEN J. DICK, "Who Was ‘Shadow’?" The Computer Knows: Applying Grammar-Program Statistics in Content Analyses to Solve Mysteries about Authorship, 73:4, 947-962. EMIG, ARTHUR G., Community Ties and Dependence on Media for Public Affairs, 72:2, 402-411. EMIG, ARTHUR G. (See Stamm and Hesse). ENDRES, KATHLEEN L. and ANN B. SCHIERHORN, New Technology and the Writer/Editor Relationship: Shifting Electronic Realities, 72:2, 448-457. ENGSTROM, ERIKA and ANTHONY J. FERRI, From Barriers to Challenges: Career Perceptions of Women TV News Anchors, 75:4, 789-802. ENTMAN, ROBERT M., Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News, 71:3, 509-520. ESPINO, RODOLFO (See Shah). ESROCK, STUART L. and GREG B. LEICHTY, Corporate World Wide Web Pages: Serving the News Media and Other Publics, 76:3, 456-467. ETTEMA, JAMES S. and LIMOR PEER, Good News from a Bad Neighborhood: Toward an Alternative to the Discourse of Urban Pathology, 73:4, 835-856. EVANS, WILLIAM, The Mundane and the Arcane: Prestige Media Coverage of Social and Natural Science, 72:1, 168-177. EVANS, WILLIAM, Divining the Social Order: Class, Gender, and Magazine Astrology Columns, 73:2, 389-400. EVELAND, WILLIAM P., JR., Interactions and Nonlinearity in Mass Communication: Connecting Theory and Methodology, 74:2, 400-416. EVELAND, WILLIAM P., JR., JACK M. MCLEOD, and EDWARD M. HOROWITZ, Communication and Age in Childhood Political Socialization: An Interactive Model of Political Development, 75:4, 699-718. EVELAND, WILLIAM P., JR., News Information Processing as Mediator of the Relationship between Motivations and Political Knowledge, 79:1, 26-40. EVELAND, WILLIAM P., JR. (See McLeod). EVERETT, SHU-LING (See Moriarty). << Back  ]]> 7978 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-f-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 16:28:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7981 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 FAN, DAVID P. (See Domke). FARNALL, OLAN and KIM A. SMITH, Reactions to People with Disabilities: Personal Contact versus Viewing of Specific Media Portrayals, 76:4, 659-672. FELDMAN, OFER, Political Reality and Editorial Cartoons in Japan: How the National Dailies Illustrate the Japanese Prime Minister, 72:3, 571-580. FENGLER, SUSANNE, Holding the News Media Accountable: A Study of Media Reporters and Media Critics in the United States, 80:4, 818-832. FERGUSON, MARY ANN (See Lee). FERRI, ANTHONY J. (See Engstrom). FIBISON, MICHAEL (See Domke). FICO, FRED and STAN SOFFIN, Fairness and Balance of Selected Newspaper Coverage of Controversial National, State, and Local Issues, 72:3, 621-633. FICO, FREDERICK and WILLIAM COTE, Fairness and Balance in the Structural Characteristics of Newspaper Stories on the 1996 Presidential Election, 76:1, 124-137. FICO, FREDERICK and ERIC FREEDMAN, Setting the News Story Agenda: Candidates and Commentators in News Coverage of a Governor’s Race, 78:3, 437-449. FICO, FREDERICK (See Carter). FINK, EDWARD J. and WALTER GANTZ, A Content Analysis of Three Mass Communication Research Traditions: Social Science, Interpretive Studies, and Critical Analysis, 73:1, 114-134. FINNEGAN, JOHN R. (See Hertog). FISHBEIN, MARTIN (See McAlister). FISHMAN, GIDEON (See Weimann). FLAMIANO, DOLORES, The Birth of a Notion: Media Coverage of Contraception, 1915-1917, 75:3, 560-571. FLANAGIN, ANDREW J. and MIRIAM J. METZGER, Perceptions of Internet Information Credibility, 77:3, 515-540. FLATOW, GAIL M. (See Brown). FOLKERTS, JEAN, Celebrating the 75th Anniversary, Introduction, 75:4, 687-688. FOLKERTS, JEAN, Celebrating the 75th Anniversary, Epilogue, 75:4, 696-698. FRADGLEY, KIMBERLEY E. and WALTER E. NIEBAUER JR., London’s "Quality" Newspapers: Newspaper Ownership and Reporting Patterns, 72:4, 902-912. FREDIN, ERIC S., TERESA HAUGEN MONNETT, and GERALD M. KOSICKI, Knowledge Gaps, Social Locators, and Media Schemata: Gaps, Reverse Gaps, and Gaps of Disaffection, 71:1, 176-190. FREDIN, ERIC S. and PRABU DAVID, Browsing and the Hypermedia Interaction Cycle: A Model of Self-Efficacy and Goal Dynamics, 75:1, 35-54. FREDIN, ERIC S. (See Kosicki). FREEDMAN, ERIC (See Fico). FREITAG, ALAN (See Riffe). FRIEDMAN, BARBARA (See Winfield). FRITH, KATHERINE T. (See Burkhart). FUJIOKA, YUKI, Television Portrayals and African-American Stereotypes: Examination of Television Effects when Direct Contact Is Lacking, 76:1, 52-75. FUJIOKA, YUKI (See Tan). FULLERTON, JAMI A. and ALICE KENDRICK, Portrayal of Men and Women in U.S. Spanish-Language Television Commercials, 77:1, 128-142. FÜRSICH, ELFRIEDE, Nation, Capitalism, Myth: Covering News of Economic Globalization, 79:2, 353-373. << Back]]> 7981 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-g-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 16:32:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7986 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 GADE, PETER J. and EARNEST L. PERRY, Changing the Newsroom Culture: A Four-Year Case Study of Organizational Development at the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 80:2, 327-347. GAINES, STANLEY O. (See Rios). GANT, CAMILLA and JOHN DIMMICK, Making Local News: A Holistic Analysis of Sources, Selection Criteria, and Topics, 77:3, 628-638. GANTZ, WALTER (See Fink). GAO, DANDAN (See Wanta). GARRISON, BRUCE, Journalists’ Perceptions of Online Information-Gathering Problems, 77:3, 500-514. GASSAWAY, BOB M. (See McDevitt). GAYATRI, GATI (See Shah). GAZIANO, CECILIE, Forecast 2000: Widening Knowledge Gaps, 74:2, 237-264. GEIGER, SETH (See O’Sullivan). GIBSON, RHONDA and DOLF ZILLMANN, Effects of Citation in Exemplifying Testimony on Issue Perception, 75:1, 167-176. GIBSON, RHONDA and DOLF ZILLMANN, Reading between the Photographs: The Influence of Incidental Pictorial Information on Issue Perception, 77:2, 355-366. GIBSON, RHONDA (See Hester). GIBSON, RHONDA (See Zillmann). GIFFARD, ANTHONY (See Stamm). GIFFARD, C. ANTHONY and NANCY K. RIVENBURGH, News Agencies, National Images, and Global Media Events, 77:1, 8-21. GILBERT, SARAH ANN, A Response to "Old-Growth Forests on Network News: News Sources and the Framing of an Environmental Controversy," 74:4, 883-886. GLADNEY, GEORGE ALBERT, How Editors and Readers Rank and Rate the Importance of Eighteen Traditional Standards of Newspaper Excellence, 73:2, 319-331. GLEASON, TIMOTHY W. (See Stavitsky). GLOWAKI, CHRIS (See Johnson). GOLAN, GUY and WAYNE WANTA, Second-Level Agenda Setting in the New Hampshire Primary: A Comparison of Coverage in Three Newspapers and Public Perceptions of Candidates, 78:2, 247-259. GOMERY, DOUGLAS, Rethinking TV History, 74:3, 501-514. GOODMAN, J. ROBYN, LISA L. DUKE, and JOHN SUTHERLAND, Olympic Athletes and Heroism in Advertising: Gendered Concepts of Valor?, 79:2, 374-393. GOODMAN, J. ROBYN, Flabless Is Fabulous: How Latina and Anglo Women Read and Incorporate the Excessively Thin Body Ideal into Everyday Experience, 79:3, 712-727. GOODSON, SABRINA R. and MARY ALICE SHAVER, Hispanic Marketing: National Advertiser Spending Patterns and Media Choices, 71:1, 191-198. GOWER, KARLA K. (See Packer). GRABE, MARIA ELIZABETH, Tabloid and Traditional Television News Magazine Crime Stories: Crime Lessons and Reaffirmation of Social Class Distinctions, 73:4, 926-946. GRABE, MARIA ELIZABETH, SHUHUA ZHOU, and BROOKE BARNETT, Sourcing and Reporting in News Magazine Programs: 60 Minutes versus Hard Copy, 76:2, 293-311. GRAF, JOSEPH D. (See Becker). GRIFFIN, JEFFREY L., The Effectiveness of Locator Maps in Increasing Reader Understanding of the Geography of Foreign News, 71:4, 937-946. GRIFFIN, MICHAEL and JONGSOO LEE, Picturing the Gulf War: Constructing an Image of War in Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report, 72:4, 813-825. GRIFFIN, ROBERT J. and SHARON DUNWOODY, Impacts of Information Subsidies and Community Structure on Local Press Coverage of Environmental Contamination, 72:2, 271-284. GRIFFIN, ROBERT J. and SHAIKAT SEN, Causal Communication: Movie Portrayals and Audience Attributions for Vietnam Veterans’ Problems, 72:3, 511-524. GRIMES, TOM and ROBERT DRECHSEL, Word-Picture Juxtaposition, Schemata, and Defamation in Television News, 73:1, 169-180. GUENTHER-GREY, CAROLYN (See McAlister). GUNTHER, ALBERT C., YAH-HUEI HONG, and LULU RODRIGUEZ, Balancing Trust in Media and Trust in Government during Political Change in Taiwan, 71:3, 628-636. GUNTHER, ALBERT C. and CINDY T. CHRISTEN, Effects of News Slant and Base Rate Information on Perceived Public Opinion, 76:2, 277-292. GUNTHER, ALBERT C. and STELLA CHIH-YUN CHIA, Predicting Pluralistic Ignorance: The Hostile Media Perception and Its Consequences, 78:4, 688-701. GUO, ZHONGSHI (See McLeod). GUTIERREZ-VILLALOBOS, SONIA, JAMES K. HERTOG, and RAMONA R. RUSH, Press Support for the U.S. Administration during the Panama Invasion: Analyses of Strategic and Tactical Critique in the Domestic Press, 71:3, 618-627. GYOERICK, BARBARA (See Phillips). << Back]]> 7986 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-h-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 16:35:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7989 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 HAAS, TANNI (See Massey). HALSTUK, MARTIN E. and BILL F. CHAMBERLIN, Open Government in the Digital Age: The Legislative History of How Congress Established a Right of Public Access to Electronic Information Held by Federal Agencies, 78:1, 45-64. HANSEN, ANNE (See Coulson). HANSEN, KATHLEEN A., JEAN WARD, JOAN L. CONNERS, and MARK NEUZIL, Local Breaking News: Sources, Technology, and News Routines, 71:3, 561-572. HANSEN, KATHLEEN A., MARK NEUZIL, and JEAN WARD, Newsroom Topic Teams: Journalists’ Assessments of Effects on News Routines and Newspaper Quality, 75:4, 803-821. HARGROVE, THOMAS (See Stempel). HARRY, JOSEPH C., Covering Conflict: A Structural-Pluralist Analysis of How a Small-Town and a Big-City Newspaper Reported an Environmental Controversy, 78:3, 419-436. HAUGLAND, ANN, Books as Culture/Books as Commerce, 71:4, 787-799. HAWKINS, DARNELL F. (See Johnstone). HAWKINS, ELIZA TANNER with KIRK A. HAWKINS, Bridging Latin America’s Digital Divide: Government Policies and Internet Access, 80:3, 646-665. HAWKINS, JOSHUA (See Shah). HAWKINS, KIRK A. (See Hawkins, Eliza Tanner). HE, ZHOU (See Willnat). HENNINGHAM, JOHN, Australian Journalists’ Professional and Ethical Values, 73:1, 206-218. HENNINGHAM, JOHN, The Journalist’s Personality: An Exploratory Study, 74:3, 615-624. HENRY, PAGET (See Rhodes). HERTOG, JAMES K., JOHN R. FINNEGAN, JR., and EMILY KAHN, Media Coverage of AIDS, Cancer, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: A Test of the Public Arenas Model, 71:2, 291-304. HERTOG, JAMES K., Elite Press Coverage of the 1986 U.S.-Libya Conflict: A Case Study of Tactical and Strategic Critique, 77:3, 612-627. HERTOG, JAMES K. (See Gutierrez-Villalobos). HERZOG, KRISTIN (See Walsh-Childers). HESSE, MICHAEL B. (See Stamm and Emig). HESTER, JOE BOB and RHONDA GIBSON, The Economy and Second-Level Agenda Setting: A Time-Series Analysis of Economic News and Public Opinion about the Economy, 80:1, 73-90. HESTER, JOE BOB (See Perry). HIGGINS, DONNA (See McAlister). HILLIARD, JERRY (See Hines). HINDMAN, DOUGLAS BLANKS, Community Newspapers, Community Structural Pluralism, and Local Conflict with Nonlocal Groups, 73:3, 708-721. HINDMAN, DOUGLAS BLANKS, ROBERT LITTLEFIELD, ANN PRESTON, and DENNIS NEUMANN, Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism, and Community Newspapers, 76:2, 250-263. HINDMAN, DOUGLAS BLANKS, The Rural-Urban Digital Divide, 77:3, 549-560. HINDMAN, ELIZABETH BLANKS, "Spectacles of the Poor": Conventions of Alternative News, 75:1, 177-193. HINDMAN, ELIZABETH BLANKS, "Lynch-Mob Journalism" vs. "Compelling Human Drama": Editorial Responses to Coverage of the Pretrial Phase of the O.J. Simpson Case, 76:3, 499-515. HINDMAN, ELIZABETH BLANKS, The Princess and the Paparazzi: Blame, Responsibility, and the Media’s Role in the Death of Diana, 80:3, 666-688. HINES, RANDALL W. and JERRY HILLIARD, A Study of Tennessee Newspapers’ Use of Traditional Headline "Rules," 72:3, 698-705. HITCHON, JACQUELINE C., The Locus of Metaphorical Persuasion: An Empirical Test, 74:1, 55-68. HITCHON, JACQUELINE C. (See Deshpande). HITCHON, JACQUELINE C. (See Nelson). HITCHON, JACQUELINE C. (See Schmidt). HOERRNER, KEISHA L., Symbolic Politics: Congressional Interest in Television Violence from 1950 to 1996, 76:4, 684-698. HOLBERT, R. LANCE (See Pfau). HOLLANDER, BARRY A., The New News and the 1992 Presidential Campaign: Perceived vs. Actual Political Knowledge, 72:4, 786-798. HOLLANDER, BARRY A., Talk Radio: Predictors of Use and Effects on Attitudes about Government, 73:1, 102-113. HOLLIFIELD, C. ANN, The Specialized Business Press and Industry-Related Political Communication: A Comparative Study, 74:4, 757-772. HOLLIFIELD, C. ANN (See Daniels). HONG, YAH-HUEI (See Gunther). HONNOLD, JULIE A. (See Kennamer). HOPKINS, W. WAT, The Supreme Court Defines the Marketplace of Ideas, 73:1, 40-52. HORNIK, ROBERT (See Maxwell). HOROWITZ, EDWARD (See McLeod). HOROWITZ, EDWARD M. (See Eveland). HOWARD, HERBERT H., TV Station Group and Cross-Media Ownership: A 1995 Update, 72:2, 390-401. HU, YU-WEI (See Wanta). HUANG, HUIPING (See McLeod). HUANG, LI-NING (See Price). HUANG, REN HE (See Tamborini). HUBERLIE, MARA (See Merskin). HUCKINS, KYLE, Interest-Group Influence on the Media Agenda: A Case Study, 76:1, 76-86. HUGHES, WILLIAM J., The "Not-So-Genial" Conspiracy: The New York Times and Six Presidential "Honeymoons," 1953-1993, 72:4, 841-850. HUME, JANICE, The "Forgotten" 1918 Influenza Epidemic and Press Portrayal of Public Anxiety, 77:4, 898-915. HUME, JANICE, "Portraits of Grief," Reflectors of Values: The New York Times Remembers Victims of September 11, 80:1, 166-182. HUSSELBEE, L. PAUL and GUIDO H. STEMPEL III, Contrast in U.S. Media Coverage of Two Major Canadian Elections, 74:3, 591-601. HUSSELBEE, L. PAUL and LARRY ELLIOTT, Looking beyond Hate: How National and Regional Newspapers Framed Hate Crimes in Jasper, Texas, and Laramie Wyoming, 79:4, 833-852. HUXFORD, JOHN (See Maxwell). HYNDS, ERNEST C., Editors at Most U.S. Dailies See Vital Roles for Editorial Page, 71:3, 573-582. << Back]]> 7989 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-ij-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 16:37:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7993 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 I IOSIFIDES, PETROS, Diversity versus Concentration in the Deregulated Mass Media Domain, 76:1, 152-162. ISOM, PAUL, EDWARD JOHNSON, JAMES MCCOLLUM, and DOLF ZILLMANN, Perception of Interviewees with Less-Than-Perfect English: Implications for Newspaper Citations, 72:4, 874-882. J JACKSON, SALLY, DANIEL J. O’KEEFE, and DALE E. BRASHERS, The Messages Replication Factor: Methods Tailored to Messages as Objects of Study, 71:4, 984-996. JEFFRES, LEO W. (See Lin). JENSEN, ROBERT, Journalists and the Overtime Provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act, 73:2, 417-426. JENZOWSKY, STEFAN A. (See Perry). JOHNSON, EDWARD (See Isom). JOHNSON, MELISSA A., Predicting News Flow from Mexico, 74:2, 315-330. JOHNSON, MICHELLE (See Stamm and Martin). JOHNSON, OWEN V. (See Wu). JOHNSON, SUSAN (See Serini). JOHNSON, THOMAS J. and WAYNE WANTA, with TIMOTHY BOUDREAU, JANET BLANK-LIBRA, KILLIAN SCHAFFER, and SALLY TURNER, Influence Dealers: A Path Analysis Model of Agenda Building during Richard Nixon’s War on Drugs, 73:1, 181-194. JOHNSON, THOMAS J. and TIMOTHY BOUDREAU, with CHRIS GLOWAKI, Turning the Spotlight Inward: How Five Leading News Organizations Covered the Media in the 1992 Presidential Election, 73:3, 657-671. JOHNSON, THOMAS J. and BARBARA K. KAYE, Cruising Is Believing?: Comparing Internet and Traditional Sources on Media Credibility Measures, 75:2, 325-340. JOHNSON, THOMAS J., MAHMOUD A. M. BRAIMA, and JAYANTHI SOTHIRAJAH, Doing the Traditional Media Sidestep: Comparing the Effects of the Internet and Other Nontraditional Media with Traditional Media in the 1996 Presidential Campaign, 76:1, 99-123. JOHNSON, THOMAS J. and BARBARA K. KAYE, Using Is Believing: The Influence of Reliance on the Credibility of Online Political Information among Politically Interested Internet Users, 77:4, 865-879. JOHNSON, THOMAS J. and BARBARA K. KAYE, Webelievability: A Path Model Examining How Convenience and Reliance Predict Online Credibility, 79:3, 619-642. JOHNSON, WAYNE (See McAlister). JOHNSTON, ANNE and ANNE BARTON WHITE, Communication Styles and Female Candidates: A Study of the Political Advertising during the 1986 Senate Elections, 71:2, 321-329. JOHNSTONE, JOHN W. C., DARNELL F. HAWKINS, and ARTHUR MICHENER, Homicide Reporting in Chicago Dailies, 71:4, 860-872. JOLLIFFE, LEE and TERRI CATLETT, Women Editors at the "Seven Sisters" Magazines, 1965-1985: Did They Make a Difference?, 71:4, 800-808. JONES, JENNIFER (See Tewksbury). JONES, STEVE, Unlicensed Broadcasting: Content and Conformity, 71:2, 395-402. JU-PAK, KUEN-HEE (See Cameron). JUNG, JAEMIN, How Magazines Covered Media Companies’ Mergers: The Case of the Evolution of Time Inc., 79:3, 681-696. << Back]]> 7993 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-k-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 16:40:05 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=7996 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 KAHN, EMILY (See Hertog). KAID, LYNDA LEE (See Ku). KAID, LYNDA LEE (See McKinnon). KAMHAWI, RASHA and DAVID WEAVER, Mass Communication Research Trends from 1980 to 1999, 80:1, 7-27. KAPFER, JACK (See Voakes). KARAN, DAVID (See Slater). KATZ, CHERYL (See Baldassare). KATZ, ELIHU (See Wyatt). KAYE, BARBARA K. (See Johnson). KEENAN, KEVIN L., Skin Tones and Physical Features of Blacks in Magazine Advertisements, 73:4, 905-912. KEETER, SCOTT (See Carpini). KELLY, KATHLEEN S., Utilizing Public Relations Theory to Conceptualize and Test Models of Fund Raising, 72:1, 106-127. KENDRICK, ALICE (See Fullerton). KENNAMER, J. DAVID and JULIE A. HONNOLD, Attitude toward Homosexuality and Attention to News about AIDS, 72:2, 322-335. KENNAMER, J. DAVID (See Carpini). KERR, PETER A. and PATRICIA MOY, Newspaper Coverage of Fundamentalist Christians, 1980-2000, 79:1, 54-72. KERR, ROBERT L., Impartial Spectator in the Marketplace of Ideas: The Principles of Adam Smith as an Ethical Basis for Regulation of Corporate Speech, 79:2, 394-415. KIERNAN, VINCENT, Embargoes and Science News, 80:4, 903-920. KILMER, PAULETTE D., "Madstones," Clever Toads, and Killer Tarantulas (Fairy-Tale Briefs in Wild West Newspapers), 78:4, 816-835. KIM, BONG-HYUN (See Cameron). KIM, EUNYI (See Shoemaker). KIM, JOOHAN (See Wyatt). KIM, SEI-HILL, DIETRAM A. SCHEUFELE, and JAMES SHANAHAN, Think about It This Way: Attribute Agenda-Setting Function of the Press and the Public’s Evaluation of a Local Issue, 79:1, 7-25. KIM, SUNG TAE, Making a Difference: U.S. Press Coverage of the Kwangju and Tiananmen Pro-Democracy Movements, 77:1, 22-36. KIM, SUNG TAE, DAVID WEAVER, and LARS WILLNAT, Media Reporting and Perceived Credibility of Online Polls, 77:4, 846-864. KIM, YUNGWOOK, Measuring the Bottom-Line Impact of Corporate Public Relations, 77:2, 273-291. KIM, YUNGWOOK, Searching for the Organization-Public Relationship: A Valid and Reliable Instrument, 78:4, 799-815. KING, CYNTHIA M. (See Perry). KING, ERIKA G., The Flawed Characters in the Campaign: Prestige Newspaper Assessments of the 1992 Presidential Candidates’ Integrity and Competence, 72:1, 84-97. KING, ERIKA G. (See Wells). KING, KAREN WHITEHILL (See Reid). KINNICK, KATHERINE N., DEAN M. KRUGMAN, and GLEN T. CAMERON, Compassion Fatigue: Communication and Burnout toward Social Problems, 73:3, 687-707. KITCH, CAROLYN, Changing Theoretical Perspectives on Women’s Media Images: The Emergence of Patterns in a New Area of Historical Scholarship, 74:3, 477-489. KITCH, CAROLYN, The American Woman Series: Gender and Class in The Ladies’ Home Journal, 1897, 75:2, 243-262. KITCH, CAROLYN, "A Death in the American Family": Myth, Memory, and National Values in the Media Mourning of John F. Kennedy Jr., 79:2, 294-309. KLEIN, GARY, When the News Doesn’t Fit: The New York Times and Hitler’s First Two Months in Office, February/March 1933, 78:1, 127-149. KNOBLOCH, SILVIA, FRANCESCA DILLMAN CARPENTIER, and DOLF ZILLMANN, Effects of Salience Dimensions of Informational Utility on Selective Exposure to Online News, 80:1, 91-108. KNUDSON, JERRY W., Licensing Journalists in Latin America: An Appraisal, 73:4, 878-889. KODRICH, KRIS, Finding a New Way: Nicaraguan Newspapers in a Globalized World, 79:1, 101-120. KOEHLER, ELIZABETH M., The Variable Nature of Defamation: Social Mores and Accusations of Homosexuality, 76:2, 217-228. KOO, SOH HOON (See Wu). KOPENHAVER, LILLIAN LODGE and J. WILLIAM CLICK, High School Newspapers Still Censored Thirty Years after Tinker, 78:2, 321-339. KOSICKI, GERALD M., LEE B. BECKER, and ERIC S. FREDIN, Buses and Ballots: The Role of Media Images in a Local Election, 71:1, 76-89. KOSICKI, GERALD M. (See Fredin). KRAIDY, MARWAN M., State Control of Television News in 1990s Lebanon, 76:3, 485-498. KRAUS, SIDNEY (See Zhang). KRESHEL, PEGGY J. (See Reid). KRUGMAN, DEAN M. (See Kinnick). KU, GYOTAE, LYNDA LEE KAID, and MICHAEL PFAU, The Impact of Web Site Campaigning on Traditional News Media and Public Information Processing, 80:3, 528-547. KUNZ, WILLIAM M. (See Wanta). KURPIUS, DAVID D., Public Journalism and Commercial Local Television News: In Search of a Model, 77:2, 340-354. KURPIUS, DAVID D. and ANDREW MENDELSON, A Case Study of Deliberative Democracy on Television: Civic Dialogue on C-SPAN Call-in Shows, 79:3, 587-601. KURPIUS, DAVID D., Sources and Civic Journalism: Changing Patterns of Reporting?, 79:4, 853-866. KURPIUS, DAVID (See Voakes). << Back]]> 7996 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-l-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 16:43:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8000 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 LABRE, MAGDALA PEIXOTO (See Law). LACY, STEPHEN and KARYN A. RAMSEY, The Advertising Content of African-American Newspapers, 71:3, 521-530. LACY, STEPHEN and DANIEL RIFFE, The Impact of Competition and Group Ownership on Radio News, 71:3, 583-593. LACY, STEPHEN, KAY ROBINSON, and DANIEL RIFFE, Sample Size in Content Analysis of Weekly Newspapers, 72:2, 336-345. LACY, STEPHEN, MARY ALICE SHAVER, and CHARLES ST. CYR, The Effects of Public Ownership and Newspaper Competition on the Financial Performance of Newspaper Corporations: A Replication and Extension, 73:2, 332-341. LACY, STEPHEN and DANIEL RIFFE, Sampling Error and Selecting Intercoder Reliability Samples for Nominal Content Categories, 73:4, 963-973. LACY, STEPHEN and TODD F. SIMON, Intercounty Group Ownership of Daily Newspapers and the Decline of Competition for Readers, 74:4, 814-825. LACY, STEPHEN, DANIEL RIFFE, and QUINT RANDLE, Sample Size in Multi-Year Content Analyses of Monthly Consumer Magazines, 75:2, 408-417. LACY, STEPHEN, DAVID C. COULSON, and CHARLES ST. CYR, The Impact of Beat Competition on City Hall Coverage, 76:2, 325-340. LACY, STEPHEN, DAVID C. COULSON, and HIROMI CHO, The Impact of Competition on Weekly Newspaper Advertising Rates, 78:3, 450-465. LACY, STEPHEN, DANIEL RIFFE, STACI STODDARD, HUGH MARTIN, and KUANG-KUO CHANG, Sample Size for Newspaper Content Analysis in Multi-Year Studies, 78:4, 836-845. LACY, STEPHEN and ALAN BLANCHARD, The Impact of Public Ownership, Profits, and Competition on Number of Newsroom Employees and Starting Salaries at Mid-Sized Daily Newspapers, 80:4, 949-968. LACY, STEPHEN (See Cho). LACY, STEPHEN (See Coulson). LACY, STEPHEN (See Riffe and Drager). LACY, STEPHEN (See Riffe, Nagovan, and Burkum). LACY, STEPHEN (See Shaver). LAFKY, SUE, MARGARET DUFFY, MARY STEINMAUS, and DAN BERKOWITZ, Looking through Gendered Lenses: Female Stereotyping in Advertisements and Gender Role Expectations, 73:2, 379-388. LAIRD, ELIZABETH A. (See Weaver, James B. III). LAMB, CHRIS, L’affaire Jake Powell: The Minority Press Goes to Bat against Segregated Baseball, 76:1, 21-34. LAMBIASE, JACQUELINE (See Reichert). LARSON, STEPHANIE GRECO and MARTHA BAILEY, ABC’s "Person of the Week": American Values in Television News, 75:3, 487-499. LASORSA, DOMINIC L., Question-Order Effects in Surveys: The Case of Political Interest, News Attention, and Knowledge, 80:3, 499-512. LAUF, EDMUND (See Becker). LAUF, EDMUND (See Peter). LAUZEN, MARTHA M., Public Relations Practitioner Role Enactment in Issues Management, 71:2, 356-369. LAW, CHERYL and MAGDALA PEIXOTO LABRE, Cultural Standards of Attractiveness: A Thirty-Year Look at Changes in Male Images in Magazines, 79:3, 697-711. LAWSON, LINDA, When Publishers Invited Federal Regulation to Curb Circulation Abuses, 71:1, 110-120. LEE, JONGSOO (See Griffin). LEE, JUNG-SOOK and WILLIAM R. DAVIE, Audience Recall of AIDS PSAs among U.S. and International College Students, 74:1, 7-22. LEE, JUNG-SOOK (See Davie). LEE, JUNG-SOOK (See Taylor). LEE, MOON J. and MARY ANN FERGUSON, Effects of Anti-Tobacco Advertisements Based on Risk-Taking Tendencies: Realistic Fear vs. Vulgar Humor, 79:4, 945-963. LEICHTY, GREG and JEFF SPRINGSTON, Elaborating Public Relations Roles, 73:2, 467-477. LEICHTY, GREG (See Springston). LEICHTY, GREG B. (See Esrock). LEN-RÍOS, MARÍA E., The Bush and Gore Presidential Campaign Web Sites: Identifying with Hispanic Voters during the 2000 Iowa Caucuses and New Hampshire Primary, 79:4, 887-904. LESHNER, GLENN and MICHAEL L. MCKEAN, Using TV News for Political Information during an Off-Year Election: Effects on Political Knowledge and Cynicism, 74:1, 69-83. LESLIE, MICHAEL, Slow Fade To?: Advertising in Ebony Magazine, 1957-1989, 72:2, 426-435. LESTER, PAUL MARTIN, African-American Photo Coverage in Four U.S. Newspapers, 1937-1990, 71:2, 380-394. LESTER-ROUSHANZAMIR, ELLI P. and USHA RAMAN, The Global Village in Atlanta: A Textual Analysis of Olympic News Coverage for Children in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 76:4, 699-712. LEUNG, LOUIS and RAN WEI, More Than Just Talk on the Move: Uses and Gratifications of the Cellular Phone, 77:2, 308-320. LEVY, MARK R. (See Massey). LEWIS, CHARLES and JOHN NEVILLE, Images of Rosie: A Content Analysis of Women Workers in American Magazine Advertising, 1940-1946, 72:1, 216-227. LI, HAIRONG and JANICE L. BUKOVAC, Cognitive Impact of Banner Ad Characteristics: An Experimental Study, 76:2, 341-353. LI, XIGEN, Web Page Design and Graphic Use of Three U.S. Newspapers, 75:2, 353-365. LIEBLER, CAROL M. and JACOB BENDIX, Old-Growth Forests on Network News: News Sources and the Framing of an Environmental Controversy, 73:1, 53-65. LIMOR, YEHIEL (See Berkowitz). LIN, CAROLYN A. and LEO W. JEFFRES, Factors Influencing the Adoption of Multimedia Cable Technology, 75:2, 341-352. LIN, CAROLYN A. and LEO W. JEFFRES, Comparing Distinctions and Similarities across Websites of Newspapers, Radio Stations, and Television Stations, 78:3, 555-573. LIN, CAROLYN (See Salwen). LIN, WEI-KUO (See Pfau). LIPARI, LISBETH, Journalistic Authority: Textual Strategies of Legitimation, 73:4, 821-834. LITTLEFIELD, ROBERT (See Hindman). LLAMAS, JUAN PABLO (See McCombs). LO, VEN-HWEI, Media Use, Involvement, and Knowledge of the Gulf War, 71:1, 43-54. LO, VEN-HWEI, ANNA PADDON, and HSIAOMEI WU, Front Pages of Taiwan Daily Newspapers 1952-1996: How Ending Martial Law Influenced Publication Design, 77:4, 880-897. LO, VEN-HWEI (See Zhu). LOPEZ-ESCOBAR, ESTEBAN (See McCombs). LOWREY, WILSON and LEE B. BECKER, The Impact of Technological Skill on Job-Finding Success in the Mass Communication Labor Market, 78:4, 754-770. LOWREY, WILSON, Explaining Variability in Newspaper Design: An Examination of the Role of Newsroom Subgroups, 80:2, 348-367. LOWREY, WILSON (See Becker). LOWRY, DENNIS T. and JON A. SHIDLER, The Sound Bites, the Biters, and the Bitten: An Analysis of Network TV News Bias in Campaign ’92, 72:1, 33-44. LOWRY, DENNIS T. and JON A. SHIDLER, The Sound Bites, the Biters, and the Bitten: A Two-Campaign Test of the Anti-Incumbent Bias Hypothesis in Network TV News, 75:4, 719-729. LOWRY, DENNIS T. (See Shidler). LUCHT, NANCY (See Tan). LULE, JACK, I.F. Stone: The Practice of Reporting, 72:3, 499-510. LULE, JACK, Myth and Terror on the Editorial Page: The New York Times Responds to September 11, 2001, 79:2, 275-293. LUMSDEN, LINDA, Suffragist: The Making of a Militant, 72:3, 525-538. LUMSDEN, LINDA, "You’re a Tough Guy, Mary – And a First-Rate Newspaperman": Gender and Women Journalists in the 1920s and 1930s, 72:4, 913-921. LUMSDEN, LINDA J., Beauty and the Beasts: Significance of Press Coverage of the 1913 National Suffrage Parade, 77:3, 593-611. LUQUE, SARAH (See Sapolsky). << Back]]> 8000 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-m-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 16:50:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8005 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 MACKENZIE, JILL A. (See McLeod). MADDEX, BRETT D. (See Tewksbury). MAIER, SCOTT R., Numeracy in the Newsroom: A Case Study of Mathematical Competence and Confidence, 80:4, 921-936. MAIER, SCOTT R. (See Curtin). MAJOR, ANN M. and L. ERWIN ATWOOD, Changes in Media Credibility When a Predicted Disaster Doesn’t Happen, 74:4, 797-813. MAJOR, ANN MARIE, Correlates of Accuracy and Inaccuracy in the Perception of the Climate of Opinion for Four Environmental Issues, 77:2, 223-242. MALINKINA, OLGA V. and DOUGLAS M. MCLEOD, From Afghanistan to Chechnya: News Coverage by Izvestia and the New York Times, 77:1, 37-49. MARTIN, BRENNON (See Stamm and Johnson). MARTIN, HUGH (See Lacy). MARTIN, HUGH J., Measuring Newspaper Profits: Developing a Standard of Comparison, 75:3, 500-517. MARTINELLI, KATHLEEN A. and STEVEN H. CHAFFEE, Measuring New-Voter Learning Via Three Channels of Political Information, 72:1, 18-32. MARTINSON, DAVID L. (See Ryan). MARTON, KRISZTINA and LOWNDES F. STEPHENS, The New York Times’ Conformity to AAPOR Standards of Disclosure for the Reporting of Public Opinion Polls, 78:3, 484-502. MASON, LAURIE, Newspaper as Repeater: An Experiment on Defamation and Third-Person Effect, 72:3, 610-620. MASSEY, BRIAN L., Civic Journalism and Nonelite Sourcing: Making Routine Newswork of Community Connectedness, 75:2, 394-407. MASSEY, BRIAN L. and MARK R. LEVY, Interactivity, Online Journalism, and English-Language Web Newspapers in Asia, 76:1, 138-151. MASSEY, BRIAN L. and TANNI HAAS, Does Making Journalism More Public Make a Difference? A Critical Review of Evaluative Research on Public Journalism, 79:3, 559-586. MASTIN, TERESA, Media Use and Civic Participation in the African-American Population: Exploring Participation among Professionals and Nonprofessionals, 77:1, 115-127. MASTIN, TERESA (See Andsager). MASTRO, DANA E. (See Tamborini). MATERA, FRANCES R. (See Salwen). MATTHEWS, MARTHA N., How Public Ownership Affects Publisher Autonomy, 73:2, 342-353. MAXWELL, KIMBERLY A., JOHN HUXFORD, CATHERINE BORUM, and ROBERT HORNIK, Covering Domestic Violence: How the O.J. Simpson Case Shaped Reporting of Domestic Violence in the News Media, 77:2, 258-272. MAYER, VICKI, From Segmented to Fragmented: Latino Media in San Antonio, Texas, 78:2, 291-306. MCALISTER, ALFRED, WAYNE JOHNSON, CAROLYN GUENTHER-GREY, MARTIN FISHBEIN, DONNA HIGGINS, KEVIN O’REILLY, and the AIDS COMMUNITY DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS, Behavioral Journalism for HIV Prevention: Community Newsletters Influence Risk-Related Attitudes and Behavior, 77:1, 143-159. MCCABE, JOCELYN A. (See Carter). MCCLUSKEY, MICHAEL R. (See Moy). MCCOLLUM, JAMES (See Isom). MCCOMAS, KATHERINE (See Shanahan). MCCOMBS, MAXWELL, JUAN PABLO LLAMAS, ESTEBAN LOPEZ-ESCOBAR, and FEDERICO REY, Candidate Images in Spanish Elections: Second-Level Agenda-Setting Effects, 74:4, 703-717. MCCOMBS, MAXWELL (See Brewer). MCCOMBS, MAXWELL E. (See Poindexter). MCCOY, KELLEY (See Moy). MCDEVITT, MICHAEL, BOB M. GASSAWAY, and FRANK G. PÉREZ, The Making and Unmaking of Civic Journalists: Influences of Professional Socialization, 79:1, 87-100. MCKEAN, MICHAEL L. (See Leshner). MCKINNON, LORI MELTON, LYNDA LEE KAID, JANET MURPHY, and CYNTHIA K. ACREE, Policing Political Ads: An Analysis of Five Leading Newspapers’ Responses to 1992 Political Advertisements, 73:1, 66-76. MCLEOD, DOUGLAS M., WILLIAM P. EVELAND, JR., and NANCY SIGNORIELLI, Conflict and Public Opinion: Rallying Effects of the Persian Gulf War, 71:1, 20-31. MCLEOD, DOUGLAS M. and ELIZABETH M. PERSE, Direct and Indirect Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Public Affairs Knowledge, 71:2, 433-442. MCLEOD, DOUGLAS M. and JILL A. MACKENZIE, Print Media and Public Reaction to the Controversy over NEA Funding for Robert Mapplethorpe’s "The Perfect Moment" Exhibit, 75:2, 278-291. MCLEOD, DOUGLAS M. (See Malinkina). MCLEOD, JACK M., ZHONGSHI GUO, KATIE DAILY, CATHERINE A. STEELE, HUIPING HUANG, EDWARD HOROWITZ, and HUAILIN CHEN, The Impact of Traditional and Nontraditional Media Forms in the 1992 Presidential Election, 73:2, 401-416. MCLEOD, JACK M. (See Eveland). MCMILLAN, SALLY J., The Microscope and the Moving Target: The Challenge of Applying Content Analysis to the World Wide Web, 77:1, 80-98. MCPHERSON, JAMES B. (See Cronin). MCSHANE, STEVEN L., Occupational, Gender, and Geographic Representation of Information Sources in U.S. and Canadian Business Magazines, 72:1, 190-204. MENDELSON, ANDREW (See Kurpius). MERSKIN, DEBRA L. and MARA HUBERLIE, Companionship in the Classifieds: The Adoption of Personal Advertisements by Daily Newspapers, 73:1, 219-229. METZGER, MIRIAM J., When No News Is Good News: Inferring Closure for News Issues, 77:4, 760-787. METZGER, MIRIAM J. (See Flanagin). MICHENER, ARTHUR (See Johnstone). MIDDLESTADT, SUSAN E. and KEVIN G. BARNHURST, The Influence of Layout on the Perceived Tone of News Articles, 76:2, 264-276. MILLER, M. MARK, JULIE L. ANDSAGER, and BONNIE P. RIECHERT, Framing the Candidates in Presidential Primaries: Issues and Images in Press Releases and News Coverage, 75:2, 312-324. MILLER, PHYLLIS and RANDY MILLER, The Invisible Woman: Female Sports Journalists in the Workplace, 72:4, 883-889. MILLER, RANDY E. and WAYNE WANTA, Race as a Variable in Agenda Setting, 73:4, 913-925. MILLER, RANDY (See Miller, Phyllis). MIN, YOUNG, Intertwining of Campaign News and Advertising: The Content and Electoral Effects of Newspaper Ad Watches, 79:4, 927-944. MINDICH, DAVID T. Z., The Future of the Internet: A Historical Perspective, 75:1, 7-8. MIZUNO, TAKEYA, The Creation of the "Free" Press in Japanese-American Camps: The War Relocation Authority’s Planning and Making of the Camp Newspaper Policy, 78:3, 503-518. MIZUNO, TAKEYA, Government Suppression of the Japanese Language in World War II Assembly Camps, 80:4, 849-865. MOLITOR, FRED (See Sapolsky). MONNETT, TERESA HAUGEN (See Fredin). MORGAN, SUSAN (See Reichert). MORI, MOTOMI (See Corbett). MORIARTY, SANDRA E. and SHU-LING EVERETT, Commercial Breaks: A Viewing Behavior Study, 71:2, 346-355. MOY, PATRICIA and DIETRAM A. SCHEUFELE, Media Effects on Political and Social Trust, 77:4, 744-759. MOY, PATRICIA, DAVID DOMKE, and KEITH STAMM, The Spiral of Silence and Public Opinion on Affirmative Action, 78:1, 7-25. MOY, PATRICIA, KELLEY MCCOY, MEG SPRATT, and MICHAEL R. MCCLUSKEY, Media Effects on Public Opinion about a Newspaper Strike, 80:2, 391-409. MOY, PATRICIA (See Kerr). MOY, PATRICIA (See Pan). MUELLER, JAMES E. (See Reichert). MULLEN, LAWRENCE J. (See Rothenbuhler). MURPHY, JANET (See McKinnon). MURPHY, KEVIN (See Slater). MURRAY, MICHAEL D., Alistair Cooke: America’s Unconventional Press Critic, 72:1, 158-167. << Back]]> 8005 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-n-o-p-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 17:25:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8008 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 N NAGOVAN, JASON (See Riffe). NAJJAR, ORAYB AREF, The Ebb and Flow of the Liberalization of the Jordanian Press: 1985-1997, 75:1, 127-142. NAPOLI, PHILIP, The Media Trade Press as Technology Forecaster: A Case Study of the VCR’s Impact on Broadcasting, 74:2, 417-430. NARAYAN, SUNETRA (See Sundar). NELSON, MICHELLE R. and JACQUELINE C. HITCHON, Theory of Synesthesia Applied to Persuasion in Print Advertising Headlines, 72:2, 346-360. NELSON, MICHELLE R. and JACQUELINE C. HITCHON, Loud Tastes, Colored Fragrances, and Scented Sounds: How and When to Mix the Senses in Persuasive Communications, 76:2, 354-372. NEUMANN, DENNIS (See Hindman). NEUZIL, MARK, Hearst, Roosevelt, and the Muckrake Speech of 1906: A New Perspective, 73:1, 29-39. NEUZIL, MARK (See Hansen). NEVILLE, JOHN (See Lewis). NEWHAGEN, JOHN E., The Relationship between Censorship and the Emotional and Critical Tone of Television News Coverage of the Persian Gulf War, 71:1, 32-42. NIEBAUER, WALTER E. JR. (See Fradgley). NITZ, MICHAEL (See Reichert). NIVEN, DAVID, Objective Evidence on Media Bias: Newspaper Coverage of Congressional Party Switchers, 80:2, 311-326. O OBREGON, RAFAEL (See Sundar). O’KEEFE, DANIEL J. (See Jackson). O'KEEFE, GARRETT J. and BARBARA K. SULANOWSKI, More Than Just Talk: Uses, Gratifications, and the Telephone, 72:4, 922-933. OLIVER, MARY BETH and G. BLAKE ARMSTRONG, Predictors of Viewing and Enjoyment of Reality-Based and Fictional Crime Shows, 72:3, 559-570. OLSON, BETH, Sex and the Soaps: A Comparative Content Analysis of Health Issues, 71:4, 840-850. OLSON, BETH (See Ashley). O’NEILL, PATRICK, Editorial Rights of Telephone Carriers, 71:1, 99-109. O’REILLY, KEVIN (See McAlister). OSTMAN, RONALD E. (See Pan). O’SULLIVAN, PATRICK B. and SETH GEIGER, Does the Watchdog Bite? Newspaper Ad Watch Articles and Political Attack Ads, 72:4, 771-785. P PACKER, CATHY and KARLA K. GOWER, The Persistent Problem of Media Taxation: First Amendment Protection in the 1990s, 74:3, 579-590. PADDON, ANNA (See Lo). PAN, ZHONGDANG, RONALD E. OSTMAN, PATRICIA MOY, and PAULA REYNOLDS, News Media Exposure and Its Learning Effects during the Persian Gulf War, 71:1, 7-19. PAPACHARISSI, ZIZI, The Presentation of Self in Virtual Life: Characteristics of Personal Home Pages, 79:3, 643-660. PARISI, PETER, Toward a "Philosophy of Framing": News Narratives for Public Journalism, 74:4, 673-686. PARK, JUNG SUK (See Chan-Olmsted). PAUL, MARY JAE, Interactive Disaster Communication on the Internet: A Content Analysis of Sixty-Four Disaster Relief Home Pages, 78:4, 739-753. PAULY, JOHN J. and MELISSA ECKERT, The Myth of "The Local" in American Journalism, 79:2, 310-326. PEER, LIMOR (See Ettema). PEISER, WOLFRAM, Setting the Journalist Agenda: Influences from Journalists’ Individual Characteristics and from Media Factors, 77:2, 243-257. PÉREZ, FRANK G. (See McDevitt). PERKINS, JOSEPH W., JR. (See Zillmann). PERKINS, MICHAEL, Violence against the Press in Latin America: Protections and Remedies in International Law, 78:2, 275-290. PERRY, DAVID K. (See Cotter). PERRY, EARNEST L. (See Gade). PERRY, STEPHEN D., STEFAN A. JENZOWSKY, JOE BOB HESTER, CYNTHIA M. KING, and HUIUK YI, The Influence of Commercial Humor on Program Enjoyment and Evaluation, 74:2, 388-399. PERSE, ELIZABETH M. (See McLeod). PESKE, MATTHEW W. (See Tewksbury). PETER, JOCHEN and EDMUND LAUF, Reliability in Cross-National Content Analysis, 79:4, 815-832. PFAU, MICHAEL, PATRICIA MOY, R. LANCE HOLBERT, ERIN A. SZABO, WEI-KUO LIN, and WEIWU ZHANG, The Influence of Political Talk Radio on Confidence in Democratic Institutions, 75:4, 730-745. PFAU, MICHAEL (See Ku). PHILLIPS, BARBARA J. and BARBARA GYOERICK, The Cow, the Cook, and the Quaker: Fifty Years of Spokes-Character Advertising, 76:4, 713-728. PIERSON, MICHAEL M. (See David). PLAISANCE, PATRICK LEE and ELIZABETH A. SKEWES, Personal and Professional Dimensions of News Work: Exploring the Link between Journalists’ Values and Roles, 80:4, 833-848. POINDEXTER, PAULA M. and MAXWELL E. MCCOMBS, Revisiting the Civic Duty to Keep Informed in the New Media Environment, 78:1, 113-126. POLLARD, GEORGE, Job Satisfaction among Newsworkers: The Influence of Professionalism, Perceptions of Organizational Structure, and Social Attributes, 72:3, 682-697. PONDER, STEPHEN, Popular Propaganda: The Food Administration in World War I, 72:3, 539-550. PORTER, LANCE V. and LYNNE M. SALLOT, The Internet and Public Relations: Investigating Practitioners’ Roles and World Wide Web Use, 80:3, 603-622. PORTER, LANCE VARDAMAN, LYNNE M. SALLOT, GLEN T. CAMERON, and SCOTT SHAMP, New Technologies and Public Relations: Exploring Practitioners’ Use of Online Resources to Earn a Seat at the Management Table, 78:1, 172-190. POWERS, ANGELA and JULIE L. ANDSAGER, How Newspapers Framed Breast Implants in the 1990s, 76:3, 551-564. POWERS, ANGELA (See Andsager). POWERS, ANGELA A. (See Serini). PRESTON, ANN (See Hindman). PRICE, VINCENT, LI-NING HUANG, and DAVID TEWKSBURY, Third-Person Effects of News Coverage: Orientations toward Media, 74:3, 525-540. << Back]]> 8008 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-qr-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 17:27:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8011 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 Q No entries R RAMAN, USHA (See Roushanzamir). RAMPAL, KULDIP R., Press and Political Liberalization in Taiwan, 71:3, 637-651. RAMSEY, KARYN A. (See Lacy). RAMSEY, SHIRLEY, A Benchmark Study of Elaboration and Sourcing in Science Stories for Eight American Newspapers, 76:1, 87-98. RANDLE, QUINT (See Lacy). RANEY, ARTHUR A. (See Arpan). RAYMOND, ASHLEA (See Tewksbury). REAVES, SHIELA, The Vulnerable Image: Categories of Photos as Predictor of Digital Manipulation, 72:3, 706-715. REBER, BRYAN H. and GLEN T. CAMERON, Measuring Contingencies: Using Scales to Measure Public Relations Practitioner Limits to Accommodation, 80:2, 431-446. REESE, STEPHEN D. and JANE BALLINGER, The Roots of a Sociology of News: Remembering Mr. Gates and Social Control in the Newsroom, 78:4, 641-658. REICHERT, TOM, JACQUELINE LAMBIASE, SUSAN MORGAN, META CARSTARPHEN, and SUSAN ZAVOINA, Cheesecake and Beefcake: No Matter How You Slice It, Sexual Explicitness in Advertising Continues to Increase, 76:1, 7-20. REICHERT, TOM, JAMES E. MUELLER, and MICHAEL NITZ, Disengaged and Uninformed: 2000 Presidential Election Coverage in Consumer Magazines Popular with Young Adults, 80:3, 513-527. REID, LEONARD N., KAREN WHITEHILL KING, and PEGGY J. KRESHEL, Black and White Models and Their Activities in Modern Cigarette and Alcohol Ads, 71:4, 873-886. REID, LEONARD N. and KAREN WHITEHILL KING, A Demand-Side View of Media Substitutability in National Advertising: A Study of Advertiser Opinions about Traditional Media Options, 77:2, 292-307. REID, LEONARD N. and KAREN WHITEHILL KING, Advertising Managers’ Perceptions of Sales Effects and Creative Properties of National Newspaper Advertising: The Medium Revisited, 80:2, 410-430. REY, FEDERICO (See McCombs). REYNOLDS, AMY and BROOKE BARNETT, This Just In ... How National TV News Handled the Breaking "Live" Coverage of September 11, 80:3, 689-703. REYNOLDS, PAULA (See Pan). RHODES, LEARA and PAGET HENRY, State and Media in the English-Speaking Caribbean: The Case of Antigua, 72:3, 654-665. RIECHERT, BONNIE P. (See Miller). RIFFE, DANIEL, STEPHEN LACY, JASON NAGOVAN, and LARRY BURKUM, The Effectiveness of Simple and Stratified Random Sampling in Broadcast News Content Analysis, 73:1, 159-168. RIFFE, DANIEL, STEPHEN LACY, and MICHAEL W. DRAGER, Sample Size in Content Analysis of Weekly News Magazines, 73:3, 635-644. RIFFE, DANIEL and ALAN FREITAG, A Content Analysis of Content Analyses: Twenty-Five Years of Journalism Quarterly, 74:4, 873-882. RIFFE, DANIEL (See Biswas). RIFFE, DANIEL (See Coulson). RIFFE, DANIEL (See Lacy). RIFON, NORA J. (See Vanden Bergh). RIOS, DIANA I. and STANLEY O. GAINES JR., Latino Media Use for Cultural Maintenance, 75:4, 746-761. RIVENBURGH, NANCY K. (See Giffard). RIVERA-SANCHEZ, MILAGROS and MICHELLE BALLARD, A Decade of Indecency Enforcement: A Study of How the Federal Communications Commission Assesses Indecency Fines (1987-1997), 75:1, 143-153. ROBINSON, KAY (See Lacy). RODRIGUEZ, LULU (See Gunther). ROGERS, EVERETT M., Reflections on News Event Diffusion Research, 77:3, 561-576. ROSENBERGER, BERNHARD (See Wilke). ROSS, FELICIA G. JONES, Preserving the Community: Cleveland Black Papers’ Response to the Great Migration, 71:3, 531-539. ROSS, SUSAN DENTE, "Their Rising Voices": A Study of Civil Rights, Social Movements, and Advertising in the New York Times, 75:3, 518-534. ROSS, SUSAN DENTE, Silenced Students: The Uncertain but Extensive Power of School Officials to Control Student Expression, 79:1, 172-187. ROTHENBUHLER, ERIC W., LAWRENCE J. MULLEN, RICHARD DELAURELL, and CHOON RYUL RYU, Communication, Community Attachment, and Involvement, 73:2, 445-466. ROUNER, DONNA (See Slater). RUSH, RAMONA R. (See Gutierrez-Villalobos). RUSSIAL, JOHN and WAYNE WANTA, Digital Imaging Skills and the Hiring and Training of Photojournalists, 75:3, 593-605. RUTENBECK, JEFFREY B., Newspaper Trends in the 1870s: Proliferation, Popularization, and Political Independence, 72:2, 361-375. RYAN, MICHAEL and DAVID L. MARTINSON, Public Relations Practitioners, Journalists View Lying Similarly, 71:1, 199-211. RYU, CHOON RYUL (See Rothenbuhler). << Back]]> 8011 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-s-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 17:30:58 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8015 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 ST. CYR, CHARLES (See Lacy). ST. CYR, CHARLES R. (See Coulson). SALLOT, LYNNE M., THOMAS M. STEINFATT, and MICHAEL B. SALWEN, Journalists’ and Public Relations Practitioners’ News Values: Perceptions and Cross-Perceptions, 75:2, 366-377. SALLOT, LYNNE M., What the Public Thinks about Public Relations: An Impression Management Experiment, 79:1, 150-171. SALLOT, LYNNE M. (See Porter). SALWEN, MICHAEL B., CAROLYN LIN, and FRANCES R. MATERA, Willingness to Discuss "Official English": A Test of Three Communities, 71:2, 282-290. SALWEN, MICHAEL B., News of Hurricane Andrew: The Agenda of Sources and the Sources’ Agendas, 72:4, 826-840. SALWEN, MICHAEL B., Evelyn Waugh’s Scoop: The Facts behind the Fiction, 78:1, 150-171. SALWEN, MICHAEL B. (See Driscoll). SALWEN, MICHAEL B. (See Sallot). SAPOLSKY, BARRY S., FRED MOLITOR, and SARAH LUQUE, Sex and Violence in Slasher Films: Re-examining the Assumptions, 80:1, 28-38. SCHAEFER, TODD M., The "Rhetorical Presidency" Meets the Press: The New York Times and the State of the Union Message, 76:3, 516-530. SCHAFFER, KILLIAN (See Johnson). SCHEUFELE, DIETRAM A., Talk or Conversation? Dimensions of Interpersonal Discussion and Their Implications for Participatory Democracy, 77:4, 727-743. SCHEUFELE, DIETRAM A., JAMES SHANAHAN, and SEI-HILL KIM, Who Cares about Local Politics? Media Influences on Local Political Involvement, Issue Awareness, and Attitude Strength, 79:2, 427-444. SCHEUFELE, DIETRAM A. (See Kim). SCHEUFELE, DIETRAM A. (See Moy). SCHIERHORN, ANN B. (See Endres). SCHMID, JILL (See Bowen). SCHMIDT, TONI L. and JACQUELINE C. HITCHON, When Advertising and Public Relations Converge: An Application of Schema Theory to the Persuasive Impact of Alignment Ads, 76:3, 433-455. SCHMIERBACH, MICHAEL (See Shah). SCHUDSON, MICHAEL, Toward a Troubleshooting Manual for Journalism History, 74:3, 463-476. SEGVIC, IVANA (See Yioutas). SEI-HILL, KIM (See Scheufele). SEN, SHAIKAT (See Griffin). SERINI, SHIRLEY A., ANGELA A. POWERS, and SUSAN JOHNSON, Of Horse Race and Policy Issues: A Study of Gender in Coverage of a Gubernatorial Election by Two Major Metropolitan Newspapers, 75:1, 194-204. SHAH, DHAVAN, MICHAEL SCHMIERBACH, JOSHUA HAWKINS, RODOLFO ESPINO, and JANET DONAVAN, Nonrecursive Models of Internet Use and Community Engagement: Questioning Whether Time Spent Online Erodes Social Capital, 79:4, 964-987. SHAH, DHAVAN V., DAVID DOMKE, and DANIEL B. WACKMAN, Values and the Vote: Linking Issue Interpretations to the Process of Candidate Choice, 74:2, 357-387. SHAH, DHAVAN V. (See Domke). SHAH, HEMANT and GATI GAYATRI, Development News in Elite and Non-Elite Newspapers in Indonesia, 71:2, 411-420. SHAMIR, JACOB, Speaking Up and Silencing Out in Face of a Changing Climate of Opinion, 74:3, 602-614. SHAMP, SCOTT (See Porter). SHANAHAN, JAMES and KATHERINE MCCOMAS, Television’s Portrayal of the Environment: 1991-1995, 74:1, 147-159. SHANAHAN, JAMES (See Kim). SHANAHAN, JAMES (See Scheufele). SHAVER, MARY ALICE and STEPHEN LACY, The Impact of Intermedia and Newspaper Competition on Advertising Linage in Daily Newspapers, 76:4, 729-44. SHAVER, MARY ALICE (See Goodson). SHAVER, MARY ALICE (See Lacy). SHAW, DONALD, Transition and Change, 75:4, 694-696. SHEN, JINGUO, The Rise and Fall of the World Economic Herald, 1980-1989, 72:3, 642-653. SHIDLER, JON A. and DENNIS T. LOWRY, Network TV Sex as a Counterprogramming Strategy during a Sweeps Period: An Analysis of Content and Ratings, 72:1, 147-157. SHIDLER, JON A. (See Lowry). SHIN, JAE-HWA and GLEN T. CAMERON, The Potential of Online Media: A Coorientational Analysis of Conflict between PR Professionals and Journalists in South Korea, 80:3, 583-602. SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J., MARTIN EICHHOLZ, EUNYI KIM, and BRENDA WRIGLEY, Individual and Routine Forces in Gatekeeping, 78:2, 233-246. SIGELMAN, CAROL (See Burkhart). SIGNORIELLI, NANCY (See McLeod). SILCOCK, B. WILLIAM, Global News, National Stories: Producers as Mythmakers at Germany’s Deutsche Welle Television, 79:2, 339-352. SIMON, TODD F. (See Lacy). SINGER, JANE B., The Metro Wide Web: Changes in Newspapers’ Gatekeeping Role Online, 78:1, 65-80. SINGER, JANE B., Campaign Contributions: Online Newspaper Coverage of Election 2000, 80:1, 39-56. SKEWES, ELIZABETH A. (See Plaisance). SLATER, MICHAEL D. and DONNA ROUNER, How Message Evaluation and Source Attributes May Influence Credibility Assessment and Belief Change, 73:4, 974-991. SLATER, MICHAEL D., DONNA ROUNER, MELANIE DOMENECH-RODRIGUEZ, FREDERICK BEAUVAIS, KEVIN MURPHY, and JAMES K. VAN LEUVEN, Adolescent Responses to TV Beer Ads and Sports Content/Context: Gender and Ethnic Differences, 74:1, 108-122. SLATER, MICHAEL D., DONNA ROUNER, DAVID KARAN, KEVIN MURPHY, and FREDERICK BEAUVAIS, Placing Alcohol Warnings before, during, and after TV Beer Ads: Effects on Knowledge and Responses to the Ads and the Warnings, 76:3, 468-484. SMITH, F. LESLIE, Quelling Radio’s Quacks: The FCC’s First Public-Interest Programming Campaign, 71:3, 594-608. SMITH, KIM A. (See Farnall). SMITH, STEVEN S. (See Domke). SOFFIN, STAN (See Fico). SOTHIRAJAH, JAYANTHI (See Johnson). SOULEY, BOUBACAR (See Wicks). SPLICHAL, SIGMAN L. and BILL F. CHAMBERLIN, The Fight for Access to Government Records Round Two: Enter the Computer, 71:3, 550-560. SPRATT, MEG (See Moy). SPRINGSTON, JEFF (See Leichty). SPRINGSTON, JEFFREY K. and GREG LEICHTY, Boundary Spanning Activities in Public Relations, 71:3, 697-708. STAMM, KEITH, DOUG UNDERWOOD, and ANTHONY GIFFARD, How Pagination Affects Job Satisfaction of Editors, 72:4, 851-862. STAMM, KEITH R., ARTHUR G. EMIG, and MICHAEL B. HESSE, The Contribution of Local Media to Community Involvement, 74:1, 97-107. STAMM, KEITH, MICHELLE JOHNSON, and BRENNON MARTIN, Differences among Newspapers, Television, and Radio in Their Contribution to Knowledge of the Contract with America, 74:4, 687-702. STAMM, KEITH (See Moy). STAMM, KEITH (See Underwood). STAVITSKY, ALAN G. and TIMOTHY W. GLEASON, Alternative Things Considered: A Comparison of National Public Radio and Pacifica Radio News Coverage, 71:4, 775-786. STAVITSKY, ALAN G., ROBERT K. AVERY, and HELENA VANHALA, From Class D to LPFM: The High-Powered Politics of Low-Power Radio, 78:2, 340-354. STEELE, CATHERINE A. (See McLeod). STEELE, JANET E., Experts and the Operational Bias of Television News: The Case of the Persian Gulf War, 72:4, 799-812. STEINFATT, THOMAS M. (See Sallot). STEINMAUS, MARY (See Lafky). STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III and THOMAS HARGROVE, Mass Media Audiences in a Changing Media Environment, 73:3, 549-558. STEMPEL, GUIDO, Establishment of the Quarterly, 75:4, 691-694. STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III, THOMAS HARGROVE, and JOSEPH P. BERNT, Relation of Growth of Use of the Internet to Changes in Media Use from 1995 to 1999, 77:1, 71-79. STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III and ROBERT K. STEWART, The Internet Provides Both Opportunities and Challenges for Mass Communication Researchers, 77:3, 541-548. STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III (See Husselbee). STEPHENS, LOWNDES F. (See Marton). STEPHENS, MITCHELL, "Which Communications Revolution Is It Anyway?" 75:1, 9-13. STEVENSON, ROBERT L. (See Griffin). STEWART, ROBERT K. (See Stempel). STODDARD, STACI (See Lacy). STONE, VERNON A. (See Becker). STOVALL, JAMES G. (See Cotter). STRAUGHAN, DULCIE, GLEN L. BLESKE, and XINSHU ZHAO, Modeling Format and Source Effects of an Advocacy Message, 73:1, 135-146. STRECKFUSS, RICHARD, News before Newspapers, 75:1, 84-97. STREITMATTER, RODGER, Creating a Venue for the "Love that Dare Not Speak Its Name": Origins of the Gay and Lesbian Press, 72:2, 436-447. STREITMATTER, RODGER, The Nativist Press: Demonizing the American Immigrant, 76:4, 673-683. SUBRAMANIAN, GANGA (See Bramlett-Solomon). SULANOWSKI, BARBARA K. (See O’Keefe). SUMPTER, RANDALL S. and MELISSA A. BRADDOCK, Source Use in a "News Disaster" Account: A Content Analysis of Voter News Service Stories, 79:3, 539-558. SUNDAR, S. SHYAM, Effect of Source Attribution on Perception of Online News Stories, 75:1, 55-68. SUNDAR, S. SHYAM, SUNETRA NARAYAN, RAFAEL OBREGON, and CHARU UPPAL, Does Web Advertising Work? Memory for Print vs. Online Media, 75:4, 822-835. SUNDAR, S. SHYAM, Exploring Receivers’ Criteria for Perception of Print and Online News, 76:2, 373-386. SUNDAR, S. SHYAM, Multimedia Effects on Processing and Perception of Online News: A Study of Picture, Audio, and Video Downloads, 77:3, 480-499. SUNDAR, S. SHYAM (See Zillmann). SUSSMAN, GLEN, Predictors of State Legislators’ Attitudes toward Public Affairs Television in the State Capital, 73:1, 77-89. SUTHERLAND, JOHN (See Goodman). SWAIN, KRISTEN ALLEY, Proximity and Power Factors in Western Coverage of the Sub-Saharan AIDS Crisis, 80:1, 145-165. SWEENEY, MICHAEL S., "Delays and Vexation": Jack London and the Russo-Japanese War, 75:3, 548-559. SYLVIE, GEORGE, Departmental Influences on Interdepartmental Cooperation in Daily Newspapers, 73:1, 230-241. SZABO, ERIN A. (See Pfau). << Back]]> 8015 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-t-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 17:33:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8018 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 TAMBORINI, RON, DANA E. MASTRO, REBECCA M. CHORY-ASSAD, and REN HE HUANG, The Color of Crime and the Court: A Content Analysis of Minority Representation on Television, 77:3, 639-653. TAN, ALEXIS, YUKI FUJIOKA, and NANCY LUCHT, Native American Stereotypes, TV Portrayals, and Personal Contact, 74:2, 265-284. TAYLOR, CHARLES R. and HAE-KYONG BANG, Portrayals of Latinos in Magazine Advertising, 74:2, 285-303. TAYLOR, CLAIRE E., JUNG-SOOK LEE, and WILLIAM R. DAVIE, Local Press Coverage of Environmental Conflict, 77:1, 175-192. TEWKSBURY, DAVID and SCOTT L. ALTHAUS, Differences in Knowledge Acquisition among Readers of the Paper and Online Versions of a National Newspaper, 77:3, 457-479. TEWKSBURY, DAVID, JENNIFER JONES, MATTHEW W. PESKE, ASHLEA RAYMOND, and WILLIAM VIG, The Interaction of News and Advocate Frames: Manipulating Audience Perceptions of a Local Public Policy Issue, 77:4, 804-829. TEWKSBURY, DAVID, ANDREW J. WEAVER, and BRETT D. MADDEX, Accidentally Informed: Incidental News Exposure on the World Wide Web, 78:3, 533-554. TEWKSBURY, DAVID (See Price). THOMPSON, MARGARET E., The Impact of Need for Cognition on Thinking about Free Speech Issues, 72:4, 934-947. THOMSEN, STEVEN R., Health and Beauty Magazine Reading and Body Shape Concerns among a Group of College Women, 79:4, 988-1007. TOBIN, CHARLES D. (See Bunker). TOGEBY, LISE (See Albæk). TOMASELLO, TAMI K., The Status of Internet-Based Research in Five Leading Communication Journals, 1994-1999, 78:4, 659-674. TUGGLE, C.A. (See Carroll). TURK, JUDY VANSLYKE (See Zoch). TURNER, SALLY (See Johnson). << Back]]> 8018 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-u-v-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 17:35:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8021 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 U UNDERWOOD, DOUG and KEITH STAMM, Are Journalists Really Irreligious? A Multidimensional Analysis, 78:4, 771-786. UNDERWOOD, DOUG (See Stamm). UPPAL, CHARU (See Sundar). V VALENTINO, NICHOLAS A., THOMAS A. BUHR, and MATTHEW N. BECKMANN, When the Frame Is the Game: Revisiting the Impact of "Strategic" Campaign Coverage on Citizens’ Information Retention, 78:1, 93-112. VAN BELLE, DOUGLAS A., New York Times and Network TV News Coverage of Foreign Disasters: The Significance of the Insignificant Variables, 77:1, 50-70. VAN LEUVEN, JAMES K. (See Slater). VAN TUBERGEN, G. NORMAN (See Al-Makaty). VANDEN BERGH, BRUCE G., NORA J. RIFON, and MOLLY CATHERINE ZISKE, What’s Bad in an Ad: Thirty Years of Opinion from Ad Age’s "Ads-We-Can-Do-Without" Letters, 72:4, 948-959. VANHALA, HELENA (See Stavitsky). VERMEER, JAN P., Multiple Newspapers and Electoral Competition: A County-Level Analysis, 72:1, 98-105. VIG, WILLIAM (See Tewksbury). VOAKES, PAUL S., JACK KAPFER, DAVID KURPIUS, and DAVID SHANO-YEON CHERN, Diversity in the News: A Conceptual and Methodological Framework, 73:3, 582-593. VOAKES, PAUL S., Public Perceptions of Journalists’ Ethical Motivations, 74:1, 23-38. VOAKES, PAUL S., What Were You Thinking? A Survey of Journalists Who Were Sued for Invasion of Privacy, 75:2, 378-393. VOAKES, PAUL S., Civic Duties: Newspaper Journalists’ Views on Public Journalism, 76:4, 756-774. << Back]]> 8021 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-w-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 17:38:41 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8024 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 WACKMAN, DANIEL B. (See Shah). WAHL-JORGENSEN, KARIN, The Normative-Economic Justification for Public Discourse: Letters to the Editor as a "Wide Open" Forum, 79:1, 121-133. WALDMAN, PAUL and JAMES DEVITT, Newspaper Photographs and the 1996 Presidential Election: The Question of Bias, 75:2, 302-311. WALSH-CHILDERS, KIM, "A Death in the Family" – A Case Study of Newspaper Influence on Health Policy Development, 71:4, 820-829. WALSH-CHILDERS, KIM, JEAN CHANCE, and KRISTIN HERZOG, Sexual Harassment of Women Journalists, 73:3, 559-581. WALTER, GERRY, The Ideology of Success in Major American Farm Magazines, 1934-1991, 73:3, 594-608. WANTA, WAYNE and YU-WEI HU, The Effects of Credibility, Reliance, and Exposure on Media Agenda-Setting: A Path Analysis Model, 71:1, 90-98. WANTA, WAYNE and DANDAN GAO, Young Readers and the Newspaper: Factors Affecting Information Recall and Perceived Enjoyment, Readability, and Attractiveness, 71:4, 926-936. WANTA, WAYNE and WILLIAM R. ELLIOTT, Did the "Magic" Work? Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis, 72:2, 312-321. WANTA, WAYNE and WILLIAM M. KUNZ, The Impact of the Baseball Strike on Newspapers, 74:1, 184-194. WANTA, WAYNE (See Golan). WANTA, WAYNE (See Johnson). WANTA, WAYNE (See Miller). WANTA, WAYNE (See Russial). WARD, JEAN (See Hansen). WARE, WILLIAM and MICHEL DUPAGNE, Effects of U.S. Television Programs on Foreign Audiences: A Meta Analysis, 71:4, 947-959. WARLAUMONT, HAZEL G., Appropriating Reality: Consumers’ Perceptions of Schema-Inconsistent Advertising, 74:1, 39-54. WARREN, RON, Preaching to the Choir? Parents’ Use of TV Ratings to Mediate Children’s Viewing, 79:4, 867-886. WATERS, KEN, Vibrant, But Invisible: A Study of Contemporary Religious Periodicals, 78:2, 307-320. WATTS, MARK D. (See Domke). WEAVER, ANDREW J. (See Tewksbury). WEAVER, DAVID and DAN DREW, Voter Learning in the 1992 Presidential Election: Did the "Nontraditional" Media and Debates Matter?, 72:1, 7-17. WEAVER, DAVID and DAN DREW, Voter Learning and Interest in the 2000 Presidential Election: Did the Media Matter?, 78:4, 787-798. WEAVER, DAVID (See Drew). WEAVER, DAVID (See Kamhawi). WEAVER, DAVID (See Kim). WEAVER, DAVID (See Wu). WEAVER, DAVID (See Zhu). WEAVER, DAVID H. (See Willnat). WEAVER, JAMES B., III and ELIZABETH A. LAIRD, Mood Management during the Menstrual Cycle through Selective Exposure to Television, 72:1, 139-146. WEI, RAN, From Luxury to Utility: A Longitudinal Analysis of Cell Phone Laggards, 78:4, 702-719. WEI, RAN (See Leung). WEIMANN, GABRIEL and GIDEON FISHMAN, Reconstructing Suicide: Reporting Suicide in the Israeli Press, 72:3, 551-558. WEISPFENNING, JOHN, Television Self-Regulation: Organizational Processes and the Network Censors, 71:3, 609-617. WELLS, ROBERT A. and ERIKA G. KING, Prestige Newspaper Coverage of Foreign Affairs in the 1990 Congressional Campaigns, 71:3, 652-664. WEST, MARK DOUGLAS, Validating a Scale for the Measurement of Credibility: A Covariance Structure Modeling Approach, 71:1, 159-168. WHITE, ANNE BARTON (See Johnston). WHITE, H. ALLEN, The Salience and Pertinence of Ethics: When Journalists Do and Don’t Think for Themselves, 73:1, 17-28. WHITE, H. ALLEN, Considering Interacting Factors in the Third-Person Effect: Argument Strength and Social Distance, 74:3, 557-564. WHITE, H. ALLEN and JOHN F. DILLON, Knowledge about Others’ Reaction to a Public Service Announcement: The Impact of Self Persuasion and Third-Person Perception, 77:4, 788-803. WICKS, ROBERT H., Remembering the News: Effects of Medium and Message Discrepancy on News Recall over Time, 72:3, 666-681. WICKS, ROBERT H. and BOUBACAR SOULEY, Going Negative: Candidate Usage of Internet Web Sites during the 2000 Presidential Campaign, 80:1, 128-144. WILKE, JÜRGEN and BERNHARD ROSENBERGER, Importing Foreign News: A Case Study of the German Service of the Associated Press, 71:2, 421-432. WILLNAT, LARS, ZHOU HE, and HAO XIAOMING, Foreign Media Exposure and Perceptions of Americans in Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Singapore, 74:4, 738-756. WILLNAT, LARS and DAVID H. WEAVER, Public Opinion on Investigative Reporting in the 1990s: Has Anything Changed since the 1980s?, 75:3, 449-463. WILLNAT, LARS (See Kim). WINFIELD, BETTY HOUCHIN and BARBARA FRIEDMAN, Gender Politics: News Coverage of the Candidates’ Wives in Campaign 2000, 80:3, 548-566. WINFIELD, BETTY HOUCHIN, The Press Response to the Corps of Discovery: The Making of Heroes in an Egalitarian Age, 80:4, 866-883. WITHERSPOON, ELIZABETH M., Courage of Convictions: The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, the New York Times, and Reform of the Pure Food and Drug Act, 1933-1937, 75:4, 776-788. WOLBURG, JOYCE M., Time: The "Silent" Cultural Value in American Television Advertising, 76:3, 419-432. WOO, HYUNG-JIN and JOSEPH R. DOMINICK, Acculturation, Cultivation, and Daytime TV Talk Shows, 80:1, 109-127. WRIGLEY, BRENDA (See Shoemaker). WU, H. DENIS and ARATI BECHTEL, Web Site Use and News Topic and Type, 79:1, 73-86. WU, HSIAOMEI (See Lo). WU, WEI, DAVID WEAVER, and OWEN V. JOHNSON, Professional Roles of Russian and U.S. Journalists: A Comparative Study, 73:3, 534-548. WU, WEI and SOH HOON KOO, Perceived Effects of Sexually Explicit Internet Content: The Third-Person Effect in Singapore, 78:2, 260-274. WU, WEI (See Zhu). WYATT, ROBERT O., JOOHAN KIM, and ELIHU KATZ, How Feeling Free to Talk Affects Ordinary Political Conversation, Purposeful Argumentation, and Civic Participation, 77:1, 99-114. << Back]]> 8024 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/author-index-xyz-71-80/ Thu, 22 Mar 2012 17:45:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8028 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 X XIAOMING, HAO (See Willnat). Y YANG, MEI-LING, Women’s Pages or People’s Pages: The Production of News for Women in the Washington Post in the 1950s, 73:2, 364-378. YI, HUIUK (See Perry). YIOUTAS, JULIE and IVANA SEGVIC, Revisiting the Clinton/Lewinsky Scandal: The Convergence of Agenda Setting and Framing, 80:3, 567-582. Z ZAVOINA, SUSAN (See Reichert). ZHANG, GUO-QIANG and SIDNEY KRAUS, Constructing Public Opinion and Manipulating Symbols: China’s Press Coverage of the Student Movement in 1989, 72:2, 412-425. ZHANG, WEIWU (See Pfau). ZHAO, XINSHU and GLEN L. BLESKE, Measurement Effects in Comparing Voter Learning from Television News and Campaign Advertisements, 72:1, 72-83. ZHAO, XINSHU (See Straughan). ZHOU, SHUHUA (See Grabe). ZHU, JIAN-HUA, DAVID WEAVER, VEN-HWEI LO, CHONGSHAN CHEN, and WEI WU, Individual, Organizational, and Societal Influences on Media Role Perceptions: A Comparative Study of Journalists in China, Taiwan, and the United States, 74:1, 84-96. ZILLMANN, DOLF, RHONDA GIBSON, S. SHYAM SUNDAR, and JOSEPH W. PERKINS JR., Effects of Exemplification in News Reports on the Perception of Social Issues, 73:2, 427-444. ZILLMANN, DOLF (See Aust). ZILLMANN, DOLF (See Biswas). ZILLMANN, DOLF (See Gibson). ZILLMANN, DOLF (See Isom). ZILLMANN, DOLF (See Knobloch). ZINKHAN, GEORGE M. and ANNE L. BALAZS, The Institution of Advertising: Predictors of Cross-National Differences in Consumer Confidence, 75:3, 535-547. ZISKE, MOLLY CATHERINE (See Vanden Bergh). ZOCH, LYNN M. and JUDY VANSLYKE TURK, Women Making News: Gender as a Variable in Source Selection and Use, 75:4, 762-775. << Back]]> 8028 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-subject-index-71-80/ Tue, 27 Mar 2012 16:19:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8079 The following is an index by subject of articles that appeared in Journalism Quarterly from 1994 to 2003. (In 1995 Journalism Quarterly changed its name to Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly.) Advertising Age, Disablity, Gender, Race and Ethnicity Audience Studies Business Coverage Communication Effects Communication Theory Content Analysis Economics Editorial Page Gatekeeping Health and Medicine History International Internet and New Technologies Law, Policy, Criticism and Ethics Magazines Media Organization, Management and Ownership Methodology-Research News, Newsgathering, and Newswriting Political Communication Press Performance Professional Issues Public Relations Scholastic Journalism Social and Cultural Influences Television News and Entertainment Theory Visual Communication << J&MC Quarterly Cumulative Index]]> 8079 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-advertising/ Tue, 27 Mar 2012 16:46:07 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8087 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Advertising Adolescent Responses to TV Beer Ads and Sports Content/Context: Gender and Ethnic Differences (Michael D. Slater, Donna Rouner, Melanie Domenech-Rodriguez, Frederick Beauvais, Kevin Murphy, and James K. Van Leuven) 74:1, 108-122. The Advertising Content of African-American Newspapers (Stephen Lacy and Karyn A. Ramsey) 71:3, 521-530. Advertising Managers’ Perceptions of Sales Effects and Creative Properties of National Newspaper Advertising: The Medium Revisited (Leonard N. Reid and Karen Whitehill King) 80:2, 410-430. Advertorials in Magazines: Current Use and Compliance with Industry Guidelines (Glen T. Cameron, Kuen-Hee Ju-Pak, and Bong-Hyun Kim) 73:3, 722-733. Appropriating Reality: Consumers’ Perceptions of Schema-Inconsistent Advertising (Hazel G. Warlaumont) 74:1, 39-54. Black and White Models and Their Activities in Modern Cigarette and Alcohol Ads (Leonard N. Reid, Karen Whitehill King, and Peggy J. Kreshel) 71:4, 873-886. Cause-Related Marketing Ads in the Light of Negative News (Sameer Deshpande and Jacqueline C. Hitchon) 79:4, 905-926. Cheesecake and Beefcake: No Matter How You Slice It, Sexual Explicitness in Advertising Continues to Increase (Tom Reichert, Jacqueline Lambiase, Susan Morgan, Meta Carstarphen, and Susan Zavoina) 76:1, 7-20. Cognitive Impact of Banner Ad Characteristics: An Experimental Study (Hairong Li and Janice L. Bukovac) 76:2, 341-53. Commercial Breaks: A Viewing Behavior Study (Sandra E. Moriarty and Shu-Ling Everett) 71:2, 346-355. Communication Styles and Female Candidates: A Study of the Political Advertising during the 1986 Senate Elections (Anne Johnston and Anne Barton White) 71:2, 321-329. Companionship in the Classifieds: The Adoption of Personal Advertisements by Daily Newspapers (Debra L. Merskin and Mara Huberlie) 73:1, 219-229. The Cow, the Cook, and the Quaker: Fifty Years of Spokes-Character Advertising (Barbara J. Phillips and Barbara Gyoerick) 76:4, 713-28. A Demand-Side View of Media Substitutability in National Advertising: A Study of Advertiser Opinions about Traditional Media Options (Leonard N. Reid and Karen Whitehill King) 77:2, 292-307. Does the Watchdog Bite? Newspaper Ad Watch Articles and Political Attack Ads (Patrick B. O’Sullivan and Seth Geiger) 72:4, 771-785. The Effectiveness of Banner Advertisements: Involvement and Click-through (Chang-Hoan Cho) 80:3, 623-645. Effects of Anti-Tobacco Advertisements Based on Risk-Taking Tendencies: Realistic Fear vs. Vulgar Humor (Moon J. Lee and Mary Ann Ferguson) 79:4, 945-963. Environmental Advertising: Norms and Levels of Advertiser Trust (Joel J. Davis) 71:2, 330-345. Hispanic Marketing: National Advertiser Spending Patterns and Media Choices (Sabrina R. Goodson and Mary Alice Shaver) 71:1, 191-198. Images of Rosie: A Content Analysis of Women Workers in American Magazine Advertising, 1940-1946 (Charles Lewis and John Neville) 72:1, 216-227. The Impact of Competition on Weekly Newspaper Advertising Rates (Stephen Lacy, David C. Coulson, and Hiromi Cho) 78:3, 450-465. The Impact of Intermedia and Newspaper Competition on Advertising Linage in Daily Newspapers (Mary Alice Shaver and Stephen Lacy) 76:4, 729-44. Impartial Spectator in the Marketplace of Ideas: The Principles of Adam Smith as an Ethical Basis for Regulation of Corporate Speech (Robert L. Kerr) 79:2, 394-415. The Institution of Advertising: Predictors of Cross-National Differences in Consumer Confidence (George M. Zinkhan and Anne L. Balazs) 75:3, 535-547. Intertwining of Campaign News and Advertising: The Content and Electoral Effects of Newspaper Ad Watches (Young Min) 79:4, 927-944. Looking through Gendered Lenses: Female Stereotyping in Advertisements and Gender Role Expectations (Sue Lafky, Margaret Duffy, Mary Steinmaus, and Dan Berkowitz) 73:2, 379-388. Loud Tastes, Colored Fragrances, and Scented Sounds: How and When to Mix the Senses in Persuasive Communications (Michelle R. Nelson and Jacqueline C. Hitchon) 76:2, 354-372. Measurement Effects in Comparing Voter Learning from Television News and Campaign Advertisements (Xinshu Zhao and Glen L. Bleske) 72:1, 72-83. Minority Presence and Portrayal in Mainstream Magazine Advertising: An Update (Lawrence Bowen and Jill Schmid) 74:1, 134-146. Modeling Format and Source Effects of an Advocacy Message (Dulcie Straughan, Glen L. Bleske, and Xinshu Zhao) 73:1, 135-146. Olympic Athletes and Heroism in Advertising: Gendered Concepts of Valor? (J. Robyn Goodman, Lisa L. Duke, and John Sutherland) 79:2, 374-393. Placing Alcohol Warnings before, during, and after TV Beer Ads: Effects on Knowledge and Responses to the Ads and the Warnings (Michael D. Slater, Donna Rouner, David Karan, Kevin Murphy, and Frederick Beauvais) 76:3, 468-484. Policing Political Ads: An Analysis of Five Leading Newspapers’ Responses to 1992 Political Advertisements (Lori Melton McKinnon, Lynda Lee Kaid, Janet Murphy, and Cynthia K. Acree) 73:1, 66-76. Portrayal of Men and Women in U.S. Spanish-Language Television Commercials (Jami A. Fullerton and Alice Kendrick) 77:1, 128-142. Portrayals of Latinos in Magazine Advertising (Charles R. Taylor and Hae-Kyong Bang) 74:2, 285-303. Skin Tones and Physical Features of Blacks in Magazine Advertisements (Kevin L. Keenan) 73:4, 905-912. Slow Fade To?: Advertising in Ebony Magazine, 1957-1989 (Michael Leslie) 72:2, 426-435. Theory of Synesthesia Applied to Persuasion in Print Advertising Headlines (Michelle R. Nelson and Jacqueline C. Hitchon) 72:2, 346-360. Time: The "Silent" Cultural Value in American Television Advertising (Joyce M. Wolburg) 76:3, 419-432. Time of Voting Decision and Use of Political Advertising: The Slade Gorton-Brock Adams Senatorial Campaign (Lawrence Bowen) 71:3, 665-675. Toward an Understanding of Cultural Values Manifest in Advertising: A Content Analysis of Chinese Television Commercials in 1990 and 1995 (Hong Cheng) 74:4, 773-796. Tracing Sources of Information Pollution: A Survey and Experimental Test of Print Media’s Labeling Policy for Feature Advertising (Glen T. Cameron and Patricia A. Curtin) 72:1, 178-189. What’s Bad in an Ad: Thirty Years of Opinion from Ad Age’s "Ads-We-Can-Do-Without" Letters (Bruce G. Vanden Bergh, Nora J. Rifon, and Molly Catherine Ziske) 72:4, 948-959. When Advertising and Public Relations Converge: An Application of Schema Theory to the Persuasive Impact of Alignment Ads (Toni L. Schmidt and Jacqueline C. Hitchon) 76:3, 433-55. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8087 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-age/ Tue, 27 Mar 2012 16:59:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8093 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Age, Disability, Gender, Race, and Ethnicity Beauty and the Beasts: Significance of Press Coverage of the 1913 National Suffrage Parade (Linda J. Lumsden) 77:3, 593-611. Black in a Blonde World: Race and Girls’ Interpretations of the Feminine Ideal in Teen Magazines (Lisa Duke) 77:2, 367-392. The Bush and Gore Presidential Campaign Web Sites: Identifying with Hispanic Voters during the 2000 Iowa Caucuses and New Hampshire Primary (María E. Len-Ríos) 79:4, 887-904. The Color of Crime and the Court: A Content Analysis of Minority Representation on Television (Ron Tamborini, Dana E. Mastro, Rebecca M. Chory-Assad, and Ren He Huang) 77:3, 639-653. Covering Domestic Violence: How the O.J. Simpson Case Shaped Reporting of Domestic Violence in the News Media (Kimberly A. Maxwell, John Huxford, Catherine Borum, and Robert Hornik) 77:2, 258-272. Cultural Standards of Attractiveness: A Thirty-Year Look at Changes in Male Images in Magazines (Cheryl Law and Magdala Peixoto Labre) 79:3, 697-711. Differential Employment Rates in the Journalism and Mass Communication Labor Force Based on Gender, Race, and Ethnicity: Exploring the Impact of Affirmative Action (Lee B. Becker, Edmund Lauf, and Wilson Lowrey) 76:4, 631-645. Flabless Is Fabulous: How Latina and Anglo Women Read and Incorporate the Excessively Thin Body Ideal into Everyday Experience (J. Robyn Goodman) 79:3, 712-727. Framing Gender on the Campaign Trail: Female Gubernatorial Candidates and the Press (James Devitt) 79:2, 445-463. From Segmented to Fragmented: Latino Media in San Antonio, Texas (Vicki Mayer) 78:2, 291-306. Gender Politics: News Coverage of the Candidates’ Wives in Campaign 2000 (Betty Houchin Winfield and Barbara Friedman) 80:3, 548-566. Girls, Media, and the Negotiation of Sexuality: A Study of Race, Class, and Gender in Adolescent Peer Groups (Meenakshi Gigi Durham) 76:2, 193-216. Health and Beauty Magazine Reading and Body Shape Concerns among a Group of College Women (Steven R. Thomsen) 79:4, 988-1007. Media Use and Civic Participation in the African-American Population: Exploring Participation among Professionals and Nonprofessionals (Teresa Mastin) 77:1, 115-127. The Nativist Press: Demonizing the American Immigrant (Rodger Streitmatter) 76:4, 673-83. Nowhere Near Picture Perfect: Images of the Elderly in Life and Ebony Magazine Ads, 1990-1997 (Sharon Bramlett-Solomon and Ganga Subramanian) 76:3, 565-72. Olympic Athletes and Heroism in Advertising: Gendered Concepts of Valor? (J. Robyn Goodman, Lisa L. Duke, and John Sutherland) 79:2, 374-393. Portrayal of Men and Women in U.S. Spanish-Language Television Commercials (Jami A. Fullerton and Alice Kendrick) 77:1, 128-142. Producing Public Voice: Resource Mobilization and Media Access in the National Organization for Women (Bernadette Barker-Plummer) 79:1, 188-205. Race and Ethical Reasoning: The Importance of Race to Journalistic Decision Making (Renita Coleman) 80:2, 295-310. Racial and Regional Differences in Readers’ Evaluations of the Credibility of Political Columnists by Race and Sex (Julie L. Andsager and Teresa Mastin) 80:1, 57-72. Reactions to People with Disabilities: Personal Contact versus Viewing of Specific Media Portrayals (Olan Farnall and Kim A. Smith) 76:4, 659-72. Television Portrayals and African-American Stereotypes: Examination of Television Effects when Direct Contact Is Lacking (Yuki Fujioka) 76:1, 52-75. Women Who Succeed in Broadcast Communications Academe: A Feminist Success Story (Kathryn S. Egan) 71:4, 960-972. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8093 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-audience-studies/ Tue, 27 Mar 2012 17:06:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8097 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Audience Studies Acculturation, Cultivation, and Daytime TV Talk Shows (Hyung-Jin Woo and Joseph R. Dominick) 80:1, 109-127. Adolescent Responses to TV Beer Ads and Sports Content/Context: Gender and Ethnic Differences (Michael D. Slater, Donna Rouner, Melanie Domenech-Rodriguez, Frederick Beauvais, Kevin Murphy, and James K. Van Leuven) 74:1, 108-122. Audience Recall of AIDS PSAs Among U.S. and International College Students (Jung-Sook Lee and William R. Davie) 74:1, 7-22. The Case of "Alvarez" vs. "Albertson": Effects of Author’s Ethnicity on Evaluation of News Stories (Ford N. Burkhart, Carol Sigelman, and Katherine T. Frith) 74:2, 304-314. Communication, Community Attachment, and Involvement (Eric W. Rothenbuhler, Lawrence J. Mullen, Richard Delaurell, and Choon Ryul Ryu) 73:2, 445-466. Considering Interacting Factors in the Third-Person Effect: Argument Strength and Social Distance (H. Allen White) 74:3, 557-564. The Contribution of Local Media to Community Involvement (Keith R. Stamm, Arthur G. Emig, and Michael B. Hesse) 74:1, 97-107. Cruising Is Believing?: Comparing Internet and Traditional Sources on Media Credibility Measures (Thomas J. Johnson and Barbara K. Kaye) 75:2, 325-340. Does Personal Experience in a Community Increase or Decrease Newspaper Reading? (David Pearce Demers) 73:2, 304-318. Does Web Advertising Work? Memory for Print vs. Online Media (S. Shyam Sundar, Sunetra Narayan, Rafael Obregon, and Charu Uppal) 75:4, 822-835. The Economy and Second-Level Agenda Setting: A Time-Series Analysis of Economic News and Public Opinion about the Economy (Joe Bob Hester and Rhonda Gibson) 80:1, 73-90. Effect of Source Attribution on Perception of Online News Stories (S. Shyam Sundar) 75:1, 55-68. Effects of Citation in Exemplifying Testimony on Issue Perception (Rhonda Gibson and Dolf Zillmann) 75:1, 167-176. Effects of Victim Exemplification in Television News on Viewer Perception of Social Issues (Charles F. Aust and Dolf Zillmann) 73:4, 787-803. Forecast 2000: Widening Knowledge Gaps (Cecilie Gaziano) 74:2, 237-264. Health and Beauty Magazine Reading and Body Shape Concerns among a Group of College Women (Steven R. Thomsen) 79:4, 988-1007. The Impact of Web Site Campaigning on Traditional News Media and Public Information Processing (Gyotae Ku, Lynda Lee Kaid, and Michael Pfau) 80:3, 528-547. Individual, Organizational, and Societal Influences on Media Role Perceptions: A Comparative Study of Journalists in China, Taiwan, and the United States (Jian-Hua Zhu, David Weaver, Ven-Hwei Lo, Chongshan Chen, and Wei Wu) 74:1, 84-96. The Locus of Metaphorical Persuasion: An Empirical Test (Jacqueline C. Hitchon) 74:1, 55-68. Mass Media Audiences in a Changing Media Environment (Guido H. Stempel III and Thomas Hargrove) 73:3, 549-558. Media Effects on Public Opinion about a Newspaper Strike (Patricia Moy, Kelley McCoy, Meg Spratt, and Michael R. McCluskey) 80:2, 391-409. Native American Stereotypes, Television Portrayals, and Personal Contact (Alexis Tan, Yuki Fujioka, and Nancy Lucht) 74:2, 265-284. Nonrecursive Models of Internet Use and Community Engagement: Questioning Whether Time Spent Online Erodes Social Capital (Dhavan Shah, Michael Schmierbach, Joshua Hawkins, Rodolfo Espino, and Janet Donavan) 79:4, 964-987. Preaching to the Choir? Parents’ Use of TV Ratings to Mediate Children’s Viewing (Ron Warren) 79:4, 867-886. Print Media and Public Reaction to the Controversy over NEA Funding for Robert Mapplethorpe’s "The Perfect Moment" Exhibit (Douglas M. McLeod and Jill A. Mackenzie) 75:2, 278-291. Public Opinion on Investigative Reporting in the 1990s: Has Anything Changed since the 1980s? (Lars Willnat and David H. Weaver) 75:3, 449-463. Public Perceptions of Journalists’ Ethical Motivations (Paul S. Voakes) 74:1, 23-38. Question-Order Effects in Surveys: The Case of Political Interest, News Attention, and Knowledge (Dominic L. Lasorsa) 80:3, 499-512. Race as a Variable in Agenda Setting (Randy E. Miller and Wayne Wanta) 73:4, 913-925. Role of Imagery in Recall of Deviant News (Prabu David) 73:4, 804-820. Self-Perceived Knowledge of the O.J. Simpson Trial: Third-Person Perception and Perceptions of Guilt (Paul D. Driscoll and Michael B. Salwen) 74:3, 541-556. Using TV News for Political Information during an Off-Year Election: Effects on Political Knowledge and Cynicism (Glenn Leshner and Michael L. McKean) 74:1, 69-83. Web Site Use and News Topic and Type (H. Denis Wu and Arati Bechtel) 79:1, 73-86. What the Public Thinks about Public Relations: An Impression Management Experiment (Lynne M. Sallot) 79:1, 150-171. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8097 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-business/ Tue, 27 Mar 2012 17:14:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8102 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Business Coverage The Economy and Second-Level Agenda Setting: A Time-Series Analysis of Economic News and Public Opinion about the Economy (Joe Bob Hester and Rhonda Gibson) 80:1, 73-90. How Magazines Covered Media Companies’ Mergers: The Case of the Evolution of Time Inc. (Jaemin Jung) 79:3, 681-696. Nation, Capitalism, Myth: Covering News of Economic Globalization (Elfriede Fürsich) 79:2, 353-373. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8102 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-comm-effects/ Tue, 27 Mar 2012 17:33:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8107 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Communication Effects The Economy and Second-Level Agenda Setting: A Time-Series Analysis of Economic News and Public Opinion about the Economy (Joe Bob Hester and Rhonda Gibson) 80:1, 73-90. The Effectiveness of Banner Advertisements: Involvement and Click-through (Chang-Hoan Cho) 80:3, 623-645. Effects of Salience Dimensions of Informational Utility on Selective Exposure to Online News (Silvia Knobloch, Francesca Dillman Carpentier, and Dolf Zillmann) 80:1, 91-108. An Experimental Examination of Readers’ Perceptions of Media Bias (Dave D’Alessio) 80:2, 282-294. An Experimental Investigation of News Source and the Hostile Media Effect (Laura M. Arpan and Arthur A. Raney) 80:2, 265-281. The Impact of Web Site Campaigning on Traditional News Media and Public Information Processing (Gyotae Ku, Lynda Lee Kaid, and Michael Pfau) 80:3, 528-547. Media Credibility Reconsidered: Synergy Effects between On-Air and Online News (Erik P. Bucy) 80:2, 247-264. Media Effects on Public Opinion about a Newspaper Strike (Patricia Moy, Kelley McCoy, Meg Spratt, and Michael R. McCluskey) 80:2, 391-409. News Information Processing as Mediator of the Relationship between Motivations and Political Knowledge (William P. Eveland Jr.) 79:1, 26-40. Nonrecursive Models of Internet Use and Community Engagement: Questioning Whether Time Spent Online Erodes Social Capital (Dhavan Shah, Michael Schmierbach, Joshua Hawkins, Rodolfo Espino, and Janet Donavan) 79:4, 964-987. Race and Ethical Reasoning: The Importance of Race to Journalistic Decision Making (Renita Coleman) 80:2, 295-310. Racial and Regional Differences in Readers’ Evaluations of the Credibility of Political Columnists by Race and Sex (Julie L. Andsager and Teresa Mastin) 80:1, 57-72. Think about It This Way: Attribute Agenda-Setting Function of the Press and the Public’s Evaluation of a Local Issue (Sei-Hill Kim, Dietram A. Scheufele, and James Shanahan) 79:1, 7-25. Webelievability: A Path Model Examining How Convenience and Reliance Predict Online Credibility (Thomas J. Johnson and Barbara K. Kaye) 79:3, 619-642. Who Cares about Local Politics? Media Influences on Local Political Involvement, Issue Awareness, and Attitude Strength (Dietram A. Scheufele, James Shanahan, and Sei-Hill Kim) 79:2, 427-444. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8107 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-comm-theory/ Tue, 27 Mar 2012 17:41:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8111 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Communication Theory The Economy and Second-Level Agenda Setting: A Time-Series Analysis of Economic News and Public Opinion about the Economy (Joe Bob Hester and Rhonda Gibson) 80:1, 73-90. Effects of Salience Dimensions of Informational Utility on Selective Exposure to Online News (Silvia Knobloch, Francesca Dillman Carpentier, and Dolf Zillmann) 80:1, 91-108. An Experimental Investigation of News Source and the Hostile Media Effect (Laura M. Arpan and Arthur A. Raney) 80:2, 265-281. The Impact of Web Site Campaigning on Traditional News Media and Public Information Processing (Gyotae Ku, Lynda Lee Kaid, and Michael Pfau) 80:3, 528-547. Mass Communication Research Trends from 1980 to 1999 (Rasha Kamhawi and David Weaver) 80:1, 7-27. Media Credibility Reconsidered: Synergy Effects between On-Air and Online News (Erik P. Bucy) 80:2, 247-264. News Information Processing as Mediator of the Relationship between Motivations and Political Knowledge (William P. Eveland Jr.) 79:1, 26-40. Nonrecursive Models of Internet Use and Community Engagement: Questioning Whether Time Spent Online Erodes Social Capital (Dhavan Shah, Michael Schmierbach, Joshua Hawkins, Rodolfo Espino, and Janet Donavan) 79:4, 964-987. Personal and Professional Dimensions of News Work: Exploring the Link between Journalists’ Values and Roles (Patrick Lee Plaisance and Elizabeth A. Skewes) 80:4, 833-848. Preaching to the Choir? Parents’ Use of TV Ratings to Mediate Children’s Viewing (Ron Warren) 79:4, 867-886. Question-Order Effects in Surveys: The Case of Political Interest, News Attention, and Knowledge (Dominic L. Lasorsa) 80:3, 499-512. Sex and Violence in Slasher Films: Re-examining the Assumptions (Barry S. Sapolsky, Fred Molitor, and Sarah Luque) 80:1, 28-38. Think about It This Way: Attribute Agenda-Setting Function of the Press and the Public’s Evaluation of a Local Issue (Sei-Hill Kim, Dietram A. Scheufele, and James Shanahan) 79:1, 7-25. Webelievability: A Path Model Examining How Convenience and Reliance Predict Online Credibility (Thomas J. Johnson and Barbara K. Kaye) 79:3, 619-642. Who Cares about Local Politics? Media Influences on Local Political Involvement, Issue Awareness, and Attitude Strength (Dietram A. Scheufele, James Shanahan, and Sei-Hill Kim) 79:2, 427-444. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8111 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-content-analysis/ Tue, 27 Mar 2012 17:51:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8114 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Content Analysis ABC’s "Person of the Week": American Values in Television News (Stephanie Greco Larson and Martha Bailey) 75:3, 487-499. Alternative Things Considered: A Comparison of National Public Radio and Pacifica Radio News Coverage (Alan G. Stavitsky and Timothy W. Gleason) 71:4, 775-786. A Battle for Humor: Satire and Censorship in Le Bavard (Ross F. Collins) 73:3, 645-656. A Benchmark Study of Elaboration and Sourcing in Science Stories for Eight American Newspapers (Shirley Ramsey) 76:1, 87-98. The Birth of a Notion: Media Coverage of Contraception, 1915-1917 (Dolores Flamiano) 75:3, 560-571. The Bush and Gore Presidential Campaign Web Sites: Identifying with Hispanic Voters during the 2000 Iowa Caucuses and New Hampshire Primary (María E. Len-Ríos) 79:4, 887-904. A Case Study of Deliberative Democracy on Television: Civic Dialogue on C-SPAN Call-in Shows (David D. Kurpius and Andrew Mendelson) 79:3, 587-601. Changes in News Use on the Front Pages of the American Newspaper, 1986-1993 (Janet A. Bridges and Lamar W. Bridges) 74:4, 826-838. Civic Duties: Newspaper Journalists’ Views on Public Journalism (Paul S. Voakes) 76:4, 756-774. The Color of Crime and the Court: A Content Analysis of Minority Representation on Television (Ron Tamborini, Dana E. Mastro, Rebecca M. Chory-Assad, and Ren He Huang) 77:3, 639-653. A Content Analysis of Content Analyses: Twenty-Five Years of Journalism Quarterly (Daniel Riffe and Alan Freitag) 74:4, 873-882. Content Differences between Daily Newspapers with Strong and Weak Market Orientations (Randal A. Beam) 80:2, 368-390. Contrast in U.S. Media Coverage of Two Major Canadian Elections (L. Paul Husselbee and Guido H. Stempel III) 74:3, 591-601. Corporate Newspaper Structure, Editorial Page Vigor, and Social Change (David Demers) 73:4, 857-877. Covering Domestic Violence: How the O.J. Simpson Case Shaped Reporting of Domestic Violence in the News Media (Kimberly A. Maxwell, John Huxford, Catherine Borum, and Robert Hornik) 77:2, 258-272. Cultural Standards of Attractiveness: A Thirty-Year Look at Changes in Male Images in Magazines (Cheryl Law and Magdala Peixoto Labre) 79:3, 697-711. "A Death in the American Family": Myth, Memory, and National Values in the Media Mourning of John F. Kennedy Jr. (Carolyn Kitch) 79:2, 294-309. Disengaged and Uninformed: 2000 Presidential Election Coverage in Consumer Magazines Popular with Young Adults (Tom Reichert, James E. Mueller, and Michael Nitz) 80:3, 513-527. Diversity in the News: A Conceptual and Methodological Framework (Paul S. Voakes, Jack Kapfer, David Kurpius, and David Shano-Yeon Chern) 73:3, 582-593. Divining the Social Order: Class, Gender, and Magazine Astrology Columns (William Evans) 73:2, 389-400. Fairness and Balance of Selected Newspaper Coverage of Controversial National, State, and Local Issues (Frederick Fico and Stan Soffin) 72:3, 621-633. The Economy and Second-Level Agenda Setting: A Time-Series Analysis of Economic News and Public Opinion about the Economy (Joe Bob Hester and Rhonda Gibson) 80:1, 73-90. Embargoes and Science News (Vincent Kiernan) 80:4, 903-920. Experts in the Mass Media: Researchers as Sources in Danish Daily Newspapers, 1961-2001 (Erik Albæk, Peter Munk Christiansen, and Lise Togeby) 80:4, 937-948. Fairness and Balance in the Structural Characteristics of Newspaper Stories on the 1996 Presidential Election (Frederick Fico and William Cote) 76:1, 124-137. Framing Gender on the Campaign Trail: Female Gubernatorial Candidates and the Press (James Devitt) 79:2, 445-463. Gender Politics: News Coverage of the Candidates’ Wives in Campaign 2000 (Betty Houchin Winfield and Barbara Friedman) 80:3, 548-566. The Global Village in Atlanta: A Textual Analysis of Olympic News Coverage for Children in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution (Elli P. Lester-Roushanzamir and Usha Raman) 76:4, 699-712. Going Negative: Candidate Usage of Internet Web Sites during the 2000 Presidential Campaign (Robert H. Wicks and Boubacar Souley) 80:1, 128-144. Good News from a Bad Neighborhood: Toward an Alternative to the Discourse of Urban Pathology (James S. Ettema and Limor Peer) 73:4, 835-856. How Editors and Readers Rank and Rate the Importance of Eighteen Traditional Standards of Newspaper Excellence (George Albert Gladney) 73:2, 319-331. How Magazines Covered Media Companies’ Mergers: The Case of the Evolution of Time Inc. (Jaemin Jung) 79:3, 681-696. How Newspapers Framed Breast Implants in the 1990s (Angela Powers and Julie L. Andsager) 76:3, 551-64. The Ideology of Success in Major American Farm Magazines, 1934-1991 (Gerry Walter) 73:3, 594-608. The Influence of Layout on the Perceived Tone of News Articles (Susan E. Middlestadt and Kevin G. Barnhurst) 76:2, 264-276. Interactive Disaster Communication on the Internet: A Content Analysis of Sixty-Four Disaster Relief Home Pages (Mary Jae Paul) 78:4, 739-753. International Conflict Coverage in Japanese Local Daily Newspapers (Hiromi Cho and Stephen Lacy) 77:4, 830-845. Journalistic Authority: Textual Strategies of Legitimation (Lisbeth Lipari) 73:4, 821-834. Local Press Coverage of Environmental Conflict (Claire E. Taylor, Jung-Sook Lee, and William R. Davie) 77:1, 175-192. Looking beyond Hate: How National and Regional Newspapers Framed Hate Crimes in Jasper, Texas, and Laramie Wyoming (L. Paul Husselbee and Larry Elliott) 79:4, 833-852. The Louisville Courier-Journal’s News Content after Purchase by Gannett (David C. Coulson and Anne Hansen) 72:1, 205-215. "Lynch-Mob Journalism" vs. "Compelling Human Drama": Editorial Responses to Coverage of the Pretrial Phase of the O.J. Simpson Case (Elizabeth Blanks Hindman) 76:3, 499-515. Mass Communication Research Trends from 1980 to 1999 (Rasha Kamhawi and David Weaver) 80:1, 7-27. Media Coverage of AIDS, Cancer, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: A Test of the Public Arenas Model (James K. Hertog, John R. Finnegan, Jr., and Emily Kahn) 71:2, 291-304. Medicine, Media, and Celebrities: News Coverage of Breast Cancer, 1960-1995 (Julia B. Corbett and Motomi Mori) 76:2, 229-249. The Microscope and the Moving Target: The Challenge of Applying Content Analysis to the World Wide Web (Sally J. McMillan) 77:1, 80-98. Myth in Charles Kuralt’s "On the Road" (Matthew C. Ehrlich) 79:2, 327-338. Myth and Terror on the Editorial Page: The New York Times Responds to September 11, 2001 (Jack Lule) 79:2, 275-293. Nation, Capitalism, Myth: Covering News of Economic Globalization (Elfriede Fürsich) 79:2, 353-373. Network TV Sex as a Counterprogramming Strategy during a Sweeps Period: An Analysis of Content and Ratings (Jon A. Shidler and Dennis T. Lowry) 72:1, 147-157. Newspaper Coverage of Fundamentalist Christians, 1980-2000 (Peter A. Kerr and Patricia Moy) 79:1, 54-72. Newspaper Economic Coverage of Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards (David C. Coulson and Stephen Lacy) 75:1, 154-166. The "Not-So-Genial" Conspiracy? The New York Times and Six Presidential "Honeymoons," 1953-1993 (William J. Hughes) 72:4, 841-850. Objective Evidence of Media Bias: Newspaper Coverage of Congressional Party Switchers (David Niven) 80:2, 311-326. Old-Growth Forests on Network News: News Sources and the Framing of an Environmental Controversy (Carol M. Liebler and Jacob Bendix) 73:1, 53-65. Partisan and Structural Balance in Local Television Election Coverage (Sue Carter, Frederick Fico, and Jocelyn A. McCabe) 79:1, 41-53. Perception of Interviewees with Less-Than-Perfect English: Implications for Newspaper Citations (Paul Isom, Edward Johnson, James McCollum, and Dolf Zillmann) 72:4, 874-882. Picturing the Gulf War: Constructing an Image of War in Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report (Michael Griffin and Jongsoo Lee) 72:4, 813-825. Political Reality and Editorial Cartoons in Japan: How the National Dailies Illustrate the Japanese Prime Minister (Ofer Feldman) 72:3, 571-580. "Portraits of Grief," Reflectors of Values: The New York Times Remembers Victims of September 11 (Janice Hume) 80:1, 166-182. Predictors of Viewing and Enjoyment of Reality-Based and Fictional Crime Shows (Mary Beth Oliver and G. Blake Armstrong) 72:3, 559-570. The Presentation of Self in Virtual Life: Characteristics of Personal Home Pages (Zizi Papacharissi) 79:3, 643-660. The Princess and the Paparazzi: Blame, Responsibility, and the Media’s Role in the Death of Diana (Elizabeth Blanks Hindman) 80:3, 666-688. The Promise and Peril of Anecdotes in News Coverage: An Ethical Analysis (David A. Craig) 80:4, 802-817. Proximity and Power Factors in Western Coverage of the Sub-Saharan AIDS Crisis (Kristen Alley Swain) 80:1, 145-165. Reliability in Cross-National Content Analysis (Jochen Peter and Edmund Lauf) 79:4, 815-832. Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News (Robert M. Entman) 71:3, 509-520. Revisiting the Clinton/Lewinsky Scandal: The Convergence of Agenda Setting and Framing (Julie Yioutas and Ivana Segvic) 80:3, 567-582. Second-Level Agenda Setting in the New Hampshire Primary: A Comparison of Coverage in Three Newspapers and Public Perceptions of Candidates (Guy Golan and Wayne Wanta) 78:2, 247-259. Sex and the Soaps: A Comparative Content Analysis of Health Issues (Beth Olson) 71:4, 840-850. Sex and Violence in Slasher Films: Re-examining the Assumptions (Barry S. Sapolsky, Fred Molitor, and Sarah Luque) 80:1, 28-38. Sex, Violence, and Consonance/Differentiation: An Analysis of Local TV News Values (William R. Davie and Jung-Sook Lee) 72:1, 128-138. Skin Tones and Physical Features of Blacks in Magazine Advertisements (Kevin L. Keenan) 73:4, 905-912. Social Construction of Three Influenza Pandemics in the New York Times (Debra E. Blakely) 80:4, 884-902. Social or Economic Concerns: How News and Women‘s Magazines Framed Breast Cancer in the 1990s (Julie L. Andsager and Angela Powers) 76:3, 531-550. The Sound Bites, the Biters, and the Bitten: An Analysis of Network TV News Bias in Campaign ’92 (Dennis T. Lowry and Jon A. Shidler) 72:1, 33-44. Source Use in a "News Disaster" Account: A Content Analysis of Voter News Service Stories (Randall S. Sumpter and Melissa A. Braddock) 79:3, 539-558. Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism, and Community Newspapers (Douglas Blanks Hindman, Robert Littlefield, Ann Preston, and Dennis Neumann) 76:2, 250-263. Tabloid and Traditional Television News Magazine Crime Stories: Crime Lessons and Reaffirmation of Social Class Distinctions (Maria Elizabeth Grabe) 73:4, 926-946. Television’s Portrayal of the Environment: 1991-1995 (James Shanahan and Katherine McComas) 74:1, 147-159. "Their Rising Voices": A Study of Civil Rights, Social Movements, and Advertising in the New York Times (Susan Dente Ross) 75:3, 518-534. This Just In ... How National TV News Handled the Breaking "Live" Coverage of September 11 (Amy Reynolds and Brooke Barnett) 80:3, 689-703. Toward a "Philosophy of Framing": News Narratives for Public Journalism (Peter Parisi) 74:4, 673-686. Unlicensed Broadcasting: Content and Conformity (Steve Jones) 71:2, 395-402. Vibrant, But Invisible: A Study of Contemporary Religious Periodicals (Ken Waters) 78:2, 307-320. VNRs and Air Checks: A Content Analysis of the Use of Video News Releases in Television Newscasts (Glen T. Cameron and David Blount) 73:4, 890-904. Web Page Design and Graphic Use of Three U.S. Newspapers (Xigen Li) 75:2, 353-365. When the News Doesn’t Fit: The New York Times and Hitler’s First Two Months in Office, February/March 1933 (Gary Klein) 78:1, 127-149. Women’s Pages or People’s Pages: The Production of News for Women in the Washington Post in the 1950s (Mei-Ling Yang) 73:2, 364-378. The World Outside: Local TV News Treatment of Imported News (Raymond L. Carroll and C.A. Tuggle) 74:1, 123-133. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8114 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-economics/ Tue, 27 Mar 2012 17:56:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8119 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Economics Auto Trade Policy and the Press: Auto Elite as a Source of the Media Agenda (Kuang-Kuo Chang) 76:2, 312-324. Changing the Newsroom Culture: A Four-Year Case Study of Organizational Development at the St. Louis Post-Dispatch (Peter J. Gade and Earnest L. Perry) 80:2, 327-347. Collusion and Price Fixing in the American Newspaper Industry: Market Preservation Trends, 1890-1910 (Edward E. Adams) 79:2, 416-426. Content Differences between Daily Newspapers with Strong and Weak Market Orientations (Randal A. Beam) 80:2, 368-390. Corporate Newspaper Structure, Editorial Page Vigor, and Social Change (David Demers) 73:4, 857-877. Diversity versus Concentration in the Deregulated Mass Media Domain (Petros Iosifides) 76:1, 152-162. The Effects of Public Ownership and Newspaper Competition on the Financial Performance of Newspaper Corporations: A Replication and Extension (Stephen Lacy, Mary Alice Shaver, and Charles St. Cyr) 73:2, 332-341. Factors Influencing the Adoption of Multimedia Cable Technology (Carolyn A. Lin and Leo W. Jeffres) 75:2, 341-352. How Perceived Environmental Uncertainty Influences the Marketing Orientation of U.S. Daily Newspapers (Randal A. Beam) 73:2, 285-303. How Public Ownership Affects Publisher Autonomy (Martha N. Matthews) 73:2, 342-353. The Impact of the Baseball Strike on Newspapers (Wayne Wanta and William M. Kunz) 74:1, 184-194. The Impact of Beat Competition on City Hall Coverage (Stephen Lacy, David C. Coulson, and Charles St. Cyr) 76:2, 325-340. The Impact of Competition on Weekly Newspaper Advertising Rates (Stephen Lacy, David C. Coulson, and Hiromi Cho) 78:3, 450-465. The Impact of Intermedia and Newspaper Competition on Advertising Linage in Daily Newspapers (Mary Alice Shaver and Stephen Lacy) 76:4, 729-744. The Impact of Public Ownership, Profits, and Competition on Number of Newsroom Employees and Starting Salaries at Mid-Sized Daily Newspapers (Stephen Lacy and Alan Blanchard) 80:4, 949-968. Intercounty Group Ownership of Daily Newspapers and the Decline of Competition for Readers (Stephen Lacy and Todd F. Simon) 74:4, 814-825. Journalism Labor Force Supply and Demand: Is Oversupply an Explanation for Low Wages? (Lee B. Becker, Vernon A. Stone, and Joseph D. Graf) 73:3, 519-533. Journalists’ Perceptions of How Newspaper and Broadcast News Competition Affects Newspaper Content (David C. Coulson and Stephen Lacy) 73:2, 354-363. Measuring Newspaper Profits: Developing a Standard of Comparison (Hugh J. Martin) 75:3, 500-517. The Persistent Problem of Media Taxation: First Amendment Protection in the 1990s (Cathy Packer and Karla K. Gower) 74:3, 579-590. Running Out of Time: An Analysis of Shutting Down New York Newsday by Times Mirror (Abby Dress) 76:4, 745-755. Secret Combinations and Collusive Agreements: The Scripps Newspaper Empire and the Early Roots of Joint Operating Agreements (Edward E. Adams) 73:1, 195-205. Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions: Another Test of the Editorial Vigor Hypothesis (David K. Demers) 75:3, 572-592. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8119 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-editorial-page/ Tue, 27 Mar 2012 18:08:52 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8124 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Editorial Page Myth and Terror on the Editorial Page: The New York Times Responds to September 11, 2001 (Jack Lule) 79:2, 275-293. The Normative-Economic Justification for Public Discourse: Letters to the Editor as a "Wide Open" Forum (Karin Wahl-Jorgensen) 79:1, 121-133. Racial and Regional Differences in Readers’ Evaluations of the Credibility of Political Columnists by Race and Sex (Julie L. Andsager and Teresa Mastin) 80:1, 57-72. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8124 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-gatekeeping/ Tue, 27 Mar 2012 18:12:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8127 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Gatekeeping Global News, National Stories: Producers as Mythmakers at Germany’s Deutsche Welle Television (B. William Silcock) 79:2, 339-352. Partisan and Structural Balance in Local Television Election Coverage (Sue Carter, Frederick Fico, and Jocelyn A. McCabe) 79:1, 41-53. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8127 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-health/ Tue, 27 Mar 2012 18:16:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8130 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Health and Medicine Behavioral Journalism for HIV Prevention: Community Newsletters Influence Risk-Related Attitudes and Behavior (Alfred McAlister, Wayne Johnson, Carolyn Guenther-Grey, Martin Fishbein, Donna Higgins, Kevin O’Reilly, and the AIDS Community Demonstration Projects) 77:1, 143-159. Ethical Language and Themes in News Coverage of Genetic Testing (David A. Craig) 77:1, 160-174. The "Forgotten" 1918 Influenza Epidemic and Press Portrayal of Public Anxiety (Janice Hume) 77:4, 898-915. How Newspapers Framed Breast Implants in the 1990s (Angela Powers and Julie L. Andsager) 76:3, 551-64. Medicine, Media, and Celebrities: News Coverage of Breast Cancer, 1960-1995 (Julia B. Corbett and Motomi Mori) 76:2, 229-249. Social or Economic Concerns: How News and Women‘s Magazines Framed Breast Cancer in the 1990s (Julie L. Andsager and Angela Powers) 76:3, 531-50. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8130 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-history/ Tue, 27 Mar 2012 18:21:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8133 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: History African Americans’ Criticisms Concerning African American Representations on Daytime Serials (Gloria Abernathy-Lear) 71:4, 830-839. The American Woman Series: Gender and Class in The Ladies’ Home Journal, 1897 (Carolyn Kitch) 75:2, 243-262. Beauty and the Beasts: Significance of Press Coverage of the 1913 National Suffrage Parade (Linda J. Lumsden) 77:3, 593-611. The Birth of a Notion: Media Coverage of Contraception, 1915-1917 (Dolores Flamiano) 75:3, 560-571. The Boston Gazette and Slavery as Revolutionary Propaganda (Patricia Bradley) 72:3, 581-596. Celebrating the 75th Anniversary, Introduction (Jean Folkerts) 75:4, 687-688. Celebrating the 75th Anniversary, Epilogue (Jean Folkerts) 75:4, 696-698. Changing Theoretical Perspectives on Women’s Media Images: The Emergence of Patterns in a New Area of Historical Scholarship (Carolyn Kitch) 74:3, 477-489. The Chicago Newspaper Scene: An Ecological Perspective (Jon Bekken) 74:3, 490-500. Collusion and Price Fixing in the American Newspaper Industry: Market Preservation Trends, 1890-1910 (Edward E. Adams) 79:2, 416-426. Courage of Convictions: The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, the New York Times, and Reform of the Pure Food and Drug Act, 1933-1937 (Elizabeth M. Witherspoon) 75:4, 776-788. Creating a Venue for the "Love that Dare Not Speak Its Name": Origins of the Gay and Lesbian Press (Rodger Streitmatter) 72:2, 436-447. "A Death in the American Family": Myth, Memory, and National Values in the Media Mourning of John F. Kennedy Jr. (Carolyn Kitch) 79:2, 294-309. "Delays and Vexation": Jack London and the Russo-Japanese War (Michael S. Sweeney) 75:3, 548-559. A Disappearing Enemy: The Image of the United States in Soviet Political Cartoons (Jonathan A. Becker) 73:3, 609-619. Editorial Rights of Telephone Carriers (Patrick O’Neill) 71:1, 99-109. Establishment of the Quarterly (Guido Stempel) 75:4, 691-694. Evelyn Waugh’s Scoop: The Facts behind the Fiction (Michael B. Salwen) 78:1, 150-171. Explaining the Little Bighorn: Race and Progress in the Native Press (John M. Coward) 71:3, 540-549. The Financial Affairs of Wisconsin and Iowa Weekly Newspapers in 1860: An Analysis of Products of Industry Census Data (Carolyn Stewart Dyer and Douglas B. Adams) 71:2, 370-379. The "Forgotten" 1918 Influenza Epidemic and Press Portrayal of Public Anxiety (Janice Hume) 77:4, 898-915. The Future of the Internet: A Historical Perspective (David T. Z. Mindich) 75:1, 7-8. Government Suppression of the Japanese Language in World War II Assembly Camps (Takeya Mizuno) 80:4, 849-865. Hearst, Roosevelt, and the Muckrake Speech of 1906: A New Perspective (Mark Neuzil) 73:1, 29-39. The Ideology, Rhetoric, and Organizational Structure of a Countermovement Publication: The Remonstrance, 1890-1920 (Elizabeth V. Burt) 75:1, 69-83. Images of Rosie: A Content Analysis of Women Workers in American Magazine Advertising, 1940-1946 (Charles Lewis and John Neville) 72:1, 216-227. The Internet and Continuing Historical Discourse (Hazel Dicken-Garcia) 75:1, 19-27. L’affaire Jake Powell: The Minority Press Goes to Bat against Segregated Baseball (Chris Lamb) 76:1, 21-34. Latest from the Canadian Revolution: Early War Correspondence in the New York Herald (Jonas Bjork) 71:4, 851-859. "Madstones," Clever Toads, and Killer Tarantulas (Fairy-Tale Briefs in Wild West Newspapers) (Paulette D. Kilmer) 78:4, 816-835. Minnesota Publishers and Editors As Elected Officials, 1923-1938: A Comparison of Journalistic Rhetoric and Conduct (Patricia L.Dooley) 71:1, 64-75. Myth in Charles Kuralt’s "On the Road" (Matthew C. Ehrlich) 79:2, 327-338. The Nativist Press: Demonizing the American Immigrant (Rodger Streitmatter) 76:4, 673-683. News before Newspapers (Richard Streckfuss) 75:1, 84-97. Newspaper Trends in the 1870s: Proliferation, Popularization, and Political Independence (Jeffrey B. Rutenbeck) 72:2, 361-375. Not Likely Sent: The Remington-Hearst "Telegrams" (W. Joseph Campbell) 77:2, 405-422. Popular Propaganda: The Food Administration in World War I (Stephen Ponder) 72:3, 539-550. Preserving the Community: Cleveland Black Papers’ Response to the Great Migration (Felicia G. Jones Ross) 71:3, 531-539. Press Freedom in Liberia, 1830 to 1847: The Impact of Heterogeneity and Modernity (Carl Patrick Burrowes) 74:2, 331-347. The Press Response to the Corps of Discovery: The Making of Heroes in an Egalitarian Age (Betty Houchin Winfield) 80:4, 866-883. Quelling Radio’s Quacks: The FCC’s First Public-Interest Programming Campaign (F. Leslie Smith) 71:3, 594-608. Rethinking TV History (Douglas Gomery) 74:3, 501-514. The Rise and Fall of the World Economic Herald, 1980-1989 (Jinguo Shen) 72:3, 642-653. Secret Combinations and Collusive Agreements: The Scripps Newspaper Empire and the Early Roots of Joint Operating Agreements (Edward E. Adams) 73:1, 195-205. Social Construction of Three Influenza Pandemics in the New York Times (Debra E. Blakely) 80:4, 884-902. "Spectacles of the Poor": Conventions of Alternative News (Elizabeth Blanks Hindman) 75:1, 177-193. Suffragist: The Making of a Militant (Linda Lumsden) 72:3, 525-538. Syndicated Service Dependence and a Lack of Commitment to Localism: Scripps Newspapers and Market Subordination (Edward E. Adams and Gerald J. Baldasty) 78:3, 519-532. Talking with a Dinosaur (Wayne Danielson) 75:4, 689-691. They Liked Ike: Pro-Eisenhower Publishers and His Decision to Run for President (Douglass K. Daniel) 77:2, 393-404. Toward a Troubleshooting Manual for Journalism History (Michael Schudson) 74:3, 463-476. Transition and Change (Donald Shaw) 75:4, 694-696. When Publishers Invited Federal Regulation to Curb Circulation Abuses (Linda Lawson) 71:1, 110-120. "Who Was ‘Shadow’?" The Computer Knows: Applying Grammar-Program Statistics in Content Analyses to Solve Mysteries about Authorship (Barbara G. Ellis and Steven J. Dick) 73:4, 947-962. The Wisconsin Press and Woman Suffrage, 1911-1919: An Analysis of Factors Affecting Coverage by Ten Diverse Newspapers (Elizabeth V. Burt) 73:3, 620-634. Women’s Pages or People’s Pages: The Production of News for Women in the Washington Post in the 1950s (Mei-Ling Yang) 73:2, 364-378. "You’re a Tough Guy, Mary – And a First-Rate Newspaperman": Gender and Women Journalists in the 1920s and 1930s (Linda Lumsden) 72:4, 913-921. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8133 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-international/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 12:14:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8138 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: International Australian Journalists’ Professional and Ethical Values (John Henningham) 73:1, 206-218. Balancing Trust in Media and Trust in Government during Political Change in Taiwan (Albert C. Gunther, Yah-Huei Hong, and Lulu Rodriguez) 71:3, 628-636. A Battle for Humor: Satire and Censorship in Le Bavard (Ross F. Collins) 73:3, 645-656. Bridging Latin America’s Digital Divide: Government Policies and Internet Access (Eliza Tanner Hawkins with Kirk A. Hawkins) 80:3, 646-665. Can a Single Incident Create an Issue? Exemplars in German Television Magazine Shows (Gregor Daschmann and Hans-Bernd Brosius) 76:1, 35-51. Candidate Images in Spanish Elections: Second-Level Agenda-Setting Effects (Maxwell McCombs, Juan Pablo Llamas, Esteban Lopez-Escobar, and Federico Rey) 74:4, 703-717. Constructing Public Opinion and Manipulating Symbols: China’s Press Coverage of the Student Movement in 1989 (Guo-Qiang Zhang and Sidney Kraus) 72:2, 412-425. Contrast in U.S. Media Coverage of Two Major Canadian Elections (L. Paul Husselbee and Guido H. Stempel III) 74:3, 591-601. Development News in Elite and Non-Elite Newspapers in Indonesia (Hemant Shah and Gati Gayatri) 71:2, 411-420. Diversity versus Concentration in the Deregulated Mass Media Domain (Petros Iosifides) 76:1, 152-162. The Ebb and Flow of the Liberalization of the Jordanian Press: 1985-1997 (Orayb Aref Najjar) 75:1, 127-142. The Effectiveness of Locator Maps in Increasing Reader Understanding of the Geography of Foreign News (Jeffrey L. Griffin and Robert L. Stevenson) 71:4, 937-946. Effects of U.S. Television Programs on Foreign Audiences: A Meta-Analysis (William Ware and Michel Dupagne) 71:4, 947-959. Elite Press Coverage of the 1986 U.S.-Libya Conflict: A Case Study of Tactical and Strategic Critique (James K. Hertog) 77:3, 612-627. Experts in the Mass Media: Researchers as Sources in Danish Daily Newspapers, 1961-2001 (Erik Albæk, Peter Munk Christiansen, and Lise Togeby) 80:4, 937-948. Finding a New Way: Nicaraguan Newspapers in a Globalized World (Kris Kodrich) 79:1, 101-120. Foreign Media Exposure and Perceptions of Americans in Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Singapore (Lars Willnat, Zhou He, and Hao Xiaoming) 74:4, 738-756. From Afghanistan to Chechnya: News Coverage by Izvestia and the New York Times (Olga V. Malinkina and Douglas M. McLeod) 77:1, 37-49. Front Pages of Taiwan Daily Newspapers 1952-1996: How Ending Martial Law Influenced Publication Design (Ven-Hwei Lo, Anna Paddon, and Hsiaomei Wu) 77:4, 880-897. Global News, National Stories: Producers as Mythmakers at Germany’s Deutsche Welle Television (B. William Silcock) 79:2, 339-352. Importing Foreign News: A Case Study of the German Service of the Associated Press (Jürgen Wilke and Bernhard Rosenberger) 71:2, 421-432. Individual, Organizational, and Societal Influences on Media Role Perceptions: A Comparative Study of Journalists in China, Taiwan, and the United States (Jian-Hua Zhu, David Weaver, Ven-Hwei Lo, Chongshan Chen, and Wei Wu) 74:1, 84-96. International Conflict Coverage in Japanese Local Daily Newspapers (Hiromi Cho and Stephen Lacy) 77:4, 830-845. The Journalist’s Personality: An Exploratory Study (John Henningham) 74:3, 615-624. Latino Media Use for Cultural Maintenance (Diana I. Rios and Stanley O. Gaines Jr.) 75:4, 746-761. Licensing Journalists in Latin America: An Appraisal (Jerry W. Knudson) 73:4, 878-889. Making a Difference: U.S. Press Coverage of the Kwangju and Tiananmen Pro-Democracy Movements (Sun Tae Kim) 77:1, 22-36. Nation, Capitalism, Myth: Covering News of Economic Globalization (Elfriede Fürsich) 79:2, 353-373. National News Cultures: A Comparison of Dutch, German, British, Australian, and U.S. Journalists (Mark Deuze) 79:1, 134-149. New York Times and Network TV News Coverage of Foreign Disasters: The Significance of the Insignificant Variables (Douglas A. Van Belle) 77:1, 50-70. News Agencies, National Images, and Global Media Events (C. Anthony Giffard and Nancy K. Rivenburgh) 77:1, 8-21. Perceived Effects of Sexually Explicit Internet Content: The Third-Person Effect in Singapore (Wei Wu and Soh Hoon Koo) 78:2, 260-274. Picturing the Gulf War: Constructing an Image of War in Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report (Michael Griffin and Jongsoo Lee) 72:4, 813-825. Political Reality and Editorial Cartoons in Japan: How the National Dailies Illustrate the Japanese Prime Minister (Ofer Feldman) 72:3, 571-580. The Potential of Online Media: A Coorientational Analysis of Conflict between PR Professionals and Journalists in South Korea (Jae-Hwa Shin and Glen T. Cameron) 80:3, 583-602. Predicting News Flow from Mexico (Melissa A. Johnson) 74:2, 315-330. Press and Political Liberalization in Taiwan (Kuldip R. Rampal) 71:3, 637-651. Professional Roles of Russian and U.S. Journalists: A Comparative Study (Wei Wu, David Weaver, and Owen V. Johnson) 73:3, 534-548. Proximity and Power Factors in Western Coverage of the Sub-Saharan AIDS Crisis (Kristen Alley Swain) 80:1, 145-165. Reconstructing Suicide: Reporting Suicide in the Israeli Press (Gabriel Weimann and Gideon Fishman) 72:3, 551-558. Regulation of Sexually Explicit Videotex Services in France (Michel Dupagne) 71:1, 121-134. Reliability in Cross-National Content Analysis (Jochen Peter and Edmund Lauf) 79:4, 815-832. Speaking Up and Silencing Out in Face of a Changing Climate of Opinion (Jacob Shamir) 74:3, 602-614. State Control of Television News in 1990s Lebanon (Marwan M. Kraidy) 76:3, 485-498. State and Media in the English-Speaking Caribbean: The Case of Antigua (Leara Rhodes and Paget Henry) 72:3, 654-665. Toward an Understanding of Cultural Values Manifest in Advertising: A Content Analysis of Chinese Television Commercials in 1990 and 1995 (Hong Cheng) 74:4, 773-796. U.S. Newspaper Coverage of Human Rights in Latin America, 1975-1982: Exploring President Carter’s Agenda-Building Influence (Catherine Cassara) 75:3, 478-486. Violence against the Press in Latin America: Protections and Remedies in International Law (Michael Perkins) 78:2, 275-290. When the News Doesn’t Fit: The New York Times and Hitler’s First Two Months in Office, February/March 1933 (Gary Klein) 78:1, 127-149. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8138 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-internet/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 12:16:07 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8143 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Internet and New Technologies Accidentally Informed: Incidental News Exposure on the World Wide Web (David Tewksbury, Andrew J. Weaver, and Brett D. Maddex) 78:3, 533-554. Bridging Latin America’s Digital Divide: Government Policies and Internet Access (Eliza Tanner Hawkins with Kirk A. Hawkins) 80:3, 646-665. The Bush and Gore Presidential Campaign Web Sites: Identifying with Hispanic Voters during the 2000 Iowa Caucuses and New Hampshire Primary (María E. Len-Ríos) 79:4, 887-904. Campaign Contributions: Online Newspaper Coverage of Election 2000 (Jane B. Singer) 80:1, 39-56. Cognitive Impact of Banner Ad Characteristics: An Experimental Study (Hairong Li and Janice L. Bukovac) 76:2, 341-353. Corporate World Wide Web Pages: Serving the News Media and Other Publics (Stuart L. Esrock and Greg B. Leichty) 76:3, 456-467. Cruising Is Believing?: Comparing Internet and Traditional Sources on Media Credibility Measures (Thomas J. Johnson and Barbara K. Kaye) 75:2, 325-340. Differences in Knowledge Acquisition among Readers of the Paper and Online Versions of a National Newspaper (David Tewksbury and Scott L. Althaus) 77:3, 457-479. Digital Imaging Skills and the Hiring and Training of Photojournalists (John Russial and Wayne Wanta) 75:3, 593-605. Doing the Traditional Media Sidestep: Comparing the Effects of the Internet and Other Nontraditional Media with Traditional Media in the 1996 Presidential Campaign (Thomas J. Johnson, Mahmoud A. M. Braima, and Jayanthi Sothirajah) 76:1, 99-123. The Effectiveness of Banner Advertisements: Involvement and Click-through (Chang-Hoan Cho) 80:3, 623-645. Effects of Salience Dimensions of Informational Utility on Selective Exposure to Online News (Silvia Knobloch, Francesca Dillman Carpentier, and Dolf Zillmann) 80:1, 91-108. Exploring Receivers’ Criteria for Perception of Print and Online News (S. Shyam Sundar) 76:2, 373-386. Factors Influencing the Adoption of Multimedia Cable Technology (Carolyn A. Lin and Leo W. Jeffres) 75:2, 341-352. From Luxury to Utility: A Longitudinal Analysis of Cell Phone Laggards (Ran Wei) 78:4, 702-719. From On-Air to Online World: Examining the Content and Structures of Broadcast TV Stations’ Web Sites (Sylvia M. Chan-Olmsted and Jung Suk Park) 77:2, 321-339. The Future of the Internet: A Historical Perspective (David T. Z. Mindich) 75:1, 7-8. Going Negative: Candidate Usage of Internet Web Sites during the 2000 Presidential Campaign (Robert H. Wicks and Boubacar Souley) 80:1, 128-144. How Pagination Affects Job Satisfaction of Editors (Keith Stamm, Doug Underwood, and Anthony Giffard) 72:4, 851-862. The Impact of Web Site Campaigning on Traditional News Media and Public Information Processing (Gyotae Ku, Lynda Lee Kaid, and Michael Pfau) 80:3, 528-547. Interactive Disaster Communication on the Internet: A Content Analysis of Sixty-Four Disaster Relief Home Pages (Mary Jae Paul) 78:4, 739-753. Interactivity, Online Journalism, and English-Language Web Newspapers in Asia (Brian L. Massey and Mark R. Levy) 76:1, 138-151. The Internet and Continuing Historical Discourse (Hazel Dicken-Garcia) 75:1, 19-27. The Internet and the End of the National Communication System: Uncertain Predictions of an Uncertain Future (James W. Carey) 75:1, 28-34. The Internet Provides Both Opportunities and Challenges for Mass Communication Researchers (Guido H. Stempel III and Robert K. Stewart) 77:3, 541-548. The Internet and Public Relations: Investigating Practitioners’ Roles and World Wide Web Use (Lance V. Porter and Lynne M. Sallot) 80:3, 603-622. Journalists’ Perceptions of Online Information-Gathering Problems (Bruce Garrison) 77:3, 500-514. Media Credibility Reconsidered: Synergy Effects between On-Air and Online News (Erik P. Bucy) 80:2, 247-264. Media Reporting and Perceived Credibility of Online Polls (Sung Tae Kim, David Weaver, and Lars Willnat) 77:4, 846-864. The Media Trade Press as Technology Forecaster: A Case Study of the VCR’s Impact on Broadcasting (Philip Napoli) 74:2, 417-430. The Microscope and the Moving Target: The Challenge of Applying Content Analysis to the World Wide Web (Sally J. McMilllan) 77:1, 80-98. More Than Just Talk on the Move: Uses and Gratifications of the Cellular Phone (Louis Leung and Ran Wei) 77:2 308-320. Multimedia Effects on Processing and Perception of Online News: A Study of Picture, Audio, and Video Downloads (S. Shyam Sundar) 77:3, 480-499. New Technology and the Writer/Editor Relationship: Shifting Electronic Realities (Kathleen L. Endres and Ann B. Schierhorn) 72:2, 448-457. Nonrecursive Models of Internet Use and Community Engagement: Questioning Whether Time Spent Online Erodes Social Capital (Dhavan Shah, Michael Schmierbach, Joshua Hawkins, Rodolfo Espino, and Janet Donavan) 79:4, 964-987. Online News: User Agreements and Implications for Readers (Victoria Smith Ekstrand) 79:3, 602-618. Perceived Effects of Sexually Explicit Internet Content: The Third-Person Effect in Singapore (Wei Wu and Soh Hoon Koo) 78:2, 260-274. Perceptions of Internet Information Credibility (Andrew J. Flanagin and Miriam J. Metzger) 77:3, 515-540. The Potential of Online Media: A Coorientational Analysis of Conflict between PR Professionals and Journalists in South Korea (Jae-Hwa Shin and Glen T. Cameron) 80:3, 583-602. The Presentation of Self in Virtual Life: Characteristics of Personal Home Pages (Zizi Papacharissi) 79:3, 643-660. Relation of Growth of Use of the Internet to Changes in Media Use from 1995 to 1999 (Guido H. Stempel III, Thomas Hargrove, and Joseph P. Bernt) 77:1, 71-79. The Rural-Urban Digital Divide (Douglas Blanks Hindman) 77:3, 549-560. The Status of Internet-Based Research in Five Leading Communication Journals, 1994-1999 (Tami K. Tomasello) 78:4, 659-674. The Visible Hand: Money, Markets, and Media Evolution (David Abrahamson) 75:1, 14-18. The Vulnerable Image: Categories of Photos as Predictor of Digital Manipulation (Shiela Reaves) 72:3, 706-715. Web Site Use and News Topic and Type (H. Denis Wu and Arati Bechtel) 79:1, 73-86. Webelievability: A Path Model Examining How Convenience and Reliance Predict Online Credibility (Thomas J. Johnson and Barbara K. Kaye) 79:3, 619-642. "Which Communications Revolution Is It Anyway?" (Mitchell Stephens) 75:1, 9-13. Who Do You Think You Are? Personal Home Pages and Self-Presentation on the World Wide Web (Joseph R. Dominick) 76:4, 646-58. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8143 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-law/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 12:23:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8150 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Law, Policy, Criticism, and Ethics Access to Governors’ Records: State Statutes and the Use of Executive Privilege (Ellen M. Bush) 71:1, 135-144. Alistair Cooke: America’s Unconventional Press Critic (Michael D. Murray) 72:1, 158-167. Australian Journalists’ Professional and Ethical Values (John Henningham) 73:1, 206-218. Bridging Latin America’s Digital Divide: Government Policies and Internet Access (Eliza Tanner Hawkins with Kirk A. Hawkins) 80:3, 646-665. The Corporate Plaintiff as Public Figure (Matthew D. Bunker) 72:3, 597-609. A Decade of Indecency Enforcement: A Study of How the Federal Communications Commission Assesses Indecency Fines (1987-1997) (Milagros Rivera-Sanchez and Michelle Ballard) 75:1, 143-153. The Fight for Access to Government Records Round Two: Enter the Computer (Sigman L. Splichal and Bill F. Chamberlin) 71:3, 550-560. From Class D to LPFM: The High-Powered Politics of Low-Power Radio (Alan G. Stavitsky, Robert K. Avery, and Helena Vanhala) 78:2, 340-354. Have It Your Way? Public Records Law and Computerized Government Information (Matthew D. Bunker) 73:1, 90-101. High School Newspapers Still Censored Thirty Years after Tinker (Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver and J. William Click) 78:2, 321-339. Holding the News Media Accountable: A Study of Media Reporters and Media Critics in the United States (Susanne Fengler) 80:4, 818-832. How Effective Are Codes of Ethics? A Look at Three Newsrooms (David E. Boeyink) 71:4, 893-904. Impartial Spectator in the Marketplace of Ideas: The Principles of Adam Smith as an Ethical Basis for Regulation of Corporate Speech (Robert L. Kerr) 79:2, 394-415. Intellectuals‘ Property: Universities, Professors, and the Problem of Copyright in the Internet Age (Matthew D. Bunker) 78:4, 675-687. Journalists and the Overtime Provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act (Robert Jensen) 73:2, 417-426. The News Media’s Right of Access to Pretrial Discovery Materials in Civil Lawsuits (Hosoon Chang) 71:1, 145-158. Newspaper as Repeater: An Experiment on Defamation and Third-Person Effect (Laurie Mason) 72:3, 610-620. Online News: User Agreements and Implications for Readers (Victoria Smith Ekstrand) 79:3, 602-618. Open Government in the Digital Age: The Legislative History of How Congress Established a Right of Public Access to Electronic Information Held by Federal Agencies (Martin E. Halstuk and Bill F. Chamberlin) 78:1, 45-64. Personal and Professional Dimensions of News Work: Exploring the Link between Journalists’ Values and Roles (Patrick Lee Plaisance and Elizabeth A. Skewes) 80:4, 833-848. Pervasive Public Figure Status and Local or Topical Fame in Light of Evolving Media Audiences (Matthew D. Bunker and Charles D. Tobin) 75:1, 112-126. The Princess and the Paparazzi: Blame, Responsibility, and the Media’s Role in the Death of Diana (Elizabeth Blanks Hindman) 80:3, 666-688. Privatized Government Functions and Freedom of Information: Public Accountability in an Age of Private Governance (Matthew D. Bunker and Charles N. Davis) 75:3, 464-477. Professional Confidence and Situational Ethics: Assessing the Social-Professional Dialectic in Journalistic Ethics Decisions (Dan Berkowitz and Yehiel Limor) 80:4, 783-801. The Promise and Peril of Anecdotes in News Coverage: An Ethical Analysis (David A. Craig) 80:4, 802-817. Pronouncements and Denunciations: An Analysis of State Press Association Ethics Codes from the 1920s (Mary M. Cronin and James B. McPherson) 72:4, 890-901. Protecting a Delicate Balance: Facts, Ideas, and Expression in Compilation Copyright Cases (Matthew D. Bunker and Bethany Bolger) 80:1, 183-197. Race and Ethical Reasoning: The Importance of Race to Journalistic Decision Making (Renita Coleman) 80:2, 295-310. Regulation of Sexually Explicit Videotex Services in France (Michel Dupagne) 71:1, 121-134. Reputational Assault: A Critical and Historical Analysis of Gender and the Law of Defamation (Diane L. Borden) 75:1, 98-111. The Salience and Pertinence of Ethics: When Journalists Do and Don’t Think for Themselves (H. Allen White) 73:1, 17-28. Sexual Harassment of Women Journalists (Kim Walsh-Childers, Jean Chance, and Kristin Herzog) 73:3, 559-581. Silenced Students: The Uncertain but Extensive Power of School Officials to Control Student Expression (Susan Dente Ross) 79:1, 172-187. The Supreme Court Defines the Marketplace of Ideas (W. Wat Hopkins) 73:1, 40-52. Targets, Effects, and Perpetrators of Sexual Harassment in Newsrooms (Cindy M. Brown and Gail M. Flatow) 74:1, 160-183. Trespassing Speakers and Commodified Speech: First Amendment Freedoms Meet Private Property Claims (Matthew D. Bunker) 77:4, 713-726. The Variable Nature of Defamation: Social Mores and Accusations of Homosexuality (Elizabeth M. Koehler) 76:2, 217-228. What Were You Thinking? A Survey of Journalists Who Were Sued for Invasion of Privacy (Paul S. Voakes) 75:2, 378-393. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8150 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-magazines/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 13:53:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8155 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Magazines Black in a Blonde World: Race and Girls’ Interpretations of the Feminine Ideal in Teen Magazines (Lisa Duke) 77:2, 367-392. Cultural Standards of Attractiveness: A Thirty-Year Look at Changes in Male Images in Magazines (Cheryl Law and Magdala Peixoto Labre) 79:3, 697-711. "A Death in the American Family": Myth, Memory, and National Values in the Media Mourning of John F. Kennedy Jr. (Carolyn Kitch) 79:2, 294-309. Disengaged and Uninformed: 2000 Presidential Election Coverage in Consumer Magazines Popular with Young Adults (Tom Reichert, James E. Mueller, and Michael Nitz) 80:3, 513-527. Flabless Is Fabulous: How Latina and Anglo Women Read and Incorporate the Excessively Thin Body Ideal into Everyday Experience (J. Robyn Goodman) 79:3, 712-727. Health and Beauty Magazine Reading and Body Shape Concerns among a Group of College Women (Steven R. Thomsen) 79:4, 988-1007. How Magazines Covered Media Companies’ Mergers: The Case of the Evolution of Time Inc. (Jaemin Jung) 79:3, 681-696. Social or Economic Concerns: How News and Women‘s Magazines Framed Breast Cancer in the 1990s (Julie L. Andsager and Angela Powers) 76:3, 531-550. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8155 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-media-org/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 14:00:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8160 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Media Organization, Management and Ownership Chain Growth and Merger Waves: A Macroeconomic Historical Perspective on Press Consolidation (Edward E. Adams) 72:2, 376-389. Chain Ownership, Organizational Size, and Editorial Role Perceptions (Roya Akhavan-Majid and Timothy Boudreau) 72:4, 863-873. Changing the Newsroom Culture: A Four-Year Case Study of Organizational Development at the St. Louis Post-Dispatch (Peter J. Gade and Earnest L. Perry) 80:2, 327-347. Content Differences between Daily Newspapers with Strong and Weak Market Orientations (Randal A. Beam) 80:2, 368-390. Departmental Influences on Interdepartmental Cooperation in Daily Newspapers (George Sylvie) 73:1, 230-241. Effect of Organizational Size on Job Satisfaction of Top Editors at U.S. Dailies (David Pearce Demers) 71:4, 914-925. Explaining Variability in Newspaper Design: An Examination of the Role of Newsroom Subgroups (Wilson Lowrey) 80:2, 348-367. Hard Times and the News Hole (William B. Blankenburg) 72:3, 634-641. The Impact of Competition and Group Ownership on Radio News (Stephen Lacy and Daniel Riffe) 71:3, 583-593. Impact of Ownership on Newspaper Quality (David C. Coulson) 71:2, 403-410. The Impact of Public Ownership, Profits, and Competition on Number of Newsroom Employees and Starting Salaries at Mid-Sized Daily Newspapers (Stephen Lacy and Alan Blanchard) 80:4, 949-968. Job Satisfaction among Newsworkers: The Influence of Professionalism, Perceptions of Organizational Structure, and Social Attributes (George Pollard) 72:3, 682-697. London’s "Quality" Newspapers: Newspaper Ownership and Reporting Patterns (Kimberley E. Fradgley and Walter E. Niebauer Jr.) 72:4, 902-912. The Louisville Courier-Journal’s News Content after Purchase by Gannett (David C. Coulson and Anne Hansen) 72:1, 205-215. Measuring the Tie between Funding and News Control at Student Newspapers (John V. Bodle) 71:4, 905-913. Targets, Effects, and Perpetrators of Sexual Harassment in Newsrooms (Cindy M. Brown and Gail M. Flatow) 74:1, 160-183. Times of Turmoil: Short-and Long-Term Effects of Organizational Change on Newsroom Employees (George L. Daniels and C. Ann Hollifield) 79:3, 661-680. TV Station Group and Cross-Media Ownership: A 1995 Update (Herbert H. Howard) 72:2, 390-401. Women Editors at the "Seven Sisters" Magazines, 1965-1985: Did They Make a Difference? (Lee Joliffe and Terri Catlett) 71:4, 800-808. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8160 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-methodology/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 14:05:27 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8163 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Methodology-Research Does Making Journalism More Public Make a Difference? A Critical Review of Evaluative Research on Public Journalism (Brian L. Massey and Tanni Haas) 79:3, 559-586. The Effectiveness of Simple and Stratified Random Sampling in Broadcast News Content Analysis (Daniel Riffe, Stephen Lacy, Jason Nagovan, and Larry Burkum) 73:1, 159-168. Interactions and Nonlinearity in Mass Communication: Connecting Theory and Methodology (William P. Eveland Jr.) 74:2, 400-416. Mass Communication Research Trends from 1980 to 1999 (Rasha Kamhawi and David Weaver) 80:1, 7-27. Measuring Contingencies: Using Scales to Measure Public Relations Practitioner Limits to Accommodation (Bryan H. Reber and Glen T. Cameron) 80:2, 431-446. Question-Order Effects in Surveys: The Case of Political Interest, News Attention, and Knowledge (Dominic L. Lasorsa) 80:3, 499-512. Reliability in Cross-National Content Analysis (Jochen Peter and Edmund Lauf) 79:4, 815-832. Sample Size in Content Analysis of Weekly News Magazines (Daniel Riffe, Stephen Lacy, and Michael W. Drager) 73:3, 635-644. Sample Size in Content Analysis of Weekly Newspapers (Stephen Lacy, Kay Robinson, and Daniel Riffe) 72:2, 336-345. Sample Size in Multi-Year Content Analyses of Monthly Consumer Magazines (Stephen Lacy, Daniel Riffe, and Quint Randle) 75:2, 408-417. Sample Size for Newspaper Content Analysis in Multi-Year Studies (Stephen Lacy, Daniel Riffe, Staci Stoddard, Hugh Martin, and Kuang-Kuo Chang) 78:4, 836-845. Sampling Error and Selecting Intercoder Reliability Samples for Nominal Content Categories (Stephen Lacy and Daniel Riffe) 73:4, 963-973. The Status of Internet-Based Research in Five Leading Communication Journals, 1994-1999 (Tami K. Tomasello) 78:4, 659-674. Validating a Scale for the Measurement of Credibility: A Covariance Structure Modeling Approach (Mark Douglas West) 71:1, 159-168. "Who Was ‘Shadow’?" The Computer Knows: Applying Grammar-Program Statistics in Content Analyses to Solve Mysteries about Authorship (Barbara G. Ellis and Steven J. Dick) 73:4, 947-962. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8163 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-news/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 14:09:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8166 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: News, Newsgathering, and Newswriting Beauty and the Beasts: Significance of Press Coverage of the 1913 National Suffrage Parade (Linda J. Lumsden) 77:3, 593-611. Campaign Contributions: Online Newspaper Coverage of Election 2000 (Jane B. Singer) 80:1, 39-56. Civic Journalism and Nonelite Sourcing: Making Routine Newswork of Community Connectedness (Brian L. Massey) 75:2, 394-407. Comparing Distinctions and Similarities across Websites of Newspapers, Radio Stations, and Television Stations (Carolyn A. Lin and Leo W. Jeffres) 78:3, 555-573. Covering Conflict: A Structural-Pluralist Analysis of How a Small-Town and a Big-City Newspaper Reported an Environmental Controversy (Joseph C. Harry) 78:3, 419-436. The Creation of the "Free" Press in Japanese-American Camps: The War Relocation Authority’s Planning and Making of the Camp Newspaper Policy (Takeya Mizuno) 78:3, 503-518. Differences in Knowledge Acquisition among Readers of the Paper and Online Versions of a National Newspaper (David Tewksbury and Scott L. Althaus) 77:3, 457-479. Digital Imaging Skills and the Hiring and Training of Photojournalists (John Russial and Wayne Wanta) 75:3, 593-605. Does It Pay To Be A Market-Oriented Daily Newspaper? (Randal A. Beam) 78:3, 466-483. Does Making Journalism More Public Make a Difference? A Critical Review of Evaluative Research on Public Journalism (Brian L. Massey and Tanni Haas) 79:3, 559-586. Editors at Most U.S. Dailies See Vital Roles for Editorial Page (Ernest C. Hynds) 71:3, 573-582. Elite Press Coverage of the 1986 U.S.-Libya Conflict: A Case Study of Tactical and Strategic Critique (James K. Hertog) 77:3, 612-627. Embargoes and Science News (Vincent Kiernan) 80:4, 903-920. Experts and the Operational Bias of Television News: The Case of the Persian Gulf War (Janet E. Steele) 72:4, 799-812. Fairness and Balance of Selected Newspaper Coverage of Controversial National, State, and Local Issues (Frederick Fico and Stan Soffin) 72:3, 621-633. Finding a New Way: Nicaraguan Newspapers in a Globalized World (Kris Kodrich) 79:1, 101-120. From Afghanistan to Chechnya: News Coverage by Izvestia and the New York Times (Olga V. Malinkina and Douglas M. McLeod) 77:1, 37-49. From Barriers to Challenges: Career Perceptions of Women TV News Anchors (Erika Engstrom and Anthony J. Ferri) 75:4, 789-802. Front Pages of Taiwan Daily Newspapers 1952-1996: How Ending Martial Law Influenced Publication Design (Ven-Hwei Lo, Anna Paddon, and Hsiaomei Wu) 77:4, 880-897. Homicide Reporting in Chicago Dailies (John W. C. Johnstone, Darnell F. Hawkins, and Arthur Michener) 71:4, 860-872. I.F. Stone: The Practice of Reporting (Jack Lule) 72:3, 499-510. International Conflict Coverage in Japanese Local Daily Newspapers (Hiromi Cho and Stephen Lacy) 77:4, 830-845. The Invisible Woman: Female Sports Journalists in the Workplace (Phyllis Miller and Randy Miller) 72:4, 883-889. Journalists’ and Public Relations Practitioners’ News Values: Perceptions and Cross-Perceptions (Lynne M. Sallot, Thomas M. Steinfatt, and Michael B. Salwen) 75:2, 366-377. Local Breaking News: Sources, Technology, and News Routines (Kathleen A. Hansen, Jean Ward, Joan L. Conners, and Mark Neuzil) 71:3, 561-572. Looking beyond Hate: How National and Regional Newspapers Framed Hate Crimes in Jasper, Texas, and Laramie Wyoming (L. Paul Husselbee and Larry Elliott) 79:4, 833-852. The Louisville Courier-Journal’s News Content after Purchase by Gannett (David C. Coulson and Anne Hansen) 72:1, 205-215. Measurement Effects in Comparing Voter Learning from Television News and Campaign Advertisements (Xinshu Zhao and Glen L. Bleske) 72:1, 72-83. The Metro Wide Web: Changes in Newspapers’ Gatekeeping Role Online (Jane B. Singer) 78:1, 65-80. The Mundane and the Arcane: Prestige Media Coverage of Social and Natural Science (William Evans) 72:1, 168-177. The New News and the 1992 Presidential Campaign: Perceived vs. Actual Political Knowledge (Barry A. Hollander) 72:4, 786-798. The New York Times’ Conformity to AAPOR Standards of Disclosure for the Reporting of Public Opinion Polls (Krisztina Marton and Lowndes F. Stephens) 78:3, 484-502. News of Hurricane Andrew: The Agenda of Sources and the Sources’ Agendas (Michael B. Salwen) 72:4, 826-840. Newspaper Coverage of Fundamentalist Christians, 1980-2000 (Peter A. Kerr and Patricia Moy) 79:1, 54-72. Newsroom Topic Teams: Journalists’ Assessments of Effects on News Routines and Newspaper Quality (Kathleen A. Hansen, Mark Neuzil, and Jean Ward) 75:4, 803-821. The "Not-So-Genial" Conspiracy: The New York Times and Six Presidential "Honeymoons," 1953-1993 (William J. Hughes) 72:4, 841-850. Numeracy in the Newsroom: A Case Study of Mathematical Competence and Confidence (Scott R. Maier) 80:4, 921-936. Occupational, Gender, and Geographic Representation of Information Sources in U.S. and Canadian Business Magazines (Steven L. McShane) 72:1, 190-204. Partisan and Structural Balance in Local Television Election Coverage (Sue Carter, Frederick Fico, and Jocelyn A. McCabe) 79:1, 41-53. Perception of Interviewees with Less-Than-Perfect English: Implications for Newspaper Citations (Paul Isom, Edward Johnson, James McCollum, and Dolf Zillmann) 72:4, 874-882. Picturing the Gulf War: Constructing an Image of War in Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report (Michael Griffin and Jongsoo Lee) 72:4, 813-825. Sample Size for Newspaper Content Analysis in Multi-Year Studies (Stephen Lacy, Daniel Riffe, Staci Stoddard, Hugh Martin, and Kuang-Kuo Chang) 78:4, 836-845. Sex, Violence, and Consonance/Differentiation: An Analysis of Local TV News Values (William R. Davie and Jung-Sook Lee) 72:1, 128-138. The Sound Bites, the Biters, and the Bitten:An Analysis of Network TV News Bias in Campaign ’92 (Dennis T. Lowry and Jon A. Shidler) 72:1, 33-44. Source Use in a "News Disaster" Account: A Content Analysis of Voter News Service Stories (Randall S. Sumpter and Melissa A. Braddock) 79:3, 539-558. Sources and Civic Journalism: Changing Patterns of Reporting? (David D. Kurpius) 79:4, 853-866. A Study of Tennessee Newspapers’ Use of Traditional Headline "Rules" (Randall W. Hines and Jerry Hilliard) 72:3, 698-705. What Were You Thinking? A Survey of Journalists Who Were Sued for Invasion of Privacy (Paul S. Voakes) 75:2, 378-393. Young Readers and the Newspaper: Factors Affecting Information Recall and Perceived Enjoyment, Readability, and Attractiveness (Wayne Wanta and Dandan Gao) 71:4, 926-936. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8166 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-political/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 15:03:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8212 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Political Communication Active and Passive Indicators of Public Opinion: Assessing the Call-in Poll (Patrick R. Cotter, David K. Perry, and James G. Stovall) 71:1, 169-175. Anonymous Attribution during Two Periods of Military Conflict: Using Logistic Regression to Study Veiled Sources in American Newspapers (Bryan E. Denham) 74:3, 565-578. Buses and Ballots: The Role of Media Images in a Local Election (Gerald M. Kosicki, Lee B. Becker, and Eric S. Fredin) 71:1, 76-89. The Bush and Gore Presidential Campaign Web Sites: Identifying with Hispanic Voters during the 2000 Iowa Caucuses and New Hampshire Primary (María E. Len-Ríos) 79:4, 887-904. Campaign Contributions: Online Newspaper Coverage of Election 2000 (Jane B. Singer) 80:1, 39-56. A Case Study of Deliberative Democracy on Television: Civic Dialogue on C-SPAN Call-in Shows (David D. Kurpius and Andrew Mendelson) 79:3, 587-601. Commercial Breaks: A Viewing Behavior Study (Sandra E. Moriarty and Shu-Ling Everett) 71:2, 346-355. Communication and Age in Childhood Political Socialization: An Interactive Model of Political Development (William P. Eveland Jr., Jack M. McLeod, and Edward M. Horowitz) 75:4, 699-718. Communication Styles and Female Candidates: A Study of the Political Advertising during the 1986 Senate Elections (Anne Johnston and Anne Barton White) 71:2, 321-329. Differences among Newspapers, Television, and Radio in Their Contribution to Knowledge of the Contract with America (Keith Stamm, Michelle Johnson, and Brennon Martin) 74:4, 687-702. Direct and Indirect Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Public Affairs Knowledge (Douglas M. McLeod and Elizabeth M. Perse) 71:2, 433-442. Disengaged and Uninformed: 2000 Presidential Election Coverage in Consumer Magazines Popular with Young Adults (Tom Reichert, James E. Mueller, and Michael Nitz) 80:3, 513-527. Does the Watchdog Bite? Newspaper Ad Watch Articles and Political Attack Ads (Patrick B. O’Sullivan and Seth Geiger) 72:4, 771-785. Doing the Traditional Media Sidestep: Comparing the Effects of the Internet and Other Nontraditional Media with Traditional Media in the 1996 Presidential Campaign (Thomas J. Johnson, Mahmoud A. M. Braima, and Jayanthi Sothirajah) 76:1, 99-123. The Effects of Credibility, Reliance, and Exposure on Media Agenda-Setting: A Path Analysis Model (Wayne Wanta and Yu-Wei Hu) 71:1, 90-98. Effects of the News Media Environment on Citizen Knowledge of State Politics and Government (Michael X. Delli Carpini, Scott Keeter, and J. David Kennamer) 71:2, 443-456. Effects of News Slant and Base Rate Information on Perceived Public Opinion (Albert C. Gunther and Cindy T. Christen) 76:2, 277-292. Erosion of Television Coverage of City Hall? Perceptions of TV Reporters on the Beat (David C. Coulson, Daniel Riffe, Stephen Lacy, and Charles R. St. Cyr) 78:1, 81-92. Experts and the Operational Bias of Television News: The Case of the Persian Gulf War (Janet E. Steele) 72:4, 799-812. Fairness and Balance in the Structural Characteristics of Newspaper Stories on the 1996 Presidential Election (Frederick Fico and William Cote) 76:1, 124-137. The Flawed Characters in the Campaign: Prestige Newspaper Assessments of the 1992 Presidential Candidates’ Integrity and Competence (Erika G. King) 72:1, 84-97. Forecast 2000: Widening Knowledge Gaps (Cecilie Gaziano) 74:2, 237-264. Framing the Candidates in Presidential Primaries: Issues and Images in Press Releases and News Coverage (M. Mark Miller, Julie L. Andsager, and Bonnie P. Riechert) 75:2, 312-324. Framing Gender on the Campaign Trail: Female Gubernatorial Candidates and the Press (James Devitt) 79:2, 445-463. Gender Politics: News Coverage of the Candidates’ Wives in Campaign 2000 (Betty Houchin Winfield and Barbara Friedman) 80:3, 548-566. Going Negative: Candidate Usage of Internet Web Sites during the 2000 Presidential Campaign (Robert H. Wicks and Boubacar Souley) 80:1, 128-144. How Feeling Free to Talk Affects Ordinary Political Conversation, Purposeful Argumentation, and Civic Participation (Robert O. Wyatt, Joohan Kim, and Elihu Katz) 77:1, 99-114. How Interest Groups Attempt to Shape Public Opinion with Competing News Frames (Julie L. Andsager) 77:3, 577-592. Illusions of Media Power: The Third-Person Effect (L. Erwin Atwood) 71:2, 269-281. The Impact of Traditional and Nontraditional Media Forms in the 1992 Presidential Election (Jack M. McLeod, Zhongshi Guo, Katie Daily, Catherine A. Steele, Huiping Huang, Edward Horowitz, and Huailin Chen) 73:2, 401-416. The Impact of Web Site Campaigning on Traditional News Media and Public Information Processing (Gyotae Ku, Lynda Lee Kaid, and Michael Pfau) 80:3, 528-547. Individual and Routine Forces in Gatekeeping (Pamela J. Shoemaker, Martin Eichholz, Eunyi Kim, and Brenda Wrigley) 78:2 , 233-246. The Influence of Political Talk Radio on Confidence in Democratic Institutions (Michael Pfau, Patricia Moy, R. Lance Holbert, Erin A. Szabo, Wei-Kuo Lin, and Weiwu Zhang) 75:4, 730-745. The Interaction of News and Advocate Frames: Manipulating Audience Perceptions of a Local Public Policy Issue (David Tewksbury, Jennifer Jones, Matthew W. Peske, Ashlea Raymond, and William Vig) 77:4, 804-829. Interest-Group Influence on the Media Agenda: A Case Study (Kyle Huckins) 76:1, 76-86. Intermedia Agenda Setting in the 1996 Presidential Election (Thomas P. Boyle) 78:1, 26-44. Interpretation of Issues and Voter Decision-Making Strategies: A New Perspective on "Issue-Oriented" Election Coverage (David Domke and Dhavan V. Shah) 72:1, 45-71. Intertwining of Campaign News and Advertising: The Content and Electoral Effects of Newspaper Ad Watches (Young Min) 79:4, 927-944. Measurement Effects in Comparing Voter Learning from Television News and Campaign Advertisements (Xinshu Zhao and Glen L. Bleske) 72:1, 72-83. Measuring New-Voter Learning Via Three Channels of Political Information (Kathleen A. Martinelli and Steven H. Chaffee) 72:1, 18-32. Media Effects on Political and Social Trust (Patricia Moy and Dietram A. Scheufele) 77:4, 744-759. Media Use, Involvement, and Knowledge of the Gulf War (Ven-Hwei Lo) 71:1, 43-54. The Metro Wide Web: Changes in Newspapers’ Gatekeeping Role Online (Jane B. Singer) 78:1, 65-80. Multiple Newspapers and Electoral Competition: A County-Level Analysis (Jan P. Vermeer) 72:1, 98-105. The New News and the 1992 Presidential Campaign: Perceived vs. Actual Political Knowledge, 72:4 (Barry A. Hollander) 786-798. News Information Processing as Mediator of the Relationship between Motivations and Political Knowledge (William P. Eveland Jr.) 79:1, 26-40. News Media, Candidates and Issues, and Public Opinion in the 1996 Presidential Campaign (David Domke, David P. Fan, Michael Fibison, Dhavan V. Shah, Steven S. Smith, and Mark D. Watts) 74:4, 718-737. News Media Exposure and Its Learning Effects during the Persian Gulf War (Zhongdang Pan, Ronald E. Ostman, Patricia Moy, and Paula Reynolds) 71:1, 7-19. News on The 700 Club: The Cycle of Religious Activism (Robert Abelman) 71:4, 887-892. Newspaper Photographs and the 1996 Presidential Election: The Question of Bias (Paul Waldman and James Devitt) 75:2, 302-311. Nonrecursive Models of Internet Use and Community Engagement: Questioning Whether Time Spent Online Erodes Social Capital (Dhavan Shah, Michael Schmierbach, Joshua Hawkins, Rodolfo Espino, and Janet Donavan) 79:4, 964-987. Of Horse Race and Policy Issues: A Study of Gender in Coverage of a Gubernatorial Election by Two Major Metropolitan Newspapers (Shirley A. Serini, Angela A. Powers, and Susan Johnson) 75:1, 194-204. Partisan and Structural Balance in Local Television Election Coverage (Sue Carter, Frederick Fico, and Jocelyn A. McCabe) 79:1, 41-53. Policing Political Ads: An Analysis of Five Leading Newspapers’ Responses to 1992 Political Advertisements (Lori Melton McKinnon, Lynda Lee Kaid, Janet Murphy, and Cynthia K. Acree) 73:1, 66-76. Predicting Pluralistic Ignorance: The Hostile Media Perception and Its Consequences (Albert C. Gunther and Stella Chih-Yun Chia) 78:4, 688-701. Predictors of State Legislators’ Attitudes toward Public Affairs Television in the State Capital (Glen Sussman) 73:1, 77-89. Press Support for the U.S. Administration during the Panama Invasion: Analyses of Strategic and Tactical Critique in the Domestic Press (Sonia Gutierrez-Villalobos, James K. Hertog, and Ramona R. Rush) 71:3, 618-627. Prestige Newspaper Coverage of Foreign Affairs in the 1990 Congressional Campaigns (Robert A. Wells and Erika G. King) 71:3, 652-664. Public Opinion on Investigative Reporting in the 1990s: Has Anything Changed since the 1980s? (Lars Willnat and David H. Weaver) 75:3, 449-463. Question-Order Effects in Surveys: The Case of Political Interest, News Attention, and Knowledge (Dominic L. Lasorsa) 80:3, 499-512. The Relationship Between Censorship and the Emotional and Critical Tone of Television News Coverage of the Persian Gulf War (John E. Newhagen) 71:1, 32-42. Revisiting the Civic Duty to Keep Informed in the New Media Environment (Paula M. Poindexter and Maxwell E. McCombs) 78:1, 113-126. Revisiting the Clinton/Lewinsky Scandal: The Convergence of Agenda Setting and Framing (Julie Yioutas and Ivana Segvic) 80:3, 567-582. The "Rhetorical Presidency" Meets the Press: The New York Times and the State of the Union Message (Todd M. Schaefer) 76:3, 516-530. Setting the News Story Agenda: Candidates and Commentators in News Coverage of a Governor’s Race (Frederick Fico and Eric Freedman) 78:3, 437-449. The Sound Bites, the Biters, and the Bitten: A Two-Campaign Test of the Anti-Incumbent Bias Hypothesis in Network TV News (Dennis T. Lowry and Jon A. Shidler) 75:4, 719-729. Source Credibility during the Gulf War: A Q-Study of Rural and Urban Saudi Arabian Citizens (Safran S. Al-Makaty, Douglas A. Boyd, and G. Norman Van Tubergen) 71:1, 55-63. Speaking Up and Silencing Out in Face of a Changing Climate of Opinion (Jacob Shamir) 74:3, 602-614. The Specialized Business Press and Industry-Related Political Communication: A Comparative Study (C. Ann Hollifield) 74:4, 757-772. The Spiral of Silence and Public Opinion on Affirmative Action (Patricia Moy, David Domke, and Keith Stamm) 78:1, 7-25. Symbolic Politics: Congressional Interest in Television Violence from 1950 to 1996 (Keisha L. Hoerrner) 76:4, 684-698. Talk or Conversation? Dimensions of Interpersonal Discussion and Their Implications for Participatory Democracy (Dietram A. Scheufele) 77:4, 727-743. Think about It This Way: Attribute Agenda-Setting Function of the Press and the Public’s Evaluation of a Local Issue (Sei-Hill Kim, Dietram A. Scheufele, and James Shanahan) 79:1, 7-25. Time of Voting Decision and Use of Political Advertising: The Slade Gorton-Brock Adams Senatorial Campaign (Lawrence Bowen) 71:3, 665-675. Turning the Spotlight Inward: How Five Leading News Organizations Covered the Media in the 1992 Presidential Election (Thomas J. Johnson and Timothy Boudreau, with Chris Glowaki) 73:3, 657-671. Understanding Media Bias: The Press and the U.S. Invasion of Panama (Sandra H. Dickson) 71:4, 809-819. Using Is Believing: The Influence of Reliance on the Credibility of Online Political Information among Politically Interested Internet Users (Thomas J. Johnson and Barbara K. Kaye) 77:4, 865-879. Using TV News for Political Information during an Off-Year Election: Effects on Political Knowledge and Cynicism (Glenn Leshner and Michael L. McKean) 74:1, 69-83. Values and the Vote: Linking Issue Interpretations to the Process of Candidate Choice (Dhavan V. Shah, David Domke, and Daniel B. Wackman) 74:2, 357-387. Voter Learning and Interest in the 2000 Presidential Election: Did the Media Matter? (David Weaver and Dan Drew) 78:4, 787-798. Voter Learning in the 1996 Presidential Election: Did the Media Matter? (Dan Drew and David Weaver) 75:2, 292-301. Voter Learning in the 1992 Presidential Election: Did the "Nontraditional" Media and Debates Matter? (David Weaver and Dan Drew) 72:1, 7-17. When the Frame Is the Game: Revisiting the Impact of "Strategic" Campaign Coverage on Citizens’ Information Retention (Nicholas A. Valentino, Thomas A. Buhr, and Matthew N. Beckmann) 78:1, 93-112. Who Cares about Local Politics? Media Influences on Local Political Involvement, Issue Awareness, and Attitude Strength (Dietram A. Scheufele, James Shanahan, and Sei-Hill Kim) 79:2, 427-444. Willingness to Discuss "Official English": A Test of Three Communities (Michael B. Salwen, Carolyn Lin, and Frances R. Matera) 71:2, 282-290. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8212 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-press/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 15:07:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8216 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Press Performance Content Differences between Daily Newspapers with Strong and Weak Market Orientations (Randal A. Beam) 80:2, 368-390. Does Making Journalism More Public Make a Difference? A Critical Review of Evaluative Research on Public Journalism (Brian L. Massey and Tanni Haas) 79:3, 559-586. Embargoes and Science News (Vincent Kiernan) 80:4, 903-920. An Experimental Examination of Readers’ Perceptions of Media Bias (Dave D’alessio) 80:2, 282-294. Experts in the Mass Media: Researchers as Sources in Danish Daily Newspapers, 1961-2001 (Erik Albæk, Peter Munk Christiansen, and Lise Togeby) 80:4, 937-948. Framing Gender on the Campaign Trail: Female Gubernatorial Candidates and the Press (James Devitt) 79:2, 445-463. Gender Politics: News Coverage of the Candidates’ Wives in Campaign 2000 (Betty Houchin Winfield and Barbara Friedman) 80:3, 548-566. Holding the News Media Accountable: A Study of Media Reporters and Media Critics in the United States (Susanne Fengler) 80:4, 818-832. The Making and Unmaking of Civic Journalists: Influences of Professional Socialization (Michael McDevitt, Bob M. Gassaway, and Frank G. Pérez) 79:1, 87-100. The Myth of "The Local" in American Journalism (John J. Pauly and Melissa Eckert) 79:2, 310-326. Objective Evidence of Media Bias: Newspaper Coverage of Congressional Party Switchers (David Niven) 80:2, 311-326. Partisan and Structural Balance in Local Television Election Coverage (Sue Carter, Frederick Fico, and Jocelyn A. McCabe) 79:1, 41-53. The Princess and the Paparazzi: Blame, Responsibility, and the Media’s Role in the Death of Diana (Elizabeth Blanks Hindman) 80:3, 666-688. The Promise and Peril of Anecdotes in News Coverage: An Ethical Analysis (David A. Craig) 80:4, 802-817. Source Use in a "News Disaster" Account: A Content Analysis of Voter News Service Stories (Randall S. Sumpter and Melissa A. Braddock) 79:3, 539-558. Sources and Civic Journalism: Changing Patterns of Reporting? (David D. Kurpius) 79:4, 853-866. This Just In ... How National TV News Handled the Breaking "Live" Coverage of September 11 (Amy Reynolds and Brooke Barnett) 80:3, 689-703. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8216 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-professional/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 15:20:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8220 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Professional Issues Are Journalists Really Irreligious? A Multidimensional Analysis (Doug Underwood and Keith Stamm) 78:4, 771-786. Changing the Newsroom Culture: A Four-Year Case Study of Organizational Development at the St. Louis Post-Dispatch (Peter J. Gade and Earnest L. Perry) 80:2, 327-347. Does the Cheerleading Ever Stop? Major League Baseball and Sports Journalism (William B. Anderson) 78:2, 355-382. Does Making Journalism More Public Make a Difference? A Critical Review of Evaluative Research on Public Journalism (Brian L. Massey and Tanni Haas) 79:3, 559-586. Explaining Variability in Newspaper Design: An Examination of the Role of Newsroom Subgroups (Wilson Lowrey) 80:2, 348-367. Finding a New Way: Nicaraguan Newspapers in a Globalized World (Kris Kodrich) 79:1, 101-120. Holding the News Media Accountable: A Study of Media Reporters and Media Critics in the United States (Susanne Fengler) 80:4, 818-832. The Impact of Public Ownership, Profits, and Competition on Number of Newsroom Employees and Starting Salaries at Mid-Sized Daily Newspapers (Stephen Lacy and Alan Blanchard) 80:4, 949-968. The Impact of Technological Skill on Job-Finding Success in the Mass Communication Labor Market (Wilson Lowrey and Lee B. Becker) 78:4, 754-770. The Making and Unmaking of Civic Journalists: Influences of Professional Socialization (Michael McDevitt, Bob M. Gassaway, and Frank G. Pérez) 79:1, 87-100. The Myth of "The Local" in American Journalism (John J. Pauly and Melissa Eckert) 79:2, 310-326. National News Cultures: A Comparison of Dutch, German, British, Australian, and U.S. Journalists (Mark Deuze) 79:1, 134-149. The Normative-Economic Justification for Public Discourse: Letters to the Editor as a "Wide Open" Forum (Karin Wahl-Jorgensen) 79:1, 121-133. Numbers in the Newsroom: A Qualitative Examination of a Quantitative Challenge (Patricia A. Curtin and Scott R. Maier) 78:4, 720-738. Numeracy in the Newsroom: A Case Study of Mathematical Competence and Confidence (Scott R. Maier) 80:4, 921-936. Personal and Professional Dimensions of News Work: Exploring the Link between Journalists’ Values and Roles (Patrick Lee Plaisance and Elizabeth A. Skewes) 80:4, 833-848. Professional Confidence and Situational Ethics: Assessing the Social-Professional Dialectic in Journalistic Ethics Decisions (Dan Berkowitz and Yehiel Limor) 80:4, 783-801. The Promise and Peril of Anecdotes in News Coverage: An Ethical Analysis (David A. Craig) 80:4, 802-817. Race and Ethical Reasoning: The Importance of Race to Journalistic Decision Making (Renita Coleman) 80:2, 295-310. Sources and Civic Journalism: Changing Patterns of Reporting? (David D. Kurpius) 79:4, 853-866. Times of Turmoil: Short-and Long-Term Effects of Organizational Change on Newsroom Employees (George L. Daniels and C. Ann Hollifield) 79:3, 661-680. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8220 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-public-relations/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 15:24:17 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8223 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Public Relations Boundary Spanning Activities in Public Relations (Jeffrey K. Springston and Greg Leichty) 71:3, 697-708. Corporate World Wide Web Pages: Serving the News Media and Other Publics (Stuart L. Esrock and Greg B. Leichty) 76:3, 456-467. Elaborating Public Relations Roles (Greg Leichty and Jeff Springston) 73:2, 467-477. The Internet and Public Relations: Investigating Practitioners’ Roles and World Wide Web Use (Lance V. Porter and Lynne M. Sallot) 80:3, 603-622. Journalists’ and Public Relations Practitioners’ News Values: Perceptions and Cross-Perceptions (Lynne M. Sallot, Thomas M. Steinfatt, and Michael B. Salwen) 75:2, 366-377. Measuring the Bottom-Line Impact of Corporate Public Relations (Yungwook Kim) 77:2, 273-291. Measuring Contingencies: Using Scales to Measure Public Relations Practitioner Limits to Accommodation (Bryan H. Reber and Glen T. Cameron) 80:2, 431-446. Modeling Format and Source Effects of an Advocacy Message (Dulcie Straughan, Glen L. Bleske, and Xinshu Zhao) 73:1, 135-146. Nation, Capitalism, Myth: Covering News of Economic Globalization (Elfriede Fürsich) 79:2, 353-373. New Technologies and Public Relations: Exploring Practitioners’ Use of Online Resources to Earn a Seat at the Management Table (Lance Vardaman Porter, Lynne M. Sallot, Glen T. Cameron, and Scott Shamp) 78:1, 172-190. The Potential of Online Media: A Coorientational Analysis of Conflict between PR Professionals and Journalists in South Korea (Jae-Hwa Shin and Glen T. Cameron) 80:3, 583-602. Producing Public Voice: Resource Mobilization and Media Access in the National Organization for Women (Bernadette Barker-Plummer) 79:1, 188-205. Public Relations Practitioner Role Enactment in Issues Management (Martha M. Lauzen) 71:2, 356-369. Public Relations Practitioners, Journalists View Lying Similarly (Michael Ryan and David L. Martinson) 71:1, 199-211. Searching for the Organization-Public Relationship: A Valid and Reliable Instrument (Yungwook Kim) 78:4, 799-815. The Specialized Business Press and Industry-Related Political Communication: A Comparative Study (C. Ann Hollifield) 74:4, 757-772. What the Public Thinks about Public Relations: An Impression Management Experiment (Lynne M. Sallot) 79:1, 150-171. When Advertising and Public Relations Converge: An Application of Schema Theory to the Persuasive Impact of Alignment Ads (Toni L. Schmidt and Jacqueline C. Hitchon) 76:3, 433-455. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8223 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-scholastic/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 15:29:05 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8226 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Scholastic Journalism Assessing News Quality: A Comparison between Community and Student Daily Newspapers (John V. Bodle) 73:3, 672-686. High School Newspapers Still Censored Thirty Years after Tinker (Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver and J. William Click) 78:2, 321-339. The Making and Unmaking of Civic Journalists: Influences of Professionnal Socialization (Michael McDevitt, Bob M. Gassaway, and Frank G. Pérez) 79:1, 87-100. Silenced Students: The Uncertain but Extensive Power of School Officials to Control Student Expression (Susan Dente Ross) 79:1, 172-187. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8226 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-social/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 16:59:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8230 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Social and Cultural Influences ABC’s "Person of the Week": American Values in Television News (Stephanie Greco Larson and Martha Bailey) 75:3, 487-499. The American Woman Series: Gender and Class in The Ladies’ Home Journal, 1897 (Carolyn Kitch) 75:2, 243-262. The Birth of a Notion: Media Coverage of Contraception, 1915-1917 (Dolores Flamiano) 75:3, 560-571. Community Newspapers, Community Structural Pluralism, and Local Conflict with Nonlocal Groups (Douglas Blanks Hindman) 73:3, 708-721. Compassion Fatigue: Communication and Burnout toward Social Problems (Katherine N. Kinnick, Dean M. Krugman, and Glen T. Cameron) 73:3, 687-707. Constructing Reality: Print Media’s Framing of the Women’s Movement, 1966 to 1986 (Laura Ashley and Beth Olson) 75:2, 263-277. Controversy and the Newspaper’s Public: The Case of Tongues Untied (Patricia Aufderheide) 71:3, 499-508. A Cook, A Cardinal, His Priests, and the Press: Deviance as a Trigger for Intermedia Agenda Setting (Michael J. Breen) 74:2, 348-356. "A Death in the Family" – A Case Study of Newspaper Influence on Health Policy Development (Kim Walsh-Childers) 71:4, 820-829. Divining the Social Order: Class, Gender, and Magazine Astrology Columns (William Evans) 73:2, 389-400. From Barriers to Challenges: Career Perceptions of Women TV News Anchors (Erika Engstrom and Anthony J. Ferri) 75:4, 789-802. The Influence of Commercial Humor on Program Enjoyment and Evaluation (Stephen D. Perry, Stefan A. Jenzowsky, Joe Bob Hester, Cynthia M. King, and Huiuk Yi) 74:2, 388-399. Of Horse Race and Policy Issues: A Study of Gender in Coverage of a Gubernatorial Election by Two Major Metropolitan Newspapers (Shirley A. Serini, Angela A. Powers, and Susan Johnson) 75:1, 194-204. Old-Growth Forests on Network News: News Sources and the Framing of an Environmental Controversy (Carol M. Liebler and Jacob Bendix) 73:1, 53-65. Print Media and Public Reaction to the Controversy over NEA Funding for Robert Mapplethorpe’s "The Perfect Moment" Exhibit (Douglas M. McLeod and Jill A. Mackenzie) 75:2, 278-291. A Response to "Old-Growth Forests on Network News: News Sources and the Framing of an Environmental Controversy" (Sarah Ann Gilbert) 74:4, 883-886. Skin Tones and Physical Features of Blacks in Magazine Advertisements (Kevin L. Keenan) 73:4, 905-912. Tabloid and Traditional Television News Magazine Crime Stories: Crime Lessons and Reaffirmation of Social Class Distinctions (Maria Elizabeth Grabe) 73:4, 926-946. Talk Radio: Predictors of Use and Effects on Attitudes about Government (Barry A. Hollander) 73:1, 102-113. Television Self-Regulation: Organizational Processes and the Network Censors (John Weispfenning) 71:3, 609-617. "Their Rising Voices": A Study of Civil Rights, Social Movements, and Advertising in the New York Times (Susan Dente Ross) 75:3, 518-534. Toward a "Philosophy of Framing": News Narratives for Public Journalism (Peter Parisi) 74:4, 673-686. Women Making News: Gender as a Variable in Source Selection and Use (Lynn M. Zoch and Judy Vanslyke Turk) 75:4, 762-775. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8230 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-television/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 17:21:41 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8233 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Television News and Entertainment Acculturation, Cultivation, and Daytime TV Talk Shows (Hyung-Jin Woo and Joseph R. Dominick) 80:1, 109-127. Can a Single Incident Create an Issue? Exemplars in German Television Magazine Shows (Gregor Daschmann and Hans-Bernd Brosius) 76:1, 35-51. A Case Study of Deliberative Democracy on Television: Civic Dialogue on C-SPAN Call-in Shows (David D. Kurpius and Andrew Mendelson) 79:3, 587-601. The Color of Crime and the Court: A Content Analysis of Minority Representation on Television (Ron Tamborini, Dana E. Mastro, Rebecca M. Chory-Assad, and Ren He Huang) 77:3, 639-653. From On-Air to Online World: Examining the Content and Structures of Broadcast TV Stations’ Web Sites (Sylvia M. Chan-Olmsted and Jung Suk Park) 77:2, 321-339. Media Credibility Reconsidered: Synergy Effects between On-Air and Online News (Erik P. Bucy) 80:2, 247-264. Myth in Charles Kuralt’s "On the Road" (Matthew C. Ehrlich) 79:2, 327-338. Partisan and Structural Balance in Local Television Election Coverage (Sue Carter, Frederick Fico, and Jocelyn A. McCabe) 79:1, 41-53. Public Journalism and Commercial Local Television News: In Search of a Model (David D. Kurpius) 77:2, 340-354. Sourcing and Reporting in News Magazine Programs: 60 Minutes versus Hard Copy (Maria Elizabeth Grabe, Shuhua Zhou, and Brooke Barnett) 76:2, 293-311. State Control of Television News in 1990s Lebanon (Marwan M. Kraidy) 76:3, 485-498. Symbolic Politics: Congressional Interest in Television Violence from 1950 to 1996 (Keisha L. Hoerrner) 76:4, 684-698. This Just In ... How National TV News Handled the Breaking "Live" Coverage of September 11 (Amy Reynolds and Brooke Barnett) 80:3, 689-703. Times of Turmoil: Short- and Long-Term Effects of Organizational Change on Newsroom Employees (George L. Daniels and C. Ann Hollifield) 79:3, 661-680. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8233 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-theory/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 17:27:52 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8237 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Theory Attitude toward Homosexuality and Attention to News about AIDS (J. David Kennamer and Julie A. Honnold) 72:2, 322-335. Browsing and the Hypermedia Interaction Cycle: A Model of Self-Efficacy and Goal Dynamics (Eric S. Fredin and Prabu David) 75:1, 35-54. Causal Communication: Movie Portrayals and Audience Attributions for Vietnam Veterans’ Problems (Robert J. Griffin and Shaikat Sen) 72:3, 511-524. Changes in Media Credibility When a Predicted Disaster Doesn’t Happen (Ann M. Major and L. Erwin Atwood) 74:4, 797-813. Communication and Age in Childhood Political Socialization: An Interactive Model of Political Development (William P. Eveland Jr., Jack M. McLeod, and Edward M. Horowitz) 75:4, 699-718. Community Ties and Dependence on Media for Public Affairs (Arthur G. Emig) 72:2, 402-411. Considering Interacting Factors in the Third-Person Effect: Argument Strength and Social Distance (H. Allen White) 74:3, 557-564. A Content Analysis of Three Mass Communication Research Traditions: Social Science, Interpretive Studies, and Critical Analysis (Edward J. Fink and Walter Gantz) 73:1, 114-134. Correlates of Accuracy and Inaccuracy in the Perception of the Climate of Opinion for Four Environmental Issues (Ann Marie Major) 77:2, 223-242. Did the "Magic" Work? Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis (Wayne Wanta and William R. Elliott) 72:2, 312-321. Direct and Indirect Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Public Affairs Knowledge (Douglas M. McLeod and Elizabeth M. Perse) 71:2, 433-442. Effects of Citation in Exemplifying Testimony on Issue Perception (Rhonda Gibson and Dolf Zillmann) 75:1, 167-176. The Effects of Credibility, Reliance, and Exposure on Media Agenda-Setting: A Path Analysis Model (Wayne Wanta and Yu-Wei Hu) 71:1, 90-98. Effects of Exemplification in News Reports on the Perception of Social Issues (Dolf Zillmann, Rhonda Gibson, S. Shyam Sundar, and Joseph W. Perkins Jr.) 73:2, 427-444. The Effects of Message Framing on Response to Environmental Communications (Joel J. Davis) 72:2, 285-299. Forecast 2000: Widening Knowledge Gaps (Cecilie Gaziano) 74:2, 237-264. How Message Evaluation and Source Attributes May Influence Credibility Assessment and Belief Change (Michael D. Slater and Donna Rouner) 73:4, 974-991. Illusions of Media Power: The Third-Person Effect (L. Erwin Atwood) 71:2, 269-281. The Impact of Need for Cognition on Thinking about Free Speech Issues (Margaret E. Thompson) 72:4, 934-947. Impacts of Information Subsidies and Community Structure on Local Press Coverage of Environmental Contamination (Robert J. Griffin and Sharon Dunwoody) 72:2, 271-284. Influence Dealers: A Path Analysis Model of Agenda Building during Richard Nixon’s War on Drugs (Thomas J. Johnson and Wayne Wanta, with Timothy Boudreau, Janet Blank-Libra, Killian Schaffer, and Sally Turner) 73:1, 181-194. Interactions and Nonlinearity in Mass Communication: Connecting Theory and Methodology (William P. Eveland Jr.) 74:2, 400-416. Interpersonal Communication in News Diffusion: A Study of "Magic" Johnson’s Announcement (Michael D. Basil and William J. Brown) 71:2, 305-320. Knowledge about Others’ Reaction to a Public Service Announcement: The Impact of Self Persuasion and Third-Person Perception (H. Allen White and John F. Dillon) 77:4, 788-803. Knowledge Gaps, Social Locators, and Media Schemata: Gaps, Reverse Gaps, and Gaps of Disaffection (Eric S. Fredin, Teresa Haugen Monnett, and Gerald M. Kosicki) 71:1, 176-190. A Longitudinal Study of Agenda Setting for the Issue of Environmental Pollution (Christine R. Ader) 72:2, 300-311. Making Local News: A Holistic Analysis of Sources, Selection Criteria, and Topics (Camilla Gant and John Dimmick) 77:3, 628-638. Measures of Attitude Strength as Predictors of Willingness to Speak to the Media (Mark Baldassare and Cheryl Katz) 73:1, 147-158. Media Effects on Political and Social Trust (Patricia Moy and Dietram A. Scheufele) 77:4, 744-759. The Messages Replication Factor: Methods Tailored to Messages as Objects of Study (Sally Jackson, Daniel J. O’Keefe, and Dale E. Brashers) 71:4, 984-996. Mood Influence on the Appeal of Bad News (Rahul Biswas, Daniel Riffe, and Dolf Zillman) 71:3, 689-696. Mood Management during the Menstrual Cycle through Selective Exposure to Television (James B. Weaver III and Elizabeth A. Laird) 72:1, 139-146. More Than Just Talk on the Move: Uses and Gratifications of the Cellular Phone (Louis Leung and Ran Wei) 77:2 308-320. More Than Just Talk: Uses, Gratifications, and the Telephone (Garrett J. O’Keefe and Barbara K. Sulanowski) 72:4, 922-933. Multimedia Effects on Processing and Perception of Online News: A Study of Picture, Audio, and Video Downloads (S. Shyam Sundar) 77:3, 480-499. News of Hurricane Andrew: The Agenda of Sources and the Sources’ Agendas (Michael B. Salwen) 72:4, 826-840. Newspaper as Repeater: An Experiment on Defamation and Third-Person Effect (Laurie Mason) 72:3, 610-620. Perceptions of Internet Information Credibility (Andrew J. Flanagin and Miriam J. Metzger) 77:3, 515-540. Prime-Time Stereotyping on the New Television Networks (Carol B. Eaton) 74:4, 859-872. Public Affairs Decision Making in the U.S. Air Force: An Application of Multiattribute Utility Theory (Prabu David and Michael M. Pierson) 75:3, 606-626. Reflections on News Event Diffusion Research (Everett M. Rogers) 77:3, 561-576. The Relationship of Information Needs to Issue Relevance and Media Use (Fiona Chew) 71:3, 676-688. Remembering the News: Effects of Medium and Message Discrepancy on News Recall over Time (Robert H. Wicks) 72:3, 666-681. The Roots of a Sociology of News: Remembering Mr. Gates and Social Control in the Newsroom (Stephen D. Reese and Jane Ballinger) 78:4, 641-658. Scheduling Practices Based on Audience Flow: What Are The Effects on New Program Success? (William J. Adams) 74:4, 839-858. Setting the Community Agenda (Marcus Brewer and Maxwell McCombs) 73:1, 7-16. Setting the Journalist Agenda: Influences from Journalists’ Individual Characteristics and from Media Factors (Wolfram Peiser) 77:2, 243-257. Source v. Content Effects on Judgments of News Believability (Erica Weintraub Austin and Qingwen Dong) 71:4, 973-983. Speaking Up and Silencing Out in Face of a Changing Climate of Opinion (Jacob Shamir) 74:3, 602-614. Talk or Conversation? Dimensions of Interpersonal Discussion and Their Implications for Participatory Democracy (Dietram A. Scheufele) 77:4, 727-743. Third-Person Effects of News Coverage: Orientations toward Media (Vincent Price, Li-Ning Huang, and David Tewksbury) 74:3, 525-540. Toward a "Philosophy of Framing—News Narratives for Public Journalism (Peter Parisi) 74:4, 673-686. Using Is Believing: The Influence of Reliance on the Credibility of Online Political Information among Politically Interested Internet Users (Thomas J. Johnson and Barbara K. Kaye) 77:4, 865-879. Utilizing Public Relations Theory to Conceptualize and Test Models of Fund Raising (Kathleen S. Kelly) 72:1, 106-127. When Advertising and Public Relations Converge: An Application of Schema Theory to the Persuasive Impact of Alignment Ads (Toni L. Schmidt and Jacqueline C. Hitchon) 76:3, 433-455. When No News Is Good News: Inferring Closure for News Issues (Miriam J. Metzger) 77:4, 760-787. Word-Picture Juxtaposition, Schemata, and Defamation in Television News (Tom Grimes and Robert Drechsel) 73:1, 169-180. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8237 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-index-viscomm/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 17:32:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8242 Volumes 71 to 80 1994 to 2003 Subject Index: Visual Communication African-American Photo Coverage in Four U.S. Newspapers, 1937-1990 (Paul Martin Lester) 71:2, 380-394. The Effectiveness of Locator Maps in Increasing Reader Understanding of the Geography of Foreign News (Jeffrey L. Griffin) 71:4, 937-946. Front Pages of Taiwan Daily Newspapers 1952-1996: How Ending Martial Law Influenced Publication Design (Ven-Hwei Lo, Anna Paddon, and Hsiaomei Wu) 77:4, 880-897. News Agencies, National Images, and Global Media Events (C. Anthony Giffard and Nancy K. Rivenburgh) 77:1, 8-21. Reading between the Photographs: The Influence of Incidental Pictorial Information on Issue Perception (Rhonda Gibson and Dolf Zillmann) 77:2, 355-366. << JMCQ 71-80 Subject Index]]> 8242 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/jmcq-bookreviews-index-71-80/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 18:12:59 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8251 The following is an index of book review articles that appeared in Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly from 1994 to 2003. (In 1995 Journalism Quarterly changed its name to Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly.) Indexed by author’s last name with the reviewer's name in parentheses.

A | B | C | D | E, F | G, H | I, J, K | L

M, N | O, P | Q, R | S, T | U, V | W | X, Y, Z

  << J&MC Quarterly Cumulative Index]]> 8251 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/book-reviews-index-a-71-80/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 19:22:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8257 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 ABRAHAMSON, DAVID, ed., The American Magazine: Research Perspectives and Prospects (Judy Polumbaum) 73:2, 481. ABRAMSON, ALBERT, Zworykin: Pioneer of Television (Tim England) 72:4, 980. AKWULE, RAYMOND, Global Telecommunications: The Technology, Administration, and Policies (Eugenia Zerbinos) 71:1, 236. ALBARRAN, ALAN B., Media Economics: Understanding Markets, Industries and Concepts (Kenneth Harwood) 74:2, 440. ALBARRAN, ALAN B., Media Economics: Understanding Markets, Industries and Concepts (Randal A. Beam) 80:3, 751. ALBARRAN, ALAN B. and SYLVIA M. CHAN-OLMSTED, eds., Global Media Economics: Commercialization, Concentration, and Integration of World Media Market (Benjamin J. Bates) 75:4, 845. ALBARRAN, ALAN B. and DAVID H. GOFF, eds., Understanding the Web: Social, Political, and Economic Dimensions of the Internet (Bill Israel) 77:4, 931. ALBARRAN, ALAN and ANGEL ARRESE, eds., Time and Media Markets (Kevin L. Keenan) 80:4, 1000. ALDRICH, LEIGH STEPHENS, Covering the Community: A Diversity Handbook for Media (Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez) 76:3, 608. ALEXANDER, JANET E. and MARSHA ANN TATE, Web Wisdom: How to Evaluate and Create Information Quality on the Web (Daniel N. Morris) 77:1, 211. ALEXANDER, S. L., Covering the Courts: A Handbook for Journalists (Donald J. Jung) 76:4, 778. ALGER, DEAN, Megamedia: How Giant Corporations Dominate Mass Media, Distort Competition, and Endanger Democracy (Frances L. Collins) 76:3, 611. ALLEN, CRAIG M., News Is People: The Rise of Local TV News and the Fall of News From New York (Edward Alwood) 78:4, 860. ALLEN, DAVID S. and ROBERT JENSEN, eds., Freeing the First Amendment: Critical Perspectives on Freedom of Expression (Laurence B. Alexander) 73:2, 485. ALLEN, PATRICK, ed., Margaret Mitchell: Reporter (Jan Whitt) 78:2, 394. ALLEN, STEVE, Vulgarians at the Gate: Trash TV and Raunch Radio — Raising the Standards of Popular Culture (Robert Pondillo) 78:4, 880. ALLEYNE, MARK D., News Revolution: Political and Economic Decisions about Global Information (Roy Alden Atwood) 74:3, 653. ALTERMAN, ERIC, What Liberal Media? The Truth About Bias and the News (Michael Ryan) 80:2, 482. ALTHEIDE, DAVID A., Qualitative Media Analysis (Alan Fried) 74:1, 220. ALTHEIDE, DAVID L., An Ecology of Communication: Cultural Formats of Control (Julia B. Corbett) 73:3, 752. ALWOOD, EDWARD, Straight News: Gays, Lesbians and the News Media (Fred Fejes) 73:3, 768. ANDERSON, ROB, ROBERT DARDENNE, and GEORGE KILLENBERG, The Conversation of Journalism: Communication, Community and News (Keith Stamm) 72:2, 463. ANDREWS, DAVID L. and STEVEN J. JACKSON, eds., Sport Stars: The Cultural Politics of Sporting Celebrity (John Slater) 79:2, 511. ANDREWS, MAGGIE and MARY M. TALBOT, eds., All the World and Her Husband: Women in Twentieth-Century Consumer Culture (Marilyn Greenwald) 79:1, 209. ANHOLT, SIMON, Another One Bites the Grass: Making Sense of International Advertising (Kevin L. Keenan) 78:2, 388. APOSTOLIDIS, PAUL, Stations of the Cross: Adorno and Christian Right Radio (Hillary Warren) 77:3, 696. APPLEGATE, EDD, The Ad Men and Women: A Biographical Dictionary of Advertising (Patricia A. Alvey) 72:1, 231. APPLEGATE, EDD, Literary Journalism: A Biographical Dictionary of Writers and Editors (Arthur J. Kaul) 74:1, 212. APPLEGATE, EDD, Journalistic Advocates and Muckrakers/Three Centuries of Crusading Writers (Robert Miraldi) 75:3, 667. APPLEGATE, EDD, Personalities and Products: A Historical Perspective on Advertising in America (Dan S. Bagley III) 75:4, 852. ARBUCKLE, ELISABETH SANDERS, ed., Harriet Martineau in the London Daily News: Selected Contributions, 1852-1866 (Agnes Hooper Gottlieb) 71:3, 742. ARNETT, PETER, Live from the Battlefield: From Vietnam to Baghdad – 35 Years in the World’s War Zones (Thomas Fensch) 71:3, 743. ARONSON, AMY BETH, Taking Liberties: Early American Women’s Magazines and Their Readers (Karen K. List) 80:1, 228. ASANTE, CLEMENT E., The Press in Ghana, Problems and Prospects (F. Mitchell Land) 73:4, 1012. ASANTE, CLEMENT E., ed., Press Freedom and Development: a Research Guide and Selected Bibliography (Albert Lee Hester) 75:1, 219. ATKINS, JOSEPH B., ed., The Mission, Journalism, Ethics, and the World (Edmund B. Lambeth) 79:2, 499. AUBIN, STEPHEN P., Distorting Defense: Network News and National Security (Catherine Cassara) 76:3, 609. AUFDERHEIDE, PATRICIA, Communications Policy and the Public Interest: The Telecommunications Act of 1996 (C. Ann Hollifield) 76:2, 389. AUMENTE, JEROME, PETER GROSS, RAY HIEBERT, OWEN V. JOHNSON, and DEAN MILLS, Eastern European Journalism: Before, During and After Communism (Robyn S. Goodman) 77:2, 428. AVERY, ROBERT K., ed., Public Service Broadcasting in a Multichannel Environment (Alan G. Stavitsky) 71:1, 222. << Back]]> 8257 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/book-reviews-index-b-71-80/ Wed, 28 Mar 2012 19:27:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8260 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 BAKER, C. EDWIN, Advertising and a Democratic Press (Jef I. Richards) 71:3, 729. BAKER, LEE W., The Credibility Factor: Putting Ethics to Work in Public Relations (Kirk Hallahan) 71:2, 465. BALDASTY, GERALD J., The Commercialization of News in the Nineteenth Century (Donald L. Shaw) 71:2, 462. BALDASTY, GERALD J., E.W. Scripps and the Business of Newspapers (Michael S. Sweeney) 77:3, 686. BALDWIN, THOMAS F., D. STEVENS MCVOY, and CHARLES STEINFIELD, Convergence: Integrating Media, Information & Communication (George Albert Gladney) 74:1, 201. BANKS, STEPHEN P., Multicultural Public Relations: A Social-Interpretive Approach (Marilyn Kern-Foxworth) 73:2, 496. BARBER, JOHN T. and ALICE A. TAIT, eds., The Information Society and the Black Community (Minabere Ibelema) 78:2, 392. BARKER, DAVID C., Rushed to Judgment: Talk Radio, Persuasion, and American Political Behavior (Edward Alwood) 80:2, 477. BARKIN, STEVE, American Television News: The Media Marketplace and the Public Interest (James Phillip Jeter) 80:4, 972. BARNHURST, KEVIN G. and JOHN NERONE, The Form of News: A History (David R. Spencer) 78:3, 608. BARNOUW, ERIK, Media Marathon: A Twentieth Century Memoir (Diane L. Borden) 73:2, 493. BARNOUW, ERIK et al., introduction by Todd Gitlin, Conglomerates and the Media (Robert G. Picard) 75:3, 661. BARRY, ANN MARIE SEWARD, Visual Intelligence: Perception, Image, and Manipulation in Visual Communication (Carolyn Kitch) 74:4, 908. BATTEN, FRANK with JEFFREY L. CRUIKSHANK, The Weather Channel: The Improbable Rise of a Media Phenomenon (Charles Pavitt) 80:4, 1003. BAUMGARTNER, FRANK R. and BRYAN D. JONES, Agendas and Instability in American Politics (Donald L. Shaw) 72:1, 233. BEADLE, MARY E. and MICHAEL D. MURRAY, eds., Indelible Images: Women of Local Television (Christopher H. Sterling) 79:1, 233. BEASLEY, MAURINE H. and SHEILA J. GIBBONS, Taking Their Place: A Documentary History of Women and Journalism (Carol Reese Dykers) 71:2, 474. BEASLEY, MAURINE H. and SHEILA J. GIBBONS, eds., Taking Their Place: A Documentary History of Women and Journalism (Elizabeth V. Burt) 80:1, 229. BECKER, JONATHAN A., Soviet and Russian Press Coverage of the United States: Press, Politics and Identity in Transition (Robyn S. Goodman) 76:4, 787. BELLOWS, JIM, The Last Editor: How I Saved the New York Times, the Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times from Dullness and Complacency (Jean Chance) 80:2, 461. BENJAMIN, LOUISE M., Freedom of the Air and the Public Interest: First Amendment Rights in Broadcasting to 1935 (Marvin R. Bensman) 78:4, 855. BENNETT, W. LANCE and DAVID L. PALETZ, eds., Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War (Matthew C. Ehrlich) 72:1, 251. BENNETT, W. LANCE and ROBERT M. ENTMAN, eds., Mediated Politics: Communication in the Future of Democracy (Lori Bergen) 79:3, 781. BENSMAN, MARVIN R., The Beginning of Broadcast Regulation in the Twentieth Century (Julia R. Fox) 79:1, 210. BERG, JEROME S., On the Short Waves, 1923-1945 (Douglas A. Boyd) 76:4, 784. BERGER, ARTHUR ASA, Essentials of Mass Communication Theory (Keith Kenney) 73:1, 251. BERGER, ARTHUR ASA, Ads, Fads, and Consumer Culture: Advertising’s Impact on American Character and Society (Joseph P. Bernt) 78:1, 193. BERRY, VENISE T. and CARMEN L. MANNING-MILLER, eds., Mediated Messages and African-American Culture: Contemporary Issues (George Sylvie) 73:4, 1013. BERTRAND, CLAUDE-JEAN, ed., An Arsenal for Democracy (Elizabeth Blanks Hindman) 80:4, 974. BEST, JOEL, Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists (Michael B. Salwen) 78:3, 605. BEST, STEVEN and DOUGLAS KELLNER, The Postmodern Adventure: Science, Technology, and Cultural Studies at the Third Millennium (Jack Lule) 78:4, 865. BIAGI, SHIRLEY and MARILYN KERN-FOXWORTH, Facing Difference: Race, Gender, and Mass Media (George Sylvie) 74:2, 435. BIANCULLI, DAVID, Teleliteracy: Taking Television Seriously (Paul T. M. Hemenway) 77:4, 930. BIOCCA, FRANK and MARK R. LEVY, eds., Communication in the Age of Virtual Reality (Sylvia E. White) 73:1, 246. BLANCHARD, MARGARET A., Revolutionary Sparks: Freedom of Expression in Modern America (Theodore L. Glasser) 71:1, 218. BLANCHARD, MARGARET A., ed., History of the Mass Media in the United States: An Encyclopedia (Jack A. Nelson) 76:1, 174. BLOCK, MERVIN, Broadcast Newswriting: The RTNDA Reference Guide - The Authoritative Manual for Professionals (John Paul Freeman) 72:2, 461. BLUM, DEBORAH and MARY KNUDSON, eds., A Field Guide for Science Writers (T. Michael Maher) 75:1, 209. BOGART, LEO, Commercial Culture: The Media System and the Public Interest (Phyllis Zagano) 73:1, 245. BOGLE, DONALD, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, & Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films (S. Craig Watkins) 75:1, 226. BOLLINGER, LEE C. and GEOFFREY R. STONE, eds., Eternally Vigilant: Free Speech in the Modern Era (W. Wat Hopkins) 80:3, 739. BONNER, ALICE, JUDY HINES, and others, Death by Cheeseburger (Louis E. Inglehart) 71:4, 1024. BORDEN, DIANE L. and KERRIC HARVEY, eds., The Electronic Grapevine: Rumor, Reputation and Reporting in the New Online Environment (Paul S. Voakes) 75:3, 664. BORJESSON, KRISTINA, ed., Into the Buzzsaw: Leading Journalists Expose the Myth of a Free Press (W. Joseph Campbell) 79:3, 774. BOSTDORFF, DENISE M., The Presidency and the Rhetoric of Foreign Crisis (Nicholas Daniloff) 72:1, 248. BOURGAULT, LOUISE M., Mass Media in Sub-Saharan Africa (Minabere Ibelema) 73:1, 255. BOWEN, SHERYL PERLMUTTER and NANCY WYATT, eds., Transforming Visions: Feminist Critiques in Communications (Susan Kaufman) 71:2, 478. BRADEN, MARIA, Women Politicians and the Media (Lianne Fridriksson) 74:1, 224. BRADLEE, BEN, A Good Life: Newspapering and Other Adventures (Frank Brady) 73:1, 253. BRADY, FRANK, The Publisher. Paul Block: A Life of Friendship, Power and Politics (Edward E. Adams) 79:3, 787. BRENNEN, BONNIE and HANNO HARDT, eds., Picturing the Past, Media, History & Photography (Paul E. Kostyu) 77:2, 434. BRENNEN, BONNIE, For the Record: An Oral History of Rochester, New York, Newsworkers (Frank E. Fee Jr.) 79:2, 484. BRIAN, DENIS, Pulitzer: A Life (W. Joseph Campbell) 79:1, 251. BRINSON, SUSAN L., Personal and Public Interests: Frieda Hennock and the Federal Communications Commission (Louise Benjamin) 79:2, 505. BROMLEY, D. B., Reputation, Image and Impression Management (Sharon M. Murphy) 71:1, 250. BRONNER, SIMON J., ed., Lafcadio Hearn’s America: Ethnographic Sketches and Editorial (Douglas Cumming) 80:1, 214. BROOK, ALEXANDER B., The Hard Way; The Odyssey of a Weekly Newspaper Editor (Sherri Ward Massey) 72:1, 240. BROWN, JANE D., JEANNE R. STEELE, and KIM WALSH-CHILDERS, eds., Sexual Teens, Sexual Media: Investigating Media’s Influence on Adolescent Sexuality (Anne P. Hubbell) 79:3, 789. BROWN, JOSHUA, Beyond the Lines: Pictorial Reporting, Everyday Life, and the Crisis of Gilded Age America (Carolyn Kitch) 80:1, 202. BRYANT, JENNINGS and DOLF ZILLMANN, eds., Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research (Steven H. Chaffee) 71:3, 744. BRYANT, WILLIAM CULLEN II, Power for Sanity, Selected Editorials of William Cullen Bryant, 1829-1861 (Howard M. Ziff) 72:2, 478. BUD, MIKE, STEVE CRAIG, and CLAY STEINMAN, Consuming Environments: Television and Consumer Culture (Sally J. McMillan) 76:3, 607. BUDDENBAUM, JUDITH M., Reporting News about Religion: An Introduction for Journalists (Barry A. Hollander) 75:3, 673. BUGEJA, MICHAEL J., Living Ethics: Developing Values in Mass Communication (Ralph Frasca) 73:1, 254. BULLERT, B.J., Public Television: Politics & the Battle Over Documentary Film (John E. Craft) 75:2, 424. BUNKER, MATTHEW D., Justice and the Media: Reconciling Fair Trials and a Free Press (Robert E. Dreschsel) 75:1, 214. BUNKER, MATTHEW D., Critiquing Free Speech (W. Wat Hopkins) 78:4, 850. BURGOYNE, ROBERT, Film Nation: Hollywood Looks at U.S. History (Dennis Russell) 75:1, 210. BURLINGAME, MICHAEL, ed., Dispatches From Lincoln’s White House: The Anonymous Civil War Journalism of Presidential Secretary William O. Stoddard (Elliot King) 80:2, 456. BURTON, MICHAEL C., John Henry Faulk: A Biography: The Making of a Liberated Mind (Robert C. Cottrell) 71:2, 466. BUSBY, ROBERT, Defending the American Presidency: Clinton and the Lewinsky Scandal (Harlen Makemson) 79:4, 1013. BUTSCH, RICHARD, The Making of American Audiences: From Stage to Television 1750-1990 (Lillie M. Fears) 77:4, 927. << Back]]> 8260 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/book-reviews-index-c-71-80/ Thu, 29 Mar 2012 13:15:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8266 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 CALLAHAN, CHRISTOPHER, A Journalist’s Guide to the Internet: The Net as a Reporting Tool (Mead Loop) 76:2, 398. CAMPBELL, CHRISTOPHER P., Race, Myth and the News (Lyndia Giles Washington) 73:1, 264. CAMPBELL, DOUGLAS S., Free Press v. Fair Trial: Supreme Court Decisions Since 1807 (Robert E. Drechsel) 72:2, 467. CAMPBELL, W. JOSEPH, Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the Legacies (Richard B. Kielbowicz) 79:2, 523. CARLEBACH, MICHAEL L., American Photojournalism Comes of Age (Douglas C. Covert) 75:2, 429. CARTER-RUCK, PETER F., RICHARD WALKER, and HARVEY N. A. STARTE, Carter-Ruck on Libel and Slander, 4th ed. (Kyu Ho Youm) 71:1, 229. CASMIR, FRED L., ed., Communication in Eastern Europe: The Role of History, Culture, and Media in Contemporary Conflicts (Anelia K. Dimitrova) 73:3, 757. CHAN, JOSEPH M. and BRYCE T. MCINTYRE, eds., In Search of Boundaries: Communication, Nation-States, and Cultural Identities (Christine Ogan) 79:3, 773. CHANCELLOR, JOHN and WALTER R. MEARS, The NEW News Business (Thomas J. Brislin) 72:3, 740. CHANG, TSAN-KUO, The Press and China Policy: The Illusion of Sino-American Relations, 1950-1984 (Robert L. Stevenson) 72:1, 249. CHARITY, ARTHUR, Doing Public Journalism (David S. Allen) 73:2, 482. CHESTERMAN, MICHAEL, Freedom of Speech in Australian Law: A Delicate Plant (Michael Perkins) 79:1, 225. CHIASSON, LLOYD, JR., ed., The Press in Times of Crisis (David L. Grey) 73:2, 498. CHIASSON, LLOYD, JR., ed., The Press on Trial: Crimes and Trials as Media Events (Kathy R. Fitzpatrick) 75:1, 219. CHRIST, WILLIAM G., ed., Assessing Communication Education: A Handbook for Media, Speech & Theater Educators (Thomas E. Engleman) 72:4, 964. CHRISTIANS, CLIFFORD G., JOHN P. FERRÉ, and P. MARK FACKLER, Good News: Social Ethics and the Press (Stephen G-M. Shenton) 71:1, 216. CLANCY, KEVIN J. and DAVID W. LLOYD, Uncover the Hidden Power of Television Programming...and Get the Most from Your Advertising Budget (Thomas A. Bowers) 76:4, 788. CLARK, CHARLES E., The Public Prints: The Newspaper in Anglo-American Culture, 1665-1740 (Wm. David Sloan) 71:4, 1012. CLARK, ROY PETER and COLE C. CAMPBELL, eds., The Values and Craft of American Journalism (Nancy Beth Jackson) 79:3, 792. CLAUSSEN, DANE S., Sex, Religion, Media (Anthony Hatcher) 80:1, 226. CLAUSSEN, DANE S., ed., Sex, Religion, Media (Eric Gormly) 79:2, 509. CLAYMAN, STEVEN and JOHN HERITAGE, The News Interview: Journalists and Public Figures on the Air (Mark Feldstein) 80:2, 470. CLOUD, STANLEY and LYNNE OLSON, The Murrow Boys: Pioneers on the Front Lines of Broadcast Journalism (Raymond L. Carroll) 74:2, 443. COHEN, AKIBA A. and GADI WOLFSFELD, eds., Framing the Intifada: People and Media (Eric A. Abbott) 71:3, 740. COLE, RICHARD R., ed., Communication in Latin America: Journalism, Mass Media, and Society (Gonzalo Soruco) 73:4, 995. COLIVER, SANDRA, The Article 19 Freedom of Expression Handbook: International and Comparative Law, Standards and Procedures (Kyu Ho Youm) 71:3, 730. COLLDEWEIH, JACK and KALMAN GOLDSTEIN, eds., Graphic Opinions: Editorial Cartoonists and Their Art (Ted Stanton) 76:2, 395. COLLINS, MATTHEW, The Law of Defamation and the Internet (Kyu Ho Youm) 80:2, 463. COMBS, JAMES E., and DAN NIMMO, The New Propaganda: The Dictatorship of Palaver in Contemporary Politics (William R. Elliott) 71:4, 1011. COMPAINE, BENJAMIN M. and DOUGLAS GOMERY, Who Owns the Media? Competition and Concentration in the Mass Media Industry, 3d ed. (Mary Alice Shaver) 78:4, 883. COMSTOCK, GEORGE and ERICA SHARRER, Television: What’s On, Who’s Watching, and What It Means (Joseph R. Dominick) 76:3, 613. CONDUIT, CELESTE MICHELLE and JOHN LOUIS LUCAITES, Crafting Equality: America’s Anglo-African Word (David Abrahamson) 71:3, 736. COOK, TIMOTHY E., Governing With the News, The News Media as a Political Institution (Benjamin J. Burns) 75:2, 421. COOPER, MARC, Roll Over Che Guevara: Travels of a Radical Reporter (Nishan Havardjian) 72:3, 750. COOPER-CHEN, ANNE, Mass Communication in Japan (Kevin Kawamoto) 74:4, 899. CORRADO, FRANK M., Getting the Word Out: How Managers Create Value with Communications (Steve Blewett and Jeffrey L. Stafford) 71:3, 741. CORRIGAN, DON H., The Public Journalism Movement in America: Evangelists in the Newsroom (John H. McManus) 77:2, 436. CORTESE, ANTHONY J., Provocateur: Images of Women and Minorities in Advertising (Annette J. Samuels) 77:3, 692. CORTNER, RICHARD C., The Kingfish and the Constitution: Huey Long, the First Amendment, and the Emergence of Modern Press Freedom in America (Gregory C. Lisby) 74:3, 650. COWARD, JOHN M., The Newspaper Indian: Native American Identity in the Press, 1820-1890 (Mary Ann Weston) 76:2, 402. CRANBERG, GILBERT, RANDALL BEZANSON, and JOHN SOLOSKI, Taking Stock: Journalism and the Publicly Traded Newspaper Company (Joseph Bernt) 78:4, 874. CRANO, WILLIAM D. and MICHAEL BURGOON, eds., Mass Media and Drug Prevention: Classic and Contemporary Theories and Research (Erica Weintraub Austin) 79:3, 777. CRAY, ED, JONATHAN KOTLER, and MILES BELLER, eds., American Datelines: Major News Stories from Colonial Times to the Present (David A. Copeland) 80:3, 737. CRESPI, IRVING, The Public Opinion Process: How the People Speak (Robert Kendall) 74:4, 903. CRITCHLOW, JAMES, Radio Hole-in-the-Head/Radio Liberty: An Insider’s Story of Cold War Broadcasting (Chris Allen) 73:4, 1014. CRONKITE, WALTER, A Reporter’s Life (Paula M. Poindexter) 74:3, 655. CROSS, MARY, ed., Advertising and Culture: Theoretical Perspectives (Ann Maxwell) 74:2, 433. CROSSEN, CYNTHIA, Tainted Truth: The Manipulation of Fact in America (Richard Wexler) 71:4, 1019. CROTEAU, DAVID and WILLIAM HOYNES, The Business of Media: Corporate Media and the Public Interest (Dennis F. Herrick) 79:2, 474. CROTEAU, DAVID and WILLIAM HOYNES, The Business of Media: Corporate Media and the Public Interest (Peter J. Gade) 79:3, 753. CROWLEY, DAVID and DAVID MITCHELL, eds., Communication Theory Today (Geoffrey Rubinstein) 72:2, 462. CRYSTAL, DAVID, Language and the Internet (Kathleen K. Olson) 79:2, 494. CULBERTSON, HUGH M., DENNIS W. JEFFERS, DONNA BESSER STONE, and MARTIN TERRELL, Social, Political, and Economic Contexts in Public Relations: Theory and Cases (Robert Kendall) 71:3, 753. CUNNINGHAM, LIZ, Talking Politics (Carmen L. Manning-Miller) 73:1, 272. CUNNINGHAM, STANLEY B., The Idea of Propaganda: A Reconstruction (Stacey Cone) 80:3, 747. CURTIN, MICHAEL, Redeeming the Wasteland: Television Documentary and Cold War Politics (James C. Foust) 73:1, 267. CURTIS, L. PERRY, JR., Jack the Ripper and the London Press (Kim E. Karloff) 79:3, 776. CURTIS, MICHAEL KENT, Free Speech, "The People’s Darling Privilege," Struggles for Freedom of Expression in American History (Dwight L. Teeter Jr.) 78:4, 856. CUTLIP, SCOTT M., The Unseen Power: Public Relations. A History (R. Brooks Garner) 71:4, 1021. CUTLIP, SCOTT M., Public Relations History: From the 17th to the 20th Century. The Antecedents (Laurie J. Wilson) 73:1, 262. CUTLIP, SCOTT M., Public Relations: The Unseen Power (R. Ferrell Ervin) 73:1, 263. << Back]]> 8266 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/book-reviews-index-d-71-80/ Thu, 29 Mar 2012 13:22:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8272 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 D’AGOSTINO, PETER and DAVID TAFLER, eds., Transmission: Toward a Post-Television Culture (Robert L. Stevenson) 72:4, 980. DADDARIO, GINA, Women’s Sport and Spectacle (Carmen Dennis Mitchell) 76:1, 181. DAHLGREN, PETER, Television and the Public Sphere (Jack Mooney) 73:3, 769. DALY, CHARLES P., PATRICK HENRY, and ELLEN RYDER, The Magazine Publishing Industry (David Edward Garlock) 74:1, 213. DAMON-MOORE, HELEN, Magazines for the Millions (Sammye Johnson) 72:1, 243. DANIEL, DOUGLASS K., Lou Grant: The Making of TV’s Top Newspaper Drama (Matthew C. Ehrlich) 73:3, 759. DARY, DAVID, Red Blood & Black Ink: Journalism in the Old West (Jack A. Nelson) 75:4, 853. DAUTRICH, KENNETH and THOMAS H. HARTLEY, How the News Media Fail American Voters: Causes, Consequences & Remedies (M. Mark Miller) 76:3, 610. DAVIES, DAVID R., ed., The Press and Race: Mississippi Journalists Confront the Movement (James Phillip Jeter) 78:4, 866. DAVIS, CHARLES N. and SIGMAN L. SPLICHAL, eds., Access Denied: Freedom of Information in the Information Age (Robert Jensen) 77:4, 919. DAVIS, RICHARD, The Web of Politics: The Internet’s Impact on the American Political System (Eric S. Fredin) 76:3, 618. DAVIS, SIMONE WEIL, Living Up to the Ads: Gender Fictions of the 1920s (Linda Steiner) 79:1, 242. DAWKINS, WAYNE, Black Journalists: The NABJ Story (Harry Amana) 71:1, 257. DAY, JAMES, The Vanishing Vision: The Inside Story of Public Television (John E. Craft) 73:2, 504. DEFLEUR, MARGARET H., Computer-Assisted Investigative Reporting: Development and Methodology (Jeff South) 75:1, 207. DELL’ORTO, GIOVANNA, Giving Meanings to the World: The First U.S. Foreign Correspondents, 1838-1859 (Jonas Bjork) 80:2, 457. DEMERS, DAVID, Global Media: Menace or Messiah? (Joseph P. Bernt) 77:2, 429. DEMERS, DAVID PEARCE, The Menace of the Corporate Newspaper: Fact or Fiction? (George Sylvie) 73:3, 760. DENNIS, EVERETTE E. and CRAIG L. LAMAY, eds., America’s Schools and the Mass Media (Mary K. Sparks) 71:2, 460. DENNIS, EVERETTE E. and ELLEN WARTELLA, eds., American Communication Research: The Remembered History (Michael B. Salwen) 74:1, 198. DENNIS, EVERETTE E. and EDWARD C. PEASE, eds., Children and the Media (Erica Weintraub Austin) 75:1, 207. DENNIS, EVERETTE E. and ROBERT W. SNYDER, eds., Media & Democracy (Douglas A. Boyd) 76:2, 401. DENTON, ROBERT E., The Media and the Persian Gulf War (Douglas Kellner) 71:2, 471. DENTON, ROBERT E., ed., The 1992 Presidential Campaign: A Communication Perspective (Zhongdang Pan) 72:1, 256. DENTON, ROBERT E., JR., ed., Political Communication Ethics: An Oxymoron? (Brad Thompson) 77:4, 928. DEPPA, JOAN, MARIA RUSSELL, DONA HAYES, and ELIZABETH FLOCKE, The Media and Disasters: Pan Am 103 (Kristie Bunton) 72:1, 247. DEUZE, MARK, Journalists in the Netherlands: An Analysis of the People, the Issues and the International Environment (Raul Reis) 79:4, 1018. DEWERTH-PALLMEYER, DWIGHT, The Audience in the News (Guido H. Stempel III) 74:4, 889. DIAMOND, EDWIN, Behind the Times: Inside the New New York Times (George Albert Gladney) 71:3, 732. DIAMOND, EDWIN and ROBERT A. SILVERMAN, White House to Your House: Media and Politics in Virtual America (William G. Covington Jr.) 74:3, 658. DICK, BERNARD F., Engulfed: The Death of Paramount Pictures and the Birth of Corporate Hollywood (Douglass K. Daniel) 78:4, 853. DIENST, RICHARD, Still Life in Real Time: Theory after Television (Carol J. Pardun) 71:4, 1018. DIGBY-JUNGER, RICHARD, The Journalist as Reformer, Henry Demarest Lloyd and Wealth Against the Commonwealth (Patricia Bradley) 74:1, 211. DIZARD, WILSON, JR., Old Media/New Media: Mass Communication in the Information Age (Dom Caristi) 71:3, 748. DIZARD, WILSON, JR., Old Media/New Media: Mass Communication in the Information Age (William G. Covington Jr.) 73:1, 260. DIZARD, WILSON, JR., Old Media/New Media: Mass Communication in the Information Age, 2d ed. (Steven J. Dick) 73:4, 1009. DOOLEY, PATRICIA L., Taking Their Place: Journalists and the Making of an Occupation (Gene Burd) 75:2, 426. DOUGLAS, GEORGE H., The Golden Age of the Newspaper (Randall S. Sumpter) 77:3, 687. DOVER, E.D., Presidential Elections in the Television Age: 1960-1992 (K. Tim Wulfemeyer) 72:4, 974. DOVER, E. D., The Presidential Election of 1996: Clinton’s Incumbency and Television (Thomas P. Boyle) 76:2, 402. DOWNIE, LEONARD, JR. and ROBERT G. KAISER, The News about the News: American Journalism in Peril (W. Joseph Campbell) 79:2, 501. DOWNING, JOHN D. H., with TAMARA VILLARREAL FORD, GENÉVE GIL, and LAURA STEIN, Radical Media: Rebellious Communication and Social Movements (Pamela J. Shoemaker) 78:3, 617. DUNHAM, CORYDON B., with a foreword by Walter Cronkite, Fighting for the First Amendment: Stanton of CBS vs. Congress and the Nixon White House (Roger V. Wetherington) 75:3, 665. DVORAK, JACK, LARRY LAIN, and TOM DICKSON, Journalism Kids Do Better (Louis E. Inglehart) 71:4, 1024. DWORKIN, RONALD, Freedom’s Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution (Paul S. Voakes) 73:4, 999. << Back]]> 8272 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/book-reviews-index-ef-71-80/ Thu, 29 Mar 2012 13:33:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8280 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 E EBO, BOSAH, ed., Cyberghetto or Cybertopia? Race, Class, and Gender on the Internet (Diana I. Rios) 76:1, 169. EDELMAN, MURRAY, The Politics of Misinformation (Anne Johnston) 78:4, 863. EDELSTEIN, ALEX, Total Propaganda (Manny Paraschos) 75:1, 227. EDGAR, TIMOTHY, MARY ANNE FITZPATRICK, and VICKI S. FREIMUTH, eds., Aids: A Communication Perspective (David K. Perry) 71:2, 459. EDGE, MARC, Pacific Press: The Unauthorized Story of Vancouver’s Newspaper Monopoly (David R. Spencer) 79:2, 503. EDGERTON, GARY R. and PETER C. ROLLINS, eds., Television Histories: Shaping Collective Memory in the Media Age (Eric Kevin Gormly) 78:4, 876. EDGERTON, GARY R., Ken Burns’s America (Christopher H. Sterling) 79:1, 241. EDWARDS, LEE, MediaPolitik: How the Mass Media Have Transformed World Politics (Douglas A. Boyd) 78:3, 613. EKSTEROWICZ, ANTHONY J. and ROBERT N. ROBERTS, eds., Public Journalism and Political Knowledge (Michael McDevitt) 77:4, 929. ELASMAR, MICHAEL G., ed., The Impact of International Television: A Paradigm Shift (Anne Cooper-Chen) 80:4, 983. ELLIOT, JANE E., Some Did It for Civilisation Some Did It for Their Country: A Revised View of the Boxer War (Donald Jordan) 80:1, 227. ELLIS, FRANK, From Glasnost to the Internet; Russia’s New Infosphere (Robert L. Stevenson) 76:2, 393. ELMER, GREG, ed., Critical Perspectives on the Internet (Sally J. McMillan) 80:4, 980. ENDRES, KATHLEEN L. and THERESE L. LUECK, eds., Women’s Periodicals in the United States Consumer Magazines (Liz Watts) 73:2, 506. ENGLEMAN, RALPH, Public Radio and Television in America: A Political History (Thomas A. Mascaro) 74:1, 219. ENTMAN, ROBERT M. and ANDREW ROJECKI, The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America (Paula M. Poindexter) 77:4, 921. ENTMAN, ROBERT M. and ANDREW ROJECKI, The Black Image In the White Mind: Media and Race in America (Jannette Dates) 79:3, 749. ERIBO, FESTUS and ENOH TANJONG, eds., Journalism and Mass Communication in Africa: Cameroon (Osabuohien P. Amienyi) 80:1, 212. ETTEMA, JAMES S. and THEODORE L. GLASSER, Custodians of Conscience: Investigative Journalism and Public Virtue (Jack Lule) 75:3, 662. EVANS, HAROLD, The American Century (David T. Z. Mindich) 76:3, 604. F FAAS, HORST and TIM PAGE, eds., Requiem, by the Photographers Who Died in Vietnam and Indochina (C. Zoe Smith) 75:2, 423. FACKLER, P. MARK and CHARLES H. LIPPY, eds., Popular Religious Magazines of the United States (Debra L. Mason) 73:2, 498. FARRAR, HAYWARD, The Baltimore Afro-American, 1892-1950 (Meta G. Carstarphen) 75:4, 840. FARRELL, AMY E., Yours in Sisterhood: Ms. Magazine and the Promise of Popular Feminism (Annette J. Samuels) 76:4, 793. FEARN-BANKS, KATHLEEN, Crisis Communications: A Casebook Approach (Terry A. Wilson) 74:1, 202. FEDLER, FRED, Lessons from the Past: Journalists’ Lives and Work 1850-1950 (Joseph P. McKerns) 77:1, 199. FELDMAN, TONY, An Introduction to Digital Media (Mike Meeske) 74:4, 894. FIDLER, ROGER, Mediamorphosis: Understanding New Media (Larry Pryor) 75:1, 216. FISCH, SHALOM M. and ROSEMARIE T. TRUGLIO, eds., "G" is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street (Erica Weintraub Austin) 78:3, 610. FISCHER, HEINZ-DIETRICH, Sports Journalism at Its Best: Pulitzer Prize-Winning Articles, Cartoons, and Photographs (Wayne Wanta) 72:3, 754. FISH, STANLEY, There’s No Such Thing As Free Speech . . . And It’s a Good Thing, Too (Kenneth E. Andersen) 71:2, 476. FISS, OWEN M., The Irony of Free Speech (Joseph A. Russomanno) 73:4, 1004. FITZGERALD, BRIAN and ANNE FITZGERALD, Cyberlaw: Cases and Materials on the Internet, Digital Intellectual Property and Electronic Commerce (Kyu Ho Youm) 80:2, 454. FITZWATER, MARLIN, Call the Briefing! Reagan and Bush, Sam and Helen: A Decade with Presidents and the Press (Ray E. Hiebert) 73:3, 755. FLICHY, PATRICE, Dynamics of Modern Communication: The Shaping and Impact of New Communication Technologies (Diana Peck) 73:4, 998. FLINK, STANLEY E., Sentinel Under Siege: The Triumphs and Troubles of America’s Free Press (Daniel J. Foley) 75:1, 223. FOERSTEL, HERBERT N., Banned in the Media: A Reference Guide to Censorship in the Press, Motion Pictures, Broadcasting, and the Internet (Randall S. Sumpter) 76:1, 165. FOOTE, JOE S., ed., Live From the Trenches: The Changing Role of the Television News Correspondent (Sherrie Mazingo) 76:2, 399. FORSBERG, GERALDINE E., Critical Thinking in an Image World: Alfred Korzybski’s Theoretical Principles Extended to Critical Television Evaluation (Stephen D. Reese) 71:3, 737. FORTUNATO, JOHN A., The Ultimate Assist: The Relationship and Broadcast Strategies of the NBA and Television Networks (Victoria Smith Ekstrand) 80:3, 763. FOSTER, ROBIN, Public Broadcasters: Accountability and Efficiency (William Wright) 71:3, 750. FOUST, JAMES C., Big Voices of the Air: The Battle Over Clear Channel Radio (Kenneth D. Loomis) 77:3, 684. FOWLES, JIB, Advertising and Popular Culture (Ann Maxwell) 73:3, 751. FOWLES, JIB, The Case for Television Violence (Charles Whitney) 77:1, 195. FOX, ROY F., Harvesting Minds: How TV Commercials Control Kids (Edd Applegate) 78:1, 200. FOX, ROY F., MediaSpeak. Three American Voices (Gail Ritchie Henson) 78:2, 396. FRANDA, MARCUS, Governing the Internet: The Emergence of an International Regime (David Ostroff) 79:1, 230. FRANDA, MARCUS, China and India Online (Sandhya Rao) 80:4, 976. FREEDMAN, JONATHAN L., Media Violence and Its Effect on Aggression: Assessing the Scientific Evidence (Joanne Cantor) 80:2, 468. FRENKEL, ERWIN, The Press and Politics in Israel: The Jerusalem Post from 1932 to the Present (Leslie B. Snyder) 72:3, 747. FRIEDMAN, SHARON, SHARON DUNWOODY, and CAROL ROGERS, eds., Communicating Uncertainty: Media Coverage of News and Controversial Science (T. Michael Maher) 76:3, 606. FRIEDRICKS, WILLIAM B., Covering Iowa: The History of the Des Moines Register and Tribune Company, 1849-1985 (Dane S. Claussen) 77:3, 685. FRITH, KATHERINE TOLAND, ed., Advertising in Asia: Communication, Culture and Consumption (Soon Jin [Jim] Kim) 74:3, 643. FRITH, KATHERINE TOLAND, ed., Undressing The Ad: Reading Culture in Advertising (David Slayden) 75:3, 677. FRITH, KATHERINE TOLAND and BARBARA MUELLER, Advertising and Society: Global Issues (Emmanuel C. Alozie) 80:4, 971. FULLER, JACK, News Values: Ideas for an Information Age (Cleve Wilhoit) 74:1, 215. << Back]]> 8280 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/book-reviews-index-gh-71-80/ Thu, 29 Mar 2012 13:42:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8284 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 G GANDY, OSCAR H., JR., The Panoptic Sort: A Political Economy of Personal Information (Phil Tichenor) 71:1, 251. GANDY, OSCAR H., JR., Communication and Race, A Structural Perspective (Lionel C. Barrow Jr.) 76:1, 165. GANLEY, GLADYS D., Unglued Empire: The Soviet Experience With Communications Technologies (Stephen Vaughn) 74:1, 222. GARCIA, MARIO T., ed., Rubén Salazar Border Correspondent: Selected Writings, 1955-1970 (Felix Gutierrez) 73:2, 501. GARRISON, BRUCE, Successful Strategies for Computer-Assisted Reporting (Daniel J. Foley) 74:3, 656. GARRY, PATRICK M., Scrambling for Protection: The New Media and The First Amendment (Laurence B. Alexander) 72:3, 751. GARY, BRETT, The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War I to the Cold War (Robert Jensen) 77:2, 432. GASTEL, BARBARA, M.D., Health Writer’s Handbook (Beth Haller) 75:2, 438. GATES, BILL with NATHAN MYHRVOLD and PETER RINEARSON, The Road Ahead (Suzanne Huffman) 73:2, 500. GAUNT, PHILIP, Beyond Agendas: New Directions in Communication Research (James B. Lemert) 71:3, 733. GAWISER, SHELDON R. and G. EVANS WITT, A Journalist’s Guide to Public Opinion Polls (Dominic L. Lasorsa) 72:2, 471. GELDERMAN, CAROL, All the Presidents’ Words: The Bully Pulpit and the Creation of the Virtual Presidency (Julie Henderson) 75:3, 657. GEYER, GEORGIE ANNE, Buying the Night Flight: The Autobiography of a Woman Foreign Correspondent (Linda J. Lumsden) 78:4, 849. GIBBS, JOSEPH, Gorbachev’s Glasnost: The Soviet Media in the First Phase of Perestroika (Robyn S. Goodman) 77:1, 197. GILBERT, ALLISON, ROBYN WALENSKY, MELINDA MURPHY, PHIL HIRSCHKORN, and MITCHELL STEVENS, eds., Covering Catastrophe: Broadcast Journalists Report September 11 (Christopher Hanson) 80:3, 731. GINSBURG, FAYE D., LILA ABU-LUGHOD, and BRIAN LARKIN, eds., Media Worlds: Anthropology on New Terrain (Laura McClusky and Michael I. Niman) 80:1, 215. GIROUX, HENRY A., The Mouse that Roared: Disney and the End of Innocence (William McKeen) 77:2, 430. GJELTEN, TOM, Sarajevo Daily: A City and Its Newspaper Under Siege (Ray E. Hiebert) 73:1, 270. GLANDER, TIMOTHY, Origins of Mass Communications Research During the American Cold War: Educational Effects and Contemporary Implications (Wayne A. Danielson) 77:2, 433. GODFREY, DONALD G., Philo T. Farnsworth: The Father of Television (Peter E. Mayeux) 79:1, 246. GODIN, SETH, Permission Marketing (James Pokrywcznski) 76:4, 785. GOLDBERG, BERNARD, Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News (Lloyd Dobyns) 79:2, 471. GOLDFARB, RONALD L., TV or not TV: Television, Justice, and the Courts (Kenneth C. Killebrew Jr.) 75:3, 676. GOLDMAN, ROBERT and STEPHEN PAPSON, Nike Culture (Kim Bartel Sheehan) 76:4, 783. GOLDSTEIN, ROBERT JUSTIN, ed., The War for the Public Mind: Political Censorship in Nineteenth-Century Europe (W. Joseph Campbell) 78:2, 405. GOOD, HOWARD, The Journalist as Autobiographer (Kathryn Smoot Egan) 71:2, 467. GOOD, HOWARD, Girl Reporter: Gender, Journalism, and the Movies (Lillie M. Fears) 75:4, 844. GOOD, HOWARD, The Drunken Journalist: The Biography of a Film Stereotype (David T. Z. Mindich) 78:2, 389. GOOD, HOWARD and MICHAEL J. DILLON, Media Ethics Goes to the Movies (Matthew C. Ehrlich) 80:2, 465. GOONASEKERA, ANURA and YOUICHI ITO, eds., Mass Media and Cultural Identity: Ethnic Reporting in Asia (Anantha S. Babbili) 77:1, 199. GORDON, A. DAVID, JOHN M. KITTROSS, and CAROL REUSS, Controversies in Media Ethics (Mike Cowling) 73:3, 758. GORDON, A. DAVID, JOHN M. KITTROSS, and CAROL REUSS, Controversies in Media Ethics (Lorna Veraldi) 74:1, 201. GOTTLIEB, AGNES HOOPER, Women Journalists and the Municipal Housekeeping Movement: 1868-1914 (Elizabeth V. Burt) 79:2, 519. GOUGH-YATES, ANNA, Understanding Women’s Magazines: Publishing, Markets and Readerships (Julie L. Andsager) 80:4, 1001. GOWER, KARLA K., Liberty and Authority in Free Expression Law: The United States and Canada (Kyu Ho Youm) 80:3, 748. GRABOSKY, P. N. and RUSSELL G. SMITH, Crime in the Digital Age: Controlling Telecommunications and Cyberspace Illegalities (William J. Leonhirth) 76:1, 168. GRAINGE, PAUL, Monochrome Memories: Nostalgia and Style in Retro America (Dolores Flamiano) 80:1, 216. GRANT, AUGUST E., ed., Communication Technology Update (Brad Thompson) 72:4, 967. GRAUER, NEIL A., Remember Laughter: A Life of James Thurber (R. Thomas Berner) 73:4, 1005. GRAY, HERMAN, Watching Race: Television and the Struggle for Blackness (Sharon Bramlett-Solomon) 75:1, 229. GREENBERG, BRADLEY S., JANE D. BROWN, and NANCY L. BUERKEL-ROTHFUSS, Media, Sex and the Adolescent (Erica Weintraub Austin) 71:4, 1005. GREENBERG, BRADLEY S. and MARCIA TAYLOR THOMPSON, eds., Communication and Terrorism (Christopher Hanson) 80:3, 731. GREENBERG, GERALD S., Tabloid Journalism: An Annotated Bibliography of English-Language Sources (Matthew C. Ehrlich) 74:1, 221. GREENWALD, MARILYN and JOSEPH BERNT, eds., The Big Chill: Investigative Reporting in the Current Media Environment (Stephen G. Bloom) 77:3, 683. GREENWALD, MARILYN S., A Woman of the Times: Journalism, Feminism, and the Career of Charlotte Curtis (Kim E. Karloff) 76:4, 790. GRIESE, NOEL L., Arthur W. Page: Publisher, Public Relations Pioneer, Patriot (Doug Newsom) 78:3, 603. GRIFFIN, SEAN, Tinker Belles and Evil Queens: The Walt Disney Company from Inside Out (Joseph C. Harry) 79:1, 258. GRIZZLE, RALPH, Remembering Charles Kuralt (Michael D. Murray) 79:2, 508. GROSS, LARRY, Contested Closets: The Politics and Ethics of Outing (Roger Simpson) 71:4, 1000. GROSS, LARRY, Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America (Rodger Streitmatter) 79:2, 518. GROSS, PETER, Entangled Evolutions: Media and Democratization in Eastern Europe (Robyn S. Goodman) 80:1, 204. GROSSBERG, LAWRENCE, ELLEN WARTELLA, and D. CHARLES WHITNEY, Media Making: Mass Media in a Popular Culture (Denis McQuail) 75:4, 847. GRUNIG, LARISSA A., ELIZABETH L. TOTH, and LINDA CHILDERS HON, Women in Public Relations: How Gender Influences Practice (Janet A. Bridges) 78:4, 884. GUNARATNE, SHELTON A., ed., Handbook of the Media in Asia (Hong Cheng) 80:1, 210. GUNTER, BARRIE and MALLORY WOBER, The Reactive Viewer: A Review of Research on Audience Reaction Measurement (James B. Weaver, III) 71:1, 253. GUNTER, BARRIE, Media Sex: What Are the Issues? (Dane S. Claussen) 79:4, 1020. GUNTER, BARRIE, News and the Net (Clyde H. Bentley) 80:3, 735. GUNTHER, RICHARD and ANTHONY MUGHAN, eds., Democracy and the Media: A Comparative Perspective (Robert L. Stevenson) 78:1, 198. GUTWIRTH, SERGE, Privacy and the Information Age (Kathleen K. Olson) 80:1, 220. H HACHTEN, WILLIAM A., The Growth of the Media in the Third World: African Failures, Asian Successes (Maria E. Carrington) 71:1, 222. HACHTEN, WILLIAM A. with HARVA HACHTEN, The World News Prism: Changing Media of International Communication (John Maxwell Hamilton) 73:4, 1022. HACHTEN, WILLIAM A., The Troubles of Journalism (Mead Loop) 75:2, 433. HACHTEN, WILLIAM A. and JAMES F. SCOTTON, The World News Prism: Global Media in an Era of Terrorism (David W. Johnson) 80:3, 766. HAGAMAN, DIANNE, How I Learned Not To Be A Photojournalist (Charles Lewis) 74:1, 209. HAIMAN, FRANKLYN S., "Speech Acts" and the First Amendment (Paul Parsons) 71:4, 1017. HAINEAULT, DORIS-LOUISE and JEAN-YVES ROY, Unconscious For Sale: Advertising, Psychoanalysis and the Public (Ivan L. Preston) 71:2, 479. HALL, ANN C., ed., Delights, Desires, and Dilemmas: Essays on Women and the Media (Beth Olson) 76:2, 391. HALPER, DONNA L., Invisible Stars: A Social History of Women in American Broadcasting (Christopher H. Sterling) 79:1, 233. HAMELINK, CEES J., The Politics of World Communication (Jack Lule) 72:3, 746. HAMILL, PETE, News is a Verb: Journalism at the End of the Twentieth Century (Jeff Merron) 75:3, 669. HAMILTON, JAMES T., Channeling Violence: The Economic Market for Violent Television Programming (Douglas Gomery) 75:4, 840. HAMILTON, JOHN MAXWELL and GEORGE A. KRIMSKY, Hold the Press: The Inside Story on Newspapers (Hampden H. Smith III) 73:4, 1001. HAMMOND, PHILIP and EDWARD S. HERMAN, eds., Degraded Capability: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis (Robert Jensen) 78:1, 197. HAMMOND, WILLIAM M., Reporting Vietnam: Media & Military at War (Roy Hamric) 76:3, 612. HANGEN, TONA J., Redeeming the Dial: Radio, Religion, & Popular Culture in America (Bruce J. Evensen) 80:2, 476. HANSEN, ANDERS, ed., The Mass Media and Environmental Issues (JoAnn Myer Valenti) 71:2, 470. HARDT, HANNO, Social Theories of the Press: Constituents of Communication Research, 1840s to 1920s (John Nerone) 79:3, 790. HARP, STEPHEN L., Marketing Michelin. Advertising and Cultural Identity in Twentieth-Century France (Thomas Gould) 80:2, 464. HARPER, CHRISTOPHER, And That’s the Way It Will Be: News and Information in a Digital World (Jane B. Singer) 75:3, 657. HARPER, CHRISTOPHER, ed., What’s Next in Mass Communication: Readings on Media and Culture (William G. Covington Jr.) 75:2, 428. HART, MICHAEL, The American Internet Advantage. Global Themes and Implications of the Modern World (David E. Sumner) 78:2, 388. HARTNETT, STEPHEN J., Democratic Dissent and the Cultural Fictions of Antebellum America (Debra Reddin Van Tuyll) 79:3, 763. HARTSOCK, JOHN C., A History of American Literary Journalism: The Emergence of a Modern Narrative Form (James W. Tankard Jr.) 78:2, 391. HASLAM, CHERYL and ALAN BRYMAN, eds., Social Scientists Meet the Media (William Evans) 72:2, 483. HAYES, JOY ELIZABETH, Radio Nation: Communication, Popular Culture, and Nationalism in Mexico. 1920-1950 (Alfonso Gumucio Dagron) 79:1, 252. HAYS, ROBERT G., A Race at Bay: New York Times Editorials on "the Indian Problem," 1860-1900 (Robert D. Sampson) 74:2, 446. HEATH, ROBERT L., Management of Corporate Communication: From Interpersonal Contacts to External Affairs (Kathy R. Fitzpatrick) 72:1, 244. HECHT, MICHAEL L., ed., Communicating Prejudice (Pearlie Strother-Adams) 75:3, 660. HEIDER, DON, White News: Why Local News Programs Don’t Cover People of Color (Félix Gutiérrez) 77:3, 698. HEINKE, REX S., Media Law (Kyu Ho Youm) 72:4, 971. HEINZ, W. C., When We Were One: Stories of World War II (Wallace B. Eberhard) 80:1, 232. HENDRIKS, PATRICK, Newspapers: A Lost Cause? Strategic Management of Newspaper Firms in the United States and The Netherlands (Dane S. Claussen) 76:4, 782. HENISCH, HEINZ and BRIDGET HENISCH, The Painted Photograph, 1839-1914: Origins, Techniques, Aspirations (Patsy G. Watkins) 74:1, 217. HERBST, SUSAN, Numbered Voices: How Opinion Polling Has Shaped American Politics (Elliot King) 71:3, 746. HESS, STEPHEN, News & Newsmaking: Essays by Stephen Hess (James Hamilton) 73:3, 763. HESS, STEPHEN, International News & Foreign Correspondents (Rosenthal Calmon Alves) 73:4, 1003. HESS, STEPHEN and MARVIN KALB, The Media and the War on Terrorism (Jeremy Harris Lipschultz) 80:4, 986. HEWITT, DON, Tell Me a Story: Fifty Years and "60 Minutes" in Television (Michael D. Murray) 78:3, 618. HILL, DANIEL DELIS, Advertising to the American Woman: 1900-1999 (Denise E. Delorme) 80:3, 735. HILLIARD, ROBERT L. and MICHAEL C. KEITH, The Hidden Screen: Low Power Television in America (Reed Smith) 77:1, 198. HILLIARD, ROBERT L. and MICHAEL C. KEITH, Dirty Discourse: Sex and Indecency in American Radio (Milagros Rivera) 80:2, 455. HILMES, MICHELE and JASON LOVIGLIO, eds., Radio Reader: Essays in the Cultural History of Radio (Frank Chorba) 80:1, 222. HINDMAN, ELIZABETH B., Rights vs. Responsibilities: The Supreme Court and the Media (Sandra F. Chance) 74:4, 904. HINDS, LYNN BOYD, Broadcasting the Local News, The Early Years of Pittsburgh’s KDKA-TV (Don Edwards) 73:2, 481. HOFFMANN-RIEM, WOLFGANG, Regulating Media – The Licensing and Supervision of Broadcasting in Six Countries (J.R. Rush Jr.) 74:2, 447. HOGAN, J. MICHAEL, The Nuclear Freeze Campaign: Rhetoric and Foreign Policy in the Telepolitical Age (Phyllis Zagano) 72:3, 742. HOHENBERG, JOHN, The Pulitzer Diaries: Inside America’s Greatest Prize (Bryce Nelson) 75:3, 672. HOLBROOK, DAVID, Creativity and Popular Culture (Kate Peirce) 72:1, 239. HOLLIHAN, THOMAS A., Uncivil Wars: Political Campaigns in a Media Age (Eric P. Bucy) 622. HONG, JUNHAO, The Internationalization of Television in China: The Evolution of Ideology, Society, and Media since the Reform (Tsan-Kuo Chang) 76:2, 397. HORNIK, ROBERT, ed., Public Health Communication: Evidence for Behavior Change (Kim Walsh-Childers) 80:2, 475. HORNING, ALICE S., The Psycholinguistics of Readable Writing: A Multidisciplinary Exploration (Dana Loewy) 71:3, 749. HORTEN, GERD, Radio Goes to War: The Cultural Politics of Propaganda During World War II (Michael S. Sweeney) 79:2, 507. HOYER, SVENNIK, EPP LAUK, and PEETER VIHALEMM, eds., Towards a Civic Society: The Baltic Media’s Long Road to Freedom (W. Richard Whitaker) 71:2, 477. HOYNES, WILLIAM, Public Television for Sale: Media, the Market and the Public Sphere (Helena Mitchell) 72:2, 480. HUME, JANICE, Obituaries in American Culture (Andie Tucher) 78:1, 203. HUMPHREY, CAROL SUE, The Press of the Young Republic, 1783-1833 (Ross F. Collins) 74:1, 218. HUNT, DARNELL M., Screening the Los Angeles "Riots": Race, Seeing and Resistance (Don Heider) 74:4, 906. HUTCHBY, IAN and JO MORAN-ELLIS, eds., Children, Technology and Culture (Keisha L. Hoerrner) 80:4, 975. HUTTON, FRANKIE, The Early Black Press in America, 1827 to 1860 (Carolyn A. Stroman) 71:1, 259. << Back]]> 8284 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/book-reviews-index-ijk-71-80/ Thu, 29 Mar 2012 13:48:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8290 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 I IGGERS, JEREMY, Good News, Bad News: Journalism Ethics and the Public Interest (Michelle Johnson) 76:1, 172. INABINETT, MARK, Grantland Rice and His Heroes: The Sportswriter as Mythmaker in the 1920s (Randy E. Miller) 72:2, 468. INGEBRETSEN, EDWARD J., At Stake: Monsters and the Rhetoric of Fear in Public Culture (Christopher Hanson) 79:2, 470. INGELHART, LOUIS EDWARD, Press and Speech Freedoms In America 1619-1995 (Don H. Corrigan) 74:3, 654. IRWIN, WILLIAM, MARK T. CONARD, and AEON J. SKOBLE, eds., The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D’oh! of Homer (Clifford Kobland) 78:4, 871. ISIKOFF, MICHAEL, Uncovering Clinton: A Reporter’s Story (Bryce Nelson) 76:3, 615. IYENGAR, SHANTO, Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues (James W. Tankard Jr.) 72:1, 242. IYENGAR, SHANTO and RICHARD REEVES, eds., Do the Media Govern? Politicians, Voters, and Reporters in America (Bryce Nelson) 75:2, 421. IYER, VENKAT, ed., Mass Media Laws and Regulations in India, 2d ed. (Kyu Ho Youm) 78:2, 395. J JACKALL, ROBERT and JANICE M. HIROTA, Image Makers: Advertising, Public Relations, and the Ethos of Advocacy (Joseph P. Bernt) 77:4, 926. JACKALL, ROBERT, ed., Propaganda (John Butler) 73:1, 262. JACKAWAY, GWENYTH L., Media at War: Radio’s Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924-1939 (Catherine Cassara) 73:4, 1006. JACKSON, GORDON S., Breaking Story: The South African Press (Arnold S. De Beer) 71:3, 735. JACKSON, KATE, George Newnes and the New Journalism in Britain, 1880-1910: Culture and Profit, The Nineteenth Century Series (James D. Startt) 79:2, 486. JAMIESON, KATHLEEN HALL, KEN AULETTA, and THOMAS E. PATTERSON, 1-800-President: The Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Television and the Campaign of 1992 (Doris A. Graber) 71:1, 240. JAMIESON, KATHLEEN HALL and PAUL WALDMAN, The Press Effect (Christopher Hanson) 80:3, 731. JARMUL, DAVID, ed., Headline News, Science Views II (Jon Ziomek) 71:1, 227. JASSIN, LLOYD J. and STEVEN C. SCHECHTER, The Copyright Permission and Libel Handbook: A Step-By-Step Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers (Frances Wilhoit) 75:2, 437. JEFFREY, ROBIN, India’s Newspaper Revolution: Capitalism, Politics and the Indian-Language Press 1977-1999 (Anantha Babbili) 78:1, 201. JENNINGS, KENNETH M., Labor Relations at The New York Daily News: Peripheral Bargaining and the 1990 Strike (Edwin Diamond) 71:2, 467. JENSEN, CARL, Censored: The News That Didn’t Make The News – And Why (Ken Metzler) 71:2, 462. JETER, JAMES PHILLIP, KULDIP R. RAMPAL, VIBERT C. CAMBRIDGE, and CORNELIUS B. PRATT, International Afro Mass Media: A Reference Guide (Tendayi S. Kumbula) 74:2, 439. JOHNSON, PHYLIS A. and MICHAEL C. KEITH, Queer Airwaves: The Story of Gay and Lesbian Broadcasting (Rodger Streitmatter) 78:4, 869. JOHNSON, THOMAS J., CAROL E. HAYS, and SCOTT P. HAYS, eds., Engaging the Public: How Government and the Media Can Reinvigorate American Democracy (James L. Aucoin) 76:2, 393. JOHNSON-CARTEE, KAREN S. and GARY A. COPELAND, Manipulation of the American Voter: Political Campaign Commercials (Lawrence Bowen) 75:1, 215. JOHNSTON, CARLA B., Global News Access: The Impact of New Communications Technologies (Debashis "Deb" Aikat) 76:2, 395. JOHNSTON, LYLE, "Good Night, Chet": A Biography of Chet Huntley (William E. Huntzicker) 80:3, 743. JONES, STEVEN G., ed., Cybersociety: Computer-Mediated Communication and Community (G. Blake Armstrong) 73:1, 248. JONES, STEVEN G., ed., Virtual Culture: Identity & Community in Cybersociety (Susan B. Barnes) 74:4, 907. JORDAN, WILLIAM G., Black Newspapers and America’s War for Democracy, 1914-1920 (Bernell E. Tripp) 79:2, 473. JOSHI, S.T., ed., H.L. Mencken on Religion (Nancy Roberts) 80:2, 460. JUNG, DONALD J., The Federal Communications Commission, the Broadcast Industry and the Fairness Doctrine, 1981-1987 (S.L. Alexander) 74:1, 206. JUREY, PHILOMENA, A Basement Seat to History: Tales of Covering Presidents Nixon, Ford, Carter and Reagan for the Voice of America (Maureen J. Nemecek) 73:4, 995. JUST, MARION, ANN CRIGLER, DEAN ALGER, TIMOTHY COOK, MONTAGUE KERN, and DARRELL WEST, Crosstalk: Citizens, Candidates, and the Media in a Presidential Campaign (Catherine A. Steele) 74:1, 203. K KAID, LYNDA LEE and CHRISTINA HOLTZ-BACHA, eds., Political Advertising In Western Democracies: Parties and Candidates on Television (Montague Kern) 72:4, 972. KALB, MARVIN, The Nixon Memo: Political Respectability, Russia, and the Press (Laurence B. Lain) 73:1, 259. KAMALIPOUR, YAHYA R. and HAMID MOWLANA, Mass Media in the Middle East: A Comprehensive Handbook (Abdul Karim Sinno) 72:1, 246. KAMALIPOUR, YAHYA R. and THERESA CARILLI, eds., Cultural Diversity and the U.S. Media (Salma I. Ghanem) 76:1, 168. KAMALIPOUR, YAHYA R., ed., Images of the U.S. Around the World: A Multicultural Perspective (Anita Fleming-Rife) 76:1, 175. KAMALIPOUR, YAHYA R., ed., Global Communication (Hong Cheng) 79:1, 228. KAMALIPOUR, YAHYA R. and KULDIP R. RAMPAL, eds., Media, Sex, Violence, and Drugs in the Global Village (Kim Walsh-Childers) 79:3, 780. KANISS, PHYLLIS C., The Media and the Mayor’s Race: The Failure of Urban Political Reporting (Wendy Swallow Williams) 72:3, 739. KAPLAN, RICHARD L., Politics and the American Press: The Rise of Objectivity, 1865-1920 (William E. Huntzicker) 79:3, 785. KAPLAR, RICHARD T. and PATRICK D. MAINES, The Government Factor: Undermining Journalistic Ethics in the Information Age (Henry Overduin) 73:4, 1000. KEEVER, BEVERLY ANN DEEPE, CAROLYN MARTINDALE, and MARY ANN WESTON, eds., U.S. News Coverage of Racial Minorities: A Sourcebook, 1934-1996 (Jane Rhodes) 75:2, 436. KEITH, MICHAEL C., Signals in the Air - Native Broadcasting in America (William R. Davie) 72:3, 752. KEITH, MICHAEL C., Talking Radio: An Oral History of American Radio in the Television Age (Kenneth D. Loomis) 77:2, 439. KEITH, MICHAEL C., Sounds in the Dark: All Night Radio in American Life (Judith Cramer, 79:1, 256. KELLNER, DOUGLAS, Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity and Politics Between the Modern and the Postmodern (Gigi Durham) 73:1, 258. KELLNER, DOUGLAS, Grand Theft 2000: Media Spectacle and a Stolen Election (Bill Israel) 79:2, 489. KENDALL, KATHLEEN E., ed., Presidential Campaign Discourse: Strategic Communication Problems (Edward C. Pease) 73:1, 260. KENNERLY, DAVID H., PhotoOp (Kenneth R. Kobre) 73:4, 1010. KERBEL, MATTHEW ROBERT, Edited for Television - CNN, ABC, and the 1992 Presidential Campaign (Bill Knowles) 72:2, 465. KERN-FOXWORTH, MARILYN, Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben, and Rastus: Blacks in Advertising, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (Barbara Diggs-Brown) 72:1, 233. KIERAN, MATTHEW, Media Ethics: A Philosophical Approach (Eddith A. Dashiell) 75:1, 216. KINNEY, HARRISON, James Thurber: His Life and Times (R. Thomas Berner) 73:4, 1005. KISSELOFF, JEFF, The Box: An Oral History of Television, 1920-1961 (Lynette M. Lashley) 73:3, 754. KITCH, CAROLYN, The Girl on the Magazine Cover: The Origins of Visual Stereotypes in American Mass Media (Dolores Flamiano) 79:1, 226. KNIGHT, ALAN and YOSHIKO NAKANO, eds., Reporting Hong Kong: Foreign Media and the Handover (Robyn S. Goodman) 77:1, 204. KNOWLTON, STEVEN R., and PATRICK R. PARSONs, eds., The Journalist’s Moral Compass: Basic Principles (Jeanni Atkins) 71:4, 1003. KNOWLTON, STEVEN R., Moral Reasoning for Journalists: Cases and Commentary (Jack Dvorak) 74:4, 900. KNUDSON, JERRY W., In the News: American Journalists View Their Craft (Dane S. Claussen) 77:3, 690. KOCH, TOM, The Message Is the Medium: Online All the Time for Everyone (Stanley T. Wearden) 74:2, 442. KOCHERSBERGER, ROBERT C., JR., ed., More Than a Muckraker: Ida Minerva Tarbell’s Lifetime in Journalism (Beverly G. Merrick) 73:4, 1007. KODRICH, KRIS P., Tradition and Change in the Nicaraguan Press: Newspapers and Journalists in a New Democratic Era (Juanita Darling) 80:2, 480. KOPPEL, TED and KYLE GIBSON, Nightline: History in the Making and the Making of Television (Erika Engstrom) 74:1, 216. KOPPETT, LEONARD, Sports Illusion, Sports Reality: A Reporter’s View of Sports, Journalism, and Society (Randy E. Miller) 72:3, 753. KOVACH, BILL and TOM ROSENSTIEL, The Elements of Journalism (W. Wat Hopkins) 78:3, 606. KOVACH, BILL and TOM ROSENSTIEL, The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect (George Sylvie) 78:4, 851. KRAJICEK, DAVID J., Scooped!: Media Miss Real Story on Crime While Chasing Sex, Sleaze, and Celebrities (Cynthia Z. Rawitch) 75:2, 434. KRAUS, SIDNEY, Televised Presidential Debates and Public Policy (Robert O. Wyatt) 2d ed., 77:1, 207. KROEGER, BROOKE, Nellie Bly: Daredevil, Reporter, Feminist (Ed Hatton) 71:3, 745. KURSPAHIC, KEMAL, As Long As Sarajevo Exists (Ray Eldon Hiebert) 75:2, 422. KURTZ, HOWARD, Hot Air: All Talk All the Time: An Inside Look at the Performers and the Pundits (Thimios Zaharopoulos) 73:4, 1002. KURTZ, HOWARD, Spin Cycle: Inside the Clinton Propaganda Machine (Wm. J. Gonzenbach) 75:4, 854. KUYPERS, JIM A., Press Bias and Politics: How the Media Frame Controversial Issues (Anne Johnston) 80:3, 758. << Back]]> 8290 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/book-reviews-index-l-71-80/ Thu, 29 Mar 2012 13:51:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8293 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 LACY, STEPHEN and TODD F. SIMON, The Economics and Regulation of United States Newspapers (Jack Nolan) 71:1, 238. LAMAY, CRAIG L. and EVERETTE E. DENNIS, eds., The Culture Of Crime (Barbara J. Hipsman) 73:4, 996. LAMBETH, EDMUND B., PHILIP E. MEYER, and ESTHER THORSON, eds., Assessing Public Journalism (Camille R. Kraeplin) 75:4, 839. LAND, JEFF, Active Radio: Pacifica’s Brash Experiment (América Rodriquez) 76:3, 603. LANG, MARJORY, Women Who Made the News: Female Journalists in Canada, 1880-1945 (Judith Knelman) 77:2, 444. LANHAM, RICHARD A., The Electronic Word: Democracy, Technology, and the Arts (Richard F. Carter) 71:3, 737. LASAR, MATTHEW, Pacifica Radio: The Rise of an Alternative Network (América Rodriquez) 76:3, 603. LAUGHLIN, CHARLES A., Chinese Reportage: The Aesthetics of Historical Experience (Diana Beeson) 80:2, 452. LAURENCE, JOHN, The Cat From Hue: A Vietnam War Story (Roy Hamric) 80:1, 203. LAUTERER, JOCK, Community Journalism: The Personal Approach (Gale A. Workman) 73:1, 247. LAVRAKAS, PAUL J., MICHAEL W. TRAUGOTT, and PETER V. MILLER, eds., Presidential Polls and the News Media (Thomas J. Johnson) 72:4, 975. LAWSON, CHAPPELL H., Building the Fourth Estate: Democratization and the Rise of a Free Press in Mexico (Richard Cole) 79:4, 1012. LEE, R. ALTON, The Bizarre Careers of John R. Brinkley (Donald G. Godfrey) 79:3, 748. LEEDS-HURWITZ, WENDY, ed., Social Approaches to Communication (Beverly James) 73:3, 767. LERBINGER, OTTO, The Crisis Manager: Facing Risk and Responsibility (Frank Marra) 74:3, 646. LESSIG, LAWRENCE, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace (Mark Cenite) 77:2, 425. LESTER, PAUL MARTIN, ed., Images that Injure: Pictorial Stereotypes in the Media (Debra L. Mason) 74:2, 438. LEVINSON, JAY, RICK FRISHMAN, and JILL LUBLIN, Guerrilla Publicity (Pamela G. Bourland-Davis) 80:4, 981. LEVINSON, PAUL, Digital McLuhan: A Guide to the Information Millennium (K. Viswanath) 77:1, 195. LEVINSON, PAUL, Digital McLuhan: A Guide to the Information Millennium (Wayne A. Danielson) 79:1, 224. LEWIS, BERNARD, What Went Wrong? Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response (Michael B. Salwen) 79:3, 796. LEWIS, JUSTIN, Constructing Public Opinion: How Political Elites Do What They Like and Why We Seem to Go Along With It (Patricia Dooley) 79:1, 221. LIANG, ZHANG, ANDREW J. NATHAN, and PERRY LINK, eds., The Tiananmen Papers: The Chinese Leadership’s Decision to Use Force Against Their Own People — In Their Own Words (Robyn S. Goodman) 78:2, 403. LICHTER, S. ROBERT and RICHARD E. NOYES, Good Intentions Make Bad News: Why Americans Hate Campaign Journalism (Dwight Dewerth-Pallmeyer) 73:2, 487. LIEBOVICH, LOUIS W., Bylines in Despair. Herbert Hoover, the Great Depression, and the U.S. News Media (Ross Collins) 72:1, 234. LIMBURG, VAL E., Electronic Media Ethics (K. Tim Wulfemeyer) 71:4, 1001. LINDEKUGEL, D.M., Shooters: TV News Photographers and Their Work (Orayb Najjar) 72:2, 482. LINDER, LAURA R., Public Access Television: America’s Electronic Soapbox (Reed W. Smith) 76:4, 786. LINDLEY, WILLIAM R., Twentieth Century American Newspapers in Content and Production (Samuel V. Kennedy III) 71:4, 1020. LINTON, SIMI, Claiming Disablity: Knowledge and Identity (Cathy Marston) 75:4, 841. LIPSET, SEYMOUR MARTIN, ed., The Encyclopedia of Democracy (Michael B. Salwen) 73:2, 483. LIPSCHULTZ, JEREMY H., Broadcast Indecency: F.C.C. Regulation and the First Amendment (Benjamin J. Bates) 74:3, 643. LIPSCHULTZ, JEREMY and MICHAEL HILT, Crime and Local Television News (Timothy E. Bajkiewicz) 80:4, 979. LIVINGSTON, STEVEN, The Terrorism Spectacle (David L. Womack) 71:3, 755. LUDES, PETER, ed., Visualizing the Public Spheres (William J. Eaton) 73:1, 273. LULE, JACK, Daily News, Eternal Stories: The Mythological Role of Journalism (Thomas B. Connery) 79:1, 222. LULL, JAMES, Media, Communication, Culture. A Global Approach (Carol M. Liebler) 73:1, 257. LULL, JAMES and STEPHEN HINERMAN, eds., Media Scandals: Morality and Desire in the Popular Culture Marketplace (Allen W. Palmer) 75:2, 431. LYON, WILLIAM H., Those Old Yellow Dog Days: Frontier Journalism in Arizona (Ford N. Burkhart) 72:1, 252. << Back]]> 8293 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/book-reviews-index-mn-71-80/ Thu, 29 Mar 2012 13:58:00 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8298 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 M MACDONALD, J. FRED, Blacks and White TV: African Americans in Television Since 1948, 2d ed., (Stuart H. Surlin) 71:1, 259. MALLIN, JAY, SR., Covering Castro: Rise and Decline of Cuba’s Communist Dictator (Michael B. Salwen) 72:1, 236. MALONE, MICHAEL S., The Microprocessor: A Biography (Paula M. Poindexter) 73:2, 494. MANHEIM, JAROL B., The Death of a Thousand Cuts: Corporate Campaigns and the Attack on the Corporation (Rebekah V. Bromley) 79:2, 478. MANN, PATRICIA S., Micro-Politics: Agency in a Postfeminist Era (Lianne Fridriksson) 71:4, 1006. MANNING, PAUL, News and News Sources: A Critical Introduction (Kim Landon) 79:2, 502. MANOVICH, LEV, The Language of New Media (Kathleen K. Olson) 79:2, 494. MAREK, JAYNE E., Women Editing Modernism: "Little" Magazines & Literary History (Carolyn Kitch) 73:3, 773. MARLANE, JUDITH, Women in Television News Revisited (Angela Powers) 76:4, 792. MARTIN, ROBERT W. T., The Free and Open Press: The Founding of American Democratic Press Liberty, 1640-1800 (David A. Copeland) 79:3, 766. MARTIN, SHANNON A. and KATHLEEN A. HANSEN, Newspapers of Record in a Digital Age: From Hot Type to Hot Link (Hugh S. Fullerton) 75:4, 850. MARTIN, SHANNON E., Bits, Bytes, and Big Brother: Federal Information Control in the Technological Age (William J. Leonhirth) 73:1, 245. MATSUDA, MARI J., CHARLES R. LAWRENCE III, RICHARD DELGADO, and KIMBERLE WILLIAMS CRENSHAW, Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment (Jeremy Cohen) 71:2, 483. MATTELART, ARMAND, Mapping World Communication: War, Progress, Culture (David B. Sachsman) 72:2, 474. MAXWELL, BILL, Maximum Insight (Jean Chance) 79:1, 244. MAXWELL, BRUCE, Washington Online: How to Access the Government’s Electronic Bulletin Boards (Steven J. Dick) 72:2, 485. MAYNARD, ROBERT C. with DORI J. MAYNARD, Letters to My Children (George Estrada) 73:2, 489. MCALLISTER, MATTHEW P., EDWARD H. SEWELL, JR., and IAN GORDON, eds., Comics & Ideology (Lucy Shelton Caswell) 79:1, 218. MCCARTHY, ANNA, Ambient Television: Visual Culture and Public Space (W. Richard Whitaker) 79:2, 468. MCCAULEY, MICHAEL P., ERIC E. PETERSON, B. LEE ARTZ, and DEEDEE HALLECK, eds., Public Broadcasting and the Public Interest (Louise Benjamin) 80:4, 995. MCCHESNEY, ROBERT W., Telecommunications, Mass Media, & Democracy (Beth Haller) 73:1, 272. MCCHESNEY, ROBERT W., Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in Dubious Times (Joseph P. Bernt) 77:1, 205. MCCOMBS, MAXWELL, DONALD L. SHAW, and DAVID WEAVER, eds., Communication and Democracy: Exploring the Intellectual Frontiers in Agenda-Setting Theory (Everett M. Rogers) 74:4, 892. MCCOMBS, MAXWELL and AMY REYNOLDS, eds., The Poll With a Human Face: The National Issues Convention Experiment in Political Communication (Robert O. Wyatt) 77:2, 435. MCCORD, RICHARD, The Chain Gang, One Newspaper versus the Gannett Empire (Benjamin Burns) 79:3, 754. MCDANIEL, DREW, Electronic Tigers of Southeast Asia: The Politics of Media, Technology, and National Development (Robyn S. Goodman) 79:2, 481. MCDONOUGH, JOHN and KAREN EGOLF, eds., The Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising (Tom Bowers) 80:2, 449. MCDOUGAL, DENNIS, Privileged Son: Otis Chandler and the Rise and Fall of the L.A. Times Dynasty (Bryce Nelson) 79:1, 250. MCELREATH, MARK P., Managing Systematic and Ethical Public Relations (R. Brooks Garner) 71:2, 468. MCGOWAN, WILLIAM, Coloring the News, How Crusading for Diversity Has Corrupted American Journalism (Benjamin J. Burns) 79:1, 216. MCGUIRE, MARY, LINDA STILBORNE, MELINDA MCADAMS, and LAUREL HYATT, The Internet Handbook for Writers, Researchers, and Journalists (Robert Huesca) 75:4, 846. MCINTYRE, BRYCE T., ed., Mass Media in the Asian Pacific (Tsan-Kuo Chang) 75:3, 668. MCKERCHER, CATHERINE, Newsworkers United: Labor, Convergence, and North American Newspapers (Bonnie Brennen) 80:1, 218. MCLAUGHLIN, GREG, The War Correspondent (Patrick S. Washburn) 80:1, 231. MCLUHAN-ORTVED, STEPHANIE (producer) and TOM WOLFE (writer/narrator), The Video McLuhan (Vols. 1-6) (James Carey) 74:2, 449. MCMANUS, JOHN H., Market-Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware? (George Sylvie) 71:4, 1004. MCPHAIL, THOMAS L., Global Communication: Theories, Stakeholders, and Trends (Kevin L. Keenan) 79:2, 488. MCQUAIL, DENIS, Audience Analysis (Gerald M. Kosicki) 75:3, 659. MEADOWS, MICHAEL, Voices in the Wilderness: Images of Aboriginal People in the Australian Media (Félix Gutiérrez) 78:4, 879. MELKOTE, SRINIVAS R. and SANDHYA RAO, eds., Critical Issues in Communication: Looking Inward for Answers. Essays in Honor of K.E. Eapen (Nilanjana Bardhan) 79:3, 760. MELLO, MICHAEL, The Wrong Man – A True Story of Innocence on Death Row (Linn Washington Jr.) 79:2, 521. MERMIN, JONATHAN, Debating War and Peace: Media Coverage of U.S. Intervention in the Post-Vietnam (W. Richard Whitaker) 76:4, 779. MERRILL, JOHN C., Journalism Ethics: Philosophical Foundations for News Media (Hendrik Overduin) 75:2, 432. MERRILL, JOHN C., PETER J. GADE, and FREDERICK R. BLEVENS, Twilight of Press Freedom: The Rise of People’s Journalism (Robert E. Drechsel) 78:3, 620. MERRITT, DAVIS "BUZZ," Public Journalism & Public Life: Why Telling the News Is Not Enough (Barbara Zang) 72:4, 976. MERZER, MARTIN, and the staff of The Miami Herald, The Miami Herald Report: Democracy Held Hostage (Michael B. Salwen) 78:3, 613. MESSARIS, PAUL, "Visual Literacy": Image, Mind, and Reality (Kevin G. Barnhurst) 71:3, 756. METALLINOS, NIKOS, Television Aesthetics: Perceptual, Cognitive, and Compositional Bases (Thimios Zaharopoulos) 74:2, 448. MEYERS, JEFFREY, Edmund Wilson: A Biography (James Aucoin) 72:4, 968. MEYERS, MARIAN, News Coverage of Violence Against Women: Engendering Blame (Julie Henderson) 74:3, 652. MICKELSON, SIG, The Decade That Shaped Television News: CBS in the 1950s (Chris W. Allen) 76:1, 170. MICKIEWICZ, ELLEN, Changing Channels: Television and the Struggle for Power in Russia (Douglas A. Boyd) 74:3, 645. MILLER, BARBARA, and others, Education for Freedom (Louis E. Inglehart) 71:4, 1024. MILLER, JON D. and LINDA G. KIMMEL, Biomedical Communications: Purposes, Audiences, and Strategies (Janet Kaye) 79:3, 747. MILLER, KAREN S., The Voice of Business: Hill & Knowlton and Postwar Public Relations (Frank D. Durham) 76:4, 789. MILLER, TOBY, NITIN GOVIL, JOHN MCMURRIA, and RICHARD MAXWELL, Global Hollywood (Anne Cooper-Chen) 79:3, 768. MIN, EUNGJUN, ed., Reading the Homeless: The Media’s Image of Homeless Culture (Barbara Zang) 77:2, 437. MINDICH, DAVID T. Z., Just the Facts: How "Objectivity" Came to Define American Journalism (Robert M. Ogles) 76:2, 398. MIRALDI, ROBERT, ed., The Muckrakers: Evangelical Crusaders (Susan Willey) 78:2, 397. MITCHELL, CAROLINE, ed., Women and Radio: Airing Differences (Christopher H. Sterling) 79:1, 2, 79:1, 233. MITCHELL, CATHERINE C., Margaret Fuller’s New York Journalism: A Biographical Essay and Key Writings (Karen F. Brown) 72:4, 969. MONDAK, JEFFERY J., Nothing to Read: Newspapers and Elections in a Social Experiment (David H. Morrissey) 73:2, 497. MONTGOMERY, GAYLE B. and JAMES W. JOHNSON with PAUL G. MANOLIS, One Step From the White House: The Rise and Fall of Senator William F. Knowland (George Estrada Jr.) 75:4, 851. MOORE, MOLLY, A Woman at War: Storming Kuwait with the U.S. Marines (Meta G. Carstarphen) 71:2, 481. MOORE, ROY L., Mass Communication Law and Ethics (Craig Sanders) 72:1, 245. MORFFITT, MARY ANNE, Campaign Strategies and Message Design: A Practitioner’s Guide from Start to Finish (Edd Applegate) 76:3, 606. MORLEY, PATRICK, This Is the American Forces Network: The Anglo-American Battle of the Air Waves in World War II (Wallace B. Eberhard) 79:1, 257. MORRIS, JAMES MCGRATH, Jailhouse Journalism: The Fourth Estate Behind Bars (George M. Abney) 76:1, 176. MOY, PATRICIA and MICHAEL PFAU, With Malice Toward All? The Media and Public Confidence in Democratic Institutions (Edmund B. Lambeth) 77:4, 933. MUELLER, MILTON L., Telephone Companies in Paradise: A Case Study in Telecommunications Deregulation (Hoyt Purvis) 71:3, 754. MULLEN, MEGAN, The Rise of Cable Programming in the United States: Revolution or Evolution? (W. Richard Whitaker) 80:4, 997. MUNSON, EVE STRYKER and CATHERINE A. WARREN, eds., James W. Carey: A Critical Reader (Theodore L. Glasser) 75:1, 212. MUNSON, WAYNE, All Talk: The Talk Show in Media Culture (Judith Sheppard) 71:4, 999. MURPHY, JOHN H. and ISABELLA C.M. CUNNINGHAM, Advertising and Marketing Communication Management (E. Lincoln James) 72:1, 232. MURPHY, TIMOTHY and SUZANNE POIRIER, eds., Writing AIDS: Gay Literature, Language and Analysis (John E. Bowes) 71:1, 231. MURRAY, DAVID, JOEL SCHWARTZ, and S. ROBERT LICHTER, It Ain’t Necessarily So: How the Media Make and Unmake the Scientific Picture of Reality (Edward Caudill) 79:1, 236. MURRAY, MICHAEL D., The Political Performers: CBS Broadcasts in the Public Interest (Joan Bieder) 72:3, 744. MURRAY, MICHAEL D. and DONALD G. GODFREY, eds.,Television in America: Local Station History from Across the Nation (Jim Upshaw) 74:4, 907. MURRAY, MICHAEL D., ed., Encyclopedia of Television News (Kris M. Wilson) 76:2, 392. MYTTON, GRAHAM, ed., Global Audiences: Research for World Broadcasting 1993 (Tuen-Yu Lau) 71:1, 224. N NACOS, BRIGITTE L., Terrorism and the Media: From the Iran Hostage Crisis to the World Trade Center Bombing (Caroline Dow) 72:4, 979. NACOS, BRIGETTE L., Terrorism and the Media: From the Iran Hostage Crisis to the Oklahoma City Bombing (Richard Shafer) 73:3, 770. NACOS, BRIGETTE L., Mass Mediated Terrorism (Christopher Hanson) 80:3, 731. NAPOLI, PHILIP M., Foundations of Communications Policy: Principles and Process in the Regulation of Electronic Media (Louise Benjamin) 78:4, 854. NASAW, DAVID, The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst (Michael S. Sweeney) 78:1, 196. NEGROPONTE, NICHOLAS, Being Digital (Suzanne Huffman) 72:4, 965. NELSON, JILL, Volunteer Slavery: My Authentic Negro Experience (Diana Fallis) 71:2, 479. NELSON, RICHARD ALAN, A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States (Manny Paraschos) 74:3, 645. NELSON, STANLEY, producer, The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords (video) (Harry Amana) 75:2, 435. NERONE, JOHN, Violence Against the Press: Policing the Public Sphere in U.S. History (Norma Fay Green) 72:2, 484. NEUZIL, MARK and WILLIAM KOVARIK, Mass Media & Environmental Conflict: America’s Green Crusades (John A. Palen) 74:1, 214. NEVILLE, JOHN F., The Press, the Rosenbergs and the Cold War (J. Michael Robertson) 73:2, 499. NEWKIRK, PAMELA, Within the Veil: Black Journalists, White Media (Harry Amana) 77:4, 934. NEWMAN, BRUCE I., The Mass Marketing of Politics: Democracy in an Age of Manufactured Images (Patricia Moy) 76:4, 781. NEWTON, JULIANNE H., The Burden of Visual Truth: The Role of Photojournalism in Mediating Reality (Paul E. Kostyu) 78:1, 195. NIVAT, ANNE, Chienne De Guerre: A Woman Reporter Behind the Lines of the War in Chechnya (Linda J. Lumsden) 79:3, 756. NOCK, STEVEN L., The Costs of Privacy: Surveillance And Reputation in America (Tim Gleason) 71:2, 464. NORD, DAVID PAUL, Communities of Journalism: A History of American Newspapers and Their Readers (Hazel Dicken-Garcia) 79:2, 475. NORDENSTRENG, KAARLE and HERBERT I. SCHILLER, eds., Beyond National Sovereignty: International Communication in the 1990s (Paul Ashdown) 71:3, 734. NORDENSTRENG, KAARLE, ELENA VARTANOVA, and YASSEN ZAS-SOURSKY, eds., Russian Media Challenge (Owen V. Johnson) 79:3, 788. NORRIS, PIPPA, A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Postindustrial Societies (Mira Sotirovic) 78:3, 623. NORRIS, PIPPA, Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide (Sheila L. Tefft) 79:2, 479. NORTON, BARBARA T. and JEHANNE M GHEITH, eds., An Improper Profession: Women, Gender and Journalism in Late Imperial Russia (Robin Bisha) 80:1, 211. << Back]]> 8298 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/book-reviews-index-op-71-80/ Thu, 29 Mar 2012 14:00:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8302 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 O O’CONNOR, PATRICIA T., Woe Is I: The Grammarphobe’s Guide to Better English in Plain English (Mead Loop) 74:2, 450. O’NEIL, ROBERT M., The First Amendment and Civil Liability (W. Wat Hopkins) 79:4, 1016. O’NEILL, MICHAEL J., The Roar of the Crowd: How Television and People Power Are Changing the World (Hoyt Purvis) 71:4, 1013. OGAN, CHRISTINE, Communication and Identity in the Diaspora: Turkish Migrants in Amsterdam and Their Use of Media (Marwan M. Kraidy) 79:3, 758. OGBONDAH, CHRIS W., Military Regimes and the Press in Nigeria, 1966-1993: Human Rights and National Development (Cornelius B. Pratt) 71:4, 1008. ORIARD, MICHAEL, King Football: Sport & Spectacle in the Golden Age of Radio & Newsreels, Movies & Magazines, The Weekly & Daily Press (Bruce J. Evensen) 79:2, 493. OSGERBY, BILL and ANNA GOUGH-YATES, eds., Action TV: Tough Guys, Smooth Operator and Foxy Chicks (David Lavery) 79:2, 467. OWEN, BRUCE M., The Internet Challenge to Television (Joseph A. Russomanno) 76:4, 780. OWEN, ROB, Gen X TV: The Brady Bunch to Melrose Place (Paula M. Poindexter) 75:4, 843. P PAASILINNA, REINO, Glasnost and Soviet Television (Ray E. Hiebert) 74:1, 206. PAGE, BENJAMIN I., Who Deliberates? Mass Media in Modern Democracy (James B. Lemert) 74:1, 223. PARSONS, PATRICK R. and ROBERT M. FRIEDEN, The Cable and Satellite Television Industries (Randy D. Jacobs) 75:3, 659. PASLEY, JEFFREY L., "The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic (Wm. David Sloan) 79:2, 517. PATRICK, BRIAN ANSE, The National Rifle Association and the Media: The Motivating Force of Negative Coverage (Edward C. Pease) 80:4, 992. PAVLIK, JOHN V., New Media Technology: Cultural and Commercial Perspectives (Lucinda D. Davenport) 73:3, 762. PAVLIK, JOHN V., Journalism and New Media (Scott R. Maier) 78:4, 859. PEASE, EDWARD C. and EVERETTE E. DENNIS, eds., Radio -– The Forgotten Medium (Douglas Blanks Hindman) 73:1, 266. PECK, JANICE, The Gods of Televangelism: The Crisis of Meaning and the Appeal of Religious Television (John P. Ferré) 71:1, 244. PENDERGAST, TOM, Creating the Modern Man: American Magazines and Consumer Culture 1900-1950 (Dane S. Claussen) 77:4, 923. PERLMUTTER, DAVID D., Policing the Media: Street Cops and Public Perceptions of Law Enforcement (Kathleen K. Olson) 78:2, 399. PERLMUTTER, DAVID D., ed., The Manship School Guide to Political Communication (Patricia Moy) 77:3, 691. PERLOFF, RICHARD M., The Dynamics of Persuasion (Charles T. Salmon) 71:1, 253. PERLOFF, RICHARD M., Persuading People to Have Safer Sex: Applications of Social Science to the AIDS Crisis (Carolyn A. Stroman) 78:2, 398. PERLOFF, RICHARD M., The Dynamics of Persuasion: Communication and Attitudes in the 21st Century, 2d ed. (Katherine A. Bradshaw) 80:3, 754. PERSEUS PUBLISHING, DANIEL GOLEMAN (introduction), Business: The Ultimate Resource (Edd Applegate) 80:2, 451. PETERS, JOHN DURHAM, Speaking Into the Air: A History of the Idea of Communication (Michael B. Salwen) 77:3, 694. PICARD, ROBERT G., Media Portrayals of Terrorism: Functions and Meaning Of News Coverage (Michael B. Salwen) 71:1, 232. PICARD, ROBERT G. and JEFFREY H. BRODY, The Newspaper Publishing Industry (Randal A. Beam) 75:1, 218. PICARD, ROBERT G., ed., Media Firms: Structures, Operations, and Performance (Mary Alice Shaver) 80:2, 467. PIERCE, ROBERT N., A Sacred Trust: Nelson Poynter and the St. Petersburg Times (Bill Cloud) 71:3, 752. PILATI, ANTONIO, ed., Mind Media Industry in Europe (Debra Jean Reece) 72:2, 475. POLSGROVE, CAROL, It Wasn’t Pretty, Folks, But Didn’t We Have Fun?: Esquire in the Sixties (Sallie Rose Hollis) 73:2, 488. POPKIN, JEREMY D., Press, Revolution, and Social Identities in France, 1830-1835 (Jonas Bjork) 79:2, 506. POTTER, W. JAMES, An Analysis of Thinking and Research about Qualitative Methods (R. Warwick Blood) 75:2, 427. POTTER, W. JAMES, On Media Violence (George Comstock) 77:1, 203. POWER, SAMANTHA, A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide (W. Richard Whitaker) 80:4, 994. PRATTE, PAUL A., Gods Within The Machine: A History of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, 1923-1993 (Don H. Corrigan) 73:1, 252. PRESTON, IVAN L., The Tangled Web They Weave: Truth, Falsity and Advertisers (Roxanne Hovland) 72:1, 252. PRICE, MONROE E., ANDREI RICHTER, and PETER K. YU, eds., Russian Media Law and Policy in the Yeltsin Decade: Essays and Documents (Kyu Ho Youm) 80:1, 223. PRIDE, ARMISTEAD S. and CLINT C. WILSON II, A History of the Black Press (Harry Amana) 74:4, 893. PRIEST, SUSANNA HORNIG, A Grain of Truth: The Media, the Public, and Biotechnology (Phillip J. Tichenor) 78:3, 612. PRING, GEORGE W. and PENELOPE CANAN, SLAPPS: Getting Sued for Speaking Out (Kyu Ho Youm) 73:3, 766. PRITCHARD, DAVID, ed., Holding the Media Accountable: Citizens, Ethics and the Law (Cynthia Z. Rawitch) 77:3, 689. PROCHNAU, WILLIAM, Once Upon a Distant War: Young War Correspondents and the Early Vietnam Battles (Bruce J. Evensen) 73:3, 764. PUDDINGTON, ARCH, Broadcasting Freedom. The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (Ross F. Collins) 79:1, 211. << Back]]> 8302 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/book-reviews-index-qr-71-80/ Thu, 29 Mar 2012 14:04:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8305 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 Q QUIST-ADADE, CHARLES, In the Shadows of the Kremlin and the White House: Africa’s Media Image From Communism to Post-Communism (Festus Eribo) 79:4, 1017. R RAKOW, LANA F., ed., Women Making Meaning: New Feminist Directions in Communication (Carolyn B. Byerly) 71:2, 482. RAMPTON, SHELDON and JOHN STAUBER, Trust Us, We’re Experts! How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles with Your Future (Michael Ryan) 79:2, 515. RAO, SANDHYA and BRUCE C. KLOPFENSTEIN, eds., Cyberpath to Development in Asia: Issues and Challenges (Anne Cooper-Chen) 79:3, 762. RASH, WAYNE, JR., Politics on the Nets: Wiring the Political Process (James K. Hertog) 75:2, 425. RATNER, LORMAN A. and DWIGHT L. TEETER, JR., Fanatics & Fire-Eaters: Newspapers and the Coming of the Civil War (Glenn Himebaugh) 80:3, 741. REDDICK, RANDY and ELLIOT KING, The Online Journalist: Using the Internet and Other Electronic Resources (2d ed.) (Warren E. "Sandy" Barnard) 74:4, 902. REESE, STEPHEN D., OSCAR H. GANDY JR., and AUGUST E. GRANT, eds., Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World (James W. Dearing) 79:2, 485. REEVES, JIMMIE L. and RICHARD CAMPBELL, Cracked Coverage: Television News, the Anti-Cocaine Crusade, and the Reagan Legacy (Sharon Dunwoody) 72:2, 464. REEVES, RICHARD, What the People Know: Freedom and the Press (Daniel J. Foley) 76:1, 180. REICHERT, TOM and JACQUELINE LAMBIASE, eds., SEX in Advertising: Perspectives on the Erotic Appeal (Kathy Brittain McKee) 80:2, 479. RENNINGER, K. ANN and WESLEY SHUMAR, Building Virtual Communities (Nora Paul) 80:2, 471. RICCIO, BARRY D., Walter Lippmann – Odyssey of a Liberal (Stephen Ponder) 71:4, 1022. RICHMOND, YALE, From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans (Anelia K. Dimitrova) 74:2, 436. RIES, AL and LAURA RIES, The Fall of Advertising and the Rise of PR ( Joseph P. Bernt) 79:4, 1014. RILEY, PATRICK and RUSSELL SHAW, eds., Anti-Catholicism in the Media: An Examination of Whether Elite News Organizations Are Biased against the Church (David E. Sumner) 71:1, 234. RILEY, SAM G., Biographical Dictionary of American Newspaper Columnists (Edward C. Applegate) 73:3, 753. RILEY, SAM G., The American Newspaper Columnist (Roy Hamric) 76:2, 389. RIVERS, CARYL, Slick Spins and Fractured Facts: How Cultural Myths Distort the News (Harry Amana) 73:4, 1015. ROBERTS, EUGENE, THOMAS KUNKEL, and CHARLES LAYTON, eds., Leaving Readers Behind, The Age of Corporate Newspapering (Benjamin Burns) 79:3, 754. ROBERTS, GENE and THOMAS KUNKEL, eds., Breach of Faith: A Crisis of Coverage in the Age of Corporate Newspapering (Benjamin Burns) 80:2, 450. ROBERTSON, CHARLES L., An American Poet in Paris: Pauline Avery Crawford and the Herald Tribune (Kim E. Karloff) 79:2, 469. ROBINSON, PIERS, The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, Foreign Policy and Intervention (Douglas Blanks Hindman) 80:4, 977. ROCKWELL, RICK and NOREENE JANUS, Media Power in Central America (Linda J. Lumsden) 80:4, 988. RODGERS, JOANN ELLISON and WILLIAM C. ADAMS, Media Guide for Academics (Terry A. Wilson) 72:4, 970. ROGERS, EVERETT M., History of Communication Study: A Biographical Approach (Stephen Vaughn) 72:1, 241. ROGERS, EVERETT M., Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed. (V.M. Mishra) 73:1, 249. ROJECKI, ANDREW, Silencing the Opposition: Antinuclear Movements & the Media in the Cold War (Bill Israel) 77:2, 438. ROMAN, JAMES, Love, Light, and a Dream – Television’s Past, Present, and Future (William R. Davie) 74:4, 896. ROSEN, JAY, What are Journalists for? (Michael McDevitt) 77:2, 443. ROSEN, JEFFREY, The Unwanted Gaze: The Destruction of Privacy in America (Mark Cenite) 78:1, 206. ROSSMAN, MARLENE L., Multicultural Marketing (Marjorie Marable Carter) 71:4, 1009. ROSTECK, THOMAS, "See It Now" Confronts McCarthyism: Television Documentary and the Politics of Representation (Stephen G-M. Shenton) 71:4, 1016. ROTHENBERG, ELLIOT C., The Taming of the Press: Cohen v. Cowles Media Company (Laurence B. Alexander) 77:1, 206. ROTHENBERG, RANDALL, Where the Suckers Moon: The Life and Death of an Adver-tising Campaign (Tom Jordan) 73:2, 505. ROTZOLL, KIM B. and JAMES E. HAEFNER, Advertising in Contemporary Society: Perspectives toward Understanding (Kevin L. Keenan) 74:1, 197. ROZELL, MARK J., The Press and the Ford Presidency (Craig Allen) 71:1, 220. ROZELL, MARK J., In Contempt of Congress: Postwar Press Coverage on Capitol Hill (James D. Whitfield) 74:1, 210. ROZELL, MARK J., The Press and the Bush Presidency (John E. Getz) 74:2, 444. RUBIN, LOUIS D., JR., An Honorable Estate: My Time in the Working Press (James R. Upshaw) 79:2, 490. RUBIN, REBECCA B., PHILIP PALMGREEN, and HOWARD E. SYPHER, eds., Communication Research Methods: A Sourcebook (Garrett J. O’Keefe) 72:4, 966. RUDENSTINE, DAVID, The Day the Presses Stopped: A History of the Pentagon Papers Case (Paul Alfred Pratte) 73:3, 759. RUSHTON, DAVE, ed., Citizen Television: A Local Dimension to Public Service Broadcasting (Paul Steinle) 71:1, 245. RUSSELL, NICK, Morals and the Media: Ethics in Canadian Journalism (G. Stuart Adam) 72:2, 476. RUSSOMANNO, JOSEPH, Speaking Our Minds: Conversations With the People Behind Landmark First Amendment Cases (Karla Gower) 79:4, 1023. RUTHERFORD, PAUL, The New Icons? The Art of Television Advertising (Jim Avery) 71:4, 1010. RUTHERFORD, PAUL, Endless Propaganda: The Advertising of Public Goods (Stacey Cone) 79:2, 482. << Back]]> 8305 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/book-reviews-index-st-71-80/ Thu, 29 Mar 2012 14:08:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8313 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 S SABLEMAN, MARK, More Speech, Not Less: Communications Law in the Information Age (Penelope Bradley Summers) 75:3, 669. SALANT, RICHARD with SUSAN and BILL BUZENBERG, Salant, CBS, and the Battle for the Soul of Broadcast Journalism (Craig Allen) 76:1, 178. SALTZMAN, JOE, Frank Capra and the Image of the Journalist in American Film (Ron Leone) 80:1, 207. SAMORISKI, JAN, Issues in Cyberspace: Communication, Technology, Law, and Society on the Internet Frontier (Cathy Packer) 79:2, 492. SAMUEL, LAWRENCE R., Brought to You By: Postwar Television Advertising and the American Dream (Karen Miller Russell) 79:3, 752. SAMUELS, PEGGY and HAROLD, Remembering the Maine (J. Steven Smethers) 73:1, 268. SANDERS, JAMES, South Africa and the International Media: 1972-1979. A Struggle for Representation (Arnold S. De Beer) 77:3, 693. SANFORD, BRUCE W., Don’t Shoot the Messenger: How Our Growing Hatred of the Media Threatens Free Speech for All of Us (Laurence B. Alexander) 77:2, 426. SANTANA, MARIA CRISTINA, Puerto Rican Newspaper Coverage of the Puerto Rican Independence Party: A Content Analysis of Three Elections (Laura Castaneda) 78:2, 400. SAULS, SAMUEL J., The Culture of American College Radio (Roosevelt "Rick" Wright Jr.) 77:4, 924. SCHEMENT, JORGE REINA and TERRY CURTIS, Tendencies and Tensions of the Information Age (Michael D. Basil) 72:3, 755. SCHNEIDER, ALFRED R. with KAYE PULLEN, The Gatekeeper: My 30 Years as a TV Censor (Milagros Rivera Sánchez) 78:4, 857. SCHNEIER, BRUCE, Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World (Paul Jones) 79:1, 255. SCHRAMM, WILBUR, ed. by STEVEN H. CHAFFEE and EVERETT M. ROGERS, The Beginnings of Communication Study in America: A Personal Memoir (Wayne A. Danielson) 74:4, 890. SCHROEDER, ALAN, Presidential Debates: Forty Years of High-Risk TV (Thomas J. Johnson) 79:1, 249. SCHROTH, RAYMOND A., The American Journey of Eric Sevareid (Wallace B. Eberhard) 72:3, 735. SCHUDSON, MICHAEL, The Power of News (D. Charles Whitney) 72:4, 973. SCHUMANN, DAVID W. and ESTHER THORSON, eds., Advertising and the World Wide Web (Kim Bartel Sheehan) 76:3, 604. SEDGWICK, ELLERY, The Atlantic Monthly, 1857-1909: Yankee Humanism at High Tide and Ebb (Lee Jolliffe) 72:3, 735. SEGUIN, JAMES, Media Career Guide: Preparing for Jobs in the 21st Century (William G. Covington Jr.) 76:2, 400. SEIB, PHILIP, Campaigns and Conscience: The Ethics of Political Journalism (Kirk Hallahan) 72:1, 235. SEIB, PHILIP and KATHY FITZPATRICK, Public Relations Ethics (Thomas H. Bivins) 72:3, 749. SEIB, PHILIP, Headline Diplomacy: How News Coverage Affects Foreign Policy (Murray Fromson) 74:1, 207. SEIB, PHILIP and KATHY FITZPATRICK, Journalism Ethics (Elizabeth Blanks Hindman) 74:4, 895. SEIB, PHILIP, The Global Journalist: News and Conscience in a World of Conflict (W. Joseph Campbell) 80:2, 459. SEIB, PHILIP M., Going Live: Getting the News Right in a Real-Time, Online World (Douglas Blanks Hindman) 79:1, 229. SELDES, GILBERT, The Public Arts (Giles Fowler) 72:3, 748. SELNOW, GARY W., High-Tech Campaigns: Computer Technology in Political Communication (William J. Leonhirth) 72:2, 470. SELNOW, GARY W., Electronic Whistle-Stops: The Impact of the Internet on American Politics (Bruce Garrison) 75:4, 842. SERRIN, JUDITH and WILLIAM, eds., Muckraking! The Journalism That Changed America (Mark Feldstein) 80:4, 989. SHANAHAN, JAMES and KATHERINE MCCOMAS, Nature Stories: Depictions of the Environment and Their Effects (T. Michael Maher) 77:2, 431. SHAPIRO, ANDREW L., The Control Revolution: How the Internet Is Putting Individuals in Charge and Changing the World We Know (Mark Cenite) 76:4, 777. SHARP, JOANNE P., Condensing the Cold War: Reader’s Digest and American Identity (Joseph P. Bernt) 79:1, 220. SHAYON, ROBERT LEWIS, Odyssey in Prime Time: A Life in Twentieth Century Media (Samuel J. Sauls) 78:4, 862. SHEPARD, ALICIA and CATHY TROST, eds., Running Toward Danger (Christopher Hanson) 80:3, 731. SHEPHERD, GREGORY J. and ERIC W. ROTHENBUHLER, eds., Communication and Community (David Michael Ryfe) 78:3, 604. SHIELDS, ROB, ed., Cultures of Internet: Virtual Spaces, Real Histories, Living Bodies (Tamara K. Baldwin) 73:4, 997. SHIPMAN, MARLIN, "The Penalty Is Death" U.S. Newspaper Coverage of Women’s Executions (Paulette D. Kilmer) 79:3, 783. SIEB, PHILLIP, Going Live: Getting the News Right in a Real-Time, Online World (James A. Tidwell) 78:2, 390. SILK, MARK, Unsecular Media: Making News of Religion in America ((Phyllis E. Alsdurf) 73:4, 1020. SILVESTER, CHRISTOPHER, ed., The Penguin Book of Interviews: An Anthology from 1859 to the Present Day (William Stimson) 71:3, 748. SILVIA, TONY and NANCY F. KAPLAN, Student Television in America: Channels of Change (Steven D. Anderson) 75:3, 676. SILVIA, TONY, ed., Global News: Perspectives on the Information Age (Salma I. Ghanem) 78:3, 611. SIMON, PAUL, Freedom’s Champion, Elijah Lovejoy (Robert G. Hays) 72:3, 738. SIMON, RITA J. and SUSAN H. ALEXANDER, The Ambivalent Welcome: Print Media, Public Opinion and Immigration (Hemant Shah) 71:2, 459. SIMPSON, CHRISTOPHER, Science of Coercion: Communication Research and Psychological Warfare 1945-1960 (Everett M. Rogers) 71:4, 1014. SIRIANNI, CARMEN and LEWIS FRIEDLAND, Civic Innovation in America: Community Empowerment, Public Policy, and the Movement for Civic Renewal (H. Bailey Thomson) 79:1, 214. SIVULKA, JULIANN, Stronger Than Dirt: A Cultural History of Advertising Personal Hygiene in America, 1875-1940 (Peggy J. Kreshel) 79:2, 512. SKIDMORE, THOMAS E.. ed., Television, Politics, and the Transition to Democracy in Latin America (Gonzalo R. Soruco) 71:2, 475. SLOAN, BILL, "I Watched A Wild Hog Eat My Baby!" A Colorful History of Tabloids and Their Cultural Impact (Betty Houchin Winfield) 79:1, 240. SLOAN, W. DAVID and LISA MULLIKIN PARCELL, eds., American Journalism: History, Principles, Practices (Maurine H. Beasley) 79:4, 1011. SLOAN, WM. DAVID and JULIE HEDGEPETH WILLIAMS, The Early American Press, 1690-1783. The History of American Journalism, No. 1 (Meta G. Carstarphen) 72:3, 736. SLOAN, WM. DAVID, ed., Media and Religion in American History (Dane S. Claussen) 77:1, 201. SLOTNICK, ELLIOT E. and JENNIFER A. SEGAL, Television News and the Supreme Court (Susan Dente Ross) 76:2, 404. SMALL, MELVIN, Covering Dissent (Andrew Rojecki) 72:1, 237. SMITH, F. LESLIE, MILAN MEESKE, and JOHN W. WRIGHT II, Electronic Media and Government: The Regulation of Wireless and Wired Communication in the United States (Christopher H. Sterling) 72:2, 466. SMITH, HOWARD K., Events Leading Up To My Death: The Life of a Twentieth-Century Reporter (Raymond L. Carroll) 74:2, 434. SMITH, JEFFREY A., War and Press Freedom: The Problem of Prerogative Power (Hugh S. Fullerton) 76:3, 616. SMITH, JOEL, Understanding the Media: A Sociology of Mass Communication (James K. Van Leuven) 73:4, 1018. SMITH, KATHLEEN E.R., God Bless America: Tin Pan Alley Goes to War (Michael S. Sweeney) 80:3, 742. SMITH, RICHARD NORTON, The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick, 1880-1955 (Bryce Nelson) 74:4, 891. SMITH, RONALD A., Play-by-Play (Reed Smith) 79:3, 784. SMITH, STEPHEN A., ed., Bill Clinton on Stump, State and Stage: The Rhetorical Road to the White House (Roderick P. Hart) 72:4, 966. SMULYAN, SUSAN, Selling Radio: The Commercialization of American Broadcasting, 1920-1934 (Sonya Forte Duhé) 71:4, 1017. SNEPP, FRANK, Irreparable Harm, A Firsthand Account of How One Agent Took on the CIA in an Epic Battle over Free Speech (Carolyn Stewart Dyer) 79:1, 238. SOLOMON, WILLIAM S. and ROBERT W. MCCHESNEY, eds., Ruthless Criticism: New Perspectives in U.S. Communication History (William McKeen) 72:2, 482. SORUCO, GONZALO R., Cubans and the Mass Media in South Florida (Ramon Chavez) 74:1, 205. SPARROW, BARTHOLOMEW H., Uncertain Guardians: The News Media as a Political Institution (James B. Lemert) 76:3, 614. SPERBER, MURRAY, Beer and Circus: How Big-time College Sports Is Crippling Undergraduate Education (Michael Ryan) 78:1, 194. SPIGEL, LYNN, Welcome to the Dreamhouse: Popular Media and Postwar Suburbs (Patricia L. Dooley) 79:3, 794. SPLICHAL, SLAVKO and COLIN SPARKS, Journalists for the 21st Century (David Weaver) 72:2, 472. SPLICHAL, SLAVKO, Principles of Publicity and Press Freedom (Karla Gower) 80:2, 473. SPLICHAL, SLAVKO and JANET WASKO, eds., Communication and Democracy (Phyllis Zagano) 71:1, 253. SPRAGENS, WILLIAM C., Electronic Magazines: Soft News Programs on Network Television (Salma I. Ghanem) 73:1, 250. STACKS, DON W., Primer of Public Relations Research (Keith Orlando Hilton) 80:3, 760. STAMPS, JUDITH, Unthinking Modernity: Innis, McLuhan and the Frankfurt School (K. Viswanath) 73:2, 502. STANYER, JAMES, The Creation of Political News: Television and British Party Political Conferences (Philip Seib) 79:2, 477. STARTT, JAMES D. and WILLIAM DAVID SLOAN, The Significance of the Media in American History (Barbara Cloud) 71:2, 473. STAUBER, JOHN and SHELDON RAMPTON, Toxic Sludge is Good For You: Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry (Richard M. Dubiel) 73:4, 1017. STEEL, JON, Truth, Lies & Advertising (Ann Maxwell) 76:1, 180. STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III and JACQUELINE NASH GIFFORD, eds., Historical Dictionary of Political Communication in the United States (Dorothy A. Bowles) 77:3, 688. STEMPEL, TOM, Storytellers to the Nation: A History of American Television Writing (Luett J. Hanson) 73:4, 1016. STERLING, CHRISTOPHER H., and JOHN MICHAEL KITTROSS, Stay Tuned: A History of American Broadcasting, 3d ed. (Donna L. Halper, 79:4, 1024. STEWART, IAN, Ambushed: A War Reporter’s Life on the Line (W. Joseph Campbell) 80:1, 201. STIFF, JAMES B. and PAUL A. MONGEAU, Persuasive Communication, 2d ed. (Katherine A. Bradshaw) 80:3, 754. STOUT, DANIEL A. and JUDITH BUDDENBAUM, eds., Religion and Mass Media: Audiences and Adaptations (Debra L. Mason) 73:3, 765. STOUT, DANIEL A. and JUDITH M. BUDDENBAUM, eds., Religion and Popular Culture: Studies on the Interaction of Worldviews (Russell E. Shain) 78:4, 870. STRASBURGER, VICTOR C., Adolescents and the Media: Medical and Psychological Impact (Myra Gregory Knight) 73:3, 751. STREITMATTER, RODGER, Raising Her Voice: African-American Women Journalists Who Changed History (Harry Amana) 72:2, 481. STREITMATTER, RODGER, Unspeakable: The Rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press in America (Carolyn M. Byerly) 73:4, 1021. STREITMATTER, RODGER, Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History (Margaret A. Blanchard) 74:3, 651. STREITMATTER, RODGER, Voices of Revolution: The Dissident Press in America (Dane S. Claussen) 79:1, 261. SUGGS, HENRY LEWIS, ed., The Black Press in the Middle West, 1865-1985 (Janice D. Hamlet) 74:2, 433. SUMMERS, MARK WAHLGREN, The Press Gang, Newspapers & Politics, 1865-1878 (Benjamin J. Burns) 72:2, 479. SUN, WANNING, Leaving China (H. Denis Wu) 80:4, 984. SWITZER, LES, ed., South Africa’s Alternative Press—Voices of Protest and Resistance, 1880-1960 (Arnold S. de Beer) 75:1, 224. SWITZER, LES and MOHAMMED ADHIKARI, eds., South Africa’s Resistance Press Alternate Voice in the Last Generation under Apartheid (Chuck Stone) 78:4, 873. SYLVESTER, JUDITH L., Directing Health Messages toward African Americans: Attitudes toward Health Care and the Mass Media (Carolyn A. Stroman) 75:3, 663. SYLVESTER, JUDITH L. and SUZANNE HOFFMAN, eds., Women Journalists at Ground Zero (Christopher Hanson) 80:3, 731. SYLVIE, GEORGE and PATRICIA D. WITHERSPOON, Time, Change, and the American Newspaper (Dane S. Claussen) 79:2, 514. T TANAKA, KEIKO, Advertising Language: A Pragmatic Approach to Advertisements in Britain and Japan (Michael L. Maynard) 72:4, 963. TEEL, LEONARD RAY, Ralph Emerson McGill: Voice of the Southern Conscience (David Davies) 79:4, 1022. TEODORO, LUIS V., JR. and ROSALINDA V. KABATAY, Mass Media Laws and Regulations of the Philippines, 2d ed. (Kyu Ho Youm) 79:2, 498. TESTER, KEITH, Compassion, Morality and the Media (Rhonda Gibson) 79:3, 759. THALER, PAUL, The Watchful Eye: American Justice in the Age of the Television Trial (Louise Williams Hermanson) 72:1, 254. THALER, PAUL, The Spectacle: Media and the Making of the O.J. Simpson Story (Chuck Stone) 75:1, 225. THELEN, DAVID, Becoming Citizens in the Age of Television (Carl L. Kell) 74:4, 889. THOM, MARY, Inside Ms: 25 Years of the Magazine and the Feminist Movement (Marilyn Schultz) 75:1, 211. THOMAS, ERWIN K. and BROWN H. CARPENTER, eds., Handbook on Mass Media in the United States: The Industry and Its Audiences (Kathleen Fearn-Banks) 72:2, 469. THOMAS, ERWIN K. and BROWN H. CARPENTER, eds., Mass Media in 2025: Industries, Organizations, People, and Nations (Craig Allen) 79:2, 497. THOMPSON, EDWARD K., A Love Affair with Life and Smithsonian (Nancy Shepherdson) 73:2, 491. THOMPSON, JULIUS E., The Black Press in Mississippi, 1865-1985 (Reginald Owens) 71:1, 261. THOMPSON, WILLIAM F., The Image of War: The Pictorial Reporting of the American Civil War (Harry Marsh) 72:2, 470. TIFFT, SUSAN E. and ALEX S. JONES, The Trust: The Private and Powerful Family Behind the New York Times (Bryce Nelson) 77:1, 208. TILLINGHAST, CHARLES H., American Broadcast Regulation and The First Amendment: Another Look (Eddith A. Dashiell) 77:4, 920. TIMBERG, BERNARD, Television Talk: A History of the TV Talk Show (Edward Alwood) 80:4, 999. TOPLIN, ROBERT BRENT, History by Hollywood: The Use and Abuse of the American Past (Dennis E. Russell) 74:2, 437. TOTH, ELIZABETH L. and LINDA ALDOORY, eds., The Gender Challenge to Media: Diverse Voices from the Field (Maurine H. Beasley) 78:3, 609. TROPIANO, STEPHEN, The Prime Time Closet: A History of Gays and Lesbians on TV (Johanna Cleary) 80:4, 993. TRUMPBOUR, JOHN, Selling Hollywood to the World: U.S. and European Struggles for Mastery of the Global Film Industry, 1920-1950 (Douglass K. Daniel) 80:1, 224. TSESIS, ALEXANDER, Destructive Messages: How Hate Speech Paves the Way for Harmful Social Movements (Donna L. Dickerson) 80:3, 738. TULLOCH, JOHN, Watching Television Audiences: Cultural Theories & Methods (James G. Webster) 78:4, 881. TURKLE, SHERRY, Life On The Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet (Elliot King) 73:2, 490. TWITCHELL, JAMES B., Adcult USA: The Triumph of Advertising in American Culture (Edward C. Applegate) 74:1, 197. TYE, LARRY, The Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays & The Birth of Public Relations (Doug Newsom) 76:1, 171. << Back]]> 8313 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/book-reviews-index-uv-71-80/ Thu, 29 Mar 2012 14:13:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8318 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 U UNDERWOOD, DOUG, From Yahweh to Yahoo! The Religious Roots of the Secular Press (Quentin J. Schultze) 80:1, 208. UTLEY, GARRICK, You Should Have Been Here Yesterday: A Life in Television News (Michael D. Murray) 78:4, 878. V VALENTE, THOMAS W., Network Models of the Diffusion of Innovations (Carolyn A. Lin) 73:4, 1008. VAN BELLE, DOUGLAS A., Press Freedom and Global Politics (H. Denis Wu) 78:1, 204. VAN GINNEKEN, JAAP, Collective Behavior and Public Opinion: Rapid Shifts in Opinion and Communication (Katherine A. Bradshaw) 80:3, 754. VAN LEEUWEN, THEO and CAREY JEWITT, eds., Handbook of Visual Analysis (Ronald E. Ostman) 79:3, 769. VAN ZOONEN, LIESBET, Feminist Media Studies (Sue A. Lafky) 72:3, 737. VARGAS, LUCILA, Social Uses and Radio Practices: The Use of Participatory Radio by Ethnic Minorities in Mexico (Lisa Barr) 72:4, 978. VAUGHAN, DIANE, The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA (James W. Tankard Jr.) 73:3, 756. VAVRUS, MARY DOUGLAS, Postfeminist News: Political Women in Media Culture (Janet Kaye) 80:1, 219. VINCENT, RICHARD C., KAARLE NORDENSTRENG, and MICHAEL TRABER, eds., Towards Equity in Global Communication: MacBride Update (Shelton A. Gunaratne) 77:2, 440. VLANTON, ELIAS and ZAK METTGER, Who Killed George Polk? The Press Covers Up a Death in the Family (David T. Z. Mindich) 73:3, 772. VOGEL, TODD, ed., The Black Press: New Literary and Historical Essays (Jane Rhodes) 79:3, 750. VOLKMER, INGRID, News in the Global Sphere: a Study of CNN and its Impact on Global Communication (Rosental Calmon Alves) 77:1, 202. VOSS, FREDERICK S., Reporting the War: The Journalistic Coverage of World War II (Jack Lule) 72:1, 250. << Back]]> 8318 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/book-reviews-index-w-71-80/ Thu, 29 Mar 2012 14:17:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8321 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 WAGNLEITNER, REINHOLD and ELAINE TYLER MAY, eds., "Here, There and Everywhere": The Foreign Politics of American Popular Culture (Anne Cooper-Chen) 79:1, 231. WAHL, OTTO F., Media Madness: Public Images of Mental Illness (William Evans) 73:2, 492. WAISBORD, SILVIO, Watchdog Journalism in South America: News, Accountability, and Democracy (Rosental C. Alves) 77:3, 697. WALDEN, RUTH, Insult Laws: An Insult to Press Freedom (Kyu Ho Youm) 79:1, 235. WALKER, JAMES R. and ROBERT V. BELLAMY, JR., eds., The Remote Control in the New Age of Television (Mickie Edwardson) 71:2, 472. WALLRAFF, BARBARA, Word Court: Wherein Verbal Virtue Is Rewarded, Crimes Against the Language are Punished, and Poetic Justice is Done (Michael B. Salwen) 77:4, 936. WALSH, KENNETH T., Feeding the Beast: The White House Versus the Press (Stephen G. Bloom) 74:3, 647. WANG, JIANG, Foreign Advertising in China: Become Global, Becoming Local (Hairong Li) 77:4, 925. WANTA, WAYNE, The Public and the National Agenda (Guido H. Stempel III) 74:4, 902. WARD, BRIAN, ed., Media, Culture, and the Modern African American Freedom Struggle (Kenneth Campbell) 79:3, 778. WARK, MCKENZIE, Virtual Geography - Living With Global Media Events (Sherri Ward Massey) 72:3, 755. WARREN, KENNETH F., In Defense of Public Opinion Polling (Katherine A. Bradshaw) 79:3, 772. WASBURN, PHILO C., The Social Construction of International News: We’re Talking About Them, They’re Talking About Us (Melinda Robins) 80:4, 998. WASKO, JANET, VINCENT MOSCO, and MANJUNATH PENDAKUR, eds., Illuminating the Blindspots (Thomas L. McPhail) 71:4, 1002. WASKO, JANET, Understanding Disney (Douglass K. Daniel) 79:4, 1026. WEAVER, DAVID H. and G. CLEVELAND WILHOIT, The American Journalist in the 1990s: U.S. News People at the End of an Era (Sherrie Mazingo) 74:1, 200. WEBSTER, JAMES G. and PATRICIA F. PHALEN, The Mass Audience: Rediscovering the Dominant Model (Leonard Tipton) 74:4, 898. WEILL, SUSAN, In a Madhouse’s Din: Civil Rights Coverage by Mississippi’s Daily Press, 1948-1968 (Earnest L. Perry Jr.) 79:3, 771. WEIMANN, GABRIEL, and CONRAD WINN, The Theatre of Terror: Mass Media and International Terrorism (Bruce J. Evensen) 71:3, 755. WEINER, RICHARD, Webster’s New World Dictionary of Media and Communications (Steven H. Chaffee) 74:3, 657. WEST, BERNADETTE, PETER M. SANDMAN, and MICHAEL R. GREENBERG, eds., The Reporter’s Environmental Handbook (T. Michael Maher) 73:1, 269. WEST, DARRELL M., The Rise and Fall of the Media Establishment (Donald L. Shaw) 78:4, 871. WESTON, MARY ANN, Native Americans in the News: Images of Indians in the Twentieth Century Press (Lucy Ganje) 73:3, 761. WESTON, TIMOTHY B. and LIONEL M. JENSEN, eds., China Beyond the Headlines (Tsan-Kuo Chang) 79:1, 213. WETHERELL, MARGARET, STEPHANIE TAYLOR, and SIMEON J. YATES, eds., Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader (Patricia A. Curtin) 79:3, 764. WETHERALL, MARGARET, STEPHANIE TAYLOR, and SIMEON J. YATES, eds., Discourse as Data: A Guide for Analysis (Patricia A. Curtin) 79:3, 764. WHEELER, THOMAS H., Phototruth or Photofiction? Ethics and Media Imagery in the Digital Age (David D. Perlmutter) 80:3, 756. WHILLOCK, RITA KIRK and DAVID SLAYDEN, eds., Hate Speech (Robert E. Humphrey) 73:2, 488. WICKENDEN, DOROTHY, ed., The New Republic Reader: Eighty Years of Opinion & Debate (Ernest C. Hynds) 72:2, 477. WICKER, TOM, On The Record (W. Wat Hopkins) 79:1, 245. WILKINS, KARIN GWINN, ed., Redeveloping Communication for Social Change, Theory, Practice and Power (Osabuohien P. Amienyi) 78:2, 402. WILLIAMS, EESHA, Grassroots Journalism (Dane S. Claussen) 78:1, 199. WILLIAMS, GILBERT A., Legendary Pioneers of Black Radio (John L. Hanson Jr.) 76:1, 176. WILLIAMS, JULIE HEDGEPETH, The Significance of the Printed Word in Early America: Colonists’ Thoughts on the Role of the Press (Edd Applegate) 76:4, 787. WILLIS, JIM with ALBERT ADELOWO OKUNADE, Reporting on Risks: The Practice and Ethics of Health and Safety Communication (Robert L. Heath) 75:1, 222. WILSON, CLINT C., II and FELIX GUTIERREZ, Race, Multiculturalism, and the Media: From Mass to Class Communication (George Sylvie) 73:4, 1013. WINCH, SAMUEL P., Mapping the Cultural Space of Journalism: How Journalists Distinguish News from Entertainment (Randall S. Sumpter) 74:4, 897. WINFIELD, BETTY HOUCHIN, FDR and the News Media (Rodney Carlisle) 71:3, 739. WITCHER, RUSS, After Watergate: Nixon and the Newsweeklies (Barbara Straus Reed) 78:2, 387. WOOD, ANDREW F. and MATTHEW J. SMITH, Online Communication: Linking Technology, Identity, & Culture (John [Jack] I. Powers) 78:3, 616. WOOD, ANDREW F. and MATTHEW J. SMITH, Online Communication: Linking Technology, Identity, & Culture (Nora Paul) 80:2, 471. WOODHULL, NANCY J. and ROBERT W. SNYDER, eds., Media Mergers (David Demers) 75:4, 849. WOODHULL, NANCY J. and ROBERT W. SNYDER, eds., Defining Moments in Journalism (George Estrada) 76:2, 390. WORLD BANK INSTITUTE, ed., The Right to Tell: The Role of Mass Media in Economic Development (Sheila Tefft) 80:3, 762. WRIGHT, BRADFORD W., Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America (Amy Kiste Nyberg) 79:1, 217. WRIGHT, R. GEORGE, Selling Words – Free Speech in a Commercial Culture (John H. Murphy II) 75:3, 674. << Back]]> 8321 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/book-reviews-index-xyz-71-80/ Thu, 29 Mar 2012 14:29:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8327 J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003 X No entries Y YALOF, DAVID A. and KENNETH DAUTRICH, The First Amendment and the Media in the Court of Public Opinion (Robert E. Drechsel) 80:1, 206. Z ZELIZER, BARBIE and STUART ALLAN, eds., Journalism After September 11 (Christopher Hanson) 80:3, 731. ZERNICKE, PAUL HASKELL, Pitching the Presidency: How Presidents Depict the Office (William F. Griswold) 72:3, 743. ZHAO, YUEZHI, Media, Market, and Democracy in China: Between the Party Line and the Bottom Line (Tsan-Kuo Chang) 75:4, 848. ZILBER, JEREMY and DAVID NIVEN, Racialized Coverage of Congress: The News in Black and White (Kenneth Campbell) 78:1, 205. ZILLMANN, DOLF, JENNINGS BRYANT, and ALETHA C. HUSTON, eds., Media, Children, and the Family: Social Scientific, Psychodynamic, and Clinical Perspectives (Lori Bergen) 72:3, 740. << Back]]> 8327 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/03/2012-abstracts/ Fri, 30 Mar 2012 20:19:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8417

Advertising

Communicating Science, Health, Environment, and Risk (ComSHER)

Communication Technology (CTEC)

Communication Theory and Methodology

Cultural and Critical Studies

Electronic News (formerly Radio Television Journalism)

History

International Communication

Law and Policy

Magazine

Mass Communication and Society

Media Ethics

Media Management and Economics

Minorities and Communication (MAC)

Newspaper and Online News

Public Relations

Scholastic Journalism

Visual Communication (VisCom)

Interest Groups:

• Civic and Citizen Journalism
• Community Journalism
• Entertainment Studies
• Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender
• Graduate Student (formerly Graduate Education)
• Internships and Careers
• Political Communication
• Religion and Media
• Small Programs (SPIG)
• Sports Communication (SPORTS)

Commissions:

• Status of Women

<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 8417 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/advertising-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 12:26:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8474 Research Papers Between “Likes” and “Shares”: Effects of Emotional Appeal and Virality of Social Marketing Messages on Facebook • Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University; Anna McAlister, Michigan State University; Elizabeth Taylor Quilliam, Michigan State University; Amy Hagerstrom, Michigan State University; Shupei Yuan, Michigan State University; Nora Rifon, Michigan State University; Jef Richards, Michigan State University • An online experiment (N=365) explored the effects of emotional tone, affective evaluation (number of likes) and viral reach (number of shares) of Facebook status updates of a fictitious anti-cyberbullying nonprofit organization. We found more positive attitudes toward status updates and anti-cyberbullying, as well as stronger viral sharing intentions, with positive messages. Further, affective evaluation only mattered and led to more favorable attitudes when status updates were negative. Highly liked messages lead to more positive anti-cyberbullying. Affective Valence, Level-of-Processing and Message Regulatory Focus: How the Effectiveness of Anti-Drinking-and-Driving Advertisements is Influenced by Audience Mood • George Anghelcev, Penn State University; Sela Sar, Iowa State University • Message content (type of appeal, focus of message) and message delivery (media placement) have been identified by recent reviews of campaigns against Alcohol-Impaired Driving (AID) as the two main determinants of campaign success. The present study advances theoretical knowledge on both types of variables, and has actionable implications on how media placement can maximize the effectiveness of anti-AID campaigns. As hypothesized, responses to anti-AID advertisements with different regulatory foci (promotion-framed vs. prevention-framed) were differentially impacted by pre-existing audience mood. The proposed theoretical explanation (namely, that mood effects are due to differential engagement in global or local processing induced by the mood), as well as the identified interaction between message regulatory focus and mood, have never been tested in the context of advertising. Theoretical contributions to advertising literature and to regulatory focus research are considered along with recommendations for advertising practitioners. The Effectiveness of Comparative versus Noncomparative Advertising for Nonprofessional Services • Fred Beard, University of Oklahoma • Although both services advertising and comparative advertising for products have received considerable attention, few researchers have examined the effectiveness of comparative services advertising. This study addresses this gap in the literature by exploring the effectiveness of comparative advertising for a nonprofessional service. The results of an experiment revealed no significant differences in the effects of comparative and noncomparative service and product ads on several important advertising outcomes. Empirical and practical implications of the results are discussed. Understanding the Effects of Negative Celebrity Information • Mihyun Kang; William Reeves; Sejung Marina Choi; Weonkyung Kim • This study investigates the effects of two dimensions of congruence in the negative celebrity endorser information on consumer responses to the celebrity endorser as well as the brand endorsed by the celebrity. Results indicated that perceived credibility of the celebrity endorser, in terms of morality and expertise, decreased when the negative event was closely related to the celebrity endorser’s area of expertise. The findings also revealed that the two types of congruence indeed interact in determining consumers’ responses to the celebrity and the endorsed brand; consumers’ responses were least favorable when both types of congruence were high. London, Lyrics, & Louis: A cross-cultural content analysis of product placement in popular music • Clay Craig; Shannon Bichard, Texas Tech University • The search for alternative forms of advertising corresponds with the proliferation of traditional advertising clutter.  One method that has seen an increase in exploration is product placement. Though commonly applied to visual media, this study examines this practice in song lyrics (i.e. lyrical product placement). The current study seeks to add a cross-cultural dimension by evaluating the use of lyrical product placement in the top 100 songs from the U.S., Europe, and Japan from 2010 (N = 300). Findings indicate regional differences in lyrical product placement and thus opportunities for diversification in the use of lyrical product placement across regions. Pre-Roll Advertising in Videogames: Effects on Brand Recall and Attitudes • Frank Dardis, Penn State University; Mike Schmierbach; Brett Sherrick, The Pennsylvania State University; Julia Daisy Fraustino, The Pennsylvania State University • Although brands continue to spend large amounts of their marketing budgets on videogame advertising, little research has investigated the effects of pre-roll advertising on players' recall of and attitudes toward brands partaking in the increasingly common brand-communication strategy. The current experiment indicated that unaided recall scores of brands appearing in pre-roll advertisements were quite robust. Attitudes toward the brands also were positively influenced: players who saw pre-roll ads had more positive attitudes toward the advertised brands compared to players who did not see any ads. A significant interaction indicated that this effect became more pronounced as players enjoyed the game more. Practical implications are discussed. "Ultimate" sponsorship: Fan identity, brand congruence and the Ultimate Fighting Championship • Michael Devlin, University of Alabama; Natalie Brown, University of Alabama; Andrew Billings, University of Alabama; Stacy Bishop, University of Alabama • This study examined how fan identity towards a sport, in this case, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), impacted the evaluations of congruent and incongruent sponsors.  An online questionnaire was used to survey 911 participants, revealing that highly identified fans evaluated all sponsors of the sport more favorable than fans who are not highly identified.  Results also showed that highly identified fans evaluated sport-congruent sponsors more favorable than incongruent sponsors, suggesting that fan identification is a critical factor to consider when examining the effectiveness of sport sponsorship. Advertising enjoyment and time perception in multitasking • Brittany Duff, University of Illinois; Sela Sar, Iowa State University; Sydney Chinchanachokchai, University of Illinois • Consumers are increasingly focused on multiple media, and are exposed to advertisements that divide their attention. This study looks at differences in attitude towards advertisements when advertisements are either the sole recipient of attention versus when attention toward the ads is divided between the ad and one or two additional tasks. Results show that increasing tasks does decrease the attention given to the ads but increases perception of time passing quickly, enjoyment of the task(s) and enhances ad attitude. An ethical dilemma? An assessment of commercials from the 12 top fast-food businesses • Julie Fudge, North Dakota State University; Nan Yu, North Dakota State University; Laura C. Farrell, North Dakota State University • Scholars suggest that TV commercials can be an important factor contributing to food and drink choices. This study investigated commercials from the top 12 fast-food businesses in the U.S. Our findings revealed that nutrition appeals were rarely used independently to attract consumers and the majority of fast-food ads did not meet a standard test for ethical use of persuasion. Is Green Advertising Recommended When Things Go Wrong? • Harsha Gangadharbatla; Gergely Nyilasy; Angela Paladino • The current project investigates the effects of green advertising and a corporation’s environmental performance on brand attitudes and purchase intentions. In order to test the effects, an experiment with n=302 subjects was conducted with advertising (green, corporate, and none) and a firm’s environmental performance (high, low, and no information) as independent variables and brand attitude and purchase intention as dependent variables. Results indicate a significant interaction effect between advertising and a firm’s environmental performance. More specifically, controlling for pre-existing industry or category attitudes, the negative effect of a firm’s low performance on brand attitudes becomes stronger in the presence of green advertising compared to general corporate advertising and no advertising. Similarly, when the firm’s environmental performance is positive, both green and general corporate advertising result in unfavorable brand attitudes compared to when there is no advertising. We explain these somewhat counter-intuitive results by using attribution theory and draw both theoretical and managerial implications. The Effect of Acculturation on the Language of Advertising Among Hispanics • Ashley Garcia, Oklahoma State University; Cynthia Nichols, Oklahoma State University • This study examines the influence of acculturation and language on the emotional response of three print advertisements (English, Spanish, Code-Switched). The advertising treatments and surveys were administered to a convenience sample of 283 respondents in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The Bidimensional Acculturation Scale (BAS) for Hispanics was used to measure acculturation (Low, High, Bicultural). Emotional responses to the print advertisements were measured using the Emotional Quotient (EQ) scale and the condensed Reaction Profile. Results revealed some significant differences in advertising preferences. Results also suggested that a code-switched advertisement could be both culturally relevant and appropriate for reaching the majority of the Hispanic market. Implications, limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed. Eco-Friendly Buying Behavior: Examining the Roles of Environmental Knowledge, Concern, and Perceived Consumer Effectiveness • Jun Heo; Sidharth Muralidharan, The University of Southern Mississippi • The current study examined the causal relationships among selected environmental antecedents and their impacts on consumers’ green purchase behavior. A total of 283 respondents completed an online survey. Structural equation modeling revealed that environmental knowledge (EK) and environmental concern (EC) were significant predictors of environmentally conscious consumer behavior (ECCB), with EC being the stronger predictor. The study also suggests a major mediating role of EC in predicting ECCB. Implications for advertisers are discussed. Happy to Help?: The Role of Antecedent Mood with Emotional Appeals in Disaster Relief Advertising • Seungae Lee; David Tisdale, University of Southern Mississippi; Jun Heo • In the last decade, devastating natural disasters have been omnipresent in the world. This study focused on the application of hedonic contingency hypothesis to the donation advertising. It was hypothesized that antecedent mood of audience would moderate the relationship between emotional appeals and evaluations of advertisement. A 2 x 2 experiment was conducted. The results supported the significant role of antecedent mood highlighting the influence of editorial placement of disaster relief advertisements in the media. Cultural Cues in Advertising: Context Effects on Perceived Model Similarity, Identification Processes, and Advertising Outcomes • Gregory Hoplamazian, Loyola University Maryland • Perceptions of similarity and identification with advertising characters has been linked with positive advertising outcomes.  However, relatively little is known about how context cues in advertising impact viewer perceptions of ad characters.  This paper reports findings from an experiment which manipulated racial cultural cues that appear with White, Black, and racially ambiguous characters.  Results indicate background cultural cues, in the form of artwork associated with Black/White culture, have a significant impact on advertising character perceptions (e.g., similarity, identification) and advertising outcomes (e.g. brand attitudes, purchase intentions).  Findings help explain past research finding White viewers respond no different to advertisements based on character race, by demonstrating that background cultural cues moderate the effects of character race.  Further, results suggest source ambiguity is not a necessary condition for context effects in advertising, and also provide novel insight into viewer responses to racial ambiguity. Does DTCA Influence Consumers’ Perceived Importance of a Health Issue? Two-Sided Message-Order and DTCA Skepticism • Ilwoo Ju, The University of Tennessee; Jinseong Park, The University of Tennessee • To better understand consumers' coping mechanisms of DTC advertising and to address socially important health issues, the current study examined whether perceived importance of sleep disorders are influenced by DTC advertising. Two-sided message order and DTCA skepticism were hypothesized as predictors of the perceived importance. The results showed that there is an interaction between the two-sided message order effects and DTCA skepticism. Theoretical, practical, and regulatory implications are discussed. Young Consumers’ Motivations for Scan QR Code Advertising • Jong-Hyuok Jung, Syracuse University; Rachel Sommerstein, Syracuse University; Eun Seon Kwon, Syracuse University • This study explores consumers’ motivation to use QR codes on advertising. Based on previous literature from consumer media use, technology/innovation adoption, and advertising effectiveness, predictors of consumer intention to use QR code advertising were tested via an online survey of 160 college students. The empirical findings from the current study suggest that consumers’ intentions to use QR code advertising are largely influenced by perceived information value of QR code advertising followed by entertainment and perceived ease of use. Additionally, the current study suggests consumers who have any previous experience with QR code advertising are more likely to use QR code advertising in the future. Both practical and theoretical implications of the study results are also discussed. Assessing the relationship of attitude toward the ad to intentions to use direct-to-consumer drugs: A systematic quantitative meta-analysis • Wan Seop Jung; E. Soo Rhee • A number of studies have addressed Aad in the DTCA literature. Despite this interest in Aad, there has not been a comprehensive attempt to investigate general findings across independent DTCA studies. Such an investigation is useful in understanding the general strength and variability of the relationships. In the current meta-analysis, the data provided a summary of 278 samples. The aggregated study effects suggested a significant relationship between Aad and a number of important constructs, including both antecedents (education and income) and consequences (behavioral intention). However, the strength of each of these relationships was small or small to moderate. Characteristics of Advergames on Online Gaming Websites targeting Children • Soontae An, Ewha Womans University; Hannah Kang, University of Florida • This study analyzed advergames on top online gaming websites for children. The content of 131 websites was analyzed to see whether each site contained advergames, particularly advergames for food products, and the way the advergames were presented to children. Results showed that very few websites made a distinction between advergames and general games. In many cases, advergames were mixed in with other general games. Only half of the advergames provided some form of ad breaks to notify users of the commercial nature of advergames. Furthermore, many ad breaks demonstrated problems in terms of visibility, contents, and readability. The Effect of Tempo in the Background Music of Political Television Spots on Candidates’ Issue Images, Humane Images, and Voters’ Recall • Sang Chon Kim, University of Oklahoma; Doyle Yoon • The current study attempts to examine the effect of background music in political television advertising on candidate images—both issue-related and humane-related images—and voters’ recall, focusing on the musical tempo of background music. In addition, the study uses two concepts as the covariates—motivation (political interest) and ability (political knowledge), which are the core concepts in the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)—to control the effects of individual difference. An experiment is conducted to investigate the effect of musical tempos on candidate images and on voters’ recall of the ad content. One hundred and fifty participants for the experiment were allocated to three groups—fast-tempo music, slow-tempo music, and no music. The findings revealed that a slow tempo led to issue images of candidates; however, a fast tempo did not lead to humane images. Also, the findings showed that a fast tempo resulted in less recall of the ad content than a slow tempo and a control condition with no music. No significant influences of political interest and knowledge were found on recall and both issue and humane images. More implications are discussed. I “Unlike” You! Reasons for Unliking Brand Pages on Facebook • Eun Sook Kwon; Eunice Kim, University of Texas at Austin; Sejung Marina Choi • Social networking sites (SNSs) enable consumers to visibly exhibit their relationship, taste and voice. Often, consumers “like” or become friends with a brand on SNSs, but they may discontinue the relationship by “unliking” the brand page. We surveyed 176 college students who have “unliked” commercial brands on Facebook to determine what causes consumers to end their relationships with brands on SNSs. Findings suggest four reasons for “unliking” brands on Facebook: excessive information, lack of information, lack of brand interest, and lack of incentive. Additional analyses indicate that when consumers feel that they are generally overloaded with information, and perceive brand posts as irritating on Facebook, they are more likely to “unlike” the brand pages they have previously associated with. Implications for advertisers and brand managers are discussed. Engagement Ads in Social Network Games:  Persuasion Knowledge and Consumer Choices to Send Marketer-Generated eWOM to Friends • Jin Kyun Lee, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh; Sara Hansen • This study investigates antecedents for persuasion knowledge about sending marketer-generated electronic word of mouth via advertisements in social network games (SNGs). Survey data from 319 consumers who play SNGs was analyzed using regression analysis. While overall persuasion knowledge did not impact eWOM, SNG advertiser sincerity and game involvement positively enhanced opinion passing and opinion giving. Product knowledge positively affected opinion giving. Implications suggest that as consumers feel SNG advertiser sincerity, they willingly become persuasion agents. When does personalized advertising really work? The conceptual difference between actual personalization and perceived personalization • Cong Li • Personalized advertising is becoming an industrial trend and a number of prior studies have concluded that personalization is more efficacious than non-personalization. However, it is somewhat confusing in the literature whether the test of personalization effects should be based on the message sender’s objective personalization process or the message receiver’s subjective perception. It is argued in this article that, due to potentially biased consumer perception, an actual personalization process does not automatically yield more favorable outcomes. Two laboratory experiments demonstrate that it is possible for a personalized message to be perceived as generic and for a generic message to be perceived as personalized. The key finding is that perceived personalization instead of actual personalization determines message effectiveness. A message only shows superior effects when it is perceived to be personalized by the message recipient, regardless of whether it is actually personalized or not. How Connected Are Connected Consumers?  Comparing the Contextual Use of Traditional and Nontraditional Video Platforms • Kelty Logan • The “connected consumer” adds video platforms to their use of traditional television.  Because this behavior is prevalent among teens and young adults, an elusive media target, advertisers have embraced digital video platforms to augment their traditional media plans. This study indicates that while the media content may be constant across video platforms, the user experience differs.  Furthermore, receptiveness to advertising varies according to user experiences suggesting that ads are not uniformly effective across video platforms. Child Exposure to Food and Beverage Placements in Movies: Toward an Implicit Persuasion Model  (Top Paper, Ad Division) • Jorg Matthes, University of Vienna • There is little knowledge about how product placements shape the food choices of children. Informed by an implicit persuasion model, two studies demonstrate that exposure to brands in movies can have a significant impact on children’s food and beverage choices. Due to an implicit attitude formation mechanism, no effects on explicit attitudes such as brand liking and future consumption intentions were observed. These findings bear great importance to advertising scholars, nutrition experts, and policy regulators. Objectification or evolution? Examining male representations in advertisements in Singapore’s men’s magazines, 1985-2011 • Fernando Paragas, Nanyang Technological University; Jack Yong Ho • Higher incidences of body dissatisfaction amongst males have led to speculation that men are increasingly experiencing what had previously been observed between women and their exposure to female objectification in the mass media. While it may be tempting to assume a similar relationship between male body dissatisfaction and exposure to male objectification in the media, few studies have been conducted to understand the extent to which males are being objectified in the first place – and even less so in Asia. Through a random stratified sampling of advertisements within four popular Singapore-based men's magazines from 1985 to 2011, a content analysis revealed patterns similar to Western-based studies, with young, lean-muscular Caucasian men taking up a highly disproportionate amount of Singapore's media space over the decades. It was also found that males are increasingly portrayed to be sexual and of a mesomorphic and well-defined physique; trends that may explain men's body-image discrepancies and subsequently, desires for bodily change. The study also revealed that Asian male representations, while often stereotyped as asexual in the West, are increasingly following the footsteps of their Caucasian counterparts. To help or not to help:  Effects of affective expectancies on responses to prosocial advertisements • Sheetal Patel; Sri Kalyanaraman • This experimental study examines the suggestion that negative affective expectancies about the outcomes of prosocial acts resulting from the news and related to compassion fatigue can negatively influence compassion, attitudes, and prosocial behavior in response to an advertisement. Using affective expectancy and attitude toward the ad theory, the findings suggested affective expectancies directly influenced feelings and compassion while indirectly influencing attitudes and behaviors. The implications of these effects on advertisements and resulting behavior are discussed. The Effects of Spokes-characters and Mood on Children’s Attitudes toward Advertising and Purchase Intention • Bin Shen; Karla Gower, University of Alabama • Research on mood in cognitive psychology supports the idea that affective cues of mood convey information, but it has not yet been systematically studied in children. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of children’s mood (happy vs. sad) and the presence of spokes-characters (present vs. non-present) on their attitudes toward advertising and purchase intention, with specific focus given to the interaction of children’s affective state and product endorsers in advertising. Eighty-five third graders participated in a 2 _ 2 factorial experiment. The results indicated a significant interaction between mood and spokes-characters on children’s attitudes toward advertising for the unfamiliar brand. Significance was also found in the unfamiliar brand condition between spokes-characters and attitudes toward advertising. Furthermore, the study indicated a significant relationship between mood and attitudes toward advertising under both brand conditions, and that children in a happy mood have higher purchase intention than in a sad mood. The implications of these findings for advertisers, marketers, and public-policy makers are discussed. Exploring interactive media from the perspective of creative professionals at advertising agencies in the Midwest • Adam Wagler, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • Interactive media is creating new challenges for creative professionals in advertising. This qualitative study explores how leading advertising agencies in the Midwest are integrating interactive media into campaigns. The findings begin with a fundamental shift in the industry that is moving away from “advertising.” Agencies must engage audiences while embracing change by building interactivity into their “DNA.” Professionals and educators will benefit from findings that identify strategies to stay current with a rapidly changing medium. Examining Perceived Control of Navigation and Its Interaction with Perceived Fit in Cause-Sponsorship Leveraging on Corporate Web Sites • Ye Wang, University of Missouri - Kansas City • Web-based interactivity can facilitate central-route processing of sponsorship, which is different from low-level processing and mere-exposure effects in traditional situations of sponsorship. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of Web-based interactivity, specifically perceived control of navigation, on audience processing of sponsorship. The results showed that low perceived control of navigation was associated with lower attitude toward the sponsorship and the sponsor’s brand, and purchase intent than high perceived control of navigation. The effect of perceived fit on the number of negative thoughts of the sponsorship depends upon levels of perceived control of navigation. Sex sells? A meta-analysis of the effect of sexual content in advertisements on persuasive outcomes • John Wirtz, Texas Tech University; Johnny Sparks; Kelli Lyons, Texas Tech University • This paper presents a meta-analysis of the effects sexual content in advertisements has on recall and recognition, attitudes, and purchase intention. We identified 76 relevant effects from 54 studies that used the experimental method. The primary analysis tested for main effects, although we also conducted exploratory analyses of three moderator variables—appeal intensity, gender, and study publishing date. Our analysis revealed significant main effects for sexual content on ad and brand recall and recognition and purchase intention, although the effect for brand recall was negative (i.e., recall lower). Main effects for attitude toward the ad and brand were not significant. Branding Potentials of Keyword Search Ads  (Second Place, Best Paper) • Chan Yoo, University of Kentucky • Based on the priming theory including the inclusion and exclusion model, this study examined the effects of ad rankings in search engine result pages, especially for an unknown brand, on memory and perceptions. Both topic knowledge and persuasion knowledge about keyword search ads were examined as moderators. A total of 228 undergraduate students participated in the experiment featuring a 2 (rank: 1st  vs. 4th) x 2 (persuasion knowledge: activation vs. no activation) between-subjects design with some covariates (i.e., click-through, search confidence, and demographic information). The results suggest that a keyword search ad for the unknown brand may generate greater recognition and more favorable brand perceptions, when it has a high ranking than when it has a lower ranking than well-known brands. Furthermore, subjects’ topic knowledge and persuasion knowledge were working together to influence brand recognition and perceptions. Narrative Transportation in Radio Advertising: A Study of the Effects of Dispositional Traits on Mental Transportation • Lu Zheng, University of Florida; Yunmi Choi, University of Florida • This study examined the potential influence of three individual traits, namely transportability, mental imagery vividness and need for cognition on one’s psychological transportation and ensuing belief change in a narrative radio advertising context. The study demonstrated that all three dispositional factors tend to significantly influence one’s degree of transportedness. Moreover, the study showed that a higher degree of transportedness leads to a more potent persuasive impact on one’s affective and conative responses to narrative radio commercial. A Content Analysis of the Information Content of Over-the-Counter Drug Advertising in Magazines • Lu Zheng, University of Florida; John Sutherland; Shine Lyui • Despite the pivotal role played by OTC advertising in consumers’ health-related decisions, little research has examined the information content of OTC advertising in the past three decades.  This study content analyzed the information cues portrayed in OTC ads from six popular magazines representing three categories (women, men, and general interest) from 2008 to 2010. The study provides insight into the current state of OTC print advertising. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed. Teaching Papers Where the Bottom Line Is Higher: What Small IMC Agencies Need from New Graduates • Martine Robinson Beachboard, Idaho State University; Lisa Weidman, Linfield College • In non-metropolitan areas, colleges may find themselves developing IMC curricula based on national studies of major markets.  The authors, whose students find work primarily in smaller organizations, surveyed advertising professionals in a mostly rural state.  Survey results indicate that employers in small agencies need the same things larger agencies need – and more.  Here, even entry-level employees must have a client-centered business perspective.  In this world, everyone has to contribute to the bottom line. Overview of Technology’s Role in the Advertising Creative Classroom • Lisa Duke; Sabrina Habib • Digital interactive platforms have permeated every aspect of day-to-day life, with the potential to profoundly affect the ways advertising creative students and professionals generate and develop ideas.  However, little work has been done to better understand the ways in which new technologies are used to construct and sustain creative ideas. The purpose of this study is to understand the role of technology in advertising creative classrooms. Learning from the best: A study of the growth, goals and methods of exemplary teachers • Brett Robbs, University of Colorado at Boulder; Sheri Broyles, Mayborn School of Journalism • University of North Texas • This study provides insight into the growth of 15 exemplary advertising teachers and the skills and attributes essential to their success. It’s based on interviews with teachers characterized as exemplary because of their experience and their having won a national or major university teaching award. The paper examines the methods respondents use to improve, the key change in their evolution as teachers, the responsibilities seen as critical and the ways they achieve their goals. Professional Freedom & Responsibility Papers Perceptions of Work-life Balance Among US Advertising Students: A Study of Gender Differences • Jami Fullerton; Alice Kendrick • US advertising students who rated statements pertaining to work/life balance in the advertising industry as part of a national survey generally indicated that they “want it all” with respect to a rewarding career and a full personal and family life. Yet the majority who said they would work 60-80 hours per week if necessary seems to indicate that they might anticipate a compromise in terms of their leisure or family time. Gender differences were not apparent in terms of the students’ willingness to work long hours and their desire to have a good quality of life. Women, however, were more likely than men to believe in early-career burnout, that they might not work in advertising if they had children and that society might look down on them if they worked full time after having children. Results of this survey suggest that the advertising industry’s notorious dearth of work/life balance appears destined to repeat itself with Millennial Generation, despite predictions to the contrary. Special Topics Papers Creative Reconstruction in Tokyo: The Rebuilding of an American/Japanese Advertising Agency • Daniel Haygood, Elon University • Doing business in Japan can be treacherous for any American firm, particularly one trying to navigate a joint venture comprised of an American advertising agency and a traditional Japanese advertising agency. Different organizational structures, management philosophies, company cultures, and approaches to the advertising business create immense challenges. This rare success story of one such venture revealed lessons of organizational structure assimilation, inter-cultural management, and basic common sense. An Exploratory Study of An Emerging Phenomenon in Advertising Agencies:  Project Management Is Taking Over? • Daniel Ng, University of Oklahoma • The advertising industry has evolved into an unparalleled yet acute competitive environment where the demand for performance and service is endless. Agencies are under unprecedented pressure to meet client expectations, stay up to date on ever-changing technology trends and meet insurmountable deadlines. As change within the marketplace transpires and the need for ingenious campaign to reach a fragmented audience trends upward, agencies are forced to reevaluate how they are structured from the inside.  This paper attempts to find current perspective toward the evolution of account management in ad agencies settings.  Intriguing results are found via using personal interviews with advertising professionals. It also discusses key differences between the both account management and project management.  It delves into the perspective of the evolution and gradual transition from account management to project management as well as evaluating how agencies are being affected by new required needs in the marketplace. Advertising in Flux: The Exodus of Account Planning from St. Louis • Sara Roedl, Southern Illinois University • This research focuses on account planning in St. Louis, examining its role in the St. Louis advertising community.  Information was gathered through personal interviews.  Account planning has declined significantly in St. Louis.  While planning is typically utilized by full service agencies, in St. Louis it is popular among promotions agencies.  Advertising practitioners have adapted to the declining presence of account planning by nesting planning practices within other efforts in order to remain competitive. From Credibility to Engagement: Determining Meaning in Public Relations and Advertising • Brian Smith • Scholars have long maintained that public relations content is more effective than advertising content because the former carries increased credibility through the value of third-person testimonials in publicity and editorial coverage. However, scholars have been unable to conclusively prove public relations’ advantage. In order to understand the difference in impact between public relations and advertising, this study assesses the way publics assign value to each communication source in three focus groups. Results reveal a dichotomy between public relations as personal responsibility and advertising as entertainment, and the possibility that the two communication types balance each other toward communication impact. This study also challenges assumptions that audiences seek the same value in both communication forms and suggests that engagement, rather than credibility, is the more appropriate point of evaluation. Using Taylor’s Six-Segment Strategy Model to Generate Messages That Help to Reduce Hospital-Acquired Infections • Ron Taylor, University of Tennessee, Knoxville • Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a serious problem worldwide, costing in the United States alone $30 billion annually. About five percent of hospital patients will develop an HAI.  Encouraging health care workers to adhere to a recommended hand washing protocol has become a major health care initiative.  This study demonstrates how messages based in Taylor’s Six-Segment Strategy Wheel may be more effective than the current ones, most of which are based in models of rational decision-making. Student Papers Separating Motivational Activation from Implicit Attitudes in a Food Advertising Context • Rachel Bailey, Indiana University • The study is a first step in differentiating the contributions of motivational activation from attitude accessibility and strength to evaluative priming responses. An evaluative priming procedure as well as psychophysiological indicators of motivational activation are used to gauge their contributions to responses toward symbols of appetitive stimuli (branded packaging representing food) and primary appetitive stimuli (unpackaged food). In general, results show unpackaged food is generally more appetitive showing better implicit attitudes and greater motivational activation. When do consumers seek brand recommendations online? Updating existing theory on product choice and the form of information • Hyuk Jun Cheong • Consumers have been enabled to share their product purchase experiences, brand-relevant information, and product recommendations more easily since the advent of social media and User-Generated Content (UGC). Moreover, product information and brand recommendations in the context of UGC are deemed more trustworthy than online advertising or the product information produced by companies because they are mostly generated by their peers (Goldsmith and Horowitz 2006; Cheong and Morrison 2008). In this study, we attempted to identify and provisionally update empirical aspects of advertising theories – mainly the ELM and the FCB grid – that don’t currently accommodate things like UGC, by performing three focus groups with 29 college students (the number of participants – FG1: 9, FG2: 10, FG3: 10). Based on the results of the focus groups, the FCB grid was updated, and several propositions pertaining to consumers’ brand- or product-related information-seeking behaviors in the context of UGC and a list of 12 product categories, generated by using three product dimensions (i.e., “product involvement,” “think-feel,” and “online-offline shopping”), were provided for the future research. Preliminary findings and discussion points for scholars and professionals working in relevant fields are also offered in the study. Effects of violent television programs on advertising effectiveness among young children • Eunji Cho, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Seung Chul Yoo, The University of Texas at Austin • Using an experimental method, this study found violent TV programs elicits a high level of excitation among young children, which substantially enhances their advertising effectiveness. When advertising was viewed in a violent program, children showed higher ad recall and more favorable attitudes toward the ad when the advertising was viewed in a nonviolent program. Higher purchase intention and brand preference were also founded among subjects who viewed the ad embedded in a violent program. The Relationship Between Uncertainty Avoidance and Children’s Online Advertising Regulation Code: Examining the EASA • Nathaniel Evans, University of Tennessee • The current study examines variations in children’s advertising regulation code across the pan-European community and seeks to understand the relationship such code has with uncertainty avoidance (UAI). A content analysis of 18 European nation states’ advertising regulatory bodies’ (SROs) policies in the European Advertising Standards Alliance (EASA) was carried out. Findings reveal that nation states with higher UAI tend to have regulation code that mirrors a liberal market model of regulation reflective of the International Camber of Commerce (ICC) rather than a national-cultural model of advertising regulation reflective of EASA. The findings have implications for advertisers and regulators. Future research suggestions for EASA and children’s online advertising regulation code are discussed. The Effect of Arousal Variance and Presentation Sequence on Audience Responses to Animal Protection PSAs • Hyejin Kim, University of Minnesota; Okhyun Kim, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities • This study investigated the effect of arousal variance and presentation sequence on visual message recall in the context of animal protection Public Service Announcements (PSAs) with an unpleasant image appeal. The results demonstrated that an arousal generated from a visual message is more effective in the PSA element recalls. The findings contribute to advancing the limited capacity model of emotional message processing and to building more memorable PSA campaign strategies. The Effects of Visual Metaphor in Advertising on Attitude Changes • Soojin Kim, University of Florida; Jihye Kim, University of Florida • The purpose of this experimental study was to test the persuasive effects of visual metaphors in ads on consumers’ attitudes and intention and gain a greater understanding of the effects of visual metaphors under the levels of the corporate credibility and involvement in ads. An experimental study was conducted to examine three-way interactions in a 2 (involvement: high/low) x 2 (corporate credibility: high/low) x 2 (metaphor or non-metaphor) factorial design. The findings showed that a high credibility and visual metaphor association for the individuals who have high level of involvement produced more positive attitudes toward the ad and brand than a non-metaphor. The theoretical explanation and practical implications of the results of the study are further discussed. The Impact of Music-Product Fit in Television Ads on Advertising Effect • Chih-Fan Chen; Hui-Fei Lin, National Chiao Tung University; Shu Ning Tang • Music is perhaps the most important stimulating element of an advertisement. If properly utilized, music becomes the catalyst for advertisements. Prior research has focused on the type of music, the style of the melody or rhythm, and how it combines with the product in the ad. However, the effectiveness of ad jingles, especially those written for a product or brand on the persuasion has received little attention. In view of these, the purpose of this study is to examine whether under the different level of ad involvement, fit with the product and the background music in the ad that has the brand written in the lyrics will influence the advertising effect. The theoretical foundations draw on the Limited Capacity of Attention Model and Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM). A 2 (involvement: high/low) x 2 (background music in ad: fit/no fit) between-subjects design was conducted. The results revealed that people with high involvement have higher memory about the brand, better attitudes toward the ad, and greater attitudes toward the brand when the music and product fit compared to when did not. Strategies and Effectiveness of Product Placement in Idol Dramas • Pin-Chun Chen; Hui-Fei Lin, National Chiao Tung University; Shu Ning Tang • The purpose of this study was 1) to investigate the current status and implementation strategies of product placement and 2) to examine the relationships among exposure times, plot connection and the effects of product placement in Taiwanese idol dramas. The in-depth interview method was executed on 10 interviewees, including producers, television executives and script writers and an experiment with a 2 (number of exposures: high/low) x 2 (plot connection: high/low) between-subjects design taking Taiwanese idol drama “Hana Kimi” as example were conducted (N=95). The findings indicated that first product placement in Taiwanese idol dramas can be divided into three phases, including Front Period/Story Plotting, Planning Period/Script Writing as well as Implementation Period/Release and Broadcast. The number of exposures and plot connection had a significant main effect on memory, brand attitude, and purchase intention, respectively. Second, there was a significant number of exposures and plot connection interactions on brand attitude rather than purchase intention. More specifically, brand placements with a high number of exposures that were highly connected to plots resulted in more positive brand attitudes than those with few exposures that were loosely connected to the plots. The findings suggested that increasing the brand exposure time and the plot connection strategies have to be planned at the story plotting and script writing stages. Brand involvement and types are the main criteria in deciding the level of plot-connection. The strategy must be well-prepared before execution to have a more effective reach. Testing ‘Visibly’ Disabled Spokesperson Credibility on the Advertising Attitudes and Purchase Intentions of Able-bodied Consumers • Wilbur Martin, University of Southern Mississippi; Sidharth Muralidharan, The University of Southern Mississippi • The purpose of this study was to determine whether commercials for high and low involvement products with a visibly disabled spokesperson made a difference in advertising attitudes and purchase intentions. A between-subjects experimental study was followed by a focus group. Findings showed that disabled spokespersons for a low involvement product generated positive brand attitudes and purchase intentions. In terms of credibility, trustworthiness was the most important source credibility dimension. Implications for advertisers are discussed. Something Old, Something New: Convergence Culture, Lifestage Marketing, and The Knot, Inc. • Jamie Schleser, American University • This paper uses The Knot, Inc. as a case study to examine emergent trends in marketing in response to convergent media culture and the evolution of the hybrid consumer, the shopper who is able to transition seamlessly between different mediums and participate simultaneously in online and offline consumer behavior. I will argue that by interacting with consumers across a variety of platforms, deeply integrating participatory and social media tools, and developing a model of “lifestage marketing,” The Knot, Inc. is at the forefront of marketing strategies designed to engage consumers beyond their primary point of interaction with the company in order to develop loyal lifetime brand users. Some consideration is paid to the challenges of this strategy, including technological evolution cycles and continuing relevance. The Influence of Identity Fusion on Patriotic Consumption: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Korea and the U.S. • Jinnie Yoo, University of Texas at Austin; KyungOk Kim, The University of Texas at Austin • This study proposes that there is a significant relationship between identity fusion with a country and patriotic consumption behaviors, and individuals’ cultural backgrounds play an important role in this relationship. To test this idea, this study focuses on fused persons and explored how these persons reacted to advertising that contained patriotic messages. Further, to uncover possible cross-cultural differences in individuals responding to those patriotic ad messages depending on their fusion level, this study explores and compares people from two different cultural contexts; Korea vs. the United States. The results demonstrated that fused persons in both countries increase their willingness to be patriotic consumers by showing a high consumer ethnocentric tendency and favorable responses to patriotic advertising while such influences of identity fusion on patriotic consumption behaviors are stronger in the collectivistic country (i.e., Korea) than in the individualistic country (i.e., the U.S.). Additionally, the findings of study suggest that fusion can be a more influential factor to predict consumers’ patriotic consumption behaviors than identification. Country Music is Cool:  Advertising, Symbolic Excludivores and Musical Omnivores • Dawn Ziegerer Behnken, Penn State University • Music from many genres is used in television advertising, with the exception of country music.  Omnivorousness predicted more positive attitudes in those viewing an advertisement using “indie” music.  A measure for “coolness” was developed and a dimension called “trendy” mediated between omnivorousness and attitude related variables.  The term “symbolic excludivore” refers to those stating a dislike for country music.  Symbolic excludivores exposed to country music in television advertising did not have negative attitudes compared to those liking country music. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8474 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/comsher-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 12:30:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8476 Faculty In Her Own Voice: Women Scientists’ Identity Centrality and Perceptions of Workplace Climate • Jocelyn Steinke, Western Michigan University • Social identity theory offers a useful perspective for understanding women scientists’ perceptions of the gendered workplace cultures they encounter. This study of women scientist blogs found that women scientists regardless of whether they exhibited work identity centrality or family identity centrality experienced identity interference related workplace climate perceptions of job opportunities, workload, research funding, resources/equipment, networking opportunities, professional recognition and respect, and work-family balance. Implications for policy, practice, and social change are discussed. Brochures as Potential Initiators of Change: Study of STD Brochures Available to Native American Youth • Marilee Long, Colorado State University; Donna Rouner, Colorado State University; Roe Bubar, Colorado State University; Irene Vernon, Colorado State University; Greg Boiarsky; Jennifer Walton, NEON • This study investigated whether STD prevention brochures (N = 61) available at six Indian Health Service facilities contained information that would encourage Native American youth and young adults to adopt STD prevention behaviors. The study drew upon three theoretical perspectives: health belief model, social norm concept, and elaboration likelihood model. Results indicate that the brochures will not be effective in helping cut the high rate of STD infections among Native American youth and young adults. Can Media Literacy Change Children’s Attitudes and Preferences for Sugary Drinks and Fast Foods? • Yi-Chun (Yvonnes) Chen • The goal of this study is to contribute empirical research findings to the lack of intervention research in the area of childhood obesity. This study compared the efficacy of a knowledge-only curriculum (control) to a nutrition + media literacy enhanced curriculum (treatment) to promote desirable food choices among 3rd graders in a Title 1 School in Southwest Virginia (n=119). Risk in risk: Exploring effects of multiple health risk situation, risk scale and risk origin upon public’s perceived health risk in news • Gang (Kevin) Han, Greenlee School/Iowa State University; Juyan Zhang, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Halli Trip, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Paul LeBlanc, The University of Texas at San Antonio • This study uses an experiment to examine the effects of three factors, namely multiple (two)-risk situation, media representation of risk scale and origin of risk, upon the transference of attribute salience of disease information from media to the audience. Agenda setting, second-level agenda setting, issue obtrusiveness and impersonal influence serve as the theoretical frameworks. Findings suggest that the proximity of health risk significantly affects perceived severity. Risk scale matters when diseases are of international origin. More is less: Gatekeeping and coverage bias of climate change in US television news • Lee Ahern, Penn State; Melanie Formentin, The Pennsylvania State University • Past research supports the notion that Fox News is more dismissive of global warming than other news outlets. Ironically, Fox covers the issue much more often. A content analysis indicates that, overall, coverage of the issue relies on traditional news values such as political-elite cues and event magnitude. Fox, however, exhibited a news agenda biased toward excessive coverage, and co-opted the issue as an exemplar of “political correctness” and of the excess of political progressivism. Glamorization or Cautionary Tale? Comparing Episodes of MTV’s 16 and Pregnant and the Mediating Role of Outcome Expectations on Pregnancy Beliefs and Aspirations • Autumn Shafer, Texas Tech University • In 2009, MTV began airing a documentary-style reality television show titled 16 and Pregnant. The series follows one pregnant teen per episode pre/post birth, and focuses on the consequences of teen pregnancy. Millions of teens nation-wide have seen the episodes of 16 and Pregnant, now in its third season. Without an empirical evaluation, it is not clear that such viewing is actually beneficial in shifting teens’ perceptions of the realities of teen pregnancy and parenting. Synthetic Biology, Real Issues: U.S. Media Coverage of Synthetic Biology • Marjorie Kruvand • Synthetic biology is an emerging field that aims to design and build novel organisms by engineering man-made sequences of genes and assembling them in new combinations. While synthetic biology offers promise for developing cleaner fuels, creating pharmaceuticals, cleaning up pollutants, and fixing defective genes, it has been accompanied by environmental, ethical, and philosophical issues. Seeking Information about Climate Change: Attention to News Media, Objective Knowledge, and Other Antecedents in an Augmented PRISM • Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University; Benjamin Detenber, Nanyang Technological University; Sonny Rosenthal, Nanyang Technological University; Edmund Lee, Nanyang Technological University • This study extends the planned risk information seeking model (PRISM). Survey data from 902 Singaporeans showed that past attention to climate change in the media significantly predicts objective knowledge, risk perception, and affective response related to climate change. In addition, objective knowledge was a weak predictor of seeking intention and was related positively to perceived seeking control and negatively to seeking-related subjective norms. These findings highlight the important role of media depictions of climate change. A U.S. – China comparison of information-seeking intent about climate change • Z. Janet Yang, SUNY at Buffalo; Lee Ann Kahlor; Haichun Li, Beijing Normal University • We examined risk information seeking intentions related to climate change in U.S. and Chinese samples. Our model accounted for less variance in the Chinese sample and seeking intentions were less influenced by ecocentric attitude, risk perceptions, information insufficiency, and behavioral beliefs. Across the two samples, negative affect and subjective norms had similar impacts. Cultural differences are discussed. Overall, the model has cross-cultural validity and applicability in accounting for risk communication behaviors related to climate change. Hard times in the heartland: How metropolitan Midwest newspapers cover rural health • Julie Andsager, University of Iowa; Petya Eckler, University of Iowa • Rural health is a public health problem, but little media research has studied it. This content analysis sought to determine how Midwestern, metropolitan newspapers define rural communities, people, and health concerns. Space and time frames were included in the analysis. The six newspapers published relatively few stories on rural health, but the health concerns accurately depicted rural problems. Amount of coverage was positively related to the states’ rurality. Rural residents were rarely included. Use of Social Media by U.S. Hospitals: Benefits and Challenges • Petya Eckler, U of Iowa; Rauf Arif, University of Iowa; Erin O'Gara, U of Iowa • The study seeks to examine how U.S. hospitals use Facebook and Twitter. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 public relations representatives of U.S. hospitals which use both social media platforms. Nine themes emerged as dominant: incentives/benefits, challenges, overall response by the public, patient health, community engagement, social media as targeted communication, reaching various demographics, how social media is used, and health literacy. Media Use and Interpersonal Communication Following a Disaster: The May 22, 2011 Tornado in Joplin, Missouri • Brian Houston • On May 22, 2011, “one of the deadliest tornadoes in the United States history” occurred in Joplin, Missouri (National Weather Service, 2011, p. ii). News coverage of disasters like the Joplin tornado have captured the American public’s attention more than any other issue; however, surprisingly little is known about how individuals living in a community affected by a major disaster use media and interpersonal communication sources following a disaster. Testing The RISP Model: Cell Phone Users and The New “Possible” Risk of Brain Cancer • Ronald Yaros, University of Maryland • The primary goal of this study was to test and extend the risk information seeking and processing model (RISP) with an online pre and post survey about the World Health Organization’s “possible” category for brain cancer from cell phones. Analyses of participants’ responses to the 2011 WHO announcement included affective response (worry) and perceived information insufficiency associated with a common everyday activity such as cell phone use. Mediating Trust in Terrorism Coverage • Kirsten Mogensen, Roskilde University • Mass mediated risk communication can contribute to perceptions of threats and fear of “others” and/or to perceptions of trust in fellow citizens and society to overcome problems. This paper outlines a cross-disciplinary holistic framework for research in mediated trust building during an acute crisis. While the framework is presented in the context of television coverage of a terror-related crisis situation, it can equally be used in connection with all other forms of mediated trust. The climate change blame game: U.S. elite newspaper coverage of climate change • Z. Janet Yang, SUNY at Buffalo; Anthony Dudo; Lee Ann Kahlor; Ming-Ching Liang; Jenny Allen Catellier; Weiai Xu; Jonathan Mertel • This content analysis reveals the general pattern in elite U.S. newspaper coverage of climate change from 2007 to early 2011, which largely coincided with major international negotiations and report releases. Newspaper coverage primarily portrayed other countries, especially China, as contributing to climate change, but portrayed the U.S., as taking the responsibility for finding solutions for climate change, especially when no severe impact of climate change was mentioned in the articles. Metaphors in Science Communication: The Influence of Metaphors on the Public Perception of Introduced Species • P. Sol Hart, American University; Lauren Krizel • Drawing from the literature on framing processes, the present study examines how using different metaphors to describe introduced species may influence both the public perception of these species and willingness to spend resources to remove them. Using an experimental investigation, this study finds that individuals are more concerned about introduced species when they are described with the metaphor of invaders compared to the metaphors of piggy backers or providers. Implications for science communication are discussed. Resistance, ethnicity and health: Designing messages that reduce reactance for Hispanic and non-Hispanic diabetics • Liz Gardner, Texas Tech University • An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of ethnicity and two particular message strategies on psychological reactance felt by adult diabetics (N=111) in response to controlling health messages. This 2 (testimonial/informational) x 2 (other-referencing/self-referencing) x 2 (Hispanic/non-Hispanic) experiment, which also included message replication and order factors, tested the influence of the predictors in the context of messages encouraging healthy diet and exercise for adult diabetics. Join the conquest: Developing a campaign to increase clinical research participation in North Carolina • Heidi Hennink-Kaminski, UNC-Chapel Hill; Jessica Willoughby; Dana McMahan, UNC-Chapel Hill • Clinical research is necessary to develop life-saving medications and treatments, but the clinical research enterprise in the United States is in a state of crisis, largely due to an inability to enroll enough participants in studies. This paper chronicles formative research and message-testing research associated with the development of a local, branded campaign to raise awareness and stimulate interest in clinical research participation, largely among healthy volunteers. Barriers to Medical Research Participation as Perceived by Clinical Trials Investigators: Reaching out to Rural and African American Communities in XXXXXXXX • Andrea Tanner, University of South Carolina; Sei-Hill Kim; Daniela Friedman, University of South Carolina; Caroline Foster, University of South Carolina; Caroline Bergeron, University of South Carolina • Clinical trials help advance public health and medical research on prevention, diagnosis, screening, treatment and quality of life. Despite the need for access to quality care in medically underserved areas in the state of xxxxxxxx, clinical trial participation remains low among individuals in rural and African American communities. A "Hopeful Transition to Parenthood": Metaphoric Mobilization in Web Framing of Fertility Clinics • Orly Shachar, Iona College • Today, 96% of the Society of Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) member clinics have a web site and nearly 75% of member clinics have engaged in social media. As their presence on the web increases, fertility clinics’ promotional strategies have come under scrutiny. Paramount to their discourse is the language clinics employ on their homepages to frame their services and staff. This study draws on a top recommended clinics’ list, published by a leading parenting web portal. The Effects of Graphic Messages Embedded in an Anti-smoking Videogame on Knowledge Improvement and Attitudes toward Smoking • Hyo Jung Kim, Nanyang Technological University; Joung Huem Kwon • This study explored the potential of serious videogames as new venues for effective health preventions. Researchers developed a videogame for anti-smoking prevention: Smokey Dude, a Flash based Super Mario kind of action-adventure game. Two versions of this videogame were created to examine the effects of graphic images, commonly adopted in anti-smoking prevention in traditional media in the context of a videogame. Partisan Media and Healthcare: Conditional Indirect Effects of Ideology and Ambivalence on Structural Knowledge • Myiah Hutchens, Texas Tech University; Jay Hmielowski, Yale University; Michael Beam, Washington State University • Examining various media sources and their impact on knowledge has a long tradition in political communication. While the majority of research focuses on the impact of traditional media on factual knowledge, research is expanding to examine the role of a variety of forms of media and multiple dimensions of knowledge. Additionally, scholars’ focus is shifting from examining simple direct effects to understanding the process that better explains relationships between those variables. The Effectiveness of the Entertainment Education Strategy in Sexual Assault Prevention: A Field Experiment in a College Campus Setting • Stacey Hust; Paula Adams; Chunbo Ren, Washington State University; Ming Lei, Washington State University; Weina Ran, Washington State University; Emily Marett, Mississippi State University • Sexual assault is a serious problem on college campuses across the United States, and first-year college students living on campus are particularly at risk for sexual assault. Among existing safety-related education programs that addressed sexual assault on college campuses, very few prevention programs have used mass media communication strategies designed to simultaneously entertain and educate, so that audience members choose to attend to the materials. Postdoctoral Fellow • Predicting Cancer Information Seeking and Cancer Knowledge: The Role of Social and Cognitive Factors • Shelly Hovick, MD Anderson Cancer Center; Ming-Ching Liang; Lee Ann Kahlor • This study tests an expanded Structural Influence Model (SIM) to explore how social and cognitive factors contribute to cancer communication disparities. This study employed an online sample (N=1,007) of African American, Hispanic and White adults. The addition of cognitive predictors to the SIM substantially increased variance explained in cancer information seeking and cancer knowledge. Subjective norms and perceived seeking control were shown to be important mediators of the relationships between social determinants and communication outcomes. The impact of HIV PSAs on attitudes, behavioral intentions and risk perception as a function of evidence form, argument quality, personal relevance and gender • Jueman (Mandy) Zhang, New York Institute of Technology; Makana Chock; Gina Chen; Valerie Schweisberger; Yi Wang • This study examined the combined effects of evidence form, argument quality, personal relevance and gender on attitudes towards and intentions of condom use with a primary and a non-primary partner as well as on risk perception at personal and societal level among heterosexually active young adults. Argument quality had the greatest impact on the attitude that condom use is effective regardless of partner type. Personal relevance enhanced the effective feeling regarding primary but not non-primary partners. If they can’t help me, can I help myself? Institutional trust and self-efficacy in eco-label use • Lucy Atkinson, University of Texas at Austin; Sonny Rosenthal, Nanyang Technological University • This study employed latent factor interaction analysis to assess how environmental self-efficacy interacts with three forms of institutional trust—government, manufacturers, and advertising—to affect eco-label awareness and attention. Analyses revealed several main effects and two interactions. Government trust and eco-label awareness related negatively among high-efficacy respondents and positively among low-efficacy respondents. Advertising trust and eco-label attention related negatively among high-efficacy respondents and positively among low-efficacy respondents. An Evaluation of Church-based Public Engagement on Nanotechnology • John Besley, University of South Carolina; Sang Hwa Oh, University of South Carolina • The current study explores the impact of public engagement on views about nanotechnology risks and benefits, decision-makers and knowledge. Using pre- and post-tests, it finds that, while views about decision-makers stayed stable, scores on a short knowledge quiz increased alongside both risk and benefit perceptions (n = 65). Additional multivariate analysis suggests that change in knowledge is associated with both positive changes in views about decision-makers’ fairness and post-intervention views about decision-makers. Individual and Community Empowerment through a “Higher Power”: An Exploration of Rural Appalachian Women’s Communication about Health, Religion, and Empowerment • Lucinda Austin, Elon University • Through 41 qualitative, in-depth interviews with women residing in a small rural Appalachian community, this study questions how rural women make meaning of religion, empowerment, and health. This research study explores how religion affects women’s empowerment and how religion can be incorporated as an element of health communication campaigns to positively affect rural women’s everyday health activities. How do Korean Senior Immigrants Use the Internet for Health Communication in the U.S.? • Jae Park, University of North Florida; Eric Haley, University of Tennessee • As long as the internet is the medium that delivers a tremendous amount of information, the number of senior citizen American immigrants that seek personal health information through the internet has rapidly increased. In-depth interviews were conducted with ten participants in order to answer the question, “How do Korean senior immigrants use the internet for health communication in the U.S.?” Protection Motivation Theory and Trait Anxiety: Protecting Children’s Dental Health • Kimberly Walker, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis • Protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change (PMT) has been used with adults to motivate them to protect their health over a wide range of behaviors. It has been used rarely with children. This experiment applied PMT to children to determine how PMT’s two constructs—threat and coping—worked best in a communication message to motivate them to floss. Ten years of News Coverage of Nanotechnology in Taiwan: Toward a revised model of mediated issue development • Tsung-Jen Shih, National Chengchi University • The model of mediated issue development suggests that an issue can receive widespread media attention if it is discussed in the political arena, covered by political journalists, portrayed with dramatic terms, and had fewer competing issues in the environment. This study argues that, in addition to these factors, the inclusion of sources representing different stances in the news stories is also a necessary condition for an issue to catch both media and public attention. Student Newspaper portrayals of climate-friendly plant-based food practices: The New York Times and The Australian • Radhika Mittal •This paper examines whether mainstream newspapers – The Australian and The New York Times – situate plant-based food practices in the context of anthropogenic climate change. A qualitative content analysis reveals distant, conflicting, compromising and insincere coverage of climate-friendly, plant-based food practices over a period of two years in the newspapers studied. The communication of risk is an important aspect of media engagement with scientific issues, especially when pertaining to urgent, global concerns such as climate change. This study points to a lacuna in these prominent papers’ coverage of an important measure in mitigating climate change. Fitter with Twitter? The Direct and Efficacy-Mediated Effects of Reading, Writing, and Tweeting Health Messages Online • Rachel Young, University of Missouri School of Journalism • Online social network users regularly compose messages about health-related goals and post them to an audience of friends and followers. However, the psychosocial effects of writing and posting health messages via this platform have not yet been explored in depth. In a controlled experiment, this study examines the psychological and behavioral consequences, both direct and mediated by self-efficacy, of consuming, creating, and transmitting messages regarding physical activity via the social networking and microblogging site Twitter. Patients or Polar Bears? Framing the Public Health Implications of Climate Change • Justin Rolfe-Redding, George Mason University • This study tested three framings of climate change—as an environmental, health, or security issue—with a spectrum of audience segments, with political advocacy (likelihood of writing the President) as the outcome variable. Results indicate these frames may actually have had the opposite effects from those expected. Moderately engaged segments were relatively less likely to engage in advocacy when viewing the health frame, and skeptical segments were relatively less active when viewing the security frame. Examining News Coverage and Framing: The Case Study of Sea Lion Management at the Bonneville Dam • Tess McBride, Portland State University; cynthia coleman, portland state university • The current study examines how the construction of news stories frames information in ways that promote stakeholders’ platforms over the course of an environmental, scientific, social, political and legal conflict. Our examination of coverage of management of salmon populations and the encroachment of sea lions at Bonneville Dam in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States illustrates how the use of such frames as blame, solution and failure characterizes the mediated discourse. Heightening uncertainty around certain science: Media coverage, false balance, and the autism-vaccine controversy • Graham Dixon, Cornell University; Christopher Clarke, Cornell University • To investigate how balanced reporting of the autism-vaccine controversy influences judgments of vaccine risk, we randomly assigned 327 participants to read news articles that presented either balanced claims both for/against an autism-vaccine link, anti-link claims only, pro-link claims only, or non-health related information. Readers in the balanced condition were less certain that vaccines did not cause autism and more likely to believe experts were divided on the issue. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings. Expression and Reception of Emotional Support Online: Mediators of Social Competence on Health Benefits for Breast Cancer Patients • Woohyun Yoo, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Kang Namkoong; Mina Choi; Dhavan Shah, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Michael Aguilar, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Stephanie Jean Tsang; Yangsun Hong, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dave Gustafson, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study examines the mediating role of computer-mediated social support (CMSS) group participation, specifically the expression and reception of emotional support, in the relation between social competence and beneficial health outcomes for breast cancer patients. Participation in a computer mediated social support (CMSS) group was assessed by tracking and coding 237 breast cancer patients’ actual discussion participation and their expression and the reception of emotionally supportive messages. Seeking information about complex science: The interplay of risk-benefit perceptions and prior knowledge • Leona Yi-Fan Su, 6087729806; Nan Li; Dietram A. Scheufele; Dominique Brossard; Michael Xenos • This study examines the roles of perceived risks and benefits and knowledge level in predicting scientific information seeking behaviors. The findings show that both perceptions of risks and benefits positively relate to information seeking. Moreover, respondents with higher level of factual knowledge in nanotechnology tend to seek more information when perceiving both high risks and benefits. However, respondents with lower knowledge levels are motivated to seek information when high benefits but low risks are perceived. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Green-Buying, Recycling, and Civic Engagement Behavioral Intentions • Youqing Liao; Sonny Rosenthal, Nanyang Technological University; Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University • Expanding on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study incorporates and examines the effects of media attention, media dependency, and perceptions of personal and impersonal risk on three types of proenvironmental behaviors: recycling, green-buying and civic engagement. Regression analysis of a nationwide cross-sectional survey of Singaporeans (N = 1,168) yielded support for the original TPB model. Media attention significantly predicted green-buying and civic engagement behaviors, while interpersonal communication was significantly associated with all three types of proenvironmental behavior. Science News Media Use, Institutional Trust, and South Koreans’ Risk Perception of Genetically Modified (GM) foods • Sang Hwa Oh, University of South Carolina; Sei-Hill Kim • The current study explores the role of science new media in shaping trust in science-related institutions and the relationship between institutional trust and risk perception of emerging technology. Using a controversial science issue in South Korea, the use of genetically modified (GM) foods, we fist examine whether institutional trust is negatively related to perception of GM foods risks. We then analyze the relationship between three different types of science media use (newspapers, television, and the Internet) and institutional trust. Health Self-Efficacy and Health Information Seeking: Exploring Relationships between Source Utilization, Source Trustworthiness, Health Behaviors, and Demographics • Ho-Young (Anthony) Ahn, University of Tennessee; Nathaniel Evans, University of Tennessee; Tatjana Hocke, James Madison University; Elizabeth Avery, University of Tennessee • This study analyzes results from a representative nationwide telephone survey with a random sample (n=300) to examine how demographic variables influence health self-efficacy and how self-efficacy relates to health information seeking, health behaviors, and trust in seeking health information from different sources. No demographics were found to exert a unique influence on health self-efficacy, but the findings suggest health self-efficacy can be useful to predict health behaviors, although not be the best predictor of health information source choice and trust. Do Online Health-related Behaviors Lead to Being Helped? • Hui Zhang, Colorado State University • The current paper examines what online health information seeking behaviors predict oneself or another being helped by following online health information. Prior studies have primarily focused on evaluation of information quality, credibility of information sources, seekers’ trust in online information, and implication of people’s health status on the types of information they seek. A dangerous neighbor: The news frames of the radiation effects from the Fukushima nuclear accident • Junga Kim, University of Florida; Bijie Bie • This paper examined how U.S. newspapers conveyed radiation-related health information in coverage of the Fukushima nuclear accident. News articles from The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and USA Today were used in this study. A quantitative content analysis of 277 news articles and a qualitative framing analysis of 60 news articles were conducted. A Look at Nature: The Visual Representation of Environmental Affairs on the Covers of Time • Bruno Takahashi, SUNY ESF; Mark Meisner, International Environmental Communication Association (IECA) • This study focuses on nature and environmental affairs on the cover of Time magazine. Through content and critical analyses, we reviewed the covers from 1920s to 2011. The results show a subtle trend towards increasing the representation of environmental affairs; an emphasis on dramatically visual issues, and an inattention to less spectacular ones; the difficulty of visually representing certain issues effectively; and the need for more attention to the potential incongruities between text and image. Commenting on health: A framing analysis of user comments in response to health articles online • Avery Holton, University of Texas - Austin; Na Yeon Lee, University of Texas - Austin; Renita Coleman, University of Texas-Austin • Public health officials have continually urged journalists and other members of the news media to ease off health frames that focus on individuals and to promote broader societal frames instead. While some scholarly research has reinforced these pleas, none have examined the interplay between frames of health news coverage and resulting public comments. The current online environment invites such an analysis, allowing news organizations to post articles online and the public to comment on those articles. Feast or famine: Acceptability of GM foods for prevention of plant disease • Joseph Steinhardt, Cornell University; Katherine McComas; John Besley, University of South Carolina • This study examines factors influencing public acceptability of genetically modified (GM) foods when situated within the context of preventing “late blight” plant disease, which caused the Irish Potato Famine and still results in substantial crop loss today. It also examines how the perceived fairness of decision-makers influences levels of support for GM foods. The results of a national survey (N=859) found that context mattered little in public acceptability of GM foods whereas perceived fairness predicted support. To Green or Not To Green: A Cross-Cultural Study of the Impact of Product-Green Claim Congruity • Eunice Kim, University of Texas at Austin • This research examines the effects of product-green claim congruity on consumer responses in green marketing context. The results demonstrate that a product that is congruent with its green claim is evaluated more positively than an incongruent product. More interestingly, the product-green claim congruity effects are found to be more evident in the U.S. than in Korea, indicating the importance of product-claim congruity in Western cultures than in East Asian cultures. News Media’s Framing of H1N1 and its Effect on Public Perception • Eun Hae Park, University of Missouri, Columbia • This study investigated the types of news frames used in reporting of the H1N1 virus, and also explored risk levels involved. A sample of three different newspapers—The New York Times, Washington Post and USA Today—was used. Framing categories included action, economic consequence, social impact, uncertainty and risk assessment. Risk assessment and social impact were the most commonly used frames. For Fit’s Sake: A Norms-based Approach to Healthy Behaviors through Influence of Presumed Media Influence • Kaijie Ng; Grace Leong; Tiffany Tham; Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University • This study uses the influence of presumed media influence (IPMI) model as the theoretical framework to examine the normative influence of healthy lifestyle media messages on healthy lifestyle behavioral intentions. We included the differentiated social norms (i.e., proximal and distal injunctive norms), and personal norms variables in an extended model. Our results from a representative survey of 1,055 Singaporeans suggest that social distance and personal norms could be integrated into the IPMI theory. The Effects of Press Freedom and Biotech Policy on Southeast Asian Newspapers’ Coverage of GM Crops • Ruby Asoro • Does a country’s degree of press freedom and national biotech policy influence its newspapers’ performance in reporting about GM crops? A content analysis of articles from six Southeast Asian newspapers reveals that a freer press status fosters more stories and use of frames while a precautionary biotech policy favors the citing of more sources. The diversity of sources, however, produced a more polarized coverage that tended to be negative toward this innovation. Framing Responsibility in Climate Change: Ethnocentric Attribution Bias, Perceived Causes, and Policy Attitudes • Seung Mo Jang • Although the public’s perception that climate change is caused primarily by humans rather than nature is a key predictor of public engagement with the issue, little research has examined the way through which climate change communication can influence the perception of the cause. The present study seeks to explore how applicable existing research on attribution theory from social psychology is to public understanding of climate change. From rangers to radio: The role of communication in the development of sense of place • Laura Rickard; Richard Stedman • While considerable scholarship in sociology and environmental psychology has demonstrated that the tenure and quality of our experiences, as well as the physical characteristics of the setting predict sense of place (SOP), less research has examined the role that communication about a place may play. Concern about Climate Change: A Cross-National Analysis of Political, Cultural, and Media Influences • Heather Akin • This study analyzes the relationship among individual and country-level characteristics on individuals’ concerns about climate change in 24 nations. Using individual-level data on media use, education, and values and country-level data on political structure, economic status and environmental performance, this study analyzed these relationships using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM). Results indicate that characteristics of nations, particularly status as a democracy, national wealth, and environmental commitment significantly influence citizens’ concern about climate change. Implications of these findings are discussed. Anatomy of a Gaffe: Examining Print and Blog Coverage of Michele Bachmann’s HPV Vaccine Controversy • Robert Zuercher, University of Kentucky; Adam Parrish, University of Kentucky; Elizabeth Petrun, University of Kentucky • This study explores the nuances of blog and print channel coverage of Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann’s statement that the HPV vaccine caused mental retardation in a supporter’s daughter. The authors conducted a content analysis of both blogs and newspapers to examine differences in sourcing and commentary within blog and print coverage. Finally, a thematic analysis of identified content reveals how Bachmann was framed as a dishonest martyr who served to exacerbate a growing anti-vaccine movement. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8476 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/ctec-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 12:34:24 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8480 Open Papers A Wii, a Mii, and a New Me? Testing the Effectiveness of Wii Exergames in Increasing Children’s Enjoyment, Engagement, and Exertion in Physical Activity • Cui Zhang; Charles Meadows; Kimberly Bissell • Although previous studies have noted that exergames increase physical activity and physical exertion compared to sedentary videogames, no empirical studies have compared the differences between types of exergames in relation to physical exertion and perceived enjoyment. This pilot study investigated the perceived enjoyment, engagement, and overall exertion of children and adolescents while playing Wii exergames through an experimental design. Cancer Talk on Twitter: Community Structure and Information Sources in Breast and Prostate Cancer Social Networks • Itai Himelboim, University of Goergia, Telecommunications; Jeong Yeob Han • This study suggests taking a social networks theoretical approach to predict and explain patterns of information seeking among Twitter prostate and breast cancer communities.  We collected profiles and following relationships data about users who posted messages about either cancer over one composite week.  Using social network analysis, we identified the main clusters of interconnected users and their most followed hubs (i.e.: information sources sought). Doing it all: an exploratory study of personality predictors of media multitasking • Gunwoo Yoon, University of Illinois at Urbana-Chapmaign; Zongyuan Wang, Department of Advertising, College of Media, UIUC; Jun Ha Lee, University of Illinois; Jen Moss, University of Illinois; Brittany Duff, University of Illinois; Gunwoo Yoon, University of Illinois at Urbana-Chapmaign; Zongyuan Wang, Department of Advertising, College of Media, UIUC; Jun Ha Lee, University of Illinois; Jen Moss, University of Illinois; Brittany Duff, University of Illinois • Media multitasking is increasing among media consumers.  This is thought to be due to increase in media content options and the availability of those options on multiple mediums due to rapid technological advancements.  While there has been initial research in other areas such as computer science or cognitive psychology on multitasking as a general behavior, there has been less work on media multitasking. Engagement with News Content in Online Social Networks • Anne Oeldorf-Hirsch; S. Shyam Sundar, Pennsylvania State University • This study explores how sharing and discussing news stories through social networking sites may engage readers. 333 participants were randomly assigned to use Facebook to share a news story using the site’s various features or respond to a friend’s shared news story. Results show that the effects of sharing news content depend heavily on network feedback. Social features, such as posting on another friend’s wall and tagging friends, are key to engaging with news content. Exploring the Elaboration Likelihood Model in Cancer Communication: Extending Experimental Testing of Attitudes to Organizations and Blogs • Paula Rausch, National Cancer Institute • Using Elaboration Likelihood Model as a framework, this 2x2x2 experiment investigated the message processing that occurred among consumers of novel cancer treatment messages disseminated through a health organization-sponsored blog and their effects on previously untested attitudes toward the organization and the treatment blog. To some extent, involvement, source credibility and argument strength each influenced these attitudes, showing some support for ELM’s central and peripheral processing hypotheses in this context. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Exploring the Knowledge Production Gap in the Chinese Micro Blogosphere • Lu Wei, Zhejiang University; Mengdi Wang • Lu Wei, Zhejiang University; Mengdi Wang • Microblog sites provide the users with an unprecedented platform of knowledge production, and offer social researchers a great opportunity to investigate this new phenomenon. Taking the microblog discussion about nuclear power after Japan’s tsunami in 2011 as an example, this study seeks to explore the knowledge production in the Chinese microblogosphere from the following aspects. First, what are the forms and content of knowledge produced by Chinese microbloggers? Second, are there any differences in the knowledge production and how to explain these differences? Third, do knowledge producers have different social influences in the microblogosphere? Patterns of participation in new media in China: Analysis from a public health crisis • Fangfang Gao, Zhejiang University  • The rise of citizen engagement in information production and dissemination creates a new realm for grassroots public discourse, providing broader implications for the flow of information in China’s traditionally controlled media environment. This study examines the Chinese Internet users’ patterns of participation in new media such as blogs and discussion forums during a public health crisis, the tainted milk formula scandal in China from 2008 to 2011, showing the growing influence of new media in China. The implications of the findings were discussed. Pills and Power-Ups: Substance Use in Video Games • Ryan Rogers; Jessica Myrick, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Sri Kalyanaraman; Eric White • In contemporary video games, it is not uncommon for a player’s avatar to take painkillers, get drunk on virtual alcohol, or chug an energy drink. The presence of substance use in video games has been studied to some degree. Yet, noticeably absent are analyses of fantasy substance use, despite its ubiquity in modern video games.  The valence of substance use consequences is similarly ignored in analyses, despite substance use being a common mechanism in video games to enhance the players’ ability to reach in-game goals and objectives. Predicting Communal and Connective Public Goods Contribution in SNS: Network Incentives and Social Value Orientations • Wang Liao, Tsinghua University; Yusi Liu, Tsinghua University; Jianbin Jin, Tsinghua University • As benefit to the public, the public goods were easily damaged by free ridings. Thus it was crucial to encourage the user-generated content (UGC) contribution, especially on the social networking sites (SNSs). Drawn upon the communication public goods theory, based on a combination of the online questionnaire and mined data (N = 728) from a Chinese social networking site, this paper explored how the prestige and the social embeddedness had become network incentives to encourage the SNS users with three categories of social value orientations to contribute to both communal and connective public goods. Rethinking the dynamics of new media adoption: The case of smart TV • Sungjoon Lee, Department of Journalism and Communication Studies, Cheongju University • The purpose of this study is to build a more effective integrated adoption model for new media technologies than the existing frameworks, and to test its usefulness. The newly proposed model consists of six major constructs drawn from the diffusion of innovation theory (DIT), the technology acceptance model (TAM), and the model of innovation resistance (MIR), as applied to the context of smart TV adoption in South Korea. Some effects of Internet access among rural and small-town respondents • Adam Maksl, University of Missouri; Alecia Swasy, University of Missouri; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri-Columbia • The purpose of this study is to build a more effective integrated adoption model for new media technologies than the existing frameworks, and to test its usefulness. The newly proposed model consists of six major constructs drawn from the diffusion of innovation theory (DIT), the technology acceptance model (TAM), and the model of innovation resistance (MIR), as applied to the context of smart TV adoption in South Korea. To collect data, an online survey was used. Tagging and Identity Construction Online: Taking Tag Usage on Sina Weibo Microblog for Example • Xuan Xie, Hong Kong Baptist University • Microblogging sites have been one of the main online spaces for individuals in Chinese society. Users perform multiple aspects of themselves through static elements and dynamic activities and construct multiple identities. With the reference to identity theories, this study took tag usage on microblogging site Weibo for example to discuss identity construction by identity markers online. With a content analysis on self-imposed tags in selected profiles, it was found that personal identity was more salient than social identity in general. The Effects of Internet Use and Internet Efficacy on Offline and Online Engagement • Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University; Sherice Gearhart, Texas Tech University • This paper examines the effects of Internet use, social network site use and Internet efficacy on online and offline participation using the 2010 Pew Internet and American Life Project ‘Social side of the Internet’ survey (N = 2,303). Results show that general Internet use and social network site use enhance online participation. However, neither of them increases offline participation. Individual Internet efficacy enhances online and offline participation, but group Internet efficacy decreases offline participation. Implications of the findings of this study for democratic engagement are discussed. The Efficacy of State Health Departments to Promote Public Health Messages: The Case of Twitter • Bobby DeMuro, University of Memphis; Erin Willis, University of Memphis; Courtney Meeks, University of Memphis • The proliferation of social media websites provides opportunities for health information to be easily and inexpensively disseminated, especially Twitter – the fastest-growing social media site with more than 175 million users. Online communication has proven successful in supporting public health intervention efforts. This study applied textual analysis (N=1,245) to examine how state health departments use Twitter to communicate with their publics. Practical implications are discussed for health promotion and education. The Political Implications of Media Repertoires • Su Jung Kim, Northwestern University • This study investigates media use patterns across platforms (i.e., media repertoires) and the differences in user background characteristics, total news consumption, political interest, political knowledge, and voter turnout among representative users of each media repertoire group. This study identified five distinctive media repertoires (TV-oriented Entertainment Fans, Internet Maniacs, Traditional News Seekers, Tabloid Newspaper Readers, and Cable Junkies) and found significant differences in age, gender, education, and political variables associated with each media repertoire group. Understanding User Adoption and Behavior of Smartphone: An Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model • Sangwon Lee, Central Michigan University; Moonhee Cho, University of South Florida; Euna Park, University of New Haven • This study examines the behavior of South Korean smartphone users based on an integrated theoretical model, which employs the extended technology acceptance model, uses and gratification theory, theory of reasoned actions, and diffusion of innovations. A national smartphone user survey conducted in South Korea found that perceived usefulness affects the formation of attitude toward smartphone use and actual smartphone use. The results of the structural equation modeling analyses also suggest that perceived ease of use had a significant impact on perceived usefulness. Young Journalists Today: Journalism Students’ Perceptions of the Ever-Evolving Industry • Stephanie Daniels • Today’s journalism students are learning in a time in which new technology innovations, including online news sites, blogs, and social media, have become a prominent part of the journalism industry. Whether it’s newspapers, public relations, or broadcast, technology has become a part of every area of journalism. While several studies have focused on how journalism classes should be taught in lieu of this change, how students are learning and how they feel about this changing industry has yet to be shared. Faculty Papers Like me plz: Examining influence and social capital within the Knight News Twitter discourse • Julie Jones, Gaylord College of Journalism; Aimei Yang, Gaylord College of Journalism & Mass Communication; Adam Saffer; Jared Schroeder, University of Oklahoma • Influence within social groups is often conceptualized as information flow through key actors to a larger collective (Lazarsfeld, Berelson, & Gaudet, 1948; Merton, 1949) or, similar to finding value in real estate ventures, dependent on location (Barabási, 2001; Burt, 1992; 1999). Both approaches, though, value the role of bridging actors as a means of connection between core groups. In social network terminology, bridging actors fill structural holes. This study examined how structural holes were associated with social capital, namely endorsement of grant proposals. Alternative Media in a Digital Era: Comparing Information Use Among U.S. and Latin American Activists • Summer Harlow, University of Texas at Austin; Dustin Harp, University of Texas at Arlington • As activists use the Internet to bypass traditional media gatekeepers, disseminate their own messages, and mobilize protests, this study explores how activists in the U.S. and Latin America view activism in relation to mainstream and alternative media, particularly online media. Survey results show activists distrust corporate media and most frequently get their news online. Also, despite the digital divide, they view the Internet as an alternative public space for staying informed and for waging activism." Ban it or Use it? The Impact of Smartphone on Student Connectedness and Out-of-class Involvement • Xun "Sunny" Liu; Nancy Burroughs, California State Univeristy, Stanislaus; VIckie Harvey, California State University, Stanislaus; Qing Tian • In the current study, we investigate the roles of smartphones on student connectedness and out of-class involvement. Based on the technological acceptance model and the involvement theory, this study examines factors that will impact educational smartphone use, and how this specific type of smartphone usage, will determine student connectedness in the class and their out-of-class involvement. 267 college students were surveyed and a structural equation model was developed to explain out-of-class involvement. Blinded by the Spite? A Path Model Exploring the Relationships among Partisanship, Polarization, Reliance, Selective Exposure and Selective Avoidance of Blogs, Social Network Sites and Twitter on Democratic Measures • Thomas J. Johnson, University of Texas at Austin; Barbara Kaye, University of Tennessee at Knoxville • Despite fears that selective exposure and selective avoidance could deepen polarization and negatively affect the democratic process, few studies have directly studied this phenomenon. This study explore whether selective exposure and avoidance to blogs, social network sites and Twitter directly influence confidence in government, political interest and political knowledge or more indirectly through polarization. Selective exposure and avoidance proved weak indicators of polarization. Instead, partisanship is the stronger predictor of confidence, knowledge and interest. Blog credibility: examining the influence of author information and blog “reach” • Porismita Borah • By using two experiments, the present study examines the influence of two factors: identity of the blogger (ordinary blogger vs. journalist blogger) and reach of the blog (low vs. high) on blog credibility. Findings show that in case of the general audience the journalist blogger was perceived as more credible. Results also show that reach of the blog influenced blog credibility only in the case of the ordinary citizen blogger. Implications are discussed. Bridging People, Building Knowledge: An Examination of Chinese Web Users’ Adoption of Social Media for Knowledge Sharing • Yu Liu; Cong Li • A large number of Web users today are using social media platforms (e.g., Wikipedia) to share knowledge online. To further advance theoretical understandings of such a phenomenon, this study examines why certain Chinese Web users “accept” Wikipedia for knowledge sharing based on the Technology Acceptance Model. A total of 248 Chinese consumers are surveyed. It is found that when people perceive using Wikipedia to share knowledge is useful and easy, they tend to form a favorable attitude towards it, which in turn leads to actual usage behavior. Diffusion of news services and political news in mobile media: A time budget perspective • Xiaoqun Zhang, Bowling Green State University; Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State University; Sung-Yeon Park, School of Media & Communication, Bowling Green State University; Korea University, Seoul, ROK • This study applied the time budget perspective to explore the diffusion of mobile news services and political news. It highlighted the uniqueness of mobile media in terms of enhancing the time availability for news usage. The findings showed that people with tight time budget get more mobile news services than people with loose time budget, and people who are interested in political news spend more time on mobile news than people who are not. Digital Conversion: Social Media, Engagement, and the “I am a Mormon” Campaign • Brian Smith • Religion and social media represent a unique context for exploring communication and relationship cultivation. The relationship between religious organizations and their publics (i.e. members, converts) is arguably deeper than other organization-public relationships, and social media facilitates communication towards relationship cultivation through real-time response and digital interactivity. This study, an analysis of social media efforts of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) via its social platform www.Mormon.org, explores the ways in which members use communication technology to represent their beliefs and values online. Does Twitter Make Us More Knowledgeable? The Moderating Role of Need for Orientation • Eun-Ju Lee, Seoul National U; Soo Youn Oh, Seoul National University • A web-based survey (N=306) examined how Twitter use affects individuals’ news knowledge, in conjunction with the need for orientation.  The longer high NFOs had used Twitter, the better informed they were of hard news, but the time spent on Twitter daily was negatively associated with their soft news knowledge.  Additional analyses suggested that the ability to process public affairs information, rather than the information-seeking motivation, accounts for the widening gap in hard news knowledge. Effects of Three Dimensions of Web Navigability on Attitudes and Perceptions of an Organizational Site • Bartosz Wojdynski, Virginia Tech • This study examines the differential effects of three distinct dimensions of Web site navigability (logic of structure, clarity of structure, and clarity of target) on perceptions of a non-profit organization’s Web site. A 2 x 2 x2 factorial between-subjects experiment (N=128) examining the distinct contributions of these dimensions showed that logic of structure and clarity of structure influenced perceived navigability, while logic of structure and content domain involvement affected attitudes toward the Web site. Fighting death: The effects of punitive difficulty on video game enjoyment, immersion and need satisfaction • Mike Schmierbach; Brett Sherrick, The Pennsylvania State University; Mu Wu, Pennsylvania State University • Although many theoretical accounts focus on the importance of properly balanced challenges for video game enjoyment, little empirical scholarship tests the effects of difficulty. Using an experiment, this study demonstrates the consequences of player death and remaining challenge on feelings of competency and flow. Results show death inhibits both, while less skilled players enjoyed a challenging game more after accounting for number of deaths. Get in the Game: Customization, Immersion, Autonomy and Enjoyment • Keunyeong Kim, Pennsylvania State University; Julia Woolly, The Pennsylvania State University; Mike Schmierbach; Julia Daisy Fraustino, The Pennsylvania State University; Mun-Young Chung • Games increasingly allow players to adjust their experience, whether through modifying settings, changing their appearance, or selecting ways to advance their character. We present the results of an experiment in which players could customize their spaceship avatar between levels, demonstrating that this enhanced enjoyment in several ways. Players felt more autonomous, had greater feelings of control, and were more immersed when able to customize, compared with a control condition. Imagining the Future of Journalism Through Open-Source Technology: A Qualitative Study of the Knight-Mozilla News Technology Partnership • Nikki Usher; Seth Lewis, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities; Todd Kominak, George Washington University • This paper examines how journalists and technologists engaged in a high-profile partnership to re-imagine news for the digital age. We qualitatively analyzed a series of online videos (N=49) pitching group members’ open-source solutions for news. In light of the literature on journalism innovation and open-source technology and culture, and in the context of this connection between “hacks” and “hackers,” we identify key themes that articulate the future of news as process, participation, and social curation. Influencing public opinion from corn syrup to obesity: A longitudinal analysis of the references for nutritional entries on Wikipedia • Marcus Messner, Virginia Commonwealth University; Marcia DiStaso; Yan Jin, Virginia Commonwealth University; Shana Meganck, Virginia Commonwealth University; Scott Sherman, Virginia Commonwealth University; Sally Norton, Virginia Commonwealth University • The collaboratively edited online encyclopedia Wikipedia has continuously increased its reliability through a revised editing and referencing process. As the public increasingly turns to online resources for health information, this study analyzed the potential impact and the development of the referencing as the basis for Wikipedia content on nutritional health topics between 2007 and 2011. It’s Not Easy Trying to Be One of the Guys: The Effects of Avatar Attractiveness, Avatar Gender, and Purported User Gender on the Success of Help-Seeking Requests in an Online Game • T. Franklin Waddell, Pennsylvania State University; James Ivory, Virginia Tech • Although research suggests that offline stereotypes guide online interactions, fewer studies have examined whether users’ responses to avatar traits differ depending on avatar owners’ gender. This experiment measured effects of avatar attractiveness, avatar gender, and purported user gender on the assistance users received during 2,300 interactions. The most attractive avatars received more assistance, and female users were assisted less if their avatar was male or unattractive. Implications for sex roles in virtual environments are discussed. Making a Kinection: Competitive and Collaborative Multiplayer Gameplay in Exergames • Wei Peng, Michigan State University; Julia Crouse, Michigan State University • Although multiplayer mode is common among contemporary video games, the bulk of exergaming research looks at participants on an individual basis. Additionally, the play space is virtually an unstudied area. To fill the gap in the literature, the current study investigated different modes of multiplayer features and the play space in exergames and their effects on enjoyment, future play motivation and actual physical activity intensity. Mobile Communication Competence and Mobile Communication usage: Based on College Students’ Analysis • Fan-Bin Zeng, Jinan University; Zhang Rong • Based on a survey on college students in XX University (N=1218) using mobile communication at present, this study develops a measure of college students’ mobile communication competence and mobile communication usage. By conducting an exploratory factor analysis on mobile communication competence, this study identifies three latent constructs: technique -efficacy factor, preference-affection factor and communication-appropriateness factor; along with conducting an exploratory factor analysis on mobile communication usage, this study identifies two latent constructs: leisure-entertainment factor and communication - interaction factor. Mortality salience effects on selective exposure and cognitive processing on the Web • Robert Magee, Virginia Tech; Bartosz Wojdynski, Virginia Tech • A factorial experiment (N = 215) produced patterns of interactions that illustrate the relationship between dispositional and situational factors that drive selective exposure. Individual’s issue-related attitudes appeared to drive their Web site browsing behavior, as a match between an individual’s issue-related attitudes and the content of the Web site resulted in a greater number of page views. However, this relationship between content domain involvement and selective exposure appeared to occur only when individuals were not primed to reflect on their own mortality. Motivations to contribute to commons-based peer production: A survey of top English-language Wikipedia contributors • Yoshikazu Suzuki, University of Minnesota; Jisu Huh, University of Minnesota • This study examined the motivations of functional peer production, and tested the relationship between different motivation dimensions and satisfaction. Results from a survey of the top Wikipedia contributors identified eight distinctive motivational factors, and suggest that contributing to Wikipedia is driven by both individual and social motivations focused on benefitting both the self and the others. The creative stimulation factor was significantly and positively correlated with satisfaction gained from contributing to Wikipedia. Multitasking and Social Television: Use of Television and Social Media in a Multi-Platform Environment • Jiyoung Cha • Recognizing the multi-video platform and individualized video viewing environment, this study examines why people watch television, how people consume social television, and why people seek social television. Results suggest that people feel affection for television as a medium itself—a feeling that is independent of the content available on television. The motives for seeking social television include sense of community, social bonding with existing networks, reinforcement of online persona, entertainment, information sharing, social movement, self-documentation, and incentives. My Whole World’s in My Palm!: Teenagers’ Mobile Use and Skill • Yong Jin Park, Howard University • Mobile communication has emerged as a new channel for increasingly networked teenagers. While some celebrate new possibilities for autonomy, others are concerned that the increased use of mobile-based communication can lead to social disparities in digital skill and status replication. Using a national survey dataset (n = 552), we examined how mobile-mediated behavior among teens (12-17) interacts with the characteristics of socio-demographics and mobile access to predict levels of diverse mobile use and skill and consequences of skill-use differences. Networking for Philanthropy in Social Network Sites • Yoojung Kim, City University of Hong Kong; Wei-Na Lee • Social Network Sites (SNSs) provide a unique social venue to engage a large young generation in philanthropy through their networking capabilities. This study attempted to develop an integrated model that incorporates social capital into the Theory of Reasoned Action. Consistent with the theory’s predictions, volunteer behavior was predicted by volunteer intention which was influenced by attitudes and subjective norms. In addition, social capital, produced by the extensive use of SNS, was as an important driver of users’ attitude and subjective norms toward volunteering via SNSs. Online Health Communities and Chronic Disease Self-Management • Erin Willis, University of Memphis • This research used content analysis (N=1,960) to examine the computer-mediated communication within online health communities for evidence of chronic disease self-management behaviors, including the perceived benefits and perceived barriers to participating in such behaviors. Online health communities act as informal self-management programs led by peers with the same chronic disease through the exchange of health information. Online health communities provide opportunities for health behavior change messages to educate and persuade regarding arthritis self-management behaviors. Personalized News: How Filtering Shapes News Exposure • Michael Beam, Washington State University; Gerald Kosicki, The Ohio State University • This study is designed to contribute to understanding the impact of technologies that facilitate selective exposure on news reading and public opinion. Specifically, this study investigates attitudinal and behavioral differences between users and non-users of personalized news filtering systems. Results from a series of regression analyses of secondary survey data collected from national random samples of U.S. adults show a positive relationship between using personalized news systems and increased exposure to offline news. Political Television Hosts on Twitter: Examining patterns of interconnectivity and self-exposure in Twitter Political Talk Networks • Itai Himelboim, University of Goergia, Telecommunications • This study takes a social networks approach to studying the Twitter talk of users and media evoked by politically oriented cable television hosts.  Two potentially socially beneficial implications of these user interactions are examined: the interconnectedness of users as an indication for an exchange of opinions and information, and exposure to a political diversity of information sources.  Twitter data was captured for four hosts, the conservatives Sean Hannity and Glenn Beck, and the liberals, Rachel Meadow and Keith Olbermann. Predicting Internet Risks: A Longitudinal Panel Study of Gratifications-sought, Internet Addiction Symptoms and Social Media Use • Louis Leung, Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study used longitudinal panel survey data collected from 417 adolescents at two points in time one year apart. It examined relationships between social media gratifications-sought and social media use measured at Wave 1 and Internet addiction changes in Wave 2. In addition, we also explored relationships between social media gratifications-sought, Internet addiction symptoms, and social media use measured at Wave 1 and Internet risks changes in Wave 2. Psychological Individual Differences and the U&G of Facebook: The relationship between personality traits and motivational reactivity and the motivations and intensity to use Facebook in Taiwan • Kanni Huang, Michigan State University; Anastasia Kononova, American University of Kuwait; Yi-hsuan Chiang, Shih Hsin University; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University • A cross-sectional survey from Taiwan (N = 3,172) explored the relationship among psychological individual different factors, the motivations to use Facebook, and the intensity to use Facebook. Our findings indicated extraversion, resiliency, and originality/talent were the strongest predictors of the motivations to use Facebook. Aversive system activation (DSA) significantly predicted information sharing, entertainment, passing time, and medium appeal. All motivations to use Facebook significantly predicted the intensity of its use. Should I Trust Him? Effects of Profile Cues on eWOM Credibility • Qian Xu, Elon University • A 2 (number of trusted members: small, large) x 2 (profile picture:  without, with) x 2(review valence: negative, positive) between-participants experiment was conducted to explore how two profile cues, i.e. the reputation cue and the picture cue, on a consumer review website individually and interactively affected consumers’ cognitive trust and affect trust in the product reviewer. The psychological mechanisms for the cues’ influence on perception of review credibility were also examined. Showing off Where I am? The Interplay of Personality Traits, Self-disclosure, and Motivation on Facebook Check-ins • Shaojung Sharon Wang, Institute of Communications Management, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan • This study explored how personality traits, extraversion, and narcissism function to influence self-disclosure, which in turn, impacts intensity of check-in on Facebook.  Moreover, exhibitionism as a motivation that might mediate the relationship between self-disclosure and the intensity of check-in behavior on Facebook was also investigated.  Using survey data collected through Facebook check-in users in Taiwan (N=523), the results demonstrated that although extraversion and narcissism might not directly impact check-in intensity on Facebook, the mediation effects of self-disclosure and exhibitionistic motivation were particularly salient. Smartphone News Consumption: The Absence of Location-Based Services within Today’s Mobile News Apps • Amy Schmitz Weiss, San Diego State University • As media organizations grow their social media strategies, skills in using these platforms have become increasingly important for aspiring mass communication professionals. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of how students are already using social media and what benefits they perceive from incorporating Twitter as a required course assignment in college mass communication classes. Findings show students are positive and enthusiastic about the assignment; gender was significant in two areas. Technology Disruption Theory and Middle East Media • Ralph Berenger, American University of Sharjah; Mustafa Taha, American University of Sharjah • This paper examines media technology disruption theory and its affect on Middle East mass media and audiences. Every major information technology innovation throughout history has caused some form of social disruption, from fears that telephones would electrocute the users in a thunderstorm, to moral or media panics like the War of the Worlds broadcast in the 1930’s, to current attempts to manipulate digital images for political reasons. The Active Citizen's Information Media Repertoire: An exploration of local-community news habits in Madison, WI, during the digital age • Sue Robinson, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Active community members such as school officials, police officers, nonprofit directors and librarians approach information about their city as a way to stay involved and improve the community. Digital technologies have reconfigured how people know about their cities, specifically what news sources they might go to. Sampling from one Midwest community’s most engaged citizens, this research details and formalizes the emerging media-information repertoires built on local news sources, including: their motivations for seeking news, the structuring conditions for particular media usage, the norms of usage they are developing, and the perceived consequences for that use. The influence of video game controllers on game-player’s self-awareness, sense of control and enjoyment • Jeeyun Oh, Penn State University; Mun-Young Chung; Mike Schmierbach • This study investigates the impact of a motion controller upon players’ level of enjoyment and related variables. A 2 (Motion controller vs. Control) X 2 (Mirroring vs. Control) between-subject experiment has been performed with Tiger Woods PGA Tour in Nintendo Wii console. A mirror image of self inhibited the sense of control over gameplay only when it was combined with a motion controller, which was the strongest, positive predictor for both players' feeling of presence and enjoyment. Transported into the Twitter World: When Politicians' Twitter Communication Affects Public Evaluations of Them • Eun-Ju Lee, Seoul National U; Soo Yun Shin, Seoul National University • In a web-based experiment, participants (N = 217) viewed either a politician’s Twitter page or his newspaper interview with identical content.  Exposure to the Twitter page heightened the sense of direct interaction (social presence), which induced more favorable impressions of and a stronger intention to vote for him, only among those more prone to get “transported” into a narrative.  Reading the newspaper interview, however, significantly enhanced issue recognition and facilitated issue-centered (vs. person-centered) message processing. User Behaviors in Social Commerce • Don Shin • Social commerce, a new form of commerce that involves using social media, has been rapidly developing. This study analyzes consumer behaviors in social commerce, focusing on the role of social influence in social commerce. A model is created to validate the relationship between the subjective norm and trust, social support, attitude, and intention. The results of the model show that the subjective norm is a key behavioral antecedent to use social commerce. Using a constructivist approach to teach SEO tactics to PR students • Mia Moody; Elizabeth Bates • Enough evidence is available to support the idea that students need to be equipped with search engine optimization (SEO) skills to succeed in the public relations field; however little has been written on what they actually know. Furthermore, much of what has been published on the topic has been in trade publications rather than scholarly journals. To fill this void, this paper discusses the intricacies of SEO and offers a skills assessment tool and tips for integrating the technique into PR courses. What Are You Worrying about on Social Networking Sites? Empirical Investigation of Young Social Networking Site Users’ Perceived Privacy • Yongick Jeong; Erin Coyle • Privacy is an important issue because it shields personal information from unwanted exposure. This study examines various aspects of privacy on social networking sites (SNSs). The findings indicate that young users generally are more concerned about the information they provide to traditional SNSs (Facebook) than microblogging sites (Twitter) and worry more about people with authoritative roles (authoritarian privacy) than those they know less about (distant relations). What Motivates Consumers to Accept User-Generated Contents on Product Review Websites? • Yunjae Cheong, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies; Kihan Kim, Seoul National University; Hyuksoo Kim, The University of Alabama • This study was designed to provide insights into why people accept user generated contents on product review (UGPR) websites. Recently, UGPR has significantly transformed consumers’ purchase process in various product categories, becoming an indispensable tool for consumers and practitioners. Accordingly, this study builds a comprehensive theoretical model to explain factors that drive acceptance of UGPR websites. We examined four latent variables of UGPR message acceptance, which are perceived source expertise, message objectivity, media credibility, and self-source similarity. When Old and New Media Collide: The Case of WikiLeaks • Elizabeth Hindman, Washington State University; Ryan Thomas • The emergence of WikiLeaks and other non-journalist information providers as major players on the political landscape raises a number of important issues for media scholars and practitioners. Among them is the advent of organizations harnessing new communication technologies to keep a watchful eye on powerful interests, a monitorial role traditionally occupied by “old media” outlets like newspapers.  This qualitative study examines U.S. newspaper editorial responses to WikiLeaks’ 2010 release of U.S. State Department diplomatic cables. Student Papers A Comparative Content Analysis of Dialogic Theory on Fortune 1000 Facebook and Twitter Pages • Christopher Wilson, University of Florida; Weiting Tao, University of Florida • Social media sites (i.e., SMSs) like Facebook and Twitter are more important for public relations than ever before. Many of the academic studies in public relations on the relationship-building potential of SMSs are based on Kent and Tayor’s (1998, 2002) dialogic theory for websites. However, the measures used to test the dialogic principles on SMSs have been inconsistent even on similar social media platforms, making it difficult to compare results and replicate findings. Agenda Setting in the Internet Age: The Reciprocity Between Using Internet Search Engines and Issue Salience • ByungGu Lee, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Jinha Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study investigates the relationships between information-seeking activities on the Internet and public perceptions of issue importance. Previous research suggests that information seeking can precede perceptual decisions such as judgment about national importance of an issue. Also, evidence indicates that such judgment can lead to subsequent information-seeking activities. Simply put, a reciprocal relationship can be established between information seeking and issue salience. Are Wikimedia Less Susceptible to Censorship than Mainstream Media? • Jim DeBrosse, Ohio University • In a case study of Wikipedia and Wikinews coverage of Project Censored's Top 10 Censored Stories of 2010-2010, this paper found that Wikinews failed to cover any of the 10 censored stories while Wikipedia covered one story and provided partial matches for five others. Wikinews' total failure may be attributed primarily to its lack of reporting resources and its emphasis on breaking news. Comments on YouTube Videos: Understanding the Role of Anonymity • M Laeeq Khan, Michigan State University • In this paper, in addition to understanding the commenting behavior on YouTube videos, the role of anonymity is discussed in light of SIDE theory. Comments were categorized in four major categories—appreciative, criticisms, flames and spam. Contrary to the common belief that YouTube videos are characterized by widespread flaming, it was found that even with anonymous user names, a majority of comments posted were appreciative as compared to derisive. Democracy, Press Freedom, and Facebook: Identifying Conditional Diffusion of Technology • Shin Lee, University of Washington • Given the global diffusion of Facebook, this study predicts democracy and press freedom to serve as its determinants beyond Internet use. Using a sample of 107 countries, this study finds support for each of proposed hypotheses: 1) Internet diffusion does not necessarily increase Facebook penetration; 2) Facebook diffusion diminishes in countries with higher levels of ICT development; 3) democratic growth corresponds to Facebook diffusion; and 4) less press freedom increases Facebook diffusion in autocratic countries. Educating the New Media Professional: Using the Technology Acceptance Model to Investigate Professional Media Students’ Technological Adoption • Tobias Hopp, University of Oregon • Despite the fact that post-secondary departments offering instruction in the fields of journalism, communication, advertising, and public relations have increasingly emphasized the use of new media production technologies, universities across the country have generally failed to investigate the factors that impact technological adoption on the part of students. Examining Gender Differences in Using Facebook for Social Connections: An Application of Uses and Gratifications Theory • Chen-wei Chang, University of Southern Mississippi • This study applied Uses and Gratifications theory to investigate how men and women used Facebook to interact with others in different ways and further explored the similarities and contradictions regarding their “gratifications sought” (motivations) and “gratifications obtained” from the social activities on Facebook. A paper-based survey was administered in a public southern university in March 2012. Exploration of Online Support Community for Excessive Gamers • Seol Ki, Rutgers University • This exploratory study examined the structure of OGANON community and the emerging pattern of social support exchange among community members- excessive gamers and their close people such as friends and family. Through ethnographic observation based on grounded theory approach, communication differences between daily online chat meeting and message boards are found and discussed. Online chat meeting is a source of confession and self-help through ritualized monologues whereas message boards are main sources of exchanging mutual help with other members. Old Dogs & New Media: Examining Age and Teaching Focus in the Debate Between Technology and Tradition in the Journalism Classroom • Jeffrey Riley, University of Florida • In this study, journalism educators at AEJMC-accredited universities were surveyed to find their opinion about the importance of traditional skills and theories versus technologically based skills and theories in the modern journalism classroom. The journalism educators were also asked to fill out demographic and characteristic information, including age and teaching focus. This study drew from in-group out-group biases, selective perception, and diffusion of innovations for the theoretical basis. A total of 652 participants completed the survey. SNS use on mobile devices: An examination of gratifications, civic attitudes and engagement in China • Yang Cheng, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Jingwen Liang • This study, based on the Mainland China context, explores the relationships between gratifications-sought, social network sites (SNSs) uses on mobile devices, civic attitudes and civic engagement in a charity credibility crisis. Through a survey research of 760 university students from the Southeast China, results show gratifications sought and civic attitudes can significantly predict SNS use on mobile devices and civic engagement. It argues that mobile-based communication plays an important role in encouraging individuals' civic engagement. Technostalgic Photography and Damon Winter's "A Grunt's Life" • Heidi Mau, Temple University • This research is a discourse analysis of Damon Winter’s 2010 publication in The New York Times of iPhone/Hipstamatic app photographs of soldiers in Afghanistan, and the subsequent disruption in the online mediasphere when this work was acknowledged by the 2011 POYi photography competition. This paper contributes to scholarly discussions concerning the evolution of photography – its tools, images and interactions with a public – with a particular focus in scholarship addressing how technological changes might affect visual meaning in photojournalism. The Effects of Ambient Media: What unplugging reveals about being plugged in • Jessica Roberts, University of Maryland; Michael Koliska, University of Maryland • Ambient media is a way to conceptualize the information environment in which so many of us live. It is no secret that we increasingly live in a world rich in information and communication technology and media that bring us that information. Besides television, radio, newspapers and computers, we now carry devices with us -- mobile devices with digital content, such as phones, iPods, and PDAs, which have become ubiquitous around the world, and provide constant access to a world of information. The Role of Motivations and Anonymity on Self-disclosure in SNSs: A Comparison of Facebook and Formspring • Hyunsook Youn, Rutgers • Individuals have motivations when searching for platforms to fulfill their needs. Especially, advance of communication technologies offers individuals with a variety of ways they can express. This study explores individual motivations behind using different social network sites to fulfill their various needs. Also, one of the benefits online platform provides is to hide oneself behind screen although it can be considered either positive or negative. Different levels of anonymity each site offers may result in unusual degree or amount of one's self-disclosure. The smartphone: Next digital divide? • Joseph Jai-sung Yoo, The University of Texas at Austin • The objective of this study is to determine whether socioeconomic status influences the ownership of smartphones and compare the use patterns between smartphone users and non-users. Results indicate that SES is not a deciding factor and functions not provided in traditional mobile phone can explain the use associated with smartphones. This study examines differences in feeling life satisfaction between smartphone users and non-users. Due to wide distribution of smartphone, there were no differences. The YouTube Platform: The Nomad in Participatory Culture • Mark Lashley, University of Georgia • This paper argues that discussions of user interactions with YouTube can be framed around theories of participatory culture, and brings to light how Montfort & Bogost’s (2009) work in “platform studies” might be applicable to explain how YouTube operates as a space where computing is enabled. To tie together these two conceptual frames, a number of postmodern precepts from Deleuze & Guattari (1987) are applied, most notably the concept of “nomadology” as it applies to users of the video sharing site. It is hoped that, in the future, this theoretical language can be used in analysis of YouTube content in order to better understand the interactions between space and user. Tweeting Every Touchdown: Analyzing the Twitter Use of Sports Fans through the Uses and Gratifications Theory • Natalie Brown, University of Alabama • This study surveyed 217 sports fans to define which sports fans use Twitter, and how their satisfaction with social media use is impacted by their motivations for tweeting. This study adds to both social media and uses and gratifications literature by identifying the motivations for social media use that are unique to sports fans.  Results showed that sports fans primarily use Twitter for surveillance and information gathering rather than for social reasons, calling into question whether Twitter should continue to be referred to as a “social media” Web site, or whether it has evolved to bridge traditional and new media. Tweeting Life-casting or Public Affairs?: Journalists' Tweets, Interactivity, and Ideology • Na Yeon Lee, University of Texas - Austin; Yonghwan Kim; Ji won Kim, The university of Texas at Austin • This study examines how Korean journalists use Twitter by analyzing what topics they talk about and with whom they interact on Twitter, and investigates whether these usage patterns vary according to newspapers' ideology. A content analysis of 494 tweets by 52 randomly selected Korean journalists showed that more than half the tweets were topics related to public affairs, such as politics and social issues, and 56% of the tweets were “in reply to” or “re-tweet” responses. Understanding the Technological Advantages of Web Surveys: Can Response Formats Impact Data Quality? • Clay Craig; Patrick Merle • The utilization of technologically advanced web-based survey software is becoming prevalent. Along with this proliferation, advancements in survey customizations provide researchers with a plethora of visual and structural elements to compose appropriate designs, yet pose the question of the impact such technological possibilities have on data quality. This study, (N  = 188) an embedded experiment in a web survey, examines three response formats (radio button, slider scale, and text entry) to determine their influence on participants’ decisions. What has Social Networking Service (SNS) research done for the half decade? Review, critiques, and discussion of the studies from 2006 to 2011 • Yin ZHANG, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study presents an extensive review of the scholarship on social networking service (SNS) from 2006 to 2011. Through a full scan and content analysis of the academic publications in six high ranking SSCI journals, seventy-four articles were identified for review. The topical, theoretical and methodological trends of current studies are summarized and discussed. What’s on Your Mind? What Facebook Users Disclose in their Status Updates and Why • Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; Heather Shoenberger, University of Missouri • Studies have explored what people disclose on Facebook but not specifically what people say in their status updates, a feature that allows users to express their thoughts, opinions and feelings to their network in real time. Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, this study uncovers the themes that users divulge on their status updates on Facebook and the factors that drive these sometimes very intimate disclosures. Who says what about whom: Cue-taking dynamics in the impression formation processes on Facebook • Jayeon Lee; Young Shin Lim, Ohio State University • Social information processing theory claims that computer-mediated communication users form impressions of others they encounter on the Web by taking heuristic cues available in the environment. As social media offer various cues from the sides of both the target and unknown others, however, the way people utilize cues on the Web also has become more complex. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8480 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/ctm-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 12:39:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8486 Faculty The Role of Content Enjoyment in Effects of Sexual and Romantic Media Primes • Francesca Dillman Carpentier, University of North Carolina; Scott Parrott, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Temple Northup, University of Houston • This study tested how enjoyment of content featuring an overtly sexual prime or a romantic prime (versus control) moderates priming effects on social judgments, especially if the context of the judgment did not readily lend itself to a sexual lens. In this study, sexual primes worked best when the evaluation most related to the primed concept. Enjoyment enhanced priming effectiveness when the prime was not as relevant to the evaluation context. Diffusing Deviant Behavior: A Communication Perspective on the Construction of Moral Panics • Bryan Denham • Although mass media play an important role in defining and amplifying deviant behavior, much of the research on the construction of moral panics, or exaggerated responses to social problems, has originated in disciplines other than communication. This article offers a conceptual explanation of how media amplify deviance, drawing on previous work grounded in exemplification theory and news icons before addressing how amplification processes stand to follow – and deviate from – an S-shaped logistic curve. Measuring Public Opinion Formation: Assessing First- and Second-Level Agenda Setting through Salience Measures • Jennifer Kowalewski; Maxwell McCombs, University of Texas • Although scholars have measured both first- and second-level agenda setting often using open-ended response, more close-ended measures might assist in measuring the theory, adding to the rich data. This experimental study directly compared open-ended responses shown to gauge an agenda-setting effect with close-ended responses to enhance the assessment of both first- and second-level agenda setting. The findings identified five close-ended scales that add to the precision of measuring the salience of issues and attributes. Tradeoffs between Webcam, Chat, and Face-To-Face Focus Groups on Dimensions of Data Quality and Richness • Katie Abrams, University of Illinois; Sebastian Galindo-Gonzalez, University of Florida; Gina Song, University of Illinois; Zongyuan Wang, Department of Advertising, College of Media, UIUC; Chanju LEE, Department of Advertising, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • This study offers an examination of data quality (topic-related data, unrelated data, data richness) and logistical tradeoffs between face-to-face, text-only chat, and webcam focus group mediums. Two focus group sessions were held for each type of medium. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. Differences were observed among the mediums on word counts, topic-related and unrelated passages, and data richness. Recommendations for medium selection and future research are provided. Information-Seeking Self-Identity: Scale Development and Validation • Sonny Rosenthal, Nanyang Technological University • This study developed a scale to measure people’s self-identities as information seekers. Novel scale items drew on prior research of self-identity in behavior. Scale validation resulted in seven- and four-item versions (α > .85) of an information-seeking self-identity (ISSI) scale. Concurrent validation affirmed the scale’s psychometric properties on four criterion variables: openness to experience, need for cognition, desire for control, and innovativeness. As well, the scale differed significantly between respondents who seek information and those who do not. Developmental Provocation: Youth Prompting of Purposeful Political Parenting • Mike McDevitt, University of Colorado; Spiro Kiousis, University of Florida • This study represents the first attempt to conceptualize and measure purposeful parenting as a dependent variable in political socialization. A model of development provocation captures contributions of youth to parenting in families of low socioeconomic status. Adolescent-parent dyads in Arizona, Colorado, and Florida were interviewed after the 2002 and 2004 elections. Youth news attention, opposition to Iraq war, and first-time voting contributed to gains in purposeful political parenting across election cycles. Multiplying Incongruence: How the Emotional Response to Diverse Sources of Incongruent Messages Mediates Participatory Intentions • Emily Vraga, George Washington University • During a campaign, individuals are exposed to messages that invoke their partisan identification. Using a series of two experiments, this study tests participants’ emotional arousal when faced with two competing sources of incongruent information: a test refuting their party identification and campaign messages, such as political advertisements and news coverage. The positive and negative emotions that result from exposure to political attack and messaging differentially influence whether and how individuals desire to participate in politics. Searching for Salience: The Interplay of Media Coverage and Online Search Behavior during the BP Oil Disaster • Matthew Ragas, DePaul University; Hai Tran, DePaul University; Jason Martin, DePaul University • In an effort to advance agenda-setting theory online, this longitudinal study employed a series of content analyses of news content paired with aggregate search behavior data to explore the over-time relationship between media attention and search interest in BP during the Gulf of Mexico oil spill in 2010. The study results provide strong evidence of agenda-setting linkages between media coverage and search trends – even after controlling for possible explanatory variables. Excitation Transfer Effects between Semantically Related and Temporally Adjacent Stimuli • Glenn Cummins, Texas Tech University College of Mass Communications; Wes Wise; Brandon Nutting, Texas Tech University College of Mass Communications • Although excitation transfer theory has been supported in numerous contexts, questions remain regarding transfer of arousal between events that are semantically and temporally related. This paper summarizes two studies exploring excitation transfer between such events. Study one failed to support the theory, instead suggesting contrast effects between stimuli. A follow-up study demonstrated that arousal may transfer between semantically related, temporally adjacent events. Behavioral Pluralism of the Third-person Effect: Evidence from the News about Fukushima Nuclear Crisis • Ran Wei, University of South Carolina; Ven-hwei Lo, Chinese U of Hong Kong; Hungyi Lu, National Chung Cheng University; Hsin-Ya Hou • This study focuses on examining the behavioral component of the third-person effect by exploring how perception of the influence of nuclear pollution news predicts taking multiple actions -- such as “corrective,” “protective,” and “promotional” -- in a situation where the nuclear pollution news has already been widely reported and others have already been influenced by the news. Does Automatic Attention Allocation to Auditory Structural Features Habituate? • Robert Potter, Indiana University; Matthew Falk, Indiana University; Soyoung Bae, Indiana University; Teresa Lynch, Indiana University; Nicholas Matthews, Indiana University; Ashley Kraus, Indiana University; Sharon Mayell, Indiana University • Past research shows that structural changes in the auditory environment cause people to briefly but automatically pay attention to auditory messages such as radio broadcasts, podcasts, and web streaming. We also know that the voice change--an example of such an auditory structural feature--elicits automatic attention across multiple repetitions. Incorporating Motivated Cognition into the Extended Parallel Process Model: An Integrative Theoretical Essay • Glenn Leshner, University of Missouri; Paul Bolls, University of Missouri; Anthony Almond, U of Missouri • The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical extension of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) that includes the role of emotional message features and their impact on message processing. Specifically, we attempt to demonstrate how recent research informs how emotional message features and emotional responses impact individuals’ processing of information about health content communicated through television messages. Explicating time: Toward making content analysis research describing time frames more meaningful • Julie Andsager, University of Iowa; Joseph Schwartz, Northeastern University • This study examined the extent to which scholars explicate time intervals used to track changes in messages in content analysis. We analyzed 218 content analysis-based studies published in two leading peer-reviewed media communication journals to understand the status of explication of time. Of 78 studies using time intervals, nearly half left time intervals unexplicated. We presented two case studies demonstrating how meaningful time intervals produce more nuanced, theoretically meaningful results compared to non-explicated time frames. Elaboration or Distraction? Knowledge Acquisition from Thematically Related and Unrelated Humor in Political Speeches • Jorg Matthes, University of Vienna • There is an ongoing debate in public opinion research as to whether traditionally serious political issues are better learned by the public when they are connected to humor. This paper adds to this debate by proposing a moderated mediation model of humor-based learning effects. Humor is theorized to increase or decrease knowledge acquisition depending on humor-message relatedness and individual differences in need for humor (NFH). A Comparison of Three Approaches to Computing Information Insufficiency: Challenges and Opportunities • Sonny Rosenthal, Nanyang Technological University • Models of information seeking often concern information insufficiency. Common methods to compute this construct have a tendency to produce bias in model estimates in conditions of high multicollinearity among dependent variables. This article (1) describes the analysis of partial variance per Cohen and Cohen’s (1983) original derivation that is necessary to compute information insufficiency and (2) contrasts this method with existing alternatives using analyses of simulated data and secondary analysis of real data. Talking about Healthcare: News Framing of Who Is Responsible for Rising Healthcare Costs in the United States • Sei-Hill Kim; Andrea Tanner, University of South Carolina; Soo Yun Kim, University of South Carolina; Caroline Foster, University of South Carolina • Our content analysis examines how the American news media have presented the problem of rising healthcare costs, looking particularly at the question of who is responsible. More specifically, we examine how often the media have discussed five major causes, including patients, healthcare providers, insurance companies, the government, and pharmaceutical companies. Implications of the findings are discussed in detail. A Reliability Index (ai) that Assumes Honest Coders and Variable Randomness • Xinshu Zhao, School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University, and Journalism School, Fudan University • The available indices of reliability assume either zero chance coding or maximum chance coding by dishonest coders. Some chance-adjusted indices, including the often-used Cohen’s κ, Scott’s π and Krippendorff’s α, also assume that coders apply quota, while the other chance-adjusted indices assume coders equate the number of categories in a coding scale with the number of marbles in a urn. The Dualities of Social Network Sites • Kyu Hahn, Seoul National University; Hyelim Lee • In this analysis, we addressed the validity of various popular conjectures concerning representativeness and polarization on social network sites (SNS’s), using the U.S. and South Korea as test cases. In doing so, we modeled Twitter followership as a bipartite network and estimated ideological positions of individual Twitter users “following” members of the 111th U.S. Senate and the 18th Korean National Assembly. Conceptualizing the Intervening Roles of Identity in Communication Effects: The Prism Model • Maria Leonora (Nori) Comello, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill • This paper reviews conceptualizations of identity from the social identity perspective and other psychological perspectives on the self. Across these various models, identity is characterized as dependent on context and as composed of multiple components, with the components varying in both accessibility and weight as a function of contextual stimuli. Attitude change in competitive framing environments? The moderating role of open/close-mindedness on framing effects about global climate change • Erik Nisbet, Ohio State University; P. Sol Hart, American University; Teresa Myers; Morgan Ellithorpe, Ohio State University • Scholarship on framing effects about policy issues has primarily focused on either how competitive message environments alter framing effects or how individual differences moderate the impact of frame exposure. This study combines both of these focal areas of research by examining how individual open/close-mindedness moderates framing effects about climate change within competitive and non-competitive framing contexts. Student The gates around the book: Applying gatekeeping theory to Facebook • Patrick Ferrucci, U of Missouri; Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; Adam Maksl, University of Missouri • Traditionally, gatekeeping theory has only been tested on mainstream journalism outlets such as newspapers and television. This study applies the popular mass communication theory to Facebook. Using a diary method, participants recorded everything they did or did not do on Facebook for a full week. It was found that participants did in fact gatekeep their own profiles in similar ways as journalists. Participants chose to share or not share information based on a series of influences. Erring on the conservative side?: Assessing psychological conservatism as integrated latent predictor of selective exposure • Angela M. Lee, University of Texas at Austin; Thomas J. Johnson, University of Texas at Austin • Previous studies examining whether conservatives are likely to practice selective exposure offer mixed findings, and only examine conservatism in terms of political conservatism. This research fills in these gaps in the literature through secondary data analysis of the 2008 National Annenberg Election Survey (N=19,234). This study proposes psychological conservatism as an integrated latent predictor of selective exposure, which comprises four components: political conservatism, ethnocentrism, militarism, and religious conservatism. Implications of this study are also discussed. Aggregating agendas: Online news aggregators as agenda setters • Paige Madsen, University of Iowa • This study examined the agenda-setting influence of online news aggregators, such as Google News, which use a computer algorithm rather than human editors to make story selection decisions and produce no original content. The study found significant differences between aggregators and traditional news sources in the topics of top stories, their use of photographs, and the use of wire services in reporting international stories. Findings suggest important implications for the agenda-setting function of news. Hearing the Other Side Revisited: Toward a Unified Theory of Deliberative and Participatory Democracy • Hoon Lee; Nojin Kwak; Scott Campbell • This study seeks to shed light on the highly publicized democracy dilemma signaling that encountering disagreement tends to promote deliberative democracy, while the same experience can dampen a citizen’s motivation to participate. By assessing the processes wherein the interplay of cross-cutting discussion and strong tie homogeneity is simultaneously associated with the outcomes of deliberative and participatory democracy, we provide a number of key insights into the puzzling quandary. In the mood for learning: How mood, pacing, and semantic difference influence learning of children's education television programming • Michael Devlin, University of Alabama; Natalie Brown, University of Alabama; Cynthia Nichols • The purpose of this study investigated the impact that induced mood had on children’s ability to learn from E/I television programming. This study used an experimental method to assess how a child’s induced mood affected the cognitive processing and encoding ability of television content when pacing and semantic difference between educational and narrative content were manipulated. Results showed that children in positive moods were more likely to encode information than children in sad moods regardless of semantic difference. Testing the Planned Risk Information Seeking Model: Context-specific and construct-related extensions • Jessica Willoughby; Jessica Myrick, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Data indicate that people seeking health information online look for something specific. We therefore conducted a survey (N= 963) to test and extend the Planned Risk Information Seeking Model, a general model. The model fit well for the topics of cancer and sexual health, but not all paths were significant. Extending the model with paths that increased the roles of risk and affect improved model fit, supporting extension of search theories based on emotion theory. The hostile media effect and political talk: Expanding the corrective action hypothesis • Matthew Barnidge, University of Wisconsin - Madison • A developing theory called “corrective action” proposes that perceptions of media bias prompt people to seek out avenues for political expression. This study hypothesizes that people who have higher HME will have larger political talk networks, talk politics more often, and will be exposed to a wider array of viewpoints. Analysis of survey data from a national representative sample of Colombian adults largely supports these hypotheses. An evaluation of social conformity theory: understanding cross-discipline extension and relevant to computer-mediated communication • yan shan, University of Georgia • Social conformity theory came from Asch’s famous experiments in the 1950s, and has existed for almost sixty years. It predicts the modification of individual opinion and behavior caused by exposing to large group pressure. Specifically, in communication field, it provides theoretical contribution in studying the formation of public opinion, as well as the attitude changes. Spirals Into Fragmentation: Rethinking the Spiral of Silence for Reference Groups in the New Media Environment • Andrew Pritchard, North Dakota State University • The new media environment has empowered groups to produce media for their members, and spiral of silence theorizing must account for differences in internal media among groups. Suggested theoretical modifications include the realization that in-group media likely will be more influential than the mass media on group members; increased emphasis on the powers of media as media; and the likelihood of multiple, contradictory spirals of silence on a topic rather than one society-wide effect. Modeling Longitudinal Communication Data with Time Series ARIMA • Hanlong Fu; Jun Wang; Arthur VanLear • Although it is a truism that communication is a process, communication researchers, for years, grappled with analyzing longitudinal data. In recent years, linear models such as multilevel models greatly expand the analytic "toolbox" of communication researchers in dealing with longitudinal observations. However, these models are often limited because they usually assume a linear trend in longitudinal change and simple error structures. Gains or losses, or gains and losses? Expanding the conceptual boundaries of prospect theory • Jessica Myrick, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Sri Kalyanaraman • We attempt to extend our understanding of prospect theory by examining the conceptual importance of mixed-frames—the juxtaposition of both gain and loss frames in the same message. An experiment (N = 108) measured participants’ attitudes and behavioral intentions toward a health issue (skin cancer) after exposure to a gain-only, loss-only, or gain-and-loss framed messages. Results revealed the mediating role of credibility and discrete emotions information processing and intentions, suggesting promising directions for future research. Evaluation of the Theory of Planned Behavior • Kuan-Ju Chen, University of Georgia • The study explicates the theoretical constructs of the theory of planned behavior along with its empirical applications in diverse research realms. The theory of planned behavior is evaluated based on the criteria of theory evaluation such as explanatory power, predictive power, parsimony, testability, internal consistency, heuristic provocativeness, and organizing power (Chaffee & Berger, 1987; Heath &Bryant, 1992). The boundary condition and limitations of the theory are also discussed. This paper is a submission for student paper competition. Survey Data Analysis with Continuous Moderator Variables in Multiple Regression Modeling • Mohammed Al-Azdee, Indiana University School of Journalism • Some methodologists recommend that a continuous moderator should be recoded as a categorical variable in Moderated Multiple Regression (MMR) modeling of survey data. We argue that changing a variable’s scale from continuous to categorical can cause severe elimination of meaningful interpretations. Our goal in this study is to introduce and apply an alternative methodology. We use survey data to build and compare two multiple regression models. The Reader’s Willingness to Comment on Online News Articles: A Study of the Individual’s Behavioral Responses in light of Media Effects Theories and Online News • Soo-Kwang Oh, University of Maryland; Xiaoli Nan • This study applies what is known about the current workings of media effects theories (hostile media effects, third-person effects, influence of presumed influence) to online news to investigate factors that influence the individual’s willingness to engage in behavioral responses (leaving user comments). Findings suggest that media effects theories in conjunction with each other may result in an increased willingness to leave comments and that existing user comments may also be a significant factor. Who (or What) Sets J-bloggers’ Agenda? A Comparison Between the Political J-blogs of Newspapers and Television Networks • Jihyang Choi, Indiana University • "The present study attempts to explore how the shifting media environment affects media agenda setting by asking the question “who (or what) sets j-bloggers’ agenda?” J-blogs, written by journalists affiliated with mainstream media outlets, provide an interesting setting to examine the changes in the individual journalists’ selection of agendas, since journalists are less likely to be influenced by organizational norms when writing on blogs. The study employed link analysis to examine the scope and directionality of agenda setting. The impacts of message framing and risk type in skin cancer prevention public service announcements (PSAs) • Hannah Kang, University of Florida; Moon J. Lee, University of Florida • This study examined the impacts of message framing and risk type on the persuasiveness of skin cancer prevention public service announcements (PSAs). To examine the persuasiveness of message framing and risk type, we measured attitude toward the message, attitude toward using tanning beds or sunbathing, and behavioral intent of avoiding tanning beds or sunbathing. Player Agency, In-Game Behaviors, and Effects: Toward Developing a More Robust Theory of Video Games • J.J. De Simone, University of Wisconsin -- Madison; Justin Mozer • The two leading video game theories, the General Learning Model and the General Aggression Model, conceive of games as uniform in content. Thus, the effects process is one-dimensional; game content directly influences non-virtual world behaviors. While the GAM and GLM possess merit, they ignore several important components, including player agency and in-game behavioral practices. The Roles of Emotions and News Media on Political Participation • Doo-Hun Choi, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Michael Cacciatore, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Sei-Hill Kim • Analyzing data from the 2008 ANES, this study explored the role of emotions and media use in the political process. More specifically, it examined how news media interact with political ideology to arouse discrete emotions in individuals toward the U.S. federal government. This study also examined how discrete emotions interacted with one’s political ideology to facilitate political participation. The results showed that people’s cognitive appraisals, including perceptions the economy, are the most influential factor in eliciting emotions. Examining news quality on Twitter • Ashley Kirzinger, Manship School, LSU; Johanna Dunaway, Louisiana State University; Kirby Goidel, Louisiana State University • Social media journalism is a significant part of today’s media environment. This project uses content analysis to examine how organizational factors influence the quality of news on Twitter. An examination of 4136 tweets from 77 journalists demonstrates that political news on Twitter does not adhere to the same institutional practices as traditional political journalism. Political news on Twitter is a high quality news product focusing on hard news stories and is less concerned with horse-race election coverage. Exploring “the World Outside and the Pictures in Our Heads”: A Network Agenda Setting Study • Hong Tien Vu, University of Texas; Lei Guo, University of Texas at Austin; Maxwell McCombs, University of Texas • This study tested the Network Agenda Setting Model, asserting the salience of network relationships among issue can be transferred from the news media to the public’s mind. Conducting network analyses on the secondary data – the Project for Excellence in Journalism news indexes and the Gallup Polls in 2009, 2010 and 2012 -, this study found significant correlations between the media and public network agendas regarding the most important issues facing the country in three years. Beyond Content: Framing through the Roles of Journalists • Lea Hellmueller; Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; Tim Vos, University of Missouri • This study aims to make a theoretical contribution by conceptualizing framing as a manifestation of journalists’ role conceptions. Based on a survey of Washington correspondents and a content analysis of those same journalists’ news stories we analyzed how journalists’ role conceptions affect journalists’ tendencies to frame stories. Our findings suggest that the relationship between role conceptions and news frames is not particularly straightforward. Results are discussed within the framework of gatekeeping theory and framing research. Multiple opinion climates in online forums: Role of website source reference and within-forum opinion congruency • Elmie Nekmat, University of Alabama; William Gonzenbach, University of Alabama • This study examines Yun & Park’s (2011) postulation of the presence of multiple layers of opinion climates online that affects individual’s willingness to post messages in online forums. Framed according to the Spiral of Silence theory, a between-groups 2 (reference source: activist website versus news website) x 2 (opinion congruency: majority- versus minority opinion position) online-based experiment was carried out. Results showed no significant differences in individuals’ willingness to post messages between different website sources. Depriming Hypothesis: A Theoretical Exploration of the Reverse Phenomena of News Priming Effects • ByungGu Lee, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study focuses on cognitive mechanisms involved in priming processes and on the bidirectional nature of news priming. Based on the psychological literature on knowledge activation and knowledge use, this study provides the theoretical background for the possibilities that media treatments of issues can decrease weights attached to issues in constructing political evaluation standards, a notion labeled “depriming hypothesis.” An Examination of Social Network Theory • Eun Sook Kwon • The social network has been studied for over 100 years. Beginning in rudimentary stages simply emphasizing patterns of interaction and communication, social network research has expanded, popularized, and developed into its own theoretical paradigm. By shedding light on the research using social network analysis, this paper examines how social network theory has developed and how strength of ties has been applied in sociology, anthropology, and marketing communication. Filling in the Blanks between Corporate Communication and Financial Performance: Corporate Associations and Customer Satisfaction • Weiting Tao, University of Florida • This study attempts to explore the causal linkage between corporate communication and corporate financial performance (CFP). Its purpose is to 1) explain whether corporate communication could attain financial returns for corporations; 2) explain why corporate communication and CFP could be causally related; and 3) discuss what communication strategies corporations should utilize in order to improve their CFP. To this end, a theoretical framework was offered; its theoretical and practical contributions were then introduced. <<2012 Abstracts]]> 8486 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/ccs-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 12:46:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8492 Faculty Rise of the Planet of the Apes and the Speculative as Public Memory • Phil Chidester, Illinois State University • By at once making direct and intentional intertextual references to 1968’s The Planet of the Apes and taking significant departures from that template work, The Planet of the Apes (2001) remake and Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011) prequel forge a powerful transcendent argument about America’s ongoing racial struggles. In doing so, the films also establish the original as a vital and influential example of the speculative as public memory. "They dangerously confuse the concept of personhood and citizenship:" An analysis of media representations of immigrant women and families in the Oklahoma Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act of 2007 • MaryAnn Martin, Independent • As a predecessor to many similar laws passed nation-wide in recent years, news discourses surrounding the passage and implementation of the Oklahoma Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act of 2007, or HB 1804, are one site to investigate the relationship between representations of immigrant women and families and definitions of citizenship and the nation-state. This study examines representations of immigrant women and families in two state newspapers, the Oklahoman and the Tulsa World. From breaking to traditional news: How journalists craft resonance through storytelling • Victoria LaPoe, LSU; Amy Reynolds, LSU • Through qualitative content analysis of breaking and traditional news coverage of the balloon boy hoax, this paper expands on research that explores how journalists craft resonance through storytelling. Scholars haven’t applied resonance to breaking news, yet it is an important context in which to study resonance – news values and routines differ, and the impact on audiences is greater. Because journalists apply different news values and storytelling techniques in breaking news, this storytelling context heightens resonance. Death in Waikiki: The Significance of the Geo-­cultural Context in News Media Framing • Ann Auman, University of Hawaii • This study applies a "geo-cultural" frame to determine the significance of culture clash in 15 stories and 767 reader comments in the Honolulu Star-Advertiser about a death in Hawai‘i days before the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in November 2011. Symbolic language in stories influenced reader conversations, with culture clash in second place after discussions about the facts of the case in which a federal agent allegedly fatally shot a "local" man. Framing as Media Ritual: Fox News Network Covers the Bristol Palin Pregnancy • Frank Durham, University of Iowa; Lee Hye-Jin, University of Iowa • This study analyzes how the Fox News Network (FNN) devoted its coverage of the 2008 Republican Party Convention to reframing the teen pregnancy of Republican vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin’s daughter in a positive light. By contrasting the frames that were used to discuss Bristol Palin’s pregnancy with the historical-cultural frame of “teen pregnancy” associated with the Reagan-era “Black welfare queen,” this critical text analysis of relevant FNN transcripts treats the re-framing process in terms of media ritual. Empowered Leaders and Alone in Community: Stories of Romanian Roma Health Mediators • Adina Schneeweis, Oakland University • This article presents the stories of nine Romanian women, Roma health mediators who work in communities to build bridges between Romani patients and the public health system. The women narrate stories of successes in their profession, of discrimination, of empowerment, and of identity shifts towards hybridity and contextual alliances. Although a sense of entitlement makes sense in the context of much responsibility and power on the women’s shoulders, speaking for their ethnicity may become problematic, this study suggests. “Makmende is so powerful he showed us who we truly are:” Kenya’s Collective Reimaging and a Meme of Optimism • Brian Ekdale, University of Iowa; Melissa Tully, University of Iowa • In this paper, we explore the Makmende meme that rose to prominence in Kenya in 2010. We argue the original video triggered a moment of nostalgia and participation among young, urban Kenyans who pride themselves as technological innovators. Further, we claim their participatory playfulness created a meme of optimism through which they collectively reimagined a patriarchal hero who could lead the country toward political and economic stability at home and cultural and technological dominance abroad. “Where Buzz is Born”: South-by-Southwest, Blogging, and Media Conduction • Robert Peaslee, Texas Tech University; Stephanie Miles • This study seeks to develop the theoretical framework of media conduction (Peaslee, 2011) by examining the interactions between bloggers and readers in the context of the 2010 South by Southwest (SXSW) music festival. Media conduction refers to the transfer of information along a “circuit of power” represented by individuals’ access to a valuable commodity - in this case the artists and unique festival experiences accessible at SXSW - and the resulting flow of information to those with less access, both within and outside the social space of the festival. “Coloured TV”: The 1960s Conferences and BBC Television Programming • Darrell Newton, Salisbury University • This institutional case study examines how the BBC polled West Indian community leaders on ways the Television Service could help to quell racial tensions exacerbated by increased immigration from the West Indies. According to documents examined at Caversham, audience research reports conducted during the 1950s and 60s helped to initiate broadcast policies, underscoring their importance as historiographic resources.. “Reading” The Apprentice: Culture and the Manufacturing of Reality • Sharon Terrell, University of South Alabama • This study examines the six original seasons of the reality television series The Apprentice as a postmodern, cultural artifact that may provide a guide to ideological beliefs through Trump’s paradigm of living. Grounded in Burke’s (1967) theory of literary content representing “equipment for living,” and Brummett’s (1984) consideration that televised content is literature, the theory then evolves to “televised discourse as equipment for living.” Pakistani women as objects of fear and ‘othering’ • Bushra Rahman, University of the Punjab • The study employs Said’s concept of Orientalism and van Dijks concept of socio-cognitive processes to analyze the framing of Pakistani Muslim women in the news magazine Time from 1998-2002. A critical discourse analysis of the selected articles of the magazine follows Fairclough’s and van Dijk’s guidelines. Putting Music Videos (and You) to Work: How Vevo turns Publicity and Participation into Profits • Heather McIntosh • Music videos used to represent an industry-related promotional expense. Through Vevo, a multi-media, multi-platform distribution outlet, music videos become a form of revenue through content monetization via licenses and copyright, through the labor of user participation, and through the data mining of user interactions. Through Vevo, users get access to their favorite music videos, but ultimately, the music industry controls the content, the access, the participation, and the profits. Participation beyond Production: Reception and Ritual in the Study of Activist Audiences • Jennifer Rauch, Long Island University, Brooklyn • In an era of social media technologies, instrumental goals such as networking, organizing and information sharing hold great sway over the study of activist culture. Researchers often conceptualize activists’ media use as participation in message production and dissemination while overlooking practices related to reception and interpretation—i.e., activists as audiences. If I Were a Belle: 
Performers’ Negotiations of Feminism, Gender, and Race in Princess Culture • Rebecca Hains, Salem State University • Hundreds of women have earned a living performing as Disney Princesses on Disney property or on stage, embodying their characters for weeks, months, or years at a time. Considering the cases of women who have played a) the role of Belle from Beauty and the Beast or b) her generic counterpart, Beauty, at children’s birthday parties, this essay investigates performers’ negotiations of princess culture’s problematic aspects, with special attention to race, gender, and feminist conscience. A News Negotiation of a State’s “History”: Collective Memory of the 2011 WI Protests • Sue Robinson, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Sandra Knisely, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Mitchael Schwartz, The University of Wisconsin-Madison • This essay seeks to tell the collective mnemonic story of the 2011 Wisconsin protests as it was forming at the anniversary in February and March 2012. In particular, the paper explores how online interactivity encourages new kinds of remembering and how journalists and citizens might turn those memories into some kind of cohesive narrative. The Complexity of Immaterial Production: Toward a Political Economy of Crowdsourcing • Ruben Ramirez, University of Puerto Rico, School of Communication • The phenomenon of crowdsourcing has been critiqued for its exploitation of a new type of productive subject, the “worker-consumer,” contributing to a political economy of immaterial production that places the producing audiences of the web within traditional notions of labor, production, and exploitation. I argue that these notions are not only insufficient for a critique of crowdsourcing but that they obscure the material conditions of production that underlie networked capitalism beyond collective intelligence. Student Apotheosizing Jobs, mythologizing America: Consumerism and the liberalist media in China • Zhengjia Liu, The University of Iowa; Daniel Berkowitz • When covering foreign news lacking in geographic proximity, journalists bring resonant cultural meanings to an otherwise little understood occurrence. In this study, we analyzed the “Steve Jobs fever” in the Chinese liberalist media. The media anthropological approach allows us to understand the society’s consumerist culture, which is associated with other on-going cultural themes, such as nationalism, technological progress and liberalism, and also indicates the rise of the bourgeoisie class. Construction of Minnesota Muslim Identity: A Critical Analysis of Twin Cities Media • Ruth DeFoster, University of Minnesota; Natalie Hopkins-Best, University of Minnesota • In this paper, the authors examine the ways in which Minnesota Muslim identities and communities are constructed in Twin Cites newspaper coverage of Muslim communities in Minnesota. The authors use critical discourse analysis of 90 articles published in the St. Paul Pioneer Press and the Minneapolis Star Tribune, loosely centered around four recent high-profile issues or events pertaining to the largely Somali-American Muslim community in Minnesota, finding several common themes and discursive practices present. Urban or Rural? An Analysis on the Stereotypical Media Depictions of Phoenix Guys in China • Li Chen • This paper analyzed the stereotypical media depictions of Phoenix Guys in China, a group of people who are members of the city middle-class but were raised in underdeveloped rural areas. The purpose of this study was to understand how media, especially television series, convey dominant cultural ideology through constructing the stereotypes of Phoenix Guys. Ain’t 3-D Women Hot?: The Female Body in Three-Dimensional Film, Avatar • Jungmin Kwon, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign • Film is an object of sight. And the female body has always been seen in movies. Seeing is how film makes good on its claim: physical reality. By enhancing this reality through technological development, the female body is better seen as an object of male gaze. This development of cinematic apparatus enriching physical reality seems to peak with the reemergence of 3-D movies, triggered by the megahit Avatar (2009). Signifying AIDS: How Media Uses Metaphors to Define a Disease • Ammina Kothari, Indiana University • This paper employs a semiotic analysis to examine how the Tanzanian media employs metaphors and related imagery to report on HIV/AIDS. My analysis indicates that the use of war metaphors, accompanied by photos mostly featuring men, vivifies the HIV/AIDS epidemic and valorizes the stakeholders who engage in battling the “virus.” These stakeholders include government officials, international donors and heterosexual men and exclude women and other disenfranchised groups, such as homosexuals and the elderly. The Voice of Capital: CNBC and the Representation of Finance Capitalism • Aaron Heresco, Pennsylvania State University • In the wake of financial disasters, how is it that capital is able to so quickly repair itself and its image? CNBCs Rick Santelli famously blamed the recent economic crisis on "losers who can't pay their mortgage" - a speech that gave rise to the Tea Party and set the stage for austerity discourses through much of the past three years. A culture congealed around the crisis, and that culture was framed and shaped through business news sources such as CNBC. “Metro's very own West Side Story": Gangs and Metaphor in Contemporary Canadian Newspapers • Chris Richardson, University of Western Ontario • For half a century, Canadian journalists have turned to West Side Story to describe the activities of youth and street gangs. While knowledge of these groups has changed significantly, the allusions have not. Employing a theoretical framework based on Pierre Bourdieu’s notions of habitus and symbolic violence, this paper outlines what is at stake in this metaphorical language, highlighting the problematic assumptions journalists are making about both their readers and the individuals they cover. Sociology After Society: Emile Durkheim and "The Walking Dead" • Bryan Carr, University of Oklahoma • This paper contends that The Walking Dead, one of the most popular examples of the zombie genre, represents a specific sociological worldview and cultural context. Using the classical lens of Durkheimian theory, representations of totemism, anomie, and other concepts are found within the text of the program. Using these program elements, the author argues that The Walking Dead and similar post-apocalyptic media provide unique and important opportunities for pedagogy and media literacy. The Structuration of Crisis Management: Guiding a Process of Repair • Erin Schauster, University of Missouri • Crisis communication, in response to a threatening event, is intended to both inform and persuade. However, the approaches to crisis management may be contradictory at times. Structuration is the theory of enabling and constraining features of an organizational environment or situation in which action can have unintended consequences. Through a rhetorical criticism of press releases issued by BP in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the enabling and constraining features of crisis management are presented. Myth Interprets the Bandung Conference: The Black Press’ Narrative of the Other World • Jinx Broussard, LSU; Ben LaPoe, LSU • This article examines African-American foreign reporting and interpretation of the Bandung Conference held in Indonesia in 1955. Because the black press accomplished a major milestone it its history by fielding twenty-eight correspondents overseas during World War II to provide a narrative and fashion an image of the black troops on the warfront, this paper wanted to determine whether the medium continued to cover international affairs after the war and what the narrative meant. My Gun Dirty, My Brick Clean: Postmodern Representations of New York City in Late-Night Cinemax Series • Pietro Calautti • This paper examines the recreation of New York City as a postmodern simulacrum in two late-night series, Life on Top and Lingerie, that began broadcast on Cinemax in 2009. Looking specifically at the first seasons of each series, totaling 26 episodes together, the elements of pastiche present reconstruct a hyperreal New York, in the process imparting a tourist gaze upon the audience. The resurrection of Yamato Damashii in the Japanese postwar memory • Jaehyeon Jeong, Temple University • An anime film Space Battleship Yamato defines the resurrection of Yamato Damashii as fundamental to the restoration of Japan. Yamato Damashii—an emperor-centered-worldview—is demonstrated through the revival of Bushido and the ritual of Mizusake. It is represented as a cultural heritage and functions as a monumental history as well as contributes to social integration. The stress on Yamato Damashii naturalizes individuals’ sacrifices and conceals the violent power of the nation-state. The Victim and the Trickster in the Other World: Myth in CNN’s Coverage of the Rwandan Genocide • Sally Ann Cruikshank, Ohio University • This study examines coverage of the Rwandan genocide on CNN. It analyzed CNN’s coverage from the perspective of myth, using three master myths, the Other World, the Victim, and the Trickster. Evidence of all three myths was found in CNN’s coverage. CNN routinely depicted Rwanda as a dark and forbidding place, while Rwandans themselves were portrayed as Victims or the Trickster. The implications of these findings are discussed. Islamic Awakening or Pro-Democracy Movement: How Iranian and U.S. Governments Framed the Egyptian Uprising • Esmael Esfandiary • In this paper, framing theory will be used to illustrate the frameworks through which top U.S. and Iranian leaders try to portray recent Middle Eastern revolutions, specifically in Egypt. This will show how both leaders try to define the reality within their own political narratives in order to secure their regional influence and interests for the future. Pre-9/11 stains on Pakistan’s character: American and British newspaper coverage of the Kargil War of 1999 • Sagar Atre, Ohio University, E.W. Scripps School of Journalism • The U.S.-Pakistan alliance has always been tumultuous, especially after the death of Osama bin Laden and the drone strikes last year. This study analyzes the coverage of the Kargil War of 1999 between India and Pakistan in two American and two British newspapers and finds that the mistrust towards Pakistan was subtly present in the Western press before 9/11 and before the discovery that some Islamic fundamentalist organizations in Pakistan were active allies of Al-Qaeda. Queer as a Football Bat: Hegemonic Gayness and Homophobic Narrative in Out Magazine’s ‘Sports Issue’ • Robert Byrd, University of Southern Mississippi • Out magazine featured a shirtless Michael Irvin on the cover of its August 2011 sports issue. The former Dallas Cowboy is clad only in leather football pads and chinos that are strategically tugged by his thumb to reveal the waistband of his briefs—not your typical sports photograph. This paper analyzes the stories and photographs from the Out sports issue to discuss the hegemonic gayness, which includes issues of masculinity and race, portrayed to the readers of a national gay and lesbian magazine. Heteroglossia, Polyphony, and Unfinalizability: Examining a White House Press Briefing Through the Theories of Mikhail Bakhtin • Sarah Cavanah, University of Oklahoma • Russian literary critic Mikhail Bakhtin described the ideas of heteroglossia, polyphony and unfinalizability as a response to the limitations of systematic approaches. Heteroglossia can be summarized as voices within voices, polyphony as finding truth through the expression of many voices without synthesis, and unfinalizability as the idea that utterances do not ever end. A White House press briefing is used as an opportunity to explore how these concepts appear in a non-literary communicative event. Environmental Policy and Public Participation: How ‘Election Day’ Democracy Defines NEPA • Ritch Woffinden • The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires Federal agencies to prepare an environmental analysis that integrates the input from stakeholders impacted from major land-use proposals and emphasizes that the “public” should act as consultants in these decisions. Using critical theory the researcher examined the Colorado Roadless Rule (CRR) which exemplifies the participation of stakeholders over federal land use. Print media was used as a discursive space to understand the participation process of the CRR. “The Kids Are Not Alright”: The Symbolic Functions of Children in Anniversary Memory of September 11 • Carrie Isard, Temple University; Carolyn Kitch, Temple University • This analysis of American journalism commemorating the September 11 attacks identifies the main themes of news narrative a decade later, focusing on one type of symbolic news character—children—through which the event’s lasting meaning was explained. Ironically, the most coherent, and therefore “useful,” memory story about September 11 emerged from the accounts of children who cannot remember the event, whereas older children with memory of their own trauma disrupted journalistic attempts at narrative closure. The Battle for Constructing Meaning of the 2008 Korean Candlelight Protest • Wooyeol Shin, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities • This study examines how the past events were used by the three Korean conservative newspapers to influence the construction of the protesters’ identities in their news coverage of the 2008 Korean Candlelight Protest. This study found that the conservative newspaper used several past events - such as the 2002 Korean Candlelight Protest, the 2002 Presidential election, and the Roh Administration - as frames for describing the “real” identities behind the current dilemma, the 2008 Korean Candlelight Protest. Madame C.J. Walker: Educational practice, media and culture • Loren Saxton • This analysis considers Madam C.J. Walker, a self-educated businesswoman during the early twentieth century, as an exemplar of how African Americans conceptualized and attained alternative forms of education. It will examine how newspapers, as cultural artifacts, positioned and characterized Walker as a means to construct conceptualizations of self-educational practice. Ultimately, this study finds that Walker’s coverage, as both a medium and message, produced conceptualizations of self-educational practices as political activism, social agency and entrepreneurship. “Pure F***ing Armageddon”: Theorizing the Transgressive in Black Metal Subculture • John Sewell, Georgia state University • "This essay examines black metal, the extreme variant of heavy metal subculture associated with Satanism, church-burnings, suicide and murder. Linkages of black metal with crime are often understood by participants as denoting authenticity. Still, black metal’s transgressions are primarily symbolic. Black metal provides a realm for carnivalesque inversions, its transgressive enactments often simulacra. Delivering the abiding abiding “truth” of death itself, black metal symbolically annihilates the self, all the while providing an experience of transcendence. Illusory Empowerment: Representations of Korean Women in Television Series, All-American Girl and Lost • Jiwoo Park, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • This paper investigates Korean female representations, Margaret Kim (Korean-American) in All-American Girl (1994) and Sun Kwon (Korean) in Lost (2004), in relation to media constructions of nationality, femininity, and family. While both are important representations of Koreans on American television, research shows that empowerment for both is illusory. This paper explores the history of Korean female representations on American TV, questions shows’ claims of authentic Korean(-American) experiences, and argues that “Koreanness” is equated with “Asianness.” Who Are Journalists? Presentation of self on the microblog "We Are Journalists" • Michael Clay Carey, Ohio University • Using Erving Goffman’s (1959) notion of a theatrical “presentation of self” as a framework, this textual analysis explores the overarching images that emerge in the self-portrayals of journalists who blog at the Tumblr microblog “We Are Journalists.” Journalists complain about the industry and discuss their work and professional motivations on the microblog. The analysis found major themes of self-presentation that aligned closely with cultural and ideological icons common in literature on the industry. Mutiny on the Bay: Investigating the Presentation of the Scott Olsen Police Assault on the Websites of San Francisco Bay Area Local Television Stations • Sean Leavey, Rutgers University • In the fall of 2011, the Occupy Wall Street protests emerged, becoming a global movement. In the US, the Occupy Oakland demonstrations witnessed instances of police violence, most notably in the injury of Scott Olsen, an Occupy Oakland supporter and former US Marine who was struck by a police projectile. This paper investigates the presentation of the Olsen injury, on the websites of five major local television stations in the San Francisco Bay area. Analyzing News as Myth: An Analysis of the Basement of Horror Story • Kathryn Beardsley, Temple University • This paper assesses the way American news media narrated Linda Ann Weston’s kidnapping and torture of four cognitively-disabled adults. The paper focuses on the myth and stereotypes that journalists drew upon to explain the how and the why of the victims’ captivity. The paper argues that, although myth and stereotype were journalistically useful for quickly narrating the chaotic details of the case, they also problematically reinforced discriminatory cultural narratives about black womanhood and cognitive disability. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8492 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/electronic-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 14:07:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8496 Faculty Connecting with Audience through Social Media: An Analysis of Social Media Use in Broadcast News Stations in the U.S. • Victoria Zeal; Eunseong Kim, Eastern Illinois University • Online social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter have gained an alarming popularity in the past few years. As news organizations recognize the increasing popularity of these sites, and as they seek out ways to attract younger audiences, news organizations began to incorporate social networking sites in their practice (Baggerman et al., 2009; Gazze, 2009; Lowery, 2009). Previous studies identified that news stations may use social media for various reasons, including delivering news, developing social ties, seeking sources, and promoting stations. Partisan and Structural Bias: Broadcast, Cable and Public Networks’ Coverage of the 2008 Presidential Election • Arvind Diddi, State University of New York at Oswego; Frederick Fico; Geri Alumit Zeldes, Michigan State University • Broadcast, cable and public network evening news shows gave more prominence, time, and attention to Republican John McCain than to Democrat Barack Obama in their 2008 presidential election coverage. Public network (PBS) was more balanced in its aggregate attention to the candidates than were the cable and broadcast networks. Partisan balance of broadcast networks favored McCain more when compared to cable and PBS networks. How Journalists Perceive Influence: A Qualitative Assessment of Local Television Reporters’ Ethical Decision-Making • Beth Concepcion, SCAD • This study examines television journalists’ perceptions of situational challenges and the factors that influence their ethical decision-making processes. Specifically, qualitative, in-depth interviews, conducted with individual journalists at small market television stations, offered insight into the sources that influence the stories that the journalists decide to cover and the manner in which they cover them. Analyzing Story Tone in the Network TV News Coverage of Bush vs. Obama • Dennis Lowry, Southern Illinois University; Ben Eng, Southern Illinois University; Bob Katende, Southern Illinois University; Rajvee Subramanian, Southern Illinois University • Network TV presidential opinion poll stories dealing with Republican George W. Bush (N = 85 stories) and Democrat Barack Obama (N = 82 stories) were analyzed with two lexical analysis software programs (Diction 6.0 and Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count 2007) to look for relative news bias in the treatment of the two presidents. Even though Bush had significantly higher public approval scores, the verbal framing of the news stories was exactly the opposite. Ideology Trumps Meteorology: Why Many Television Weathercasters Remain Unconvinced of Human-Caused Global Warming • Kris Wilson, University of Texas-Austin • TV weathercasters are a potentially important source of climate change information: they are a widely trusted source; they have frequent access to large audiences; and most have discussed climate change as part of their duties. Previous research, however, has shown that a significant minority of TV weathercasters disagree with the consensus science. The Effect of Kuwaiti Online Readers’ Comments On Sectarian & Tribal Issues: Case Study Alaan Online Newspaper • Ali Dashti, Gulf University for Science and Technology • One of the dilemmas of online newspapers is reader’s comments. The interactive character of the Internet encouraged many online users to express their ideas, feelings and opinions freely without any fear of negative outcomes crossing the freedom’s boundaries that set either by the government or online editors. Arab online editors do encourage their readers to comment on their news contents, but censoring what they may consider offensive, anti-nationalism or Blasphemy Islam. New Perspectives from the Sky: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Journalism • Mark Tremayne, University of Texas at Arlington; Andrew Clark • Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are a technology now impacting many fields, including journalism and mass communication. Also referred to as “drones” these small remotely-guided aircraft are now being purchased and put to use by commercial organizations and private citizens. Traditional journalists and citizen journalists alike are using drones to obtain aerial footage in a variety of locations around the world. Twitter: Journalism Chases the Greased Pig • Desiree Hill, University of Central Oklahoma • Summing up Twitter is like trying to catch a greased pig. Research becomes outdated as the social network evolves in a viral-like fashion. For journalism the shapeshifting of social media has now become an endless pursuit for the industry. This study seeks to find a benchmark of Twitter usage within the traditional media. A study targeting a medium-sized media market (Tulsa) is the backbone of the research. The Use of Online Innovations by Large-Market Television and News Radio Stations: A Content Analysis of Station Homepages • Tim Wulfemeyer, San Diego State University; Amy Schmitz Weiss, San Diego State University • Online news consumption and the viewing of online video are increasing dramatically (ComScore, 2010). In fact, as of May, 2011, the Pew Internet and American Life Project found that 71% of online adults often watch online videos (Moore, 2011). It seems clear that there is a developing “screen generation” where users of digital media are now spending multiple hours a day in front of a screen—whether it be a computer screen, a mobile device screen or a tablet. Agenda Trending: Reciprocity and the Predictive Capacity of Social Network Sites in Intermedia Agenda Setting across Issues over Time • Jacob Groshek, Erasmus University; Megan Clough Groshek, sosmedialab • In the contemporary converged media environment, agenda setting is being transformed by the dramatic growth of audiences that are simultaneous media users and producers. Indeed, the rise of the media “produser” has altered conceptions of where media agendas begin and end in relation to the public agenda. Tweeting in the dark: A comparative analysis of journalists’ usages of Twitter during a crisis • Rebecca Nee, San Diego State University; Judith Fusco, SRI International, Center for Technology in Learning • In a new media world, social networks may provide journalists with an immediate platform to disseminate and obtain content, particularly in breaking news situations. This study analyzed the differing roles broadcast, print, and nonprofit journalists played through their use of Twitter during a widespread power outage. Findings show the majority of journalists normalized traditional, top-down practices onto the platform; males and television journalists were the least likely to adapt to the more participatory nature of Twitter. Sex and Violence in Billboard’s Most Popular Songs: A Content Analysis of Sexual and Violent Content in Mainstream Music Lyrics • Stacey Hust; Weina Ran, Washington State University; Kathleen Rodgers, Department of Human Development • Listening to music continues to be a popular activity among young people. Research has identified that music content contains more sexual content than other medium. Portrayals of sexual activity, violence and derisive terms against women are prevalent in music media. Most previous research, however, has focused on the prevalence of sexual and violent content in rap/Hip-hop music. Story, Music, and Disposition Theory • Mark Shevy, Northern Michigan University; Lauren Larsen; Carolyn Tobin; Aubrey Kall • Disposition theory states that moral evaluation of characters and perceived justice are central factors in determining enjoyment of media. Music psychology provides evidence that music can influence evaluation of characters. This is the first study to empirically investigate the role of music in disposition theory. Initial results from an experiment suggest that music does influence variables central to disposition theory. The effects of the music can vary based on the ending presented in the story. De-spiritualization, de-contextualization, and the “politics of repression”: Comparing The/Whale Rider’s competing texts • Robert Peaslee, Texas Tech University • This paper seeks to couch Niki Caro's film Whale Rider (2002), especially in comparison with the novel from which it was adapted (The Whale Rider, published in 1987 by Witi Ihimaera), in an ongoing tradition in New Zealand film which Martin Blythe (1994) terms the “politics of repression.” The Kardashian Phenomenon: News Interpretation • Amanda McClain, Holy Family University • The name “Kardashian” is a contemporary cultural touchstone, regularly connoting warrantless celebrity, voluptuous beauty, and a flash-in-the-pan marriage. The appellation is scattered throughout mainstream press, recurring in seminal newspapers and tabloid magazines alike. Regardless of this apparent popularity, media coverage of the family is often adverse. Through a discourse analysis, this paper explores the ostensible media backlash and paradoxical popularity, seeking to understand how the mainstream press interprets the Kardashian cultural phenomenon. What Happens to the "Cream of the Crop"? The Representative Anecdote in AMC's Mad Men • Erika Engstrom, UNLV • The author employs the representative anecdote to examine how disparate narratives of highly capable women in the period drama "Mad Men" combine to tell the story of gendered relationships, particularly marriage. Although the experiences of these characters are not exactly identical, the “variations on a theme” contained in their experiences return their disparate texts form a common story tells us of the negative consequences for women who choose to make their careers life priorities. I know you are, but what am I? Adolescents’ third-person perception regarding dating violence • John Chapin, Penn State • A survey of adolescents (N = 1,646) documented third-person perception regarding media depictions of dating/relationship violence. It also contributes to the growing literature documenting optimistic bias as a strong predictor of third-person perception and draws from the optimistic bias literature considering new variables including self-esteem, self-efficacy, and experience with violence. From Heroic Hawkeye to the Morgue Playboy: Shifting Representations of Health Professionals and Patients in 1970s and 1980s Television • Katie Foss, Middle Tennessee State University • From the 1930s until the 1960s, film and television consistently depicted doctors as infallible heroes who almost always cured their patients. By the 1970s, the cultural climate had begun to shift, as people moved from celebrating to criticizing modern medicine and the healthcare industry. This research explored how Marcus Welby, M.D., M*A*S*H, Emergency!, and St. Elsewhere constructed medicine in the midst of this changing environment. The Kardashians made me want it: The effects of privileged television on emerging adults’ materialism • Emily Acosta Lewis, Western New England University • A survey was given to 18-29 year olds (N = 733) to examine the relationship between privileged TV (shows that glamorize wealthy lifestyles) and materialism in young adults by looking at mediating processes of this relationship. The results show that there is a positive relationship between privileged television exposure and materialism and that the there are many complementary mediating processes that can help to explain this relationship (e.g. upward comparison and materialistic learning). Scripted Sexual Violence: The Association between Soap Opera Viewing and College Students’ Intentions to Negotiate Sexual Consent • Stacey Hust; Ming Lei, Washington State University; Weina Ran, Washington State University; Chunbo Ren, Washington State University; Emily Marett, Mississippi State University • Sexual assaults are frequently portrayed on soap operas in ways that reinforce rape myths and may perpetuate sexual assault. Research has identified that viewing soap operas is associated with sexual behaviors in general. However, little research has investigated the association between viewing soap operas and the sexual consent negotiation behaviors that play a crucial role in reducing sexual assault. “Get Rich or Die Buying:” The Travails of the Working Class Auction Bidder • Mark Rademacher, Butler University • By documenting working class bidders consuming used goods circulated through an alternative marketing system during an economic downturn, this essay argues the reality program “Storage Wars” represents a “potentially disruptive” cultural text. However, its emphasis on the formal and economic aspects of auction bidding, the economic value rather than use or aesthetic value of used goods, and the limitations of working class cultural capital the program ultimately reinforces rather than disrupts the dominant consumption ideology. Is Fat the New Black?: The Impact of Multiple Exposures of Mike & Molly on College Students Attitudes Toward Obesity and Body Image • Cynthia Nichols, Oklahoma State University; Bobbi Kay Lewis, Oklahoma State University • The study examines on college students’ opinions about obesity and body image based on the after watching the CBC program, Mike & Molly. Using a quasi-experimental design, college students’ attitudes toward obesity and body image were measured through pre- and post-testing. Participants (N=135) were either in a single-exposure or a multiple-exposure group. The Greatest Entertainment Ever Sold: Branded Entertainment and Public Relation Agencies' Role in Product Placement • Kathy Richardson, Berry College; Carol Pardun • The use of product placement as a publicity tactic has exploded, as Spurlock’s 2011 documentary “The Greatest Movie Every Sold”—and its lead sponsor POM Wonderful demonstrated. But brands have moved from their satirized and now almost routine appearances in feature films into genres including television shows, video games, books, plays, music recordings, music videos, blogs and social media networks such as Twitter and Facebook, even in “advergames” that may be accessed online, creating a strategy Jean-Marc Lehu (2007) has called “branded entertainment, …entertainment by or in conjunction with a brand” (p. 1). Student New Media in the Newsroom • Eric White • The findings suggest that TV and newspaper reporters were adopting social media at high rates; however, TV reporters were heavier social media users. In addition, journalists primarily used social media as promotional tools. Furthermore, perceptions of the “competition’s” use of social media followed by the news manager’s social media expectations successfully predicted journalists’ overall social media use. Additionally, news managers’ perceptions of their reporters social media uses did not align with reporters’ actual uses. Man-on-the-Street or Man-on-the-Tweet? Using Social Network Site Comments as Vox Pop in Television News • Sherice Gearhart, Texas Tech University • Meaning voice of the people, vox pop consists of presenting the commentary of ordinary citizens in the news and has typically been embodied in man-on-the-street (MOS) interviews. The present study explores the effects of replacing MOS interviews with Twitter and Facebook comments to assess how viewers perceive this new information source. A Digital Juggling Act: New Media's Impact on the Responsibilities of Local Television Reporters • Anthony Adornato, Missouri School of Journalism • This case study explores the dramatic transformation new media—from a station’s website to social networking platforms—is having on local television journalists’ job responsibilities. Through in-depth interviews with reporters and participant observation at a television station in the northeast US, this research details how reporters’ tasks are evolving in three areas: dissemination, newsgathering, and the relationship with the public. Lessons learned from this research are helpful to others in the industry and journalism educators. Fueling the debate: Predictive relationships among personality characteristics, motives and effects of animated news viewing • Wai Han Lo; Benjamin Ka Lun Cheng, School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University • Melodramatic animated news is a new news reporting format by some media organizations that have drawn huge viewership online. This study adopts uses and gratifications theory and surveys 312 college students to investigate their viewing of animated-news. Seven motives were identified, through factor analysis, for viewing such animated-news videos. At Face Value: Considering the Audience for Fox News' Opinion Programming • Penina Wiesman • Thus far, it appears audiences of Fox News’ opinion shows are treated by much research as simply passive victims, uncritically accepting whatever these sources offer. Yet little effort has been made to thoroughly examine this group in greater depth. Through qualitative interviews, this paper looks at some of the audience members of these shows. Results suggest that stereotypical assumptions of audiences about Fox News opinion shows may not be entirely accurate or fair. Dynamic v. Static Infographics in Online News: Impact of Format on Perceptions, Memory and Consumption • Patrick Merle; Coy Callison, Texas Tech University; Glenn Cummins, Texas Tech University College of Mass Communications • Graphics accompanying online news articles were manipulated between static and dynamic formats. Eyetracking, perception and memory data was collected as was participants' arithmetic aptitude. Results suggest that although dynamic graphics are negatively evaluated, high arithmetic aptitude participants attend and recall dynamic graphics more so than those with lower AA, who are drawn to and recall better static visuals. Memory and attention to graphics detracted from memory and attention to story text and vice versa. Changes in Content Characteristics of Nontraditional Media after Partnering with Traditional News Providers • Jeremy Saks, Ohio University • This paper examines how the content of the website FiveThirtyEight changed after the blog entered into a licensing agreement with The New York Times. Various factors are analyzed including length of posting, variety of topics, number of hyperlinks and multimedia, and multitude of authorship. The content analysis compares and contrasts the content from 2009 and 2011, the individual calendar years before and after the convergence. Real or Fiction? Perceived Realism, Presence, and Attitude Change in Reality Programming • Emily Dolan; Laura Osur, Syracuse University • This study investigates the effects of perceived realism and presence on attitude change from both first and third person perspectives. Furthermore, this study aims to extend the scholarship on presence and attitude change to the realm of reality television. Results indicate that viewing a show that is perceived to be reality, as opposed to fiction, does not lead to higher levels of presence. Buffy the Stereotype Slayer • Nichole Bogarosh, Washington State University • Great strides have been made in breaking down barriers and stereotypes – in deconstructing what it means to be a woman and a man - in our society. However, despite these strides, there is much yet to be done. Stereotypes remain and women are still constructed within our society as the weaker sex – the not-powerful, subject to the rule and whims of men. Stereotypes still promote the subordination of women by men. Judging a book by its cover: Using Q Method to examine millennials’ perceptions and expectations of classic novels • Katherine Patton • The purpose of this study is to explore the ideas of what makes an effective book cover and what attempts have been made to pull in a new, younger audience. This research examines the different types of millennials and their interests in reading and/or purchasing classic novels based solely on the visual presentation of the book cover. It’s Still All In Your Head: Revisiting the Parasocial Compensation Hypothesis • Phillip Madison; Lance Porter • In America socializing with friends is now a functional alternative to watching television. This study draws from research on intrapersonal communication and media effects, to ask “What functions and characteristics of parasociability predict compensation for real-life interaction?” We combined data from two surveys, arguing that parasocial thinking, when functioning as internal rehearsal and self-understanding, and is characterized by variety and self-dominance, predicts parasociability as compensation for human interaction. Retroactive parasocial thinking negatively predicted compensation. Breaking Drug War Hegemony or Reinforcing the Bad? Illicit Drug Discourses in AMC’s Breaking Bad • Katrina Flener, Temple University • This paper examines the first four seasons of AMC’s critically-acclaimed series Breaking Bad in terms of its representations of illicit drug use, the drug trade, and associated policy considerations. Relying on critical discourse analysis, this research attempts to understand how the basic cable series supports and/or challenges dominant ideology about illicit drug use, the drug trade (both here and in Mexico), and the United States’ drug war policies. Is Cheating a Human Function? The Roles of Presence, State Hostility, and Enjoyment in an Unfair Video Game • J.J. De Simone, University of Wisconsin -- Madison; Li-Hsiang Kuo; Tessa Verbruggen • In sports and board games, when an opponent cheats, the other players typically greet it with disdain, anger, and disengagement. However, work has yet to fully address the role of AI cheating in video games. In this study, participants played either a cheating or a non-cheating version of a modified open source tower defense game. Results indicate that when an AI competitor cheats, players perceive the opponent as being more human. Gloomy Euphoria or Joyous Melancholy? Nostalgic Experiences of MMORPG Players in China: A Qualitative Study • Hang Lu, Marquette University • As predicted by Newman (2004) one of the three modern trends in future gaming is retrogaming. Retrogaming is a subculture in which gamers return to play some old computer games, including the most popular genre of online games, massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). In order to examine gamers' psychological motivation for returning to some old MMORPGs and their psychological experiences in retrogaming from the perspective of nostalgia, this study interviewed 65 Chinese gamers of a classic MMORPG, StoneAge. Have We Ever Experienced Remade Fan Video as Visual Poaching on YouTube? • Keunyeong Kim, Pennsylvania State University • As media technology develops, it became harder to avoid the convergence of cultural studies and medium theory (Meyrowitz, 2008). In fact, the advance of interactive new media has accelerated fan cultures by providing a vast proliferation of both text-based and image-based spaces (Jenkins, 2006a, 2006b). The result of which has been the equally simultaneous, yet divergent modes of fan culture response. All This Has Happened Before: Battlestar Galactica as a Dialogue on the War on Terror • Laura Osur, Syracuse University • The purpose of this study is to explore how Battlestar Galactica addresses issues related to the War on Terror. As science fiction critics Darko Suvin, Carl Freedman, and Frederic Jameson have suggested, the genre has a unique ability to address sociopolitical situations. Through a textual analysis, I find that Battlestar Galactica pushes the audience to reconceptualize war and terrorism by presenting multiple perspectives on questions related to violence, terror, and humanism. The reality of it all: Navigating racial stereotypes on Survivor: Cook Islands • Patrick Ferrucci, U of Missouri; Margaret Duffy, Missouri School of Journalism • This study investigates how race was depicted on Survivor: Cook Islands. This particular season of the reality television program divided contestants by race into four distinct tribes. Television helps people make sense of the world around them and informs their understanding of the unfamiliar. Racialized depictions may amplify racism and polarization. Animation Growing Up: Hollywood is Adding Adult Humor in Children’s Animated Films • Chelsie Akers, Brigham Young Uniersity; Giulia Vibilio • Children’s animated films have held a lasting influence on their audiences throughout the decades. As adults co-view such films with their children Hollywood has had to rewrite the formula for a successful animated children’s film. This study concentrates on the idea that a main factor in audience expansion is adult humor. The results show that children’s animated films from 1995-2009 are riddled with many instances of adult humor while in films from 1980-1994 use adult humor sparingly. May Self-Efficacy Be With You: Self-Efficacy in Star Wars Online Fan Communities • Alexis Finnerty, Syracuse University; Dan Amernick • We examine the role of creative and technical self-efficacy in the online fan community. By surveying producers of fan-made Star Wars music videos to find out how their self-efficacy levels relate to the number of videos they upload, we conclude that creativity is more important to fan video producers than technical skills. We found a slight positive correlation between higher creative self-efficacy levels and uploads, and a negative correlation between uploads and technical self-efficacy. Traditional vs. Entertainment News: A Study of Framing and Format Effects on Consumer Perceptions • Holly Miller, University of Minnesota School of Journalism and Mass Communication and University of Minnesota Law School; Whitney Walther, University of Minnesota • Entertainment media make up a multi-billion-dollar industry, and celebrity news has seeped into traditional news sources, such as network nightly newscasts, 24-hour cable news channels, and widely circulated publications. More people report knowing about Lindsay Lohan’s 90-day jail sentence for violating her probation than the Prime Minister of Israel’s visit to the White House. Dancing with the Binary: Heteronormative Expectancies and Gender Inclusiveness on Dancing with the Stars • Betsy Emmons; Richard Mocarski; Rachael R. Smallwood, University of Alabama; Sim Butler, The University of Alabama • The celebrity-based television reality show Dancing with the Stars (DWTS) has been praised for having a diverse cast during its reign as a favorite prime-time competition show. Using a content analysis of gender performance based on Trujillo’s (1991) tenets of hegemonic masculinity along with a femininity binary opposite, this study affirms that heteronormative behavior persists on the show, even while varying genders are included. Portlandia Tracks the Music Industry into the Age of Digital Media • Elia Powers, University of Maryland-College Park • Portlandia, an Independent Film Channel (IFC) comedy series that affectionately satirizes Portland, Oregon’s hipster culture, represents an unprecedented success by individuals to use the web to turn a video project into a network television series. Its format, niche-oriented content and narrative structure fit with the way that increasingly fragmented audiences consume media in the digital age. The cathartic effects of narrative entertainment through contemplation: Examining the mediating role of self-perceptions on health outcomes after fictional drama exposure • Guan-Soon Khoo • In response to its disputed status in communication research, a new catharsis theory for media psychology is examined in a controlled experiment. One hypothesized model was tested, and two exploratory models were investigated. Mediational analyses found weak trends towards the hypothesized effects through unfavorable meta-emotions and self-compassion as mediators. Further, significant indirect effects were found via emotional self-efficacy. Results provide initial evidence for the cathartic effects of cinematic tragedy and human drama. Men on The Wire: A textual analysis of ‘the most realistic depiction of a newsroom ever’ • Patrick Ferrucci, U of Missouri; Chad Painter, University of Missouri • This study investigates how fictional print journalists were portrayed on The Wire. Portrayals of journalism on television could influence audience perceptions of real-life journalists. The researchers used a cultural studies approach focusing on contextualization to analyze the text of all 10 episodes aired during The Wire’s fifth season, paying special attention to latent meanings of verbal and visual features. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8496 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/history-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 14:10:49 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8499 Independent Woman: How a World War I Recruiting Effort Gave Rise to a Feminist Magazine • Jane Marcellus, Middle Tennessee State University • In 1918, the US War Department authorized federal funds to organize the nation’s businesswomen. As a result, the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs was founded. Their bulletin, Independent Woman (IW), soon became a magazine. This paper examines IW from 1919 until its name changed in 1956, using textual analysis to discover how IW negotiated its role as club publication and activist magazine, arguing that as a feminist “crossover,” it anticipated Ms. Magazine. From Crisis to Consensus: Advertising Practitioner Responses to the Trust Consolidation Era, 1898-1902 • Stewart Alter, McCann Worldgroup • The trust consolidation period at the turn of the twentieth century reshaped American industry in ways that had significant implications for the practice of advertising as it was then developing. An examination was conducted of the editorial coverage of these corporate consolidations in five major advertising-trade journals during the peak merger years of 1898-1902. The Contradictions of Herbert Hoover: Positive and Negative Liberty in American Broadcasting Policy • Seth Ashley, Boise State University • As Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover helped create the regulatory framework for early American broadcasting policy. His theoretically negative approach to liberty and preference for market-oriented solutions actually took the form of government intervention in practice, helping the emerging commercial broadcasting industry to gain control of the ether. Through an historical institutionalist approach, this paper examines primary documents and secondary literature related to Hoover’s legacy, which still can be felt today. Polemics and Pragmatism: James J. Kilpatrick’s Shifting Views on Race between 1963 and 1966 • Elizabeth Atwood, Hood College • Between 1963 and 1966, the way newspaper editor and columnist James J. Kilpatrick wrote about racial issues changed remarkably. The former segregationist editor toned down his racist rhetoric and urged blacks and whites to work together. Print Ads in Post-World War II Publications: An Analysis of Humor • Adam Avant, The University of Georgia • In the days following World War II, advertising in the mass media reflected a new era that saw sharply-defined gender roles return.  Advertisers often employed humor to highlight this emerging cultural shift toward a traditional suburban lifestyle.  This study utilized a content assessment of humorous advertisements in popular publications between 1945 and 1955.  The findings suggest humor was primarily aimed at women while using narrative structures to provide an uplifting and lighthearted look at a future in the home. The Evolving Bride in Godey's Lady's Book • Emilia Bak, University of Georgia • Today media are obsessed with the bride, but this paper examines the mediated bride in a time when women were expected marry, the 19th century. The top-circulating magazine of the time was Godey’s Lady’s Book, and as a publication targeted at women, it offers insights about the societal importance of being a bride. This examination of the bride is filtered through a feminist media studies lens and seeks to add to the history of women. Free at last: Media framing and the evolution of free agency in Major League Baseball • Brett Borton, University of South Carolina • This study analyzes the dominant narrative about the evolution of free agency in Major League Baseball in 1976, when the game‘s long-standing reserve clause was struck down and unsigned players could offer their services to the highest bidding teams.  The author seeks to determine if the portrayals of free agent players during this period departed from the hero-myth depictions of professional baseball players employed by print journalists since the early twentieth century. Literary journalism "tinctured with magic": The subjectivity of William Bolitho • Brandon Bouchillon, Texas Tech University; Kevin Stoker, Texas Tech University • William Bolitho’s name remains suspiciously absent from the modern journalism lexicon. This study presents an in-depth analysis of Bolitho’s life and work, distinguishing what made him such a uniquely gifted writer. The inherent subjectivity of Bolitho’s vision and his ready acceptance of death’s inevitability color his prose. His literary talents preceded the work of writers like Tom Wolfe, and his unique sense of adventure may have influenced Hemingway’s own. On Finding Dorothy Shaver: First Lady of Retailing and Public Relations Innovator • Sandra Braun, Mount Royal University • Dorothy Shaver was the CEO of Lord & Taylor Department Store from 1945-1959. She rose through the ranks as a communications executive. By the end of her career, she had garnered numerous awards and honorary degrees for her public relations and promotional skills. This paper traces her origins, her rise through the corporate ranks, and three key campaigns that led to her election as president of a multi-million-dollar corporation at a time when it was uncommon for women to hold such positions. The Afro’s Ollie Stewart: Looking at American Politics, Society and Culture from Europe • Jinx Broussard, LSU; Newly Paul • This article examines the writings of Ollie Stewart, the Paris-based foreign correspondent for the Afro-American newspaper from 1949 to 1977. Articles and lively columns this expat wrote provided his and foreigners’ views about events that were shaping America. He continually addressed race, U.S. foreign policy, politics and the achievements and activities blacks abroad, thereby providing information that was not in the mainstream media and filling an important void press and American history. On the Front Page in the ‘Jazz Age’ in Chicago: Ione Quinby, ‘Girl Reporter’ • Stephen Byers, Marquette University; Genevieve G. McBride, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee • Building a career in 1920s Chicago was hard for a woman journalist who wanted the front page, not the society page. This paper follows the career of Ione Quinby, who entered journalism in the “Jazz Age” as a “stunt girl” and “sob sister” – termed a “girl reporter” by her newspaper – but who became famed for her coverage of “murderesses” and mob molls. American OGPU: J. Edgar Hoover’s FBI and the ‘Smear Campaign’ of 1940 • Matthew Cecil, South Dakota State University • In 1939 and 1940, the FBI’s ongoing use of illegal wiretapping and its employment of “third degree” tactics in making a series of arrests in Detroit prompted critics to charge the Bureau had become too powerful.  Even before the controversies of 1939 and 1940, the dramatic growth of the Bureau’s physical footprint and legal jurisdiction during the 1930s had heightened concerns about the agency’s power. Seize the Time: How the Black Panthers’ Early Media Strategies Shaped the Party’s Image • Caitlin Cieslik-Miskimen, University of Wisconsin, Madison • Mass media was integral to the rise of the Black Panther Party, and the party’s leaders developed media strategies that used militant rhetoric, brash visuals and media events to attract the attention of mainstream media outlets. This paper analyzes newspaper coverage in the Los Angeles Times and San Francisco Chronicle, and examines the role mainstream California newspapers played in shaping the public image of the Panthers. Influenced by the protest paradigm, journalists created an anti-authority, anti-white and militaristic image. The Panthers’ inability to control their media portrayal ultimately limited their effectiveness. "A Slogan of Mockery": Never Again and the Unnamed Genocide in Southern Sudan, 1989-2005 • Sally Ann Cruikshank, Ohio University • This study examines how eight U.S. media outlets framed the conflict in southern Sudan from 1989 through 2005. A textual analysis revealed that, contrary to previous studies concerning U.S. media coverage of Africa, southern Sudan received steady coverage. Three dominant themes emerged: famine, slavery, and oil. Despite the details of the civil war being a veritable checklist for genocide, the media failed to report it as such.  The implications of these findings are discussed at length. 'Ask what you can do to the Army': The underground G.I. press during Vietnam • Chad Painter, University of Missouri; Patrick Ferrucci, University of Missouri • This study examined the roles of a radical press during wartime, and how the underground G.I. press served those roles during the Vietnam War. The researchers used as primary sources 22 underground G.I. newspapers published between 1967 and 1973. They found that the underground G.I. press published unreported or underreported stories, used an anti-establishment tone, attempted to build communities within the military and with civilians, and provided a forum for soldiers' dissention and dissatisfaction. “To End the Racial Nightmare": James Baldwin and the Kennedys • Kathy Forde, University of South Carolina • This study explores how James Baldwin’s New Yorker essay, “Letter from a Region of My Mind,” later published as the book The Fire Next Time, shaped a national reckoning with the black freedom struggle—its meanings, realities, and policy demands—during a critical moment of the civil rights movement. Baldwin’s “readers” included ordinary American citizens and the most powerful political leaders in the United States in 1963. A New York Tribune Reporter's Correspondence, Captivity, and Escape During the American Civil War • Michael Fuhlhage, Auburn University • New York Tribune war correspondent Albert Deane Richardson escaped a Confederate prison after nineteen months in captivity during the Civil War. He immediately embarked on a journalistic and activist campaign to reveal Southern mistreatment and pressure the Union government to secure relief for military and civilian prisoners of war held by the Confederacy. Richardson’s memoir, articles, letters from the battlefield and prison, and testimony reveal a prominent but overlooked reporter’s experience of news work during wartime. Mary Garber: A Woman in a Man’s World • Ashley Furrow, Ohio University • Mary Garber was one of the first full-time sportswriters at a daily newspaper in the country and became the oldest living female sportswriter. Her work earned her over forty writing awards and countless Hall of Fame inductions. But her greatest achievement is that she paved the way for other women sportswriters, who are no longer denied entrance to press boxes and no longer have to miss out on key post-game interviews because they are now allowed in locker rooms. An Uneasy Encounter: Global Perspectives and American Journalism Ideals on Town Meeting of the World • Kevin Grieves, Ohio University • In the early 1960s, communication satellites provided a new forum for global discourse via live, international television. The Town Meeting of the World programs were the first designed specifically for this technology, and enabled live interaction between world leaders and studio audiences. The format drew on American journalistic ideals of an open exchange of viewpoints. By the late 1960s, those viewpoints from overseas had become increasingly critical of the United States, much to Americans' consternation. The Shenandoah Crash As Seen Through the National Magazines of the 1920s • Thomas J. Hrach, University of Memphis • The crash of the Shenandoah, a 1920s era dirigible, over rural Ohio in 1925 brought a clash of cultures that highlighted how national magazines of the time framed the issues of poverty and tragedy. At the time, the dirigible was viewed as the future of long-distance air travel, and the American military was actively pursuing the technology after seeing it successfully used by the German government in World War I. Media, memory, and a sense of place: The nation's first Washington • Janice Hume, University of Georgia • The tiny town of Washington, Ga., is steeped in historical memory. It was the first U.S. town named for George Washington, its citizens fresh from winning a significant Revolutionary War battle. The town’s memory and identity are products of a complex negotiation of remembrances fostered by media, scholars, Patriot descendents, historical organizations, town boosters, and citizens. This study considers that negotiation, noting how newspapers and magazines contributed to the collective memory of the “first Washington.” Out of the Mists of Time: Newspaper Coverage of Travel to Lithuania 1988-1993 • Kerry Kubilius, Ohio University • This paper traces the trajectory of newspaper travel coverage from 1988, prior to Lithuania’s declaration of independence from the Soviet Union, to 1993, the year the last Russian troops were recalled from Lithuanian territory. Travel coverage initially revealed the difficulties visitors faced during political instability; Lithuania was treated as an exciting destination for the curious. After independence, journalists described it as an obscure travel frontier, not the political hotspot it had recently been. When a Doctor Became a Whistleblower: Dr. Henry K. Beecher and the Press, 1965-1966 • Amy Snow Landa, University of Minnesota • Dr. Henry K. Beecher’s landmark 1966 essay in the New England Journal of Medicine criticized medical experiments performed without patients’ informed consent. This paper examines Beecher’s decision to become a public whistleblower and his development of a press strategy to maximize the impact of his message. Primary sources include Beecher’s correspondence with reporters, archived with the Beecher papers at the Countway Library of Medicine at Harvard. Lasting Scars of the JFK Assassination: The Tragedy and PTSD-like Trauma of Merriman Smith • Young Joon Lim, Ohio University; Michael Sweeney, Ohio University • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been documented at high rates among war correspondents. This paper answers a call by PTSD expert Anthony Feinstein, who urged more investigation of PTSD-like symptoms among domestic journalists exposed to the trauma of covering news routines that include violence. Using primary documents, this paper posits that Merriman Smith, UPI White House reporter who observed the assassination of John F. Kennedy, suffered PTSD-like symptoms that culminated in his suicide. Awarding a Revolution: The Penney-Missouri Magazine Awards during second-wave feminism • Dayne Logan, University of Missouri • The present research explores the Women’s Movement of the 1960s and ’70s and magazines’ reactions to it via the Penney-Missouri Magazine Awards program, the only contest designed to honor American women’s magazine journalism during the period. It also examines the program itself and concludes that it exhibited a dynamism some scholars contend is atypical of journalism awards programs by shifting from a mere reflection of common industry ideologies to a champion of progressive journalistic practice. For ‘the cause of civil and religious liberty’: Abner Cole and the Palmyra, NY, Reflector (1829-1831) • Kimberley Mangun, University of Utah; Jeremy Chatelain, University of Utah • This paper is the first to analyze the (Palmyra, NY) Reflector through the lens of the Freethought Movement, a philosophical viewpoint informed by science, facts, and reason. Sixty-six issues of the literary newspaper published between September 2, 1829, and March 19, 1831—the paper’s entire run—were examined using discourse analysis and narrative analysis. The newspaper advocated free speech, freedom of the press, and civil and religious liberty and contributed to the marketplace of ideas. Congress Needs Help: The Story of NBC’s Extraordinary 1965 Documentary Critique of Legislative Inefficiency • Thomas Mascaro, Bowling Green State University • The 1965 NBC News documentary, Congress Needs Help, represents a noteworthy departure for network documentaries. NBC commissioned an external study of the U.S. Congress to assess its efficiency and recommend solutions to improve congressional effectiveness and accountability. The documentary directly influenced legislation in the House of Representatives. Congress Needs Help offers an overlooked historical benchmark of the congressional reform movement of the 1960s and of documentary examinations of the legislative body of the U.S. government. Tributes to Fallen Journalists: The Role of the Hero Myth in Journalistic Practice • Raymond McCaffrey, University of Maryland • An analysis of New York Times tributes to fallen U.S. journalists who perished while at work from 1980 to 2012 revealed that articles were written about 82 percent of the 60 journalists who died on foreign assignment compared to coverage of about 33 percent of the 55 journalists whose deaths were in the U.S. Foreign correspondents were largely depicted in heroic terms, while those dying in the U.S. were often portrayed as the archetypal victim. American Wartime Newsreels and Press Reaction during WWII • Stephen McCreery, University of Georgia • The WW2 American newsreel represents a media innovation that could not be ignored by the American public.  The combination sight, sound, and motion in tightly packaged narratives was neither entirely representative of overseas events, nor timely.  The American press’ reactions to these censored films presented them as more of a novelty than a rival.  An analysis of U.S. wartime newspaper articles on newsreels reveals how little was regarded for this innovation that would eventually become a main competitor for news audiences. The Struggle for Men's Souls: Tracing Cold War Liberation Strategy in the Crusade for Freedom Campaign • Wendy Melillo, American University • This essay considers Cold War liberation strategy themes, promoted by Eisenhower protégé and political warfare specialist Charles Douglas Jackson, in the Ad Council’s Crusade for Freedom public service advertising campaign. Liberation was a grand strategy in the Cold War using psychological warfare to encourage revolution in Eastern European countries under Soviet rule. The Crusade campaign was a propaganda tool directed at Americans to gain domestic support for the liberation strategy, and sell democracy at home. An Enemy’s Talk of Justice: Japanese Radio Propaganda against Japanese American Mass Incarceration during World War II • Takeya Mizuno, Toyo University • This article examines how Japanese short-wave radio propaganda, as known as “Radio Tokyo,” commented on mass incarceration of Japanese Americans during the first year of World War II. As the Army began to execute the policy, so did Tokyo’s serial criticism begin. Japanese propagandists accused mass incarceration as evidence of American hypocrisy revealing the actual hollow nature of the nation’s “democratic” ideals. RCAism: The Roots of a Rationalized Broadcasting System • Randall Patnode, Xavier University • While conventional histories treat of radio broadcasting as an outgrowth of technological development, this article decouples broadcasting from technology and connects it with the principles of rationalization that emerged in the late 19th century. The bureaucratic organizations behind broadcasting were seeking greater social control through the same industrial management techniques found in Taylorism and Fordism. To plead our cause” and make a profit: The competitive environment of the African American press during World War II • Earnest Perry, University of Missouri School of Journalism • In an undated speech given sometime after what general historians call the modern Civil Rights Movement, John Sengstacke, publisher of the Chicago Defender discussed the role of the African American press. He did not fawn over the militancy of the press during World War II or speak glowingly of the journalists who risked their lives to cover the trials, marches and sit-ins of the 1950s and 1960s. Framing of Women Pharmacists in Mainstream and Trade Press During Second-Wave Feminism • L. Michael Posey, University of Georgia • This study analyzes framing of the feminization of medicine and pharmacy during the feminism’s second wave and how trade media framed women’s emergence in pharmacy (1963–87). News articles, research, editorials, and special reports were analyzed. Both media presented similar frames, changing over time. These included stereotyping (gender roles, antifeminism, economic rights); role modeling and networking (feminism); and social/structural changes. Mainstream media largely missed the rapid emergence of women pharmacists in a male-dominated profession. A New Medium at War: The Importance of Foreign Radio Reports in Portugal during World War II • Nelson Ribeiro, Catholic University of Portugal • The article describes the importance of radio reporting by the Reichs Rundfunk Gesselschaft (RRG) and the BBC in Portugal during World War II. After a brief contextualisation explaining the reasons that led these foreign broadcasts to become the main source of war news in Portugal, the article analyses the distinct strategies implemented by the German and the British stations to mould the Portuguese public’s perception of the war. “A Strange Absence of News”: The Titanic, The Times, Checkbook Journalism, and the Inquiry Into the Public’s Right to Know • Ronald Rodgers, University of Florida • This study explores the controversy around allegations the Titanic’s surviving wireless operator and the operator aboard the rescue ship held back news detailing the disaster so they could sell their stories to The New York Times. Those allegations and a Senate inquiry into news suppression as part of the Titanic investigation raised questions about the ethics and/or the propriety of the then-accepted practice of journalists paying for news – an issue with resonance a century later. “Just Plain Jimmy”: Magazine Coverage of Jimmy Carter’s 1976 Campaign • Amber Roessner, University of Tennessee; Natalie Manayeva, University of Tennessee • On January 19, 1976, Jimmy Carter defeated early presidential favorite Birch Bayh in the Iowa caucus. In doing so, he captured the attention of America’s media. Over the next 42 weeks, Time, Newsweek, and the U.S. News & World Report, the nation’s three leading newsmagazines, chronicled Carter’s rise from semi-obscurity. This study takes a closer look at more than 200 articles to consider how the three publications portrayed Jimmy Carter throughout the 1976 campaign. Young Guns: How firearms advertisers targeted children in magazines of the early 1900s • Marshel Rossow, Minnesota State University, Mankato • This study examined techniques firearms dealers used to sell guns to children in the early 20th century. Millions of tiny “boys’ rifles” aimed at a child market were manufactured between 1900 and World War II. These were not toys but potentially lethal weapons. An examination of more than 150 ads from the early 1900s found at least seven major categories of “sales pitches” used in the marketing of these firearms to children and their parents. Raised on the Radio: The 1920s and America’s First Media Generation • Annie Sugar, University of Colorado-Boulder • America’s print media both documented and promoted youth participation in radio in the 1920s. The endorsement of the new broadcast medium influenced social acceptance of radio in the family-centered culture of the post-Progressive Era decade. As a result, radio created America’s first generation to shape the media as much as the media shaped them in return and a youth cohort with a newly elevated status in both the family and society at large. “Not Exactly Lying": The Life and Death of the "Fake" in Journalism and Photography, 1880-1910 • Andie Tucher, Columbia Journalism School • Around the turn of the 20th century, at the high tide of American realism, a lively discourse arose concerning “faking” in newspapers and photography. Advocates defined the practice as the harmless embellishment or improvement of minor details and insisted that a fake could actually be truer to life than anything that was mindlessly accurate. Bringing Politics to the Living Room: The Kefauver Hearing and the Debate on the Democratic Potential of a New Medium • Bastiaan Vanacker, Loyola University Chicago • This article studies the debate on the use of cameras in government proceedings in the wake of the Kefauver Crime Hearings of 1950-51. The live broadcasts of some of these hearings were an unprecedented success and brought life to a virtual stand still in the cities were they were broadcast. As a result, these hearings produced a society-wide debate on the use of cameras during government proceedings. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8499 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/intl-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 14:22:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8503 Bob Stevenson Open Paper Competition Gatekeeping & Citizen Journalism: The use of social media during the recent uprisings in Iran, Egypt, and Libya • Sadaf Ali, Wayne State University; Shahira Fahmy, U of Arizona • This critical study focuses on major conflicts involving protests in the Middle East and North Africa: 1) The unsuccessful 2009 uprising in Iran 2) the 2011 successful Egyptian revolution; 3) and the recent successful uprising in Libya. From a theoretical perspective this research expands the study of gatekeeping theory by examining the characteristics of gatekeeping practices by citizen journalists. Overall findings suggest traditional ‘gatekeepers’ continue to maintain the status quo regarding news about conflict zones. Agenda setting and microblog use in China • Yanfang Wu; David Atkin, University of Connecticut; Yi Mou; Carolyn Lin; Tuenyu Lau • With the proliferation of micro-blogs, micro-blogging has been quickly gaining popularity and become an effective tool of citizen journalists for the quick organization of protests, help/advice, and the sharing information from media sources.  This potential ability to disseminate information among social networks that lie outside the control of institutions such as the traditional media has had a profound impact on traditional media’s agenda setting power immediately after an accident or crisis. El Salvador and Costa Rica: Two Central American Opposite Cases in Their State-Diaspora Relations • Vanessa Bravo, Elon University • Through a qualitative case study that includes 20 in-depth interviews with key informants, this study compares the state-diaspora relations of two Central American countries, one where the state considers the diaspora a key transnational public (El Salvador), and one where the state basically ignores the diaspora in its policies (Costa Rica). Media Use and Political Trust in an Emerging Democracy: Setting the institutional trust agenda • Lindita Camaj, University of Houston • This study explores the role of mass media in democratization processes in Kosovo, a post-conflict transitional society in South-Eastern Europe, by examining media effects on citizens’ trust in political institutions. The results confirm general assumptions that in societies undergoing political transitions, a free and plural media system keeps the governing institutions under public opinion scrutiny while contributing to the citizens’ political learning and trust. Moving images of revolution: Social media and the 2011 Tunisian intifada • Catherine Cassara, Bowling Green State University • It has been called a Facebook revolution, a Twitter revolution, even a Wikileaks revolution. But many factors drove the Tunisian Intifada, and first and foremost what mattered were people protesting for weeks in the streets of cities and towns in the country’s marginalized hinterlands sending cellphone videos of via Facebook to Al Jazeera, the world, and back to the TVs of their neighbor’s and to those protesters in Tunis who would drive out the president. Mediating the African Message: Social Influences on a Ugandan Newspaper • Steve Collins, University of Central Florida • Using in-depth interviews and participant observation, the author identified numerous factors that influence news production at Uganda’s leading independent newspaper. The factors include ethnicity (of journalists and sources), a pay system that rewards quantity over quality, a reliance on sources willing to “facilitate” reporters, and a newsroom culture that promotes self-censorship. The findings have implications for Gatekeeping Theory and journalism training in developing nations. Covering news with provincial characteristics?  Comparing health news coverage in China’s Guangdong and Henan provinces • Dong Dong; Qiuyuan Huang; Ziwei Shen; Lingyue Tang; Chenyang Wang • In this research we try to use news coverage on two health incidents as an example to illustrate how the Chinese newspapers at different levels differentiate on news construction. We will compare the contents of news stories sampled from six Chinese newspapers in order to provide empirical evidence to support a recent theoretical call on “scaling” and “rescaling” media in China. Muslim Bloggers in Germany: An Emerging Counterpublic? • Stine Eckert; Kalyani Chadha, University of Maryland College Park • The Muslim minority in Germany has been historically misrepresented and excluded from the mainstream public sphere. In response, some Muslims have turned to blogs as an alternative space to challenge the dominant public discourse through varied discursive practices. In this exploratory study, we examine these practices through interviews with Muslim bloggers. Applying Nancy Fraser’s theory of counterpublics, we posit that this group, which seeks to challenge mainstream representations and offer oppositional counterdiscourses, represents an emerging counterpublic. Al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya Framing of the Israel-Palestine Conflict During War and Calm Periods • Mohamad Elmasry, The American University in Cairo; Alaa El Shamy, Ain Shams University; Peter Manning; Andrew Mills, Northwestern University; Phil Auter, University of Louisiana at Lafayette • This framing study compared Al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya coverage of the Israel-Palestine conflict during the 2008/2009 Gaza conflict and one year later, during a period of calm. Findings suggest that both networks used framing mechanisms to highlight Palestinian perspectives over Israeli ones and frame Palestinians as victims of Israeli aggression. The networks regularly described Palestinian casualties and showed images of Palestinian grief, provided more voice to Palestinian sources, and personalized Palestinian deaths. High Drama on the High Seas:  Peace vs. War Journalism Framing of the Mavi Marmara Incident • Britain Eakin, U of Arizona; Shahira Fahmy, The University of Arizona • Based on Galtung’s groundbreaking concept of peace journalism we content analyzed the extent to which the coverage of the 2010 Mavi Marmara incident used war versus peace frames in online stories that ran in Haaretz, The Guardian, and The New York Times. Results show differences in coverage among the three newspapers. Findings build upon existing literature to further study peace versus war journalism specifically regarding the Israeili/Plaestinian conflict. Finally limitations and future research are addressed. Domestic, International, and Foreign News Content on ABC, CBS and NBC Television Network News from 1971 to 2007 • Katherine Bradshaw, Bowling Green State University; James Foust • The results of a content analysis show the mean story length and number of international and foreign news stories on network television news decreased steadily from 1971 on, and markedly in the 1990s. Previous content research on this topic is flawed by non-random samples and inconsistent definition of variables. This research is the first to attempt to correct those flaws. It used consistent variable definitions applied to randomly selected content and produced generalizable results. Availability and Individual Cognitions:  Exploring How Framing Effects Vary Across Cultures • Timothy Fung; Dietram A. Scheufele • The purpose of this research is to explore the role of availability of a value construct in framing process and to delineate how the processes underlying framing effects across cultural groups for whom particular value constructs are more or less available in memory. Using the values of filial piety, independence and elderly care policy as the case study, we conducted two experiments to examine monocultural individuals’ responses to cultural value framing. Communication Styles: Their Role in Understanding Autism in Korea and the United States • Myna German, Delaware State University; Keonhee Kim • Relying on a contemporary interpretation of hybridity of communication styles in the classroom, this study takes a cross-cultural look at educators in selected inclusive education classrooms in the United States and South Korea. It examines how educators interpret and construct communication with students labeled with autism. The social requirements for, and interpretation of, communicative behaviors differ between the United States, a primarily individualist culture, South Korea, which is primarily collectivist and dominated by a high-context communication style. How they cover the world: A comparison of news predictors for The Associated Press, The New York Times and Reuters • Beverly Horvit, University of Missouri; peter gade; Liz Lance; Youn-Joo Park, University of Missouri • Logistics variables such as characteristics of the world’s countries and their ties to the United States successfully predict which countries will receive coverage by The Associated Press, Reuters and The New York Times. Economic predictors are more important for Reuters, and U.S. ties are more important for the U.S. news organizations. The analysis is based on regression models using a content analysis of 5,301 news items, paired with a data set for 191 countries. Manufacturing professional honor: Official journalism award as social control in China • Chin-Chuan Lee, Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong; Shunming HUANG, College of Literature and Journalism, Sichuan University, China • The institution of journalism award in China is a post-Mao cultural phenomenon. This article performs an exploratory analysis of official journalism awards as a mechanism of social control. It first traces the institutional process, then explores the opportunity structure and gatekeeping practice, and finally examines effects on the journalist. Revolutionary Medium? Portrayals of Social Media in American and Egyptian Newspapers’ Coverage of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution • Margaret A. Fesenmaier, Virginia Tech; Luay Kaloumeh, Università della Svizzera italiana; Yuxi Zhuang, Virginia Tech; James Ivory, Virginia Tech • To examine whether widespread speculation in the U.S. press about the role of social media in the 2011 Egyptian revolution was consistent with Egyptian coverage, a content analysis compared portrayals of social media and protestors in articles (n = 300) from major Egyptian and U.S. newspapers.  U.S. articles mentioned social media and described social media as contributing to the revolution more frequently than Egyptian articles.  Portrayals of protestors were similar between U.S. and Egyptian newspapers. Cultural Imperialism Revisited: Empirical Determination of the Role of Superstructures on Internet Searches of International Issues • Mia Kamal; Yongick Jeong • By content-analyzing public searches on international issues, this research conducted two studies to empirically determine the role of superstructures on overall cultural imperialism, cultural imperialism by U.S. and that by other nations. The results indicate that Internet searches for international political, entertainment, education, and non-contact sports issues were significantly influenced by each country’s distinct superstructure. This study also found a different pattern in searching U.S. issues from non-U.S. issues. Internet Addiction among Young People in China: Internet Connectedness, Online Gaming, and Academic Performance Decrement • Qiaolei Jiang, Nanyang Technological University • Internet addiction has become a prominent issue in China, especially among the young. This study is among the first few focusing on the Internet-dependent young people in China. Based on data collected in one of the earliest and largest Internet addiction clinics in Mainland China, this study investigated the interrelationships between Internet connectedness, online gaming, Internet addiction symptoms, and academic performance decrement. The findings showed that Internet connectedness and online gaming are positively associated with Internet addiction symptoms. Online Social Networking Profiles and Self-presentation of Indian Youths • Peddiboyina Vijaya Lakshmi, Sri Padmavati  Mahila Visvavidyalayam; Sagar Atre, Ohio University, E.W. Scripps School of Journalism; Yusuf Kalyango, Ohio University • This central aim of this study is to determine whether online social interactions, online postings and self-presentations in profiles of Indian teenagers between the ages of 16 and 18 years conform to the previously well-guarded culture and traditional norms of India. It is based on the analysis of user profiles on ten social networking sites: Facebook, MySpace, Hi5, Orkut, Ibibo, Perfspot, Google+, LinkedIn, Bharatstudent and Twitter. ‘My Little Girl’: The Ethics of News Coverage of an Intersex South African Athlete • Rick Kenney, Florida Gulf Coast University; Kimiko Akita, University of Central Florida • South African sprinter Caster Semenya’s victory in the 2009 track World Championships set off a firestorm of controversy over whether she was a woman—by sex, not gender. Competitors claimed she was a man, and the sports’ governing body conducted sex-verification tests on Semenya without her knowledge. Gender Digital Divide? Facebook Uses and Gratifications Among Kuwaiti College Students • Anastasia Kononova, American University of Kuwait; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University • A cross sectional survey (N = 169) of Kuwaiti college students explored the uses and gratifications of Facebook as a function of gender. Results showed that respondents, in general, were mostly motivated to use Facebook for social connectivity and posting and following status updates. Results also showed that a greater proportion of male respondents reported having a Facebook account compared to their female counterparts. Creation of transnational media culture in a digital diaspora space: Analysis of media sharing web board of an online community of female Korean im/migrants in the U.S. • EunKyung Lee, Rutgers University • This study explores an online community (www.MissyUSA.com) formed among female Korean im/migrants in the U.S. as an example of a digital diasporic space in the new media age. Employing multiple research methods including in-depth interviews, textual analysis, and grounded theory this study examined the media culture on a media sharing web board of the online community. Effects of Real and Fictional Presidential Debates on the Perceived Importance of Issues • Jeongsub Lim • This study investigates how real and fictional presidential debates influence individuals’ perception of the importance of issues by considering the following three main independent variables: need for orientation, emotional arousal, and the credibility of real and fictional presidential candidates. The results of a controlled experiment using a sample of students indicate that older participants who had a need for orientation toward key issues and believed real presidential candidates were more likely to be concerned about the issues discussed by the candidates. Educating Globally Aware Journalists: What Is It, Why Does It Matter and How Do We Prepare Our Students • Scott Winter, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; R. Bruce Mitchell, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Nancy Mitchell, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • This paper investigates how we prepare students to be globally aware journalists – what it is, why it matters and how educators can foster such learning. Using a case study approach, the authors argue that helping students achieve global competency requires a complex set of outcomes accomplished by multiple media experiences attained domestically and/or abroad, and that the best intercultural learning situations feature cultural mentors who help students reflect on their experiences. A Framing Analysis of U.S. News Coverage of Diplomatic Relationship between the U.S. and Venezuela • Victor Oliveira Bonomi, Arkansas State University; Po-Lin Pan, Arkansas State University • This study explored U.S. news coverage of the diplomatic relationship between the United States of America and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in three U.S. newspapers—the New York Times, the Washington Post and the Christian Science Monitor. Using media framing theory, this content analysis was conducted over two distinct periods that represented the first hundred days of the first and second presidential periods of Hugo Chavez. The Press-Enabled Rise of Two Two-Term Presidents: Brazil's Popular Lula and the US's Unpopular Bush • Tania Rosas-Moreno, Loyola University Maryland • This qualitative content analysis compares how two democratic countries’ newspapers of record first mythogolized their winning presidential candidates, resulting in two two-term presidents: unpopular Bush and unprecedently popular Lula. The New York Times and Folha de São Paulo candidate mythogolizations occurred within seven myth categories: ideal, experience, leadership, favored, fear, folksy and campaign practicalities. In brief, cross-cultural comparisons analyzing the relationships among national media practices during presidential elections provide insight into journalistic practices. Examining Traditional and New Media Credibility in Pakistan • KyuJin Shim, Syracuse University; Anita Day, University of South Florida; Guy J Golan, Syracuse University; Sung-Un Yang, Indiana University at Bloomington • Based on a random survey sample, the current study examined audience assessments of different media platforms in Pakistan. Results provide empirical support for a significant relationship between such demographic variables as age, gender, religiosity and ethnicity and overall assessments of either traditional or new media credibility. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that reliance on traditional media was positively associated with assessments of traditional media credibility while reliance on new media was positively associated with assessments of new media credibility. Framing Tibet:  A Comparative Study of U.S. and Chinese Newspapers, 2008-2011 • Xiangyi Shou, Iowa State University; Gang (Kevin) Han, Greenlee School/Iowa State University; Lulu Rodriguez, Iowa State University • The Chinese take-over of Tibet has become an irritant in the relationship between the U.S. and China. This study identifies the visibility of news frames in the coverage of this issue by the elite newspapers of the two countries from 2008 to 2011. Results show that human rights was the most prominent frame in New York Times while attribution of responsibility and human interest were most observed in the People’s Daily. A Cross-National Comparison of Russian and U.S. Newspaper Coverage of Iran’s Nuclear Program • Diana Sokolova; Carol Schwalbe, School of Journalism, University of Arizona • A content analysis of 318 articles revealed differences in the textual and visual framing of Iran’s nuclear program in two U.S. newspapers and two Russian newspapers during the presidency of George W. Bush (2002-2009). Both The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times presented Iran as an enemy and a threat to U.S. security, thus reflecting the Bush administration’s fear that Iran was building an atomic bomb. Early Global Media in the Indian Ocean Rim: The Telegraph and Colonial Britain • Sujatha Sosale, The University of Iowa • In this paper, through an initial analysis of archival data, I trace some political and economic questions and challenges faced by colonial Britain in networking the Indian Ocean Rim (IOR) through the telegraph. In the process, I hope to demonstrate that a communication medium contributed to the definition of the IOR as a geographical entity, much of which constitutes the global South today. Race and Masculinity: A comparison of Asian and Western Models in Men’s Lifestyle Magazine Advertisements • Ping Shaw; Yue Tan • This study examines how men of different races are displayed in terms of masculinity types and product types by analyzing the content of 636 ads collected from the three most popular men’s lifestyle magazines in Taiwan, China, and the United States between 2008 and 2010. Each country was found to have multiple types of masculinities displayed by male models from different racial groups. Uni-Dimensional Framing of a Multi-Dimensional Organization: Newspaper Frames of Hizbullah • Rebekah Husted; Maureen Taylor, University of Oklahoma; Peter Gade • This article examines how four newspapers framed Hizbullah in its roles as a multidimensional political, humanitarian and terrorist organization. The terrorist frames did not decrease even when the organization became a leader in the Lebanese government. The findings suggest that three-quarters of the articles used some kind of terrorism frame to refer to Hizbullah and 42% of the articles linked it to other terrorist organizations such as Hamas. Resisting or Reinforcing Western Stereotypes? Queen Rania of Jordan on YouTube • Melissa Wall, California State University-Northridge • This paper explores our understanding of participatory media uses by non-Westerners, particularly Middle Easterners, through a critical discourse analysis of Queen Rania of Jordan’s YouTube channel and its proclaimed mission to combat stereotypes of Muslims and the Middle East. Postcolonial theory is employed to assess the ways in which her videos can provide a means of creating different discourses about Islam and the Middle East and, at the same time, reinforce Western norms and values as well as Middle Eastern elites’ legitimacy and credibility. Foreign News as Marketable Power Display: Reporting Foreign Disasters by the Chinese Local Media • Haiyan Wang; Francis L. F. Lee, 3303376; Yue Wang • As Western media are cutting back expenditures on foreign news reporting, news organizations in China – both national and local ones – have been investing more resources into international news in recent years. This article provides a critical assessment of foreign news reporting in local Chinese media. Focusing on the Southern city of Guangzhou and using the March 2011 Japanese earthquake as an entry point, this article analyzes the motivations behind and the practices of foreign news reporting at two major Guangzhou newspapers. Green Sells – Effects of Green Visuals in Advertising on Chinese Consumers’ Brand Perception • Fei Xue, University of Southern Mississippi • The current study examined the effects of green visuals in advertising on Chinese consumers’ perception of the brand’s eco-friendliness, attitude-toward-the-ad, brand attitude and purchase intention, and the possible moderation role of product involvement. Results showed green visuals were the determining factor in consumers’ perception of the brand’s eco-friendliness, but if no visual information was available, the use of verbal environmental claims could generate more positive perception of the brand’s eco-friendliness. Media Salience and Framing: Sources as a New Dimension of the Frame-Changing Model as Applied to Coverage of the Saddam Hussein Trial • Jin Yang, University of Memphis; Padmini Patwardhan • This study conceptualized a new sources dimension in Chyi and McCombs’ original frame- changing model of time and space to track the appearance, peak, and decline of a news event on the media agenda. With three continua of time, space and sources, the study found that the Saddam Hussein trial was consistently covered in the present tense, oriented toward individuals and alternated between government sources and individual sources. Nepalese Journalists After the Interim Constitution in 2007: A Survey of Their Profile, Work Condition, and Job Perception • Deepak Neupane; Lily Zeng, Arkansas State University • Media professionals in Nepal have been facing a wide range of threats in recent decades as a result of the political turmoil. In 2007, an interim constitution was finally introduced, which states that the freedom of news and communication is protected in Nepal. This study examines the condition of journalists through a survey of practicing Nepalese journalists from all five regions of this mountainous country. Audience Speaks Out: Minkaohan Uyghur Response To The Representation Of Uyghurs In Chinese State Media • Liang Zheng • This paper examines media and Chinese ethnic minorities in the context of Uyghurs, a Turkic-speaking Muslim people who reside in China’s far west Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Based on eighteen in-depth interviews conducted with Minkaohan Uyghurs, a sub-group among Uyghurs who were educated in Mandarin schools, where the primary language of instruction is Mandarin Chinese. This paper focuses on Uyghur audiences’ response to the representation of Uyghurs in China’s state media. Public Trust: A Comprehensive Investigation on Perceived Media Credibility in China • Hongzhong Zhang, Beijing Normal University; Shuhua Zhou, University of Alabama; Bin Shen • The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive investigation on perceived media credibility in China. In order to assess people’s attitudes toward six media channels (television, newspapers, radio, magazines, websites and mobile devices), a series of surveys were conducted to a random sample of 5,807 residents in ten cities in China: Beijing, Shenyang, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Shanghai, Nanjing, Xi’an, Chengdu, Chongqing, and Wuhan. Markham Student Papers Press censorship of the Indian Emergency of 1975-1977: The response of the underground movement • Sagar Atre, Ohio University, E.W. Scripps School of Journalism • The Indian Emergency of 1975-77 was the first and only time in the history of Indian democracy when press freedom and civil liberties were suspended. This study predominantly outlines the nature of the press censorship, and the response of the underground press. Through a well-connected network of underground volunteers, this nationwide movement established a parallel system to disseminate news and information about the happenings in government and elsewhere in India through letters, bulletins and pamphlets. Social Media, the Arab Revolution, and Media Frames: A Cross-national Study of Western and Arab Newspapers • Fatima Alsalem, Indiana University; Jihyang Choi, Indiana University; Shuo Tang, Indiana University • The present study compares how social media and the Internet were framed by major Western and pan-Arabic newspapers in their coverage of the Tunisia and Egypt revolutions. In exploring both views from the Outsiders and the Insiders, the study aims to answer the question of whether cultural differences affect media frames, the global public sphere and the flow of international news. Why do direct quotations matter in South Korean newspaper headlines? • Jiyoung Han, University of Minnesota • Journalism scholars have argued that South Korean newspapers take advantage of quotations-embedded headlines to editorialize the news. As an exemplar of good journalism, they have referred to The New York Times, which never uses direct quotations in its headline. However, as opposed to their claim, The New York Times places direct quotations in its headlines with single quotation marks. Kenyan Journalists: A Study of Demographics, Job Satisfaction, News Values and Perceived Autonomy • Kioko Ireri, Indiana University-Bloomington • This study strived to examine the situation of Kenyan journalism in the 21st century. A total of 96 Kenyan journalists were surveyed so as to understand their demographic backgrounds, job satisfaction, working conditions, and the use of technology. Their perceptions on journalistic ethics, journalistic freedoms, and forces which influence their work were also explored. Results show that 69.7% of those surveyed were satisfied with their jobs, with income being the main predictor of job satisfaction. News From Tripoli, Benghazi, Brega and Misrata: How Al-Jazeera and BBC Online News Framed The Libyan Revolution • Kioko Ireri, School of Journalism Indiana University-Bloomington • The purpose of this research, which focuses on the framing of the 2011 Libyan Revolution on Al-Jazeera and BBC online news, is fourfold. First, it examines the use of the human interest frame on BBC and Al-Jazeera English news sites before and after the adoption of Resolution 1973, which paved the way for military intervention in the Libyan crisis. Where are NGOs in the Global Network Society? An Analysis of Organizational Networking Patterns for Freedom of Expression • Sun Ho Jeong, University of Texas at Austin • The multidimensional nature of globalization, including its effects on politics, economy, society, culture and media, brought notable changes in the international system in many respects. Noting the importance of international cooperation among different forms of institutions, this study attempted to further understand and explain the notion of emerging global civil society by analyzing organizational networking patterns among governmental, inter-governmental, non-governmental, and media organizations focusing on the issue of freedom of expression. Frames and Fronteras: U.S.-Mexico Migration/Immigration News Coverage on Both Sides of the Border • Christian Kelleher, University of Texas at Austin • Much literature has examined news media framing of migration/immigration issues in the United States, and some in Mexico, but very little has explored the cross-border context. Through a comparative content analysis of common generic and issue-specific news media frames, this study finds that the Mexican press presents more coverage and more positive coverage of migration/immigration than the U.S., and that Mexican framing is universalist compared to the U.S. particularist framing of the issue. Putting Community First: Mainstreaming CSR for Community Building in India and China • Sarabdeep Kochhar • Community building is studied as the multidimensional process that leads to sustainable improvements in the well-being of individuals, families, communities, and society as a whole. The study looks at the role organizations play in developing countries as an integral function of inter-connectedness between organizations and community as a whole. A total of 100 Indian and Chinese organizations were analyzed for the available CSR information and initiatives using quantitative content analysis. Amount of coverage, framing, and dramatization in news articles about natural disasters: a content analytical study of the difference in coverage of developed and developing countries • Katharina Lang • This study examined amount of coverage and framing of articles about natural disasters in developing and developed countries. This study found differences in framing of the disasters, with articles about earthquakes in developing countries being more frequently framed with poverty and inefficiency, whereas natural disasters in developed countries included a larger number of frames of tragedy, wealth, and efficiency. Furthermore, articles about natural disasters in developing countries were more often dramatized. Serving the Party or the Market:  Front Page Photos in People’s Daily and Its Commercial Offspring • Zhaoxi Liu, University of Iowa • Through a content analysis of front-page photos of the People’s Daily and its market-oriented offspring, the Shi Chang Bao, this study found that, throughout more than two decades, while the People’s Daily constantly focused on top political leaders, the Shi Chang Bao focused on consumer activities. Such a contrast illuminates a unique character of China’s press system: its need both to remain as the mouthpiece of the Communist Party, and to cater to the market. The Framing of European Debt Crisis in the Chinese Press: Rethinking Global Risk and Cosmopolitanism • Zhifei Mao, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study examined how Chinese media framed the European debt crisis to see whether a state with a strong tradition of nationalism allowed any room for cosmopolitanism when facing international and global risks. It content analyzed 256 news articles from two important Chinese newspapers and found the responsibility frame and economic consequences frame were dominantly used and closely related to cosmopolitanism. Orientations of newspapers and the national interests may also influence the construction of cosmopolitanism. Military Affairs in Korean News as Media Spectacle: A case study of ROKS Choenan and Yeonpyeong Island Events • Soo-Kwang Oh, University of Maryland • The study applied the theory of media spectacle on a case study of South Korean media coverage of two recent events: 1) The sinking of ROKS Choenan and 2) the bombardment of Yeonpyeong Island by the North Korean Army. The framing analysis approach was used to understand whether such coverage can be called a spectacle as defined in the study. The cases were looked at three different contexts: historical, cultural, and technological. Framing news across borders:  Newspaper coverage of the U.S. immigration debate in U.S. and Mexico from 2004 to 2007 • Paola Pascual-Ferra, University of Miami • Framing analysis compared news coverage of the U.S. immigration debate in U.S. and Mexican newspapers from 2004 to 2007. Patterns of attention, main actors, key frames, and key narratives were identified. Frames used by Mexican news media and state actors supported migration and encouraged political participation of Mexican communities in the U.S. Implications are discussed along with future research directions, including what role, if any, news media across the border play in encouraging U.S. immigration. Life is Elsewhere: The Use and Effects of the Homeland Media among the Digital Sojourners • Jie Qin; Jie Gao • Given that temporary migrations boom and the global reach of Internet facilitates the continuous use of homeland media, the purpose of the research is to aims to answer what patterns of media use (homeland, ethnic, and host media) do the digital sojourners have, and explore the relationship between the media use patterns, immigration perception, and immigration intention. We found that the global reach of the Internet has facilitated the path dependence in media use. Power Distance and Trust in News Media: A Comparative Study of America and China • Ivanka Radovic, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Rachel Rui • This study examined the relationship between power distance and trust in news media in China and America using a sample of 620 participants. The findings showed that the two countries are getting closer on the power distance index, and that the relationship between power distance and trust in media is opposite to one found in the literature. The results are interpreted in light of possible changing trends among Chinese youth and differences in measurement methods. Youth Digital Cultures in Small Town and Rural Gujarat • Manisha Shelat; Cathy DeShano • The paper examines youth digital cultures in rural/ small town Gujarat, India and brings forth a perspective from Global South in understanding the Net generation. We examine how the location and dominant discourses intersect with digital technologies and re-configure aspects of daily lives, such as study, leisure, and friendship; how youth negotiate their interactions with digital media as one aspect of their larger lifeworlds; and how these negotiations influence cultural practices within structural environments. What’s the bandwidth for democracy?  Deconstructing Internet penetration and citizen attitudes about governance • Elizabeth Stoycheff • Empirical studies that closely examine the democratizing potential of the Internet remain underdeveloped.  This paper examines how both individual Internet use, when coupled with national Internet penetration, promotes pro-democratic attitudes in citizens in 34 developing countries.  Results indicate individual Internet use, as well as the diffusion of Internet hardware and bandwidth, are important for democratic development. Displacing the Displacement Hypothesis? Does the Internet Really Displace Traditional Media? • Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia • Using national surveys in the Philippines in 2003 (n = 76,100) and 2008 (n = 60,817), this study revisits the media displacement hypothesis. It looks at the proportions of media use devoted to traditional media (newspaper, magazine, movies, radio and television) and to the internet. The proportions devoted to newspaper, magazine and radio use decreased while internet increased. But those for movie-going and television also increased. The Image of the Nation-Brand of the Country of Georgia as Presented by Major American Newspapers between January 1 and July 1, 2010 • Giorgi Topouria, Missouri • Using content analysis of coverage of country of Georgia by major US newspapers in the specified period, this study develops an approach to measurement and analysis of one of the perspectives of nation-brand image and sets ground for further more comprehensive study of nation brand image and relationships between its various perspectives. The study identifies weaknesses of the Georgian nation-brand, suggests ways for improvement and outlines directions for future research. Not just a pretty face:  Changing K-pop idol imagery from 2005 to 2012 • Quan Xie, Ohio University; Mark Walters, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • This study explored the shifting media images that Korean pop music (K-pop) idol groups employed from 2005 to 2012.  The researchers conducted a content analysis of the universe of album covers of 20 representative K-pop groups during this period of time. Five hypotheses were proposed to answer how groups’ dominant images changed from the mid-2000s to convey attractiveness to a transnational audience. The results shine a light on Westernization, Asianization, and gender presentations. Invisible Colleges within Chinese Communication Community: Patterns and Trends of Co-authorship in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, 2006-2011 • Mengmeng Zhao, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study examined the co-authorship in Chinese communication research community during 2006-2011. A content analysis of seven top Chinese communication journals selected from CSSCI, SSCI and TSSCI sources was conducted to compare collaboration patterns and co-authorship trends in three "sub-communities" including mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Analysis was based on various dimensions including authors’ gender, academic rank, discipline, affiliation and geographical location, providing a comprehensive picture of “invisible colleges” (Crane, 1972) in Chinese communication scholarship. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8503 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/law-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 16:32:17 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8506 The Closing of the Ether: Communication Policy and the Public Interest in the U.S. and Great Britain, 1921-1926 • Seth Ashley, Boise State University • The function of a nation’s media system depends on its structure. But how do systems come to be structured in different ways? Through a comparative historical institutional analysis of the origins of broadcast media systems in the United States and Great Britain in the early twentieth century, this study examines reasons that private, commercial interests dominated the U.S. system while Britain granted a monopoly to the publicly funded, noncommercial BBC. Tracking, Technology, and Tweens: Better Regulation to Protect Children's Privacy Online • Lisa Barnard, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • The FTC recently proposed changes to the COPPA Rule, to keep pace with technological development. In his book Code 2.0, Lawrence Lessig argued regulation is the sum of social norms, market forces, architecture, and the law. This paper examines transcripts from a U.S. Senate Subcommittee hearing and an FTC workshop to determine how each of these regulatory forces affects children’s online privacy, revealing alternative ways the FTC and Congress can better protect children’s privacy online. The Anonymous Speech Doctrine in the Internet Era: Developments in Libel, Copyright, and Election Speech • Jason Shepard, Cal State Fullerton; Genelle Belmas, Cal State Fullerton • The Supreme Court has long protected anonymity for speakers and writers. The Internet enables anonymity for individuals who write blogs, download music, and participate in political discussion. However, this poses a challenge for plaintiffs who want to sue anonymous online speakers for libel, copyright infringement, or election speech. This paper evaluates current legal developments in these areas and makes recommendations about how the law should deal with these different but related areas of anonymous speech. Social Science, Media Effects & The Supreme Court: Is Communication Research Relevant After Brown? • Clay Calvert, University of Florida; Matthew Bunker, University of Alabama; Kimberly Bissell, University of Alabama • This paper examines the implications of the Supreme Court’s 2011 ruling in Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association for the future use of social science evidence and communication research to supply legislative facts supporting laws targeting harms allegedly caused by media artifacts.  The Brown majority set the bar for the relevance of social science evidence exceedingly high, while Justice Breyer, in contrast, adopted a much more deferential approach that embraced the evidence proffered by California. To Defer or Not to Defer?  Deference and Its Differential Impact on First Amendment Rights in the Roberts Court • Clay Calvert, University of Florida; Justin Hayes, University of Florida • This paper examines deference as it affects First Amendment speech rights under the Roberts Court.  Using six recent decisions as analytical springboards, the paper demonstrates profound disagreements among the justices on the use of deference.  Like a spigot, deference is turned on and off by justices, and even when turned on, it can flow freely and or be reduced to a trickle.  Such malleability makes deference a critical concept on today’s Court when speech rights hang in the balance. Past Bad Speakers, Performance Bonds & Unfree Speech • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • Using the legal woes of infomercialist Kevin Trudeau as an analytical springboard, this paper examines the First Amendment issues raised by imposing performance bonds on “past bad speakers” as conditions precedent for future speech.  Performance bonds blur the line separating prior restraints from subsequent punishments, and they represent a form of government intrusion in the marketplace of ideas – a form of interventionism, premised on financial incentivism, that ostensibly discourages dangerous or unlawful speech from re-entering speech markets. American Un-Exceptionalism: The Case of Copyright Law's Public Domain and Freedom of Expression • Edward Carter, Brigham Young University • The relationship between American copyright law and free speech has long been a complicated one. This research reviewed scores of Supreme Court opinions discussing the public domain. Although the Court in a January 2012 opinion said the public domain was not of constitutional significance, the reality is that Court precedents on the public domain sketch a broad role for that concept. Public Interest . . . what Public Interest? How the Rehnquist Court Created the FOIA Privacy Exceptionalism Doctrine • Martin E. Halstuk, College of Communications, Pennsylvania State University; Benjamin W. Cramer, Institute for Information Policy, College of Communications, Pennsylvania State University; Michael D. Todd, University of New Hampshire • This article examines whether the Obama Administration has disclosed more records requested under the Freedom of Information Act than previous administrations, and specifically examines the uses of the FOIA privacy exemptions by federal agencies and departments. An Analysis of FTC Cases Involving Substantiation of Health Claims in Food Advertising • Jeanne-Marie DeStefano, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • The Federal Trade Commission and Food and Drug Administration share responsibility for regulating the marking of food, cosmetics, over-the-counter drugs and cosmetics. The FTC has primary responsibility for regulating truth or falsity of all advertising (other than labeling) while the FDA has primary jurisdiction over the labeling. The Life, Death, and Revival of Implied Confidentiality • Woodrow Hartzog, Cumberland School of Law at Samford University • The concept of implied confidentiality is almost totally ignored by the law in the digital era. This article explores the curious diminishment of implied confidentiality and demonstrates that while courts regularly consider numerous factors in analyzing implied confidentiality, they have failed to organize or canonize them. This article proposes a decision-making framework to help courts consistently ascertain whether an implied obligation of confidentiality exists regardless of whether the relationship is online or offline. The ‘High Life’ at ‘Mimi’s’: West Virginia’s Wrongful Ban of Limited Video Lottery Advertising • Matthew Haught, University of South Carolina • This paper explores the case of West Virginia Association of Club Owners and Fraternal Services [WVACOFS] v. John Musgrave. The author argues that the ruling of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit upholding a state ban on advertising and restrictions on naming of privately operated video lottery parlors as constitutional violates the principles set out in Central Hudson Gas and Electric v. PSC and Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Association, Inc. v. United States. Getting Excited About the CALM Act: The First Amendment and Loud Commercials • Dale Herbeck, Boston College • On December 2, 2010, Congress adopted legislation designed to combat a serious problem that plagues many of the industrialized nations of the world: the menace of loud television commercials. The measure, the Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation (CALM) Act, directs the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to apply a “recommended practice” on sound volume developed by the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC). The Triangle of Minority Ownership, Employment and Content: A Review of Studies of Minority Ownership and Diversity • Dam Hee Kim, University of Michigan • Diversity has been a goal of U.S. communications policy. Yet, the FCC’s diversity and minority preference policies governing broadcast ownership have been challenged due to doubts concerning the assumed nexus among minority ownership, a diverse workforce and content provided to the community of owner, the triangle. Facial Recognition vs. the Law • Robert G. Larson III, University of Minnesota • This article will explore the legal issues surrounding facial recognition technology. The author will examine the privacy concerns, implications for personal freedom, fairness and security problems, and risks of escalation arising from facial recognition technology. The article will then discuss the legal implications of facial recognition technology, delving into First and Fourth Amendment jurisprudence and common law privacy torts, and will assess their success or failure as remedies for the concerns raised by this technology. Online News Aggregators, Copyright, and the Hot News Doctrine • Robert G. Larson III, University of Minnesota • This article will assess the continued validity of legislating online news aggregation in the face of the changing media landscape. The first section will provide a foundational explanation of online news aggregation and the problems created by such practice. Section II will explore several theoretical principles that apply to online news aggregation. Legal principles of copyright law and unfair competition—including the hot news doctrine—will be explored in Section III. Surveying the Post-Apocalyptic Landscape: Campaign-Finance Reform and Free Speech After Citizens United • Matthew Telleen, University of South Carolina; Carmen Maye, University of South Carolina; Erik Collins, University of South Carolina • This paper explores the state of campaign-finance reform since Citizens United v. FEC. In that controversial 2010 case, the Supreme Court of the United States decided that restrictions on independent campaign expenditures unconstitutionally limit the free-speech rights of “persons,” including for-profit corporations. Since that opinion, alternative approaches for campaign-finance regulation have begun to emerge. Which alternatives, if any, will prove most effective, or whether a new pathway to reform will emerge, remains to be seen. The Evolution of Canon 35 and the Two Maverick States That Did Not Follow Suit • Michael Martinez, University of Tennessee • The American Bar Association passed Canon 35 prohibiting the taking of photographs and the broadcasting of court proceedings in 1937. All but two states, Colorado and Texas, adopted Canon 35 and the ban on electronic media coverage of trials lasted slightly more than 40 years among the rest of the states. This paper explores the implementation of Canon 35 and seeks to answer why Colorado and Texas refused to fall into lockstep with the rest. Spam and the First Amendment Redux:  Free Speech Issues in State Regulation of Unsolicited Email • Jasmine McNealy, Syracuse University • The scourge of email spam is more than 30 years old, and yet, it does not appear to be disappearing.   In fact, spam has expanded to other ubiquitous Internet platforms including social media websites.   It seems, then, that the many state anti-spam statutes have been unsuccessful in regulating the sending of unsolicited commercial email, but, not for lack of trying.  This paper examines the First Amendment challenges to state anti-spam laws. Who owns your friends?: PhoneDog v. Kravitz and business claims of trade secret in social media information • Jasmine McNealy, Syracuse University • Increasingly businesses are making use of social media including requiring employees to create and maintain social media profiles. What happens when an employee in charge of a social media profile leaves the company?  To whom does that profile, and the friends or followers connected to that account, belong?  This paper explores the emerging use of trade secret law by businesses claiming ownership social media profile information. Protecting citizen journalists with actual malice • Nikhil Moro, North Texas; Deb Aikat, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • The U.S. Supreme Court has reserved its view on whether constitutional privileges for institutional media created in New York Times (1964) and its progeny extend to citizen journalists, bloggers and other “nonmedia” defendants. Small-Jane defendants, including citizen journalists, have emerged as ubiquitous publishers distinct from “media” such as well-heeled news and entertainment corporations.  This paper analyzes the evolving information society in order to argue in favor of extending “actual malice” doctrinal protection to citizen journalists and other nonmedia defendants. To Reveal or Conceal?--An ISP's Dilemma:  Presenting a New "Anonymous Public Concern Test" for Evaluating ISP Subpoenas in Online Defamation Suits • Cayce Myers, University of Georgia • This article proposes the “Anonymous Public Concern Test” which incorporates public concern analysis in enforcing Internet Service Provider subpoenas in online defamation suits.  Current tests evaluating ISP subpoenas are either too pro-plaintiff or pro-defendant and are inconsistent with existing Supreme Court holdings concerning privacy rights and anonymous speech.  The proposed “Anonymous Public Concern Test” is the best approach in dealing with ISP subpoenas because it protects both anonymous speech while preserving online defamation plaintiffs’ rights. Mental illness, the news media and open justice: the Australian experience • Mark Pearson, Bond University • Tribunal and court cases involving people with mental illness pit the principles of open justice against modern notions of privacy and concerns that media attention might be counter-productive to the treatment of patients. This paper canvasses differences between Australian jurisdictions and considers three case studies, including a recent landmark decision in the United Kingdom, illustrating the competing interests at stake. It maps policy needs and suggests directions for further research. Who are the Media? The Media Exemption to Campaign Finance Law • John Remensperger, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This paper explores the FEC’s application of the media exemption and how it balances the freedom of the press against the restrictions required by campaign finance law. Depending how the exemption is applied, there is the potential for campaign finance principles to be undermined. The Court’s decision in Citizens United to allow increased corporate expenditures in political campaigns elevates the importance of examining potential loopholes through which remaining expenditure and disclosure rules can be sidestepped. When "Ripped from the Headlines" Means "See You in Court":  Libel By Fiction and the Tort Law Twist on a Controversial Defamation Concept • Robert Richards, Penn State University • From the television crime-drama series “Law & Order” to the forensic franchise of “CSI,” the trend toward creative works of entertainment fiction based upon real-life circumstances and real people continues to grow. This surge, which includes the 2011 Oscar winners “The King’s Speech” and “The Social Network,” prompted the United Kingdom’s newspaper The Observer to ask:  “Is this glut of fact-based films a coincidence, or is something fundamental going on? The Calm Before the Storm? Indecency Regulation in the 1990s • Amy Kristin Sanders, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities; Natalie Hopkins-Best, University of Minnesota • This article turns back the clock to the look at the history of the FCC’s regulation of indecency prior to its crackdown during the 2000s – back to the time period to which General Verrelli referred in his oral argument. First, it documents the legal precedent that allows the FCC to regulate broadcast programming. Re-Defining Defamation: Psychological Sense of Community in the Age of the Internet • Amy Kristin Sanders, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities; Natalie Hopkins-Best, University of Minnesota • This article explores the relationship between community formation, freedom of expression and defamation in light of the Internet. Although the definition of community has long played a role in defamation litigation, the courts have been remiss in uniformly assessing a defamation plaintiff’s community. In the era of traditional media, courts typically relied upon geographical constraints, including where the plaintiff lived or worked. Justices or Politicians in Robes? Using the Brandenburg Line to Examine Political Influence on Supreme Court Decisions • Jared Schroeder, University of Oklahoma • The Supreme Court’s Brandenburg test for threatening speech is traditionally viewed as the fruit of about a half a century of deliberate judicial evolution. A growing body of political science literature questions the traditional perspective. Regime theory seeks to explain the Court’s decisions by noting that justices tend to decide cases in a way that lines up with the prevailing political ideology. Policy development under uncertain regulatory capture conditions: An insiders’ perspective • Amy Sindik, Univeristy of Georgia • This study examines policy development at the FCC as more than one dominant communications industry competes for regulatory capture.  Through interviews with lobbyists employed by broadcast and wireless organizations, the study examines the way competition for regulatory favoritism impacts policy formation and the future of capture the FCC.  The interviews suggest that no one industry fully captures the FCC and competition for regulatory favoritism has made industry-favored policy formation more difficult to accomplish. The Real Story Behind the Nation's First Shield Law: Maryland, 1894-1897 • Dean Smith, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • A key goal of this paper is to explore the emerging theory of “popular constitutionalism” by applying it to a singular moment in history: creation of the nation’s first statutory shield law to protect journalists from compelled disclosure of confidential sources. Secrecy and Transparency of the Chinese Government: A Historical Perspective • Yong Tang, Western Illinois University • The year 2012 marks the fifth anniversary of the enactment of China’s national freedom of information law- Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Open Government Information. The purpose of this article is to examine how both sides of government information policy-secrecy and transparency-have evolved in the long trail of the Chinese civilization. Determinants of Broadband Competition and Service Quality in the United States • Robert LaRose, Michigan State University; Anthony Grubesic, Drexel University; Johannes M. Bauer, Michigan State University; Wenjuan Ma; Hsin-yi Sandy Tsai, Michigan State University • In February 2011, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) released the first version of the National Broadband Map (NBM). Semi-annual updates are scheduled until 2016 to close gaps in earlier data collection efforts and to reflect ongoing developments in broadband markets. This initiative, implementing the goals of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) and the Broadband Data Improvement Act (BDIA), provides information about broadband Internet services in the United States at an unprecedented level of detail. True threats, fake warnings: Proscribing intimidating speech in a context of violence • Bastiaan Vanacker, Loyola University Chicago • On April 14, 2010, Comedy Central aired the 200th episode of its hit cartoon show South Park.  To mark this special occasion, the show’s creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone populated the episode with a slew of characters that appeared on the show during its 14-year-run, including religious figures such as Jesus, Buddha and Muhammad. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8506 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/mag-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 17:12:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8517 Faculty The Normalization of Cosmetic Surgery in Women’s Magazines, 1960 - 1989 • Shu-Yueh Lee, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh; Naeemah Clark, Elon University • This historical discourse examined how women’s magazines contribute to the normalization of cosmetic surgery from the 1960s to the 1980s. The dominant ideology over three decades is that cosmetic surgery is effective and safe for every woman wanting personal, financial, or romantic success. Ironically, any opposing messages also may normalize these procedures as well. Audience reactions to consumer magazines: A test of the effects of commercial frame and sources • James Cole, University of Alabama; Jennifer Greer, University of Alabama • This study examined audiences’ reactions to consumer magazines based on frame (commercial or editorial) and source used (corporate or peer customer). Information from magazines with the most commercial cues was seen as least credible, and source and frame cues had weak effects on brand attitude. For readers with low product involvement, corporate sources led to increased credibility and brand attitudes. Moderately involved readers, in contrast, responded best to a peer customer source. ‘More trouble than the good Lord ever intended’: Representations of Interracial Marriage in U.S. News Magazines • Catherine Luther, University of Tennessee-Knoxville; Jodi Rightler-McDaniels, University of Tennessee, Knoxville • This study critically examines, through discourse analysis, news stories regarding Black/White interracial marriage in the broad-reach magazines of Newsweek and Time, and in the African-American targeted magazines of Ebony and JET. Findings showed that in their attempts to dissect the reasons for the existence and increase of interracial marriages, stories primarily conveyed negative undertones. Under the framework of Critical Race Theory, the rejection of intimate Black/White relationships can be viewed as indicators of subtle racism. “Defining Celebrity and Driving Conversation”: Celebrities on the Cover of People Magazine (2000-2010) • Jon Arakaki, SUNY College at Oneonta; Bill Cassidy • This study is based on the pervasiveness of celebrity culture—it addresses the production of fame and celebrity, and provides a content analysis of one media product and one time period: the cover of People magazine for the first decade of the 21st century. According to this national publication, who would its readers be most interested in reading about at that point in time? Who was deemed worthy of attention? Comparing Health Messages in Magazines: Journalistic Elements and Their Connection to Health Literacy and Numeracy • Maria Len-Rios, University of Missouri - School of Journalism; Amanda Hinnant, University of Missouri • This content analysis of Cosmopolitan and Latina magazines (N = 289) examines health news stories read by millions of young U.S. women. Findings show that the health stories were replete with technical language, and alternative explanations are provided only 40% of the time. Nearly three-fifths of stories in both magazines contained numbers, yet provided few figurative illustrations. Latina appeared to acknowledge existing health disparities between the target audiences, including more stories about diabetes and obesity. Empirical Research in Women’s Magazine Health Content • Shelly Rodgers; Amanda Hinnant, University of Missouri; Alecia Swasy, University of Missouri; Roma Subramanian • This research is the first to offer a snapshot of how empirical research materializes in women’s magazines, examining elements of completeness, complexity, sourcing, and behavioral mobilization. The present study content analyzed empirical research cited in women's health and lifestyle magazines over 13 months for a total sample of 575. Results show a complex combination of empirical details and sourcing patterns with a reliance on medical personnel over researchers, and little explanation of limitations and risk. Student Female Bodies on Display: Attitudes Regarding Female Athlete Photos in Sports Illustrated’s Swimsuit Issue and ESPN: The Magazine’s Body Issue • Rachael R. Smallwood, University of Alabama; Natalie Brown, University of Alabama; Andrew Billings, University of Alabama • This study quantified perceptions of female athlete pictorials in sports magazines, specifically examining presumed sexuality and athleticism. Respondents were shown twelve pictures of female athletes, six from Sports Illustrated’s Swimsuit and six more from ESPN: The Magazine’s Body Issue. Results from the 221 respondents indicated that while SI pictures were more likely to receive high ratings for femininity and sexuality and ESPN pictures yielded higher scores for athleticism and muscularity, many factors were positively correlated. A Balancing Act: The Rhetorical Vision of Champion Magazine • Ashley Furrow, Ohio University • This paper examines the rhetorical strategies employed by Champion magazine, the membership publication of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), in its quest to accomplish its mission and goals. Utilizing the critical method of fantasy theme analysis and symbolic convergence theory in the study of the text and photographs, it will explore whether a shared rhetorical community has been established within Champion magazine as well as identify four fantasy types found in the magazine’s pages. It doesn't matter if you're black or white: Breast cancer messages in young women's magazines • Sarah Henize, Bowling Green State University • Breast cancer is both prominent and fatal in the U.S. It is important for researchers to better understand the communicative mechanisms by which the popular media may affect readers’ perceptions and behaviors related to the disease. Two groups of women of particular interest are those who are young and/or black, who either still have a great opportunity for prevention or are at a higher risk for developing and dying from the disease. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8517 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/mcs-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 17:55:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8519 #OCCUPYNEWS: Participatory media, networked movements and change in the media agenda • Jeremy Littau, Lehigh University; Ashley Sciora, Lehigh University • This study examines the extent to which Occupy Wall Street protesters were able to change the media narrative by using income inequality as a lens on coverage over a 180-day period. There was an increase in coverage about the topic in the months following the first protest, with substantial increases in U.S. media. Via agenda-building, we argue OWS changed the media agenda but had less success getting coverage to examine policy, solutions, and consequences. “Pulling the Plug on Grandma”:  Obama’s Health Care Pitch, Media Coverage & Public Opinion • Shahira Fahmy, The University of Arizona; Christopher McKinley, Montclair State University; Christine Filer, U of Arizona; Paul Wright • This study examined the agenda building process, in which interpretive frames activate and spread from the top level through the news media to the public, in the context of Obama’s health care reform. The authors examined media coverage and public opinion polls from the President Obama’s inauguration in January 2009 to the date the “Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act” was signed into law in 2010. “The Pictures in Our Heads”: How Typical News Versus Comedy News Might Influence the Transfer of Issue Attributes from the Media’s Agenda to the Public’s Agenda • Jennifer Kowalewski • Scholars showed how typical news influence public opinion formation by focusing on attributes of issues.  But as more people turn to alternative programs, this experimental study investigated how typical news versus alternative programming, comedy news, influenced second-level agenda setting.  The results indicated people who received typical news cited attributes of the issues more, so although comedy news could influence the salience of attributes, typical news programs did so more successfully. All Things Considered: Trust in NPR • Emily Pfetzer • This paper examines trust in NPR, as it relates to political attitudes. Another Path to Participation? Digital Literacy, Motivation and Participation: South Korean Case • Sungsoo Bang, University of Texas at Austin • This paper examines the prevalence of content creation and sharing of South Korea, to find whether new opportunities offered by digital media to disseminate one’s creations are distributed equally among users or not. Especially, this research examines particular segment of the population from national data, adults aged over 18, to capture more detailed Internet use and its social consequence within adult group. Attribution, Credibility, and Conspiracy: Source Attribution and the Credibility of Online Conspiracy Theory Media • Jessica Mahone, University of Florida • The openness of the Internet has given alternative political and social movements greater opportunity to disseminate messages to the mass audience than ever before. Using an online survey experiment with 120 participants, this study explores the effects of four levels of source attribution on the perceived credibility of online conspiracy theory media. Findings suggest that attribution has little effect on credibility, but the content of conspiracy theory messages may influence the credibility of attributed sources. Beyond Uses and Gratifications: How Context Affects Communicative Decision-making in the Texting Generation • A.J. "Alex" Avila, University of Texas at Austin • Communication scholars in the 21st Century often employ a Uses and Gratifications approach to researching digital communication technology. While widely applicable, U&G is limited in terms of predicting which technology media digital natives are likely to adopt given specific contexts. Body Talk: Gay Men’s Body Image Commentary on Queerty.com • Joseph Schwartz, Northeastern University; Josh Grimm, Texas Tech University • In this study, we conducted a content analysis of photographic images of men published on the gay male-oriented blog Queerty.com. We also analyzed the user-generated comments that accompanied these images. We found that most images were very thin and very muscular. Additionally, we found that users tended to endorse these images. Implications of these findings are discussed. Bonding friends, bridging families: How parents share and seek support on Facebook • Bob Britten, West Virginia University; Jessica Troilo, West Virginia University • At the moment, Facebook is the world’s most popular social network, but do users consider it a valid source for parenting advice? This research investigates how individuals’ parenting assets and perceived congruence with Facebook friends’ values relates to the parenting behaviors they employ in that social network. Using a five-part scale developed for this study, we find that both high-congruence and high-asset parents tended to have greater concerns in their perceived advice outcomes and friend group reinforcement. Building Community among NPR Listeners • Joseph Kasko, University of South Carolina • The radio industry has experienced a great number of changes over the past decade. Traditional radio audiences have waned, as new technology is providing listeners with more options than ever before, and advertising revenue has been in decline. For example ad revenue, the main source of income for terrestrial broadcasters, dropped by 18 percent from 2008 to 2009 (Pew 2010) for traditional radio, as there is now competition for ad dollars from new platforms, including satellite and Internet radio. Changing Standards for Offensive Language: Gate Widens at The New Yorker • Duane Stoltzfus • This content analysis examines offensive language published in The New Yorker, looking for signs that, as elsewhere in the media, it too has favored free expression over restraint. No one will accuse The New Yorker of prudery. The magazine appears to be doing just what its editor, David Remnick, recommended that The New York Times do: loosen up. In the past decade, the magazine has welcomed the F-word and other taboo terms to its pages. Children’s Consumption of Fast-Paced Television as a Predictor of Their Vigilance • James McCollum, Lipscomb University • This investigation examined the relationship that pacing and other television viewing characteristics have with children’s vigilance. Commemorating 9/11 NFL-Style: Insights into America’s Culture of Militarism • Mia Fischer • This paper argues that the NFL's commemoration ceremonies on the 10th anniversary of 9/11 feed into the expansion of the military-industrial-complex and are largely a spectacle of a culture of militarism, pervaded by militaristic messages functioning to (re)assert national identity through excessive displays of patriotism. Employing a critical discourse analysis exposes the patriarchal, hegemonic portrayals of masculinity and discloses the empty jingoism that saturates these commemorations with its detrimental impact on public discourse. Comparing Agenda-Setting Roles of Newspaper Columnists and Editorials in Kenya • Kioko Ireri, School of Journalism Indiana University-Bloomington • This research compares the agenda-setting roles of newspaper columnists and editorials in Kenya. It examines whether three newspaper columnists and editorials set the agenda on issues of national importance in 2008 and 2009. This was done by investigating whether there were any associations between issues given prominence in the opinion columns and editorials and what Kenyans, through public opinion polls, considered as the “most important problem” facing the country. The agendas of the columnists and editorials were also compared and investigated. Confronting Contradictory Media Messages about Body Image and Nutrition:  Implications for Public Health • Maria Len-Rios, University of Missouri - School of Journalism; Kelsey Davis; Alison Gammon; Charnissia Smith; Swearingen Ann; Burgoyne Suzanne, University of Missouri - Columbia • This study uses grounded theory to examine how college-aged women process contradictory media messages about body image and nutrition. Five focus groups (N=35) comprising college-age women, college-age men, and mothers of college-age women show that body image is not closely associated with nutritional intake but is related to engaging in restrictive diets, irregular sleep, over-exercising. Four in-depth interviews with nutritional counselors point to time and the food environment as obstacles to making healthful choices. Cross-cultural frame analysis of obesity: Comparative cause and solution framing of obesity in individualistic culture and collective culture • Jin Sook Im, University of Florida • This study illustrated cultural differences in the way that newspapers portray obesity, associated with narrative style (episodic and thematic), framing of cause, framing of solution, gender and age. It was noteworthy to compare an individualistic culture (U.S.) and a collectivist culture (South Korea) when they cover obesity. Cultivating a Dream of Happily Ever After • Minchul Kim, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Youn-Gon Kang, Chung-Ang University • This paper examined influence of genre-specific cultivation on adolescents’ beliefs about romantic relationships. To understand its underlying process, identification with character and perceived relevance are considered to be a mediator and moderator respectively. A total number of 329 female adolescents participated. Using moderated-mediation analysis, we find that genre-specific television viewing cultivates beliefs about idealized romantic relationship. Moreover, this relationship is mediated by identification, and its indirect effect is contingent of the level of perceived relevance. Disaster in Haiti: Critical Themes in News Coverage of the 2010 Relief Effort • Jared LaGroue; Michael Murrie, Pepperdine University • In 2010, Al Jazeera English reported criticisms of the U.S. military presence in Haiti.  The U.S. State Department denounced this coverage as “unfair” and “unbalanced”. This content analysis was conducted to determine the frequency of critical frames in U.S. media coverage of the U.S. military’s response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake and to compare critical themes with those present in Al Jazeera’s coverage.  Findings indicate that the U.S. media dominantly presented military actions without criticism. Do traditional news outlets matter in the Twitterverse? Agenda-setting and the two-step flow on top microblogs • Jennifer Greer, University of Alabama; Justin Blankenship, University of Alabama; Yan Yang • This study examined top Twitter feeds’ reliance on established news sources for information shared in posts. News outlets and journalists were the most heavily relied upon outside source for content; however, this was mainly driven by practices of the news organizations and journalists themselves. Reliance on news providers was most common for political and economic topics. Results indicate traditional news providers still play an agenda-setting role in this environment, perhaps through the two-step flow of communication. Does Podcast influence on Twitter and Mainstream media? Intermedia Agenda setting effects in Podcast, Twitter, and mainstream media during 2011 Seoul mayoral by-election • Jin Sook Im, University of Florida; Jihye Kim, University of Florida; Jung Min Park • The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the podcast on mainstream media such as television news and major newspapers and on Twitter during the 2011 Seoul mayoral election. This paper will explore the intermedia agenda setting among podcasts, television news, newspapers, and Twitter. That is, the aim of the paper is to explore whether the podcast influences the agenda of mainstream media and Twitter or whether mainstream media influences the agenda of Twitter. Emerging public sphere online in China: One public health Crisis, two different voices • Fangfang Gao, Zhejiang University • To understand the emerging public sphere in the Chinese society, based on the agenda setting theory, this content analysis of newspaper, online forum, and blog coverage of the tainted milk formula scandals from 2008 to 2011 examined the differences between the old and new media platforms, analyzing the discrepancies between public discourse in new media and government discourse in traditional mainstream media. The implications of the findings were discussed. Explaining the decline of media trust from political characteristics: How ideology exerts differential influences on partisans • Yang Liu, City University of Hong Kong • Public trust with mass media has declined dramatically and constantly since 1970s based on the time-series data from General Social Survey 1975-2010. Since mass media in America has long been accused of liberal bias, this paper first examines the role of ideology and partisanship in influencing media trust. Republicans are less confident with mass media than Democrats. Conservatives show less confidence than Liberals. Explicating the Concept of Journalist: How Scholars, Legal Experts and the Industry Define Who Is and Who Isn’t • Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; Jonathan Peters, U of Missouri Columbia • This paper explicates the concept of journalist by exploring the scholarly, legal and industry domains. For the scholarly domain, we reviewed studies defining journalists. For the legal domain, we reviewed cases and statutes defining journalists. And for the industry domain, we reviewed membership criteria of journalism organizations. We did not intend to devise a normative definition. We intended to explore the dimensions used by others, and to use them to explicate the concept of journalist. Exploring Message Meaning: A Qualitative Media Literacy Study of College Freshmen • Seth Ashley, Boise State University; Grace Lyden; Devon Fasbinder, University of Missouri • Critical media literacy demands understanding of the deeper meanings of media messages. Using a grounded theory approach, this study analyzed responses by first-year college students with no formal media literacy education to three types of video messages: an advertisement, a public relations message and a news report. Students did not exhibit nuanced understandings of message purpose or sender in any of three types of messages, and had particular difficulty distinguishing public relations and news messages. Exploring Self-Stability and Dispositional Media Use Motives as a Predictor of Flow and Media Addiction: the Internet, a Mobile Phone and a Video Game • Hyoungkoo Khang; Jung Kyu Kim • This study aimed to explore psychological characteristics of an individual as an antecedent of media flow and addiction, with three prominent media activities, the Internet, video game and mobile phone use. In particular, the study identified two psychological factors, self-stability and dispositional media use motives, which were used to examine their direct or indirect influence on the flow and addiction for the respective medium. Exploring Youth, New Media Alcohol Marketing and Associated Behaviors • Eric Hoffman, Washington State University; Erica Weintraub Austin, Washington State University; Bruce Pinkleton, Washington State University; Ming Lei, Washington State University • This exploratory study was conducted to determine how youth are consuming new media, interacting with alcohol brands on new media and their associated alcohol beliefs and behaviors. Data show that a pattern of use exists for social media involving alcohol marketing among young adults that is distinct from the use of social media more generally.  Data also indicate that there is an association between exposure to alcohol marketing and young adults’ drinking behaviors. Facilitating the Egyptian Uprising: A Case Study of Facebook and Egypt’s April 6th Youth Movement • Brian J. Bowe, Michigan State University; Mariam Alkazemi, University of Florida; Robin Blom, Michigan State University • It has been suggested that social media offer important organizing tools for activists in countries where free expression is curtailed and news outlets are handcuffed by government censorship. The 2011 revolution in Egypt offers an opportunity to examine the extent to which social media fulfill the role that free journalism plays in more democratic societies. Fighting to be Heard: The Homeless Grapevine’s Battle to Provide and Protect the Freedom of Speech for Cleveland’s Homeless Citizens • Lena Chapin, Ohio University • The Homeless Grapevine was an advocacy newspaper in Cleveland, Ohio that published news, issues and opinions surrounding homelessness from 1993-2009. Through fifteen years of reporting The Grapevine fought to bring awareness to the unaware and justice to the impoverished by providing an outlet for the homeless to express themselves. This study provides a brief history of the Grapevine and its struggles and successes with providing an outlet for that voice. Gates Wide Open: A Systematic Review of Gatekeeping Research • Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; Patrick Ferrucci, U of Missouri • News construction is a saturated area of research and yet the status of gatekeeping as a theory is far from established. First, a simple search for articles that used gatekeeping theory yields a small number compared to framing and agenda-setting studies. Second, even among the limited number of articles that cited gatekeeping there is disagreement on what it is about. In this paper we highlight the trends and issues involved in gatekeeping research. Individual and Structural Biases in Journalists’ Coverage of the 2010 Gulf Oil Spill • Brendan Watson, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill • This study examines individual-level decision-making and structural biases in Gulf Coast journalists’ coverage of the 2010 BP oil spill. Previous studies have largely concluded that there is not consistent evidence of significant bias in journalists’ coverage, but these studies use aggregate level data that fail to sufficiently link individual journalists’ beliefs and their coverage. This study matches individual journalists’ survey responses with a content analysis of their coverage of the oil spill, along with community-level data. Influences of Anxiety and Medium on News-based Rumor Transmission • Brian Weeks, The Ohio State University • News organizations often devote significant coverage to public rumors but to date the effects of these stories have been mostly unexplored.  This study experimentally (N=90) examines the influences of anxiety and medium on transmission of rumors reported in the news. Consistent with predictions, results indicate that exposure to television coverage of a rumor story, relative to newspaper coverage, generated greater rumor-related anxiety that subsequently increased participants’ intentions to share the story with others. International News Attention and Civic Engagement: Disasters and Donations in the Digital Age • Jason Martin, DePaul University • International news is relatively understudied in the realm of media effects, and most of that research has been limited to general measures of news use and potential outcomes instead of empirical data from actual events. This study addressed those research problems by demonstrating the positive effects of attention to an international news event on civic engagement with that same event. Internet Access Effects in Low and High-Income Rural Residents in Middle America • Adam Maksl, University of Missouri; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri-Columbia; Alecia Swasy, University of Missouri • This study tests income as a predictor of media use and communication behavior among those in the rural Midwest. Among the rural poor, we test the moderating effect of having broadband Internet access on these outcomes. Using two surveys of residents (N1=691; N2=704) in the rural Midwest, we found that the rich and poor differ little regarding these behaviors and that there seem to be nearly no positive effect of having the Internet among the poor. Interpreting the Nation's Toughest Immigration Law:  How The Arizona Republic’s Editorials Framed SB 1070 • Carolyn Nielsen, Western Washington University • The debate over Arizona’s SB 1070, the most punitive immigration policy in U.S. history, offered The Arizona Republic’s editorial board many angles from which to shape readers’ understanding of a complex issue. This study found that editorials in the state’s newspaper of record, while opposing the bill, framed the issue first as a political contest and then as a financial debacle, but devoted scant attention to accusations that the bill encouraged racial profiling of Latinos. Law & Order, CSI, and NCIS: The Association between Exposure to Crime Drama Franchises, Rape Myth Acceptance and Sexual Consent Negotiation Behaviors among College Students • Stacey Hust; Emily Marett, Mississippi State University; Ming Lei, Washington State University; Chunbo Ren, Washington State University; Weina Ran, Washington State University • Previous research has identified that exposure to the crime drama genre lowers rape myth acceptance and increases sexual assault prevention behaviors like bystander intervention. However, recent content analyses have revealed marked differences in the portrayal of sexual violence within individual crime drama programs. Using a survey of 314 college freshman, this study explores the influence of exposure to the three most popular crime drama franchises: Law & Order, CSI, and NCIS. Media Exposure and Fashion Involvement in the China: A Model of Analysis • Mona Sun, Hong Kong Baptist University; Steve Guo, Hong Kong Baptist University • This study investigates the relationship between media exposure and fashion involvement in Chinese society with a conceptual model of analysis that incorporates aspects of lifestyle, materialistic value, and peer pressure. Analyses of data from an online survey of 485 respondents indicate that fashion involvement is a function of fashion magazine reading and fashion website browsing, achievement lifestyle, perception of success, and peer influence. Lifestyle factors moderate the tie between media exposure and fashion involvement. Media Stereotypes & the Stigmatization of Mental Illness: The Role of Adjoining and Adjacent Primes • Scott Parrott, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Francesca Carpentier • The general public often endorses negative stereotypes about people with mental illness, perceiving them as violent, unstable, and socially undesirable. The stigma attached to mental illness carries negative consequences, including discrimination in housing, employment, and social settings. The media may influence audience perceptions of people with mental illness. However, the mechanisms by which the effects occur remain unexamined. Mobilizing or Reinforcing Engagement with Politics?  Impact of Media Voice and Political Talk on Political Engagement of Teens • Eunjin Kim, Missouri School of Journalism; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri-Columbia; Yulia Medvedeva; Margaret Duffy, Missouri School of Journalism • This study examined whether media use and interpersonal communication stimulate adolescents’ engagement with politics or reinforce existing political engagement. Additionally, this study tested if interpersonal communication mediates the effect of media use on adolescents’ political engagement. The results showed that media use and interpersonal communication had a significant direct effect on political engagement. Media use had an indirect effect on political engagement through interpersonal communication. Modeling Television Viewing: Integrating Motivational and Situational Predictors • Harsh Taneja; Vijay Vishwanathan • This study aims to identify the factors that explain time spent with television content in the contemporary media environment. An integrated framework of television use incorporating both structural and individual determinants is tested on cross platform media use data obtained by following 495 people throughout the day. The findings indicate that even in this high choice media environment, situational factors such as patterns of availability and viewing group moderate the role of individual traits and needs in explaining exposure to content. Neither Here nor There: The Consumption of U.S. Media Among Pre-adolescent Girls in Ecuador • Guillermo Avila-Saavedra, Salem State University • Through interview research, this paper examines the role of U.S. media consumption in the identity negotiations of pre-adolescent girls in Ecuador. The analysis applies notions of Girls’ Studies and Postcolonial Media Analysis. The informants’ insight reveals two main areas of influence: national identity and gender identity. The study argues that the dominance of U.S. media among this group of upper-middle class informants makes Ecuadorian national identity a highly fragile construct. News Narratives, Issues Attitudes, and Audience Responses • Fuyuan Shen; Lee Ahern, Penn State; Michelle Baker • This paper examined the impact of narrative news in framing issues. To do that, we conducted a 2 x2 between-subjects experiment whereby news articles on the issue of gas drilling was manipulated by frames (economic gains vs. environmental costs) and news formats (narrative vs. factual news reports ). After reading the news articles, participants reported their issue attitudes, cognitive responses, empathy, and transportation. Results indicated both frames and report formats had significant impact on the dependent variables. Obamacare in the news: The consequences of national news attention and political knowledge on attitudinal ambivalence towards healthcare policy • Jay Hmielowski, Yale University; Michael Beam, Washington State University; Myiah Hutchens, Texas Tech University • Recently, the concept of ambivalence attracted the attention of scholars across the social sciences (e.g., psychology, political science, and communication). This study contributes to this literature by examining the relationship between national news attention, factual knowledge, and structural knowledge on ambivalent attitudes towards the “Obamacare” policy debate in the US. Online Deliberation of the Scientific Evidence for Breastfeeding: A Mixed-Method Analysis Using the Integrative Model for Behavioral Prediction • Maria Len-Rios, University of Missouri - School of Journalism; Manu Bhandari, University of Missouri; Yulia Medvedeva • This mixed-methods study analyzes online comments generated by two widely read articles (The Atlantic, n = 326; NYTimes.com, n = 596) challenging the science behind U.S. government breastfeeding recommendations. The analysis focuses on commenter evaluation of scientific evidence, and concepts from Fishbein’s (2009) integrative model (IM) of behavioral prediction. Results demonstrate commenters discussed personal experience more than medical benefits. Regarding the IM, descriptive norms were commented on less often than self-efficacy and environmental barriers. Parents’ Influence Biases on Children, Their Own and Others • Jacqueline Eckstein, University of Oklahoma; Patrick Meirick, University of Oklahoma • We examine parental third- and first-person perceptions among a demographically diverse sample of American parents and find that parents judge their kids, compared to other children, to be less influenced by violent television advertisements and more influenced by PSAs to stop cyber-bullying. A perception that the comparison group was predisposed toward the behavior targeted in the message helped explain influence biases. Further, perceived effects predicted willingness to restrict and/or expand message access. Partisans and Controversial News Online: Comparing Perceptions of Bias and Credibility in News From Blogs Versus Mainstream Media • Mihee Kim, University of Maryland; Ronald Yaros, University of Maryland • Based on the theory of hostile media effect (Vallone, Ross, & Lepper,1985), we investigate how partisans (n = 132) assess coverage of controversial news from either a blog or mainstream news source online.  A 2 (partisanship) x 2 (source) x 2 (news valence) factorial experimental design is employed.  Results suggest that perceived reach of a blog appears to also generate a similar hostile media effect as a mainstream news source. Posed and Poised: The Physical Positioning and Engagement of Models in Advertisements • Sara Roedl, Southern Illinois University • Past research shows that the women featured in advertisements and magazines differ in appearance from most American women and tend to be portrayed as powerless.  Framing describes how body position and technical aspects of photographs can deemphasize the importance of female models.  This study examines the physical position of models and the technical characteristics of the photographs in advertisements to determine how these characteristics portray women. Predictors of Simultaneous Media Use: The Impact of Motivations, Personality, and Environment • Shanshan Lou; Roger Cooper, Ohio University • In this media convergence world, audience's media consuming behavior is becoming more complicated than ever before. Previous research has confirmed that simultaneous media use has become the new trend of media usage pattern. However, scholars’ understanding of this audience behavior is limited. This study collected data through both survey and diary to examine different predictors of this media use pattern. Results suggested that instrumental motivation, ritualistic motivation, and group viewing are significant predictor of audience simultaneous media use. Routinizing a new technology in the newsroom: Twitter as a news source in mainstream media • Soo Jung Moon, University of West Georgia; Patrick Hadley, University of West Georgia • This study examined how news organizations employed Twitter as a news source, based on information subsidy and gatekeeping perspectives. Content analysis of 2010-2011 news stories from seven major media entities demonstrated that journalists maintained conventional newsroom routines in handling this new communication platform. Even when using Twitter as sources, journalists relied primarily on Twitter accounts of official sources. The popularity of a particular Twitter account, as indicated by the number of followers, did not contribute to attracting more attention from journalists. Seeing the World Through a Filter: How College Students Place Trust in Others • Elia Powers, University of Maryland-College Park; Michael Koliska, University of Maryland • This mixed methods study investigates how college students access news, evaluate news sources, determine credibility and perceive news media outlets in the digital age. Our survey of 135 undergraduate students at a large mid-Atlantic state university and interviews with 20 respondents did not reveal a worrisome sense of cynicism about the American press. Students were largely trusting of the press – in particular established news outlets. Sharing content among local news stations: A study of the local news pool • Kate West, University of Georgia • In an effort to save time and money, competing television news stations within a single market are sharing resources such as video and interviews.  This study examines how this sharing process is utilized and if stations should find a more efficient means to gather shared content under this new convergence model. Sports Commentary: Comparing Male and Female Announcers During Women's NCAA Tournament Games • Katrina Overby, Indiana University; John McGuire, Oklahoma State University • This study examined the differences between male and female play-by-play and color announcers during women's NCAA tournament games and focused on the tone of the attributes in the commentary between male and female announcers. Male announcers made a higher proportion of positive comments about female athlete's athletic abilities and team efforts while female announcers made a higher proportion of positive comments about female athlete's mental abilities. This study advances research on this topic. Spreading the news: Social news sharing practices among young adults • Kjerstin Thorson, University of Southern California • This paper offers an initial investigation of social news curation practices among young adults. It presents findings from fifteen in-depth interviews with young people (18-30) who share news and political content via social networking sites along with a secondary analysis of survey data. Studying the effects of online user and expert reviews on participant elaboration of contract documents • Yukari Takata • This experimental study examines how recommendations by experts or laypeople and their level of consensus influence how carefully people process information.  Participants were randomly assigned one of seven online contract documents that had been highlighted by past readers –similar to user recommendation systems such as Diigo.com or Amazon Kindle's Popular Phrase application. The highlights were attributed to either experts or laypeople and their level of consensus was low (1-3 people), medium (10-30), or high (100-300). Television Viewing and the Belief in the American Dream • Laras Sekarasih, University of Massachusetts Amherst • Utilizing cultivation as a theoretical framework and nationally representative sample from the General Social Survey as data source, this study examined the association between television viewing and individuals’ belief in the American Dream. Controlling for demographic variables, television viewing by itself did not predict individuals’ belief in the American Dream. The interaction between television viewing and gender was found to be significant, where more television viewing predicted lesser belief in the American Dream among males. Terror management and civic engagement: An experimental investigation of mortality salience on civic engagement intentions • Jennifer Green; Patrick Merle • Themes of death flood the media. Mortality salience has been shown to increase monetary donations and interest in social causes. Terror management theory may help explain this relationship by positing that mortality salience nonconsciously motivates people to embrace their cultural worldviews (e.g., engaging in volunteerism or politics). Therefore, mortality salience may encourage people to participate in civic engagement behaviors. Moreover, collectivistic, relative to individualistic self-construals have been shown to motivate people to serve others and meet group needs. The Birthers and Obama: An Analysis of News Media Exposure and Motivated Reasoning • Barry Hollander, University of Georgia • Political rumors and myths swirled about Barack Obama as soon as he began seeking the U.S. presidency.  Among the most persistent of myths was that Obama was born outside the U.S.  Using the theory of motivated reasoning as a framework, this study examines national survey data to confirm the role political predispositions, and in this case racism, play in such misperceptions.  News media use, generally thought to increase political knowledge, did little to moderate belief in the myth. The Impact of News Text, News Frames and Individual Schemata on News Comprehension • Guang YANG, School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University; Steve Guo, Hong Kong Baptist University • This study explicates the news comprehension construct by examining three of its key components: news memory, news knowledge, and news understanding. We treat them as conceptually distinct but operationally related entities and trace their antecedents to framing devices in news texts. Three experiments were conducted. Results show that education, rather than narrative structure of news texts, played an important role in influencing news memory. The Internet-a Tool for Accessing Sex Related Information: How do Young Adults Use it? • Alice Tunaru, The University of Alabama; Yorgo Pasadeos, The University of Alabama • The current study examined how young adults are using the Internet as a tool to access sex health information and answers to other sex related topics. Results showed that young adults engage in information searching behaviors that focus on source credibility and variety of sources found. Moreover, the current study found that personality factors such as judgment, self-consciousness, adventurousness, and prudence play a role in young adults’ information seeking behavior. The Knowledge Gap vs. the Belief Gap and Abstinence-only Sex Education • Douglas Hindman, Murrow College of Communication; Changmin Yan, Washington State University • The knowledge gap hypothesis predicts widening knowledge disparities among socioeconomic status (SES) groups. The belief gap hypothesis extends the knowledge gap hypothesis to account for knowledge and beliefs about politically contested issues upon which the scientific community is in consensus. This analysis of three national surveys shows belief gaps developed between liberals and conservatives regarding abstinence-only sex education; SES-based knowledge gaps did not widen. The findings partially support both belief gap and knowledge gap hypotheses. The Relationship among Media Exposure, Possibility of Event Occurrence, Third-Person Effect and Behavioral Intentions • Xduong Liu, Macau University of Science and Technology; Ven-hwei Lo, Chinese U of Hong Kong • This paper examines the influence of perceived possibility of event occurrence on third-person perception concerning exposure to media coverage of the H1N1 swine flu pandemic and on protective behaviors. Survey results show that people’s concern about the likelihood of the disease spreading in the local community positively predicts perceived media effects on self and on others, but its impact on self-evaluation of media effect is more salient, and thus negatively influences third-person perception. The Relationship of Critical thinking Toward Alcohol Ads With Perceptions of Message Trustworthiness and Fairness • Erica Weintraub Austin, Washington State University; Lok Pokhrel, Washington State University • A survey of college students (N=472) finds that critical thinking toward alcohol ads is negatively associated with perceptions of fairness, but less consistently associated with trustworthiness, beyond relationships explained by general orientations toward cognition and affect.  We suggest the results demonstrate the potential for increased media literacy education about alcohol marketing strategies to help audience members to approach alcohol marketing messages more skeptically, regardless of personality characteristics that already may motivate thoughtful consideration of information. The Role of Motivation and Offline Social Trust in Explaining College Student’s Self-disclosure on SNSs • Weiwei Zhang; Peiyi Huang • Links among demographics, motivation for using SNSs, offline social trust and self-disclosure on SNSs were investigated. Results from a sample of 640 Chinese college students showed there was an instrumental orientation of SNSs use among Chinese college students. As expected, motivation and offline social trust were found to play more important roles in predicting levels of self-disclosure than demographics. The findings suggested certain motivation to communication influenced certain outcome of communication behavior such as self-disclosure. The Two Internet Freedoms: Framing Victimhood for Political Gain • Benjamin W. Cramer, Institute for Information Policy, College of Communications, Pennsylvania State University • This paper will argue that the American political establishment has two vastly different definitions of Internet freedom that lead to contradictory policies in which Third World protesters receive more support for their Internet access than American citizens. For people in countries in which the United States has strategic interests in regime change, Internet freedom has been equated with the fight for political liberty, because free citizens should face no restrictions on Internet usage from any party. The Unintended Consequences of “Moderate Mitt:” The Ideologies of Mitt Romney & Second-level Agenda Setting • Christopher Vargo, UNC - Chapel Hill; Jaime Arguello, UNC - Chapel Hill • This second-level agenda-setting study suggests that Newt Gingrich’s vocal outbursts on Mitt Romney’s liberalism and moderateness, which were subsequently covered by newspapers, may have not only cost Gingrich votes in the 2012 GOP race but also encouraged moderate, liberal and independent voters to support Romney. This study retrieved newspaper stories from Twitter and performed a content analysis. Combined with Gallup poll data that segmented voters by demographic and ideology, the researchers found sufficient support. Turn a Blind Eye If You Care: Seeking Political Information Online and Implications for Attitudes • Westerwick Axel; Steven Kleinman; Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick • The Internet is often linked to a new era of political diversity and selectivity. A two-session online field study examined impacts of attitude consistency, attitude importance, and source credibility on selective exposure to political messages and subsequent attitude accessibility. The first session assessed attitudes and their accessibility. In the second session, participants browsed online search results that featured attitude-consistent and attitude-discrepant messages associated with either sources of high or low credibility; selective reading was tracked. Turnoff everything: The challenges and consequences of going on a complete and extended media fast • Lauren Bratslavsky, University of Oregon; Harsha Gangadharbatla; Darshan Sawantdesai • This study draws on uses and gratifications and media dependency to examine media consumption, particularly in media-dependent millennials. Essays written by college students about their experiences during a 48-hour complete media fast are analyzed for patterns that support and extend our understanding of uses and gratifications and media dependency theory. Findings suggest that these traditional theories are supported but can be extended to include emerging themes and issues. Walk in two worlds: The impact of social media consumption on Chinese immigrants and sojourners’ acculturation to the American culture • Cong Li; Yu Liu • Social media appear to play a more important role in people’s daily life nowadays. In this study, we focused on how social media consumption influenced Chinese immigrants and sojourners’ acculturation to the American culture. What About Afghanistan? Examining Newspaper Coverage About the War in Afghanistan • Michel Haigh, Penn State University • More than 1,100 articles were examined discussing the war in Afghanistan for a ten-year period. Results indicate articles about the war in Afghanistan had a negative tone and depicted the U.S. military in a negative way. The stories were framed thematically. There were significant differences in print coverage when examining 2001 – 2010. The tone of coverage and depiction of the U. S. military became more negative over time. Frames also varied greatly by year. What Are We Saying About Sex?  A Content Analysis of Sex Articles in Men’s and Women’s Health Magazine • Kimberly Walker, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis • As Former Surgeon General David Satcher warned, the nation’s sexual health is suffering because it is not being constructively discussed.  According to Satcher, discussion should not be limited to topics of individual dysfunction, but be inclusive of the broad range of sexual topics, including positive ones, and their impact on society. When Advertisements Make Someone Look Bad (or Better) • Minchul Kim, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee • This study explores effects of advertisement on news interpretation. Applying excitation transfer theory and exemplification theory, this study investigates effects of negative images in advertisement on attribution. The results of a web-based experiment show that indirect effects of exemplars are intensified when advertisement using negative images is presented together. Emotional reactions through attribution were also increased according to the nature of images in advertisements. Implications and suggestions for a future study were discussed. When Does Multitasking Facilitate Information Processing?: Effects of Internet-Based Multitasking on Information Seeking and Knowledge Gain • Se-Hoon Jeong; Yoori Hwang • This study examines whether internet-based multitasking facilitates knowledge gain by allowing users to seek additional information online. The results based on survey data indicate that TV-internet multitasking increased knowledge, whereas TV-print media multitasking reduced it. In addition, online information seeking mediated the learning effects of internet-based multitasking. The results based on experimental data confirm the effects of internet-based multitasking on knowledge gain. The theoretical and practical implications are further discussed. Why Kids Become Mobs? An Empirical Analysis of Youth Flash Mobs and Social Media • Hyunjin Seo, University of Kansas; Brian Houston; Alexandra Inglish, University of Kansas • This research examined how teens’ use of social media and psychological variables are related to their intention to participate in flash mobs, a growing cultural phenomenon in the United States and other countries. Based on a survey of teens in a major city in the Midwest, this study found a positive correlation between teens' social self-efficacy and their intention to participate in a flash mob in the future. Why Share in the Social Media Sphere: An Integration of Uses and Gratification and Theory of Reasoned Action • Chang-Dae Ham; Joonghwa Lee, Middle Tennessee State University • Given the idea that sharing behavior is critical in understanding the role and influence of social media, the present study  explores why people share the contents on social media by developing four dimensions of sharing motivation: self-definition by others, social conversation, convenience, and self-management. Among the identified dimensions, “convenience” and “social conversation” had significant positive impacts on attitudes toward sharing behavior. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8519 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/med-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 18:01:07 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8523 Open Papers How Social Cognition Can Be Used in Journalism Training to Reinforce Ethical Standards of Practice • Sue Ellen Christian, Western Michigan University • Errors and biases in human cognition in part explain the need for professional standards and ethical codes in journalism. Reciprocally, these standards and codes can help deter some common cognitive distortions. This article argues that incorporating an interdisciplinary approach to teaching standards of practice can enrich journalism training and education by exploring the origins of thinking habits that require corrective action on the part of journalists. Anthropological Realism for Global Ethics • Clifford Christians, University of Illinois • Anthropological realism is an important tool in constructing a global media ethics.  Realism and anti-realism are debated philosophically without resolution. Believing that a global ethics requires realism, none of the mainstream theories of realism provide a proper foundation for universals.  Anthropological realism acknowledges the role of human interpretation in ethics more explicitly than do epistemological or metaphyhsical theories." Consumers’ Ethical Evaluation of Greenwashing Ads • Harsha Gangadharbatla; Kim Sheehan • The current exploratory study examines consumers’ evaluation of the ethicality of greenwashing practices in advertising. Subjects were shown an ad with “green” messages and asked to rate it on a greenwashing index scale. Findings suggest that the higher the level of perceived greenwashing in an ad, the lower the ethical evaluation of the ad. Consumers’ ethical evaluation in turn determined their attitude toward the ad and brand, which in turn influenced their purchase intentions. Idea Plagiarism: Journalism's Ultimate Heist • Norman Lewis, University of Florida • A national survey (n = 953) and interviews with eight journalists reveal widespread acceptance of idea plagiarism. About three-fourths of survey respondents said ideas did not require attribution, a belief more likely to be held by those in competitive markets and by broadcasters. Concealing the sources of ideas misleads the public about the origins of news and sometimes results in withholding information, violations of journalism’s public-service norms and truth-telling mission. Ethics in the digital age: A comparison of moving images and photographs on moral reasoning • Aimee Meader, University of Texas at Austin; Lewis Knight, University of Texas at Austin; Renita Coleman, University of Texas - Austin; Lee Wilkins, School of Journalism/University of Missouri • The purpose of this study is to see if visual information such as the moving images found on television and the Internet have the same ability to improve moral judgment as still photographs. Results indicate that moving images degrade moral reasoning because viewers experience cognitive overload.  We suggest that altering the journalistic product in ways that minimize overload may encourage reasoning at higher ethical levels. The Moral Psychology of Journalism Exemplars • Patrick Lee Plaisance, Colorado State University; Elizabeth Skewes, University of Colorado; Joanna Larez, Colorado State University • Drawing on moral psychology research and moral exemplar literature, this pilot study of selected journalism exemplars examines life-story narratives, moral reasoning skills, personality traits and ethical ideologies, point to an emergent profile of exemplary journalists in which personality traits and idealism are linked with concerns of justice, harm and professional autonomy. Thematic patterns in exemplar narratives also appear to emphasize notions of moral courage, humility and the ideological and professional implications of pivotal life experiences. “Spike the football”:  Truth-telling, the press and the Bin Laden photos • Fred Vultee, Wayne State University • This paper looks at press interpretations of the role of images – specifically, images of national enemies in death – in constructing various duties of media truth-telling. Discourse about the need, or duty, to publish photos of the Nazi leaders hanged at Nuremberg in 1946 provides a context for examining discourse surrounding a similar decision that the White House faced after the raid that killed Osama bin Laden in May 2011. Covering White ‘Just-Us’:  What did journalists ‘really’ say about Ipperwash? • Romayne Fullerton, Western Ontario University; Maggie Patterson, Duquesne Unviersity; Ginny Whitehouse, Eastern Kentucky University • The Canadian courts appeared to fail the Chippewa Stoney Band following the Ipperwash Provincial Park land dispute that left one member dead, but journalists also failed in ethical responsibilities and effectively killed the tribe’s identity through coverage that alternated between being one-sided and comparatively non-existent. Covering two sides in a trial is insufficient to fulfill the journalistic obligation to fairness when the reporting ignores cultural assumptions built on a White worldview. Will write for food. The ethics of collaboration: Justice as reciprocity and capabilities • Lee Wilkins, School of Journalism/University of Missouri • Journalism’s search for a new business model has raised a number of issues among them the impact of specific choices on the ability to “do” journalism. This paper examines the ethics of financial collaboration, based on the concepts of reciprocity, capabilities and promise keeping. These concepts, in turn, inform a particular conceptualization of justice and connect justice to the goals of professional work. ‘Mind the CSR Communication Gap’: The Role of Authenticity in the Communication of CSR • Christopher Wilson, University of Florida; Weiting Tao, University of Florida; Sarabdeep Kochhar; Mary Ann Ferguson, University of Flordia • Scholars have noted a lack of research about public relations communication strategies for CSR initiatives even though communication is an integral part of the public relations function. This was the first study to explore the relationship between CSR communication, authenticity, and public relations communication strategy, offering a new approach for future studies about effective CSR communication. Comparing Chinese and U.S. Journalism Students  on their Perceptions of the Roles and Ethics of Journalism • Jin Yang, University of Memphis; David Arant, University of Memphis • This study compares how American and Chinese journalism students perceive the difficulties of ethical dilemmas faced by journalists and the importance of various journalistic roles. Chinese students perceive greater difficulty in resolving conflicts of interests while American students find greater difficulty in upholding community standards. They are more in agreement on the importance of journalists’ adversarial and populist mobilizer roles but less in agreement on journalists’ interpretive and disseminator roles. Journalistic Ethics at the Border: How El Paso Times Journalists Balance Reporting the News and Protecting their Sources • El Paso Times journalists routinely face ethical dilemmas as they cover difficult stories amid all of the violence in neighboring Ciudad Juarez. This ethnographic study, which utilizes participant-observation and in-depth interviews, examines how journalists deal with tough ethical choices. It reveals how reporters and editors at the El Paso Times consider the needs of the public and the ramifications of their stories. The journalists strive to be accurate and fair while protecting their sources and themselves. They weigh the importance of each story with its potential for risk. Journalists’ Engagement with Facebook: A Theoretical Analysis • Journalists are among the many audiences using social media tools, such as Facebook, Twitter, Google+, and LinkedIn, to actively connect with networked communities. With social media interactions come a host of ethical concerns for the journalist, ranging from separating personal and professional online networks to understanding the informationally porous nature of online spaces. Carol Burnett Award Papers Journalism enhanced by argumentation, informal logic, and critical thinking • David Herrera, University of Missouri • This paper introduces some ideas from the fields of argumentation, informal logic, and critical thinking, and argues that those ideas can stimulate the practice and study of journalism. It first offers a general case for why the four fields can agreeable mingle. It then shows how argumentation, informal logic, and critical thinking are relevant to discussions about journalistic objectivity, about how journalists can build trust with their audiences online by building relationships, and other topics. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8523 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/mme-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 18:12:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8529 Faculty Not dead yet: Newspaper company annual reports show chains still profitable • Marc Edge, University of the South Pacific • The death of newspapers was widely predicted at the height of the 2008-09 economic crisis. An examination of financial reports for the fourteen major publicly-traded newspaper companies in North America from 2006 through 2011, however, shows that all were profitable. While advertising revenue dropped 55 percent from 2006 to 2011 in the U.S., only one company posted less than the Fortune 500 average of 4.7 percent profits in any of the six years under study. Patterns of European Inter-Media Competition for Advertising Before and After Online Advertising • Dan Shaver, Jonkoping International Business School; Mary Alice Shaver, Jonkoping International Business School • This study examines the distribution of advertising revenues across media in 21 European countries before the advent of online advertising (1993-1997) and after the introduction of online advertising (2003-2007). It identifies competition levels between media outlets in the pre-Internet period and the post-Internet period. It finds that, broadly, the pre-Internet European media markets could be classified into three categories based on inter-media competition and that, due to a variety of factors, the markets had converged. Organization ecology and emerging media: A case study • Wilson Lowrey • This study adopts an ecological approach adapted from the sociology of organizations to help explain news media change, as well as media decision-makers’ tendency to stay the course. According to this approach, once securing a financial foothold, media tend toward the similar, the safe and the routine. Burgeoning collectives of look-alike media – “populations” – signal legitimacy, grow stable relationships with other institutions, and reduce uncertainty. Collapse of the Newspaper Industry: Goodwill, Leverage and Bankruptcy • John Soloski, University of Georgia • The paper examines financial factors that magnified the collapse of the newspaper industry in the mid-2000s when advertising revenues plummeted. The paper shows how goodwill and leverage magnified the collapse and hastened the bankruptcy of a number of newspaper companies. The paper also tests a model for predicting bankruptcy of newspaper companies. Interactive Audiences on Internet Video Websites: Audience Valuation in the New Media Era • Yan Yang • This project investigates people’s use of interactive features on Internet video websites. It compares interactive and non-interactive audiences in terms of traditional audience valuation criteria (demographics, media consumption) and new criteria (online engagement level, Internet word of mouth value). Based on results from a national consumer panel survey (N=200) among broadband users, interactive audiences are younger, more male-skewing, have higher income levels, are more likely to be in the 18-49 age group. Mobile OS Competition and Early Diffusion of Smartphones in Global Mobile Telecommunication Markets • Sangwon Lee, Central Michigan University; Seonmi Lee, KT; Justin Brown • Value creation through convergence between different media technologies is key driver of growth in the telecommunications industry. Within the wireless domain, successful diffusion of converged broadband devices like smartphones are essential, with such devices accounting for an increase in new revenues as well as consumer dependence to regularly multitask and communicate throughout the day. Despite a growing body of literature on mobile deployment, there are nevertheless very few empirical studies about the influential factors of smartphone diffusion. Winning the Popularity Contest: Assessing Independent Record Company Performance in the Digital Download Market • Heather Polinsky, Central Michigan University • Digital distribution has been lauded as the panacea for independent musicians and independent record companies by allowing direct competition with the major record companies. By examining iTunes and Amazon digital download charts, this study finds major record company recordings continue to be more popular with digital download consumers. Consumers favor older recordings from major record companies. There is moderate evidence that independent recording company albums are just as popular with Amazon digital download consumers. The Potential Effect of VOD on the Windowing Process of Theatrical Movies • Byeng-Hee Chang, Sungkyunkwan University; Sang-Hyun Nam, Sungkyunkwan University; Joo-Youn Park, Hankook University of Foreign Studies • The present study analyzed the potential effect of VODs as new distribution channels on the windowing process by including both IPTV and Internet VOD into the hypothetical windowing process. Using attributions of holdback period, sequential order and movie price for distribution channels, the present study was able to combine a total of 48 hypothetical windowing scenarios and used them in order to answer the two research questions posed. Creative Destruction: An Exploratory Study of How Digitally Native News Nonprofits Are Innovating Journalism Practices Online • Rebecca Nee, San Diego State University • As traditional media struggle to adapt their practices to the new media environment, a digitally native nonprofit news model has emerged. Framed by management theories of creative destruction and disruptive innovation, this study identifies how leaders of these sites view technology as an opportunity to reshape journalism practices online. Linking Economics to Communication Research: Exploring the Third-Person Effect on News Consumers’ Intention to Pay • H. Iris Chyi, University of Texas at Austin; Angela M. Lee, University of Texas at Austin; Avery Holton, University of Texas - Austin • Tracing third-person effect research to its psychological origins, this study explores whether the self-other perspective affects consumer behavior in a critical area currently facing the news industry—paying intent of news consumers. A survey of 767 Internet users indicated people perceive others as more likely to pay for news in print, Web, and app formats. The results provide a linkage between communication and economics research and offer a better understanding of the way consumers evaluate multiplatform news products. Student Creating lobbying strategies in a competitive environment: An insider’s perspective • Amy Sindik, University of Georgia • This study examines the way organizations in the broadcast and wireless industries formulate lobbying strategies, and if the formulation of lobbying strategies is impacted by the competition between the industries on policy issues. Smartphone: Utilitarian Product or Hedonic Product? Different Dimension of Adoption Factor and Purchasing Intention • Hyunsang Son; Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida • By employing real U.S. consumer, this study develops structural model to investigate consumers' different motivations for adopting smart phone. The results of this study indicated that consumers’ purchasing intention or actual purchasing behavior related to smartphones were positively predicted by communication facilitation and perceived utility of mobile phone and negatively linked with perceived expense and reassuring dimensions. An Empirical Study of National Self-sufficiency in Broadcast Television Programming • Xuexin Xu; Wayne Fu; Joseph Straubhaar • This study investigates individual countries’ self-sufficiency in broadcast television programming, a universal and overarching policy aim entrusted in national or domestic broadcast service. It traces and predicts the airtime shares of domestic and American programs, using longitudinal data taken at decade-long intervals during 1962-2001 for 20 countries or territories worldwide. Too Much, Too Little, or Just About Right? Measuring Concentration of Media Ownership, 1976-2009 • Tom Vizcarrondo, Louisiana State University • Researchers have recently begun approaching media ownership concentration studies by viewing the entire media industry holistically, as opposed to measuring concentration within a specific medium. I expand on this approach by measuring concentration over 34 years. I conclude that the industry has consistently been “unconcentrated” and that the period studied is characterized by three distinct trends—an initial period of declining concentration, a period of relatively stable levels, and a current period of rising concentration. What’s on (Digital) TV? Multicast Programming, the Public Interest Standard, and the Scarcity Rationale • David Kordus • With the transition to digital broadcast television and the ability to multicast, the space for free television content has expanded manyfold, offering new possibilities for diversity in voices and content and for serving the public interest. With a content analysis of multicast substreams in a random sample of television markets across the country, I take a unique look at just what this new broadcasting space contains and find few hours of local or news programming. Privacy Capital: Social Media Users Perceptions and Exchange of Their Privacy Online • Jason Cain, University of Florida • This study surveyed a sample of college students at a large university to examine perceptions of privacy, control and vulnerability of personal information shared social networking sites, and any positive outcomes received for sharing this information. Previous models that operationalize how privacy concern is constructed and expectancy-value theory were used as a basis for this research. The data supported that respondents exchanged information to obtain positive. Results for control were mixed and contradictory for vulnerability. Building a Relationship on Twitter: A Content Analysis of University Twitter Accounts • Brandi Watkins, The University of Alabama; Regina Lewis, The University of Alabama • The current study examines how universities use social media to communicate with external audiences using a relationship marketing approach. A content analysis of university Twitter accounts was conducted to determine the level of interaction among universities and their followers. Using the five levels of relationship building, this analysis revealed that universities tend to engage in more reactive level relationship building than any other level. The New Non-Profits: A Financial Examination • Magda Konieczna, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Sue Robinson, University of Wisconsin-Madison • As traditional news organizations suffer, many people have suggested alternative business models to supplement a shrinking mainstream journalism. This study presents a first, largely descriptive picture of the financial state of the burgeoning field of non-profit journalism. Many journalistic non-profits operate on a shoestring, hoping to strike upon the magical revenue formula that leads to sustainability. Media fragmentation and coexistence of market information regimes: Simultaneous use of two television ratings systems in India • Harsh Taneja • Competition between two audience measurement systems is common in media markets. Yet we know little about how market participants utilize information from competing systems. This study examines the Indian television market where executives use information available from two competing ratings services. Free Culture, Human Capital and Economic Growth • Xiaoqun Zhang, Bowling Green State University • This paper proposes an endogenous growth model which emphasizes the role of free access to the knowledge in the economic growth. The solution of the model indicates that the production efficiency of knowledge, the converting efficiency from knowledge products into human capital, and the externality of knowledge products, have impacts on the economic growth rate. Thus, the government intervention, such as the subsidy to the knowledge producers, will have positive effects on the economic growth. Corporations as indispensable entities to the media: how interlocking board of directors influence media coverage • Jun Ho Lee, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Michael Bednar, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign • In this paper, we question the objectivity of media reports on corporations intertwined with the media. Specifically, we examined how interlocking directorates may influence media coverage of corporations and then explored how the effect of firm performance on the media coverage of the performance can be moderated by the interlocking boards. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8529 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/mac-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 18:21:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8532 Faculty The DC Snipers and Shifting Signifiers of Otherness: Newspaper Coverage of John Allan Muhammad and John Lee Malvo • Angie Chuang, American University School of Communication; Robin Chin Roemer • Studies of news coverage of Other identity in the form of blacks, Muslims, and immigrants have found that such signifiers are often overemphasized and represented as motive of crime or terrorism. A mixed method data analysis of newspaper coverage of the DC Snipers, arrested for a 2002 shooting spree that killed ten people, shows that the suspects’ layered identities and unusual crime challenged historic representational patterns. Newspaper Coverage of the 25th Anniversary of the King Holiday • Carla Kimbrough, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • Anniversaries hold special meaning; they give us a time to reflect, to celebrate, to mourn, to remember. Holidays often offer the public a chance to do all of that. This paper analyzes qualitatively how newspapers covered the 25th anniversary of the national holiday named in honor of Martin Luther King Jr. King has become one of the country’s most celebrated citizens and the only one to be honored with a national holiday who was not a U.S. president (Haines). Opposite but Equal: Examining the Protest Paradigm through the Hegemonic Lens • Josh Grimm, Texas Tech University • This study explores how Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr., were in the New York Times and Washington Post. Drawing on concepts of hegemony and racism, a textual analysis was conducted to examine coverage of each man. Through this framing, Malcolm X was labeled as a deviant while Martin Luther King, Jr., was embraced as a righteous leader. These characterizations reinforced hegemonic power structures while challenging the established “protest paradigm.” Natives in the News: How the Rapid City Journal Covered Native Americans on Page 1A • Savannah Tranchell; Mary Arnold, South Dakota State University • A content analysis of the 2010 Rapid City Journal’s front page, the paper examines how often the Journal runs stories about Native American and tribal issues and which topics are covered. The findings offer a snapshot of the Journal’s reporting on Native issues and highlights patterns in coverage. The study concludes that, in the name of quality journalism, media outlets like the Journal must maximize coverage of the community rather than doing what is easy and readily accessible. Hispanics’ uses and gratifications in the three-screen media environment • Kenton Wilkinson, Texas Tech University; Anthony Galvez, Rhode Island College; Todd Chambers, Texas Tech University • This paper applies uses and gratifications theory to assess how Hispanics residing in and around a midsized southwestern U.S. city utilize “three screens:” television, Internet and mobile phones. Focus groups and a survey (n=204) were used to compare younger and older users and those with differing levels of acculturation. The results indicate that mobile phones are a crucial contemporary technology, and that academic researchers should be paying close attention to promotion and use of the three screens. Illegal or Undocumented? Alien or Immigrant? An Examination of Terms used by the News Media, 2000-2010 • Thomas J. Hrach, University of Memphis • This study examined the terms news organizations used to describe people living in the United States illegally for the period from 2000 to 2010 and whether the Hispanic or Latino population of a region was a determining factor. It utilized a database that searched 3,863 titles from news organizations during the 11-year period for nine regions of the country and a statistical analysis. It found that “illegal immigrant” was the dominant term, and its use increased despite pressure from immigrant advocates to discontinue its use. On-Air Diversity: Comparing Television Network Affiliates’ Ethnic Representation • Amy Jo Coffey • A national sample of the on-air talent (N=1513 reporters, N=2094 anchors) at television network affiliates (ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX) was content analyzed to compare the ethnic diversity of their on-air personnel. Grounded in representation and strategic competition theory, results indicated that the network affiliates had highly similar representation levels between them, however Hispanics were the most underrepresented group overall. Representation levels were also found to be highly similar to national population levels, offering some encouraging news for diverse hiring. “Where Do I Belong, from Laguna Beach to Jersey Shore?”: Portrayal of Minority Youths on MTV Reality Shows • Sung-Yeon Park, School of Media & Communication, Bowling Green State University; Korea University, Seoul, ROK (Visiting professor); Mark Flynn, Bowling Green State University; Alexandru Stana; David Morin, Bowling Green State University; Gi Woong Yun • MTV Reality shows popular among young audiences were analyzed. All minority groups, except mixed-race women and gay men, were underrepresented. No ethnic/racial difference was found in plot centrality, popularity, and being hated. In romantic involvement, however, intergroup differences emerged: mixed-race women were more likely to be in a committed relationship, in an interracial relationship, and a target of romantic desire whereas Latinos and Blacks were less likely to be represented in all three aspects of the romantic involvement. Does Language Matter? The Effects of News in Spanish vs. English on Voting by U.S. Latinos • Barry Hollander, University of Georgia • As the Latino population in the U.S. continues to grow, along with this population’s political impact, it is important to understand how the news media are used in terms of integration into the nation’s social and political culture. This study uses national survey data to examine the role the language of the news – in Spanish or English – may play in political participation. Latino Online Newspapers vs. Mainstream Online Newspapers: A Comparative Analysis of News Coverage of the 2010 Health Care Reform • Masudul Biswas, Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania • This study analyzes the news coverage of the 2010 Health Care Reform in a comparative context between Latino online newspapers and mainstream online newspapers by using the theoretical framework of media framing. Choctaw and Cherokee Nations: How Freedom of Expression Isn’t “Just a White Man’s Idea” • Kevin Kemper, University of Arizona School of Journalism • Freedom of expression isn’t “just a white man’s idea.” This theoretical essay engages with laws by and affecting the Choctaw and Cherokee Nations in Oklahoma to see whether individual liberties like free expression and its subsets of free press and speech can be reconciled with the sovereignty of those tribes. Karl Popper, in The Open Society and Its Enemies, argues that those who put the needs of society over the rights of the individual are promoting totalitarianism. Writing the Wrong: Can Counter-Stereotypes Offset Negative Media Messages about African-Americans • Lanier Holt, Indiana University • A plethora of studies show media messages activate or exacerbate racial stereotypes. This analysis, however, may be the first to examine which types of information – those that directly contradict media messages (i.e., crime-related) or general news (i.e., non-crime-related) are most effective in abating racial stereotypes. This study’s findings suggest fear of crime is becoming more a human, fear, not just a racial one. Recommendations for media are also briefly discussed.   Student Papers "What if Michael Vick Were White?": Analyzing Framing, Narrative, and Race In Media Coverage of Michael Vick • Bryan Carr, University of Oklahoma • Literature shows that athletics and the media that cover them have long been intertwined with issues pertaining to race and ethnicity. This relationship was particularly prevalent in media coverage of the Michael Vick dogfighting case, with many authors questioning whether Vick would have received different treatment if he had not been African-American. User-Generated Racism: An Analysis of Stereotypes of African Americans, Latinos, and Asians in YouTube Videos • Lei Guo, University of Texas at Austin; Summer Harlow, University of Texas at Austin • This study examines representations of African Americans, Latinos and Asians in YouTube videos, exploring whether YouTube serves as a type of alternative media where the status quo is contested. Results show most videos analyzed perpetuated racial stereotypes. Further, videos that included stereotypes, most of which contained user-produced content, were more popular. We argue citizens use YouTube to perpetuate the same stereotypes found in mainstream media, rather than use it as an alternative counter-public sphere. Ghost in the House: Remembering Champion Jack Johnson • Carrie Isard, Temple University • Jack Johnson, the first black heavyweight champion of the world, lived a life full of public triumph and private tribulations, and in the time since his death, his memory has emerged as a complex and contradictory story.  Using a collective memory theoretical framework, this paper conducts a narrative analysis of four Jack Johnson memory texts: Hollywood film The Great White Hope (1970); Big Fights, Inc. documentary Jack Johnson (1970); Ken Burns’ documentary Unforgivable Blackness (2005) and Trevor Von Eeden’s The Original Johnson two-part graphic novel (2009, 2011) to examine how Johnson has been remembered in shifting historical, political and social contexts. Perception and Use of Ethnic Online Communities as a Health Information Source among Recent Immigrants in the United States • Junga Kim, University of Florida • This study investigated the role of ethnic online communities as a health information source for Korean Americans, applying the uses and dependency model as a theoretical framework. A survey was conducted to examine use and evaluation of online communities and physicians as diabetes-related information source among Korean Americans with different levels of acculturation. Celebrated Images of Blackness: A Content Analysis of Oscar Award Winning Films of the 20th Century • Roslyn Satchel, Louisiana State University Manship School of Mass Communication • Religious liberty is essential to democracy.  Democracy, and civility between religious groups, however, are in jeopardy due to the ways in which media conglomerates use religion—Christianity, in particular—as a political force for creating xenophobia against cultural minorities.  This paper examines 10 films with the highest viewership of all time for framing bias and system justification in use of “the native” stereotype as described by Stuart Hall (1981). Stereotypes in Blockbusters: An examination of Asian Characters in Top Box Office American Films (2000-2009) • Jia-Wei Tu, Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong; Xing Liu • This study is an up-to-date investigation on how Asians are portrayed in American films. Top 10 American gross income films of each year from 2000 to 2009 were analyzed. Asian characters in the 100 films were examined from four dimensions: images, romantic relationships, costumes and accents. The findings have demonstrated that Asians are not completely annihilated but symbolic trivialized; the Asian stereotypes still exist in the top box office films. Fine and Punishment:  James Harrison, NFL fines and USA Today’s construction of black masculinity • Molly Yanity, Ohio University • Research points to a structural problem of overt and inferential racism that is prevalent in American society and finds its way en masse to the sports pages. While violence in sports draws larger audiences to arenas and stadiums, the “Bad Black Man” seems to be the scapegoat when that institutionally-promoted violence results serious health risks. During the 2010 National Football League season, Pittsburgh Steelers linebacker James Harrison was represented as the "Bad Black Men." Framing Immigration: An Analysis of Newswire and Regional Newspaper Coverage of Immigration in the U.S. • Rodrigo Zamith, University of Minnesota • This study seeks to analyze and compare the coverage of the issue of immigration in the United States by newswire services and regional newspapers in cities near the southern border. Drawing from framing theory, the author adopts a mixed-method approach consisting of an interpretive analysis and a computer-aided analysis. The findings reveal important similarities and differences in the framing of the issue and in the depiction of immigrants, with serious social and political implications. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8532 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/news-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 18:28:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8535 Faculty Social Media Editors in The Newsroom: A Survey of Roles and Functions • Tim Currie, U. of King's College • Social media editors are now common in large news organizations. Different from website editors, these journalists focus on creating conversations with the audience. Their place in the newsroom, however, is developing. This paper surveyed 13 social media editors at Canadian news organizations to determine their roles and functions. It concludes that social media editors were challenging the traditional gate-keeping function of news editors by representing audience interests in the newsroom. Gatekeeping in East Africa: Organizational Structure and Reporter Gender as Potential Influences on Newspaper Content • Steve Collins, University of Central Florida; Tim Brown, University of Central Florida • This content analysis examined two Ugandan newspapers, one owned by the government and the other seen as “the opposition paper.” The results suggest that the independent newspaper includes more voices while the government paper offers more mobilizing information. However, both are thinly sourced and under represent women. The paper also considers the potential influence of reporter gender on content. Argument quality in Pulitzer Prize-winning reporting • David Herrera, University of Missouri • Journalists strive to inform citizens about the way the world is, was, and will be. A test of whether journalists inform citizens is whether the journalists' reasons and evidence support their conclusions. This paper applies tools from argumentation, informal logic, and critical thinking to conduct such a test on Pulitzer Prize-winning reporting. It finds that the stories frequently presented insufficient evidence for their conclusions, while struggling to justify important assumptions and appeals to authority. The State of the Weekly Newspaper Industry • Stephen Lacy, Michigan State University; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina; David Coulson; Robin Blom, Michigan State University • This study found that the community weekly newspaper industry has changed during the past dozen years. Between 1997 and 2009, the weekly industry became dramatically more suburban and urban as the percentage of weeklies in rural areas declined. The proportion of weeklies that were group owned increased by about half. Roughly two-thirds of the weeklies had websites in 2009, but only about 6% allowed visitors to directly upload articles, and about 6% had paywalls. Journalists, Technologists, and the Normalization Hypothesis: A Two-Part Case Study of News Innovation Contest Submissions • Seth Lewis, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities; Rodrigo Zamith, University of Minnesota; Nikki Usher; Todd Kominak, George Washington University • This paper examines how journalists and technologists are re-imagining the intersection of news and technology through a qualitative study of 234 idea submissions to a popular news innovation contest. We consider these submissions in light of three distinct concepts: interactivity, the public sphere, and normalization. We find in these submissions a break from the normalization hypothesis—a vision of journalism adapting to technology, rather than technology being configured to suit the legacy patterns of journalism. Old Dogs, New Tricks: Online News Uses New Tools but Attracts the Same Eyeballs • Kelly Kaufhold, Texas Tech University • Longitudinal analysis of Pew data found that most migration of news consumers online was actually due to existing, older news consumers. Young adults are the most likely to be online; their elders, the most likely to consume news online. The oldest Americans, those over 50, are still the most likely to still follow news in print newspapers and on TV – but are also half-again more likely to follow news online as are adults under 30. The Online Innovations of Legacy News Media: A Content Analysis of Large-Market Newspaper and Broadcast Station Websites • Amy Schmitz Weiss, San Diego State University; Tim Wulfemeyer, San Diego State University • The state of the digital news media landscape is in a moment of transition as well as opportunity. According to the State of the News Media Report (2012), digital news consumption is rising and the ways news consumers are getting news and information ranges across various media types (broadcast, print, web) and platforms (mobile, web, print). Despite the new players entering the market ranging from Huffington Post to Patch, legacy media (newspapers, local television stations and news radio stations) still have opportunities to innovate and capture new audiences through their digital platform, the website. Courting Coverage: A Content Analysis of the News Reporting of Supreme Court of Texas Cases • Kenneth Pybus, Abilene Christian University • Although the Supreme Court of Texas is the state’s highest civil judicial body and the final arbiter of Texas law, average Texans may know little about this governmental body. This study researches the reporting of four major Texas newspapers. An analysis of these news stories yields data on political references, topic popularity and subject matter. Texas newspapers generally cover a Supreme Court of Texas decision only if that decision has a significant impact on their broader audiences. It devotes ample resources to those stories, but scant resources and provides limited coverage to the vast number of cases, most of which derive interest from niche audiences. Newspaper Journalists Evaluate the State of the Watchdog Function • Marsha Ducey, The College at Brockport (SUNY) • This study examined the state of the watchdog function at daily newspapers in the United States following the elimination of thousands of journalism jobs and massive changes in the industry. The watchdog function is the ideal that the press should hold those in power, particularly government officials, accountable for their actions. Five hundred journalists from the Top 100 circulation daily newspapers were invited to take an internet survey. The Impact of Local Newspaper’s Community Capital Perception on Subscription/Readership and Advertising Effects • Gi Woong Yun; David Morin, Bowling Green State University; Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State University; Mark Flynn, Bowling Green State University; SangHee Park; Xiao Hu, Bowling Green State University • With the advent of the Internet, once prosperous local papers are now faced with closure as the number of subscriptions decreases and advertising revenue continues to wane. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the perception of a newspaper's role in the community, conceptualized as community capital, influences subscription and readership of the newspaper and willingness to visit local retailers putting their ads in the newspaper. Results suggested that the higher community capital a newspaper has, the higher its subscription/readership. Media Credibility and Journalistic Role Consumptions: Views on Citizen and Professional Journalists among Citizen Contributors • Deborah Chung, University of Kentucky; Seungahn Nah • This study identifies citizen journalists’ role conceptions regarding their news contributing activities and their perceptions of professional journalists’ roles. Specifically, media credibility (mainstream and citizen) was assessed to identify predictors of roles. Analyses reveal citizen journalists perceive their roles to be somewhat distinct from professionals. Citizen media credibility predicted all citizen journalists’ roles. Mainstream media credibility predicted the disseminator and interpreter roles for professional journalists but negatively predicted certain citizen journalistic roles (i.e., interpreter, mobilizer). Social Responsibility Theory and the Digital Nonprofits: Should the Government Aid Online News Startups? • Rebecca Nee, San Diego State University • As the size and scope of metropolitan daily newspapers shrink in the digital age, some veteran journalists are picking up the mantle of socially responsible journalism by establishing nonprofit news sites. Their economic sustainability is tenuous, however. The purpose of this study is to determine how leaders of these civic journalism startups view the government’s role in their survival. Findings show they are not open to direct government subsidies, but are attempting to diversify their revenue sources. Newspaper Clubs Emerge From Bohemia: Nineteenth Century Press Clubs in Chicago Stop Short of an Interest in Professionalization • Stephen Banning, Bradley University • It has been suggested that professionalization was being attempted in the nineteenth century by newspaper clubs and associations. For instance, the Missouri Press Association has been shown to have had a strong interest in the professionalization of journalism. However, the extent of this interest throughout the breadth of newspaper groups in the nineteenth century has not been previously investigated. There is evidence of a strong bohemian influence in nineteenth century Chicago newspaper clubs. Sequence of Internet News Browsing: Platform, Content, Presentation and Interface Usage • Lingzi Zhang, National University of Singapore • Discussions on Internet news use have centered on whether the medium allows audiences to have more control in news consumption. This study explores the evolution of platform attendance, content exposure, presentation elements and interface usage over the time of an Internet news browsing session. Responding to the criticism of self-report method, screen video is utilized to extract direct and detailed information about what a user encounters in real-time news browsing. What Is News? Audiences may have their own ideas • Cory Armstrong, University of Florida; Melinda McAdams, University of Florida; Jason Cain, University of Florida • This study examines what young adults consider to be news, comparing that with traditional news values as espoused by journalists and taught in journalism schools. Employing an online survey, we compared those views with the participants’ assessment of whether 42 headlines are “news.” Findings indicated that traditional values of prominence, impact and controversy were important to participants, but that timeliness and proximity were less so. Opinion also emerged as a value. Anatomy of a Train Accident: Case Study of News Diffusion Via the Weibo Micro-blogging Service in China • Narayanan Iyer; Yanfang Wu • Micro-blogging applications such as Twitter and Weibo (extensively used in China) have become a key social media tool for information dissemination and networking within the context of social movements. Researchers have examined the role and use of micro-blogging during times of crises arising out of political conflict as well as natural disasters. This paper uses the case study approach to analyze the most retweeted messages sent immediately after the July 23 railway accident in Wenzhou, China. Newspaper-Owning Corporate Cultures and the Industry-Wide News Slant • Frederick Schiff, University of Houston; David Llanos, University of Houston • This study compares eight theories of news content, using a random stratified sample of 114 newspapers and 6,090 stories. The paper describes 12 newspaper-owning groups as having distinctive ways of treating stories, giving them more or less prominence depending on content characteristics embedded in the stories. The existence of exceptional or distinctive coverage by a few newspaper groups demonstrates the patterns in the rest of the newspaper industry, which we describe an industry-wide “news slant.” A comparison of news media avoidances among young adults across media • Amy Zerba, University of Florida; Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida; Hyejoon Rim, University of Florida • The study explores a pivotal step in the Uses and Gratifications process — news media avoidances. News media avoidances are the active choice of choosing not to use a medium. The survey findings showed how print newspaper avoidances are similar to nonuses of traditional media (TV, magazines, radio), but differ for news sites. The findings show avoidance of a medium can impact use of another medium. The study describes nonusers of a medium compared to users. When Journalism Met the Internet: Old Media and New Media Greet the Online Public • Mike Dillon, Duquesne University • American news organizations have long been criticized for not more effectively anticipating, appreciating and exploiting the Internet as it became a fact of daily life in the mid-1990s. Conventional wisdom holds that a lack of planning stymied the development of journalism on the Web and cast doubt on the viability of traditional public service journalism and its enduring values of accuracy, fairness, advocacy, etc. The diminishment of these values, in turn, endangered democracy itself. A Wave of Sources: An Examination of Sources used in U. S. and Japanese Newspaper Coverage of the Tsunami in Japan • Maria Fontenot, University of Tennessee-Knoxville; Catherine Luther, University of Tennessee-Knoxville; Ioana Coman • This paper examined the use of sources in two major U. S. newspapers and two major Japanese newspapers in their coverage of the March 11, 2011 tsunami that struck Japan. Results revealed that both the U.S. and Japanese newspapers did not use social media outlets as sources of information. Furthermore, the combined papers from both nations tended to rely equally on non-official and official sources. Differences, however, were observed between newspapers within each nation. Online News Coverage and Political Knowledge: The Case of the 2010 Health Care Reform Legislation • Kevin Wang, Butler University • This study explores the relationship between online news coverage and political knowledge in the contemporary media environment. Using the health care reform legislation as the backdrop, content analysis was performed on 1,268 stories from 10 online news outlets over a one-month period in 2010, and a survey was conducted with 330 participants to investigate the audience members’ media consumption pattern and their perception of the health care reform issue. Theoretical contribution and implications for future research are discussed. The press versus the public: What is “good journalism?” • Homero Gil de Zuniga, University of Texas - Austin; Amber Hinsley, Saint Louis University • For several decades, citizens have reported that they trust some news outlets over others largely because they perceive the industry to be biased in its coverage. Research on journalists and their audience has long indicated journalists have a more positive perception of their work than does the public. Even in today's hyper-digital media landscape, public perception on credibility and believability continue to decline and journalists don’t know how the public rates some of their core professional tasks. Today’s Main Feature: Disappearing Feature Sections in the Age of Feature Writing • Bret Schulte, University of Arkansas • Research has shown that feature-style writing has gained ground on the inverted pyramid. Through content analysis of feature pages and feature sections in seven major newspapers, this research shows that the state of play for feature writing is far more complicated, with newspapers engaging in increasingly divergent strategies for their back pages. Framing of the Egyptian Revolution in the Op-Ed sections of the International Herald Tribune and the Wall Street Journal • Guy J Golan, Syracuse University • The Op-Ed section of the newspaper is unique in that it allows experts to articulate their opinions regarding salient issues without editorial interference. The current study builds upon previous research on the Op-Ed through the analysis of the Op-Ed articles that were published in two European newspapers during the Egyptian revolution of 2011. The content analysis focused on the identity of the Op-Ed contributors, their use of sources and their selection of frames as highlighted in their opinion articles. Conversational Journalism in Practice: A Case Study of The Seattle Times' 2010 Pulitzer Prize Winner for Breaking News Reporting • Doreen Marchionni, Pacific Lutheran University • This case study built on recent experimental research that sought to measure journalism-as-a-conversation, or co-created news between citizens and journalists, by overlaying it on The Seattle Times’ 2010 Pulitzer-Prize-winning coverage of the slayings of four sheriff’s deputies. Findings suggest the growing power of Web tools that engage online audiences in breaking news and beyond, but also the need for more humanizing efforts, including short, personalized videos of journalists discussing their craft. Hostility toward Sport Commentators in the Online Arena: A Reexamination of Disposition Effects Hypothesis • Po-Lin Pan, Arkansas State University • Very few studies examined the effects of sport commentary on readers’ attitudes toward sport commentators. Approaching disposition effects hypothesis in the context of online readership, the study aimed at examining the effects of the positive/negative sport commentaries and the win/loss of readers’ favorite team on online readers’ hostility toward online sport commentators. A two (the win of the favorite team versus the loss of the favorite team) by two (the positive commentaries versus the negative commentaries) within-subjects repeated measures experiment with emotional responses as one covariate was designed to examine readers’ hostility toward online sport commentators. Age, Ethnicity, and the Exemplification of Hunger • William Kinnally, University of Central Florida; Ryan Burkett, University of Central Florida; Curry Chandler; Brenton Burkett • This study applies exemplification theory to examine the ways in which editorial intentions behind the design of a news article about hunger in the Orlando Sentinel corresponded to readers’ judgments about the ages and ethnicities of the people receiving emergency hunger services. A sample of 335 college students was randomly assigned to read one of three news articles. Analyzing Online Coverage of a Possible Cancer Risk From Cell Phones • Ronald Yaros, University of Maryland; Elia Powers, University of Maryland-College Park • This content analysis considers articles from newspapers and online news outlets reporting the World Health Organization’s change in the risk category of brain cancer associated with cell phone use to “possible.” Articles were coded for their portrayed risk assessment, use of sources, and explanation of complex information. Results indicated that nearly 20% of the stories used incorrect terms to describe the risk category.   Student Social media and the evolution of journalists' routines • Brian Moritz • With social media platforms growing in popularity, it’s important to look at how they are being used by journalists. This qualitative study examines how social media is becoming a part of journalists’ work routines. Seventeen reporters working at newspapers were during the winter of 2010-2011. This data suggest that reporters are using social media to break news, keep tabs on their beats, share links to their stories and communicate with sources and readers. How student journalists seek information and evaluate online sources during the newsgathering process • Julia Tylor, Arizona State University • A thorough understanding of how to evaluate website credibility is a crucial tool for journalists. This study examines how journalism students conduct the online newsgathering process and seeks to understand the decisions they make involving credibility assessment. The findings that resulted from a content analysis and interviews suggest that while journalism students exhibit some level of understanding about the importance of verification, they rely strongly on search engines and trust the credibility of search-engine results. The adoption of smartphones and tablet computers among American journalists: A national survey • Logan Molyneux, University of Texas at Austin • This national survey of working journalists examined the extent to which they have adopted smartphones and tablet computers in their work and how that adoption has changed their routines and practices. Results show that most journalists have smartphones and feel they have improved the quality of their work. Journalists with smartphones are freed from their desks and gather more multimedia information than those without smartphones. Tablets have been adopted to a lesser extent. Justice and journalism at the Supreme Court: Newspaper coverage of ideology within the Roberts Court • Elizabeth Woolery, UNC-Chapel Hill • This study examined how five newspapers discussed judicial ideologies in their coverage of First Amendment decisions handed down by the Supreme Court in its 2006, ’07, and ’08 terms. Findings indicate that journalists did cover the Supreme Court as an ideologically fueled institution cases with 5-4 decisions. This study builds on previous research and provides a more up-to-date, comprehensive and qualitative look at the issue of news coverage of the Supreme Court. A Newspaper Strategy for Challenging Access Barriers at Shopping Malls • Jim DeBrosse, Ohio University • In recent years, the growing shift toward private control of the public sphere – from downtowns to malls, from neighborhoods to gated communities, from public records to private contracts -- has occupied media and legal scholars who are rightly worried about the eroding foundations of the country's democratic institutions. This paper will focus more narrowly on how the shift to privately-owned gathering spaces in malls and shopping centers has impacted working reporters. Herding Reader Comments Into Print: Gatekeeping Across Media Platforms • Kathleen McElroy, University of Texas at Austin • This study examined newspaper features that highlight online reader comments and found that through selection, organization, and editing of comments, journalists juggle the spontaneity of online conversation with such print standards as logic, civility, and readability. A content analysis of printed comments, as well as interviews with journalists who choose them, reveals a gatekeeping process shaping this hybrid site of public discourse, which is similar to but distinct from letters to the editor. A study of college students' attitudes toward a paid news content system • Yoonmo Sang, University of Texas at Austin • This study investigated college students’ attitudes toward a paid news content system. It sought to identify factors that may predict such attitudes. To deepen our understanding of news copyright issues, I also analyzed responses to open-ended questions and identified patterns in such responses. Among the predictor variables, perceiving news as a commodity was the only significant predictor of college students’ attitudes toward a paid news model. Multimedia journalism fever: An examination of the spread of adoption of digital reporting techniques • Matthew Haught, University of South Carolina; Jack Karlis, University of South Carolina • Since the rise of the Internet age, newspapers and television news operations have migrated their content from their traditional platforms to online distribution. Convergence spread through the newsroom starting with a small group and then spreading to others, as explained by the diffusion of innovation theory. Using network analysis research methods, this paper explores how multimedia practices diffuse through a social network in a newspaper newsroom. The Viewing Room: How Journalists Prepare for and Respond to Witnessing Executions • Kenna Griffin, University of Oklahoma • This series of interviews with journalists who witnessed executions in 2010 explains how they emotionally prepared for and responded to the traumatic events. Findings show that newsroom managers do not offer journalists emotional assistance. However, the journalists were aware formal counseling services existed and chose not to use them. Instead, journalists relied on their professionalism as a barrier, denying trauma symptoms. The research supports the need for training within news organizations about job-related trauma. Will Social Media “Save” Newspapers? Examining the Effectiveness of Facebook and Twitter as News Platforms • Alice Ju, University of Texas at Austin; Sun Ho Jeong, University of Texas at Austin; H. Iris Chyi, University of Texas at Austin • In response to the popularity of social media, most newspapers are distributing content through Facebook and Twitter. Yet, the role of social media in these newspapers’ overall business models remains unclear. Analyzing the top 66 U.S. newspapers’ social media presence, this study empirically examines the effectiveness of Facebook and Twitter as news platforms. Creating Frames, Contextualizing Frames: Elite versus Non-Elite Press Coverage of the 2008 Recession • Josephine Lukito, State University of New York at Geneseo; Atsushi Tajima, State University of New York at Geneseo • This paper analyzes newspapers coverage of the 2008 recession in the United States, through the New York Times as an elite press and USA Today as a non-elite press. Economics is a technically complex social-science. Thus, the press must present economic stories comprehensively. While the elite press maintains complexity, the non-elite press simplifies stories. In addition, the former consistently covers events prior to the latter. This time lag considerably characterizes how each constructs its stories. The Natural Framing of Military Conflict News: The 2008 Russian Invasion of Georgia in Resonance, Izvestia and The New York Times • Robert McKeever, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Ekaterina Basilaia, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; Donald Shaw, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Historically, news organizations located in the heart of conflict zones have been an important player in informing the public and shaping its understanding on particular issues. This study utilized quantitative content analysis to examine how Georgian, Russian, and American media framed the 2008 war in Georgia. By examining coverage in Izvestia and Resonance as well as The New York Times – this paper elucidates cross-national differences in the frames emphasized by media during conflict coverage. When the War on Drugs is Fought on the Field: Exploring Newspaper Coverage of Drug and Alcohol Deviance of College Athletes from 1970 to 2010 • Natalie Brown, University of Alabama; Shuhua Zhou, University of Alabama • This study is the first to use deviance theory to examine newspaper coverage of drug and alcohol arrests of college athletes and how that coverage has changed over time. This paper analyzed 121 newspaper articles published from 1970 to 2010. This “War on Drugs” that dominated headlines over the past forty years represent the perfect combination of characteristics that maximized newsworthiness: deviance, social issues, and sport. The Sporting News: A Study on Sports Teams and the News that Writes about Them • Ben Miller • This study examined the relationships between source credibility, reputation, athletic identity and self-efficacy. One hundred and thirty-five participants read an article about the Louisiana State University (LSU) football’s 2010 victory over the University of Alabama from one of four different online news sources. The sources represented perspectives of national (ESPN.com), local (2theadvocate.com), school-produced (LSUsports.net), and opponent (BamaOnLine.com) sources. The participants were then asked questions about their LSU athletic identity and self-efficacy after viewing one of the four conditions. New media, old sources: An examination of source diversity of online news in China • Na Liu, City University of Hong Kong; Fen Lin • This study develops a two-dimensional source diversity of online news, containing both typological diversity and geographical diversity. Typological source can indicate the influence of new media technologies on the types of media; while geographical diversity can further offer deep economic and media power relationship behind news production on the Internet. A content analysis of most user-searched news on Baidu.com during 112 days shows that new media technologies didn’t bring substantial changes to the old news sources production in China. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8535 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/pr-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 18:30:25 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8538 Open Papers Trust me, trust me not: An experimental analysis of the effect of transparency on trust and behavioral intentions in organizations • Giselle A. Auger, Duquesne University • Since the early 1990s calls for increased transparency have risen in all sectors of society. Seen as a solution to lapses of organizational ethics and misdeeds, transparency can help to restore trust, curtail employee dissatisfaction, and diminish reputational risk or damage (Bandsuch et al., 2008; Rawlins, 2009).  Research has identified transparency as a two part construct highlighting either an organization’s reputation for transparency or its efforts to communicate transparently (Auger, 2010; Rawlins, 2009). Political Public Relations and the Promotion of Participatory, Transparent Government through Social Media • Elizabeth Avery, & Melissa Graham, University of Tennessee • Using data collected from over 450 local government officials from municipalities across the United States, this study examines the impact that various community features have on local government social media use.  It specifically addresses citizen expectations and how social media are being used as a public relations function to promote participatory and transparent government.  Results indicated that citizen expectations and perceived social media effectiveness by government officials was a strong predictor of social media use. Empowered & Engaged: A Phenomenological Study Exploring Social Media Best Practices for Nonprofit Organizations • Tessa Breneman, Alexis Abel, & Frauke Hachtmann, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • Although nonprofits see value and potential in social media, many have not yet mastered social media and harnessed its full potential. This phenomenological study sought to discover what the best social media strategies and tactics are for effectively engaging existing and potential donors, volunteers, and stakeholders, according to social media nonprofit professionals. Six themes emerged, including the following: listen to know and understand your audience; and focus on engagement and not fundraising. Defining And Measuring Organization-Public Dialogue • Heewon Cha, Ewah Womans University, Sung-Un Yang, Indiana University at Bloomington; Minjeong Kang, Ball State University • The purpose of this research was to define and measure the quality of dialogue between an organization and its publics. Reviewing the literature from multiple disciplines, the researchers identified mutuality and openness in explicating dialogue in the context of organization-public relationships. To develop the scale of organization-public dialogue, this study used multiple methods, including in-depth interviews with experts, professional audit, and a survey. This research found the proposed two-factor model had tenable measurement reliability. Speaking Out:  An Exploratory Analysis of Public Relations Professionals  And their Willingness to Self-Censor • Vincent Filak, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh & Melissa Dodd, University of Miami • Research using the Willingness to Self-Censor (WTSC) scale has shown the desire to withhold one’s opinion is an internal, as opposed to situational trait. This exploratory examination of public relations practitioners and educators (n=121) revealed that participants who scored higher on the WTSC scale were less likely to express their opinions on managing a crisis in a direct environment. These findings held even when controlling for key demographic variables and varying the opinion climate from hostile to friendly. Navigating Anger in Happy Valley: Using Facebook for crisis response and image repair in the wake of the Sandusky scandal • Melanie Formentin, Denise Bortree, Julia Daisy Fraustino, Pennsylvania State University • Social media are important channels of communication during a crisis. This study examined the use of Facebook as a crisis management tool for Penn State University during the first month of the Sandusky scandal. A content analysis of all 129 posts made by the university during that time period and 2060 comments to the posts suggested that audience reaction to crisis information varies based on crisis response strategy, sources cited, and topics shared. What Do Blog Readers Think? A Survey to Assess Ghost Blogging and Commenting • Tiffany Gallicano, Yoon Cho, & Thomas Bivins, University of Oregon • In a survey of practitioners, most respondents expressed approval of ghost blogging, provided that the stated author provides the content ideas and gives content approval (Doe, 2012). To investigate the ethics of ghost blogging and ghost commenting and the permissibility of these practices from readers’ perspectives, we conducted surveys with three groups. The groups included 507 readers of corporate blogs, 510 readers of politicians’ blogs, and 501 readers of nonprofit blogs. Exploring Complex Organizational Communities: Identity as Emergent Perceptions, Boundaries, and Relationships • Dawn Gilpin, & Nina Miller, Arizona State University • Increasing numbers of scholars have been approaching organizations as complex systems. The present study extends this framework to view some organizations as complex communities, or multilevel aggregations of members with a relatively stable core and fluid boundaries, emergent through interactions between individuals, groups, and organizations. Whistleblowing in public relations: Ethical dilemma or role responsibility • Cary Greenwood, Middle Tennessee State University • This paper responds to the call for a research agenda to address whistleblowing in public relations. Using resource dependence perspective, public relations role theory, and relationship management theory, this study surveys public relations executives in the Fortune 1000 corporations to identify their knowledge of wrongdoing, their reporting of wrongdoing, and their relationships with their employers. On Publicity: Ivy Lee's 1924 Address to the American Association of Teachers of Journalism • Kirk Hallahan, and Stephen Cory Robinson, Colorado State University • The presentation at one of AEJMC’s earliest conventions was a historically important event where the pioneer public relations practitioner articulated most fully his views about publicity. Lee’s remarks and the lively Q&A that followed were AEJMC’s first major discussion of public relations. This review examines Lee’s views about the nature of publicity; objectivity, facticity and disclosure; publicity versus advertising; the market-driven nature of news; the deluge of publicity materials and editors’ responsibilities; and publicists’ professional ethics. Company executive vs. customer testimonial:  Examining credibility of quoted spokespersons in business-to-business communication • Pauline Howes, Kennesaw State University, & Lynne Sallot, University of Georgia • Through the framework of source credibility, this study examines the impact of quoting a company executive versus a customer testimonial in a business communication context.  A 2 x 7 full factorial experiment (N= 514) showed partial support for enhanced perceived credibility of information conveyed by a customer testimonial compared to a company spokesperson in independent and controlled media formats online. Analyzing the Relationships among Website Interactivity and Organization Impression, Trust and Purchase intention for a Product Recall Crisis • Jooyun Hwang & Spiro Kiousis, University of Florida • Though there has been an array of research on crisis communication, relatively little attention has been paid to the attitudinal and behavioral consequences of public perceptions of web site interactivity as a communication channel during a crisis. In order to fill the gap in scholarship, this study examined the effect of different levels of web site interactivity to address a crisis response on respondents’ organization impression, trust, and purchase intention. Examining the Relationship between International Public Relations Efforts, Media Coverage, Country Reputation and Performance using Agenda Building & Agenda Setting • Rajul Jain & Lawrence Winner, University of Florida • Using first and second level agenda building and agenda setting as the theoretical framework, this study examines the bottom-line impact of public relations efforts by operationalizing and quantifying the relationship between international public relations efforts, U.S. news media coverage of countries, country reputation, and indicators of economic performance. The study analyzed public relations messages and media coverage of the top 30 countries ranked by Anholt’s Nations Brands Index in 2009. Enacting Best Practices in Risk Communication: Analysis of an Expert Panel • Melissa Janoske, Brooke Liu, Stephanie Madden, University of Maryland • A two-day workshop and follow-up interviews with risk communication practitioners and researchers were conducted to expand understanding and enactment of risk communication best practices, the obstacles to enacting them, and the gaps in knowledge that could aid in improving upon these best practices. Key findings include the importance of avoiding the myth of preparedness messages instilling public fear, methods for identifying and building key community relationships and partnerships, and suggestions for translating academic research. Social campaigns help our image, right?: Using the situational theory to explore  effects on attitudes toward a brand and its issues • Elizabeth Johnson-Young, North Carolina State University, & Robert Magee, Virginia Tech • Using the situational theory of publics as a guide, the effects of Dove’s online campaign videos on attitudes toward the campaign issues and Dove’s brand are examined. Participants viewed one of four campaign videos with a different regulatory frame and were asked to respond to several scales that measured their levels of involvement with the issues, collective efficacy, concern for the issues, and attitudes toward Dove as the brand. Usage and Effectiveness of Facebook for Organizational Crisis Management • Eyun-Jung Ki & Elmie Nekmat, University of Alabama • Through the lens of situational crisis communication theory (SCCT) and interactivity, this study examined the Facebook usage of Fortune 500 companies and the effectiveness with which these companies employed this platform for crisis management. Findings indicated that ‘justification’ and ‘full apology’ were the most commonly used crisis response strategies. The results also show that companies inappropriately match their responses to crisis situations. "Because the Subaltern Cannot Speak": An Introduction to the Culture-Centered Approach to Public Relations • Induk Kim, Northern Illinois • This study begins with the contention that current public relations scholarship, including the literature on activist public relations, is not fully equipped with a theoretical foundation to study public relations efforts organized in subaltern spaces. The study introduces the culture-centered approach as a theoretical framework to address this gap in literature and presents a case study of South Korean peasants’ anti-FTA activism to illustrate how the culture-centered approach can be adopted in public relations research. Relational expectancy, expectancy violations, and post-crisis communication: BP oil spill Crisis • Sora Kim, University of Florida • Adopting the 2010 BP oil spill crisis, this study empirically tests (a) expectancy violation theory’s applicability into the setting of organization-public relationships and explores (b) the effectiveness of post-crisis communication strategies in the post-crisis stage. The findings suggest consumers’ relational satisfaction and predictive and prescriptive expectancies are significant predictors determining their responses toward the organization in the post-crisis stage. Predictors of organizations’ crisis communication approaches: Full versus limited disclosure • Sora Kim & Emma Wertz, University of Florida • This study investigates the public relations (full disclosure) versus legal (limited disclosure) approaches that may be used by organizations during a preventable crisis, including factors that may predict decisions related to information disclosure. Both tangible and intangible aspects of an organization were explored. The results revealed that degree of crisis preparation, public relations influences, and crisis perception as an opportunity were significant predictors that determine full versus limited disclosure. Exploring the Role of Senate Majority Leader Political Public Relations Efforts: Comparing Agenda-Building Effectiveness across Information Subsidies • Spiro Kiousis, Ji Young Kim, Ashley Carnifax & Sarabdeep Kochhar, University of Florida • Grounded in first- and second-level agenda building, this study explored the role of the Senate Majority Leader in shaping the salience of issues and issue attributes in news media coverage and policymaking in 2011. A total of 358 public relations messages, 164 newspaper articles, and 83 policy making documents were analyzed. Significant correlations were found supporting agenda-building linkages at both levels among Senate Majority Leader communications, media coverage, and congressional policymaking activities. Corporate social responsibility communication on the Internet: A content analysis of Fortune 100 companies • Seul Lee, Eunju Kang, Mary Ann Ferguson, University of Florida • The main goals of this quantitative content analysis were to better understand CSR message presentation on corporate websites and the current state of CSR subjects. This study investigated which CSR issues were prominently presented on The Fortune 100 companies’ websites according to ISO 26000 guidelines. The content of websites was also analyzed to see how it presented CSR information. Uncertainty Reduction Strategies via Twitter: The 2011 Wildfire Threat to Los Alamos National Laboratory • Nicole Merrifield & Michael Palenchar, University of Tennessee • This study applies Berger and Calabrese’s (1975) uncertainty reduction theory as a theoretical framework to describe how participatory publics use Twitter to reduce uncertainty during a crisis. Using the 2011 Las Conchas Wildfire as the event of study, this study adapted Berger’s (1987) three information-seeking typologies—passive, active and interactive—and used a content analysis to examine messages posted to Twitter during the eight-day, mandatory evacuation of 12,000 Los Alamos residents in the summer of 2011. Theorizing the Global-Local Paradox: Comparative Research on Information Subsidies’ Localization by U.S.-based Multinational Corporations • Juan-Carlos Molleda, Sarabdeep Kochhar & Christopher Wilson, University of Florida • Informed from a multidisciplinary perspective, this study theorizes localization by exploring the extent of local-focus of information subsidies by U.S.-based Multinational Corporations. A total of 150 MNC subsidiary online newsrooms in China, India, and United Kingdom were analyzed in the subsidiary location using quantitative content analysis. The sample was drawn from the 2011 Forbes 500 List. A Study on Exploring Antecedents of Relationship Dissolution in Organization-Public Relationships • Bitt Moon, Syracuse University & Sung-Un Yang, Indiana University at Bloomington • The purpose of this study was to explore antecedents of relationship dissolution in the context of organization-public relationships. Particularly, the researchers focused on antecedents to lead the relationship termination. A survey with 1,111 respondents was conducted to test the proposed hypotheses. The results suggested that distrust and dissatisfaction had significant effects on relationships either directly or indirectly. Furthermore, our findings indicated that there were differential impact of dissatisfaction and distrust on the relationship termination. Locating image management in public relations research: A content analysis of image-related studies published in the last two decades, 1991-2011 • Elmie Nekmat, Karla Gower & Lan Ye, University of Alabama • This study reviews the status of image management research in public relations and extrapolates important trends for future research and theory-building. A content analysis of research published in public relations (n=90), organization and business studies (n=122), and communication (n=49) from 1991 to 2011 was conducted. Findings reveal an increasing trend of image-related research in public relations. However, no specific image management public relations theories or concepts were utilized in the studies. “We’re Not the Only One with the Crisis”: Exploring Situational Variables in an Extension of Situational Crisis Communication Theory • Hyun Jee Oh, Nanyang Technological University & Hyojung Park, San Diego State University • This study examined how crisis consistency and consensus in product-harm crises affect post-crisis outcomes, such as crisis responsibility attribution, corporate reputation, and behavioral intentions. An experiment revealed that lower crisis consensus led to more responsibility attribution to the organization, while higher crisis consistency increased anger, trust, perceived reputation, purchase intention, and negative word-of-mouth intention toward the organization. In this attribution process, anger was an effective mediator between consistency and other post-crisis outcomes. Keeping It Real: Exploring the Roles of Conversational Human Voice and Source Credibility in Crisis Communication via Social Media • Hyojung Park, San Diego State University & Glen Cameron, University of Missouri • This study examined the effects of conversational human voice and source on crisis communication outcomes, using a 2 (tone of voice: human/organizational) _ 2 (source: public relations executive/private citizen) _ 2 (crisis response: defensive/accommodative) mixed experimental design. Results of path analysis and ANOVA indicate that first-person voice and personal narratives increased perceptions of social presence and interactivity in online communication. These perceptions subsequently resulted in positive post-crisis outcomes, such as reputation and behavioral intentions. Hegemony, self-disciplining, and stigma among public relations professionals: Exploring Foucault's concept of bio-power • Katie Place, Saint Louis University & Jennifer Vardeman-Winter, University of Houston • This qualitative study of 20 public relations practitioners examines power in public relations through the lens of bio-power – the control and management of human life through regulatory and discursive forces (Foucault, 1978; Macey, 2009; Vogelaar, 2007). Results suggest that bio-power exists as a) hegemonic knowledges of "brokering information," "shaping public opinion," "adding value," and "pleasing people;" b) disciplining forces of a workaholic culture and self-censorship, and c) stigmas illustrating public relations as "spin" or "fluff." Developers’ Views about Public Meetings in the Context Public Relations Theory • Geah Pressgrove & John Besley, University of South Carolina • This study uses qualitative interviews (n = 25) to explore the mental models that real estate developers hold for public meetings, including their goals for such engagement and their views about participants. Developers were the focus because past research has failed to address views about engagement from the private-sector perspective and developers are often involved in public meetings. Explicating and Investigating Stewardship Strategies on Nonprofit Website • Geah Pressgrove, Brooke Weberling & Erik Collins, University of South Carolina • Stewardship has been called the critical fifth step in the public relations process nonprofit organizations employ to develop relationships with various publics (Kelly, 2001). The purposes of this study are to explicate the meanings of the four stewardship strategies (responsibility, reporting, reciprocity and relationship nurturing) and, employing a quantitative content analysis of nonprofit websites, to further understand how top nonprofits deploy these strategies online. Findings indicate differences based on organization type and web page. Beyond Reactive Public Relations:  How a Delphi Study of New Technology Informs Professional Practice • Adam Saffer, Michael Kent, Pop Rebeca, University of Oklahoma • This Delphi study assembled a panel of communication scholars and experts to identify trends and issues of online communication technologies. Since the current research has narrowly focused on specific tools, the broader issues of social media and technology have been overlooked. The findings from the study support the power of social media and suggest a mobile future for public relations practice. The essay provides recommendations for practitioners. What Contributes to Public Relations Professionals’ Own Conflict: Life Affecting Work • Hongmei Shen, San Diego State University & Hua Jiang, Towson University • Based a national random sample (N = 820) of PRSA members, we studied three types of family responsibilities and salaries of professionals as stressors of their life-work conflict experiences. Results found the three types of life-work conflict subject to varied impact of family responsibilities while levels of behavior-based life-work conflict dependent on practitioners’ salary level. The story of life-work conflict is not as simple as a choice between “career vs. life.” Seeking an Updated Understanding of the Public Relations – Journalist Relationship in the Age of Social Media • Dustin Supa, Boston University & Lynn Zoch, Radford University • Understanding how to effectively practice media relations is of utmost importance to public relations practitioners.  Part of that practice is an understanding of the relationship between journalists and public relations practitioners, and another part is deciding what to present to the media in terms of newsworthiness. Using survey research, this study found great agreement about newsworthiness, but a significant difference in how the two professions view each other. Predicting Digital and Social Media Adoption Based on Organizational and Practitioner Characteristics • Kjerstin Thorson, Burghardt Tenderich, Jerry Swerling, Niku Ward & Brenna Clairr O'Tierney, University of Southern California • This paper draws on a survey of senior-level public relations and communications practitioners to provide a new empirical look at the adoption of digital and social practices across a diverse set of organizations and to model adoption as a function of practitioner attitudes and organizational variables. We also offer a test of the relationship between digital/social media use and perceived value of the PR function in the organization. Motivations and Antecedents of Public Engagement on Corporate Social Networking Sites • Sunny Wan-Hsiu Tsai & Rita Linjuan Men, University of Miami • Corporate pages on social networking sites (SNSs) have become the key platform where online stakeholders interact with companies. This study explored the motivations and antecedents that drive publics’ engagement with corporate SNS pages. A conceptual model explicating the effects of social relationship factors on public-organization engagement on SNSs was tested through an on-line survey of 280 Facebook users across various age groups. Public Relations and Public Diplomacy:  A Divided Past, a Shared Future • Antoaneta Vanc & Kathy Fitzpatrick, Quinnipiac University • This paper assesses the status and scope of public diplomacy research by public relations scholars, revealing substantial theoretical and practical links between the two fields. The results indicate growing interest among public relations scholars in public diplomacy and tremendous potential for public relations to contribute to the intellectual and practical development of public diplomacy as a critical resource for protecting and advancing national and global interests. Considering familial, sociopolitical, technological, and other factors in a cultural approach to risk communication • Jennifer Vardeman-Winter, University of Houston • Culture is an essential but difficult context within which to situate risk campaigns. This study employed a cultural study with 39 teen girls to learn what personal, familial, education, sociopolitical, and technological/media factors influence their decision-making about the Gardasil vaccine. Findings suggest that girls largely make risk decisions based on their social identities as expressions of their culture. Propositions are made about how to re-consider risk communication using cultural studies. From Awareness to Advocacy: Understanding Nonprofit Communication, Participation, and Support • Brooke Weberling, University of South Carolina • This paper explores public support for nonprofit organizations by studying a specific fundraising event, Relay For Life, benefiting the American Cancer Society. Using an online survey of undergraduates (N=514), this research employs the situational theory of publics and the theory of reasoned action to explore communication and participation behaviors related to the health issue and organization. Multiple analyses show how the variables combine to represent a continuum that might help explain nonprofit support. The influence of Confucianism on the Legitimacy of Chinese Organizations • Shuo Yao & John Brummette, Radford University, & Luo Yi, Montclair State University • The literature on organizational legitimacy makes the argument that organizations must adhere to the value-driven standards inherent in the cultures in which they operate.  Using a quantitative content analysis of Chinese Fortune 500 companies’ websites, this study examines the strategic legitimation efforts of Chinese organizations.  Twenty-nine value clusters were identified in the analysis, some of which strongly demonstrate the influence of Confucianism on Chinese organizations (e.g., harmony, national-interests oriented, and self-regulation). Student Papers Crisis Attribution in News Articles: A Study of the Effect of Labeling on Corporate Reputation • Alyssa Appelman & Michelle Asmara, Pennsylvania State University • This experiment explores the relationship between labeling of a corporate crisis and corporate reputation. Participants read a news article about a corporate crisis and answered questions about perceived organizational responsibility, intent, locus, negative impression of the organization, degree of trust in the organization, and corporate reputation. The results do not show a relationship between labeling and corporate reputation. Explanations, directions for future research, and implications for public relations practitioners are explored. Are Public Radio Stations Creating Opportunities for Dialogue on Their Web Sites? • Joshua Bentley, University of Oklahoma • Public radio stations serve their communities and rely on those communities for financial support. Both academic and practitioner literature has recognized the importance of relationship building in effective fundraising. One tool for building relationships is an organization's Web site. This study applied Kent and Taylor's (1998) five principles of dialogic Web design to the Web sites of 200 public radio stations. A content analysis revealed that public radio site score high on two of the five dialogic principles. However, there is room for radio stations to improve their sites. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed. Winning Hearts and Building Community:  An Analysis of Basic Rights Oregon’s “Love. Commitment. Marriage.” Campaign • Erica Ciszek, University of Oregon • This case study of Basic Rights Oregon, a state-based LGBT advocacy organization, considers the strategies and tactics employed by a local advocacy organization within the context of the national marriage debate. This research demonstrates how an advocacy organization, through political public relations, uses multiple media platforms to communicate particular emotionally and socially framed messages in hopes of gathering public support for political policies. How to minimize corporate social responsibility (CSR) cynicism in younger generations: Exploring trickle effects of social partnerships • Daewook Kim, Texas Tech University • This study was primarily aimed at exploring trickle effects of social partnerships on CSR cynicism in younger generations. Overall, the results of this study indicated that CSR cynicism was differently associated with attitude toward CSR campaign and perceived CSR efficacy, according to types of social partnerships. In addition, attitude toward CSR campaign and perceived CSR efficacy was differently associated with either communal relationships or organizational identification, according to social partnership conditions. Social Media as a Relationship Strategy: Twitter’s Impact on Enhancing Brand Loyalty • Zongchao Li, University of Miami • This study examined the relationship strategies on Twitter as represented by U.S. retail corporations. A content analysis was conducted comparing the tweets of two groups of retailers — a brand loyalty leader group and a Fortune 500 group. Findings indicate the brand loyalty retailers used Twitter more in a two-way communication manner, while the Fortune 500 group were more one-way oriented. Two relationship maintenance strategies, positivity and assurance, were found significantly different between the groups. A Fight for Legitimacy:  A Case Study of the 2011 Education Union Crisis • Paquette, Michael, University of Maryland • This case study furthers the understanding of the post-crisis/learning phase of a crisis by examining the Wisconsin Education Association Council’s response to a legitimacy crisis in February 2011.  Using the theoretical frameworks of reflective management and the discourse of renewal, the study found that the education union demonstrated organizational learning through: increased engagement with stakeholders, an organic response to the crisis, and rearticulating its core values. CSR-crisis relevance on the public’s blame attributions • Hanna Park • This study examined the main effects and interaction effects of type of crisis (victim or preventable crisis), severity of damage (minor or severe crisis), and CSR-crisis relevance (relevant CSR, irrelevant CSR, or no CSR) on the public’s blame attributions and its perceptions of attitude, trust, reputation, and supportive behavior intention toward a company. A total of 360 general consumers were recruited for an online experiment based on a fictitious company brand. Strategic Partnership with Nonprofits in Practicing CSR: The Mediating Role of Perceived Altruism and Organizational Identification on Supportive CSR Outcomes • Hyejoon Rim & Jaejin Lee, University of Florida • To provide insight for a company determining ideal nonprofit partners, this study investigates how prior company reputation, nonprofit brand familiarity, and fit between the company and nonprofit influence supportive CSR outcomes. The study also examines the critical mediation role of perceived altruism and public-organizational identification in such associations. The results show the significant direct effects of company reputation, nonprofit familiarity, and cause-brand fit on supportive CSR outcomes. The Role of the Organization in Networked Social Capital: A Political Public Relations Model of Social Capital Building • Adam Saffer, University of Oklahoma • Social capital is an emerging buzzword in many social science disciplines and the field of public relations (Ihlen, 2005) that explains the significance of social relations in our communication. The emerging literature of political public relations has yet to consider the concept of social capital. This essay introduces social capital to political public relations scholarship and builds a theoretical model that explains how organizations use their relationships with publics to achieve political objectives through mediated channels. E-mobilization and empowered health activism: How social media changes the mutuality between Korean health activism and its external counterparts • KyuJin Shim, Syracuse University • This case study explores how the Korea Leukemia Patient Group (KLPG) uses social media in its internal communication strategy and how that empowers its relationship with external counterparts. The findings of this study indicate that the local health NGO’s communication strategy is changing in response to the increased effectiveness and impact of social media. With the use of social media like Twitter, the KLPG can construct an issue-based advocacy group quickly and effectively. Identifying Social Media Influencers: Using Network Mapping to Track Information Flows in Online Interest-Based Publics • Kathleen Stansberry, University of Oregon • This research examines the use of online network analysis methods to identify and map the communication patterns of influencers in interest-based publics. Using the network analysis program IssueCrawler, this paper maps the link pattern among members of the online young adult cancer community. The results of this study show that online network analysis can be a highly effective tool to identify influencers and provide valuable information for public relations practitioners working with online publics. Examining the Effect of Organizations’ Interpersonal Approach in Social Networking Sites • Kang Hoon Sung, University of Florida • People use social networking sites mainly for interpersonal communication. Thus, corporate communication focusing on promotional activities might create negative sentiments toward the company on those platforms. This experimental study examined the effect of organizations’ interpersonal approaches (e.g., non-promotional messages, interaction) in social networking sites using real and fictitious companies. The results revealed that people evaluated a company more positively when the company was highly interactive with customers. A Comparative Content Analysis of Fortune 1000 Corporate Communication Strategy on Facebook and Twitter • Weiting Tao & Christopher Wilson, University of Florida • This quantitative content analysis of corporate Facebook and Twitter sites examined: 1) the extent to which Fortune 1000 corporations used Facebook and Twitter to communicate with stakeholders; 2) the communication strategies these corporations adopted for Facebook and Twitter; and 3) the consistency of communication strategies used on both social media sites. The results have practical application for leveraging multiple social media platforms and theoretical implications for the use of social media for public relations. Corporate Web Site Communication with Investors: The Relationship among Employee Size, Profitability, and Web Site Communication • Nur Uysal, University of Oklahoma • This study examined S&P 500 petro-chemical corporations’ use of Web sites to communicate with investors—shareholders, potential investors, and analysts. The findings of a Web site content analysis suggested that Web site public relations efforts facilitate dialogic communication with investors. Using data from Compustat and CRSP datasets, a pair-wise correlation analysis and a multiple regression analysis revealed that companies with more employees and larger profits tended to provide more dialogic features on their Web sites. Measuring BP Media Relations Outcomes Post Spill: An Illustration of How Public Relations’ Effects May Be Overestimated • Brendan Watson, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill • A survey examined whether journalists’ (N=126) assessments of BP media relations predict public relations outcomes following the BP oil spill. The study found that the BP-journalist relationship predicted journalists’ attitudes toward the industry’s degree of corporate responsibility. Current research methods advanced in the professional and scholarly public relations literature, however, overestimated this relationship. The importance in public relations research of using multivariate models to control for variables outside of the organization-public relationship is discussed. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8538 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/schol-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 18:33:41 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8541 Faculty Friend or foe? Media advisory boards the norm at four-year schools; Most advisers give high marks for priorities, performance • Lei Xie, Fairfield University; James Simon • This exploratory study seeks to determine how often Media Advisory Boards exist and what factors correlate with a school having such a board. This study, based on a national survey of members of the College Media Advisers organization (N = 157), is designed to provide baseline data on such questions as how boards differ in title and size, what characteristics of a school help explain differences in the composition of a board, and what are the most common functions of a board. Framing “BONG HiTS 4 JESUS”: A content analysis of local newspapers’ coverage of the Supreme Court’s decision in Morse v. Frederick • Karla Kennedy, University of Oregon • This study examines the effect of the Supreme Court's decision in the student speech case, Morse v. Frederick (2007) also known as “Bong Hits 4 Jesus.” Newspaper articles were content analyzed utilizing framing theory. Results indicated that the media framed the case to be more about illegal drug usage than student free speech. The State of Scholastic Journalism in South Dakota: A Microcosm of Changes Across the Country • Chuck Baldwin; Lyle Olson, South Dakota State University • For more than 35 years, problems facing the student press have been dissected so that the primary issues are clear: funding, curriculum pressures, teacher/adviser training, censorship, minority involvement. A 1996 survey found that scholastic journalism in South Dakota is no different from the rest of the country. But since then, financial pressures have increased, curriculum changes have been mandated, in part, by the No Child Left Behind Act, and technology has changed the journalism landscape. Scholastic Journalism Teacher Use of Digital Devices and Social Networking Tools • Bruce Plopper, University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Anne Fleming Conaway • Given adolescents’ ever-increasing use of digital devices, and calls from governmental officials to incorporate more technology into classroom activities, a survey of scholastic journalism advisers in a poor, largely rural state was conducted to determine how they used digital communication devices in their teaching. Results showed lack of funding, lack of teacher experience, and lack of administrative permission suppressed use of several devices, while student-owned devices were used for a variety of journalism-related purposes. High School Student Publications As Public Relations Tools: What Historical References Say About Such Use/Misuse • Bruce Konkle, University of South Caorlina • Today’s high school publication advisers and staffers primarily prefer to think of student newspapers and yearbooks as journalistic endeavors, not public relations tools covering only positive aspects of a school. Creating Collegiate Media Opportunities in the Classroom Using Social Media: A Case Study of Experiential Learning • Cindy Royal, Texas State University • Classroom experiential learning projects can extend the benefits of student media to more participants. Social media tools offer efficient and cost effective ways to engage students that allow them to publish their work, promote events and to enhance their professional networks. A case study of one such project is performed to assess the ability to create engaging and productive experiences within journalism curricula. Educating for Freedom & Responsibility: Lessons from the First Amendment Schools Project • Cynthia Mitchell, Central Washington University • This paper is a case study of the First Amendment Schools project, the most comprehensive and ambitious program ever undertaken to educate K-12 students in how to use and practice their First Amendment freedoms. The lessons learned include that school reform programs need to build in sustainability, provide ways to spread their lessons beyond the schools initially targeted for reform, and build in key measures of accountability. Of Black Armbands and Pink Boobie Bracelets: Should Pink Be This Year’s Black? • Genelle Belmas, Cal State Fullerton • In 2011 and 2012, federal district courts handed down opposite decisions on the question of whether middle school students should be allowed to wear silicone bracelets emblazoned with “I ♥ Boobies!” One case is now on appeal to a federal appellate court. This paper examines the cases and the precedents and suggests that these bracelets, even though they contain a slang term that some may consider vulgar, should be protected as political or social discourse. Student Journalism's Next Generation? How High School Journalists View the Future of Journalism • Joseph Dennis, University of Georgia; Amy Sindik, Univeristy of Georgia • This study of more than 150 high school journalists shows that they are a highly media literate group that has tremendous respect for traditional print media, but expresses concern over where the industry is heading. This concern is causing many students to avoid majoring in journalism. Even though many propose that journalism will be mostly consumed online and on mobile devices in five years, most students see the traditional print newspaper surviving the digital tide. Negotiating Identity and High School Journalism: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Class & Sexuality • Eddie Madison, University of Oregon • The United States is experiencing several dramatic shifts in culture and demography. Nearly 36% of the nation’s population self-identify as minorities; women are now the majority in the workforce; and an increasing number of states are acknowledging same-sex relationships –– yet inequities persist. Against a backdrop of contradictions, members of America’s increasingly diverse student population strive to assert their identities and chart their futures. This qualitative study focuses on Palo Alto High School, which is widely. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8541 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/viscom-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 18:40:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8544 The icon of the Egyptian revolution: Using social media in the toppling of a Mideast government • Sadaf Ali, Wayne State University; Shahira Fahmy, University of Arizona • On June 6, 2010, policemen beat 28-year old Khaled Said to death on a public street in Alexandria, Egypt. In less than one week a Facebook page ‘We Are All Khaled Said’ was created. The page became the most popular Facebook entry in Egypt, attracting almost half a million users. It posted images of him smiling juxtaposed with graphic battered pictures of his face. These images made available in social media make the studying of such visuals of interest to both professional and citizen journalists. Hot Metal, Cold Reality: Photographers’ access to steel mills • Howard Bossen, Eric Freedman, & Julie Mianecki, Michigan State University • Hot Metal, Cold Reality explores how photographers gained access to steel mills and how the type of access gained influenced their image-making. It explains legal and ethical issues associated with gaining access to industrial sites, as well as how the right to publish or exhibit may be restricted even after access is granted. It incorporates extensive face-to-face interviews and uses archival documents and images to illuminate challenges facing photographers of steel and industrial facilities. Richard as Waking Nightmare: Barthesian Dream, Myth, and Memory in Shakespeare’s Richard III • Brian Carroll, Berry College • This paper applies French semiologist Roland Barthes’s conceptions of sign, symbol, metaphor, and myth to Shakespeare’s Richard III, focusing in particular on the playwright’s use of dreams and dream worlds in the creation of a national memory. The fascination with dreams and dream worlds by Elizabethans, a more than passing interest reflected in the era’s drama, is well documented and extensively researched, and by or from many different disciplinary perspectives. Images of Injustice: A Visual-Rhetorical Analysis of Inside Job • Anthony Collebrusco, University of Colorado – Boulder • Since media in the United States are increasingly visual, the field of rhetoric must consider images and text when addressing persuasive media. The 2010 documentary film Inside Job argues for political reform in the United States through explicit logical appeals, but also visual symbolism. This paper uses a visual-rhetorical analysis, Barthes' three message analytical tool, to deconstruct three different sequences in the film and explicate the anti-inequality messages within them. Seeing the world through a different lens: Examining visual gatekeeping via East African photojournalists’ experiences with news organizations • Steve Collins, University of Central Florida; Kimberly Bissell, Gyro Newman, University of Alabama • The present study used in-depth interviews with four Western photographers working in East Africa to examine visual gatekeeping in the context of new media and in the context of news flow outside of the United States. Using gatekeeping and media sociology theories to guide the study framework, four photographers were interviewed to discuss their views on the way news content is produced and distributed from the East African countries of Uganda and Kenya. A story of a somber remembrance: Visual framing and iconicity in the 10-year commemorative coverage of 9/11 • Nicole Dahmen & Britt Christensen, Louisiana State University • The goal of this study is to understand how the news media—specifically newspapers—visually told the story of 9/11 ten years later, and in doing so, how they visually “framed” our collective remembrance of that significant day. In addition, this study considers the tenants of iconicity in studying news photographs. Through analysis of 170 photographs, researchers found that visual frames of the physical site of the attack and the people affected dominated coverage. She Poses, He Performs: A Visual Content Analysis of Male and Female Professional Athlete Facebook Profile Photos • Betsy Emmons, Samford University & Richard Mocarski, University of Alabama • Using branding theory and a content analysis of the visual components of male and female professional athlete Facebook profile photos, this study suggests that hegemonic gender portrayals persist in visual representations of athletes. Female athletes were more likely to pose for the photos and smile while male athletes were more likely to look away from the camera and be in motion. Athletes most often were visually represented in their uniforms, while sexualized visual portrayals of athletes of either gender were not affirmed in this study. Picture This: Employing Social Proof To Identify Media Bias • Michael Friedman, Michigan State University • The research presented in this study will compare photographic news coverage on Twitter of the Occupy Wall Street Protests from two competing New York City tabloid newspapers on opposite sides of the political spectrum, the New York Post (conservative) and New York Daily News (liberal). The study applies the principles of social proof to determine if photographic coverage of the protest by both tabloids can be used to show support or rejection of the movement. A tale of two icons: Photographic representations of reconciliation In Peru and Guatemala • Robin Hoecker, Northwestern University • This paper examines the photographic icons used by the Peruvian and Guatemalan Truth and Reconciliation Commissions. By examining the symbolic elements embedded in the photographs and the conditions in which they were produced, this project explores how the images could be understood to represent the commissions’ different approaches towards reconciliation. Of special interest are how the images address the concepts of “truth” and “justice.” Picturing the World • Hwalbin Kim & Soo Yun Kim, University of South Carolina • Through a quantitative content analysis, this study examines how the international news photographs are presented in three major U.S. newspapers – The New York Times, the Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times – from 1984 to 2005. With time, the whole amount of international news photographs considerably increased. The study found that three major U.S. newspapers conveyed world images as an unbalanced way in showing regions and topics. Adopting Situational Ethics in Photojournalism • Yung Soo Kim, University of Kentucky • Photojournalists frequently face serious ethical dilemmas in choosing between acting as dispassionate observers and “Good Samaritans” while documenting human tragedy. Using an online experimental design with multiple stimuli, five situational characteristics were tested. Results showed that ordinary citizens (N=100) generally adopted a situational ethics rationale rather than insisting on an absolutist or utilitarian rationale. It is clear that certain, if not all, distinguishable situational characteristics are indeed important in assessing photojournalistic behavior. The iconic Situation Room image and its appropriations: A study of Internet memes and their rhetorical messages • Natalia Mielczarek, University of Iowa • A day after the Osama bin Laden mission in May, 2011, the White House released the now iconic Situation Room image, which became an Internet meme. This study set out to find out why people appropriated the icon, what rhetorical messages they wanted to convey and how social media helped in the meme replication process. The central finding was that some of the intended rhetorical messages of selected memes were not always communicated. The study relied on three qualitative methods, including interviews with meme producers, to answer posed research questions. How the Visual Fits into the Framing Process • Sarah Merritt, American University • As visual communication as a discipline is new, this literature review serves as a comprehensive review of visual framing literature in order to develop and combine visual framing concepts and theoretical approaches into a more unified paradigm. Within the fractured paradigm of framing theory itself, visual framing is distinguished apart from conventional framing through a concept explication in this paper. Visual framing is then positioned back in the appropriate location in the framing process. Storytelling with Interactive Graphics: An Analysis of Editors’ Attitudes and Practices • Jennifer Palilonis & Mary Spillman, Ball State University • Are interactive graphics an important storytelling tool? Are they cost effective in this digital age? This study finds that while editors value interactive graphics, few newspapers devote prime website real estate to graphics, making it difficult to assess their worth. The authors also use the results of a national survey, a content analysis and personal interviews to determine the frequency with which graphics are produced and to identify the barriers to their production. A Poker Face: Rhetorical Analysis of Prototypical Images of Luxury Brand Advertising • E. Soo Rhee, University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire & Wan Seop Jung • By analyzing advertising visuals in visual rhetorical perspective, this study aimed to reveal how luxury brands advertising creates aspirations and fantasies for purchasing these luxury brands. Commonalities found from analyzing the luxury brand ads in visual rhetoric perspective were that ads were either highlighting its brand image or the users’ image. Ads either arrange the product or the user in the center of the ads with ample blank spaces, or position in the middle of disorder. The Influence of Mood and Symbolic Value on the Evaluation of Destination Logos • Sela Sar, Lulu Rodriguez, Suman Lee, & Supathida Kulpavaropas, Iowa State University • This study examines the effects of mood and symbolic value on the evaluation of destination logos. It hypothesized that mood differences activate either holistic or analytic cognitive processing styles that, in turn, influence country logo evaluations. The results show that people in a positive mood engaged in holistic elaboration and consequently evaluated country logos more favorably than those in a negative mood. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Visual Exploration of Environmental Issues • Michelle Seelig, University of Miami • Though controversy regarding the scientific data continues, the focus of this research pertains to the overwhelming visual proof of global warming. Many photographers have taken to visually document environmental concerns to raise public awareness of environmental issues concerning endangered cultures, threatened environments, global warming, and other social issues relevant to conserving and protecting our natural resources. The Visual Representation of Campaign Communication: Candidate Images in Partisan Blogs • Shuo Tang, Indiana University • Through a framing analysis of 546 candidate images published on 10 partisan blogs during the early stage of the 2012 presidential campaign, the present study discussed how partisan bloggers visually framing the presidential candidates. The results suggested that partisan blogs did not represent their preference fully by framing image structures or showing certain candidate traits. They did, however, illustrated certain facial displays of candidates to show which party they supported and which they disapproved of. Framing the Bureau: Legitimacy and the Public Relations Photographs of Hoover’s FBI • Jennifer Tiernan & Matthew Cecil, South Dakota State University • This study asserts that the public relations photographs created by the FBI were selected specifically to communicate legitimizing themes of science and responsibility along with the steady leadership of Director J. Edgar Hoover. Those themes, evident throughout the body of photographs reviewed for this study were public relations messages intended to portray the FBI as a dispassionate, useful and careful agency, publicly countering critics who frequently charged the Bureau was too powerful, an “American Gestapo.” Multimedia Use on News Websites: A Look at Photo Slideshows and Videos Through the Uses and Gratifications Theory • Jin Yang, Rachelle Pavelko, & Sandy Utt, University of Memphis • Undergraduate students were surveyed about their motivations to view photo slideshows and videos and to identify which variables might predict the use of them. Employing the uses and gratifications theory, salient motivations identified were the multimedia elements’ “realistic content” features and the “physical” and “mental relaxation” functions. Demographic variables didn’t predict multimedia use, but the frequency of visits to news websites and perception of innovativeness had the greatest impact on predicting use. Does Negativity Prevail? A Content Analysis of Award-Winning News Photos • Carolyn Yaschur, University of Texas – Austin • Photojournalists understand the impact of emotion in their images, in particular negative emotion. Adding to the evidence of a negativity bias, a content analysis of winning photos from the Pictures of the Year International contest revealed winners were more likely to depict negativity. Adults and international subjects exhibited more negative emotions than youth or those in the United States. Visual stereotyping was also found with regard to age and international subjects. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8544 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/ccj-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 18:44:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8549 Cynics and Skeptics: Evaluating the Credibility of Mainstream and Citizen Journalists • D. Jasun Carr; Matthew Barnidge, University of Wisconsin - Madison; ByungGu Lee, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Stephanie Jean Tsang; Joshua Villanueva • With the increase in citizen-generated news, the need to understand how individual predispositions interact with this shift in source becomes increasingly important to understand. This study begins to explore this question, with a focus placed on the perceived credibility of a citizen journalist and his mainstream counterpart. Our results indicate that media skepticism is purely dispositional, applied uniformly to both media outlets, while political cynicism interacts with message source to influence perceptions of credibility. Whose news? Whose values? Citizen journalism and journalistic values through the lens of content creators and consumers • Avery Holton, University of Texas - Austin; Mark Coddington, University of Texas at Austin; Homero Gil de Zuniga, University of Texas – Austin • As user-generated content and citizen-driven forms of journalism have risen to prominence alongside professional media production, they have presented a challenge to traditional journalistic values and processes. This study examines that challenge from the perspective of the creators and consumers of citizen-driven news content, exploring their perceptions of citizen journalism and the professional tenets of good journalism. The relationship between citizen journalism and development communication • Tyler Jones, University of Alabama; Wilson Lowrey • This study examine the conditions in which a citizen journalism site may be more or less likely to adopt aspects of development communication, a field that applies communication to socioeconomic betterment. As a participatory media form, citizen journalism overlaps with certain aspects of development theory, and certain conditions in the U.S. suggest development communication may be increasingly relevant. Crowdfunding for Civic Journalism: An Analysis of Story Content and Publication on Spot.Us • Marianne McCarthy, California State University, Northridge • Crowdfunding is becoming a popular means of financing independent projects. For journalism, crowdfunding allows online community members to contribute to the financing of story ideas that interest them. This study analyzed 113 articles on the website Spot.Us for content, donations and publication placement. The research determined that journalism produced there did not conform to traditional news topics, focused mainly on local and regional stories, attracted mostly non-commercial funding, and were disseminated through non-traditional media outlets. In their own words: Teens find a voice in their communities through working with youth news websites • Jeffrey Neely, University of North Carolina Wilmington • This study examines the experiences, motivations and challenges of youth who participate in producing original news content online. Within a general conceptual framework of community building, the researcher applies the constant comparative method of grounded theory to derive emergent themes relating to teens’ experiences in generating news in their own words. Specifically, the researcher conducted 24 semi-structured in-depth interviews with youth news producers and the adult advisors who work with them. Citizen Journalism 3.0: A Case Study of the Twin Cities Daily Planet • Mary Lou Nemanic, Pennsylvania State University-Altoona • Despite the popularity of citizen journalism, there have been few micro-studies that examine the structures and practices of online participatory journalism news sites.  This paper provides a case study of the nonprofit the Twin Cities Daily Planet, based on in-depth interviews with the staff and some of its contributors, and examines how the roles of journalists have changed now that collaborative journalism has become so widespread. New Institutionalism and a Business Model for “Social Journalism” • Mark Poepsel, Loyola University New Orleans • Finding a sustainable model for participatory journalism matters for democratic participation the world over, and it matters for a certain type of social cohesion built around the shared discourse of an informed electorate. This paper outlines the emergence of a form of journalism called “social journalism” in which information gathering and dissemination are conducted as parts of an ongoing conversation rather than as more of a one-way “lecture and listen”. The New Storytellers for Community Reclamation: Emerging News Non-Profits • Sue Robinson, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Magda Konieczna, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This essay begins a scholarly response to the questions: Who are the new non-profit journalists? What do they aim to accomplish? Textually analyzing the mission statements of the non-profit news organizations, the researchers qualitatively approach these questions. A descriptive typology categorizes the myriad groups in America as of 2012, offering a snapshot of this burgeoning industry. The evidence shows that these groups aim to re-connect citizens with news about public affairs through a rebuilding of trust and also to create a new kind of relationship borne of mutual understanding and agency in information co-production. Twitter as “a Journalistic Substitute”? Examining #wiunion Tweeters’ Behavior and Self-Perception • Aaron Veenstra, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Narayanan Iyer; Fawaz Alajmi, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Rajvee Subramanian, Southern Illinois University; Chang Sup Park • Twitter has been cited as a key factor behind a number of recent protest movements. Through interviews with heavy users of the #wiunion hashtag, this study examines the motivations and perceptions behind its usage during the 2011 Wisconsin labor protests. Findings suggest these users see a blurred boundary between citizen journalism and activism, but that their Twitter behavior is driven in part by distrust of traditional news sources and a desire to present an alternative. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8549 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/comjig-2012-abstract/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 18:47:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8551 Faculty Making Hyperlocal News: An Exploration of the News Values and Perceived Roles of Journalists Working in Local, Independently Owned Online News •Michael Horning, Bowling Green State University • Popular media reports have observed a new phenomenon called hyperlocal news. This research uses a survey method to explore this emerging form of local media. It first explores the demographic characteristics of hyperlocal news sites. Next it reports on the perceived roles and values of hyperlocal journalists. Findings show most hyperlocal sites are not as “hyper” local as media suggest and that they are less diverse and fairly traditional in their approaches to journalism. “Letters from home” Intimacy in the Norwegian community press • John Hatcher, University of Minnesota Duluth • By many indicators, Norwegian newspaper readership habits are some of the highest in the world (Ostbye, 2010). While the larger, regional newspapers have seen declines, the last forty years have witnessed an explosion of local, community newspapers that parallels the decentralizaton of the Norwegian government (Host, 1999). In a 2010 visit to Norway, journalists from local newspapers across the country were interviewed to explore the role they see for themselves in a culture where the community newspaper has such value. The findings suggest the community situation in Norway appears to be a collective vision of the community, discouraging actions that would draw attention to the individual. Journalists, it would appear, are expected to understand the boundaries of a community. Student Experiences in Community Journalism: A Case Study of Two Universities • Lisa Paulin-Cid • Students at a large public university and a smaller HBCU have been collaborating on a community newspaper project to serve a marginalized area of a local city. Through interviews, researchers found that despite some similarities, students from large and small programs get different things out of the experience. Additionally, students felt community journalism was very different from working for the campus newspaper, indicating value in expanding curricula to provide more experiential learning in community journalism. Youth connection: Promoting community ties and positive values in scholastic and non-scholastic online youth-generated news • Jeffrey Neely, University of North Carolina Wilmington • This study conducts a qualitative content analysis of 14 youth news websites to derive themes within a broader theoretical context of community attachment. The results show that while some content on these sites references specific community concerns of interest to a general local audience, the real value of these platforms is that they provide a resource for building positive interpersonal ties and promoting constructive personal values among members of the community, particularly youth. Fighting spirit: Competing hyperlocal sites outmatch legacy newspaper’s efforts • Barbara Selvin, Stony Brook University • A competitive market for community news drives online hyperlocal sites to produce full community reports regardless of ownership structure, this case study finds. Corporately owned and independent hyperlocal sites in Riverhead, NY, produced timely news reports on a range of issues and events while a regional legacy newspaper’s hyperlocal effort trailed in both breadth and timeliness. If You Build It, Will they Come? An Exploratory Study of Community Reactions to an Open S ource Media Project in Greensburg, Kansas • Samuel Mwangi, Kansas State University; Steve Smethers, Kansas State University; Bonnie Bressers, Kansas State University • This exploratory study seeks to ascertain whether community engagement behaviors among residents of Kiowa County, Kansas, and their attitudes about the new community information portal affect their intentions to contribute content. Results indicate that while most residents are engaged and have a favorable view of this citizen journalism project, technology-based communication hubs pose unique challenges beyond civic engagement that creators of information hubs should consider. Undocumented Workers and Immigration Reform: Thematic vs. Episodic Coverage in a Rural Kansas Community Daily • Michael Fuhlhage, Auburn University • This qualitative historical case study examines how the Garden City Telegram, a small community daily newspaper, diverged from an episodic, conflict-driven frame for the debate over 1980s and 1990s immigration reform. Qualitative textual analysis of opinion pieces, locally originated articles, and wire stories in the Telegram found it promoted community dialogue by including Latino leaders in the conversation. It emphasized thematic coverage that explored the reasons for immigrants’ presence and contributions to life in southwest Kansas. Student Conversation Starters: A Study of Interactivity on Community Press-Supported Facebook Pages • Michael Clay Carey, Ohio University • Using Sheizaf Rafaeli’s three-level approach to online interactivity as a foundation, this study examines possible relationships between some basic elements on the social networking website Facebook and the propensity of readers to engage in interactivity on Facebook pages maintained by community newspapers. Ten community newspapers were analyzed because personal familiarity and engagement tend to be more common among their readers. This content analysis suggests connections between interactivity and the phrasing and subjects of Facebook posts << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8551 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/esig-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 18:51:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8555 All This Has Happened Before: Battlestar Galactica as a Dialogue on the War on Terror • Laura Osur, Syracuse University • The purpose of this study is to explore how Battlestar Galactica addresses issues related to the War on Terror.  As science fiction critics Darko Suvin, Carl Freedman, and Frederic Jameson have suggested, the genre has a unique ability to address sociopolitical situations.  Through a textual analysis, I find that Battlestar Galactica pushes the audience to reconceptualize war and terrorism by presenting multiple perspectives on questions related to violence, terror, and humanism.

Animation Growing Up: Hollywood is Adding Adult Humor in Children’s Animated Films • Chelsie Akers, Brigham Young Uniersity; Giulia Vibilio • Children’s animated films have held a lasting influence on their audiences throughout the decades. As adults co-view such films with their children Hollywood has had to rewrite the formula for a successful animated children’s film. This study concentrates on the idea that a main factor in audience expansion is adult humor. The results show that children’s animated films from 1995-2009 are riddled with many instances of adult humor while in films from 1980-1994 use adult humor sparingly.

Breaking Drug War Hegemony or Reinforcing the Bad? Illicit Drug Discourses in AMC’s Breaking Bad • Katrina Flener, Temple University • This paper examines the first four seasons of AMC’s critically-acclaimed series Breaking Bad in terms of its representations of illicit drug use, the drug trade, and associated policy considerations.  Relying on critical discourse analysis, this research attempts to understand how the basic cable series supports and/or challenges dominant ideology about illicit drug use, the drug trade (both here and in Mexico), and the United States’ drug war policies.

Buffy the Stereotype Slayer • Nichole Bogarosh, Washington State University • Great strides have been made in breaking down barriers and stereotypes – in deconstructing what it means to be a woman and a man - in our society.  However, despite these strides, there is much yet to be done.  Stereotypes remain and women are still constructed within our society as the weaker sex – the not-powerful, subject to the rule and whims of men.  Stereotypes still promote the subordination of women by men.

The cathartic effects of narrative entertainment through contemplation: Examining the mediating role of self-perceptions on health outcomes after fictional drama exposure • Guan-Soon Khoo • In response to its disputed status in communication research, a new catharsis theory for media psychology is examined in a controlled experiment. One hypothesized model was tested, and two exploratory models were investigated. Mediational analyses found weak trends towards the hypothesized effects through unfavorable meta-emotions and self compassion as mediators. Further, significant indirect effects were found via emotional self-efficacy. Results provide initial evidence for the cathartic effects of cinematic tragedy and human drama.

Dancing with the Binary: Heteronormative Expectancies and Gender Inclusiveness on Dancing with the Stars • Betsy Emmons; Richard Mocarski; Rachael R. Smallwood, University of Alabama; Sim Butler, The University of Alabama • The celebrity-based television reality show Dancing with the Stars (DWTS) has been praised for having a diverse cast during its reign as a favorite prime-time competition show. Using a content analysis of gender performance based on Trujillo’s (1991) tenets of hegemonic masculinity along with a femininity binary opposite, this study affirms that heteronormative behavior persists on the show, even while varying genders are included.

De-spiritualization, de-contextualization, and the “politics of repression”: Comparing The/Whale Rider’s competing texts • Robert Peaslee, Texas Tech University • This paper seeks to couch Niki Caro's film Whale Rider (2002), especially in comparison with the novel from which it was adapted (The Whale Rider, published in 1987 by Witi Ihimaera), in an ongoing tradition in New Zealand film which Martin Blythe (1994) terms the “politics of repression.”

From Heroic Hawkeye to the Morgue Playboy:  Shifting Representations of Health Professionals and Patients in 1970s and 1980s Television • Katie Foss, Middle Tennessee State University • From the 1930s until the 1960s, film and television consistently depicted doctors as infallible heroes who almost always cured their patients.  By the 1970s, the cultural climate had begun to shift, as people moved from celebrating to criticizing modern medicine and the healthcare industry.  This research explored how Marcus Welby, M.D., M*A*S*H, Emergency!, and St. Elsewhere constructed medicine in the midst of this changing environment.

Get Rich or Die Buying: The Travails of the Working Class Auction Bidder • Mark Rademacher • By documenting working class bidders consuming used goods circulated through an alternative marketing system during an economic downturn, this essay argues the reality program “Storage Wars” represents a “potentially disruptive” cultural text. However, its emphasis on the formal and economic aspects of auction bidding, the economic value rather than use or aesthetic value of used goods, and the limitations of working class cultural capital the program ultimately reinforces rather than disrupts the dominant consumption ideology.

Gloomy Euphoria or Joyous Melancholy? Nostalgic Experiences of MMORPG Players in China: A Qualitative Study • Hang Lu, Marquette University • As predicted by Newman (2004) one of the three modern trends in future gaming is retrogaming. Retrogaming is a subculture in which gamers return to play some old computer games, including the most popular genre of online games, massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). In order to examine gamers' psychological motivation for returning to some old MMORPGs and their psychological experiences in retrogaming from the perspective of nostalgia, this study interviewed 65 Chinese gamers of a classic MMORPG, StoneAge.

The Greatest Entertainment Ever Sold: Branded Entertainment and Public Relation Agencies’ Role in Product Placement • Kathy Richardson, Berry College; Carol Pardun • The use of product placement as a publicity tactic has exploded, as Spurlock’s 2011 documentary “The Greatest Movie Every Sold”—and its lead sponsor POM Wonderful demonstrated. But brands have moved from their satirized and now almost routine appearances in feature films into genres including television shows, video games, books, plays, music recordings, music videos, blogs and social media networks such as Twitter and Facebook, even in “advergames” that may be accessed online, creating a strategy Jean-Marc Lehu (2007) has called “branded entertainment, …entertainment by or in conjunction with a brand” (p. 1).

Have We Ever Experienced Remade Fan Video as Visual Poaching on YouTube? • Keunyeong Kim, Pennsylvania State University • As media technology develops, it became harder to avoid the convergence of cultural studies and medium theory (Meyrowitz, 2008). In fact, the advance of interactive new media has accelerated fan cultures by providing a vast proliferation of both text-based and image-based spaces (Jenkins, 2006a, 2006b).

I know you are, but what am I? Adolescents’ third-person perception regarding dating violence • John Chapin, Penn State • A survey of adolescents (N = 1,646) documented third-person perception regarding media depictions of dating/relationship violence. It also contributes to the growing literature documenting optimistic bias as a strong predictor of third-person perception and draws from the optimistic bias literature considering new variables including self-esteem, self-efficacy, and experience with violence.

Is Cheating a Human Function? The Roles of Presence, State Hostility, and Enjoyment in an Unfair Video Game • J.J. DeSimone, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Li-Hsiang Kuo; Tessa Verbruggen • In sports and board games, when an opponent cheats, the other players typically greet it with disdain, anger, and disengagement. However, work has yet to fully address the role of AI cheating in video games. In this study, participants played either a cheating or a non-cheating version of a modified open source tower defense game. Results indicate that when an AI competitor cheats, players perceive the opponent as being more human.

Is Fat the New Black?: The Impact of Multiple Exposures of Mike & Molly on College Students Attitudes Toward Obesity and Body Image • Cynthia Nichols, Oklahoma State University; Bobbi Kay Lewis, Oklahoma State University • The study examines on college students’ opinions about obesity and body image based on the after watching the CBC program, Mike & Molly. Using a quasi-experimental design, college students’ attitudes toward obesity and body image were measured through pre- and post-testing. Participants (N=135) were either in a single-exposure or a multiple-exposure group.

It’s Still All In Your Head: Revisiting the Parasocial Compensation Hypothesis • Phillip Madison; Lance Porter • In America socializing with friends is now a functional alternative to watching television. This study draws from research on intrapersonal communication and media effects, to ask “What functions and characteristics of parasociability predict compensation for real-life interaction?” We combined data from two surveys, arguing that parasocial thinking, when functioning as internal rehearsal and self-understanding, and is characterized by variety and self-dominance, predicts parasociability as compensation for human interaction. Retroactive parasocial thinking negatively predicted compensation.

Judging a book by its cover: Using Q Method to examine millennials’ perceptions and expectations of classic novels • Katherine Patton • The purpose of this study is to explore the ideas of what makes an effective book cover and what attempts have been made to pull in a new, younger audience. This research examines the different types of millennials and their interests in reading and/or purchasing classic novels based solely on the visual presentation of the book cover.  This study, in using Q methodology, allowed similarities among college students to emerge based on the cover types and styles that would entice them to buy or not buy a book.

The Kardashian Phenomenon: News Interpretation • Amanda McClain, Holy Family University • The name “Kardashian” is a contemporary cultural touchstone, regularly connoting warrantless celebrity, voluptuous beauty, and a flash-in-the-pan marriage.  The appellation is scattered throughout mainstream press, recurring in seminal newspapers and tabloid magazines alike.  Regardless of this apparent popularity, media coverage of the family is often adverse.

The Kardashians made me want it:  The effects of privileged television on emerging adults’ materialism • Emily Acosta Lewis, University of Wisconsin-Madison • A survey was given to 18-29 year olds (N = 733) to examine the relationship between privileged TV (shows that glamorize wealthy lifestyles) and materialism in young adults by looking at mediating processes of this relationship. The results show that there is a positive relationship between privileged television exposure and materialism and that the there are many complementary mediating processes that can help to explain this relationship (e.g. upward comparison and materialistic learning).

May Self-Efficacy Be With You: Self-Efficacy in Star Wars Online Fan Communities • Alexis Finnerty, Syracuse University; Dan Amernick • We examine the role of creative and technical self-efficacy in the online fan community. By surveying producers of fan-made Star Wars music videos to find out how their self-efficacy levels relate to the number of videos they upload, we conclude that creativity is more important to fan video producers than technical skills. We found a slight positive correlation between higher creative self-efficacy levels and uploads, and a negative correlation between uploads and technical self-efficacy.

Men on The Wire: A textual analysis of ‘the most realistic depiction of a newsroom ever • Patrick Ferrucci, University of Missouri; Chad Painter, University of Missouri • This study investigates how fictional print journalists were portrayed on The Wire. Portrayals of journalism on television could influence audience perceptions of real-life journalists. The researchers used a cultural studies approach focusing on contextualization to analyze the text of all 10 episodes aired during The Wire’s fifth season, paying special attention to latent meanings of verbal and visual features.

Portlandia Tracks the Music Industry into the Age of Digital Media • Elia Powers, University of Maryland-College Park • Portlandia, an Independent Film Channel (IFC) comedy series that affectionately satirizes Portland, Oregon’s hipster culture, represents an unprecedented success by individuals to use the web to turn a video project into a network television series. Its format, niche-oriented content and narrative structure fit with the way that increasingly fragmented audiences consume media in the digital age. While Portlandia episodes are the traditional thirty minutes, sketches rarely run longer than three minutes and are easily understood independently of each other.

Real or Fiction? Perceived Realism, Presence, and Attitude Change in Reality Programming • Emily Dolan; Laura Osur, Syracuse University • This study investigates the effects of perceived realism and presence on attitude change from both first and third person perspectives.  Furthermore, this study aims to extend the scholarship on presence and attitude change to the realm of reality television.  Results indicate that viewing a show that is perceived to be reality, as opposed to fiction, does not lead to higher levels of presence.

The reality of it all: Navigating racial stereotypes on Survivor: Cook Islands • Patrick Ferrucci, University of Missouri; Margaret Duffy • This study investigates how race was depicted on Survivor: Cook Islands. This particular season of the reality television program divided contestants by race into four distinct tribes. Television helps people make sense of the world around them and informs their understanding of the unfamiliar. Racialized depictions may amplify racism and polarization. Using social identity theory as a framework, we argue that this division and focus on race simply reinforced stereotypes, promoted the concept of Whiteness and furthered in-group, out-group divisions.

Scripted Sexual Violence: The Association between Soap Opera Viewing and College Students’ Intentions to Negotiate Sexual Consent • Stacey Hust; Ming Lei, Washington State University; Weina Ran, Washington State University; Chunbo Ren, Washington State University; Emily Marett, Mississippi State University • Sexual assaults are frequently portrayed on soap operas in ways that reinforce rape myths and may perpetuate sexual assault. Research has identified that viewing soap operas is associated with sexual behaviors in general. However, little research has investigated the association between viewing soap operas and the sexual consent negotiation behaviors that play a crucial role in reducing sexual assault.

Sex and Violence in Billboard’s Most Popular Songs:  A Content Analysis of Sexual and Violent Content in Mainstream Music Lyrics • Stacey Hust; Weina Ran, Washington State University; Kathleen Rodgers, Department of Human Development • Listening to music continues to be a popular activity among young people. Research has identified that music content contains more sexual content than other medium. Portrayals of sexual activity, violence and derisive terms against women are prevalent in music media. Most previous research, however, has focused on the prevalence of sexual and violent content in rap/Hip-hop music.

Story, Music, and Disposition Theory • Mark Shevy, Northern Michigan University; Lauren Larsen; Carolyn Tobin; Aubrey Kall • Disposition theory states that moral evaluation of characters and perceived justice are central factors in determining enjoyment of media. Music psychology provides evidence that music can influence evaluation of characters. This is the first study to empirically investigate the role of music in disposition theory. Initial results from an experiment suggest that music does influence variables central to disposition theory. The effects of the music can vary based on the ending presented in the story.

Traditional vs. Entertainment News: A Study of Framing and Format Effects on Consumer Perceptions • Holly Miller, University of Minnesota School of Journalism and Mass Communication and University of Minnesota Law School; Whitney Walther, University of Minnesota • Entertainment media make up a multi-billion-dollar industry, and celebrity news has seeped into traditional news sources, such as network nightly newscasts, 24-hour cable news channels, and widely circulated publications. More people report knowing about Lindsay Lohan’s 90-day jail sentence for violating her probation than the Prime Minister of Israel’s visit to the White House. But what do people think about the celebrities they read and hear about?

What Happens to the “Cream of the Crop?” The Representative Anecdote in AMC's Mad Men • Erika Engstrom, UNLV • The author employs the representative anecdote to examine how disparate narratives of highly capable women in the period drama "Mad Men" combine to tell the story of gendered relationships, particularly marriage. Although the experiences of these characters are not exactly identical, the “variations on a theme” contained in their experiences return their disparate texts form a common story tells us of the negative consequences for women who choose to make their careers life priorities.

<< 2012 Abstracts

]]> 8555 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/glbt-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 18:53:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8559 Faculty An Eminent Illustrator and the Man Behind the Man: J.C. Leyendecker and Charles Beach • Rodger Streitmatter, American University • This paper focuses on the relationship between J. C. Leyendecker, the most successful American magazine illustrator during the early 1900s, and his same-sex partner Charles Beach, who played critical roles in the artist’s success. Hundreds of Leyendecker’s hand-painted images appeared on the covers of such leading magazines as the Saturday Evening Post and Vanity Fair, and hundreds more images appeared in advertisements. Much of the artist’s success was due to the behind-the-scene creative and business decisions that were made by Beach. Student Covering the other: A historical analysis of the Stonewall Uprising and GLBT rights movement • Chad Painter, University of Missouri • In the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, New York police officers raided the West Village bar the Stonewall Inn. Similar raids had happened before, but this time was different because those inside the Stonewall Inn fought back. This historical study focused on the New York media’s coverage of the Stonewall Uprising, with an emphasis on two front-page articles in the July 3, 1969, edition of The Village Voice. I See Gay People: Exploration of Television Program Types, Acceptance of Homosexuals, and the Para-Social Contact Hypothesis • Dave Wilcox, University of Wisconsin - Madison • An analysis of program types found preferences for television programming genres correlate with acceptance of homosexuals when measured against support for same-sex marriage. This research seeks to provide support for the para-social contact hypothesis, previously shown to be present at the individual program level, at the program genre level. Significant positive relationships were found in information and entertainment programming, indicating content need not center on same-sex characterizations to affect acceptance levels. Stars, Stripes, and Gays: Coverage of the ‘don’t ask, don’t tell’ repeal in military news • Paige Madsen, University of Iowa • This study examined the framing of the repeal of the “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy in the military paper, Stars and Stripes. Textual analysis of both original stories and reader comments reveal three main themes: one of challenges or obstacles, one of social experimentation, and one of homosexuality being wrong. Broadband Bugchasers: The digital, physical, and social habits of those who purposely give/contract HIV • Cory Weaver, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications - Syracuse University • This study digs deeper into the community of people who purposely contract and spread HIV and seeks to develop a greater understanding of these individuals using digital ethnography. Rather than focusing on the surface details of what bugchasers and giftgivers do, this study seeks to provide in-depth analysis of how this community functions online, how they negotiate their own social deviance, and offers a revised theory of why bugchasers and giftgivers engage in such risky behaviors. Aliens in the Closet: Representations of LGBT Characters in American Science Fiction Television Programs • Laura Osur, Syracuse University • This paper problematizes the symbolic annihilation of LGBT characters in science fiction television programs. Through a textual analysis of American science fiction programs, I find that science fiction shows are willing to represent diverse, strong, and three-dimensional LGBT characters who are in intimate physical relationships with same-sex partners, although there are too few of these characters. Science fiction television is well suited to present LGBT issues in radical, progressive, and important ways. Clearing the Bench: Framing the 2010 Iowa Fight Over Gay Marriage • Shawn Harmsen, University of Iowa • This framing analysis of newspaper coverage of the 2010 Iowa Supreme Court Justice Retention vote identifies dominant and subordinate frames in media coverage of the race, and considers the ways in which those frames may have helped shape the outcome of the election, which was itself largely seen as a referendum on gay marriage in the state. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8559 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/grad-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 18:56:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8563 Refugee Status: Tracing the Global Flows of M.I.A. • Brian Creech, University of Georgia • This paper studies how Sri Lankan pop star M.I.A. forms an ideal site for the textual study of globalized identity, particularly amid discourses of state power, terrorism, and violence. Rooted in the literature of media and terrorism and grounded in post-colonial theories of hybridization, this study analyzes M.I.A. and her music as globalized media objects, looking at how they use hip-hop as a cultural form to constitute a dual identity of refugee and interest in order to launch a critique of state power. Can the General Learning Model predict more than Antisocial and Prosocial Behaviors?  The Links among Video Games, Mental Well-being, and Physical Fitness • J.J. DeSimone, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Given their nearly ubiquitous presence in the American and larger, global society, it is important to study how video game play may affect people on the physical and mental level. The General Learning Model predicts either prosocial or antisocial behaviors based on the content of video games. However, the model ought to be able to predict additional behaviors; limiting the predictions to just antisocial and prosocial behaviors, while important, is not reflective of the diverse content and ways in which players interact in game worlds. Preparing PhDs: a survey of journalism and mass communications doctoral course faculty • Jack Karlis, University of South Carolina; Caroline Foster, University of South Carolina; Matthew Telleen, University of South Carolina • This research describes PhD level course and program outcomes, expectations and rigor by surveying journalism and Mass Communications faculty nationwide. Our findings also look at differences in those outcomes among academic ranks. We find that a commonly held view of the requirements and value of a journalism and mass communications phd exists across all levels of faculty. U.S. Media Frames of Egyptian Revolution Participants • Andrea Guzman, University of Illinois at Chicago • In early 2011, the Egyptian people protested for 18 days to force out President Hosni Mubarak. The drama surrounding the Egyptian Revolution received record-breaking news coverage in the United States. This study aims to understand how two U.S. news organizations, CNN.com and FoxNews.com, portrayed key players in the revolution: the anti-government protesters and Mubarak and his government. Grounded in framing theory, this study employs critical discourse analysis to identify the media frames that characterize the revolution participants. Rethinking and Reexamining Theories on Information Age • Chia-I Hou • This paper examines scholars’ discourses on the coming of the Information Age. It starts by discussing scholars who measured the emergence of the Information Age in the early 1960s. Machlup and Galbraith used economic indicators, followed by the exploration of network and knowledge sharing, which is a crucial process in the formation of the Information Age. Ellul (1964) paralleled humanity with technology as a “system,” and Mumford (1966) coined the term “megamachine.” Determining the Ethical Duty of Public Relations Practitioners within the Online Space • Katie Ingold, Saint Louis University • As the role of the public relations professional adapts to the ever-evolving media landscape of today, it has become increasingly important to develop relevant codes for ethical decision making to ensure its role as a credible communicator. This exploratory study looks at the transitioning ethical role of the public relations practitioner in a digital age by uncovering practitioners’ motivations to act ethically, along with key online communication dilemmas. Tracing African Mass Communication Research Trends From 1980 To 2009 • Kioko Ireri, School of Journalism Indiana University-Bloomington • This research traces African mass communication research trends in the last three decades – from 1980 to 2009. The study analyzes methodological approach, data collection methods, medium of focus, use of theories, use of hypotheses or research questions, and country of study focus in articles published in two journalism and mass communication journals. Findings show that qualitative research approach dominated during the period with historical research being the most popular data collection method. Framing protest: A discourse analysis of US TV news coverage of the Iraq War protests on February 15th, 2003 • Anmol Kalsi, University of South Carolina; Matthew Ross, University of South Carolina • The authors analyzed transcripts of TV news broadcasts with a view to determine how the major networks framed the Iraq War protests. The findings reveal that the majority of coverage was episodic in nature and that the dominant frames depicted the protesters as anti-American, ill-informed and extremists. This study further suggests that a great deal of uniformity permeated the coverage, signaling a worrying symbiotic relationship of complicity between the state and media. Media Coverage Regarding the International Conflict Stemming from NDM-1 • Jihye Kim, University of Florida • The observation of the three international newsprint media coverage presented noteworthy results concerning the controversy of the antibiotic resistant bacteria, NDM-1. The social representation theory was applied to examine the international relevance within the United States, United Kingdom, and India while establishing the media definition of NDM-1. An application of media framing was utilized to provide an analysis of headlines and content media coverage of NDM-1. Younger generations’ use of social media for college athletics: A uses and gratifications approach • Daewook Kim, Texas Tech University • This study examined characteristics and trends in the ways college students utilize social media for college athletics. The results of this study suggested four motivations—entertainment, information seeking, social interaction, and surveillance—for using social media of college athletics. Thus, information seeking and social interaction motivations, both motivations for using social media for college athletics, were related positively to gratification of social media use for college athletics. Effects of anonymity on online group opinion polarization • June Yung Kim, University of Florida • As the number of Internet users has rapidly increased in past few decades, effects of computer-mediated communication (CMC) have been studied by many researchers. However, researches on impacts of an anonymous online setting has showed mixing results. This paper tries to provide a conceptual model about how anonymity of CMC settings leads to group opinion polarization rather than diverse opinions among individuals. Factors from societal and individual levels are taken into consideration in the model. The Tiger Woods Scandal in the Media: Measuring Attribute Effects on the Public • Claudia Kozman, Indiana University • This study examines the Tiger Woods sex scandal using second-level agenda-setting, compelling arguments hypothesis, and attribute priming as its theoretical structures. A content analysis of print and broadcast media is employed to determine the dominance of scandal stories in general, and the “sex/adultery” attribute in particular. This study also uses attribute priming to measure the presence and direction of opinion in the public. The data come from a nationally representative survey of the American public. Spectacularizing queers: How young females are embraced by the media industry in South Korea • Jungmin Kwon, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign • This paper concerns itself with the role of media and their institutional actions in the commodification process. In particular, it aims to investigate what kinds of roles the media industry plays in the commodifying process, the process by which the popular culture of South Korean female adolescents became marketable, and how its consumers, young South Korean women, responded to the commodification of their culture. The Changing Nature of Information Exchange for Online and Social Network Site Political Participation: A 2008 to 2010 Comparison • Timothy Macafee • Examining what types of people participate politically online as well as distinguishing between online and social network site participation may illuminate their impact on political processes. Using representative sample survey data, the current study compares the relationship between individual orientations and information seeking and sharing behaviors across both online and social network site participation in 2008 and 2010. The results indicate differences between both time and type of participation. Describing the Shared Experiences of Being a High School Journalist: A Phenomenological Study • Adam Maksl, University of Missouri • Using the qualitative method of phenomenology, this paper describes, in detail, the essence of the shared experience of being a high school journalist. The study found four themes to be present in the experience of the high school newspaper editors: high school journalism is real journalism; being a high school journalist conflicts with being a regular student; high school journalism is about its didactic purposes; being a high school editor is about leadership. Have We Moved? A Content Analysis of Food Advertising Aired during Popular Children’s Programming • Charles Meadows; Cui Zhang • Given the fact that childhood obesity rates in the U.S have tripled over the past 30 years, health communication practitioners are paying great attention to media content in terms of food and beverage commercials targeting children. This study analyzed food and beverage commercials aired on programming most likely to be viewed by U.S. children on five networks during three months (May to July). Presidential Crisis Communication in Environmental Disasters:  A Content Analysis Comparing White House Responses to Hurricane Katrina and the BP Deepwater Horizon Disaster • Cayce Myers, University of Georgia; Nicola Corbin • This study is a content analysis of the White House communications concerning Hurricane Katrina and the BP Oil Spill using Coombs’s crisis communication matrix and crisis frames. Findings show both administrations employed similar crisis communication strategies as prescribed in Coombs’s (1995) flowchart as well as the similar frames to characterize these disasters. Particular strategies were employed by various officials suggesting political crisis communication is affected by the speaker and the timing of the communication. Journalists Back to School: Korean Journalists’ Perception on Further (Continuing) Education • Sangwon Park • This study investigates Korean journalists’ perception on further education issues. In order to explore further, this study adopted two forms of analysis: a secondary analysis of surveys carried out by the Korea Press Foundation (KPF) regarding “Journalists’ Perception on Further Education/Continuing Education,” and an analysis of interviews conducted with former Korean journalists currently studying at American institutions. A Case Study of Grantmakers’ Use of Technology as a Public Relations Strategy • Geah Pressgrove, University of South Carolina • This pilot study explores what the leadership of South Carolina-based foundations feel is the value of their experience with participatory online strategies, also known as Web 2.0.  Through in-depth interviews with relevant dominant coalition staff, the author investigates how, when and why technology-driven communications are utilized by foundations, and grantmaking organizations as part of public relations initiatives. Attention Please! Why Facebook Use is not Enough To Make People Buy From Facebook Ads • Heather Shoenberger, University of Missouri; Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia • This study sought to explore the relationship between frequency of social media use and levels of advertsing trust on social media. Practitioners of advertising may use our findings to note the vital importance that trust plays in advertising in the social media environment. It should also be noted that the social media environment may be significantly different than more traditional media such as news websites, magazines or television. How News Media Use Affects Political Discussion in a Transitional Society: Evidence from the China Survey • Jia-Wei Tu, Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong • This study is an investigation of the relationship between use of news media and political discussion in a transitional society with fast-changing media landscape. With the analysis of rare national-scale survey data in China, the author argues that embedded in the socialist political system, the traditional mainstream media, particularly the newspapers and TV news, play the major role in generating and sustaining discussion concerning political issues in Chinese society today. A Lame Law: A History of Criminal Libel • A.Jay Wagner, Indiana University • The paper traces the history of criminal libel, from its origin in England's infamous Star Chambers to its odd current status. A particular focus is given to the original intention of the law as a protector of society's best men and as a method for sustaining public order. As our society has matured and law developed, criminal libel has become unnecessary and redundant, used only intermittently and inconsistently. In Media We Distrust: The Interplay of Message, Context and Media Trust on Political Evaluations • David Wise, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Bryan McLaughlin, University of Wisconsin, Madison • This experiment tests the effects of the interplay of media trust, media context and message content on attitudes and support for a candidate. A national adult sample viewed a candidate profile on either the candidate’s website or CNN.com, and the profile contained either subtle or explicit religious cues. Those high in media trust who saw the CNN profile rated the candidate highest, but only when it contained subtle religious cues. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8563 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/icig-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 18:59:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8565 Gender, Personality Attributes, and Predictors of Career Success in Media Professions • Roger Cooper, Ohio University; Tang Tang, University of Akron • This study, developed through established theoretical foundations in psychology and vocational choice, explores the role of gender in assessments of which attributes are most important for career success in the media industries. Forty-two attributes were assessed by current media professionals (N=1,122).  t tests revealed significant differences between women and men on 17 of the 42 attributes measured. Help Wanted 2011:  An examination of job skills required by top U.S. news companies • Lynn Owen, Peace College; Deb Wenger, University of Mississippi • In order to prepare journalism students for the dynamic nature of the industry, it has become more important than ever for educators to stay abreast of the evolution of skills and attributes that are most important for employment and success in the journalism profession today. Get With the Program: A Content Analysis of Undergraduate Advertising Program Websites • Erin Schauster, University of Missouri; Joonghwa Lee, Middle Tennessee State University; Patrick Ferrucci, U of Missouri; Seoyeon Kim, University of Missouri, Missouri School of Journalism; Kim Sheehan • Today’s digital age and increasing competition to attract students to higher education mandate an online presence. Prospective students, interested in a career in advertising, must be able to access information that is well-developed and thoughtfully presented. This research is one of the first to examine the prospective student’s access to advertising education information online. A content analysis of 143 advertising program websites was conducted based upon 20 variables. Reshaping the Classroom & Workplace Communities?: Millennial Graduates Rate Their Job Skills & Professional Characteristics • Vicki Todd • In this study, Millennial communications graduates rated themselves based on job skills and professional characteristics at their first job position after college graduation versus their current job position after gaining industry experience. The graduates rated eight job skills as significantly more outstanding in their current position, although entry-level job skills were in the above average and outstanding ranges. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8565 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/pcig-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 19:04:18 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8567 Bamboozling the Public? Developing a Theory of Strategic Misinformation • Michelle Amazeen, Temple University • This paper explores whether there is any relationship between how candidates are perceived by the public and whether candidates distort claims in their political ads.  A theory of strategic misinformation hypothesizes that candidates are more likely to use inaccurate claims in their attack ads for dimensions on which their opponent is perceived more favorably. Caustic comments: Measuring incivility in online comments and testing its effects on political participation • Ashley Anderson; Michael Xenos; Dominique Brossard; Dietram A. Scheufele • In this study, we use computer sentiment analysis to analyze the content of online comments in blogs and news stories between November 2010 and January 2012. Results reveal that, on average across two distinct issues, 17% of online comments contain an uncivil tone. Follow-up experimental analysis among a sample representative of the U.S. population demonstrates that exposure to uncivil comments following a newspaper blog post decreases likelihood to participate in a public forum. When political comedy turns personal: Humor types, audience evaluations, and attitudes • Amy Becker, Towson University; Beth Haller, Towson University • The current study brings together research on the effects of political comedy with a focus on disability studies and disability humor. Satire surrounding David Paterson, New York’s first blind and African-American governor, is featured as stimuli in an experiment conducted during Spring 2011. The results compare the differential impact of exposure to self-directed humor and other directed hostile-humor on evaluations of humor types, favorability ratings, perceptions of disability, and attitudes toward blindness. Framing in the last fifteen years: Examining definitions, citations, mechanisms and antecedents across fifteen disciplines • Porismita Borah • A content analysis was conducted of the framing literature from 93 peer-reviewed journals for fifteen years. First, every journal in the Journal Citation Report, (ISI) identified as a “communication journal” was included. Second, keyword searches in electronic databases were used. Findings reveal most common definitions, most cited framing scholars, psychological mechanisms, and the antecedents of frames. The variables are examined across fifteen different disciplines. Future directions are discussed. Is Facebook making us dumber? Exploring social media use as a predictor of political knowledge • Michael Cacciatore, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Sara Yeo; Leona Yi-Fan Su; Doo-Hun Choi, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Michael Xenos; Dietram A. Scheufele; Dominique Brossard; Ashley Anderson; Jiyoun Kim; Elizabeth Corley, Arizona St. University • Two-thirds of adult U.S. Internet users report using social networking sites (SNSs), such as Facebook, MySpace or LinkedIn (Madden & Zickuhr, 2011). Perhaps not surprisingly, Facebook is most popular, with more than 130 million active American users at the end of 2011 (Mitchell, Rosenstiel, & Christian, 2012). Need for Orientation, Selective Exposure and Attribute agenda setting effects: Change versus Reinforcement • Lindita Camaj, University of Houston • This study explores the interaction between the concept of need for orientation (NFO) and selective exposure to explain citizen’s motivations to seek information from specific media sources and the consequences of this behavior for attribute agenda setting effects. A Tale of Political Trust at the National and Local Levels: Examining Media Effects on Political Trust in China • Chujie Chen, City University of Hong Kong; Mengqian Yuan • Compared with Western people, the Chinese were reported to have higher level of trust in national political institutions than in the local ones. Employing secondary data from ABS (Asian Barometer Survey), this paper examined the media effects on national political trust and local political trust, and the significant gap between the two levels. Logistic regression coefficients indicated that the gap of political trust in China was associated with Internet exposure, trust in traditional media, social trust, and perceived corruption of government. Stumbling Into Action: How Incidental Exposure and News Consumption Influence Social Capital and Civic Participation • Mark Coddington, University of Texas at Austin; Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Texas at Austin; Thomas J. Johnson, University of Texas at Austin • As the rise of social networking sites has increased the breadth of information to which online media consumers are exposed, researchers have begun to more closely examine the social and political effects of incidental exposure to news online. This study builds on that research by measuring the relationship between online incidental exposure to news and social capital and civic participation, particularly in how they interact with overall news use. Covering the Veil: France 24.com and CNN.com’s Framing of the French Burqa Ban • Sally Ann Cruikshank, Ohio University; Joachim Hechinger • This study examines how France24.com and the U.S. edition of CNN.com framed France’s burqa ban, which went into effect on April 11, 2011.  Results showed that both websites primarily framed the ban as a human rights issue.  France 24 covered the ban in a negative tone in two-thirds of its stories, while CNN’s coverage of the issue was mainly neutral.  The findings contradict the propaganda model, which suggests media coverage often reflects the policies of their government. The Effects of Social Media on Political Participation and Candidate Image Evaluations in the 2012 Iowa Caucuses • Daniela Dimitrova, Iowa State University; Dianne Bystrom • Much academic debate has centered around the impact of new online technologies on democracy. This study examines the effects of social media on political participation and candidate image evaluations in the first-in-the-nation Iowa caucuses. Multivariate analyses show that social media have no effects on likelihood of caucus attendance, but significantly influence perceptions of candidates among the sample of Iowans drawn here. The implications of these finding for future political communication research are addressed. Discourse architecture, issue stances, and democratic norms in online political discussion • Deen Freelon, American University • Studies of political discussions online have been dominated by approaches that focus exclusively on deliberation, ignoring other equally relevant communication norms. This study conducts a normative assessment of discussion spaces in two prominent web platforms—Twitter hashtags and newspaper comment sections devoted to particular political issues—applying the norms of communitarianism, liberal individualism, and deliberation. The platforms’ distinct design features and users’ left/right issue stances emerge as significant predictors of normative differences. Civic Responsibility or Consumer Desire: Morning News and Priming Support for a Social Cause • Melissa R. Gotlieb, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Kjerstin Thorson, University of Southern California • This study extends research on media priming effects to investigate whether the news media environment can prime support for a social cause. Consistent with the matching hypothesis, we found that among those high in materialism, exposure to morning news segments focused on consumption, as opposed to civic practices, resulted in a decreased willingness to engage in conscious consumption and make a charitable contribution in support of efforts to reduce bottled water consumption. Parent-Child Communication Patterns, School Political Discussions, News Media Use and Adolescent Knowledge and Political Interest in the 2008 Presidential Election • Chang-Dae Ham; Joonghwa Lee, Middle Tennessee State University; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri-Columbia • The focus in this study concerned whether two family communication patterns, socio and concept oriented, interact with news media exposure and youth classroom experiences with civics. These relationships were examined in a national sample of adolescents 12-17 and their parents. Youth political interest is indeed predicted by some complex interactions of family communication, news media, and classroom communication, but when you look at political knowledge, political interest mediates most all of those effects. Wishful Thinking and Predictive Accuracy in U.S. Presidential Elections from 1952 to 2008 • Barry Hollander, University of Georgia • When asked to predict who will win an election, individuals tend to choose their preferred candidate as the likely winner.  This preference-expectation link, called wishful thinking, and its subsequent effect, predictive accuracy, are explored through analysis of U.S. presidential elections from 1952 to 2008 and an in-depth look at a panel study of the 2008 election.  Several factors are found to enhance and moderate the effect. Who Leads Media Agenda? • Jeong Ran Kim, University of California at Davis • This study examines the roles of official sources and non-official sources in an agenda-building process. Focusing on the Korea-U.S. beef negotiation and second-level agenda building, this study compares the agenda-building influences of the government with influences of activist groups. This paper uses intermedia and intercandidate agenda setting to analyze intersource relationship between the government and activist groups. Partisanship, Message Framing, and the Effectiveness of Negative Political Advertising • Kenneth Kim, Oklahoma State • While voter judgments in the election process emerge through multiple layers of influence, the current study focuses on partisanship as an individual characteristic that may influence how people process negative political advertising messages. The main purpose of the study is to explore interaction between partisanship and gain-loss message framing as a specific persuasive appeal strategically placed in a negative political ad. The obtained data showed the main effects of partisanship on attitudes toward the target and voting intentions. The Effects of Politician’s and Constituency Characteristics on Political Use of Twitter • Cheonsoo Kim, Indiana University School of Journalism • This study examines the effects of factors related to individual politicians and their electoral constituency on political adoption and use of twitter in the context of Korean politics. The results show that, among politician’s characteristics, prominence of politician is significantly associated with political adoption and use of twitter but constituency-related variables do not account for political adoption and use of twitter significantly. Thinking About in Political Comedy: Comparing the Role of Ability on Cognition and Political Attitudes between Late-Night Comedy and Cable News Audiences • Heather LaMarre, University of Minnesota • Using the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) as the theoretical framework, this study examines differential cognitive responses to political entertainment and political news under varying ability to attend to the political messages. Examining news coverage of HPV vaccine policies: Can outrageous claims shift journalists’ focus? • Kelly Madden, University of Maryland • HPV vaccination mandates became a controversial issue in the Republican presidential primary of 2011 when Congresswoman Michele Bachmann made a claim linking HPV vaccines with mental retardation. The medical community lashed out, asserting evidence supported no such link. Bachmann’s comments and the medical community’s response ultimately altered news coverage of HPV vaccination mandates. This paper employs the Health Belief Model to evaluate the inclusion of health information related to vaccination and also analyzes journalists’ dependence on medical professionals as sources. Bibliometric Analysis of Communication and Terrorism Scholarship • Michael McCluskey, Ohio State University; Elizabeth Stoycheff • Bibliometric measures were used to evaluate 20 years of communication and terrorism scholarship, revealing the most-cited articles, most co-cited articles and journal impact factors. Analysis focused on two co-citation dimensions, strength of ties between two articles and centrality of the articles in a network, plus how articles were co-cited. Implications and suggestions for the future are discussed. Belief of Policy? Religious Cues and Voter Evaluations • Bryan McLaughlin, University of Wisconsin, Madison; David Wise, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Scholars contend that correctly applying religious cues is crucial to winning political elections. By conducting experiments on two national samples, we examine whether religious cues gain the support of religious voters when they are not tied to specific policy positions. Our findings provide strong evidence that explicit religious cues turn off those who are not religious, but minimal evidence that religious cues secure votes from those who are religious. Perceptions of Influence On and Of Political Bloggers: A Survey of Top Political Bloggers • Laura Meadows, UNC at Chapel Hill • This study attempted to elucidate the factors that influence political bloggers’ decisions to choose particular blog topics and to analyze their perceptions of the influence of their own work on a variety of outcomes, groups, and issues. A Rhetorical Analysis of Newsmagazine Coverage of The Republican Party as a Social Movement • Kevin Musgrave, University of Oklahoma; Bryan Carr, University of Oklahoma • This paper performs a rhetorical analysis to examine the ways in which the relation between the news media and politicians affect the way that the Republican Party, after the 2008 election of Barack Obama, has been covered in two mainstream news magazines (Time and Newsweek).  Utilizing literature from Thomas Patterson and Todd Gitlin, these authors argue that the Republican Party’s leadership vacuum is being filled by leaders chosen by the media, based upon “newsworthiness”. Does Twitter Motivate Political Engagement?: Tweeter, Opinion Leadership, and Political Discussion • Chang Sup Park • To examine the pattern of how opinion leadership influences political engagement among Twitter users, a web-based survey was conducted. Traditional opinion leadership successfully predicted public-affairs related motivations including information seeking, influencing others, and public expression. Nonetheless, the impact of opinion leadership on Twitter was mediated by these aforementioned motivations. Among three motivations, only public expression was significantly related to political discussion behavior. No significant relationship was found between Twitter use and political discussion. The Radio President: Herbert Hoover on the Great Depression • Youn-Joo Park, University of Missouri • The mass media influence how a president is evaluated during the administration and remembered in history. A U.S. president who suffered from an image problem is Herbert Hoover whose term is negatively linked to the Great Depression. This historical study explores how he used radio to speak to people about the nation’s economic problems. An analysis of Hoover’s radio speeches provides insight on his presidential rhetoric and suggests applications for media relations in modern presidencies. The Use (and Misuse) of Reframed News-Mediated Content in 2008 Presidential Campaign Ads • Chris Roberts, University of Alabama • Exploratory content analyses of ads from the 2008 presidential campaign, and a selection of available newspaper and wire service articles mentioned in those ads, show that campaigns were more likely to cite news stories than opinion pieces inside ads. Campaigns used news-mediated content more often to attack opponents than to acclaim themselves. The analysis identified six general ways that campaigns reframed news-mediated texts that differed from the original meaning created by newspapers and wire services, potentially misleading ad viewers. “Three Versions of Jimmy Carter”: Paul Szep and the Production of Presidential Political Cartoons • Amber Roessner, University of Tennessee; Denae Darcy, University of Tennessee • On February 22, 1976, just two days before the New Hampshire primary, dark horse Democratic presidential candidate Jimmy Carter and his Peanut Brigade were fanning out to suburban homes, office complexes, and factories in an attempt to maintain their momentum after upsetting early presidential favorite Birch Bayh in Iowa. On the very same day, Pulitzer Prize-winning editorial cartoonist Paul Szep offered Boston Globe readers his first statement on Carter. Effects of Opinionated Media and Selective Exposure on Economic Perceptions during Two Presidential Elections • Rosanne Scholl, Louisiana State University; Ashley Kirzinger, Manship School, LSU • Citizens’ perceptions of the health of the economy loom large in Presidential elections. Where do these perceptions originate? Critics have worried that partisan and ideological news media polarize the public, and that political flacks want to manipulate perceptions in favor of their candidates. This study uses content analysis and secondary survey data to examine whether opinionated media and reinforcing selective exposure affect voters’ economic perceptions. The Free Binayak Sen Campaign: Framing to Mobilize Collective Action for Social Change • Siobhan Smith, University of Louisville; Margaret D'Silva, University of Louisville; Nicole Meyer; Greg Leichty, University of Louisville • In 2007, Dr. Binayak Sen, an Indian pediatrician, was arrested and charged with sedition by the Chhattisgarh Government in relation to his prison visits of a jailed Maoist leader. Sen’s case was extensively covered by the Indian media and sparked a grassroots social movement aptly named the Free Binayak Sen Campaign.  This research explored how the messages of a successful social movement were represented and framed in two national Indian newspapers, The Hindu and The Times of India. New Media Influences on Political and Media Disaffection • Younei Soe • This research assesses the impact of new media on two civic dispositions: disaffection toward politics and disaffection toward media.  As a primary method, thirty-one focus groups were conducted with young adults between 18 and 34 at two Midwestern and two East Coast universities. This study found that new media use has both positive (e.g., enhancing healthy skepticism) and negative (e.g., deepening political disaffection and causing confusion and anxiety) influences on civic-oriented outcomes. Talking or Thinking? Pathways from News to Political Learning among Children • Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri-Columbia • Using a three-wave panel data, we tested the cognitive mediation model to explain political learning among children. Panel studies allow a stronger argument for causality. We found that news media use does not exert consistent direct effects on political knowledge. However, news media use predicts news elaboration and news discussion (Time 1) which both lead to subsequent political learning (measured at Time 2 and Time 3). News elaboration also predicts news discussion among children. I’m Done! Causes of Selective Exposure:  Interaction Effects of Incivility and Partisan Incongruence on Dissonance • Stephanie Jean Tsang • This study examines selective exposure by manipulating the tone (civil vs. uncivil) and partisan target (Democrats vs. Republicans) of a blogger’s critique on a news story in an experiment. Incivility is found to amplify the effect of partisanship incongruence on belief-driven dissonance and negative emotion. The emotion aroused in turn mediates the relationship between dissonance and selective exposure, while issue relevance plays a moderating role in the latter relationship. Ratcheting up the grassroots rhetoric: Tea Party candidates and Twitter in the 2010 midterm elections • Jason Turcotte; Chance York • During the 2010 midterm elections 15 Tea Party candidates sought U.S. Senate seats; 95 sought bids to the U.S. House of Representatives; and 8 ran in gubernatorial campaigns. The movement produced a slew of victories in GOP primaries – including Alabama, Alaska, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Kentucky, Maryland and Nevada – in addition to key general election victories. Furthermore, Bachmann and Cain’s 2012 presidential campaigns and the derailment of debt ceiling negotiations suggest Tea Party momentum continues to grow. Explicating the Values-Issues Consistency Hypothesis through Need for Orientation • Sebastian Valenzuela, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile; Gennadiy Chernov, University of Regina, School of Journalism • Previous research has found that values moderate agenda-setting effects, so that when the topics in the media resonate with people’s values, the power of the media to set the agenda is stronger. However, we know little about the process by which values affect issue salience. Using an experiment, this study found that need for orientation-—the key psychological variable in agenda setting-—is a mediator of the values-issue salience relationship. Which Candidates Can Be Mavericks? The Intersection of Issue Disagreement and Candidate Biography • Emily Vraga, George Washington University • In recent elections, candidates have often presented themselves as mavericks, willing to speak hard truths to the American people and counter their party on issues. An experimental study tests whether this approach is equally viable for all candidates. Manipulating the amount of issue disagreement for a feminine vs. masculine candidate demonstrates that a feminine candidate is consistently penalized more harshly for disagreeing with her party. Implications for campaign strategies and political decision-making are discussed. The Civic Engagement and Psychological Empowerment of Micro-blog Usage in China: A Case Study of Sina Weibo • Keyi Xu, School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of HK; Yang Liu, School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of HK • This research focuses on civic engagement and psychological empowerment of Micro-blog in China from the approach of uses and gratifications theory. Sina Weibo, the most popular micro-blog service is taken as a case. Weibo usage is considered from two dimensions, usage pattern and motivation. Usage pattern refers to frequency, and five motivations including interaction, entertainment, expressing, political reading, and passing-time were investigated. Talking as communicators: Effects of group communication, government-citizen interaction, and perceived media importance on online political discussion • Na Liu, City University of Hong Kong; Xinzhi Zhang, City University of Hong Kong • This study makes two contributions to the research aiming at predicting online political discussion. First, it provides support for a theoretical model that better accounts for the relationship among online political discussion, perceived importance of new media, group communication, and government-citizen online interaction. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8567 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/rmig-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 19:05:32 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8570 Faculty Turning the Tide: The Religious Press’ Role in the Passage of the Civil Rights Act • Mike Trice, Florida Southern College • In recent years, much has been said about the religious right’s efforts to play a significant role in policy making in the United States. Such participation by religious groups is not new. This paper examines one of the most aggressive efforts by the church to influence government – the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 – and how the religious press played a significant role in those efforts. Islam, Mediation and Technology • Nabil Echchaibi, University of Colorado Boulder • This paper analyzes how historical reactions to print and writing still inform contemporary Muslim approaches to religious communication. I look at how Muslim jurists and scholars have rationalized their rejection of printing during the Ottoman empire in the 18th and 19th centuries and compare their reaction to how contemporary scholars and popular preachers rationalize their adoption of modern communication technologies both during the modernist period of late 19th and early 20th century and today. Engaging the Congregation: A Mediated Model of Religious Leaders’ Cues, Environmental Concern, and Environmental Behaviors • Jay Hmielowski, Yale University • Scientists continue to raise concerns about threats from environmental problems such as climate change. Concern amongst scientists have increased efforts to create programs that raise public awareness of these issues and citizens to engage in behaviors that reduce the negative impact humans are having on the environment. These efforts include the use of mass media messages to raise awareness about environment problems and suggest ways to change behaviors. Muslim media in the United States and their role in the American Public Square • Mohammad Siddiqi, Western Illinois University • This study focuses on emerging Muslim media in the U. S. and their role in helping Muslims understand and participate in the American public square. A content analysis method is used to analyze the contents of a sample of the leading Muslim magazines and newspapers. The study focuses on the general themes and contents of Muslim media and the shift in themes, contents and priorities over a period of the past ten years. The Megachurch Tweets: How 13 Large Churches are Using Twitter • Sheree Martin, Samford University; Elizabeth Akin; Anna Cox; Ashlee Franks; Rachel Freeny, Samford University; Kadie Haase, Samford University; Ben Johnson, Samford University; Anna King, Samford University; Michael Kline, Samford University; Jackie Long, Samford University; Steven Lyles, Samford University; Megan Thompson, Samford University • This study is a content analysis of all tweets from the primary Twitter account of 13 of the 15 largest churches in the U.S. during the month of February 2012. Results indicate that Twitter is mainly used to promote church activities using a one-to-many broadcast approach rather than conversational and relational communication techniques associated with social media, relationship marketing and relationship management theory. Each of the churches in the study uses Twitter in a different way. Seeing and Not Believing: Concern for Visual Culture in The Humanist • Rick Clifton Moore, Boise State University • A recent study of a publication distributed by a powerful conservative Christian group determined the organization showed strong concern for “visual culture.” The magazine directed readers on how to understand the seen world. The current study analyzes a periodical of an avowedly secular group to understand how they might manifest similar or different concerns. On the whole, The Humanist appears to indicate that visual culture is as important to agnostics as it is to theists. Missing Voices: A study of religious voices in Mainstream Media reports about LGBT rights • Debra Mason, University of Missouri • A three-year sample of news reports about key political issues within the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transexual (LGBT) community showed that when media outlets cited religious leaders, they consistently used sources from Evangelical organizations to speak about LGBT issues, and the messages from those sources were significantly more negative than positive. The media used far fewer religious sources from Mainline Protestant, Catholic or Jewish sources, but those messages were predominantly positive. The Environmental Movement and American Religion in the Network Society: Reconfiguring Hierarchies to Exist within Heterarchical Organizational Structures • Kathryn Montalbano, Columbia University • This essay is concerned with the characterization and appropriation of the environmental movement by three prominent religious institutions in the United States today―Catholicism, Evangelical Protestantism, and Judaism―and how such religious organizations are affirming human responsibility for global warming (though the Christian campaigns seek to protect the humans over the non-humans). Student Christian Communication in 140 Characters or Less • Brittany Pruett • The purpose of this paper is to examine how Christian leaders utilize Twitter. This paper took Rybalko and Seltzer’s (2010) study of dialogic principles in Twitter and applied it to Southern Baptist Theological Seminary president Albert Mohler, using a sample of his tweets from February 2012. This was done by categorizing the dialogic principles based on the two main functions of Christian mass communication, evangelizing non-Christians and edifying current Christians. Rational Choice in Religious Advertising: American Religions Adapt to the Spiritual Marketplace • Andrew Pritchard, North Dakota State University; Julie Fudge, North Dakota State University • Content analysis of television advertising by national religions suggests these institutions have accepted a rational-choice view of their place in American religious pluralism. Their ads employ more generic imagery than religious symbols and emphasize religions’ ability meet psychological and social needs more than traditional benefits of religious participation. Presenting a religion as provider of more than explicitly religious benefits is consistent with active competition for practitioners desiring the best cost-benefit ratio from their religious choice. Holy App! An Exploration of Christian, Jewish, and Islamic iPhone Applications • Wendi Bellar, Syracuse University • The more apps become available for mobile users to download, the more aspects of life that are engaged through mobile technology, including religion and spirituality. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of Christian, Jewish, Islamic iPhone apps using textual analysis of the app pages on iTunes. The intent is to discover what these apps are communicating about religion and also how the apps attempt to help users navigate their religious and spiritual lives. How Buddhism Communicate via Sina Weibo • Meng Shi, American University; Xiao He, American University • Social media is becoming increasingly popular among various business organizations and other interest groups. Religious groups also have begun to use social media to promote their truth claims and attract followers. In China, Buddhist leaders are particularly active on Chinese Twitter-equivalent micro-blogs. This article will take Buddhism as an example to introduce the Buddhism communication activities on Sina Weibo, which is the most popular Twitter-equivalent in China. A Parade Or A Riot: A Discourse Analysis of Two Ethnic Newspapers in Northern Ireland • Dave Ferman, University of Oklahoma • The annual marching season in Northern Ireland has long been the site of ethnic/religious controversy and violence pitting Catholics against Protestants. This study analyzes how more than 80 news stories from two Belfast-based ethnic newspapers, the Catholic/nationalist Irish News and the Protestant/loyalist News Letter, framed the 2011 season. More Diverse Images of Women Found in Smaller Niche Magazine: Diverse Feminine Images Presented in Christian Teen Magazines • Charlotte Martinez, Ohio University • This research seeks to broaden the knowledge and scholarly literature about teenage, female, Christian magazines and the ideologies they present about femininity. A content analysis of two Christian magazines targeting young girls was undertaken in order to assess whether diverse images of females were present. The study included every image of a female in a composite year for both Brio and Brio&Beyond. The Muslim Fallacy: An Examination of Public Opinion and the Framing of Barack Obama’s Religion • Joseph Kasko, University of South Carolina • President Barack Obama has consistently stated that he is Christian and numerous media reports have repeated his pronouncement. However, there has long been confusion over the president’s religious beliefs. The confusion seemed to grow when only 34 percent of Americans correctly identified Obama as Christian in an August 18, 2010 Pew Research poll. That was a 14 point decline from a March 2009 Pew poll the previous year and a 17 point drop since October 2008. Male in the Masjid: Framing men on Little Mosque on the Prairie • Rosemary Pennington, Indiana University School of Journalism • Little Mosque on the Prairie premiered on the CBC in 2007 to an audience of 2.1 million viewers. The sitcom focused on the lives of a small Muslim community living in the fictional rural town of Mercy, Saskatchewan. This textual analysis of the first season examined the framing of Muslim men on Little Mosque and found several different types of Muslim men were featured, all representing a type of Muslim at ease in the West. The Othering of Terrorists: An Analysis of Two Major U.S. Newspapers’ Use of the Word Terrorist and Subsequent Mention of Religion • Jennifer Hoewe, The Pennsylvania State University • This study analyzes use of the word terrorist in the headlines of the New York Times and Washington Post and the subsequent mentions of specific religions. A six-year content analysis revealed a strong relationship between the word terrorist in these publications’ news story headlines and mentions of Islam within the stories. The argument is made that the word terrorist in the headline of these news story serves as a prime, which is then continually associated with Islam.   << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8570 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/spig-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 19:07:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8573 Assessing assessment: Evaluating outcomes and reliabilities of grammar, math and writing measures in media writing • Tricia Farwell; Leon Alligood; Sharon Fitzgerald, Middle Tennessee State University; Ken Blake, Middle Tennessee State University • This paper introduces an objective, grammar and math assessment and evaluates the assessment's outcome and reliability when fielded among 81 students in media writing courses. Additionally, the paper applies the Krippendorff's alpha reliability measure to four media writing professors' A-F ratings of end-of-semester writing samples from the same students. The study found evidence for the assessment's reliability along with significant, although modest, improvement on the assessment. The A-F ratings produced a substandard reliability alpha. Mastery and modeling in the teaching of news writing: A social cognitive approach • William Nevin, University of Alabama; Wilson Lowrey • Collegiate mass communication students continue to struggle in newswriting courses. In social cognitive theory, self-efficacy is one of the primary motivating factors in achievement. According to findings from a survey of students in an introductory news writing course, self-efficacy is most influenced by previous media experience, whereas peer tutors serve to reinforce course material. This suggests jobs and extra-curricular activities should be examined as a means to support college courses. The Divided Classroom: Definitions of News and Consumption Habits of Journalism Educators and their Students • Soo-Kwang Oh, University of Maryland; Stanton Paddock, College of Journalism, University of Maryland; Jacqueline Incollingo, University of Maryland • This study compared and integrated perspectives of educators and students in journalism programs by conducting interviews and focus groups. Findings indicated that there was a salient difference in news definitions and consumption habits between the two groups, and respondents also acknowledged a usage gulf. We suggest pedagogical and practical solutions to this divide, which they may be more applicable for smaller programs due to their nature of high levels of interaction between educators and students. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8573 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/sports-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 19:10:05 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8576 Faculty Digital Touchdown?: An Examination of Audience's Multiplatform Experience during the 2012 Super Bowl • Tang Tang, University of Akron; Roger Cooper, Ohio University • The 2012 Super Bowl was the most watched television program in U.S. television history, and represented a wide-scale expansion to online and digital environments. This study examined audience’s multiplatform experience with the 2012 Super Bowl. Results indicate that traditional television was still the dominant medium for Super Bowl viewing. Say It Ain’t So, Joe: Prestige Newspaper Coverage of Joe Paterno and the Penn State Scandal • Paul Husselbee, Southern Utah University • This paper analyzes newspaper coverage of Joe Paterno’s actions after Jerry Sandusky’s arrest for alleged sex crimes against children at Penn State University. It also analyzes antapologia and valence in response to Paterno’s apologetic statement just hours before he was fired as Penn State’s football coach. Findings are consistent with previous studies on newspaper coverage and antapologia, with one shocking difference: Journalists portrayed Paterno’s actions and statement significantly more unfavorably than neutral or favorably. The Vancouver “Big Six” Gender-Framed: NBC’s Primetime Coverage of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics • James Angelini, University of Delaware; Andrew Billings, University of Alabama; Paul MacArthur, Utica College • This study represents the first attempt to content-analyze on-air commentary surrounding the six “major” Winter Olympic sports, operationalized as any event receiving at least three hours of aggregate primetime coverage. Analysis of all 64 hours of NBC’s primetime coverage of the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Winter Games revealed 26 significantly-different dialogue trends between men and women athletes. Interestingly, events such as figure skating featured many gender differences, while bobsled, freestyle skiing, and snowboarding had none. New Playing Grounds: How Sport Was Reconceptualized for U.S. Television in the 1960s • Tara Kachgal, University of Wisconsin-Superior • The 1960s have been called the “Golden Age” of U.S. sports television. Sports anthology series (i.e., magazine programs) such as CBS Sports Spectacular, ABC’s Wide World of Sport, and NBC Sports in Action served to codify many of the aesthetic, narrative, and technical conventions that would later exemplify the presentation of TV sport. Money Changes Everything: Sports Journalists and England's Barclays Premier League • Danielle Sarver Coombs, Kent State University; Anne Osborne, Louisiana State University • This paper seeks to understand the perceptions and experiences sports reporters tasked with covering Premier League sides. These football journalists describe limited access brought on by the clubs’ decisions to emphasize global brands and manage their own content through club-run websites and material. Respondents also perceive this limited access is exacerbated by a growing culture of suspicion that widens the gulfs between teams and the reporters who cover them. College Athletes’ Perception of Social Media Use • Mary Sheffer, University of Southern Mississippi; Brad Schultz; Lyndie Bishop • In an age where more athletes are using the social media, more schools struggle to control or monitor those media messages. Social media gives athletes a unique and unfiltered platform to present their image to a vast audience of sports fans and consumers. Although some universities have begun to implement social media policies, in many instances athletes’ awareness or comprehension of the use of social media remains opaque. A university’s image can be quickly tarnished by student athletes’ inappropriate social media use and can lead to serious sanctions by the NCAA. Beyond Getting Your Bell Rung: Framing of Sport-Related Concussion Coverage Between 2007 and 2012. • Lesa Major; Matthew Zimmerman; Lauren Burch • This study gauges how the issue of sport-related concussion is being discussed in the public arena by examining five years of news coverage about the National Football League and the National Hockey League from The New York Times, USA Today, and ESPN.com. This research records the presence of the frames – problem definition, cause, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendation, and determines whether these frames are presented as thematic or episodic. Closing the gender gap?: A framing analysis of high school basketball coverage • Erin Whiteside, University of Tennessee; Jodi Rightler-McDaniels, University of Tennessee, Knoxville • This research uses a content analysis to explore how high school male and female athletes are framed in newspapers. In analyzing basketball coverage from 141 unique newspapers, results show that although boys received the bulk of the coverage, the gap in parity may be closing when it comes to preps sports coverage. Furthermore, girls were generally not framed as feminine. Still, there were key differences in coverage, most notably in references to the athletic body. Which team do you play for? A social identity study of sports and news journalists and the coverage of athletes who commit crimes. • Vincent Filak; Scott Reinardy, University of Kansas • Using the lens of social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1986), we examined the attitudes of sports and news journalists in regard to the coverage of athletes who have committed crimes. This study of 275 journalists revealed patterns of intergroup bias. News journalists were more likely to agree that crime was an important part of the paper’s overall coverage. In addition, both sports journalists and news journalists felt reporters within their social group were better equipped to cover stories involving athletes and crime. Do Celebrity Endorsements Work? Exploring Effective Strategies of Banner Advertisement in Sport Websites • Woo-Young Lee, University of Central Missouri; Minjung Sung, Chung-Ang University • Sport is a fixture of American culture. The fusion of sport, media, and advertising lend growing importance to managing the attitudes of consumers. Scholars have made a tremendous devotion to researching effective advertising strategies for online sport marketing. However, a limited number of studies have focused exclusively on sport celebrity endorsement and related congruity in online advertising. The current study applied MANCOVA testing to produce definitive results. Television Sports and Social TV: The Courtship Continues • John Shrader, California State University, Long Beach • Television is challenged by the digital revolution in a number of ways. Live television sports is no exception. Consumers expect the product in a number of platforms, and the producers of live sports television provide it in a number of platforms. One of the latest and greatest challenges – and opportunities – for the announcers of live sports television is social media. It wasn’t long ago that the announcers were the viewers’ primary source for in-game information. Contrasting Desired Sports Journalism Skills in a Convergent Media Environment • Stan Ketterer, Oklahoma State University; John McGuire, Oklahoma State University; Ray Murray, Oklahoma State University • This research study considered how desired job skills for future newspaper sports reporters and television sports reporters are merging in the convergence journalism era. Using open-ended responses given by newspaper sports editors and television sports directors around the country, the researchers employed Spearman’s Rho to contrast results. While no significant correlation could be found between top individual top skills listed by newspaper sports editors and television sports directors, significant correlation was found contrasting the top 10 desired skills. Performing the “Good Negro Athlete” in Mid-Century America: Three Case Studies • Phillip Hutchison, University of Kentucky • This historical-critical analysis employs Raymond Williams’ theories of hegemony to examine the performative aspects of the Good Negro Athlete stereotype from 1947-1962. The study examines how white interests used the stereotype to define the social personas of three African American heavyweight champion boxers during this period. These cases illustrate how white promoters and journalists used the persona to synchronize America’s commercial leisure industry with postwar America’s racial hierarchies. Student When Fan Identification Levels Go Extreme: An Exploratory Study of the Highly Identified Fans of the Ultimate Fighting Championship • Natalie Brown, University of Alabama; Michael Devlin, University of Alabama; Andrew Billings, University of Alabama • The current study examined the implications of fan identity as it related to Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), more specifically, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). The authors examined differences in levels of fan identification towards individual athletes compared to the UFC organization. An online survey yielded 911 respondents who were representative of the UFC’s current audience demographics. Results showed significant differences in fan identify between gender, age, and sensation-seeking behaviors. The Paradox of Player Safety: Media Constructions of Violence in the NFL • Jacob Dittmer, University of Oregon • The NFL’s concussion crisis and pending litigation has revealed a paradox in the promotion of football. The popularity of the NFL derives from media myth constructions of warrior players and dominant narratives focusing on violence. Yet the official response to the concussion crisis, epitomized in the NFL Evolution campaign, promotes a narrative of a league dedicated to a safe working environment for its players. This paper examines the dynamics of the paradox of player safety. Exploring Situational Crisis Communication Theory: Using the 2011 NBA lockout to investigate crisis response strategies • Melanie Formentin, The Pennsylvania State University • Using the National Basketball Association (NBA) lockout as an example, this study reports the results of a 3x2 experiment examining whether accommodative or defensive strategies are more successful at changing perceptions of blame and preserving reputation during a crisis. The study was grounded in situational crisis communication theory, and results suggest that crisis response strategies may impact perceptions of fault during a crisis but perceptions of fault did not significantly impact the NBA’s reputation. More than Just a Pretty Face? Examining the Influence of Attractiveness and Reporter/Athlete Congruity on Perceived Credibility • Dustin Hahn, Texas Tech University, College of Mass Communication; Glenn Cummins, Texas Tech University College of Mass Communications • Research examining source credibility in mass communication has demonstrated how source’s gender and attractiveness can impact perceived credibility and, subsequently, how well messages are received. This experiment extends these findings to the context of mediated sports by examining them in conjunction with athlete gender. Although source attractiveness and gender appear to have no influence, data gleaned from this experiment demonstrate that these relationships are actually dependent upon incongruity with athlete gender. The Effects of Fantasy Football Participation on Team Identification, Team Loyalty and NFL Fandom • Jeremy Lee, Florida State University; Brody Ruihley; Natalie Brown, University of Alabama; Andrew Billings, University of Alabama • An estimated 35 million people in North America participated in fantasy sport in 2011. This study examines how participation levels in fantasy football affect team identification, team loyalty, fandom of the National Football League (NFL), and consumer behavior. Survey results indicate higher fantasy participation levels leading to higher team identification, higher team loyalty, and higher fandom, where fandom of the NFL is higher than team identification. Ain’t it so? "Shoeless" Joe Jackson, collective memory, and the shaping of an American hero • Brett Borton, University of South Carolina • Joe Jackson has long been regarded as one of the greatest hitters in the history of Major League Baseball with an average of .356 during his career with the Chicago White Sox .Yet Jackson will forever be remembered for his alleged participation in the fix of the 1919 World Series – in which the highly favored White Sox lost to the Cincinnati Reds – and subsequent lifetime ban from baseball by commissioner Kennesaw Mountain Landis. Defense! Or you will Lose Your Fans! NFL and MLB Team's Fan Relationship Management on Facebook • Dong Hoo Kim; Eun Sook Kwon; Young-A Song • The sports business is one of the largest industries in the world and its economic value continues to grow. Due to the important role of fans in the sports industry, building strong relationships with fans is vital for the industry, league, and team. A total of 37 official Facebook fan pages of NFL and MLB teams are investigated by employing Stafford and Canary’s relationship maintenance strategies (RMS). Local or National?: An examination of fans’ perceptions of college football scandal coverage • Molly Yanity, Ohio University; Ashley Furrow, Ohio University • Two and a half years ago, we researchers surveyed college football fans to learn where they go for college sports scandal coverage and what factors they consider in making the decision to turn to local or national sources. Given the onslaught of college football scandals that have shaken the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and its fans in the last two and a half years, we redistributed the survey. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8576 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/csw-2012-abstracts/ Fri, 13 Apr 2012 19:11:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8579 Faculty Few Shades of Gray: Media Portrayal of German-American Relations During the Postwar Occupation of Germany • Marilyn Greenwald, Ohio University • This paper examines the portrayal in the U.S. media of the relationship between American GIs and German citizens during the post-World War II Occupation of Germany. Based on the personal and professional correspondence of Pauline Frederick, who covered post-World War II Central Europe, and the content of Life magazine and the New York Times, it appears that American news managers did not want to publish any stories – human interest or otherwise -- that could be construed as sympathetic to German citizens, or ones that portrayed GIs in anything but a positive light. “I Am Just an Ordinary Housewife:” Congressional Television and the Disruption of the Public Sphere in the Early Fifties • Bastiaan Vanacker, Loyola University Chicago • In March of 1951, live broadcasts of the Kefauver Crime Hearings from New York generated unprecedented public interest and put television on the map as a viable medium to report on political/public issues. The enthusiastic reactions of the massive viewership brought the debate on the role of television in democracy to the forefront and led to calls for more live broadcasts of political proceedings. “A Girl Move”: Negotiating Gender and Technology in Chess Offline and Online • Undrahbuyan Baasanjav, Temple University • This research explores the real-life and online experience of women chess players. Based on the analysis of data collected in in-depth interviews, it explores how women integrate technology into their play/pleasure and how different cultural contexts influence the perception of gender and mastery in chess. The research suggests that an intellectual gap between men and women in chess has been discursively constructed without consideration of the historical asymmetry of power relations and other social and cultural factors. A Section of Their Own: Women Leaders in the Financial Times’ Women At the Top • Elanie Steyn, University of Oklahoma; Kathryn Jenson White, University of Oklahoma • Historically, women’s pages elevated to the status of news issues defined as important to women. These sections integrated women into mass-media worthiness while segregating their concerns to suggest they mattered only to women. Recently, business publications have begun to create similar women’s sections focusing on women as leaders, managers and entrepreneurs. This paper qualitatively analyzes how the Financial Times’ Women at the Top products are portraying women’s progress toward and process to achieve these positions. Subverting the script: Strengthening young women’s sexual self-concept by exposure to televised counter sexual scripts • Rebecca Ortiz • Television is a major source of common sexual scripts for adolescents and young adults. The proliferation of the heterosexual script on television is of particular concern because constant exposure may lead to reinforcement of negative sexual stereotypes by young viewers and negatively affect their sexual well-being. The Marginalization of Dagongmei: A Critical Discourse Analysis of News Coverage on Female Migrant Laborers in China. • Siyuan Yin • Dagongmei, referring to young and unmarried female migrant laborers in China, has become an emerging social group since the 1980s. Labeled as undereducated, impoverished and vulnerable, this group not only suffers political and economic exploitations but suffers cultural oppressions with bias and contempt from urban residents. By analyzing how news media represent dagongmei, the article accesses the role of media in the intersected oppressions the group suffer. “Catfights” under the Male Gaze: Framing of the 2010 U.S. House Race between Kristi Noem and Stephanie Herseth Sandlin • Miglena Sternadori, University of South Dakota • Using theories of agency, benevolent and enlightened sexism, and the male gaze, this paper employs framing analysis to explore stereotypes in the media coverage of a political race with more than one female candidate. The focus is on the 2010 race for the U.S. Representative for South Dakota’s at-large congressional district, in which the Republican candidate Kristi Noem won by 1.2 percent of the vote over the Democratic incumbent, Stephanie Herseth Sandlin. The Bounce of Title Nine • Aimee Edmondson, Ohio University • Utilizing the critical method of fantasy theme analysis, this study will examine the rhetorical strategies employed by the Bounce catalog in its quest to appeal to the female buyer, analyzing how the parent company, Title Nine, executes a feminist editorial agenda and advocates for women’s participation in sports. The analysis will employ symbolic convergence theory in the study of the text and photographs of the catalog through the context of third wave feminism. Girlhoods in the Golden Age of U.S. Radio: Music, Shared Popular Culture, and Memory • Sharon Mazzarella, James Madison University; Rebecca Hains, Salem State University; Shayla Thiel-Stern, University of Minnesota • In this paper, we interview 30 U.S. women born between 1918-1948 in order to uncover their girlhood experiences with media and popular culture during their child and teen years. Their narratives reveal a lack of engagement with youth and/or girl-oriented media artifacts; the shared experience of radio listening; an emphasis on the “experience” of using media artifacts rather than on the content; and the appeal of music and dance as a girlhood pasttimes. Media and Hillary Clinton’s Presidential Campaign: A Model for Understanding Construction of Collective Memory • Mary Tucker-McLaughlin, ECU; Kenneth Campbell • Using the public life and 2008 presidential campaign of U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton, we offer a model for understanding personal, historical and mass media memory in the construction of collective memory. We use results of our grounded theory study of television news representations of Clinton, which identified two themes -- innovator and voiceless -- to show implications of mass media portrayals on collective memory. The performance of gender roles in creative writing: Why do women submit less than men? • Richard Mocarski • The 2011 VIDA report demonstrates the gender gap in creative publishing, finding only 30% of the work in the top thirteen literary magazines by women. This study of 200 creative writers confirms that women not only published less often than men, but also submit to journals less often than men. It is posited that these behaviors are based on gendered expectations imbued from the culturally accepted norms of hegemonic masculinity and femininity. Performance of Gender Identity on Wedding Websites • Laura Beth Daws, Georgia Highlands College • For many women, having a wedding ceremony is part of an ideal adult identity (Mead, 2007). Their performative elements extend beyond the ceremony to wedsites, or websites created for an upcoming wedding. Performativity (Butler, 1999) provides a theoretical framework for understanding wedsites as virtual spaces that accommodate gender identity performance. Photo elicitation interviews and thematic analysis of wedsites reveals that women construct wedsites to be consistent with traditional notions of gender and sex roles. Gender politics in interscholastic sports: A framing analysis of Title IX • Erin Whiteside, University of Tennessee; Marie Hardin, Penn State University; Drew Shade; Julia Daisy Fraustino, The Pennsylvania State University; Erin Ash, Pennsylvania State University • This research explores the way Title IX is framed in interscholastic sports by using a content analysis to examine coverage stemming from lawsuits filed against the Florida and Michigan High School Athletic Associations (FHSAA and MHSAA). Student Women bloggers: Identity and the Concept of Sports • Dunja Antunovic, Pennsylvania State University; Marie Hardin, Penn State University • The emergence of the blogosphere has offered a unique opportunity for women to share their experiences. While research on women bloggers has pointed to the ways in which women generate knowledge and challenge social structures, little work has been done about women who blog about sports; a sphere deeply embedded in hegemonic masculine ideology. This study explored the formation of self and the conceptualization of sports in the “Sports Blog” directory of BlogHer, a women’s blog network. He Said, She Said: The Effects of Gender on Political Attack Ads • Bryan McLaughlin, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Catasha Davis, UW-Madison; Sandra Knisely, University of Wisconsin-Madison; David Coppini, University of Wisconsin Madison; Young Mie Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Contrary to conventional expectations, empirical research suggests female politicians can successfully attack male opponents. Using an experimental design, this study examines the interaction between the gender of an attack ad sponsor and participant’s gender in the context of a political sex scandal. Results show that among male participants, an attack is more successful at lowering evaluations of the opposing politician when the sponsor is female, while no significant results were found among female participants. How Female and Male J/MC Authors Perceive the Journal Peer Review Process: Differently • Brendan Watson, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina • Web-based survey (N=377) of J/MC scholars’ perceptions of peer-review for Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly and “other mass communication journals.” JMCQ rated generally positive on measures of satisfaction, particularly for time of review, editorial correspondence, and reviewer professionalism and clarity. Other journals rated more positively on review usefulness for improving scholarship. No major JMCQ-others difference in perceived openness to ideologies, methods or topics. Manuscript rejection negatively predicts satisfaction, though women were less affected by rejection. A Correlation Study on Chinese Young Female Audiences’ Exposure to American TV Drama, Perceived Realism, and Sex-related effects • Qi Ling, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Xin Zhang • Correlation between exposure to American TV drama, social cognitive element - perceived realism, and sex-related effects were investigated among 302 young female audiences in China. More exposure to American TV drama and higher perceived realism on it was associated with more permissive sexual attitude, while exerting weaker effect on female audiences’ beliefs of sexual double standard and sexual agency. Perceived utility of sexual content in American TV turned out to significantly predict the effects. Sweetness and Strength: Codes of Femininity and Body Image in Branded Social-Networking Messages • Anne Holcomb, Western Michigan University • This study is a semiological textual analysis of Facebook Page updates by the Victoria’s Secret PINK and Nike Women apparel brands. This research carries the tradition of critical feminist media analysis into the 21st Century. The research uncovers six semiotic codes of femininity marketed to Facebook users: “cheekiness,” “sweetness,” and “spirit” were the three main codes found in PINK posts. “Role-model athleticism,” “globalism” and “discipline” were the three main codes found in Nike Women content. Western media attitudes toward an immigrant of color sex crime victim: Case study: The DSK case • Jenny Mumah, University of North Texas • This qualitative content analysis examined the coverage of the DSK case by three international newspapers: the New York Times, The Guardian and Le Monde within a feminist framework. Findings suggest that the accuser, an immigrant woman, received less favorable coverage than the defendant. Frames identified in the coverage include the importance of status/prominence, race and male privilege. “Try to Lift Someone Else as We Climb”: Building Bridges From Press Clubs to Women's Liberation • Candi Carter Olson, University of Pittsburgh • This paper maps the business-minded Women’s Press Club of Pittsburgh onto the history of the radical women’s liberation movement. Through oral history interviews and archival research, this paper examines how the club’s efforts at racial integration and individual member’s successes in conquering barriers in other areas of the newsroom strengthened the broader women’s movement. Battles won by women in the 1960s and 1970s established a foundation for the next generation of women journalists. << 2012 Abstracts]]> 8579 0 0 0 http://www.aejmc100.org/ Fri, 20 Apr 2012 18:33:58 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8603 8603 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/04/bridge-grants/ Fri, 27 Apr 2012 19:28:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8630 Building a Bridge Between the Knight News Challenge and JMC Programs: Bringing the Ideas to Life in JMC Classrooms and Student Media

AEJMC is seeking proposals from its members to develop innovative and creative academic applications of projects already funded through the Knight News Challenge.  The goal is to implement these projects in ways that enhance the education of future journalists for the new media landscape. This program is funded by the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. AEJMC will award up to 10 grants of up to $8,000 each. Proposals must create an academic application (or a use by college media) of the open source code or platform already created by one of the Knight News Challenge Grant recipients. Projects where code and platforms have been developed and are ready for use include DocumentCloud, SPS, Spot.Us, Ushahidi, NewsCloud, Selectricity, Politiwidgets, FeedBrewer and SnagFilms. To see these and other project products, visit <Knightapps.org>.

For a look at proposals funded for 2011-12 click here.

Proposal Guidelines:

• Projects would need to be fully implemented on campus within a year of receiving the grant. • Full-time faculty members (either an individual or a group) would be eligible for a grant.  Faculty members must be current AEJMC members and can be from any country. If your proposal is selected for funding, you must remain a current AEJMC member for the duration of the grant. • Proposals need to be specific, must show innovation and imagination, and must use a software/platform created through a Knight News Challenge grant in a classroom or lab setting or in college media. The grants should be for new ideas/uses, not to fund initiatives already under way.

Proposals should include:

• A three-to-four page proposal outlining the academic application being developed, the specific Challenge Fund software/platform being used, and how this will benefit students on your campus. • A one-page letter from your unit chair, director or dean endorsing the proposal. • A budget outlining cost of development and implementation. Funds may be used for course materials, nominal consultant fees for assistance in adapting software, relevant outside speakers to travel to campus, surveys, graduate student assistance, and website development. Funds may NOT be used for equipment, faculty release time or university administrative/overhead fees. All funds must be used solely for the project. • A timeline for the project. • A detailed outline of how the application will be assessed and evaluated.

Grant timetable:

• Proposals should be in ONE file (either a pdf or Word document) and are due to AEJMC by 5 p.m. (Eastern time) Monday, September 10, 2012, via email to AEJMCnews@aol.com. • Grant awards will be announced by Friday, September 28, 2012. • Grant recipients will be expected to report on their new applications during the 2013 AEJMC Conference in Washington, DC. (AEJMC will provide each selected project with an additional $500 in travel assistance to attend that conference.) • Grants will be paid by October 15 with the final report and accounting of the grant funds due September 30, 2013. (Funds not used must be returned to AEJMC.) • Questions? Contact Jennifer McGill, AEJMC at AEJMCHQ@aol.com or 803-798-0271.

<< AEJMC Calls]]> 8630 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/05/contest/ Wed, 09 May 2012 15:07:27 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=8676

Adopting Ushahidi for Crowdsourcing and Data Visualization: New paths for Event-mapping in Chile

This project will train journalism students into crowdsourcing and data visualization techniques and increase user engagement by adapting the Ushahidi platform into Km Cero, Chile’s most important non-profit, college-produced news web site. Run entirely by students and faculty members at Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile’s School of Journalism, Km Cero strives to produce high-quality online journalism geared towards young people by employing innovative news formats and content. The Ushahidi platform, thus, would allow our news outlet to reach those goals by enabling citizens and journalists to report and map important news events that take place in Chile, including street protests, natural catastrophes and crime. We seek funding to train students in the use of Ushahidi, customize the platform into Km Cero, and develop new journalistic projects based on the this Knight News Challenge project. Ingrid Bachmann and Sebastian Valenzuela | Universidad Catolica de Chile

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Kansan.com High School News Feed

The proposed project will establish a high school news and advertising feed on Kansan.com, the University Daily Kansan (UDK) website. The news feed will use Printcasting and FeedBrewer, which were developed with Knight New Challenge funding. The feed will: Provide Kansan.com readers with niche local, youth-oriented coverage from around the state; Broaden high school journalists’ audience and exposure; Stimulate mentoring relationships between UDK student and professional staff, and high school journalism programs; Generate ad revenue for participating high school journalism programs; and Provide Kansan.com with valuable audience data. Peter Bobkowski, Assistant Professor | University of Kansas

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CityCircles Light Rail Job Classifieds

This intention of the student collaborative project is to create a hyperlocal model that will support the future sustainability of the CityCircles mobile app. Arizona State University students have often expressed to educators that they must find a job along the light rail due to transportation constraints. Phoenix is geographically spread out, which creates challenges for people dependent upon public transportation. Thus, an app that focuses on job classifieds along the light rail will serve as information service and a potential future revenue stream for CityCircles. Serena Carpenter and Nancie Dodge, | Arizona State University

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Reporting from the Storm

We will use Ushadidi’s software platform as the end distribution tool for students covering the Oklahoma 2012 tornado season. This is a classroom -- centered initiative that has the potential to spread into Oklahoma’s communities, weather institutions, and mass media outlets. Three journalism courses will be involved: Advanced multimedia journalism, community journalism, and a special topics course on mobile reporting. However, the purpose of the grant will target the development, implementation, and pedagogical support needed to bring Ushadidi into the advanced multimedia class. Community journalism students will develop the sources among Oklahoma communities and the storm chaser network already established in the state. This will provide the foundation of crowdsourcing that will make this effort meaningful to Oklahoma citizens. The advanced multimedia class will bring this information into our news website Oklahoma Routes. The mobile reporting class will provide news reports throughout the semester that will be presented within the website using the Ushadidi software. Julie Jones, Associate Professor and John Schmeltzer, Engleman/Livermore Professor in Community Journalism | University of Oklahoma

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OpenBlock Campus

OpenBlock Campus will bring hyperlocal news resources to Kent State University college campus. The OpenBlock software will be adapted to the main campus of Kent State University. Because Kent State is a public university, we will obtain much data in addition to the local information seen on OpenBlock. We plan to develop scrapers unique to the campus, ones that can find news articles and blogs mentioning Kent State, as well as data linked to campus classrooms and offices, such as professor schedules, curriculum vitae and course evaluations. Jacqueline Marino, Assistant Professor | Kent State University

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In-depth Reporting of Methamphetamine Production and Abuse in Oklahoma

The School of Media and Strategic Communications at Oklahoma State University would like to allow students a new, in-depth reporting platform that should greatly enhance their learning experience. We would like to use DocumentCloud to help students produce a series of stories on Oklahoma’s longtime, growing problem with methamphetamine production and abuse. We plan to work in conjunction with Oklahoma Watch, a nonprofit organization that does in-depth reporting. It has board members from across the state, and Jaclyn Cosgrove, one of its leading reporters, is a recent OSU graduate. OSU’s faculty also has strong ties to the Tulsa World and The Oklahoman, the state’s largest newspapers that also are involved with Oklahoma Watch. Ray Murray, Associate Professor | Oklahoma State University

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Telling Stories with Data: Life at a Hispanic Serving Institution

This project will develop a platform to support an ongoing course that focuses on data storytelling and visualizations based on the Knight-funded VIDI project. The initial project during its first semester would focus on the changing nature of the enrollment of Texas State University and it's status as a Hispanic Serving Institution. Cindy Royal, Associate Professor, and Jacie Yang, Assistant Professor | Texas State University

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LarryvilleKU: Web and Mobile Application of OpenBlock to The Kansan

This project utilizes OpenBlock, a hyper-local news and data platform developed through the Knight News Challenge. The purpose of this project is three-fold. First, the investigators propose to develop innovative ways of applying OpenBlock to The University Daily Kansan (the Kansan), a self-supporting, independent, student-run media operation at the University of Kansas. Second, the investigators aim to help other campus media that might be interested in incorporating OpenBlock to their sites by sharing via GitHub final computer code developed under this grant. Lastly, the investigators will develop a theoretical model identifying factors predictive of people’s participation in OpenBlock as well as an evaluation matrix to assess the application of OpenBlock to campus media. Thus the practical application of OpenBlock to the Kansan will generate scholarly papers on OpenBlock for campus media operations. This research team is well positioned to cover both practical and research aspects of the topic, as it includes a journalism professor whose research focuses on social and digital media and the General Manager and News Adviser, Sales and Marketing Adviser, and Web Editor of the Kansan. Hyunjin Seo, Assistant Professor | The University of Kansas

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Photojournalism and Social Engagement Tablet App

The College of Journalism and Mass Communications at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (CoJMC) has just started a planning process to create a mobile tablet app to display its work, particularly its photojournalism. The college has an endowment to send students around the world to photograph the stories of people in need. The app will make these stories be more than photo stories; it will be information that prompts viewer action and engagement, using the capabilities of tablet applications. The app will be used to teach viewers about the problems of people in need around the world, and then help them engage with one another and with legislators who could help the people depicted. The app will enable the user to find Congressmen whose voting records show they want to help the people who are the subject of the photo stories. The online photo and story layouts will then be turned into an ebook and a premium print book. Adam Wagler | University of Nebraska-Lincoln

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@SDSU - Where’s the news? Mobile Application for Mapping Civic and Public Service Issues on Campus and Beyond

Tips for Educators from AzteCast -- Here are some tips for making it work on your campus >> The @SDSU (http://at.sdsu.edu) mobile news application is an innovative way of bringing civic and public service issues to a university campus and its surrounding neighborhoods.  The application focuses on the importance of mapping the information of what is happening on campus to a specific geographic location. Specifically the information is focused on items that are important to a campus community (e.g. traffic, weather, crime, power outages, crises, violence, health pandemic, public safety, food safety, campus elections, campus events, etc.). The @SDSU mobile news application will be built off of the Knight News Challenge Ushahidi platform. The power of the Ushahidi platform is its ability to allow people to mobilize during a crisis using a mobile channel to provide information and map it to a specific area. The @SDSU mobile news application will use the Ushahidi platform to provide important information to students, faculty, staff and citizens living in nearby neighborhoods adjacent to the campus. Journalism students will use this tool for newsgathering and reporting of campus events but more importantly, use this as a tool to verify the information that is coming through the mobile application. A university safety committee (already in place) and journalism students will verify the information that is submitted into the system. Amy Schmitz Weiss, Assistant Professor | San Diego State University

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]]> 8676 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/07/industry-research-1/ Thu, 12 Jul 2012 18:27:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=9041 "Media Entrepreneurship: Curriculum Development and Faculty Perceptions of What Students Should Know," Michelle Ferrier, Elon University "Best Practices in Managing News Website Comments," Mitch McKenney, Kent State University "The Ten Percent Dilemma: The Opportunities and Challenges of Managing Newspapers in the Digital Age," Paul Steinle, professor emeritus, Southern Oregon University; Sara Brown, Valid Sources, Seattle AEJMC Council of Affiliates]]> 9041 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/08/mission-2012/ Wed, 01 Aug 2012 12:31:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=9211 Continuing AEJMC’s Mission 100 Years Later (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, July 2012 issue) AEJMC at 100 is a large, diverse organization with dozens of interest groups and divisions, with representation from programs of all sizes and with members from around the globe. Still, we’re united by a common goal—to prepare the next generation of journalism and mass communication professionals, researchers and instructors. At the heart of that goal is our mission of teaching. In 1912, teaching was the focus of the new American Association of Teachers of Journalism. As journalism classes and programs were popping up around the country, founding members voted to hold an annual conference focused on teaching and to collect statistics related to journalism in higher education. The research committee was formed in 1924, and professional freedom and responsibility was included formally in 1964. How We’ve Changed Clearly, teaching has changed over the past century. The first conference was amended only by men, and in 1927, AATJ listed 55 women among the 430 journalism teachers nationwide. Today, the gender ratio is much different: Female faculty members outnumber men in some programs, and most of us teach more women than men in our courses. The scope of what we’re teaching has expanded. Courses in the 1910s prepared students for careers in newspapers and magazines. Today, we teach classes in research, theory, diversity, ethics and political communication while imbuing students with skills needed for careers in advertising, public relations, electronic media, online and social media. I sometimes wonder what AATJ founder Willard G. Bleyer would have thought of my writing for Twitter lecture in my newswriting and reporting course. Technology hasn’t just changed what we teach; it’s also changed how we teach. We’ve found new ways to deliver information in the classroom and via distance. We have PowerPoints, Flickr accounts, class WordPress sites, group Twitter feeds, Blackboard course shells and eWorkbooks. Now we don’t need to know only our topic areas; we need to be technology experts. Still, the beauty of our roles as teachers is that we can embrace our personal styles. Two of our top professors in my department, for example, don’t use those tools. They face their classes armed only with a dry erase marker, a blackboard and a passion for their subject. And they earn some of the highest student evaluation scores at the university. I’m humbled when I watch them teach—and watch the students listen to them with rapt attention. Replace their dry erase marker with chalk, and it’s clear that what worked in the classroom 100 years ago still can work today. Continuing Our Commitment As our predecessors did a century before us, we’ll meet in Chicago this year committed to teaching the next generation. This year’s AEJMC program again is chock full of excellent sessions aimed at encouraging and recognizing excellence in teaching. Our divisions and interest groups have many offerings focused on teaching, including the Great Ideas For Teachers (GIFT) session and the Promising Professors workshop. The elected Standing Committee on Teaching also has been working to keep teaching programming front and center. We hope many of you will amend our scheduled sessions:

• Wednesday, Aug. 8, 6 to 9:30 p.m. — “Getting Started in Teaching Journalism: Tips From the Vets.” This pre-conference workshop (registration and small fee required) is designed for newer teachers. Participants will leave armed with innovative teaching tips and a new teaching veteran to keep in touch with as questions arise.

• Thursday, Aug. 9, 10 to 11:30 a.m. — “2012 Best Practices in Teaching Writing across Media.” This session features winners of our annual competition sharing their winning entries on creative and innovative ideas for teaching writing. Attendees receive a booklet with the winning entries.

• Friday, Aug. 10, 1:30 to 3 p.m. — “The Doctors Are In.” Speed da4ng meets group therapy for effective teaching as participants pick one of seven simultaneous teaching topic discussion tables to share ideas and ask questions. When the bell rings, participants move to another table or stay to continue their discussion. This session is designed for all teachers.

• Saturday, Aug. 11, 8:15 to 9:45 a.m. — “Teaching JMC, A Talk and Tweet Session: What We’ve Learned in Our First 100 Years.” We pulled together instruction experts to answer your questions, hear your concerns, and address current issues teachers face. Tweet your questions ahead of time: Use #AEJMCTeach100 in your tweet to: @laldoory. Email your questions to laldoory@umd.edu. And share your questions in person at the session.

By Jennifer Greer, Chair University of Alabama AEJMC Teaching Committee << Teaching Corner]]> 9211 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/09/24hours/ Thu, 27 Sep 2012 15:55:52 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10021 How to Live on 24 Hours a Day (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, September 2012 issue) I just returned from the AEJMC annual conference in Chicago, one of the most inspiring summer conventions I attended over the past thirty years or so. What made it so special, in my opinion, was that we not only celebrated AEJMC’s 100th anniversary but reflected on how our profession evolved over the course of a century of teaching journalism and mass communication. One of the sessions the Standing Committee on Teaching offered on Saturday morning was designated as a Centennial Session because we discussed “What We’ve Learned In Our First 100 Years.” This session was audience-driven as the four panelists responded to questions submitted by attendees (in person) and those who could not attend (via Twitter). One of the topics that came up in this session and in several other sessions this year was the notion of work-life balance, or work-life integration, as some researchers call it. One of the highlights of this year’s conference was an exhibition of products that entered the U.S. market in ca. 1912, such as Oreo cookies, Kewpie dolls, the Erector Set, Life Savers, Morton Salt, Goo-Goo Clusters, Necco Wafers, and many others. Also on display was a selection of books published in or around 1912. Thanks to outgoing AEJMC President Linda Steiner, these books were given away to winners of a special drawing throughout the conference.  I was one of the lucky winners and chose the book How to Live on 24 Hours a Day by Arnold Bennett.* The title seemed intriguing. I never thought I could learn something about time management from a book published 100 years ago, but I was in for a pleasant surprise as I started reading it on the plane home from Chicago. The premise of Bennett’s book is that time is the “inexplicable raw material of everything. With it, all is possible, without it, nothing. (…) You wake up in the morning, and lo! your purse is magically filled with twenty-four hours of the unmanufactured tissue of the universe of your life! It is yours. It is the most precious of possessions. (…) And no one can take it from you. It is unstealable. No-one receives either more or less than you receive. Talk about an ideal democracy! In the realm of time there is no aristocracy of wealth, and no aristocracy of intellect. Genius is never rewarded by even an extra hour a day. And there is no punishment. (…) You cannot draw on the future. Impossible to get into debt! You can only waste the passing moment. You cannot waste tomorrow.” (p. 10) Because of our intellectual curiosity, however, we tend to want to do more than we can fit into a day’s cycle. The wish to accomplish something outside of our formal obligations seems to be common among humans—perhaps especially for academics who have a desire to build knowledge. Bennett, who lived in the suburbs of London and took a daily commuter train to get to the office, suggests that we consider our 9 to 5 (or so) work schedule as “the day” and the hours preceding and following it are nothing but a prologue and an epilogue. Just take a moment and record the time you spend every day going to work and coming home. Think of these two times as the “bookends” to your day. Unless you are taking public transportation there is really nothing you can do productively while driving to and from your office except, maybe, listening to books on tape or to BBC World on satellite radio to keep your mind sharp and up to date. If your bookends (or “margins” as Bennett calls them) are disproportionally large compared to your work day, you may want to restructure your life. For example, and these are my suggestions (not Bennett’s), you may choose to telecommute one day a week, or spend your designated research day at home, or teach hybrid courses with 50% class time face-to-face and 50% online. If we wish to live a full life, according to Bennett, we must find a way to create a “day within a day” that we control. By that he means that we need to arrange for an “inner day” similar to a Chinese box inside a larger Chinese box, or a Russian doll within a doll. You may say “I’m too tired for that” to which Bennett would reply that “mental faculties are capable of continuous hard activity; they do not tire like an arm or a leg. All they want is change—not rest, except in sleep.” (p. 22) Change, or variety, seems to be the key to maximizing a day’s 24 hours. Bennett offers a few general tips on how to make more efficient use of your time and increase productivity:

Employ all of your senses. Set aside some time (yes, put it on your calendar!) to experience something that is aesthetically pleasing or uplifting. This may be a visit to an art museum, or a stroll through the botanical garden, or attending a play, or listening to a piece of classical music, or savoring a gourmet meal in the good company of friends. This will stimulate your creative thinking and problem-solving skills.

Cultivate your own self. Aspire to learn something new that has seemingly nothing to do with your discipline. It will stimulate your mind and may lead to greater efficiency and productivity.

Set aside time to reflect. “We are supposed to be reasonable, but we are much more instinctive than reasonable. And the less we reflect, the less reasonable we are.” (p. 38)

Control your mind. Don’t let worrying steal your precious time! Worrying keeps you up at night. Clear your mind before you call it a day so that you can regenerate while you sleep.

I would like to add three “time-saving” teaching tips:

Follow a tightly written syllabus. If your syllabus has any loopholes, even the smallest ones, your students will find them. From my experience as department chair, I can tell you that most grade appeals come from students whose instructor did not have an airtight syllabus. When a student challenges a grade the appeals process demands extra time from the instructor, the department chair, the dean’s office, and the Appeals committee.

Be firm in saying “No!” If you give in to a sob story by one of your students and you show leniency, other students will try to exploit your generosity. Then you may end up spending the rest of the semester on the defensive, which demands more time and causes unnecessary stress.

Anticipate disruptive behavior and be prepared to respond appropriately. Most of the undergraduate students in our classrooms today are members of a generation called “Generation Rx.” (Millennials already entered the workplace and “Xers” have moved on to be administrators and executives.) The unique challenge educators face with the “Prescription Generation” is that we are often surprised by unpredictable behaviors some of our students display in class. These may be symptoms of a disability such as Autism or Tourette Syndrome, or they may be caused by the fact that a student took his/her medication too late, or forgot to take it, or the medication was being adjusted or switched, or the medication has side effects that cause behavioral changes. While we are not medical professionals trained to know the difference we should know what to do (and what not to do) when a student displays disruptive behavior in class so that we are not wasting anybody’s time. Please ask your university’s office for Faculty Affairs or your Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning for information and guidance regarding this matter.

So, whenever we say “Someday, when I have more time, I will do such-and-such!” let’s remind ourselves to maximize the time we have today. Carpe Diem!

*Bennett, Arnold (2007). How To Live On 24 Hours A Day. Mineola, NY: Dover. (Originally published in 1908 by The New Age Press, London.)

By Birgit Wassmuth Kennesaw State University AEJMC Teaching Committee <<Teaching Corner ]]> 10021 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/09/sept-2012-ads/ Fri, 28 Sep 2012 18:53:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10068 << AEJMC News Ads]]> 10068 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/10/cofa-members/ Thu, 04 Oct 2012 18:30:24 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10115 American Journalism Historians Association The mission of AJHA, founded in 1981, is to advance the study of journalism and mass communication history, to foster support for the field, and to recognize outstanding achievement in the teaching and research of journalism and mass communication history. The association considers "journalism history" to mean a continuous process, emphasizing but not necessarily confined to subjects of American mass communications. It should be viewed not in the context of perception of the current decade, but as part of a unique, significant, and time-conditioned past. American Society of News Editors The American Society of News Editors advances the cause of quality, independent professional journalism. Founded in 1922 to “defend the profession from unjust assault,” ASNE is primarily an organization of newsroom leaders in the United States. Visit ASNE.org for information on how you might benefit by joining ASNE and how to join. ASNE is 90 years old as an organization and focuses on providing leadership for journalism organizations and academic organizations and for startup journalism endeavors. And, in some ways, we are starting from scratch. This summer ASNE moved its headquarters from Reston, Va., to the Donald W. Reynolds Journalism Institute on the University of Missouri's campus in Columbia. It's symbolic yet practical. Ye, we will partner with you. Yes, we can help you. Yes, you can help ASNE news organizations. "Reynolds is focused on innovation and how to preserve and carry forward the most essential values in journalism, including investigative journalism, the preservation of free speech and First Amendment rights, in ways that can engage the public," says David Boardman, ASNE vice president and executive editor of the Seattle Times. "That aligns just perfectly with ASNE's mission, and we saw some great potential for synergy with that organization." ASNE will join organizations like Investigative Reporters and Editors and the National Freedom of Information Coalition in calling the University of Missouri home. In fact, "ASNE's role is more important than ever," says Susan Goldberg, ASNE president and Bloomberg News' executive editor. "The more chaotic and changing and growing our industry is, the more we need effective and ethical leadership of these organizations. ASNE's job really is to help journalism newsroom leaders manage change and to champion excellent journalism standards. Managing change is one of the most pressing needs of newsroom editors." In this era of partnerships and collaboration, ASNE is expanding membership to include digital, broadcast and academia. ASNE is all about rebuilding and refocusing its mission. "We want to position ourselves as the thought leaders of journalism on any platform," Goldberg says. J-Lab: The Institute for Interactive Journalism A center of American University's School of Communication, J-Lab is a catalyst for innovations in journalism that help journalists, educators and citizens use new technologies to launch entrepreneurial news sites, grow access to responsible news and information, and learn how to adapt to the changing digital news ecosystem. J-Lab funds new approaches to journalism, researches what works and shares core insights though its publications, five websites, e-learning modules and in-person training designed to inspire and equip news providers to adapt to the changes. J-Lab has trained more than 6,000 journalists and journalism educators in recent years at its interactive summits, panels and symposia. It is currently focused on supporting and networking entrepreneurial university news startups. This year's COA/J-Lab luncheon features several of these initiatives. A wrap-up of a recent summit of those sites is here: http://www.j-lab.org/ideas/category/blogically-thinking/trending-university-news-sites/. J-Lab has a respected 10-year track record of turning ideas into action. Our 90 pilot projects have been highly successful, our innovation awards are known throughout the industry, our research is cited regularly by others. Through these and other activities, we create space for experimentation, identify what works, and apply those insights to the future of journalism. Journalism Education Association The Journalism Education Association is the largest scholastic journalism organization for teachers and advisers. Put simply, we educate teachers on how to educate students. We fulfill this goal through numerous activities: We provide training around the country at national conventions and institutes. We offer national certification for teaching high school journalism. We publish print and online resources on the latest trends in journalism education. We provide avenues for virtual discussion among teachers, as well as communities and mentoring to learn best practices. We monitor and actively defend First Amendment and scholastic press rights issues across the country. Among JEA’s more than 2,500 members are journalism teachers and publications advisers, media professionals, press associations, adviser organizations, libraries, publishing companies, newspapers, radio stations and departments of journalism. National Federation of Press Women The National Federation of Press Women is a dynamic nationwide organization of professional women and men pursuing careers across the communications spectrum. We are a mix of journalists, public relations professionals, editors, designers, free-lance entrepreneurs and authors sharing their knowledge and experience across media platforms. For 75 years, NFPW has promoted the highest ethical standards while looking toward the future by offering professional development, networking and protection of our First Amendment rights. We offer conferences, competitions and recognition, a job bank, a First Amendment Network, discounted libel insurance, and education fund grants to help members take advantage of professional development opportunities. We also support student activities and education with an emphasis on ethics and editorial rights. NewsGuild-CWA communications Originally founded by print journalists in 1933, The Newspaper Guild is commonly known today as NewsGuild, a union of 21^st century media workers that fights for quality jobs and equality in the workplace; for truth, accuracy and integrity in journalism; for transparency at all levels of government and bureaucracy; and for the freedoms established by the First Amendment. Our 25,000 members in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico are employed in every area of traditional and digital media, as reporters, photographers, editors, designers, advertising sales representatives, circulation workers, business staff and more. We also represent independent translators, interpreters, non-profit organizations’ staff and smaller but growing groups of other employees, including a new unit of ESL (English as a second language) teachers in New York City. As the result of a 1997 merger with the Communications Workers of America, our collective voice is strengthened by 650,000 fellow members and tens of thousands of active retirees. Nationwide, our journalists and other members are frequent guests in classrooms, from elementary schools through college. Several of our locals have also begun teaching community courses in partnership with their newspapers. A unique summer program led by our San Francisco-area local is training college journalists about the media and the value of unionism. We are eager for other opportunities, and invite educators to contact our national headquarters, or the NewsGuild local nearest to them. Contact information and links are online at NewsGuild.org. Scripps Howard Foundation Established in 1962, the Scripps Howard Foundation is the corporate philanthropy of The E.W. Scripps Company, a 134-year-old media company with newspapers and TV stations in more than 30 markets and an array of digital products and services, including social games. Mike Philipps (mike.philipps@scripps.com) is president and CEO of the Scripps Howard Foundation. The Foundation's largest expenditures support journalist excellence, diversity and a free press. Among Foundation programs of specific interest to AEJMC members: annual institutes that foster academic leadership skills and the teaching of entrepreneurship as it relates to journalism; twice-monthly "How I Got That Story" webinars offered free of charge to journalism educators, students and professionals; Semester in Washington; Visiting Professors and Professionals in Social Media exchange; multimedia internships for partner school students and a journalism study trip to Japan through a collegiate reporting competition. Ohio University's Scripps College of Communication and E.W. Scripps School of Journalism and Hampton University's Scripps Howard School of Journalism and Mass Communication receive general support from the Foundation as do named programs on more than a dozen campuses nationwide. The Foundation's prestigious Scripps Howard Awards annually honor journalists and college educators with $175,000 in prizes. In addition, the Foundation supports communities in which Scripps does business and the philanthropy and volunteer work of Scripps employees and retirees. Two scholarship programs are offered to employees' children. For more information about specific programs, contact Sue Porter, vice president/programs, at sue.porter@scripps.com or visit the Foundation's website at www.scripps.com/foundation. Southern Newspaper Publishers Association Southern Newspaper Publishers Association is committed to the preservation of responsible journalism and the long-term economic strength of newspapers. SNPA provides newspaper executives with information, ideas and best practices to anticipate competitive challenges and grow in an evolving media market. Its innovative training programs focus on issues that are critical to the professional success of the thousands of employees who work for newspapers. In 2013, SNPA will launch an initiative to create a dynamic liaison with journalism schools and departments throughout the Southeast. Journalism educators may join the Association, and are welcome to attend SNPA programs. SWECJMC SWECJMC is a regional affiliate of AEJMC with member schools in an eight-state region including Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas and Utah. SWECJMC is the founder of the Southwestern Mass Communication Journal, now also available online at http://southwesternmcjournal.wordpress.com/about/. Each fall, SWECJMC hosts a symposium research conference where faculty members and students present referred papers and posters. <<Council of Affiliates]]> 10115 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/10/tweet/ Thu, 25 Oct 2012 18:55:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10207 Social Media Tips: Tweet up with your colleagues By Amy Falkner S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications apfalkne@syr.edu Twitter: amyfalkner (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, November 2012 issue) A recent article in Fortune lamented that universities are failing miserably at equipping students with the social media skills demanded by today’s jobs. Are we? I don’t believe we are a total #fail. But there is definitely room for improvement. And if you don’t know what that symbol means before the word fail, you should keep reading. If you know it’s called a hashtag, then please help your colleagues understand why it’s important to be active on social media and use it in your classroom. Here are some tidbits from that article, which trended No. 1 on CNN.com after its release in late September: • Job postings requiring social media skills rose 87% from 2011 to 2012, topping 13,000 in one month alone earlier this year. • Among Fortune 500 companies, 73% now have Twitter accounts and 66% have Facebook pages. • Among 2,100 companies surveyed by the Harvard Business Review, only 12% of those using social media feel they use it effectively. Hello students. Meet opportunity. This means we have to prepare our students differently for a constantly changing media landscape. At the AEJMC conference the past two years, I taught sessions on using Twitter effectively in the classroom during the “Doctors Are In” sessions, sponsored by the Teaching Committee. I was overrun with interested faculty members. Some were just starting out; others came to offer their own helpful hints. It was very energizing. I didn’t understand the attraction of Twitter myself a few years ago. When I was laid up from a surgery, I said ‘I am going to learn how to do this damn thing.’ And I did. It took a few days and that was it. If you are new to Twitter, this is a great place to start: www.mashable.com/guidebook/twitter. Today, I don’t spend ions of time to collect thousands of followers, but I do find it incredibly useful in getting news fast, staying on top of my industry, and seeing collectively what the nation is talking about. I will focus on Twitter here because this is where I see the growth and it’s actually easy to incorporate into your class. Facebook is the behemoth of social media sites with 864 million users worldwide, but your students know it well and are actually moving onto other things. I teach advertising, so it is important that my students understand how brands use Facebook (universally, not well). But that’s an easy lesson. It’s actually the first assignment in my advertising media class. Twitter is where there is a bigger knowledge gap — both for students and faculty. The older you are, the more likely you are to be on Facebook. The average age of a Facebook user is 40.5, according to June 2012 data from DoubleClick Ad Planner, now part of Google. Twitter is a different story and there is a disconnect in our age group (“our” meaning typical faculty). According to the Pew Research Center, Twitter has 176 million users worldwide; 40 million in the U.S. That’s 15% of Internet users and its user base is getting younger. This is where your students are getting their news. The percent of users within each age group starts with a high of 26% for 18-29 and decreases as age increases, to 4% participation among those 65+. I encourage you to buck the trend. I will tell you that as the associate dean of academic affairs, I regularly track what percentage of my faculty is on Twitter, and what percentage are active within the last 30 days. I check their Klout scores (Klout is a measure of social media influence). If I am trying to deliver a curriculum that infuses digital and social media skills usage across disciplines then I need faculty who walk the walk. And, I am happy to report, I do. In fact, so much that I learn from them constantly. Your best resource to learn new things is your colleagues. Newhouse recently hired a professor specifically to teach courses on social media, Dr. William Ward. This isn’t really a shameless plug (well, sort of) but he has a great website that can help you get started and get lots of material for your class at www.dr4ward.com. Multiple faculty members have taken a workshop with him; we train ourselves all the time. Our students take a class called “Social Media U Need 2 Know” from him and it is always at its cap. And they are getting jobs based on what they are learning. This is happening across our curriculum. Our goal, as it likely is for your school, is to insure our students are job ready. Some sample Twitter assignments across disciplines are part of the “Doctors Are In” pdf on the AEJMC web site under the Teaching Resources link, as well as award-winning examples in the “Best Practices in Teaching Writing Across Media” booklet from this year’s conference. (Shameless plug for the Teaching Committee). Seriously, there is great stuff there. Check it out. I have found the easiest way to get students to see the ease, fun and potential benefits of Twitter is to require them to tweet during a live event that attracts millions of people, something that is bound to be a national water cooler conversation. We just did this for the Emmys. Fortunately for us, Audi was the promoted tweet for both #Emmy and #Emmys, which means it ran at the top of the search results for those two hashtags the entire show. And when the kid from Modern Family was driven to the Emmys with his mom in an Audi, my lesson on social TV was complete. And really, everyone can find something clever to say about Sophia Vergara in 140 characters or less. See…you just thought of it. It’s that easy.

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Holmes, Ryan. (Sept. 26, 2012). Universities are failing at teaching social media. In Fortune Tech. Retrieved Sept. 30, 2012, from http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/09/26/universities-are-failing-at-teaching-social-media/?iid=SF_F_River. <<Teaching Corner]]> 10207 0 0 0 http://www.aejmc100.org/global-celebration/ Tue, 27 Nov 2012 15:46:27 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10336 10336 0 0 0 https://aejmc2.wufoo.com/forms/aejmc-100-for-100-years-campaign/ Mon, 17 Dec 2012 19:14:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10463 10463 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2012/12/publications-committee/ Wed, 19 Dec 2012 19:14:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10481 Duties and Responsibilities of Publications Committee Members:

• The Publications Committee is responsible for the oversight of the three association-wide journals: Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, Journalism and Mass Communication Educator and Journalism and Communication Monographs.
• Members participate in two face-to-face meetings each year. One during the annual conference and the other at the AEJMC December meeting.
• The committee’s responsibilities include working with current editors during their terms to ensure the highest possible standards for the journals as well as developing plans to encourage quality submissions.
• When editor terms are up, the committee is responsible for issuing a call for applicants and then evaluating applications. The process normally involves interviews with promising candidates.
• The committee will monitor, along with the AEJMC Board, the new publishing process with Sage Publications.
• The committee also explores, and recommends, new publication needs for the association.
• Committee terms are for three years.

<Elected Standing Committees]]> 10481 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/contribute/ Fri, 04 Jan 2013 17:36:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10494 Support the Future of Journalism and Mass Communication We appreciate our active AEJMC members. Your involvement in the association, and your support of our programs and projects are very important to the growth of AEJMC. As you consider giving opportunities, I hope you will consider a donation to AEJMC. Any level of contribution is appreciated. Member donations have been critical to the development of some of our most recent programs including:

• The Institute for Diverse Leadership in Journalism and Mass Communication, which encourages people of color and women to consider administration
• Senior Scholar Research Grants, which pays scholars to support research projects
• Scholarsourcing, which helps AEJMC members interested in writing a book connect to a book publisher
• News Engagement Day, which takes place each October and encourages people to engage with news in any medium

You may donate online or mail your check to AEJMC, 234 Outlet Pointe Blvd, Suite A, Columbia, SC 29210-5667. AEJMC is a 501(c) (3) association and donations are tax deductible up to the level allowed by the IRS. You will receive a written acknowledgement of all donations. Thank you for choosing to support your organization. AEJMC has so many wonderful programs and opportunities for its members. You may submit donations to AEJMC awards and special projects using our online secure form. Accepted credit cards are DISCOVER®, MASTERCARD®, VISA®, and AMERICAN EXPRESS®.

Contact AEJMC if you have inquiries concerning your gift.

]]> 10494 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/blogs/ Mon, 07 Jan 2013 21:55:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10526 Incorporating Websites and Blogs into Your Curriculum By Chris Roush AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching School of Journalism and Mass Communication University of North Carolina Chapel Hill croush@email.unc.edu (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, January 2013 issue) If you enjoy teaching—and I have to believe that many of you do, otherwise you wouldn’t be in this racket—then you’re constantly tinkering with what you do every semester. For me, it started with changing assignments and exams every semester. But with the rapidly changing world of journalism and mass communication, I soon realized that wasn’t enough. So, in 2005, I began experimenting with using blogs and websites in my teaching strategies. In the past seven years, I have found that they can be effective ways to disseminate information to my students. And I’ve also found that students enjoy reading them and learning from them. This is not teaching online. And this is not teaching students how to blog or build their own websites. This is using online technology to further the learning experience that you’re trying to achieve in the classroom. Here are three examples of how I’m using blogging and websites to communicate information to my students: (1) In the fall of 2005, I started a blog called Talking Biz News. Originally, it was for members of the Society of American Business Editors and Writers. I began posting news and other information about business journalism that I thought would be interesting to business journalists. But the blog soon morphed into something else when I began requiring my Business Reporting students to read Talking Biz News on a regular basis. The postings became topics of discussion for class, as well as a way for students to keep up-to-date on what was going on in this special area of journalism that they were studying. I used an old-school teaching method—pop quizzes on blog material—to ensure that students were actually reading. The Talking Biz News experience convinced me that I was on to something. (2) So the next year, I took material from a book I was writing and hired an undergraduate student to help build a website on the history of business journalism. That website, bizjournalismhistory.org, is now a critical part of how I teach another class, called Business and the Media. On this website, I’ve posted interviews I’ve conducted with famous business journalists of the past 50 years. Before a class lecture, I’ll ask my students to read these interviews and be prepared to discuss how the journalists answered specific questions or handled specific topics. It leads to a broader understanding of the concepts that we’re discussing in class. Sure, I could also use Skype to bring these people into the classroom for an interactive discussion, but with the interview online, it eliminates the hassle of lining up a convenient time to do the call. And the information is always available for students to go back and review when exam time comes around. (3) I’m now tinkering with a third website, www.collegebizjournalism.org, that I’m using to help my business journalism students—as well as others on other campuses—find internships and jobs. I’ve yet to figure out how to connect it to a class, but I send out announcements of new items on that site to my students so that they know to go there for information on internships. That way, they’re all not bombarding me with how and where to apply. I’m sure these are not the only ways to use the Internet to expand the classroom learning experience. If you’ve got others that you’ve tried and want to share, send me an email at croush@email.unc.edu; I’ll write about them in a future column. <<Teaching Corner]]> 10526 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/adv/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 16:41:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10617 Research Papers: Submissions should be consistent with the style and format of Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly or the Journal of Advertising. For questions, please contact Karen Mallia, Research Paper Chair, University of South Carolina. E-mail: kmallia@sc.edu. Tel: (803) 777-1154. Teaching Papers: Teaching papers are invited on any research that addresses teaching: innovations, effective approaches, pedagogy, survey of the field, adoption of new technologies in the classroom, etc. However, keep in mind this competition is for research papers on teaching, rather than teaching tips or personal reflections. The style and format of the paper should conform to those in the Journal of Advertising Education or Journalism & Mass Communication Educator. Papers submitted to the teaching competition will be considered for review by the Journal of Advertising Education. For questions, please contact Troy Elias, Teaching Paper Chair, University of Florida. E-mail: telias@jou.ufl.edu. Tel: (352) 392-5059. Professional Freedom & Responsibility (PF&R) Papers: Often referred to as the conscience of AEJMC, the goal of PF&R papers is to extend knowledge about and understanding of gender, race, ethics, social, and cultural influences; values; and free expression. Submissions may take the form of traditional research papers, but essays or critical analyses are also welcome. Historical as well as contemporary topics are appropriate. Often papers submitted to the research and teaching competitions would nicely fit into the PF&R category as well. This year the Ad Division had just one paper submission in the PF&R category. We’d like to see more! Examples of advertising topics related to the PF&R mission could include papers about food and tobacco advertising which address ethical issues; and minority representations in advertising content as well as participation in the advertising business, which ties into the racial, gender, and cultural inclusiveness mission of PF&R. For questions, please contact Heidi Hennink-Kaminski, PF&R Paper Chair, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. E-mail: h2kamins@unc.edu. Tel: (919 962.2555). Special Topics Papers: The special topics paper competition is a place for pioneering subjects, methods, and presentations. New approaches, innovation, and creativity are encouraged. A variety of advertising and advertising education topics are welcome. For example, we live in times of unprecedented technological innovation. This technological revolution has created new platforms for the communication of brand messages; it has accelerated the globalization of brands and audience segments; it has changed the way people consume media and the way consumers interact with one another; and it has changed the way we teach and do research in advertising. Papers which focus on the challenges posed by these recent transformations to the practice of advertising are especially welcome. We also welcome exploratory and qualitative approaches, such as case histories, ethnographies, critical studies, visual essays, and methodologically innovative research on more traditional topics. Empirical research, critical reviews and conceptual pieces can be submitted. Submissions must be full papers (no abstracts or extended abstracts). To be considered, the papers should be maximum 30 pages in length (double-spaced, 12 point Times New Roman or equivalent font, including tables and references) and should conform to the Chicago or APA style. If you have any questions regarding the fit of your paper with this competition, or any other inquiries, please contact George Anghelcev, Special Topics Paper Chair, Penn State University. E-mail: gua4@psu.edu. Tel: (814) 865-4354. Student Papers: Graduate and undergraduate students are invited to submit original research dealing with any advertising-related topic. All sole- or co-authors of these papers must be students; papers co-authored by students and faculty should be submitted to the Research Paper competition. The style and format of the paper should conform to those in Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly or the Journal of Advertising. A cash award from the division and an additional award ($200) sponsored by the International Journal of Advertising will be given during the Washington conference to the top student paper. For questions, please contact Sela Sar, Student Paper Chair, Iowa State University. E-mail: selasar@iastate.edu. Tel: (515) 294-0503. <<Paper Call]]> 10617 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/commsher/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 16:43:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10620 cannot be co-authored with faculty, and authors must identify their submission as an Eason Prize entry on the cover page. In any one year, an individual can appear as author or co-author on a maximum of two (2) submitted research papers. If one individual appears as author or co-author on more than two (2) submitted research papers, the ComSHER Executive Committee will have the right to disqualify some or all of the papers in question from the research competition. All accepted papers must be presented by a listed author, unless approved in advance by the Executive Committee. Failure to appear to present can result in author(s) losing eligibility to submit to the Division for one year. Paper submissions should follow the AEJMC Uniform Paper Call Guidelines (no more than 25 pages of double-spaced text, plus references, tables, figures, and appendices). Before uploading your paper, remove all author identification from the document, including any file properties. Direct questions to Research Chair Liz Gardner at liz.gardner@ttu.edu or 806-834-0928. <<Paper Call]]> 10620 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/ctech/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 16:48:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10630 Student Papers: Papers solely authored by students are especially encouraged and are eligible to be entered for the Jung-Sook Lee Student Paper competition. The Jung-Sook Lee Award recognizes the best student paper, which makes “a substantial contribution to the substance or method on a topic related to communication technology and policy.” The award honors the division’s 1997-1998 research chair, Jung-Sook Lee of the University of Southwestern Louisiana, who died soon after the Baltimore conference in 1998. Authors of the top three student papers will receive a cash award. In addition, the author of the best student paper will have his or her conference registration fee paid by the division. For a paper to be considered for this award, all of the authors must be undergraduate or graduate students enrolled during the 2012-2013 academic year. Authors must type “Jung-Sook Lee Competition” in the upper-right corner of the first page of text to be considered for the award. Faculty Papers: The division is happy to present the second annual Gene Burd Top Faculty Research Paper Award, made possible by the generosity of Prof. Burd from the University of Texas – Austin. The $1,000 award recognizes the best faculty paper submitted to the division. For a paper to be considered for this award, at least one of the authors must be faculty. Authors must type “Gene Burd Competition” in the upper-right corner of the first page of text to be considered for the award. Winners of both awards will receive their prize and be recognized at the Washington, D.C., conference. Submissions that do not win recognition in the Jung-Sook Lee Award or the Gene Burd Award are still considered for acceptance along with open competition submissions. Open Competition: All other papers submitted to the division will be reviewed in an open competition. Please limit papers to no more than 25 pages (double-spaced) in length, excluding tables and references. If you have any questions or require more information about the submission process, please contact Amanda Sturgill, CTEC research chair at asturgill@elon.edu <<Paper Call ]]> 10630 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/ctm/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 16:54:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10633 Papers submitted to CT&M can be submitted to the open-call competition or the student paper competition. Winners of all awards will be recognized in the convention program and/or at the CT&M members’ meeting in Chicago. In addition to the open-call and student competitions, CT&M recognizes the top theoretical submission to the division each year. A theory paper may extend what is known about the current workings of a theory by including a data analysis section, or strictly extend the current theory literature without including data. The abstract of the award-winning piece by our inaugural winner, Nori Comello, can be viewed at http://aejmc.net/ctm/awards/top-theory-paper/. To be considered for the top theory paper, you must type “Theory Paper Competition” in the upper right-hand corner of first page of text. Papers submitted in the top theory paper competition will also be considered for awards in the open-call and student competitions, as applicable . We strongly encourage submissions by students. Winners of the Chaffee-McLeod Award for Top Student Paper will be awarded $250; two additional top student papers will also receive cash prizes. To be considered for the student paper competition, all authors must be students, and the author(s) must type “Student Paper Competition” in the upper right-hand corner of first page of text. Please limit papers to no more than 25-pages (double-spaced) in length, excluding tables and references. Papers should follow APA style, have 1-inch margins, and use 12 point Times New Roman font. Please limit papers to a total of 35 pages total (including text, tables, and references). Please refer to the AEJMC general paper call for this year’s online submission guidelines. Please make sure there is no identifying information in the body of the paper or in the document properties. Co-authors cannot be added after a paper has been reviewed. At least one author of an accepted faculty paper must attend the conference to present the paper. If student authors cannot be present, they must make arrangements for the paper to be presented by someone else. Failure to be present or provide a presenter for any paper will result in a one-year ban on the review of papers for all of the authors involved. Authors of accepted papers are required to forward papers to discussants and moderators prior to the conference. If you have any questions, you can direct them to the research co-chairs Mike Schmierbach (mgs15@psu.edu) and Myiah Hutchens (myiahhutchens@ email.arizona.edu). <<Paper Call ]]> 10633 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/ccs/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 16:58:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10637 Questions concerning submissions should be directed to research co-chairs Katie Foss (Katie.Foss@mtsu.edu) or Madeleine Esch (madeleine.esch@salve.edu). <<Paper Call ]]> 10637 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/elec/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:02:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10641 Electronic News unless you choose to opt out of submitting it to that journal. Questions concerning submissions should be directed to Dale Edwards, University of Northern Colorado. Phone: 970-351-2471. Fax 9970-351-2336. Email: dale.edwards@unco.edu. <<Paper Call]]> 10641 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/hist/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:04:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10645 Student Papers: Undergraduate and graduate students enrolled during the 2012-13 academic year may enter the Warren Price Student Paper Competition. The Price Award recognizes the History Division’s best student paper and is named for Warren Price, who was the Division’s first chair. Student papers should include a separate cover sheet that indicates their student status but omits the author’s name or other identifying information. Students who submit top papers are eligible for small travel grants from the Edwin Emery Fund. Only full-time students not receiving departmental travel grants are eligible for these grants. Call for Reviewers: If you are willing to review papers for the History Division research competition, please contact Kathy Roberts Forde at fordekr@sc.edu and indicate your areas of expertise and/or interest. We will need approximately 75 reviewers for the competition. Graduate students are not eligible to serve as reviewers and, in general, reviewers should not have submitted their own research into the competition. Contact information: For more information, contact History Division Research Chair Kathy Roberts Forde (University of South Carolina) at fordekr@sc.edu or 803-708-2272. <<Paper Call ]]> 10645 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/intl/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:07:25 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10647 Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition & Markham Student Paper Competition The International Communication Division welcomes original, non-published research papers that focus clearly on international aspects of journalism and mass communication. Papers that merely examine communication phenomena outside of the United States do not necessarily fit in this division, and the research committee reserves the right to transfer papers to other divisions if it determines that the paper would be better suited for another division. Any theoretical and methodological approaches appropriate to communication research are acceptable and encouraged. Papers are submitted either to the Robert L. Stevenson open paper competition (faculty and student-faculty) or the Markham student competition (strictly student-authored papers). All research papers must be uploaded through an online server to the group appropriate to the paper’s topic and author (faculty or student) via a link on the AEJMC website. Detailed information will be sent to authors with notification that their papers have been accepted. In addition to guidelines that apply to all AEJMC paper competitions, please follow ICD’s specific guidelines listed below. Guidelines: Format should be Word, WordPerfect, or a PDF. Researchers also must upload a paper abstract of no more than 75 words. ICD suggests a paper length of 25-pages, 12-point, double-spaced type, one-inch margins on all sides, (count and format does not include notes, references, figures and/or illustrations). Authors should use the style appropriate for the discipline, E.g. APA, MLA, and Chicago. Completely fill out the online submission form with author(s) name, affiliation, mailing address, telephone number and email address. The title should be on the first page of the text and on running heads on each page of text, as well as on the title page. Do not include author’s name or other identifying information on running heads, title page or hidden popup options (specifically on material submitted as PDF). Authors are responsible for following the guidelines for paper submissions outlined in the AEJMC uniform paper call and additional ICD guidelines listed in this call. Papers that do not meet guidelines will not be reviewed (Note: Papers submitted to the wrong competition, papers containing any identifying information, or submissions consisting only of abstracts will be disqualified immediately). Submissions will be blind-reviewed by a panel; selections strictly based on merit. Awards: ICD awards cash prizes for the top three faculty papers and the top three student papers. Student winners will also receive free conference registration. Both The Asian Journal of Communication and Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies also sponsor a “Best Paper Award” with cash prizes (Cash prizes are forfeited if an author fails to present her or his work). Asian Journal of Communication Best Paper Award: The AJC Best Paper Award is presented annually by the Asian Journal of Communication (AJC), a refereed international publication of the Asian Media Information and Communication Centre (AMIC) and the Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, to an outstanding paper selected from the AEJMC International Communication Division¹s Open Paper Competition. Established in 2003, the award is aimed at promoting mass communication research concerning the Asia-Pacific region. All papers (with a focus on or relevance to mass communication in the Asia-Pacific region or an Asia-Pacific country) submitted to the annual ICD Open Paper Competition are eligible for the AJC Best Paper Award contest and will be reviewed automatically for the award. All research methodologies are welcome. Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies Best Paper Award for Journalism Research: The ICD’s “Best Paper Award for Journalism Research” is sponsored annually by Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies for the most outstanding paper selected from the submissions to the AEJMC International Communication Division’s Open Paper Competition. Established in 2003, the award is aimed at promoting research in global journalism which will enhance and enrich our understanding of issues such as international news flow, news theory, media ethics, media education, gender, and race, as well as specific topics, such as the media and AIDS. In line with the division’s international character, the award is also aimed at promoting research that addresses North-South and South-South journalism issues. If you have questions about the call or the 2012 ICD research competition at any time contact: Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition Chair – Emily Metzgar, Indiana University, emetzgar@indiana.edu, Markham Student Competition Chair - Ammina Kothari, Rochester Institute of Technology, ammina.kothari@rit.edu. <<Paper Call ]]> 10647 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/law/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:09:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10650 50-double-spaced pages with one-inch margins and 12-point font, including cover page, appendices, tables, footnotes and/or endnotes, and end-of-paper reference list, if applicable. (Footnotes and/or endnotes and reference list may be single-spaced.) Papers that exceed 50 total pages or are not double-spaced will be automatically rejected without review. Although Bluebook citation format is preferred, authors may employ any recognized and uniform format for referencing authorities, including APA, Chicago, or MLA styles. Papers that include author-identifying information within the text, in headers, or within the embedded electronic file properties will be automatically rejected (review the instructions on the AEJMC Web site for stripping identifying information from the electronic file properties). Authors are solely responsible for checking the final uploaded version of their paper for any and all author identifying information. There is no limit on the number of submissions authors may make to the Division. Any paper previously published or presented at a conference except the AEJMC Southeast Colloquium or the AEJMC Midwinter Conference are not eligible for the competition. In 2013, the Division is introducing a Top Debut Faculty Paper Award. The top paper accepted by a faculty member who has never had a paper accepted by the Division will be awarded a prize of $150 and will receive free conference registration. For papers with multiple authors, multiple faculty and/or faculty and student, to be eligible none of the authors of the paper may have previously had a paper accepted by the Division at the national conference. In addition, only the faculty author presenting the paper will be eligible for free conference registration. Student authors of single-authored papers should clearly indicate their student status on the cover page. Student submissions will be considered for the $100 Whitney and Shirley Mundt Award, given to the top student paper. The Law and Policy Division will also cover conference registration fees for the top three student paper presenters. If you have questions, please contact: Chip Stewart, Law and Policy Division Research Chair, Schieffer School of Journalism, TCU Box 298060, Fort Worth, TX 76129. Phone: (817) 257-5291; email: d.stewart@tcu.edu. <<Paper Call]]> 10650 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/mag/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:11:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10654 <<Paper Call ]]> 10654 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/mcs/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:16:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10659 Top Paper Recognition: The division provides cash awards and waives one AEJMC conference registration fee for the top four winners in each research paper competition. For a paper to be considered for a student paper award, all of the authors must be students. A faculty member as co-author automatically moves the paper to faculty competition. All MC&S research submissions, regardless of faculty or student authorship, are judged together as general papers. However, the top papers in the faculty and student categories are recognized separately. At least one author of each winning paper is asked to attend the Mass Communication and Society business meeting to receive their awards. Moeller Student Paper Competition: Students who submit a paper written for a class during the previous year are eligible for the Mass Communication and Society Moeller paper competition. Moeller Competition papers must be nominated by the faculty member who taught the class; who must send a letter or email verifying that the paper was completed for a class. Papers submitted for the special call or the Moeller Competition must clearly note the competition on the title page. Please remember that the Moeller Competition is separate from our student top paper competition. At least one author of the winning paper is asked to attend the Mass Communication and Society business meeting to receive the award. Papers should be submitted to the AEJMC site in Word, WordPerfect or PDF format (PDF preferred). An abstract of 75 words should also be uploaded. Text and supporting documents (appendices, references, tables, etc.) should not exceed 30 double-spaced pages. According to AEJMC submissions guidelines the manuscript title should be printed on the title page, the first page of the text and on running heads on each page of text. Do NOT include author’s name anywhere in the document. Papers uploaded with author’s identifying information displayed WILL NOT BE CONSIDERED FOR REVIEW AND WILL AUTOMATICALLY BE DISQUALIFIED FROM THE COMPETITION. Papers that have been previously presented or published, are under review for publication, or have been submitted to another AEJMC division will not be accepted. In addition, authors may submit no more than two papers (including co-authored papers) to the division. Submission Procedures: All papers must be submitted through the AEJMC on-line process by the deadline. Please see the 2013 AEJMC Uniform Call for Papers for submission instructions regarding removal of identifying author information. All MC&S submissions must adhere to the AEJMC submission guidelines to receive full consideration. Hard copy papers or papers submitted electronically to the research co-chairs will not be accepted. For questions, contact one of the Mass Communication and Society research co-chairs: Jensen Moore at Louisiana State University (jmoore5@lsu.edu, 225-578-6686) or Kevin Williams at Mississippi State University (kwilliams@comm.msstate.edu, 662-325-8330). <<Paper Call ]]> 10659 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/ethics/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:18:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10662 Special Call For Entertainment Ethics: In addition to our regular call, the Media Ethics Division is sponsoring a special call for papers related to entertainment ethics. Papers may consider entertainment ethics related to film, social networking, music, television, video games, books, comics, or other areas of entertainment media. Papers may use a variety of methodological approaches such as quantitative, qualitative, rhetorical, etc. Special call papers must be marked “Special Call” on the title page (and ONLY on the title page). Carol Burnett Award for Graduate Students: All graduate students who submit papers to the Media Ethics Division are encouraged to enter their paper in the Carol Burnett Award competition. The Media Ethics Division teams with the University of Hawaii and the Carol Burnett Fund for Responsible Journalism to sponsor this special paper competition for graduate students. Students are invited to submit papers on any topic related to media ethics: public relations, entertainment, journalism, advertising, etc. The winning paper will receive the Carol Burnett/University of Hawaii/AEJMC Prize, which includes a $350 cash award. The runner-up will receive a $150 cash award. Authors for the top two submissions will receive a small travel assistance stipend and will be invited to present their papers at the 2013 conference in Washington D.C. The winner will be invited to accept his or her prize at the KTA Awards Luncheon at the conference. Burnett competition papers must be marked “Burnett Competition” on the title page (and ONLY the title page). Professional Relevance Award: Special recognition will be given to the paper that is judged to be the most relevant to working professionals. The recipient will be selected from the general paper competition. Top Faculty Paper: Special recognition will be given to the faculty paper judged to be the best paper submitted among faculty authors. The recipient will be selected from the general paper competition. All questions should be directed to the research chair Jenn Burleson Mackay, Virginia Tech, email: jemackay@vt.edu, phone 540-231-1663. <<Paper Call]]> 10662 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/mme/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:20:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10666 <<Paper Call]]> 10666 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/mac/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:23:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10670 If it is not historical research, APA reference style is preferred. Student and faculty research will go through separate competitions. Students must identify their papers as such (“Student Paper”) on the title page of their submission. All sole- or co-authors of these papers must be students; papers co-authored by students and faculty should be submitted to the Faculty Research Paper competition. If these rules are not follow-ed, papers are subject to disqualification. The MAC Division is sponsoring two “Award Winning Paper” competitions at this year’s conference: Top faculty and the Alan Bussel Award for Top Student Paper. The “top” three faculty papers and the “top” student paper will be selected from among the refereed papers submitted to the MAC Division’s competitions. A first-place winner in the “top” faculty paper competition will receive $200. The second-place winner will receive $100 and the third-place winner $75. The student winner will receive a complimentary ticket for the MAC luncheon during this year’s conference, free AEJMC Convention registration and $100. Certificates will be awarded to each of the winners, whose prizes are furnished by a grant from Indiana Wesleyan University. In addition, the other outstanding student papers will have the opportunity to participate in a scholar-to-scholar session. Faculty Competition Contact: Kyle Huckins, Faculty Research Chair, Indiana Wesleyan University. Phone: 765-677-1947. Email: kyle.huckins@indwes.edu; Student Competition Contact: Masudul Biswas, Student Research Chair, Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania. Phone: 717-477-1517. Email: mkbiswas@ship.edu. <<Paper Call]]> 10670 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/news/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:25:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10674 Submission of papers: Papers must be submitted electronically in Word or PDF format no later than 11:59 p.m. (EST) April 1, 2013, using AEJMC’s All Academic system. No hard copies will be accepted. All entries should follow the guidelines of the AEJMC uniform paper competition. Paper length is limited to 25 pages, not including references, tables, or appendices. All submissions will undergo a blind review process by a panel of independent reviewers. Papers are accepted on the understanding that they have not been previously published or presented elsewhere and that they have been submitted to only our division for evaluation. Paper authors must remove identifying information from their papers or they will be automatically disqualified from the competition. Full instructions on submitting papers are posted on the AEJMC website at http://www.aejmcchicago.org/papers/. If you have any questions, please contact research co-chairs Raluca Cozma (rcozma@iastate.edu) or Carol Schlagheck (cschlaghe@emich.edu). <<Paper Call]]> 10674 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/pr/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:28:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10678 Submission Categories: A paper may be submitted in one of the three PRD categories: (1) open, (2) student or (3) teaching. Submission Limitations: No more than two papers may be submitted by any one author or co-author across the three PRD categories. If it is found that one person is author and/or co-author of more than two submissions across the three PRD categories, all of the submissions will be automatically disqualified. A paper may NOT be under review: (1) simultaneously with more than one of the three PRD categories, (2) simultaneously with more than one division within AEJMC, (3) simultaneously with the AEJMC conference and any other conference, or (4) simultaneously with the AEJMC conference and any publication. Authorship: When submitting co-authored papers, permission to submit the paper should be sought and obtained from all authors on the paper. Paper authorship cannot be added, deleted, or changed subsequent to submission of the paper. Author Identification: All authors and co-authors, their institutional affiliations and contact information must be included WHEN REGISTERING on the online system. If there are three co-authors, for example, information about all three must be included in the registration. Student papers must be authored or co-authored by students ONLY (no faculty co-authors), and all student papers must have the word “STUDENT” on the title page and in the running head. Author-identifying information MUST NOT appear anywhere in the attached paper file. Identifying information includes (1) listing of authors’ names and/or affiliations, (2) references to authors’ previous work in a way that reveals authorship of the current work, and (3) links to authors’ websites, e-mail addresses, or social media accounts. Inclusion of identifying information will result in automatic disqualification of the paper. Paper Content: Any recognized research method and citation style may be used. Papers should include appropriate literature reviews, methodology, findings and discussion. Papers should test, refine or expand public relations theory or practice; critically review issues relevant to public relations theory and research; or explore methods of effective public relations practice. Teaching papers should test, refine or expand principles or practices associated with public relations pedagogy. All submissions should represent research completed by the conference submission deadline, not research proposals or reports on research in progress. Paper Formatting: A paper cannot exceed 30 (thirty) pages, period. The 30 pages of the submitted paper shall INCLUDE the title page, abstract, appendices (including figures and tables), and references/citations; no exceptions. Papers must be typed in a 12-point font, using Times New Roman, Times, or Arial font. Papers must be formatted with double line spacing with 1-inch margins on all sides of the document. All papers must contain continuous page numbers; if multiple files are merged for the paper, then the author must ensure that the page numbers are continuous and do not repeat or start over from page 1. Because of past conversion issues with the All-Academic system that resulted in papers being longer than the established requirement, all papers must be submitted in PDF format. For those using the newest version of Microsoft Word, you can save your paper as a PDF file using the “Save As” function. For those not using this version, you may use a free web service, such as www.freepdfconvert.com. Failure to follow these formatting guidelines will result in an automatic disqualification of the paper. Presentation Requirement: At least one author of an accepted faculty paper must attend the conference to present the paper. If student authors cannot be present, they must make arrangements for the paper to be presented by someone else. Failure to be present or provide a presenter for any paper will result in a one-year ban on the review of papers for all of the authors involved. Authors of accepted papers are required to forward papers to discussants and moderators prior to the conference. Presentations at AEJMC conference may be disseminated via social media; presenters may opt out of social media dissemination by requesting so at the time of presentation. Questions? Please contact research co-chairs, Bey-Ling Sha, San Diego State University, bsha@mail.sdsu.edu or Suman Lee, Iowa State University, smlee@iastate.edu. <<Paper Call ]]> 10678 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/schol/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:30:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10681 Special Hazelwood call: It’s been 25 years since the landmark Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier Supreme Court decision. Given that an entire generation of students has grown up during this time of relatively low student expression rights, the Scholastic Journalism Division invites papers specifically addressing issues relating to this decision and its effects on students, schools, advisers, etc… Like the general Scholastic Journalism Division call, papers can use any method. If you choose to enter your paper via this special call, please indicate so on your paper’s title page by clearly including the words “Special Hazelwood Call.” Expectations for all papers: Papers should be in Microsoft Word, 12-point type, Times New Roman, double-spaced. Papers should not exceed 25-pages in length, not counting references, tables, and appendices. Style should follow either the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association or the Chicago Manual of Style. Include an abstract of no more than 75 words. At least one author will be expected to attend the meeting to present the paper. All research papers must be submitted online via a link on the AEJMC Web site. Do not put the author’s name on the title page of the document you upload to the submission site. Reviews are blind. The site will also ask for author’s name, affiliation, and e-mail address separ- ately. You will be asked for your abstract, too. The principal author should e-mail the SJD research chair (see below) with the title of your paper and contact information (as well as whether he/she is entering the paper via the special call) once he/she has uploaded his/her paper to the AEJMC site. For more information for submissions to the Scholastic Journalism Division, contact Adam M. Maksl of the Department of Journalism at Indiana University Southeast at (812) 941-2892 or amaksl@ius.edu. <<Paper Call]]> 10681 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/tutorials/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 19:17:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10609 The following links are for instructional tutorials in the ALL ACADEMIC system for AEJMC Research Chairs. These videos are designed to help you navigate through our online paper review system quickly. Each video is 3 minutes or less and includes step-by-step instructions for a variety of features in our paper review system. If you have any questions about how to use the system, you can contact Felicia G. Brown.

Video Tutorials

• Research Chair Training (Zoom group video)
• Login, Main Menu & Add Reviewers
• Assign Reviewers
• Send Bulk Emails
• Accept / Reject Proposals
• Request Reports

]]> 10609 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/viscom/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:33:49 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10685 SUBMISSION GUIDELINES: All research papers must be uploaded through AEJMC’s ALL ACADEMIC website. Make sure to upload through the link marked Visual Communication Division. All papers must be uploaded to the server no later than 11:59 p.m. (Central Standard Time) Monday, April 1, 2013. All papers must be type-written and double-spaced with one-inch margins. Format should be Microsoft Word or a PDF. The page limit is 30-pages, inclusive of all references, notes, tables, illustrations, and appendices. Manuscripts must conform to the APA reference style. Upload an abstract separately of no more than 75-words. Completely fill out the online submission form with author(s) name, affiliation, mailing address, telephone number, and email address. The title should be printed on the first page of the text and on running heads on each subsequent page of text. Please make sure not to include author name(s) on title page or running heads and confirm that no identifying information is in the File Properties area of the MS Word file. All authors will be advised whether their paper has been accepted and will receive a copy of the reviewers’ comments by May 22, 2013. At least one author of an accepted paper must attend the conference to present the paper. For more information on submissions to the Visual Communication Division, please contact Mary Bock, Kutztown University at 484-646-4319 or e-mail: bock@kutztown.edu. <<Paper Calls ]]> 10685 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/civic/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:42:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10688 <<Paper Call]]> 10688 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/comjig/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:45:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10693 <<Paper Call ]]> 10693 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/ent/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:47:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10696 Papers may not exceed 25-pages, excluding tables, figures, and references. All entries should follow the AEJMC uniform paper competition. All submissions will undergo a blind review process by a panel of independent readers. Although all papers compete on an equal footing, the top-ranked student paper(s) sent to ESIG will receive special recognition and first author(s) will be awarded free conference registration. Students who wish to be eligible for this award must indicate when submitting electronically that the paper was written exclusively by one or more students. Only studentsare eligible for this prize; papers with any faculty co-author(s) are not eligible. The top-ranked faculty paper will be recognized. Authors are not required to be a member of ESIG to submit a paper. The same author(s) can submit more than one paper to ESIG. Specific Guidelines: Papers may not exceed 25 pages, excluding tables, figures, and references. APA or MLA are acceptable styles for references. At least one author of an accepted faculty paper must attend the conference to present the paper. If student authors cannot be present, they must make arrangements for the paper to be presented. Questions regarding submissions should be directed to the research chair, Cynthia Nichols, e-mail: Cynthia.Nichols@okstate.edu. <<Paper Call ]]> 10696 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/glbt/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:51:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10699 <<Paper Call ]]> 10699 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/grad/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:53:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10703 updated 1.28.13) The Graduate Student Interest Group (GSIG) invites graduate students to submit research papers for the 2012 AEJMC convention in Washington D.C. Because the interest group’s focus is on its student constituency and not a topic area, the group accepts research by graduate students addressing any topic in journalism, media, or mass communication. We are dedicated to providing opportunities for graduate students to present research in the conference setting. We also accept research conducted using numerous and varied methodological approaches, both qualitative and quantitative. We strive to offer the highest level of feedback on submitted and accepted work. The top-ranked student submission will receive the annual Guido Stempel Award and will receive a $100 award check, a commemorative plaque, and conference registration reimbursement. Authors of the top four papers will have the opportunity to present at a special GSIG-sponsored research panel highlighting graduate student research. Authors are not required to be a member of GSIG to submit a paper, but those whose papers are accepted are obligated to join the interest group (annual membership fee: $7) before presenting their research at the conference in August. GSIG is also pleased to announce the second-annual Carson B Wagner Scholar-to-Scholar Award for the best poster presentation submitted to GSIG at the conference. Recipients of the award will receive a $100 check. Papers with any faculty co-author(s) are not eligible and will be rejected. All entries should follow the guidelines of the AEJMC uniform paper competition. Papers should be no more than 30 pages, not counting references, tables or appendices. All submissions will undergo a blind review process by a panel of independent readers. Papers are accepted on the understanding that they have not been previously published or presented elsewhere (with the exception of the AEJMC Midwinter Conference or AEJMC Southeast Colloquium) and are not under consideration by any scholarly journal of trade organization. Questions regarding submission should be directed to J.J. De Simone, Research Chair, at jjdesimone@gmail.com. <<Paper Call]]> 10703 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/icig/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:56:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10707 <<Paper Call ]]> 10707 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/pcig/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 17:58:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10710 <<Paper Call]]> 10710 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/religion/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 18:00:31 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10713 Papers focusing on historically underrepresented religions, denominations and/or groups as well as religious contexts outside the U.S. are strongly encouraged. For more about RMIG and its mission, please see http://www.religionandmedia.org/our-mission-and-goals/. Papers will be considered for presentation as traditional research panels and poster sessions. The maximum length of research papers is 25-pages, excluding endnotes and tables. The Religion and Media Interest Group also sponsors a Top Paper competition for both student and faculty papers. (Note: student papers may not have a faculty co-author.) The top student and faculty papers will be awarded $100 each, with the second-place student and faculty papers receiving $50 each. The awards will not be given if the selected papers are not presented at the conference. In order to be considered for the Top Paper competition, please specify either a student submission or a faculty submission on the cover page of the paper. Student papers that are not clearly identified as student submissions will not be considered for the student Top Paper Competition. All paper submissions must follow the 2013 AEJMC Uniform Paper Call. Questionsshould be submitted to the RMIG Research Co-Chairs Myna German, mgerman@desu.edu or John G. Wirtz, jwirtz@illinois.edu. Type “RMIG Research Paper” in the subject line when communicating via e-mail. <<Paper Call ]]> 10713 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/spig/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 18:04:00 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10717 <<Paper Call ]]> 10717 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/sports/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 18:07:17 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10723 <<Paper Call]]> 10723 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/csw/ Mon, 14 Jan 2013 18:50:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10730 <<Paper Call ]]> 10730 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/about-poster-sessions/ Thu, 17 Jan 2013 17:01:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10818 By Sheri Broyles, AEJMC Advertising Division Executive Committee

• Poster board example (PDF)

“It’s the first poster session I’ve done. In fact, it’s the first time I’ve done a poster since the 10th grade science fair, which I entered under great duress. I was not looking forward to this one either…” Do you, too, dread being in a poster session? This is just one comment I received in response to an email questionnaire sent out to participants in to poster sessions at AEJMC 2000 in Phoenix. Last August, as I walked through the two poster sessions in which the Advertising Division participated, I was struck by how, at least graphically, the poster sessions seemed a desert with an occasional oasis of a well-presented poster. A quick content analysis showed that while most (71%) used some color, it generally wasn’t used effectively. Many posters used color only in the header, and that was often subdued, For example, a burgundy header might be paired with black body type. Overall, type was way too small. Only 23% of the body type was big enough to read standing a couple of feet away from the poster. The email follow up revealed that many of the poster presenters said they received no guidelines. AEJMC has said that poster sessions will be the same format. That means you’ll have a freestanding 8’ x 4’ bulletin board. Pins will be provided, although bringing a few of your own “just in case” is a good precaution. Bring your pages printed out and ready to pin up, but you don’t need to bring them on poster board as you did in those science fair days. While clearly content should be the draw, even the most interesting research at 12-point type won’t get noticed. The key is to have great content, but present it in such a way that people will stop and see what you’ve said. With that in mind, here are a few quick tips to help make you a poster prodigy:

• Treat it as you would an outdoor board: be big, bold, and brief. Those of us in advertising should have an advantage because the same things that make an effective ad will make an effective poster.
• Think big, really big. A title in 144-point type may sound huge, but it’s really only 2” type, and the capital letters are just over an inch. Remember, you want to attract attention to draw people into your poster. Section heads should be 42 to 48 points. And don’t make the body copy too small. Your smallest type should be a minimum of 24 point and 28 point is even better.
• Rewrite your title as a headline. Again, use this to draw people in. Adapt your writing style. Use short, informative phrases. Bullet points may be even better. With posters, less is more, especially with text.
• Use graphics. When asked what they’d do differently, past poster presenters said repeatedly, “Less text. More tables and graphs.” Any illustrations, whether photos or clip art, can make your poster more appealing. And try blowing them up for an interesting dominant element.
• Add some color. One way is to take bright construction paper and offset it behind the white paper on which you present your text. Color can also be used in charts, graphs, illustrations, or photos.
• Consider flow. People read left to right, so set up your poster that way. For example, the abstract should go on the left, not in the center under the title with other sections wrapped around it. Remember it’s sometimes hard to get back to the left side to read a second row, so you may want to go top to bottom and left to right. But it should be very clear how the poster flows. If you need to, you can use small arrows directing readers to the next panel.
• Try it out. Tape it to the wall or place it on the floor, then try reading it from 5 or 6 feet away. Check that everything is big enough and that the flow works.
• Prepare a handout. (There will be no audio-visual equipment available.) Include the abstract and perhaps an abbreviated methods, results, and discussion section. You might add any pertinent tables or graphs. Most importantly, put contact information and that this was for an AEJMC poster session with the year and the city. Make it easy for them to cite you, should they choose to do so.

The extra thought and effort will be worth it, and you’ll feel better about your research during the poster session. You don’t want to be in a position of one poster participant who said, “I must admit I was a little embarrassed that my poster looked so shabby compared to some.” <<Paper Presenter FAQs]]> 10818 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/poster-child-not-bad/ Thu, 17 Jan 2013 17:05:07 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10824 By Jack Rosenberry, St. John Fisher College “Dear Professor: I am pleased to inform you that your paper submitted to our division’s research competition has been accepted for presentation at the AEJMC summer convention. …” Typical submitter’s response: ALL-Rig-g-h-t! It got ACCEPTED! “ … It will be presented in the Scholar-to-Scholar Poster Session scheduled for 1:30 p.m. Friday afternoon …” Continuation of response: Oh. A poster session. Hmph. I wonder what they didn’t like about it. Many of us who have had papers accepted for the convention have experienced this range of responses. Without a doubt, the idea of presenting in “just a poster session” carries a stigma that the research, while acceptable for the convention, is somehow second-rate. This is a belief that the Council of Divisions and Standing Committee on Research are hoping to change. The simple fact is that with the growth of the organization and the convention, it would be a physical impossibility to accept the number of papers that has become typical in recent years and have them all presented orally. Last year’s convention in Chicago saw about 700 papers accepted for presentation; for that many to be presented orally with four papers to a session, as is typical, would have required 175 sessions. The convention programming “grid” had about 250 available programming slots from 8 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. Wednesday through Saturday. So to schedule oral presentation of all papers would have occupied literally 70 percent of the convention programming, and left only about 75 slots for other programming – with 30 divisions and interest groups scrambling for them. As important as research is, nobody wants a convention dominated that severely by it. And nobody wants to limit the number of accepted papers to such a small number that all can be presented in the limited number of oral sessions, either. That is why poster sessions and “high-density” sessions have become increasingly common at the convention. (In a high-density session, approximately 10 presenters each give a 3-to-5-minute summary of their work, a time limit that moderators strictly enforce. Then, presenters go off to different parts of the room and listeners can approach them for more in-depth discussion of the work.) For its part, the Newspaper Division received about 80 paper submissions for Chicago and accepted about 40, a typical acceptance rate across all units that hold research competitions. About half of those 40 accepted papers were presented in five traditional sessions, leaving the other half for two poster sessions: the Scholar-to-Scholar event and a special poster-research session co-sponsored with the Mass Communication and Society Division. The same number and format of sessions is on the schedule for Boston this year. So, if your paper is accepted by the Newspaper Division, there’s about a 50 percent chance it will be presented in a poster session. One hypothesis about the stigma against poster research is that it exists because some institutions consider them to be “lesser” accomplishments that don’t carry as much weight in the tenure case because of fears that posters are a dumping ground for secondary work. But within AEJMC, all papers are accepted according to the same criteria. Only after all acceptances have been made are papers divided into their presentation venues, which ideally is done on the basis of a theme that combines similar papers in a given presentation. Research chairs are instructed to divide the best papers between the oral sessions and the poster or high-density ones, and especially to make sure some of the best papers are allocated to the Scholar-to-Scholar session. All papers, regardless of venue, are read by a discussant who offers a critique of them. So within AEJMC, at least, no stigma should be attached to poster or high-density sessions. Absolutely no distinction is made in the judging or standards for acceptance based on the presentation venue. I have done both traditional research presentations and posters in recent years and actually have come to prefer posters. A bit more preparation needs to go into the presentation materials for a poster session. But once that is done, the rest is very easy. I find it easier – or at least less nerve-wracking – to make a poster showing than to deliver a formal presentation to a room full of colleagues. (Or to a room devoid of them, which is even worse!) The sessions allow for a lot of informal chatting with people who are really interested in your work, and I’ve met colleagues at such sessions who have become close friends and collaborators because of our similar interests. So, if your work is destined for a poster session, don’t despair. Know that it met the same high standards that every other accepted paper did (and save this column to show your chair or tenure committee if you need validation of that). Enjoy the more relaxed setting to show off your fine efforts. And look for me, because I like attending them as much as I like presenting in them. <<Paper Presenter FAQs]]> 10824 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/high-density-sessions/ Thu, 17 Jan 2013 17:05:58 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10827 By Chuck Lubbers, AEJMC Public Relations Division If you are scheduled to present a paper during a high density session at the upcoming AEJMC meeting, this format may be new to you. Below is the format for a high density sessions. This information provides the basics of the format and attempts to outline the reasons for its use. Rationale: The high density format may be thought of as a cross between a traditional paper presentation panel and a poster session. The hybrid allows more individuals to be placed on the panel (thus the name “high density”). The key is that the individual presentations must be SHORT to allow for individual discussion with members of the audience. To insure this, your chair and discussant will be strictly enforcing the timelines discussed below. This format allows the audience members to hear the detail on those research projects that interest them the most. Format: Presenters will be given 4 minutes to provide an overview or summary of their paper. This time limit will be strictly enforced. You will be stopped if you exceed the time limit. No questions are taken between presentations. Since you have a short time for presentation, you are encouraged to limit audio-visual and lengthy discussions. Think of this as an executive summary or an extended abstract. The discussant for the panel will not comment on the individual papers. The discussant’s function is to facilitate discussions between the presenters and the audience members. To achieve this goal, presenters are asked to spread out in the room so that individuals who would like to speak to them may do so. Audience members will then be able to spend some time hearing more about or asking questions about those research presentations that most interest them. To help the audience members find the proper presenter, a sign will be made with your paper title and authors. These will be taped to the walls around the room (or at tables, if available). After all the presentations are over, you must go to the area with your sign. Presenters should prepare handouts containing outlines, key points, executive summaries, etc. for their study to distribute to the audience members. This one-page handout will help the members of the audience comprehend your brief presentations and select those papers they would like to hear more about. There will be no audio-visual equipment available. If the guidelines outlined here are followed correctly, there will be nearly 30 minutes for individual discussion. This will allow audience members to get more information on several papers. <<Paper Presenter FAQs]]> 10827 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/fair-paper/ Thu, 17 Jan 2013 18:31:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10846 JUDGING THE RESEARCH PAPER COMPETITION FAIRLY Suggestions from The AEJMC Elected Standing Committee on Research I. INTRODUCTION The AEJMC Standing Committee on Research often gets requests from divisions and interest groups for recommendations regarding research paper judging. The Committee makes several assumptions about the desired outcomes of research paper presentations at conferences. These include:

* Research papers should represent good scholarship; “bad” papers should not be accepted

* Research paper programs should be a forum for new work, new ideas, and new approaches. Groups should welcome controversial ideas and approaches.

* Young scholars and students should be encouraged to present their original work.

* Research paper judging and programs should reflect the diversity of the Association.

The Standing Committee on Research believes that group leadership and research paper competition chairs should run paper competitions that not only are fair, but are perceived to be fair. To that end the Committee has several suggestions that we believe will increase perceptions of the fairness of the process. AEJMC groups run their own competitions in accordance with the Council of Divisions’ ”Uniform Paper Call” guidelines. Groups are free to accept or reject any of the suggestions offered here, but research chairs should recognize that these suggestions are the result of many collective years of experience in paper judging across AEJMC groups and are endorsed by the Standing Committee on Research. II. FAIRNESS IN THE CALL FOR PAPERS The Council of Divisions’ “Uniform Paper Call” (UPC) provides 15 points about research paper competition procedures and deadlines. The following points are additional suggestions from the Standing Committee on Research: 1. Multiple submissions. Guideline 7 of the UPC requires that papers (a) are not already under review for other national conferences; (b) can only be submitted to one AEJMC group for evaluation, and (c) should not have been presented to other national conferences or published in scholarly or trade journal prior to presentation at the AEJMC conference. In addition, some groups limit the number of submissions to their group by an author and some groups allow submission of papers presented at smaller regional conferences. Any limits of these types should be made clear to presenters. 2. Student papers. Guideline 8 of the UPC suggests that student papers should compete on an equal footing in an open paper competition. Thus, several groups do not hold separate student competitions but instead draw their top student papers from the open paper competition. Groups taking this approach should remind student submitters to add “Graduate Student” to their paper’s title page, unless the paper is co-authored with a faculty member. 3. Presentation requirement. Guideline 9 of the UPC requires at least one author of a faculty paper to attend the conference and present the paper. Authors should be reminded of this requirement in their acceptance letter and be asked to immediately notify the research chair if no faculty author can present so that other quality papers can be programmed. 4. Recognition. The Standing Committee on Research recommends that groups develop some means of recognizing top papers for both faculty and students. Often this recognition represents the top three faculty and student papers from the open competition. If awards are given only through a special competition research chairs should clearly state if papers are eligible for presentation in the open competition if they do not win an award. III. SELECTING PAPER COMPETITION JUDGES FAIRLY Selecting paper competition judges is one of the most important tasks of a paper chair. As with paper call, groups vary a great deal in how they select judges, but in the interest of fairness and perceptions of fairness, the division and the competition chair should consider the following guidelines. 1. Ideally, paper judges should have expertise in the method/theory of the papers they are judging. Paper competition chairs should determine judges’ areas of expertise and match judges with papers as much as possible. Keep files for subsequent paper competition chairs so that those judges who are particularly effective can be used again. 2. Have both senior and junior faculty as judges. Generally don’t use graduate students as judges, unless the graduate student has a unique area of expertise necessary to judge a research paper. 3. Put a reasonable limit on the number of papers each judge must read. Generally this should be about 3 to 5 paper per judge. 4. Judges should represent different perspectives in the group, including different universities. Avoid using judges primarily from the competition chair’s school. Make sure the process includes judges from diverse backgrounds. 5. Avoid real (and appearances of) conflicts of interest when selecting judges. Judges should be people who have not submitted a paper to the group’s competition, if at all possible. Judges should be asked to report any conflict of interest such as papers from those with whom they have recently co-authored, mentioned, or worked. Judges should not be assigned to review papers from others in their own institution. A paper competition chair should not submit a paper to his/her own group. If the paper competition chair has a conflict of interest (real or one that others might perceive) for the top paper(s) award competition, other members of the group would make the top paper(s) selection. IV. RUNNING A FAIR COMPETITION 1. Each paper should be reviewed by at least two judges; preferably three. If there is a great deal of variance in the evaluations, another judge should be sought. If a judge is not performing responsibly or does not understand a manuscript, then the judge should be replaced. 2. Maintain anonymity of the judges. 3. Require reviewers to provide written comments on papers that they judge to be inadequate for presentation. 4. A paper competition chair serves as the final arbiter. It’s particularly important not to reject controversial work automatically. The chair is in a unique position to observe judges’ lack of consensus on controversial scholarship. Thus, the chair should read all papers where there is variance in the judges’ evaluations, and use his/her own judgment as to whether to accept or reject the papers. 5. If numerical scoring is used, be sure it is fair. Most groups use some form of numerical scoring for paper judges. This is not a problem as long as research paper chairs recognize that judges naturally will use different scoring “systems” for good and bad papers and that the quality of the particular set of papers received by a judge may bias the numerical evaluations. Thus, you cannot simply sum the numerical scores and use the summed numbers to make judgments of quality. The best solution is to use standardized scoring. This is not hard to do, and it helps to compensate for a judge’s idiosyncratic scoring tendencies. 6. If the group has a theme, selection should not be biased by the theme. All paper selections should adhere to the same standard of quality. V. JUDGING STUDENT PAPER COMPETITIONS FAIRLY 1. Groups should decide whether to ignore the student/faculty status of authors for purposes of accepting papers. Some groups keep all the papers together and only make distinctions for awards, while other groups judge student papers as a separate competition. 2. Competition for student papers should be rigorous. In some groups where student papers are judged without reference to status, student papers fare as well or better than papers from regular faculty. 3. Student members deserve a fair opportunity to present scholarly work. Groups should not unfairly restrict the number of student papers accepted. Student papers should not be relegated to an “all-student” session but should be integrated into the groups’ sessions. Although AEJMC provides complimentary conference registration to three student authors in each group, a group need not limit student paper acceptances to three. 4. If a group limits the number of student authors on a paper, then the same rules should apply to the number of faculty authors. Some groups limit the number of student authors to three; this is unfair unless the same limits apply to the number of faculty authors. VI. COMMUNICATING WITH AUTHORS 1. Authors should receive timely notification of acceptance or rejection of their papers. UPC guideline 10 specifies the date by which authors should be notified. Many schools provide little or nothing in travel funding, so faculty and students have to do considerable budget planning to attend a conference. 2. Acceptance notices should be specific about the nature of the session. Authors should be told how long they have to present their work, how to order audio or video equipment, when to send their paper to the discussant, and who the other presenters will be in the session. An example handout of information for presenters, moderators and discussants is available from AEJMC. 3. The author acceptance letter should include a summary of papers submitted and accepted in the group’s competition. This information helps the author see where his/her paper stands with the others submitted. VII. THE PAPER SESSION 1. Paper sessions should allow enough time for presenters and discussants. Generally three or four papers per session are the limit if there is a discussant. A sample handout of information for presenters, moderators and discussants is available from AEJMC. Groups should tailor such a handout to their own needs. 2. Discussants should be eminently familiar with the work they are discussing. Choose discussants that are known to be effective oral communicators. 3. Diversity should be reflected by the choice of moderators and discussants. Also, make sure that the choice of discussants is not biased toward one perspective or one school. 4. Research chairs should make sure that promised audio/video equipment is available. 5. Moderators should treat all presenters fairly, including equivalent time limits. It is not fair for those who present at the end of the session to have to give up part of their time because early presenters went over the time limit. Again, information about time limits should be provided to presenters, moderators and discussants in advance. IX. THE SCHOLAR-TO-SCHOLAR SESSION 1. Groups may employ different criteria in assigning papers to a scholar-to-scholar session (e.g. amenability to display, author request). However, papers presented in a scholar-to-scholar session should conform to the same standards as papers accepted for other sessions (e.g. clearly stated goals, important to field, relevant topic, well-researched and written, good methodology, etc.). Perceived or evaluated quality of a paper should NOT be a criterion, nor should scholar-to-scholar sessions become dumping grounds for the lowest ranked papers of those accepted. 2. Wherever possible, scholar-to-scholar boards should be arranged to diminish noise and facilitate interaction. Sponsors of scholar-to-scholar sessions also are encouraged to arrange them thematically, and groups are encouraged to co-sponsor scholar-to-scholar sessions. 3. Authors of scholar-to-scholar sessions are responsible for being present at the session to discuss their papers. An example handout of an effective scholar-to-scholar display is available from AEJMC. 4. To encourage creativity, groups should, wherever feasible, create faculty and student awards for best visual display. This award should supplement, not replace, other awards based on the quality of the paper’s content. 5. Groups may vary the format of scholar-to-scholar sessions and are encouraged to be creative in the use of formats and displays (e.g. scholar-to-scholar sessions could begin with 2-4 minute presentations by individual authors, or with round-table discussion, and they might end with discussion and critiques, either informally or formally). Groups should obtain feedback from scholar-to-scholar presenters and attendees to improve future scholar-to-scholar sessions. Guidelines revised August 2010]]> 10846 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/login-video/ Tue, 22 Jan 2013 18:37:59 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10898 Login to All Academic

• Go to the All Academic site -- Find the icon on the AEJMC sidebar and click on it (the URL changes each year.)
• Log on using username and password you created earlier or if a username and password was created for you, contact Felicia Brown at the Central Office to obtain your information.

View Main Menu

• Click on Manage Division/Interest Group/Review (This will take you to the Status Menu for your group)
• You can request reports from the Request Link
• You can see how many papers have been submitted to your group by using this link

Tip:  This is a short cut link to things that you can also do in the Status Menu Screen

Add a Reviewer

1. Click on “Manage Division/Interest Group/Review” under the unit planner menu
2. Once on the submission management page, click on the “people” tab below the statistics box
3. You will see a search option to find accounts for your reviewers. Once the name you are looking for appears below, you will notice a link to the right in the action column that says, “add reviewer.” Click here to activate this account as a reviewer.
4. If you do not see the name you are looking for, you should see a link that says, “add person” to create an account on their behalf.
5. Once you’ve finished adding all of your reviewers, click the “reviewers” tab below the   statistics box to see your official list.

<< Back to tutorials page]]> 10898 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/assign-reviewers/ Tue, 22 Jan 2013 19:57:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10913 Assign Reviewers

1.  Scroll down and find the paper you want to assign for review.
2. Click on the Assign Reviewers link in the Action column.
3. You will see a list of your Active Reviewers (excluding authors of the paper).
4. Check the Assign box next to one, or multiple reviewers.
5. Click the Add button.

<< Back to tutorials page ]]> 10913 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/bulk-emails/ Tue, 22 Jan 2013 20:04:11 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10918 Send Emails (Submitters & Reviewers)

1. From the main menus, click on Send Bulk Email
2. Select Recipient Type: Reviewer or Submitter.
3. Select Recipient Status: Reviewer – Active, Assigned, Pending, Reviewing, Complete Submitter – Accepted, Rejected, No Action, All (when sending to submitter you will also choose the type of proposal, i.e. Individual Submission – Paper)
4. Select Form Letter (AEJMC will provide default letters that you can use, or modify, for Acceptance and Rejection. You will also see a Blank Letter that can be used to draft messages.)
5. You will see a Potential Recipient List. Choose the recipients you want to send the email to, or click Toggle All to send to everyone in the list. (*Note: the bulk email system will send an email to the person for every record in the system. For example: if a submitter has submitted two papers and you have accepted both, their name will only appear once in the list of potential recipients, but they will receive an acceptance email for each paper.

Additional Features: Turn off email and display results – will allow you to preview the email before you send. The system will open a new window with a summary of the email. If your browser has a pop-up blocker you will need to disable it to use this feature. Check Box to email co-authors – will send the email to all authors attached to a paper as well as the submitter. << Back to tutorials page]]> 10918 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/accept-reject/ Tue, 22 Jan 2013 20:14:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10923 Accept or Reject Proposals

1. Click on Completed Reviews Report on the Main Menu page
2. Click on Individual to see review data for Papers (You will only see the papers that have a Completed status – all reviewers assigned to that paper have completed their reviews)

Then you’ll see several columns showing the following information:

• First Column – Paper Title & Authors. Click on View Reviews to get a new window with all review data including comments.
• Second Column – Criteria. Click on the Criteria link at the top of the page to view criteria description. Click on the Reviewer link at the top of the page to open a new window with a reviewer key.
• Third Column – Average. Shows a score for each criteria from each reviewer, with total and average
• Fourth Column – Rank. Allows you to sort by Average, rank by Average, or change the rank of papers and save them in a Stored order that you determine.
• Fifth Column* – Action. Make a final decision about a paper by choosing Accept, Reject, or No Action. This section has to be completed (all reviewers/judges must have completed their reviews) before the system will allow you to release the reviews to the paper submitters. We are looking to release the site for paper submitters to read reviews by May 20, 2013.

*Note: this is one of the only places in the system where you and your co- chair can override the other person’s decisions. If possible, try to coordinate who is making the final acceptance and rejection decisions and when to make them. The status of the proposal will determine which emails are sent to the author. Make sure that you have made all Accept/Reject decisions in the Completed Reviews Report before sending Acceptance and Rejection letters through the bulk email system. << Back to tutorials page]]> 10923 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/01/request-reports/ Tue, 22 Jan 2013 20:17:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=10929 Request Reports

1. Click on Reports Menu from the Main Menu.
2. Choose the type of report – Submission Reports, People Reports.
3. Check the box next to your Division/Interest Group.
4. Click Request Report.
5. You will see a Requested Report Box with the Title of the report, Request Date, and Status. The initial status will be Awaiting Processing.
6. Click the Refresh button at the bottom of the Requested Report Box (the status will change from awaiting processing and awaiting conversion to Ready to Download).
7. Click on the Ready to Download link to open the report in Excel (You can request reports from the Main Menu as well as the Status Menu).

*Note: the reports system will generate based on the existing data. If you make any changes in the system you can request a new report and get the most current information. << Back to tutorials page]]> 10929 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/02/med-2005-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Feb 2013 16:20:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11271 Idaho Falls Post Register’s Ideologies in Covering the 2002 Gubernatorial Campaign • Kris Boyle, Brigham Young University • Based on the concept of journalism ideology, this study identifies ideologies established by the Idaho Falls Post Register and examines whether these ideologies were reflected in its coverage of the 2002 Idaho gubernatorial race, where one of the candidates was the paper’s publisher/ owner. The author found the paper adapted its guidelines from ideologies generally accepted by many journalists, including objectivity, balance, and facticity, and concludes the paper stuck close to these guidelines in its coverage. A Failure of Imagination: The 9/11 Commission, Terrorism Coverage, and Media Responsibility • Glen Feighery, University of Utah • Coverage of terrorism provides a compelling context in which to consider whether journalists have ethical duties to be proactive, not just reactive. This paper examines the July 2004 report by the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission). The report criticized the news media, concluding that journalists shared some of the blame for failing to adequately warn the public of the risk of terrorism before September 11, 2001. This Little Piggy Went to Press: The Ethics of the American News Media’s Construction of Animals in Agriculture, from 2000-2003 • Carrie Packwood Freeman, University of Oregon • Big corporate operators have taken over the bulk of Iowa’s pork production, with dire results not only for the small farmer but also for those of us who were raised on succulent pork chops and pork roasts. Fat gives pork some of its flavor, but modern hogs are bred to minimize fat; ...Raised in close quarters inside enormous metal buildings, the hogs foul the air for miles around, and their meat is bland, dry and tough when cooked. Murder in our Midst: Expanding Coverage to Include Care and Responsibility • Romayne Smith Fullerton, University of Western Ontario and Maggie Jones Patterson, Duquesne University • Using a U.S. and a Canadian example, this paper argues news reports of murder often employ predetermined formulae that probe intrusively into the lives of those involved in the murder but ultimately come away with only a cheaply sketched, stick-figure portrait. Black Eye: The Ethics of CBS News and the National Guard Documents • Elizabeth Blanks Hindman, Washington State University • This case study applies ethics theories and codes to the mainstream news media’s response to the CBS News- National Guard forged documents fiasco of 2004. It finds that 177 newspaper editorials applied truth telling, accountability, independence, and stewardship principles in their criticism of CBS, but only in a limited way. While the editorials dealt well with the specific issues of the case, they missed an opportunity to discuss the broader ethical principles involved. Blood On the Lens ‘Private’ Moments, Public Platforms: Images and Ethics Codes Across Media in an Era of Violence and Tragedy • Susan Keith, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Carol B. Schwalbe, Arizona State University and B. William Silcock, Arizona State University • An analysis of forty-seven journalism ethics codes found that although most consider photography, only ten address a gripping issue: how to treat images of tragedy and violence, such as those produced on the battlefields of Iraq and in the 2004 Madrid bombings. Among codes that consider violent and tragic images, there is agreement on what images are problematic and a move toward “green light” reflection on ethical responsibilities (especially in guidelines produced by RTNDA/RTNDF). Codes and Codism: SPJ, RTNDA And NPPA Rewrite their Codes of Ethics — Why, How, and to what Effect? • Dan Kozlowski, University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill •Within the past decade, three national journalism organizations - the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ), the Radio-Television News Directors Association (RTNDA), and the National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) - have revised their codes of ethics, involving considerable debate and organizational fanfare. This paper examines the code revisions at those three organizations. Interactivity and Prioritizing the Human: A Code of Blogging Ethics • Martin Kuhn, North Carolina - Chapel Hill• Blogs and blogging continue to gain in popularity. They are being integrated into the mainstream media mix and are attracting advertising dollars. As a new balance between freedom and responsibility is being struck in the blogosphere, the author uses new communication technology ethics scholarship and an exploratory survey of bloggers to propose a new code of blogging ethics to inform blogging decisions. Succulent Sins, Personalized Politics, and Mainstream Media’s Tabloidization Temptation • Jenn Burleson Mackay, University of Alabama • This paper examines how mainstream journalism’s credibility is threatened by the use of tabloid news techniques. Experiment participants read either four standard news stories or similar stories written in a tabloidized style. Reporter credibility was measured using the Source Credibility Scale. The writers of the tabloid stories were found less competent, trustworthy, and caring than the other reporters. The credibility of tabloidized hard news verses soft news was also studied. Market-orientation and tabloidization are discussed. Minding The Gap: An Ethical Perspective on the Use of Weblogs in Journalistic Practice • Andrew Morozov, Washington State University • This exploratory study examines the role of online journalism with respect to traditional journalistic practice. The focus of the study is the weblog form of online journalism, and its role in the contemporary media environment, evaluated from the perspective of responsibilities, functions, and practices of the journalistic profession. The analysis surveys the repercussions of the “blogging” phenomenon, and suggests how traditional professional journalistic responsibilities may be reinterpreted in the context of online journalism. Bloggers Strike a Nerve: Examining the Intersection of Blogging and Journalism • Bryan Murley and Kim Smith • University of South Carolina • Researchers conducted a census after the 2004 presidential election of the authors of the top 100 most-visited, current-events blogs to discover what they thought about politics, their role as bloggers in society, and as citizen journalists. More than 90 % considered blogs an important contributor to democracy; 93 % said fact-checking the traditional news media was an important; and nearly 90 % opposed using an editor to check postings for accuracy. A “Fool Satisfied?” Journalists and Mill’s Principle of Utility • Lee Anne Peck, University of Northern Colorado • Although J.S. Mill is most often identified in the same breath with utilitarianism in journalism textbooks, a thorough examination of his beliefs about morality is often lacking. Professional journalists and journalism students alike oftentimes read these brief explanations and believe, therefore, that using lies, coercion and manipulation is appropriate behavior in the gathering of information if the consequences will lead to more benefits that harms; they might also believe that breaking the law is allowed. An Appeal to Newspaper Authority in Television Political Ads: A Case Study • Chris Roberts, University of South Carolina • A textual analysis of two television advertisements, created by a U.S. Senate candidate during the 2004 general election in South Carolina, shows how newspapers are used (and misused) to introduce perceptions of independent authority in partisan political advertising. The functional theory of political discourse is used to examine how the ads use newspapers as a third-party authority to defend against opposing ads, to attack opponents, and to acclaim the candidate’s achievements. Civic Responsibility: A Casualty of Ethical Principle • John C. Watson, American University • Moral philosophers since Socrates have insisted that citizens have a moral obligation to obey the law. But American journalists since John Peter Zenger have been flouting this civic responsibility even before there was a First Amendment to defend and justify their actions. Like Socrates, journalists often claim an ethical obligation to elucidate the truth that overrides their civic responsibility to comply with the government’s interpretation of the First Amendment. Communitarian Ethics and the Electronic Village • Alisa White, University of Texas at Arlington • This paper proposes that the broadcast media are eclipsing the local community as the place James Carey’s “looking glass self’ develops. The arguments for the broadcast media arid audience as community are located in Alasdair Maclntyre’s theory of the virtues (1984). Janet Jackson’s breast exposure to a worldwide audience watching the halftime show of the 2004 National Football League Super Bowl and the subsequent outpouring of negativity are discussed. << 2005 Abstracts]]> 11271 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/03/guest-speakers/ Thu, 07 Mar 2013 16:29:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11354 The Effective Use of Guest Speakers By Chris Roush AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching School of Journalism and Mass Communication University of North Carolina Chapel Hill croush@email.unc.edu (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, March 2013 issue) I’m a big believer in using guest speakers in my classes. I think that they add a different perspective, and I also think that students appreciate hearing from somebody else a couple of times throughout the semester. I like using guest speakers to talk about topics in which I believe I’m weak. I’m one of those professors who believes in giving the students the best education possible, even if it doesn’t all come out of my mouth. That said, I’ve also had my fair share of guest speakers who have made it painful for me, and the students, to listen to them talk. They’ve rambled and gotten off topic, or their personality simply was not suited for the classroom. They often use the guest speaker stint as an opportunity to brag about their careers or their companies. Here are my dos and don’ts when it comes to how to properly and effectively use guest speakers to enrich the learning experience: DO a background check on the guest speaker. If a professional PR or advertising person from the local community is asking to speak to your students, find out if they’ve ever done any teaching before. Ask them for an overview of what they plan to talk about, or give them the topic and ask them for an outline based on that topic. DON’T feel the need to accept guest speakers just because they’re visiting the school or are an alum. If they don’t fit into what you’re doing in your class, take a pass even if the dean wants you to use them. My worst memory of a guest speaker was a foreign journalist who was an alumnus. At    the end of his talk, the students were openly mocking him  because it was clear he didn’t know how to speak to a   group. DO use guest speakers for specific assignments. If you make the students write a story or a report about what the person spoke about, then they won’t consider the guest speaker a chance to loaf and sleep in the back of the class. I regularly bring a CEO into my “Business Reporting” class to speak about his relationship with the media, but I also require students to ask him questions about his company and then write a story. DON’T overuse guest speakers. During a semester, you’ll have anywhere between 30 to 40 class periods, depending on your university’s calendar. Use no more than three or four guest speakers during a class. I consider class time valuable, and too many guest speakers disrupts the flow of teaching. I use guest speakers after a particularly difficult exercise or right before a paper is due. That gives students some time to breathe and take in what the class is trying to accomplish. DO find guest speakers who have personalities, or who provide an interesting perspective to your students. In the “Business Reporting” course, I like to invite a public relations executive from a local company. She’s often the first PR person that the students have encountered, and she brings product samples from her company and gives them to students. I’ll use her sucking up to my students to launch into a discussion about ethics during the next class. DON’T let the guest speakers take over your class. If they get off track, don’t hesitate to interrupt and ask questions to get them back on topic. If the students aren’t participating by asking questions, it’s your responsibility to jump in and ask the questions you think will elicit answers that students will want to hear. You want to help the guest speaker succeed. DO shoot for the moon with guest speakers. You never know who is willing to come to your class. When I taught at Washington & Lee University in Lexington, Va., which is not the easiest place to get to, I invited a mutual fund manager from John Hancock Financial Services in Boston to come speak to my class. Surprisingly, he accepted the offer. I’ve also gotten journalists from CNBC and The Wall Street Journal in New York to travel to Chapel Hill, N.C., on their own dime, or their employers have picked up the tab. DON’T worry about re-using guest speakers. If you find some good ones, then use them each semester. None of the students will have heard them the previous semester, right? DO return the favor. If you ask a colleague to be a guest speaker, offer to lecture in one of their classes. I’ve been a guest speaker in everything from “Research Methods” to “Ethics” to “Medical Reporting.” And if you get a guest speaker who is horrible, let them know why you won’t be inviting them back. Many have grand illusions of turning guest speaker roles into an adjunct or professor positions. As we all know, not everyone is cut out for this business.

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Chris Roush is the senior associate dean at UNC-Chapel Hill’s School of Journalism and Mass Communication, and founding director of the Carolina Business News Initiative, which provides training for professional journalists and students. <<Teaching Corner]]> 11354 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/03/10-ways-disqualified/ Mon, 18 Mar 2013 17:24:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11470 By Pat Curtin, University of Oregon It’s that time of year. We’re all thinking about filing taxes—not to mention submitting our papers for the AEJMC conference. So with tongue firmly in cheek, if you want to ensure your paper is one of the increasing number of papers disqualified each year, just choose one of these 10 ways to put yourself out of the running.  

10. Ignore the instructions in the paper call.

Remember that there is a general paper call and a specific one for each division or interest group. Not reading and following the instructions in one or both is a surefire way to have your paper disqualified.

9. Keep all identifying information on your file.

Each year, I put my cursor over a file to open a paper and review it and get the full details of who you are and where you work. While it’s nice to make your acquaintance, however remotely, if I can’t blind review your paper because of identifying file information, it’s disqualified.

8. Make me put on my readers.

Page limits are based on readable type. We all teach; we all know the tricks. Using 9-point font and single or 1.5 line spacing is a sure sign you’re asking for your paper to be disqualified.

7. Cite yourself—explicitly and frequently.

Good for you if you did a pilot study or published earlier work on which this study is building. But just put (Cite withheld for blind review) unless you really want to be disqualified. The same goes for additional data on a web site; don’t give us the URL until blind review is over.

6. Have questions but don’t ask them.

Research chairs are available to answer questions about what constitutes grounds for disqualification, as are members of the Standing Committee on Research. But if you want to be disqualified, don’t ask, and we won’t answer.

5. Think I’m in communication because I don’t do math.

Page limits are page limits. Having a 25-page paper with four page 16s isn’t a 25-page paper. It’s a 28-page one. And I don’t need my fingers to figure that one out.

4. Double dip.

Not sure which division or interest group to submit to? Submitting the same paper to more than one is a great way to have your paper disqualified and not have to continue agonizing over the decision.

3. Recycle.

Coming up a little short this year for submissions? Dusting off a paper already presented at a different conference will also ensure you meet the disqualification bar (student papers presented at AEJMC regionals are the one exception to the rule for most divisions and interest groups. See guidelines.).

2. Jump the gun.

Already sent the paper off for publication review but want to see the sights of DC? Submitting a paper that’s already out for review at a journal is a great way to ensure you miss the White House tour and Smithsonian. Not to mention some really great food.

1. Forget to submit by deadline.

OK, so technically this isn’t a disqualification, but it is a good way to ensure your paper isn’t part of the conference. We’d actually rather see you all at the conference then have you become a disqualification statistic. It promises to be a great meeting, and we want you to be a part of it. Remember to read all guidelines and rules carefully, and ask questions if you’re not sure. << Research Resources]]> 11470 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/03/pac-011212/ Wed, 20 Mar 2013 19:26:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11537 Jan. 12, 2012 | The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), a nonprofit, academic organization of more than 3,600 journalism and mass communication educators, students, and media professionals, is committed to “defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice and a better informed public.” AEJMC would like to respond to the October 27, 2011 Federal Communications Commission Order on Reconsideration and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in connection with “the Matter of Standardized and Enhanced Disclosure Requirements for Television Broadcast Licensee Public Interest Obligations.” AEJMC supports the FCC’s important proposed rule change because this would bring closer to reality broadcasters’ transparency in fulfilling their “public-interest obligations” to communities.  The rule change would exponentially expand the public’s access to the broadcasters’ “public-inspection files,” now on paper, by requiring them to make them available online.  AEJMC applauds the FCC for its overdue effort to “modernize the way television broadcasters inform the public about how they are serving their communities.” As Steven Waldman, the lead author of the FCC report titled "Information Needs of Communities: The Changing Media Landscape in a Broadband Age," cogently noted in his Columbia Journalism Review article of December 29, 2011, the proposed FCC rule change mandating online access will impose little additional burden to broadcasters, since broadcasters are already required to assemble these materials. From journalism and mass communication educators’ perspective, AEJMC believes that putting these political files online would enable educators and researchers to better teach and research how the public-owned airwaves have been used for political advertising.  Equally important, investigating the broadcasters’ “pay for play” arrangements would be much easier if these records are included in online public files. AEJMC disagrees with broadcasters that the proposed FCC disclosure regulations could create problems for them in terms of additional cost and manpower from compliance with the regulations.  Their objections seem to be more transparency-averse than cost-motivated.  For putting the public inspection data online at the FCC would entail little additional cost for the broadcasters. Professor Jeremy Harris Lipschultz, director of the University of Nebraska-Omaha School of Communication, who for more than twenty years has been sending students in his Media Regulation and Freedom course to inspect local public files, recently said, “Some operations are downright hostile about the current obligation of public inspection during regular office hours.” In conclusion, AEJMC urges the FCC to err on the side of more transparency, not less, on the part of broadcasters’ obligations for public-file inspections.  This is all the more compelling than ever, given that off-line information about the broadcasters’ records for operating TV and radio stations for the “public interest, convenience, and necessity” is more often a case of “practical obscurity.”  This should no longer be allowed in the Internet era.  The media transparency proposal of the FCC would be one effective way to tackle the physical inertia inherent in the files in the broadcasters’ file cabinets. To leave a comment about the proposed rule change on the FCC site, go here: http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/ecfs/upload/display?z=yx8a4 (Enter proceeding number 00-168) AEJMC Contact Information: Contact Linda Steiner, President, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, 2011-2012 Email: lsteiner@jmail.umd.edu Phone: 301-405-2426 <<PACS]]> 11537 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/03/pac-112111/ Wed, 20 Mar 2013 19:32:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11540 Nov. 21, 2011 | The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is committed to freedom of speech and the press in the United States and abroad. AEJMC supports citizens’ and journalists’ First Amendment rights in every city and every state, including in participating in the Occupy movement. AEJMC fully supports the Occupy protesters' freedom of speech and assembly as a whole, and urges that journalists’ right—and responsibility--to cover these important matters of public concern be respected by all law enforcement officials. This is all the more compelling because other countries are closely watching how city, state, and federal governments handle the Occupy movement across the United States. While recognizing the need for law enforcement officers to maintain public safety, AEJMC encourages public officials and law enforcement officers to work with Occupy participants and journalists covering their protests to ensure that basic constitutional freedoms are maintained and not encroached. The rights to protest and to criticize government are core values enjoying Constitutional protection. Additionally, the press must be allowed to freely communicate to the public information about these important and powerful demonstrations and the ideas they express. AEJMC reminds public officials at every level of government that as a nation we are and should be exceptionally committed to the often tested proposition that, as the Supreme Court of the United States declared in 1964, debates on matters of public concern remain "uninhibited, robust, and wide-open." For further information: Contact Linda Steiner, President, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, 2011-2012 Available at lsteiner@jmail.umd.edu 973-762-6919 (Nov 21-27). After Nov 28: 301-405-2426 <<PACS]]> 11540 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/03/pac-082911/ Wed, 20 Mar 2013 19:37:25 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11544 Aug. 29, 2011 | Whereas Dr. Evonne “Von” Whitmore was an esteemed and beloved colleague providing significant service to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) for well over a decade, including, most recently, chairing its Council of Divisions and in that capacity serving on the Board of Directors, and was always a thoughtful, responsible colleague and role model for service to journalism and advocate of diversity; and Whereas Von Whitmore had a deep and profound impact on friends, colleagues, and students at Kent State University, where she completed her Ph.D. in 2004 and wrote a dissertation, “An Historical Perspective On The Accrediting Council On Education in Journalism and Mass Communications from 1986-2003: Examination Of The Impact On Curriculum” and where she was a role model and taught courses in broadcast producing, ethics and theory; and Whereas Von Whitmore was author of many essays and reports about struggles for racial and gender equity, publishing articles in Journalism and Mass Communication Educator and newsletters for various groups within AEJMC; and Whereas she was an officer for AEJMC’s  Commission on the Status of Minorities of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication,  and also edited its Newsletter “Twelve,” named in honor of the accreditation standard requiring diversity; and Whereas Von Whitmore served as Teaching Standards Chair for AEJMC’s Minorities and Communication Division, 2002-2003, and also edited the newsletter of the Minority Division of the Broadcast Education Association, 1990-1991; Whereas she was a highly respected leader in AEJMC’s  Commission on the Status of Women, serving as Research Chair, 2004-2005, and Chair, 2006-2007; and Whereas she admirably served AEJMC’s Internships and Careers Interest Group, serving as chair 2003-2004, Vice Head and Program Chair in 2002-2003, and contributing a regular column to the ICIG newsletter; and Whereas she was able to ground her broadcast journalism teaching and her articles about broadcast education in her valuable experiences as the general manager of WHOV-FM, at Hampton University, and as a reporter at ABC affiliate WVEC-TV in Hampton Roads, and at CBS affiliates WTKR-TV and WTAR radio; and Whereas Von Whitmore spent 2008 as a U.S. Fulbright Scholar in Egypt, promoting internationally accepted principles that will increase the credibility of Egyptian journalists; Therefore be it resolved that we remember and commemorate the advocacy and intellectual work, and the generous service of Prof. Whitmore. <<PAC]]> 11544 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/03/pac-032211/ Wed, 20 Mar 2013 19:39:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11547 Mar. 22, 2011 | The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) encourages the Senate to reject a provision in a House-passed budget bill that would devastate public media and, instead, to protect funding for broadcasting in the public interest. Last month, House lawmakers voted to eliminate funding to the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which distributes federal funds that support operations at 1,300 local public broadcasting stations. While federal funding is just a portion of station budgets (almost 14 percent, on average), it is critical to the ability of those stations to operate and to raise additional funding. Research indicates that local stations hardest hit by these cuts would be those in rural areas, where federal dollars are almost half of some stations’ operating budgets and where there are fewer sources of news for residents. Objections to federal funding of public media have, in part, been based on the mistaken belief that the government has no obligation to fund the “Fourth Estate.” The Carnegie Commission, formed in 1965 to examine the role of broadcasting in U.S. democracy, released its report two years later calling for a public broadcasting system that would be available “to all the people of the United States: a system that in its totality will become a new and fundamental institution in American culture” for the “full needs of the American public” could be served. The AEJMC believes that the need for such a publicly funded system has not diminished in the decades since the Commission’s report. Indeed, as the issues facing Americans become increasingly complex, the need for public broadcasting designed to “help us see America whole, in all its diversity” is greater than ever. As research also points out, commercial media enterprises have – for most of this country’s history – received federal assistance in the form of discounted postal subsidies and tax breaks, for instance. Yet, Americans trust public media more for relevant, complete news. A recent Roper Poll listed PBS as the nation’s most-trusted institution. In the 2010 poll, 45 percent of respondents said they trust PBS more than any other nationally known organization. PBS ranked at the top in public trust among every age group, ethnicity, income and education level measured. Second in trust are “courts of law,” which are trusted a great deal by 26 percent.. PBS ranks highest in importance among 58 percent of respondents when compared to commercial broadcasting (43 percent respondents) and cable television (40 percent). A recent report by researchers at the USC Center on Communication Leadership and Policy suggests that increased funding for public broadcasting might be advisable. The AEJMC also urges lawmakers, journalists and the public to engage in discussion that will move the debate beyond simply whether public broadcasting should or should not be federally funded. As scholars and activists point out, the way public broadcasting is funded – through a process that involves partisan decision-making every budget cycle – needs to be scrutinized so public media can better meets its obligations to democracy. Information and Resources: “Public Policy & Funding the News.” Produced by the USC Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy. See fundingthenews.usc.edu. “Free Press Denounces House Vote to Zero Out Public Media Funding,” Feb. 19, 2011. See www.freepress.net for release. “Public Media and Political Independence: Lessons for the Future of Journalism from Around the World,” by Rodney Benson and Matthew Powers, New York University Department of Media, Culture and Communication. Available as a download at SavetheNews.org, a Free Press site. 170 Million Americans for Public Broadcasting, a collaborative site of public radio and television stations and supporters. <<PACS]]> 11547 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/03/pac-061110/ Thu, 21 Mar 2013 14:18:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11550 Jun. 11, 2010 | On Monday, June 7th, the President’s Advisory Council (PAC) and I sent a statement to the AEJMC membership. Within hours, the blogosphere was alive with comments concerning our statement. Many of the responses were against the statement. While we certainly expected criticism, we were stymied by the volume, tone, and accusations. As members of AEJMC, the PAC and I are staunch advocates for journalism and mass communication and do not represent any political entity or side. It was not our intention to categorize Obama’s presidency as a failure or to offend anyone by insensitivity in the statement. In fact, it grieves me to think that we may have given that impression to any AEJMC member, let alone an entire division or commission. The PAC and I present the following as background on how we arrived at the statement released on June 7 along with some analysis about ways we think the process can be improved: At the 2009 conference in Boston, the AEJMC membership approved the formation of a President’s Advisory Council. The PAC grew out of an initiative in AEJMC’s Strategic Plan, approved by the membership during the 2008 meeting in Chicago, to strengthen the organization’s identity, image and influence. As explained at the Boston meeting, the PAC assists the AEJMC president “to weigh in on important issues that are central to the association’s mission.” The three-member subcommittee of the Standing Committee of Professional Freedom and Responsibility, elected by the AEJMC membership, is responsible for taking ideas from members to the president and advising the president on how to proceed. Committee membership rotates each year. All statements by the PAC are released to the membership and posted on the AEJMC website. The PAC issued its first statement in October, and has since released three other statements. All statements have addressed issues central to AEJMC’s mission – which includes “supporting freedom of communication consonant with the ideal expressed in the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.” The PAC’s most recent statement – issued June 7, 2010, and addressing issues similar to those in earlier statements – has hit a nerve with many AEJMC members. We appreciate the “uninhibited, robust and wide-open” debate this statement has prompted about the issue we addressed (journalists’ access to the president in open, full press conferences) and about the statement itself. The fact that members might have substantive differences with any statement issued by AEJMC is not surprising; no single statement issued by an organization as large and diverse as ours will meet with approval from all members. We do want to address concerns by some members about the motives and process behind our most recent statement (“Obama’s Promised…”). Concerns seem to center on three major themes:

• The appropriateness of the statement in light of other issues. Throughout this first year for the PAC, a number of issues have been proposed for statements. The PAC generally discusses these issues in terms of their potential scope, impact and timeliness. Some issues, for instance, do not merit statements because they may be so local in focus as to lack relevance to a wider context. Others may have potential for wide impact but do not result in statements because they are resolved quickly (such as a legislative vote or administrative decision involving a public institution). Another consideration is the potential for action: Can a positive outcome result from a statement? (For instance, is a decision pending? Or, might public officials consider changing their communication practices?) This last point might be a reason the PAC chooses not to issue a statement about the political bias of a cable news network.

The PAC chose to address the issue involving the current White House administration and its relationship with journalists because, in the PAC’s estimation, the issue met the above-mentioned criteria. The PAC invites discussion and suggestions about how to more finely tune the general criteria it uses to judge topics for statements in light of the organization’s mission statement.

• The accuracy of the statement. Several AEJMC members have publicly disputed the statement’s assertion that the current White House administration needs to be more accessible to the press. This assertion – and any arguments to the contrary — depend on how “accessible” is defined. In their arguments that the statement’s assertions were wrong, members have pointed to the work of scholar Martha Joynt Kumar (Towson University) and to news articles parsing the availability of the current president in relationship to previous administrations.

The PAC understood many of the same sources as supporting the statement’s concern: for the lack of open-ended, full-length press conferences by the president that allow unfettered questions on a variety of issues, and the lack of general, day-to-day access by reporters to the president. The numbers and anecdotal evidence support this assertion. We acknowledge that our statement could have – and should have been – clearer about its definition of openness, and we’re grateful for the constructive feedback from AEJMC members in this regard. Although the PAC reads and consults with AEJMC members and non-members before issuing any statement, the process to ensure that releases are clear about their intent can and should be improved – and we welcome suggestions. We know the headline has a strong influence on how any statement is read and we now realize that we should insist our reviewers consider the headline to the statement as carefully as they do the statement. From now on, we will make sure that this process occurs in tandem.

• The sensitivity of the statement. The PAC is open – and, indeed, eager – to understand more about how to avoid wording and/or assertions insensitive to the diverse populations (by gender, race, ability, sexuality and age, for instance) in any of the statements it has issued. Although the PAC has made it a practice of outside consultation before issuing any statement, it has been suggested – and we concur – that it would be wise to put a system into place that ensures consultation considering the diversity of AEJMC’s constituents. There are a number of ways to ensure such consultation.

We welcome input of AEJMC members – either individually or through the organization’s many divisions and interest groups – about the PAC’s work. To those who have provided us with constructive feedback: Thank you. We look forward – with your input – to improving the process as AEJMC implements its strategic plan. Most of all, thank you for your concern about issues facing us and our profession as we continue to work toward upholding and safeguarding the tenets of the First Amendment. <<PAC]]> 11550 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/03/pac-060710/ Thu, 21 Mar 2013 13:52:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11554 Jun. 7, 2010 | In late May, President Barack Obama took the podium in front of the White House press corps in his first full, open-ended news conference in 10 months, a gap that exceeds the record set by his predecessor. Obama’s lack of presidential press conferences and his general lack of transparency and accessibility to journalists during his administration are in sharp contrast to the platform on which he ran for president in 2008. During that campaign, Obama pledged a new era of openness. Even the most logical of venues for answering questions from the press seem to be off-limits. In mid-May after he signed the Daniel Pearl Freedom of Press Act-a new law requiring the State Department to identify governments that restrict press freedoms-he refused to answer questions from reporters. “I’m not doing a press conference today,” he announced, according to a Reuters news story. And when he does allow reporters’ questions, attempts are made to control the proceeding. Last year the Wall Street Journal criticized the administration’s pre-screening of reporters who would be allowed to ask questions of the president. The AEJMC is alarmed by restrictions to presidential coverage that at best curtail and at worst prevent U.S. citizens from understanding the critical issues in which this administration is involved. We urge President Obama and members of his administration to fulfill the commitment “to creating an unprecedented level of openness in Government” described in his memo posted on http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/transparencyandopengovernment/. Supporting a free, open and informed press with regular access to the president is the best way to support transparent governance in the best interest of a free and informed citizenry. Contacts: Carol Pardun, AEJMC President (803) 777-3244, pardunc@mailbox.sc.edu; Paul Lester, AEJMC President’s Advisory Council (562) 310-3041, lester@exchange.fullerton.edu. This statement was issued by the 2009-10 President of AEJMC, Carol Pardun, University of South Carolina, and through the President’s Advisory Council (Marie Hardin, Pennsylvania State University; Paul Lester, California State University-Fullerton; Julianne Newton, University of Oregon). <<PAC]]> 11554 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/03/pac-012610/ Thu, 21 Mar 2013 14:00:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11562 Jan. 26, 2010 | The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) urges the Federal Communications Commission to adopt rules preserving open and nondiscriminatory access to the internet. The debate about network neutrality is complex and contentious, but we wish to address a specific myth advanced by network neutrality opponents: that this regulation would stifle innovation and create disincentives for investment in next-generation broadband networks. The AEJMC rejects this claim. The most important internet innovations have not come from network providers, but from creative outsiders who built their inventions on top of a neutral network. Requiring network neutrality is vital to preserve competition and investment in internet content, services, and applications. The FCC should codify the internet openness principles that already guide the agency, and Congress and the courts should support this move. The rules would protect both consumers and innovators of content, services, and applications from unfair discrimination by internet service providers. Perhaps most importantly, these rules would help preserve and develop the internet as a key tool for communication that serves our democracy. Contacts: Carol Pardun, AEJMC President (803) 777-3244, pardunc@mailbox.sc.edu; Bill Herman, AEJMC Member and Media Law Scholar, (215) 715.3507 (mobile), billdherman@gmail.com This statement was issued by the 2009-10 President of AEJMC, Carol Pardun, University of South Carolina, and through the President’s Advisory Council (Marie Hardin, Pennsylvania State University; Paul Lester, California State University-Fullerton; Julianne Newton, University of Oregon). Related links

• Federal Communications Commission
• Network Neutrality (Wikipedia)
• “Net Neutrality” in the news (Google)

<<PAC]]> 11562 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/03/pac-110309/ Thu, 21 Mar 2013 14:10:11 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11566 Nov. 3, 2009 | The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) has issued the following statement in support of David Protess, Professor and Director of The Medill Innocence Project, associated journalism students, and the protection of journalists to report on government: According to a New York Times story by Monica Davey, prosecutors in Illinois have subpoenaed the “grades, grading criteria, class syllabus, expense reports and e-mail messages” of students involved with Northwestern University’s Medill Innocence Project who investigated whether a man convicted of murder three decades ago had been wrongfully convicted. Prosecutors reportedly want to discover whether there were links between new information learned by the students and their grades. A hearing is set this month at the Cook County (Illinois) Circuit Court regarding this issue. AEJMC’s position is that this highly unusual request is inappropriate for three reasons:

1. The Medill journalism students should be protected under the Illinois state shield law;
2. If the court grants the prosecutors’ request, journalism students involved with similar projects would think twice about criticizing governmental actions if personal information, such as grades and e-mails, could become public; and
3. Journalists should not be treated as instruments of the State.

AEJMC strongly urges the judge responsible for this case to quash the subpoena and direct prosecutors to investigate the evidence uncovered by the journalism students in a timely and unbiased way. Contacts: Carol Pardun, AEJMC President (803) 777-3244, pardunc@mailbox.sc.edu; Bill Cassidy, AEJMC Newspaper Division Chair, (815) 753-7005, bcassidy@niu.edu. This statement was issued by the 2009-10 President of AEJMC, Carol Pardun, University of South Carolina, and through the President’s Advisory Council (Marie Hardin, Pennsylvania State University; Paul Lester, California State University-Fullerton; Julianne Newton, University of Oregon). Related links

• Medill Innocence Project
• We Expose Wrongful Conviction of Chicago Area Man Incarcerated for 31 Years — Prosecutors Respond with Subpoenas – by David Protess

<<PAC]]> 11566 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/03/pac-100709/ Thu, 21 Mar 2013 14:14:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11571 Oct. 7, 2009 | The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) joins the dozens of news organizations supporting the Free Flow of Information Act (FFIA), a federal shield law that passed the House and is now under debate in the Senate. A key component of the bill is how a journalist will be defined. The current definition, attached to the bill as an amendment, is too restrictive. The definition of those who gather and disseminate news and information of public interest should not be predicated on an individual’s employment, but instead on an individual’s journalistic practice. Freelance journalists (who disseminate their work in a variety of ways, including through reputable blogs) and student journalists need the protections extended through the FFIA. The AEJMC encourages lawmakers to expand the definition of a journalist to be more inclusive so that this important law will be strengthened. Contacts: Carol Pardun, AEJMC President (803) 777-3244, pardunc@mailbox.sc.edu; Charles N. Davis, AEJMC Law & Policy Division Chair, (573) 882-5736 daviscn@missouri.edu. This statement was issued by the 2009-10 President of AEJMC, Carol Pardun, University of South Carolina, and through the President’s Advisory Council (Marie Hardin, Pennsylvania State University; Paul Lester, California State University-Fullerton; Julianne Newton, University of Oregon). <<PAC]]> 11571 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/03/2013-abstracts/ Thu, 21 Mar 2013 18:20:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11618 Divisions:

• Advertising
• Communicating Science, Health, Environment, and Risk (ComSHER)
• Communication Technology (CTEC)
• Communication Theory and Methodology
• Cultural and Critical Studies
• Electronic News (formerly Radio Television Journalism)
• History
• International Communication
• Law and Policy
• Magazine
• Mass Communication and Society
• Media Ethics
• Media Management and Economics
• Minorities and Communication (MAC)
• Newspaper and Online News
• Public Relations
• Scholastic Journalism
• Visual Communication (VisCom)

Interest Groups:

• Civic and Citizen Journalism
• Community Journalism
• Entertainment Studies
• Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender
• Graduate Student (formerly Graduate Education)
• Internships and Careers
• Political Communication
• Religion and Media
• Small Programs (SPIG)
• Sports Communication (SPORTS)

Commissions:

• Status of Women

Standing Committees:

• Elected Standing Committee on Teaching

<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 11618 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/03/pac-032513/ Mon, 25 Mar 2013 18:34:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11647 March 25, 2013 | The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is committed to freedom of speech and the press in the United States and abroad. AEJMC believes that this commitment must include a free exchange of information and ideas, even some information that the U.S. government considers or wishes to be "secret." The Pentagon Papers, Watergate, the Iran-Contra affair and the existence of clandestine CIA prisons are examples in which secret government information was leaked to and publicized by the news media. In these and in many other cases, the dissemination of secret information served a greater good to American society by informing the public and by allowing for a needed debate on the ethics of secret government policies and covert actions. We believe that a democracy shrouded in secrecy encourages corruption, and we agree, as Justice Louis D. Brandeis of the U.S. Supreme Court said, "sunlight is the best disinfectant." AEJMC, therefore, calls attention to the current administration's zeal in prosecuting those in government who leak secret information. Only three times in its first 92 years was the Espionage Act of 1917 used to prosecute government officials for leaking secret information to the press. However, the current administration has already brought six charges under this Act. The accused in all of these cases appear to represent whistleblowers, not those engaged in attempted espionage for foreign governments that "aid the enemy." We caution that the prosecution of U.S. Army Pfc. Bradley Manning, who released a trove of secret data to the WikiLeaks website, appears to be excessively punitive, with a chilling effect on a democracy's requisite freedom of speech and the press. The release of this information advanced and clarified public debate on the morality of U.S. policy. Some observers even suggest that the honest (albeit secret) diplomatic assessments of Middle Eastern regimes helped spark the Arab Spring. Pfc. Bradley Manning has already admitted in military court that he did break the law through his actions. But to accuse him of "aiding the enemy" is egregious, given his credible stated intentions and the global breadth of the dissemination. The government's current approach toward leak prosecutions sends a message to the rest of the world that the United States' actions are not fully aligned with its stated "exceptional" commitment to freedom of speech and the press as a human right. Therefore, in recognition of the historical benefits of leaked information to our nation and to the principles and values of democracy, in particular the freedom of speech and the press, AEJMC calls on the U.S. government to make prosecutions as rare as possible, to consider the credible intent of the accused in these prosecutions, and to seek punishment that is proportionate and commensurate, not only with credible intent, but also with resulting harm and benefit to our democracy, its principles and values. Furthermore, we ask that prosecutors consider reviewing existing press leak cases in light of the public good and the First Amendment. AEJMC believes that this will ensure an environment in which the public will continue to be served through the occasional leaking of secret information by those whose credible intent was the public good. <<PACS]]> 11647 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/04/resolution-one-2013/ Wed, 03 Apr 2013 15:13:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11705 AEJMC Resolution: 25th Anniversary of Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier April 2, 2013 Contact: Dr. Kyu Ho Youm, AEJMC President (541) 346-2178 youm@uoegon.edu The Board of Directors of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) recently passed a resolution regarding the 25^th Anniversary of the Supreme Court significantly reducing the level of First Amendment protection afforded to students’ journalistic speech in the case of Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier. In the ruling, the Court’s 5-3 majority concluded that schools could lawfully censor student expressions in non-public forum media for any “legitimate pedagogical purpose,” and that among the recognized lawful purposes was the elimination of speech tending to “associate the school with any position other than neutrality on matters of political controversy”. AEJMC President Kyu Ho Youm of the University of Oregon explains, “Being keenly aware of this year as the 25^th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in the case of Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, the AEJMC Board of Directors expresses its increasing concern about the negative impact of the case on freedom of the student press. This is all the more so, when the case has been expanded far enough to apply to the college press over the past 16 years. As the leading national organization of postsecondary journalism and mass communication educators, AEJMC wishes to express its strong stand on the unwarranted abuse of Hazelwood as an easy tool of censorship against student journalists on all levels, including that of colleges and universities”. Resolution: In recognition of society’s increased reliance on student news-gatherers to fulfill basic community information needs, and the importance of unfiltered information about the performance of educational institutions, In recognition of the well-documented misapplication of Hazelwood censorship authority to impede the teaching of professional journalistic values and practices, which include the willingness to question the performance of governance institutions, In recognition that the primary concern of the Supreme Court in Hazelwood was to permit schools to restrict editorial content “unsuitable for immature audiences”, a concern inapplicable at the postsecondary level. In recognition of the combined 150 years’ experience of states with statutory student free-press guarantees, demonstrating that the Hazelwood level of administrative control is unnecessary for the advancement of legitimate educational objectives, Be it resolved that: The Board of Directors of AEJMC declares that no legitimate pedagogical purpose is served by the censorship of student journalism even if it reflects unflatteringly on school policies and programs, candidly discusses sensitive social and political issues, or voices opinions challenging to majority views on matters of public concern. The censorship of such speech is detrimental to effective learning and teaching, and it cannot be justified by reference to “pedagogical concerns.” Be it further resolved that: The AEJMC Board of Directors declares that the Hazelwood level of control over student journalistic and editorial expression is incompatible with the effective teaching of journalistic skills, values and practices at the collegiate level, and that institutions of postsecondary education should forswear reliance on Hazelwood as a legitimate source of authority for the governance of student and educator expression. << 2013 Resolutions]]> 11705 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/04/aejmc-2013-resolutions/ Wed, 03 Apr 2013 15:15:41 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11706 AEJMC Members approved resolutions during the 2013 year.

• Resolution One: April 2, 2013 — AEJMC Resolution: 25th Anniversary of Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier.

<< AEJMC Resolutions]]> 11706 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/04/pac-041513/ Mon, 15 Apr 2013 12:51:18 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11728 April 9, 2013 | The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is committed to unbridled scholarly inquiry and criticism. Academic freedom is essential to building the applicable theory that adds to journalism and mass communication knowledge. Evaluation is requisite to this scientific method. And the integrity of journalism and mass communication research should be rigorously evaluated before its publication in peer-reviewed journals. Such integrity is currently challenged by the recent proliferation of open-access electronic journals that charge author fees for publication, including those that have been described as "predatory." The standards of manuscript acceptance for these predatory journals may lack rigor, and the quality of their articles may bear scrutiny. Librarians who monitor the integrity of scholarly journals and bloggers who criticize the predatory nature of some open-access journals have been intimidated with unmerited lawsuits by some of these journal publishers. Abusive attempts to muzzle unfavorable scholarly evaluations and criticisms carry grave ramifications for librarians and scholars who may express negative opinions about the quality of these journals. Such attempts pose a real and perceived threat to those in the scholarly community. Most likely to be gagged are those who assess professional journals and the institutions that employ journal authors and editors who may criticize these predatory journals. Equally susceptible are the journalism and mass communication programs that employ the communication scholars who may question these publication venues. AEJMC reaffirms its fundamental belief in the compelling need for academic freedom that underlies evaluation and criticism of the quality of research and of the journals for this research. AEJMC pledges its unwavering support and defense of those who face litigational intimidations in connection with their candid evaluation of research and journals and whose assessment is essential to journalism and mass communication scholarship. <<PACS]]> 11728 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-enhancing/ Thu, 02 May 2013 13:46:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11850 In the advertising world, it is becoming ever more important to justify advertising expenditures. In order to more effectively assess the impact of advertising investments, a popular strategy is to divide the market place into meaningful segments, evaluate the responsiveness and profitability of each segment and then select the “best” segments to target. Given that there are numerous methods for dividing the market place and as a result, numerous potential segmentation schemes, it is necessary to utilize an effective metric that will allow for the evaluation and selection of the most beneficial segmentation scheme. The Direct Marketing industry has long used decile charts, gains tables and lift charts to demonstrate and evaluate response differences between market segments and to compare competing segmentation schemes. As the number of schemes increases, the complexity of comparison also increases using these methods. For the most part, marketing analysts rely on “eye ball”” inspection, without any rigorous statistical measurement. If scheme A “looks” better than scheme B (higher highs, and lower lows), then scheme A is deemed superior and recommended for incorporation. If there are numerous competing schemes, the “eye ball” method becomes difficult, making it even more challenging to select the optimum segmentation scheme. The Gini coefficient, a statistic developed more than 100 years ago ago for evaluating disparity of wealth within a population is recommended as a useful metric for comparing competing segmentation schemes or for comparing competing response models. The Gini coefficient rages from 0 to 1. Once the Gini Coefficient is computed for each segmentation scheme, a decision can be immediately rendered by selecting the scheme with the highest Gini coefficient. For a more detailed description of how the Gini coefficient is related to other methods currently used to evaluate response performance, please refer to the author’s article in the Journal of Advertising Education. CONTACT: Henry Greene, Ph.D., Central Connecticut State University, greenehej@ccsu.edu. <<RYCU ]]> 11850 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-monograph/ Thu, 02 May 2013 13:56:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11860 Journalism and Communication Monographs. In their monograph, “Melanin on the Margins: Advertising and the Cultural Politics of Fair/Light/White Beauty in India,” Radhika Parameswaran and Kavitha Cardoza first provide context for “colorism,” or skin color discrimination, in India. They explain that the nineteenth century colonial attitudes that considered the science of race looked at physical characteristics of natives in order to prove their inferiority. Likewise, colorism has roots in the caste system of India, as well as in the country’s ancient history when lighter-skinned tribes invaded around 1500 B.C. The authors argue that colorism affects women more than men, and non-white women consider light-colored skin to be an asset that can improve one’s social and economic status. Magazine advertisements, matrimonial classified advertisements, film and music industries, and fashion magazine editorials promote skin-lightening cosmetics and personal products by taking advantage of this cultural perspective. In their study, Parameswaran and Cardoza identify the themes of transformation, scientific authority and heterosexual romance in the rhetoric of the advertisements they analyze. These themes suggest that a woman can change her skin color; that she should trust the products developed by western science; and that she can gain a successful, fulfilling relationship with a man as a result of having lighter skin. Parameswaran is an associate professor in the School of Journalism at Indiana University, Bloomington, and Cardoza is a senior reporter at WAMU Public Radio in Washington, D.C. CONTACT: Dr. Parameswaran at the School of Journalism, Indiana University. Phone: (812) 855-8569. Email: rparames@indiana.edu <<RYCU]]> 11860 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-new-study/ Fri, 03 May 2013 12:09:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11868 Journalism & Communication Monographs. In a monograph titled “Two Visions of Responsibility: How National Commissions Contributed to Journalism Ethics, 1963-1975,” Glen Feighery says it was not just the work of the Hutchins Commission or the Watergate investigation that prompted media organizations to focus more on social responsibility, but that the work of three commissions, The President’s Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, and the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, offered significant advice on how journalists should ethically approach their work. The media responded with revisions of codes of ethics, the creation of news councils and journalism reviews, and increased employment of minorities. Feighery argues that through this challenge and response, a heightened sense of media responsibility arose. Part of the evolution within journalism ethics at the time forced journalists to consider the relationship between their independence and their responsibility, Journalists valued their freedom from entities of authority, such as government, special interest groups, etc., but they also recognized a duty to adequately inform the public about existing problems. This strong sense of responsibility required journalists to go a step beyond minimizing harm and provide people with information that would allow them to make an informed decision. Feighery argues that journalists struck the balance between freedom and responsibility by developing the approach of “autonomy,” which meant that journalists would follow self-imposed restraints. As a result, journalists could maintain their independence and work for the greater good of the public, creating an ethical approach that continued to influence the media in the decades following the 1970s . Feighery is an assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah. CONTACT: Glen Feighery, University of Utah, Office Phone: (801) 585-7521, Email: glen.feighery@utah.edu. <<RYCU]]> 11868 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-partisanship/ Fri, 03 May 2013 12:18:00 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11873 connolly-ahern@psu.edu or Susan Grantham, Associate Professor, School of Communication, University of Hartford, Grantham@hartford.edu. <<RYCU]]> 11873 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-study/ Fri, 03 May 2013 12:26:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11878 Newspaper Research Journal. Researcher Arthur Santana concluded that many reporters are troubled by the anonymous content and express dismay over their newspaper’s “providing a forum for anonymous discussion, where emotions run high and mudslinging is the norm.” According to Santana, although most newspapers have online forums, almost half of reporters “never” respond to readers’ comments on their own stories. Some 41.7 percent of reporters in Santana’s research said that they have not changed their approach to reporting based on reader comments. In fact, 23.1 percent of reporters adapted their reporting practices to include more sources, and 22.9 percent of reporters changed their practices to include more facts. Hence, the online forum has become a medium for feedback to journalists. Citizen comments also “have spurred reporters to re-examine the newsworthiness of a topic and have also helped them think of new and different stories to tell while nudging them toward new and different ways to tell them,” according to Santana, a doctoral student in the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Oregon. The study was published in the summer 2011 issue of Newspaper Research Journal. Contacts: Sandra H. Utt Cell: (901) 628-2553 e-mail: nrj@newspaperresearchjournal.org or Elinor Kelley Grusin e-mail: egrusin@memphis.edu <<RYCU]]> 11878 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-the-larger/ Fri, 03 May 2013 15:10:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11885 Newspaper Research Journal. Contacts: Sandra H. Utt Cell: (901) 628-2553 e-mail: nrj@newspaperresearchjournal.org or Elinor Kelley Grusin e-mail: egrusin@memphis.edu <<RYCU]]> 11885 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-marijuana/ Fri, 03 May 2013 15:14:32 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11889 Newspaper Research Journal. Researcher Guy Golan conducted a content analysis of more than 100 editorial and op-ed articles and found that editorials tended to frame medical marijuana in terms of the social, political and legal implications of legalized medicinal marijuana, while op-ed pieces tended to look only at the medical implications of the debate. Golan also found that the articles were missing opinions from prominent scientists and religious figures, as most of the articles were written by or included information from newspaper editors, academics or advocacy groups. While these results are consistent with past studies, this led to concern about the lack of balance in framing controversial public issues in newspaper editorials and op-ed pieces. Golan is an assistant professor in the department of communication at Seton Hall University. The study was published in the summer 2010 issue of Newspaper Research Journal. Contacts: Sandra H. Utt Cell: (901) 628-2553 e-mail: nrj@newspaperresearchjournal.org or Elinor Kelley Grusin e-mail: egrusin@memphis.edu. <<RYCU]]> 11889 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-president/ Fri, 03 May 2013 15:17:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11891 Newspaper Research Journal. Researchers Shahira Fahmy, Wayne Wanta and Jeannine E. Relly found that despite repeated presidential criticism of stem cell research, most of the 200 newspaper articles they examined were positive. The study examines coverage from 2004 to 2006, before Bush’s veto of a bill that would have ended federal restrictions on stem cell research funding. While Bush’s main argument against stem cell research was based on ethical issues, only 5.5 percent of articles focused on ethical concerns regarding stem cell research. The authors concluded that the more Bush spoke out against stem cell research, the more sources were quoted in support of the issue in an attempt by news media to report both sides. Also, the more coverage of the issue, the more informed individuals became on the issue and more information resulted in more support for stem cell research. Fahmy is an associate professor and Relly is an assistant professor in the School of Journalism at the University of Arizona. Wanta is the Welch-Bridgewater Chair in sports journalism in the School of Journalism and Broadcasting at Oklahoma State University. The study was published in the summer 2010 issue of Newspaper Research Journal. Contacts: Sandra H. Utt Cell: (901) 628-2553 e-mail: nrj@newspaperresearchjournal.org or Elinor Kelley Grusin e-mail: egrusin@memphis.edu. <<RYCU]]> 11891 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-meeting/ Fri, 03 May 2013 15:19:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11895 ewspaper Research Journal reports. In-depth interviews of 19 reporters from newspapers across the Southeast facing newsroom cutbacks found that reporters often use social media and blogging tools to report extra information, often procedural and content-related, while the final article in print focused on meeting outcomes. The researchers also found reporters use the Internet to avoid attending public meetings by doing things such as e-reading meeting minutes. Researchers John C. Besley and M. Chris Roberts also found that journalists differed in their opinion of the importance of covering local public meetings. Some reporters said they did not like covering public meetings and while others said they view the newspaper as the record of public meetings for citizens. Besley is an assistant professor in the School of Journalism and Mass Communications at the University of South Carolina and Roberts is an assistant professor in the Department of Journalism at the University of Alabama. The study was published in the summer 2010 issue of Newspaper Research Journal. Contacts: Sandra H. Utt Cell: (901) 628-2553 e-mail: nrj@newspaperresearchjournal.org or Elinor Kelley Grusin e-mail: egrusin@memphis.edu. <<RYCU]]> 11895 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-citizen/ Fri, 03 May 2013 15:40:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11901 Newspaper Research Journal found that citizen journalism sites differ significantly from Web site supported by newspapers. As a result, most citizen journalism sites serve as complements rather than substitutes for commercial news Web sites. The content analysis of the sites by researchers at Michigan State University, the University of Missouri, and the University of North Carolina studied the content at 86 citizen blog sites, 53 citizen news sites, and 63 daily newspaper sites. Citizen news sites were those that produced news articles similar to those found on newspaper sites, and citizen blogs were opinion sites. Newspaper sites in the study were more likely to have contact information, a wide range of electronic distribution technology and more interactive elements than were citizen journalism sites. Daily newspaper sites allowed more uploading opportunities than did citizen blog sites, but not more than citizen news sites. Of the 137 citizen journalism sites, 24% had not posted any material within a month of the downloading for the study. The study, which was financed with grants from the Knight and Pew foundations, examined the design and features of the sites rather than the nature of the content. Contact: Stephen Lacy e-mail: slacy@msu.edu. <<RYCU]]> 11901 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-study-values/ Fri, 03 May 2013 18:14:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11903 Newspaper Research Journal. Other questions on the survey—administered by students in COMM 412 Sports, Media and Society, one of the core class offerings of the Curley Center—asked reporters about job satisfaction. Reporters covering prep sports less often said they had considered quitting their jobs. They also more often said they saw their career futures as bright. “This could be a reflection of their age,” Hardin said. “They’re younger and more likely in a career-building stage.” Their optimism may also reflect the perception that their beats are more secure than those at the professional or even college level, added Hardin, where travel costs and competition from a variety of sources – including sports leagues – is cutting into sports-department budgets. “Meanwhile, the high school beat is a staple in sports sections, and that’s not going to change anytime soon,” Hardin said. “These journalists may understand the key role they play for their papers and in their communities.” Contacts: Marie Hardin e-mail: mch208@psu.edu or Bu Zhong e-mail: zhongbu@psu.edu. <<RYCU]]> 11903 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-hardt/ Fri, 03 May 2013 18:17:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11908 Journal of Communication Inquiry (JCI) marks the tenth anniversary of Hardt and Negri’s groundbreaking book Empire (2000) with a special theme issue devoted to its impact on critical communication studies. The issue, guest edited by Jack Z. Bratich of Rutgers University, contains 19 essays from internationally recognized academics in communication, cultural, and media studies. The focus of this issue resonates with the OWS (Occupy Wall Street) movement, as Hardt and Negri’s books (especially Empire) are believed to have predicted and helped shape the current wave of radicalism. A key essay, “Corruption and Empire: Notes on Wisconsin” by M.R. Greene-May, directly links the concept of “corruption” from Hardt and Negri’s works to street action and thus would be useful in understanding current social activism. Examining the (eventually failed) class struggle in Wisconsin that began with Gov. Scott Walker’s union-busting legislation earlier this year, Greene-May argues how framing the solution to the problem of union busting as an electoral solution (through the ballot box strategy of recall and referendums) threatens the possibility of compositional and autonomous politics in class struggle. By demonstrating how party politics can politically capture and exploit class composition, as in the case of Wisconsin, Greene-May asserts that events of class struggle should “create their own conditions of possibility unfolding in their own time” rather than being defined and controlled by “the terms of the debate” by others. This claim parallels Hardt and Negri’s argument of how a successful radical movement should be like a “swarm:” that despite being decentralized, spontaneous, and free-flowing, a radical movement can self-organize, self-regulate, and self-govern. We encourage those who are interested in seeing how Hardt and Negri’s works connect to current events to check out our entire October 2011 special theme issue.  The Greene-May essay abstract can be accessed at: http://jci.sagepub.com/content/early/recent. (Full text download is available to Sage Journals Online subscribers.) Contacts: M. R. Greene-May (essay), North Carolina State University, mrmaygreene@gmail.com, Jack Z. Bratich (guest editor), Rutgers University, jbratich@rutgers.edu, Hye-Jin Lee (managing editor, JCI), University of Iowa, hye-jin-lee@uiowa.edu. <<RYCU]]> 11908 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-no-evidence/ Fri, 03 May 2013 18:28:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11913 Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, a refereed quarterly published by the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), Columbia, S.C. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator is the world’s largest and oldest scholarly journal devoted entirely to education and training in journalism, media, and other mass communication. In the United States, accreditation of journalism schools is available from only one agency, the Accrediting Council for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (ACEJMC), headquartered at the William Allen White School of Journalism & Mass Communications, University of Kansas. ACEJMC accredits approximately one-quarter (about 110) of the journalism and communication colleges, schools, departments, and programs that are normally counted as such as in the United States (about 450). Titled, “The Value of Accreditation: An Overview of Three Decades of Research Comparing Accredited and Unaccredited Journalism and Mass Communication Programs,” Dr. Seamon’s essay’s abstract reads, in part, that no study has “discovered evidence that accredited programs are strongly or clearly superior in major ways to unaccredited programs. In fact, studies generally find many more similarities than differences. A review of literature comparing accredited and unaccredited J&MC programs seems to suggest that ACEJMC accreditation is a credential whose reputation exceeds its actual benefit. Although the idea of a formal process by which programs can be evaluated and ‘certified’ as high quality is well intentioned, operationalization of that idea has proved to be difficult. Some accreditation standards ACEJMC has deemed most important (diver-sity and liberal arts curriculum) have resulted in controversial chapters in accreditation’s history.” CONTACT: Dr. Seamon may be contacted at seamon@rmu.edu. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator’s editor, Dr. Dane S. Claussen of Point Park University, may be contacted at dsclaussen@hotmail.com. <<RYCU]]> 11913 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-nontraditional/ Fri, 03 May 2013 18:30:52 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11916 Journalism & Mass Communication Educator. Dr. Serena Carpenter, an assistant professor in the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University, examined over a six-month period 664 online media job postings on JournalismJobs.com to gauge whether online news media employers prefer employees with specific skill sets or with knowledge spanning several topics. Traditional news media were still most interested in hiring new employees with “nontechnical routine expertise,” such as solid writing skills, working under deadline, editing, teamwork and communication skills, and Associated Press Style. About equally, however, they also were seeking employees with “technical routine expertise,” such as content posting and management, image editing, blogging, video editing, and social media knowledge. Nontraditional online news media were as interested in nontechnical routine expertise as traditional news media, but less interested in routine technical expertise (perhaps because they assumed new employees already had such skills or that they could be easily taught). Instead, nontraditional online news media were significantly more interested in hiring employees with adaptive expertise, such as knowledge outside journalism/mass communication, creativity, independent and critical thinking, leadership, and problem-solving abilities. Regardless of their preferences, the job postings for traditional and nontraditional online news sources expressed interest in employees with some expertise in both areas, suggesting that teaching specific and broad knowledge areas should each have a place in the journalism and mass communication curriculum. The study appears in the Autumn 2009 issue of Journalism & Mass Communication Educator. CONTACT: Serena Carpenter, Assistant Professor, Arizona State University, Serena.Carpenter@asu.edu. <<RYCU]]> 11916 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-news-paywalls/ Fri, 03 May 2013 18:48:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11920 From Columbia Journalism Review on March 16 – Consumers have made peace with the fact that some things cost more in certain places. A cup of black coffee at a Cairo McDonald’s costs less than the same stimulant at a McDonald’s in Manhattan. A night at the Four Seasons Hotel in Damascus costs $445, while in Maui it’ll set you back nearly $1,000. I wonder, then, whether online news organizations must charge the same amount for their product in every nook of the earth, and whether globally scattered news audiences would tolerate variable pricing. It seems unreasonable that someone in Burundi be asked to pay the same price for a product as a consumer in Singapore. Shouldn’t the cost of online news also vary in these countries? Read More <<RYCU ]]> 11920 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-should-news/ Fri, 03 May 2013 18:51:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11925 From TVNEWSER on March 16 - The disaster in Japan has meant that thousands of people are unaccounted for, particularly in parts of the country that were hit hard by the earthquake and subsequent tsunami. With so many people unable to reach loved ones, many TV  news organizations rushed to try and connect them. We linked to a few already, when Ann Curry connected an American teacher visiting Japan to her family in San Francisco, and CBS’ own Lucy Craft reuniting with her son. In both cases, TV cameras were present as the families got the news. It was emotional, gripping television, but it was also quite manipulative, according to AOL News contributor Lauren Frayer. Read More <<RYCU ]]> 11925 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-the-push/ Fri, 03 May 2013 18:54:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11929 Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly found that two-thirds of visitors to local newspaper websites are “hybrid” readers—that is, they regularly read the print edition (and most of them pay for it) as well as the online version—in contrast to the remaining one-third of “online-only” readers. Across a range of measures, hybrid readers were found to be more active on the local newspaper site (i.e., using it to search for a variety of news and classified ads information) and also more satisfied with the site’s offerings. These findings run counter to conventional wisdom that most online readers are avoiding the paid print newspaper because they can get the same information online for free, said the team of researchers from the University of Texas at Austin, led by Dr. Iris Chyi, an assistant professor in the School of Journalism. “Thus, an online subscription or micropayment model would entail asking many local users to pay twice—or, if print subscribers are granted free access, it would mean publishers are chasing a minority of online-only users in the local market,” the authors concluded. “Moreover, these online-only local users are less active and are not more satisfied with the local newspaper site, making a pay model all the more challenging. In essence, in their pursuit of monetizing online content, publishers may very well end up alienating local users (hybrid as well as online-only).” Long-distance users, on the other hand, constitute a different market segment, which is examined in a different study as part of the overall research project (to be published in the International Journal on Media Management). These findings were based on an analysis of data originally gathered by a newspaper research firm that conducted online reader surveys on 28 local newspaper websites around the United States from October 2007 to June 2008. Responses from 18,484 survey respondents were analyzed in the study. Chyi and her co-authors—Mengchieh Jacie Yang, Seth Lewis, and Nan Zheng (see http://www.newmediaresearch.org/merg/)—have conducted a number of studies using the media economics perspective to challenge misperceptions regarding the economic nature of online news. Chyi’s research can be found at http://www.newmediaresearch.org. CONTACT: Dr. H. Iris Chyi, assistant professor in the School of Journalism at the University of Texas at Austin; chyi@mail.utexas.edu; http://www.newmediaresearch.org/ <<RYCU]]> 11929 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-dimensions/ Fri, 03 May 2013 18:57:41 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11933 Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly examines general and robust constructs of news media brand personality that are applicable across multiple news media outlets, including broadcast and cable news networks, national and local newspaper, and news magazines. Through a series of rigorous exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis procedures with the final set of 48 personality traits, the authors show that that news media brand personality is composed of five dimensions: Trustworthiness, Dynamism, Sincerity, Sophistication, and Toughness. One of the significant contributions of this study is to provide news media companies a reliable and valid method to assess their brand personality. As for the Trustworthiness dimension, for example, the Wall Street Journal was perceived to be the most trustworthy news media brand. It appears that the Wall Street Journal is known as a business newspaper, and uses fewer photographs and graphics than most other newspapers. Respondents may associate the subject and predominance of text with personality attributes such as “smart” and “serious” included in the trustworthy factor. From a practical standpoint, the news media brand personality dimensions proposed by the authors can be helpful for media companies. In particular, news media companies can understand and monitor their news media brand personality structure to see if it matches the brand identity that they are developing in the crowded media marketplace. They can also take advantage of the proposed news media brand personality constructs for diagnosing and improving their strategies to attract audiences and advertisers. The study therefore will help media companies fine-tune their image to survive the competition by better serving media audiences. Baek, T. H., Kim, J., & Martin, H. J. (2010). Dimensions of News Media Brand Personality. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 87(1), 119-136. CONTACT: Tae Hyun Baek, Doctoral Candidate, Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia, taehyun@uga.edu; or Jooyoung Kim, Assistant Professor, Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia, jykim@uga.edu. <<RYCU]]> 11933 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-users-say/ Mon, 06 May 2013 18:40:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11940 Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. However, that participation and accompanying sense of community understanding is not related to their getting out and taking part in real-world community activities. These findings are based on a survey of 538 participants in message forums at the online sites associated with 80 U.S. newspapers. Such forums generally consist of a portion of the website where visitors can post comments organized into common message “threads,” and can be found at about a third of all U.S. online newspapers. One of the goals newspapers frequently have in hosting such forums is to build a virtual community that overlaps the geographic one. The study titled “Virtual Community Support for Offline Communities Through Online Newspaper Message Forums” done by Jack Rosenberry, a researcher at St. John Fisher College in Rochester, N.Y., found that this overlap does develop. Forum users tended to be longtime community residents, with 57 percent of them living in community served by the newspaper for more than 20 years. About a third of forum participants said they know one or more of their online correspondents personally offline as well, and a quarter said they have become friends offline with someone they first met online. Participation in the forums gives users a perception that they relate better to their communities. More than three quarters of respondents agreed with a statement that taking part in forums leads to better understanding of community issues while about 60 percent said the forums offered useful ideas for solving community problems. About half also said that their thinking about community issues had sometimes been changed by information from the forum. A further statistical analysis indicated that greater participation in the forums led to stronger agreement with each of these ideas. However, forum participation was not related to actual community involvement or social-capital-building activities that might extend from this greater understanding. This was the case even though more than half of survey respondents reported that they had contacted someone offline about a community issue in response to online discussion about it, or had attended a meeting or event based on information from a forum discussion. Taken at face value, these numbers seem to imply a mobilizing influence on the part of the forums. But statistical analysis showed that other variables were better predictors of this behavior, especially whether or not respondents’ offline relationships overlap their online ones. This means such “civic engagement” behavior is related more closely to existing social relationships and community involvement than it is to association with the online community. As it was colorfully described by another set of researchers who investigated virtual communities, “there is little reason to presume that the Internet will make social butterflies out of homebodies.” Participation in newspaper forums apparently does not, either. Contact: Jack Rosenberry, Associate Professor, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, N.Y. 585-385-8206; jrosenberry@sjfc.edu. <<RYCU]]> 11940 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-climate/ Mon, 06 May 2013 18:45:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11944 [April 13, 2010]

A recent study shows that ideology is a better predictor of beliefs about climate change than is educational attainment, and that the resulting “belief gaps” between liberals and conservatives grow over time.

This study marks a departure from previous work which showed that heavy media coverage of science news contributed to “knowledge gaps,” or growing disparities in knowledge between those with different levels of educational attainment.

The concern raised in the 1970s by the Minnesota team of Phil Tichenor, George Donohue and Clarice Olien was that widening “knowledge gaps” would impede institutional responses to social problems.

The present study by Doug Blanks Hindman of the Edward R. Murrow College of Communication at Washington State University is different from the previous knowledge gap studies in a couple of important ways.

First, Hindman suggests that knowledge is replaced by beliefs when social problems enter the political fray. Second, he notes that whereas knowledge, and the resulting gaps, are predicted by educational level, beliefs are easily predicted by ideology. Hence, the “knowledge gaps” of a previous era become the “belief gaps” in an era of political polarization.

Data for the study were from five probability-based telephone surveys comprised of nationally representative samples sponsored by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press and conducted by Princeton Survey Research International from June, 2006, to June 2008.

Hindman’s study showed that ideology was a stronger predictor than was educational attainment of the belief that there was solid evidence that the earth has been getting warmer.

The hypothesis of a strengthening relationship between ideology and beliefs over time—the belief gap—was weakly supported in the case of beliefs about whether or not there is solid evidence that the earth was getting warmer. Thus, under conditions of heavy media coverage, beliefs about the existence of global warming became more ideologically entrenched so that gaps between conservatives and liberals widened.

Hindman concludes that in an era of unprecedented partisanship, mass media coverage of politically contested issues contributes to widening belief gaps between ideological camps, further raising concerns about system adjustment to change.

Contact: Doug Blanks Hindman, Associate Professor, Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University. 509-335-6149. dhindman@wsu.edu.

<<RYCU

]]> 11944 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-citizens/ Tue, 07 May 2013 14:49:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11953 Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (winter 2009). Based on data from a 2007 survey of 1000 Philadelphia residents, a clear, negative relationship between having access to cable TV or satellite radio and citizens’ local political knowledge is depicted in the piece. A similar relationship does not materialize between new media access and national political knowledge. These results reinforce the fears voiced by many regarding the decline of local media – especially newspapers. “Digital media clearly expand access to national political information, but they have yet to yield much additional local news,” Shaker says. “At the same time, traditional sources of local news are forced into a tough competition with new media for citizens’ attention. It appears that lower levels of local political knowledge may be one consequence of our changing media environments.” Given so many new media options, most of which are non-local, it makes sense that citizens will shift some of their time and attention away from local news. “At some point, time spent consuming new non-local media must inevitably detract from time spent with local news,” Shaker says. “Americans need to be knowledgeable about their communities to effectively participate in local politics. Consequently, any evidence that suggests that citizens may become less informed about local affairs is concerning.” In addition to examining the relationship between media choice and political knowledge, the article also reveals several other differences regarding who knows about local and national politics. For example, scholars have consistently found white, male citizens to be more knowledgeable about national politics than non-white or female citizens. The Philadelphia study replicated this national level finding – but did not find significant differences in local political knowledge across race or gender. “Local affairs are somewhat overlooked by scholars and these results may surprise people who normally focus on national politics,” says Shaker. The article, drawn from a larger project that examined the intersection of media, technology, and local politics, depicts results from just one city. It is, however, a unique project that suggests that citizens and scholars alike should take a closer look at communication in America’s communities. “Americans are being pulled in many opposing directions today,” Shaker adds. “On one hand, new media increasingly allows them to feel like citizens of the world. On the other, pressure is mounting to reduce their carbon footprints, eat local, and support small businesses. The danger is that citizens may become distracted by national, or even international, issues beyond their reach and fail to address local concerns that they could impact.” CONTACT: Lee Shaker, (646) 450-7533, lshaker@princeton.edu, www.leeshaker.com <<RYCU]]> 11953 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-viewing/ Tue, 07 May 2013 14:56:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11963 brian-houston@ouhsc.edu <<RYCU]]> 11963 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-science/ Tue, 07 May 2013 15:04:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11969 Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, suggests otherwise. The study, conducted by journalism professor Sharon Dunwoody, life sciences communication professor Dominique Brossard and graduate student Anthony Dudo, provides evidence that many mainstream scientists occasionally work with journalists and some do so routinely. And the interplay between scientists and journalists, say Brossard and Dunwoody, has been remarkably stable since the 1980s. “By and large, scientists speak to journalists, they know it is important and they’re willing to do it again,” Dunwoody says. “The frequency with which scientists and journalists interact has been pretty stable over time.” The findings, extracted from a survey of 1,200 researchers in the areas of epidemiology and stem cell research, two fields that experience extensive news media attention, contradict the widespread view in science that scientists are out of touch. “We found relatively frequent interactions,” says Brossard, explaining that about one-third of the respondents claimed to have had up to five contacts with journalists during a three-year period, while another third of the sample said they experienced more than six contacts with reporters over three years. Only one-third of respondents reported having no contacts with journalists. “The frequencies are definitely encouraging,” adds Brossard. The proportion of scientists in the sample who interact with journalists, according to the Wisconsin researchers, is intriguingly similar to studies from the 1980s, as well as patterns identified in the 1990s. The new data imply that journalistic engagement of scientists over time is greater and more stable than “persistent, anecdotal cautionary tales would suggest,” Dunwoody, Brossard and Dudo write. Another key insight from the data is that it is generally not the case that journalists focus their attention on scientific outliers. Instead, scientists who interact most frequently with reporters tend to be senior, highly productive researchers or administrators. “The notion that journalists concentrate on mavericks is not true,” says Dunwoody. “That’s an important pattern. What it says is that journalists are working mostly with successful mainstream scientists.” The results of the new study are important because they chip away at the common perception among scientists that media coverage of science is flawed. “We don’t know if the interactions are, in fact, better,” says Dunwoody. “But scientists are eager participants. It reflects a more active role by one of the major players in the process.” The new study, according to Dunwoody, indicates that although scientists may have a general perception that news media coverage of science is faulty, that perception does not extend to coverage of their own work. “They often view their own work as being covered well, but that doesn’t influence the larger perception.” The involvement of scientists in active public communication is widely viewed as critical, especially when controversial issues are at play or important policy is being forged. Coverage of such things as stem cell research, infectious disease, nuclear power, nanotechnology and biotechnology frequently entails important information about human health and has economic and social implications that reach far beyond the scientific community. “We need to keep in mind that most people learn about scientific topics through mass media and not informal channels like science museums,” says Brossard. “Hence, the necessity for scientists to engage journalists.” Another key insight from the study is that the scientists who work with journalists perceive that they do so not for personal gain but because their participation can influence public understanding of science and the role of science in society. In short, appealing to scientists’ moral or ethical values may be a way to increase participation in the process of making news. Finally, the study provides evidence that scientists who have been trained or otherwise briefed about how to work with journalists are more likely to engage reporters. CONTACT: Sharon Dunwoody, 608-263-3389, dunwoody@wisc.edu; Dominique Brossard, 608-262-0482, dbrossard@wisc.edu. <<RYCU]]> 11969 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-hispanics/ Tue, 07 May 2013 15:07:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11973 Mass Communication and Society indicate that political participation among Hispanics is not proportional to their ever growing population. The findings for these studies were based on research and statistics from the 2004 Presidential election, since research from the recent 2008 election is yet to be examined and analyzed. Spanish language media is culturally more important and relevant to Latinos in the United States, and they have the ability to shape the audience’s attitudes and political opinions.  Results from the article A Matter of Language or Culture: Coverage of the 2004 U.S. Elections on Spanish and English Language Television, written by Matthew Hale from Seton Hall University, Tricia Olsen from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Erika Fowler from the University of Michigan, show that Spanish language media is doing very little to close the gap between Latino political participation and Latino population growth. The study emphasized that Spanish language media are keeping their distance from the traditional political sphere. This apparent avoidance of politics may be the key reason why a lack of participation exists among the Latino population, the researchers suggest. While Latino news coverage is more likely to depict Latino issues or concerns than English stations, political candidates are not shown speaking as often and much of the news coverage entails the election horse race without relating where candidates stand on policies. Since many Latinos are still citizens of their home country and ineligible to vote in America, the study Mexican Expatriates Vote? Framing and Agenda Setting in U.S. News Coverage about Mexico explored how Hispanic media provided information about politics for those able to vote by absentee ballot in the 2006 Mexican Presidential election. Researchers Melissa Johnson, John Davis, and Sean Cronin from North Carolina State University found that big-circulation newspapers in cities with large Latino populations most often featured Mexican pre-election news. This shows the media recognized the importance of this Hispanic minority. They also pointed out that U.S. newspapers covering Mexican political candidates again focused mainly on the horse race along with political candidate attributes as opposed to policy. Other factors that this article suggests contributed to poor political participation from Mexicans included news coverage that depicted Mexicans as: corrupt, irrelevant to the absentee ballot process, and passive about key policy issues. Overall, both of these studies describe how the media has a way of broadening the gap among Hispanics in politics. Although, Hispanics prefer media that caters to their needs, the research indicates that different measures need to be taken in order to increase Hispanic engagement in the political process. CONTACT: Matthew Hale, Seton Hall University, halematt@shu.edu, (973) 275-2013; Melissa Johnson, Department of Communication, NC State University, melissa_johnson@ncsu.edu, (919) 515-9757. <<RYCU]]> 11973 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-why-conservatives/ Tue, 07 May 2013 15:11:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11977 Mass Communication and Society, Susan Currie Sivek, assistant professor of mass communication and journalism at California State University, Fresno, credited National Review for its impeccable ability to strategically construct media frames that influenced Americans from three smaller subgroups to merge under the conservative banner. William F. Buckley, Jr., the magazine’s founder, brought together anti-Communists, Libertarians, and Christian conservatives. He gathered writers who saw the common threads across these groups, emphasized their common values, and de-emphasized more divisive leanings. One tool that brought these groups together was the framing of “liberalism” as the common enemy, a strategy often employed later by President Ronald Reagan. In National Review’s first issue, it employed the language often used by anti-Communists but applied it in attacking liberalism. In addition to appealing to anti-Communists, the magazine reached out to Libertarians in its philosophical statement in the opening issue. It said “The growth of government . . . must be fought relentlessly. In this great social conflict of the era, we are, without reservations, on the libertarian side. To appeal to Christian conservatives, Sivek notes that the magazine “frequently invoked the philosophical nature and history of ‘Western Civilization’ and . . . the existence of moral absolutes.” National Review constructed a historical and religious foundation for conservatism and argued against the relativism of social engineers that “had taken over America.” Sivek further explains how National Review was more influential than other conservative magazine attempts of the time. By refusing to join in with anti-Semitic voices of the 1950s and employing Jewish writers, the magazine eschewed one fringe branch that tried to identify itself as conservative. It also avoided McCarthyism’s vitriolic vocabulary of anti-Communism conspiracy that was later embraced by the John Birch Society. There is no question National Review still remained solidly anti-Communist. The magazine influenced 1964 Presidential candidate Barry Goldwater who often used the language of the National Review to appeal to constituents. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush acknowledged the impact it had on American political view points, am impact that seems to have been reincarnated in talk radio programs like The Rush Limbaugh Show. Sivek, however, notes Buckley’s criticism of some Bush policies that have departed from the National Review’s conservative principles. Sivek’s research was completed before knowing John McCain would be the Republican nominee for President. So she didn’t indicate where he would fit in the spectrum of conservatives that were taken under the National Review umbrella. But Stephen Perry, Editor of Mass Communication and Society, said, “Perhaps the conservatives that were recruited to ‘take over the Republican Party’ through National Review are no longer in control based on McCain’s nomination. Still, the selection of Sarah Palin for his Vice Presidential running mate clearly indicates the conservatives still pull a lot of weight at the Republican table.” In the article, Sivek detailed how one magazine shaped and developed the political opinions of millions through applying various frames to political philosophy. Sivek also demonstrates how framing and editing of political movements can increase political engagement throughout the nation. To read more about how National Review framed issues that created the Conservative movement, read “Editing Conservatism: How National Review Magazine Framed and Mobilized a Political Movement” in Mass Communication and Society, Volume 11, Issue 3. CONTACT: Susan Currie Sivek, California State University, Fresno, ssivek@csufresno, (559) 278-4597. <<RYCU]]> 11977 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-new-research/ Tue, 07 May 2013 15:16:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11982 fredfico@msu.edu, (517) 355-4489; Geri Alumit Zeldes, Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication, Arizona Sate University; Serena Carpenter, Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication, Arizona State University; Arvind Diddi, Department of Communication Studies, SUNY, Oswego. <<RYCU]]> 11982 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/rycu-retaliatory/ Tue, 07 May 2013 15:24:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=11987 Mass Communication and Society. Modern video game systems often give the player options to choose to turn blood effects on or off and to change the color of the blood. They also allow players to change their own perspective from being a first person shooter to a third person observer of the character doing the shooting in violent video games like Hitman II, Silent Assassin, which was used in this study. One might think that being the actual shooter or aggressor from a first person perspective would make the game player more aggressive in real life. But a study called Retaliatory Aggression and the Effects of Point of View Blood in Violent Video Games, conducted by Marina Krcmar from Wake Forest University and Kirstie Farrar from the University of Connecticut, found the opposite. Players who see their avatar shooting and killing are more likely to express subsequent verbal or physical hostility than someone who sees the violence in the game from a first person perspective. This was especially true for people who leaned toward being more aggressive or hostile anyway. In this study, players expressed hostility in part by recommending against continued funding of an experimenter who initially insulted them. Another variable that led to more aggression from players was the blood. When players had the blood on, they were more likely to act verbally and physically aggressive after playing the game. The reasons for this increase in aggression stem from the players’ active role in the storyline, which causes the player to act out the aggression. Players identify with the aggressors in the video games, because they want to be heroes. Additionally, since violent behaviors are rewarded in violent video games, such as Hitman II, Silent Assassin, this can contribute to the belief that violent behavior is acceptable. In this study, Krcmar and Farrar explain a process through which aggression is evoked from video game usage. According to these authors, “Players actively engage in game play, receive points for acting aggressively, attempt and learn various aggressive roles, actions and strategies, and through repeated play, may learn to play the game quite skillfully. Through this repeated exposure and interaction with violence through repeated game play, it is likely that players can establish similarly aggressive knowledge structures.” Players can enhance these aggressive behaviors through practice, and activate them when faced with a real, aggressive situation as demonstrated in this study. The authors conclude that playing violent games, both in the short term and over time, can lead to aggressive behavior. The presence of new game systems has led to the creation of more graphic, realistic, and violent video games that really draw users into the violent actions displayed in the game. But with all the commotion violent games, such as Mortal Kombat have caused in the media in the past, now many modern games allow the user to deactivate the blood and gore present in the game. These features are appealing to parents who are concerned with the level of gore in the games their kids play. If this study’s findings on young adults hold true with younger players, parents who have their kids deactivate the blood are justified in such actions, this study shows. But more surprising is the advice that their kids should play the game from the first person perspective as the one who is committing the on-game violence. Parents who have perhaps thought the third-person perspective was better could be asking for trouble and leading their kids to become more aggressive. CONTACT: Marina Krcmar, Department of Communication, Wake Forest University, krcmarm@wfu.edu, (336) 758-5405; Kirstie Farrar, Department of Communication Studies, University of Connecticut, kirstie.farrar@uconn.edu, (806) 486-2632. <<RYCU]]> 11987 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/page-legacy-ethical/ Tue, 28 May 2013 14:18:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12042 Ethical Stakeholder Engagement From inactive publics to brand ambassadors, organizations must consider how best to communicate with a variety of stakeholders. With the growth of social media, ethical engagement with stakeholders has become more challenging. Engagement implies a two-way exchange, if not necessarily a meeting of minds, then certainly a swapping of ideas and opinions, listening and talking, and stakeholders have expectations that require ethical standards. The Arthur W. Page Center seeks grant proposals that address the issues of ethical stakeholder engagement. Research projects should deepen the field’s understanding of the issues with a focus on real-world solutions for practitioners. Submissions should clearly demonstrate how the research will benefit the practice of public relations and how the authors intend to disseminate findings to the field. Grants will range from $1,000 to $5,000. Possible topics include (but are not limited to):

• Measuring the impact of stakeholder engagement
• Benefits or challenges of ethical stakeholder engagement
• Online stakeholder engagement
• Engagement with specific audiences such as:

- Activists - Community - Elderly - Employees - Influencers - Investors - International groups - LGBT - Youth

The research conducted from approved proposals will be evaluated for a special issue of the Public Relations Journal guest edited by Dr. Marcia W. DiStaso. Authors of successful submissions may also be asked to participate in a webinar or conference panel and/or make their work available for distribution through a website. Deadline for proposal submission is September 1, 2013. Proposals should be submitted through the Page Center website (http://thepagecenter.comm.psu.edu/, click on Page Legacy Scholar Grants). Questions should be directed to Dr. Marcia W. DiStaso at mwd10@psu.edu or (814) 863-9874. <<Related Calls]]> 12042 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/page-legacy-guidelines/ Tue, 28 May 2013 15:11:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12051 Guidelines and Deadlines

Application materials must be electronically submitted on or before September 1, 2013. Applicants will be notified of the selection committee’s decisions in October of 2013.

PROPOSAL COMPONENTS MUST BE COMBINED INTO ONE PDF FILE. Please click below to let us know that you plan to submit a proposal>>

SPECIAL CALL ON Ethical Stakeholder Engagement

Coversheet (1 page) Please include the following:

1. Title of the proposed project
2. Name of applicant(s)
3. Job title, position or affiliation, name of institution organization, or business
4. Email address and phone number
5. Contact information for the Office of Sponsored Research at your institution,including the name and email address of a point of contact
6. Subject area that best describes the focus of the proposal

Abstract (1 page) A one page abstract or summary of the proposed project that includes the applicant’s name, university/college affiliation, and project title. Please list the amount of funding requested, up to $5,000. Narrative (up to 5 pages) A description, not more than five pages, typed and double-spaced, of the proposed research and how it furthers the mission of the Page Center to foster ethics and responsibility in public communication. Appropriate Appendices that support the proposed project may be included and should be no more than 10 pages long. Applicants may wish to attach an optional selected bibliography, up to two pages, of scholarly or other works, other than the applicant’s own, that place the project in its intellectual framework. Appendices and bibliographies should be included following the project narrative, and should bring the total page count for the section to no more than 17 pages. Budget (1 page) Using a spreadsheet or table, please list the amount of the grant being requested – up to $5,000 – by line item. The grants may be used for legitimate scholarly purposes approved by the Center, such as field research, assistants, and the purchase of research materials. Awards may not be used to support any commercial purpose. The Center does not allow the following costs:

Overhead, indirect or F&A costs Release time or course buy-out Any expenses to attend conferences Publication costs Equipment

Budgets should be realistic and commensurate with the project proposed. Applicants are strongly encouraged to list only real and necessary costs in the proposed budget.  The Page Center may offer funding at a different level than that requested. Applicants and awardees must disclose any other source of funding for the project. Where applicable, proposals should be processed through the Office of Sponsored Research of the applicant’s institution to avoid lengthy delays in awarding funds. Budget Notes (1 page) Include a separate document that lists the budget by line item, followed by a description of each line item explaining how the funding will be spent. For example, a description of requested wages may read: Wages: One graduate student to be paid $15/hour for 20 hours/week X 12 weeks of the summer semester. The graduate student will analyze data collected during the Fall and Spring semesters. Curriculum Vitae or Professional Resume (10 page maximum) Attach curriculum vitae or resume that describes scholarly work related to the proposed project and publication/presentation history of the applicant. This document will inform the review committee of the scholar or professional applicant’s potential for dissemination of findings.

ALL COMPONENTS OF THE CSR CALL MUST BE COMBINED INTO ONE PDF FILE AND UPLOADED TO THE CORRECT FOLDER BELOW.

Ethical Stakeholder Engagement proposals click here.

<<Related Calls]]> 12051 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/05/pac-052313/ Tue, 28 May 2013 16:33:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12063 May 23, 2013 | The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), which includes professors, deans and directors of journalism and mass communication programs, and the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC), which includes schools and colleges of journalism and mass communication, call for the U.S. government's investigation of the Department of Justice's (DOJ) egregious intrusion into privacy related to the April and May 2012 secret seizures of Associated Press telephone records. Only a year later has the DOJ informed the nation's news media about subpoenas that had been served to gather phone records of major AP Bureaus, as well as records from the private phones of AP journalists. Secret investigations of journalists' news sources produce a chilling effect on news-gathering activities, jeopardizing the critical role of the press in a democracy and ultimately harming the American public. These seizures of phone records also demonstrate the urgency of a Shield Law that would provide journalists with more security in keeping their interactions and interviews with sources confidential. This investigation must result in a full and clear explanation of the process from which these secret subpoenas had resulted, together with appropriate sanctions for those found to have exceeded their legal authority or to have been derelict in their judicial responsibilities. AEJMC and ASJMC further call for assurances by the DOJ that other secret subpoenas related to news-gathering activities have not been served and will not be served in the future. In our universities and programs, we seek to instill in our students an appreciation for the necessity of a free press that understands the need to balance the privacy and national security issues with the publics open access to information. In this case, we find it hard to understand how that balance was met. <<PACS]]> 12063 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/advertising-2013-abstracts/ Mon, 10 Jun 2013 18:19:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12078 Research Papers Alcohol, Sex, ‘n’ Text Messaging: Effects of Pro-Alcohol and Anti-Alcohol Display Ads on Evaluations of Texts From Last Night Facebook Updates and Drinking Intentions • Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University; Hyun Jung Oh, Michigan State University; Jing Yang, Michigan State University; Richard T. Cole, Michigan State University • An experiment (N = 413) investigated the effects of Facebook status updates paired with display ads on evaluations, viral behavioral intentions, and intentions to consume alcohol. Participants saw status updates, both alcohol- and sex-related, posted on the Facebook page of Texts From Last Night (TFLN) paired with display ads that either featured an alcohol brand, an anti-binge drinking PSA, or a local bank. Findings showed that participants rated status updates and display ads variably as a function of the display ad type. Additionally, intentions to consume alcohol were significantly predicted by viral behavioral intentions toward status updates and display ads, and varied as a function of the combination of status update type and display ad type. Findings are discussed in relation to the effect of alcohol marketing via social media. Consumer Response to Ads in Social Network Sites: An Exploration into the Role of Ad Location and Path • Hyejin Bang; Wei-Na Lee, The University of Texas at Austin • Past research repeatedly suggests consumer’s defensive response to persuasive attempts is a key challenge for advertisers. Given the explosive growth of social media, this study aims to understand if consumer response to ads placed in a social network site could be influenced by ad location and the path through which the ad is delivered. Findings from an experiment suggest that consumers’ attention to ads in SNSs is remarkably low. Furthermore, the interaction between ad location and the path significantly influences consumers’ attitudes toward the ad, attitudes toward the brand, and purchase intention. Specifically, it appears that an ad placed inside users’ timeline and sent through via known others, the indirect path, yielded favorable consumer response. On the other hand, consumers responded more favorably to an ad sent by the advertiser, the direct path, than that sent by known others if the ad is placed outside users’ timeline. Implications and suggestions for future research are provided. The Impact of Athlete Transgressions and Image Repair Strategy on Endorsement Effectiveness • Kenon Brown, University of Alabama; Mia Anderson, The University of Tampa; Josh Dickhaus, Bradley University • This study seeks to build upon the body of knowledge surrounding athlete endorsement by examining the impact of Benoit’s image repair strategies on source credibility, attitudes toward a brand and purchase intention. An experiment was designed to test participants’ reactions to negative information about an athlete endorser and reactions to a statement made by the athlete to respond to negative information using one of five selected image repair strategies. Results showed that negative information did have an effect on an endorser’s trustworthiness, attitudes towards the endorsed product, and intention to buy the endorsed product. Results also showed that while mortification and defeasibility strategies were effective in improving trustworthiness, none of the strategies improved brand attitude or purchase intention. Advergaming and Health Involvement: How healthy eating inclinations impact processing of advergame content. • Vincent Cicchirillo, University of Texas at Austin; Amanda Mabry, The University of Texas at Austin • Advergames combine advertising messages within and around video games. Many food and beverage brands use advergames to promote their products; however, little research has been conducted examining the impact personal traits such as health involvement and situational factors (brand integration) have on attitudes. Our findings indicate congruency between brand integration and health involvement impact positive affect toward the brand and advergame after game play. Additionally, arousal impacts the relationship between advergame and brand attitudes. Product Placement Advertising & Consumer Socialization: How are Emerging Adults Influenced by Parents, Peers, and Media? • Clay Craig, Coastal Carolina University; Shannon Bichard, Texas Tech • The use of product placement as a form of advertising has become increasingly popular; yet there is little research examining the process. This study uses the theory of consumer socialization to evaluate the processes that influence product placement attitudes and behaviors. An online survey of emerging adults (18-25 years old) was used to examine the influence of socialization agents (peers, parents, and media). The findings indicate a complex relationship between socialization agents and product placement. The Impact of Videogame-Induced Affect and Ad Type on Memory of In-Game Advertisements • Frank Dardis, Penn State University; Mike Schmierbach, Pennsylvania State University; Brett Sherrick, Pennsylvania State University; Britani Luckman • In-game advertising continues to increase in importance for both industry and academia. Accordingly, current studies in the field are increasingly examining specific game-related factors that might impact the effectiveness of in-game advertisements. However, game difficulty – an important, real-world factor – has received little attention. The current experiment investigates the impact of game difficulty on players’ affective response and subsequent memory of in-game ads. More difficult game play led to more negative affective response. A significant interaction revealed that brand recognition increased as players in a more positive mood were exposed to a gain-framed message. Results are explained to occur via the additive affective and cognitive effects generated by game difficulty. Practical implications are discussed. Entertaining with Food: The Interplay of Source Effect and Flow in Response to Advergames • Chang Dae Ham; Gunwoo Yoon; Michelle Nelson • Based on the concept of marketplace metacognition (Wright 2002) and the feelings of flow (Csikszentmihalyi 1990), this study examines how consumers respond to an advergame for food brands that vary according to the perceived effects of the source (prosocial vs. commercial; beneficial vs. harmful) and state of flow (high vs. low). Results show that attitudes toward the brand were higher for prosocial than commercial sources and also for beneficial effects (healthy food) overharmful effects (junk food). The results were explained by consumers’ persuasion knowledge and self-enhancement perception. The differences between the advergame’s source conditions, however, disappeared when participants were immersed in an optimal flow state while playing the advergames. Consumer-Generated Ads on YouTube: Impacts of Source Credibility and Need for Cognition on Attitudes, Interactive Behaviors, and eWOM • Sara Hansen, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh; Jin Kyun Lee, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh; Shu-Yueh Lee, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh • This study examines consumer-generated advertising (CGA) impacts on consumer attitudes and behaviors for interacting with YouTube features and passing along CGA video as electronic word-of-mouth. An online experiment with 175 subjects was conducted with a 2x2x2 factorial design, manipulating ad source credibility and product involvement levels. Analysis revealed consumers as source significantly enhanced ad attitudes and interactivity behaviors. Higher need for cognition levels significantly increased interactivity and CGA pass-along. Theoretical and practical implications are suggested. Red and Blue, not Black and White: Political Cue and Character Race Dynamics in Advertising • Gregory Hoplamazian, Loyola University Maryland; Jacquelyn D'Avella, Loyola University Maryland • A growing body of research indicates white viewers are much more responsive to similarity cues in advertising other than character race. This paper reports findings from a quasi-experiment investigating the effects of political context cues in advertising. The influence of political cues was found to be more impactful than model race on character perceptions and advertising outcomes, suggesting advertisers should be highly mindful of background cues which might signify the political ideology of the character. Novelty Effects in Augmented Reality Advertising Environments • Tobias Hopp, University of Oregon; Harsha Gangadharbatla • This study examined the relationship between novelty effects, gender, and augmented reality advertising (ARA). We predicted that exposure time to ARA and attitudinal outcomes would be negatively related and that this relationship would be especially pronounced for women. The results only tentatively supported the hypotheses. In comparatively brief exposure to the ARA, women were more likely to have favorable opinions of the brand and higher purchase intentions. In longer exposure periods, men’s attitudes actually increased. Attractive Model, Persuasion, and Social Comparison: An Inclusion/Exclusion Perspective • Fan Hu, BNU-HKBU United International College • Previous studies have shown that advertisements featuring attractive female models may effectively enhance persuasion. Yet, advertisers have been increasingly criticized for using such models, because research has indicated that the idealized images may make female consumers feel negatively about the self. Extant research has not offered clear theorizing of the coexistence of the two types of effects associated with attractive models in advertising. Thus, this research proposes a theoretical model to examine the underlying mechanism that accounts for both the intended (i.e., persuasion) and the unintended (i.e., social comparison) effects. Specifically, when an attractive model is included (excluded) in the representations of the product and the self, persuasion and self-evaluation will be more (less) consistent with the attractive model. An important condition for inclusion versus exclusion processing is individuals’ attention focused on internal or covert aspects of the self, known as “self-focused attention”. In the current experiment, 114 female students were exposed to advertisements for beauty-related products, featuring attractive female models or products only. Participants were either induced to a high level of self-focused attention or not. Results showed that when exposed to attractive-model advertisements, females under low self-focused attention evaluated the ad and the brand more positively, rated the self in terms of attractiveness more positively, and generated less negative thoughts than those females who were highly self-focused. When exposed to product-only advertisements, females under high versus low self-focused attention did not differ in terms of ad/brand evaluations, self-evaluation, and negative thoughts. Implications for advertising are discussed. Scarcity Effects on Luxury, Limited Edition Products • wonseok jang, University of Florida; Yong Jae Ko, University of Florida; Jon D. Morris, University of Florida; Yonghwan Chang, University of Florida • Recently, many brands had begun to launch limited edition products. Typically, advertisers are implementing two types of scarcity messages for Limited Edition (LE) products: (a) limited-time scarcity vs. limited quantity scarcity messages (Cialdini 2008). Several studies found that these scarcity messages lead consumer to perceive LE products as more attractive and valuable (Aggarwal, Jun, and Huh 2011). The current study examined the effects of scarcity messages on different types of LE products. Picture-perfect personality: Examining the influence of advertising images on brand personality • Adriane Jewett, University of Florida; John Sutherland, University of Florida • Surrounded by advertisements, today’s consumers are bombarded with covert cultural meanings wrapped in catchy slogans. According to meaning transfer theory, advertising is a dominant vehicle for the provision and movement of cultural meanings (McCracken, 1986; 1990). Combined, advertising’s profusion and ability to propagate meaning leaves advertisers with considerable power in shaping modern culture. Within advertisements, visuals are largely responsible for connecting products with particular cultural meanings. According to McCracken, these visuals are imbued with cultural meanings, such as gender, status, age, lifestyle, time and place. Specifically, this study extends McCracken’s meaning transfer theory to examine visuals’ ability to transfer brand personality from an advertisement to a brand. A survey (n=304) was conducted using a scale based on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Respondents were asked to evaluate the brand personality of Fresh Cola, a fictitious soft drink, based on researcher-created advertisements. Each of the four ads used an image aligned with one of the four tested personality traits – Extroversion (E), Introversion (I), Thinking (T) or Feeling (F). According to this study’s results, images have the ability to manipulate personality, molding a consumer’s perception of and relationship with a brand, perhaps giving advertisers more control over brand personality than some scholars previously assumed. This finding places additional importance on advertising images, necessitating careful, calculated choices to create or manipulate the desired brand personality. Additionally, this study’s findings made cautious connections between brand attitude, Extroversion and Feeling, and support a re-examination of brand personality measures and their influences on purchase intent. Food Advergames Targeting Children: Brand Exposure Context, Nutritional Content, and Ad Breaks • Hannah Kang, University of Florida; Soontae An, Ewha Womans University,Seoul, Korea • This study investigated the content of food advergames presented on food company websites targeting children, in terms of brand exposure context, nutritional content of the food products, and ad breaks. Among 53 websites that have advergames, a total of 387 food advergames were examined. Results of this study found that about 90 percent of foods advertised in advergames were low-nutrition and/or high-calorie foods. In particular, when product package was shown in the game or branded food contents or product packages were related to the game scoring, those foods were more likely to be foods high in sugar. Moreover, foods advertised in advergames that did not have ad breaks were foods that were higher calorie, higher in fat and higher in sugar, except for sodium. This study highlights the fact that more scholarly attention is needed for the content of advergames. Attitudes about Advertising and Patterns of News Use and Evaluation • Esther Thorson, University of Missouri; Eunjin Kim • The study examined whether positive and negative attitudes toward advertising were related to attitudes toward news sources including both television and print, local and national, and whether exposure to these sources was related to advertising attitudes. There were strong positive relationships between news source attitudes and positive attitudes toward advertising, and weaker negative relationships with negative attitudes toward advertising. Neither was related to news source consumption. The study is considered in terms of theory about how the ubiquitous association of news and advertising may be processed by consumers. Brand Placements and Media Characters - The Influence of Parasocial Interactions on Brand Placements Effects • Johannes Knoll, Würzburg University; Christiana Schallhorn, Würzburg University; Sabrina Wynistorf; Holger Schramm • Although brand placements are frequently associated with media characters, previous research has scarcely dealt with their influence on brand placements. Addressing this, the present study investigates the influence of parasocial interactions with media characters on attitudes towards brands related to characters. A 1 x 2 between-subject design is applied, assuming that positively represented characters elicit greater parasocial interaction and, subsequently, more favorable brand attitudes compared with negatively represented characters. The results confirm the indirect effect. The tales of ad-context congruency, ad format, and the preference for multitasking: The case of YouTube • Anastasia Kononova • The study explored the effects of YouTube ad-video thematic congruency and ad format on memory, attitudes, and online behavioral intentions. Polychronicity, or the preference for doing multiple things at a time, was predicted to moderate these effects. The study showed that ad-video congruency positively predicted memory for ads, while negatively predicted attitudes toward brands. Participants also remembered more information from in-stream ads than from display ads, while they were more in favor of display ads. The main effects of ad-video thematic congruency and ad format were moderated by polychronicity. The results are discussed with the use of information processing theories. The Moderating Role of Cultural Orientation in Explaining Temporal Orientation of Self-Referencing • Seungae Lee, University of Texas at Austin; Jun Heo, University of Southern Mississippi • A psychological process called self-referencing justifies the use of “you” statements in advertisements; the more an individual relates an ad to him/herself, the greater the likelihood of recall and favorable evaluation. Self-referencing is distinctive based on the temporal dimension of the self being activated while processing advertisements. The current study examined the moderating role of consumers’ cultural background (i.e., long-term orientation dimension) on the process of temporal orientation of self-referencing to better understand advertising persuasion. Can't Live Without it: A Qualitative Investigation into the Uses & Gratifications that Drive U.S. College Student Smartphone Use • Kelty Logan, University of Colorado at Boulder • This study seeks to contribute to the uses and gratifications literature by focusing on US college students and their use of smartphones in the belief that a thorough understanding of the gratifications sought will provide guidance to advertisers regarding the relative levels of involvement associated with each function. Specifically, the study employs qualitative research to investigate how and why college student use their smartphone functions and provides a preliminary typology of those uses and gratifications for further, empirical validation. The study indicated that the most commonly used smartphone functions are text messaging, voice calling, email, clock, calendar, and apps for social media and other entertainment, information, and helpful uses. Use of the smartphone functions is driven by five areas of gratifications sought: Connectedness, Relationship Strengthening, Self-Esteem, Escape/Boredom Relief, and Mood Elevation. Taking a Closer Look at Green Ads. Consumers’ Green Involvement and the Persuasive Effects of Emotional Versus Functional Advertising Appeals • Jorg Matthes, U of Vienna; Anke Wonneberger; Desirée Schmuck • A sample of U.S. consumers was exposed to one of four green ads, a functional ad, an emotional ad, a mixed type ad, and a control ad. Green involvement was gauged by measures of environmental concern, green purchase behavior, and green product attitudes. Both the emotional and the mixed-type ads significantly affected brand attitude. These effects were independent from green involvement. Functional ads, in contrast, only impacted brand attitudes when green involvement was high. Who should do the talking? Marketplace advocacy messages by corporations or industry trade groups • Barbara Miller, Elon University; Julie Lellis • Marketplace advocacy campaigns often arise in response to burgeoning societal concerns, such as those faced by many industries. Using focus groups, this paper explores how lay audiences with little knowledge of the topic being advocated respond to marketplace advocacy messages when presented by a corporation versus those by industry trade groups, research which has potentially significant implications for how corporations allocate advertising resources as well as for environmental groups attempting to combat certain industry initiatives. I'll buy that: Electronic word of mouth and the persuasion knowledge model • Barbara Miller, Elon University; Qian Xu, Elon University; Brooke Barnett, Elon University • This study applied the persuasion knowledge model (PKM) to assess the role of persuasion knowledge in consumer response to online product reviews, a form of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM). Using an experimental research design, this paper examined a) what product review attributes are most likely to be seen by consumers as a persuasive attempt, and b) how being seen as a persuasive attempt impacts persuasive outcomes toward the product, namely product attitudes and purchase intention. Are They Celebrity Followers? Examining Third-Person Perception in the Context of Celebrity Endorsed Advertising • Po-Lin Pan, Arkansas State University; Juan Meng, University of Georgia • This study used source credibility and advertising skepticism as major predictors to third-person perception and examined whether celebrity endorsed advertising yielded third-person perception and other perceived variables led consumers’ purchase intention. Both source credibility (e.g., expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness) and advertising skepticism had negative relationships with third-person perception. Celebrity trustworthiness was most influential to third-person perception, while advertising skepticism was the weakest predictor. Yet, neither third-person perception nor trustworthiness was significant to direct purchase intention. The Role of Risk Perceptions and Involvement in Regulatory Focus: Its Application to Anti-High-Risk Drinking Advertising • Park Sun-Young, Drury University • Based upon regulatory fit theory the present study examines the moderating effects of risk perceptions and involvement on responses to regulatory focus frames in the context of anti-high-risk advertising messages. The result showed when individuals’ risk perceptions or involvement were high they were more likely to be persuaded by a promotion-focused frame in terms of ad attitudes, and behavioral attitudes and intentions, whereas there were no differential effects when risk perceptions or involvement were low.   Teaching Papers Team teaching creative applications for advertising and public relations • Pamela Morris • Advertising and public relations are complex and creative industries and it is ever more challenging for educators to find instructors who can fulfill expertise across disciplines, particularly in creative applications where technology is involved. Team teaching is one approach to provide multiple experts in the classroom. This paper describes how two experimental undergraduate team taught courses, Design for Advertising and Public Relations and Multimedia Commercial Production for Advertising and Public Relations, were developed and delivered within the context of student-centered learning. Student surveys focusing on team teaching efforts are the method for evaluating the approach. Literature review of team teaching and hands-on instruction of creative production provides a framework for course designs. The study is important as advertising, public relations and communication disciplines are converging and specialties from multiple practices have become increasingly necessary for teaching and preparing students for jobs in these industries. It adds to the literature about team teaching and provides recommendations for creating an effective team teaching course.   Professional Freedom & Responsibility Distorted Ethnic Targeting in Food Advertising: A Content Analysis of Ebony, Essence, and People • Jung-Sook Lee • A content analysis was conducted with 680 food advertisements from 2008 and 2011 issues of Ebony, Essence, and People. The results indicate overrepresentation of unhealthy foods and underrepresentation of less unhealthy or healthy foods in Ebony and Essence when compared with their counterparts in People. The difference is manifested not only in the food categories advertised but also in the product types (e.g., low-calorie, baked) and the brand varieties (number of brands) advertised within each food category. Results confirm the concern that African Americans will be increasingly targeted for the marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages as the general population becomes more health conscious and demands less of unhealthy food and beverages. Results also bear a remarkable resemblance to the history of distorted ethnic targeting in cigarette and alcohol advertising where healthier options were less likely to be offered to African American consumers than were they to the general population. LinkedIn: An impediment to workplace diversity? • Troy Elias, University of Florida; Megan VanRysdam; Jung Won Chun • Hiring practices in the U.S. in general and within the advertising industry, specifically, have ostensibly evolved with the emergence of social networking sites (SNS). This study examines the overall prominence of SNS usage in hiring decisions across a variety of industries. Secondly, the study explores the use of SNS by ad agencies, focusing primarily on the hiring of account executives. Account executives tend to embody the face of agency life as they liaise directly with clients. Finally, the study seeks to expose potential opportunities for bias, or racially disparate treatment toward minority populations who can no longer easily avoid displaying their race, age, gender, or disabilities to potential employers via SNS. A mixed methods approach was adopted for this study, such that 300 hiring professionals were surveyed and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 advertising agencies located across the U.S. How Gender Situates Learning in Advertising Creative Departments • Kasey Windels, LSU; Karen Mallia, University of South Carolina • Situated learning theory sees learning as produced through interaction with and increasing participation in a community of practice. Based on interviews with 23 female creatives, this study examines how women learn and form identities in a creative department that is dominated by masculine values. Findings reveal that women lack legitimacy and experience difficulties developing an identity as a master practitioner in the creative department. They instead emphasize parts of their identity unrelated to the profession. Selling or selling out?: An analysis of children’s snack packages and implications for advertising practitioners and educators • John Wirtz, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Regina Ahn, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Gina Song, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Zongyuan Wang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • The paper presents a review of literature related to food advertising that targets children and how food packaging is used to influence children and primary food purchasers (e.g., parents). We then present the results of a content analysis of a large sample (N = 114) of portable children’s snack packages. Our analysis demonstrated that sugar was one of the top three ingredients for 88.6% in portable children’s snacks and that verbal claims such as “artificial and natural flavoring” and “real fruit juice” were used frequently. Further, more than 25% of the sample featured licensed characters (e.g., Scooby Doo) on the front of the package. We conclude the paper by discussing ethical implications of food advertising and marketing for practitioners and advertising educators.   Special Topics Branding Footwear in the Late Nineteenth Century • Stephen Banning • Sorosis Shoes was the first nationally marketed brand of shoes designed specifically for working women in 1897, and its meteoric rise made it an early international advertising success story. This study examines Sorosis Shoe’s capitalization on the women's clothing reform movement and deliberate use of the name of the largest women’s club in America, Sorosis, to promote its product, against their wishes. Mobile Applications and Advertising: Scan vs. Shazam • Brittney Block, University of Memphis • Building from the Technology Acceptance Model, this exploratory study sought to determine smartphone users’ acceptance of advertising intermediaries Scan and Shazam. Three focus groups, consisting of 18 to 24 year-old daily smartphone application users, were conducted to assess the acceptance of Scan and Shazam based on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Results indicated that Scan and Shazam were easy to use, but each application’s usefulness in regards to advertising was not as clear. Advertising America: International Reactions to U.S. Tourism Advertising • Jami Fullerton; Alice Kendrick • A pre/post quasi-experimental copy test of a newly produced US tourism commercial found that the ad was effective in increasing interest in travel to the United States among a nationally representative sample of Australian adults. Gender, age, income and previous US travel appeared to moderate the effect. The ad had a stronger effect on those who reported prior to viewing the commercial not to like America versus those who were self-reported “Americaphiles.” Qualitative reactions to the commercial were predominantly positive, although some viewers said that the spot was not an accurate depiction of the US. Findings are discussed in the context of place branding and best practice message strategy for destination marketing. An Exploratory Study on Multinational Brand Twitter Strategies Between the U.S. and South Korea • Young Sun Lee, Florida State University; Jaejin Lee, Florida State University • The current study aims to explore how the social network sites (SNS) is used as a marketing communication tool for the multinational brands. In order to examine the cultural differences, this study employs a cross-cultural comparisons of SNS use in the U.S. and South Korea. The findings from content analysis suggest that brands in the U.S. showed more transformational messages, while the brands in South Korea were more prevalent in informational messages than the U.S. Additionally, there are cultural differences on many other message types in brand messages. Theoretical and managerial implications, limitations, and future research are suggested. Lost in Space: Advertising agency employees’ perceptions of work space • Karen Mallia, University of South Carolina; Kasey Windels, LSU; Jenny Mumah, University of North Texas; Sheri Broyles, University of North Texas • Advertising is a creative industry, and the creativity of advertising professionals has been attributed to the space in which they work. This quasi-ethnography based on data from six advertising agencies explores the physical environment from the perspective of those who work in these agencies. Discussion includes the relation between openness in reference to space and creativity, the balance of openness and privacy as well as the workplace identity for advertising agency personnel. A Different Approach to an Old Problem: A Qualitative Study on the Role of Analytical and Experiential Processing on Consumers' Interpretation of Organic • S. Senyo Ofori-Parku, University of Oregon • Studies on information processing have traditionally relied on laboratory experiments. Although of predictive value, experiments do not reveal the nuances of information processing. This exploratory study investigates how the analytical (systematic, rational, linear) information and experiential (intuitive, heuristic, holistic) processing in concert manifest in the meanings interviewees make of products labeled organic. Despite that the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits the use of the word in a misleading manner, it does not bar organizations from using the term “organic” in their company names and logos, yet more and more people relying in organic labels to make their purchasing decisions. So, how do patrons of organic products process the organic label? Results suggest that contrary to the dichotomization of analytical and experiential information processing modes, participants demonstrate ample knowledge of the meaning of organic, but the meaning they ascribe to the labels were also derived from past experiences, upbringing, family values, environmental values, among others. They rely on the label even when they think the label has become a buzzword, and may not actually be a good estimate of how healthy food is. Implications of the results for theory, advertising, targeted marketing, as well as public policy deliberations are discussed. Connecting Advertising Students with High School Students: A Case Study in Community-Based Learning • Dana Saewitz, Temple University • Advertising students at a large, urban, public, research university were given an opportunity to participate in a unique community-based learning course in which the university students travelled weekly to two local inner-city public high schools to teach advertising. For high school students, the goals of the program were to inspire them to graduate, apply to college, and to consider a career in advertising. For college students, the goals were to develop teaching skills and leadership skills, strengthen and develop advertising skills, and to learn about the challenges facing urban education. The program was funded by a grant from two professional associations: The local Ad Club and the State Association of Broadcasters. For these partners, the goal was to develop a pipeline of young, ethnically diverse local talent to help improve diversity in the advertising industry and to encourage bright young urban students to achieve their potential. Results of a study conducted at the conclusion of the semester-long program indicate that community-based learning is an extremely valuable and rewarding learning experience for both college students and high school students. If urban universities want to build positive connections with the neighborhoods that surround them, they must re-evaluate incentives and rewards to encourage more faculty to develop community-based learning courses. Compare Global Brands’ Micro-Blogs between China and USA: Focusing on Communication Styles and Branding Strategies • Xiaochen Zhang, University of Florida; Weiting Tao, University of Florida; Sora Kim, University of Florida • This quantitative content analysis compares global brands’ use of communication styles and brand anthropomorphism between Twitter and Weibo. Task-oriented communication is found to be more dominant on both sites than socio-emotional communication. Specifically, global brands ask for opinions and give suggestions (tasked-oriented indicators) and use first and second personal pronouns (anthropomorphism indicators) more on Twitter. However, they give opinion (task-oriented indicator), reduce tension (socioemotional indicator), and use nonverbal cues and consumer nicknames more on Weibo. Effectiveness of Digital Video Advertising in Experimental Setting • Xiyao Yang, University of Oklahoma; Doyle Yoon, University of Oklahoma • Digital video advertising is one of the fastest growing areas of interactive advertising in the industry; though there is limited understanding of this field due to little academic research. The present study is meant to explore the effectiveness of interactive advertising in order to predict the effectiveness of digital video advertising, while gaining an understanding of the influence of digital advertising formats, and user-mode’s impact on users’ brand awareness and attitudes toward to advertising.   Student Who Is Wonder Woman? Gender Stereotypes and Heroism in TV Advertisements • Yunmi Choi, University of Florida; Walter Starr, University of Florida; Kayoung Kim, University of Florida; Nancy Parish, Univ of Florida • This study investigated the gender stereotypes of hero figures in Clio Award winning commercials between 1999 and 2010. By applying content analysis method, this study found support for the hypotheses that male characters in the ads are more likely to be depicted as warrior types. Also, male products are more likely to contain male characters that match with their product personality. However, there was no support for the hypotheses that female characters are likely to be caregiver types in the ads. Cultural Differences in Cognitive Responding to Ads: A Comparison of Americans and Chinese • Yang Feng, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • This study explored differences in cognitive responses to ads across two cultures. In an experiment, 120 college students from the U.S. and 120 college students from China were exposed to different types of ads, and subsequently participants were instructed to recall objects, and list product/brand thoughts. It was found that compared with Chinese participants, participants from the U.S. recalled more salient objects, and generated more product/brand thoughts elicited by salient objects from the ads. These findings suggest that American college students attended more to salient objects in the ads, and therefore are more analytic than Chinese students. Implications for international advertising were provided in the end. The Effects of Types of Behavior, Positive Discrete Emotions, and Involvement on Loss-Framed Message Processing • Heewon Im • This study investigated the effects of types of behavior, involvement, and positive discrete emotions on loss-framed persuasive message processing. The role of involvement as an individual difference in the effects of the information processing motivation level on loss-framed persuasive messages was examined. In addition, the interaction effect of positive discrete emotions and involvement was hypothesized, because both factors influence individuals’ motivation levels. A three (Positive emotion: control, nurturance, amusement) by two (Involvement: high, low) factorial design experiment study was conducted. The results showed the main effects of involvement on loss-framed persuasive messages, but did not support the main effects of positive emotions or the interaction effects of positive emotions and involvement. Metaphor as Visual Thinking in Advertising and the Effects: Focused on Consumers’ Brand Familiarity and Involvement • Soojin Kim, University of Florida; Jihye Kim, University of Florida • Visual metaphors are among the favorite communication techniques used by advertisers; metaphor usage perennially increases in ad images. The purpose of this experimental study is to investigate the impact of visual metaphors in advertising on consumers’ attitude changes though brand familiarity and their perceived involvement. One of the most interesting findings is the significant three-way interactions. The findings showed that brand familiarity will change the impact of a visual metaphor more under conditions of high involvement than low involvement. Therefore, practically, advertisers should consider the consumers’ perceived involvement and the level of the brand familiarity toward the target for the optimal effects of visual metaphors ad on consumers’ attitude changes. The theoretical implication of the current study is that visually metaphorical ads may be more effective than non-metaphor-based ads in changing consumers’ attitudes when the brand has low brand familiarity, regardless of perceived involvement. For a practical perspective, the current study has implications for the effective combination of visual metaphor and brand familiarity for consumers of different involvement levels. It may not be effective to use visual metaphors in ads for products with high brand familiarity and for targeted consumers with high involvement to affect consumers’ attitudes. Ads that use visual metaphor would be effective with unfamiliar brands, including new brands, because consumers may not have a good brand attitude toward the unknown brand in order to change their attitudes. The Cognitive Effects of Online Advertisement on Online News Perception: Readers’ Causal Attribution of Responsibility for Sexual Assault • Jinyoung Kim, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee • Despite a fast-growing number of online advertisements on every corner of news web pages, little research has been done to how cognitive interferences aroused by online advertisements may influence readers’ perception of news stories. This study explored the effects of sexually suggestive presentation in online advertisement on readers’ perception of sexual violence coverage. Results showed that participants who were exposed to sexual online advertisement attributed a higher degree of responsibility of rape to the victim than to the rapist and that participants who perceived the suggestive ad ‘highly sexual’ tended to assign disproportionate attribution assessment that is unfavorable to the victim. Findings from this study imply that typical suggestive online advertisements found easily on news web sites can influence news readers’ perceptions of the cause of important social issues and events. A Consumer Dilemma: Consumer Privacy Concerns, Trust, and Personalized Advertising • Junga Kim • The availability of vast amounts of powerful customer data has opened up new opportunities for the online advertisers to shift their focus from mass-market strategies to customer-centric personalized advertising. However, it is not clear whether highly targeted advertising is perceived as beneficial among online users. This study explores how online consumers cope with personalized advertising. Drawing upon the cost-benefit framework and literature on privacy concern, this study proposes a structural model of consumer response toward personalized advertising. The model indicates that three factors such as perceived controllability, vulnerability, and information sensitivity significantly determined consumers’ privacy concern. The findings of this study suggest that privacy concern did not influence the likelihood of clicking on personalized advertising, while perceived benefits of personalized advertising affect click-through intentions. Effects of Interpersonal Tie Strength and Subjective Norms on Consumers' Brand-Related eWOM Referral Intentions • Yan Shan, The University of Georgia • Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) is an important communication tool in the integrated marketing communication (IMC). This study was designed to examine the antecedents for a brand-related referral behavior through investigating the interplay between consumers' brand evaluation and personal influence on consumers' referral attitudes and behavior intentions. Specifically, the results suggested that consumer-brand relationship and interpersonal tie strength, and their interaction were positively related with referral attitude. Referral attitude was found to be positively associated with referral intention, and this relationship was moderated by consumers' perceived subjective norms. When Tea Leaf Meets Coffee Bean: Consumer Identity, Global Brand and the Circuit of Culture • Xiaochen Zhang, University of Florida • Under the circuit of culture framework, this qualitative study explored consumer culture and global brands through the case of Starbucks and Chinese consumers at the nexus of globalization. Results from four focus groups and 13 in-depth interviews show that the cultural nuances involving how consumers perceive their own identity as a Starbucks consumer as opposed to their “Chineseness” as a tea drinker have a great impact on how they would consume global brands. << 2013 Abstracts]]> 12078 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/civic-citizen-2013-abstracts/ Mon, 10 Jun 2013 18:43:27 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12083 Comparing the values of citizen photojournalists and professional photojournalists: A coorientation study • Tara Buehner, University of South Carolina • The joining of professional and citizen photojournalists raises several questions: What are citizens’ journalism values? Do professional photojournalists perceive a sense of threat from citizens? And, do citizen photojournalists and professional photojournalists effectively understand each others’ values? Coorientation theory (1973) is used to compare citizen and professional photojournalists understanding of photojournalism values, how accurate they are in perceiving each others’ values, and the extent to which they perceive each others’ values as similar. Nuance and Source: An examination of Citizen Journalist Evaluations across Age Cohorts • D. Jasun Carr, Susquehanna University; Matthew Barnidge, University of Wisconsin-Madison; ByungGu Lee, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Stephanie Jean Tsang, University of Wisconsin-Madison • As citizen-generated news grows, the need to understand how individual predispositions interact with news sources to influence perceptions of credibility becomes increasingly important. This study uses a nationally representative sample to replicate a previous experiment that examined perceived credibility of mainstream and citizen journalism, allowing for examination across age cohorts. While both media skepticism and political cynicism interact with the news source, the age of the recipient remains the driving factor in determining news credibility. Who are Citizen Journalists in Social Media Environment?: Focusing on personal and social determinants of citizen journalistic activities • Yeojin Kim; Wilson Lowrey • The study examined what social contexts and determinants encourage or help maintain individuals engaging in citizen journalism tasks. Drawing on the perspective of social capital, this study examines whether social media use, social network, social capital, and civic skills help to predict degree of engagement in producing citizen journalism, especially on Twitter and Faceook. By examining the social contexts of citizen journalism activity, it is hoped that this study can help clarify the nature of citizen journalism. Contributors to Sustainability of Emergent, Civic News Sites: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis • Nakho Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Magda Konieczna; Ho Young Yoon; Lewis A. Friedland • Local sectors of vibrant civic community news sites are important for journalism to improve and the community to thrive. In this study, we examine the news ecologies of four metropolitan regions, Chicago, Seattle, Minneapolis and New York City to explain which structural features contribute to the sustainability of the civic news sites. Based on the findings of the Qualitative Comparative Analysis on 137 cases, we suggest how future efforts should be directed for increasing sustainability. Communicative Action and Citizen Journalism: A Case Study of OhmyNews in South Korea • Seungahn Nah, University of Kentucky; Deborah Chung, University of Kentucky • Drawing on Habermas’ theory of communicative action, this case study of OhmyNews in South Korea examines how citizen journalism operates in a broad organizational and social context. Through in-depth interviews of professional and citizen journalists, the study reveals that citizen journalism can be well understood at the intersection between the lifeworld and systems. Specifically, the study finds a co-existence mechanism by which citizen journalism competes, collaborates, coordinates, and compromises with professional journalism through communicative action. Making Journalism Work by Citizens: Unveiling the Effects of Citizen Journalism on Social Capital • Seungahn Nah, University of Kentucky; Kang Namkoong, University of Kentucky; Stephanie Van Stee, University of Kentucky; Rachael Record, University of Kentucky • This study uncovers the effects of citizen journalism practice on social capital. Through a quasi-experimental design, the analyses reveal that students in the treatment group with citizen journalism practice had higher levels of satisfaction, trust, and engagement than students in the control group. This study offers unique contributions to the existing body of social capital scholarship and practical implications for a community-based participatory campaign utilizing citizen journalism as civic education in school and community settings. Psychological Sense of Community Online: An Examination of News Blogs • Natalie Olsen • The current study extends community and journalism research in two ways. First, it builds upon the original psychological sense of community framework developed by McMillan and Chavis (1986) by supporting a PSOC measure that is both empirically and theoretically sound. Second, it examines community in the context of news blogs, which are becoming increasingly important to the journalism industry as technological advances allow people to easily communicate across vast distances, and audiences have the ability to choose from a seemingly infinite number of information sources, no longer constrained by traditional media filters. Therefore, the current study examines the extent to which PSOC may form among members of news blogs, the individual characteristics that are associated with PSOC formation in a mediated environment, and the valuable implications of understanding PSOC in this mediated environment. An analysis of ninety-three members of three major news blogs revealed that PSOC does form online, although at moderate levels. A regression analysis revealed that individuals’ level of identification with the blog, their history reading the blog, and trust in members of the blog were all significantly and positively related to PSOC. In addition, the motivations for using the blog of personal fulfillment, information seeking/media checking, and expression/affiliation were significantly and positively related to PSOC. This research suggests that understanding the variability in PSOC, as explained by these individual-level characteristics, has significant implications for the journalism industry and society as a whole. Citizen Journalism in Rural Tribal Communities: A Content Analysis of CGNet Swara and The Times of India • Patti Piburn; Lyle Olson, South Dakota State University • CGNet Swara is a citizen journalism endeavor in rural India that allows residents to call in and listen to news of interest that mainstream media often does not cover. The authors conducted a content analysis of vetted and published news items, established categories, and then compared the results with Times of India stories during the same period. The preliminary data reveals that stories citizen journalists report differ widely from those covered in the newspaper. Community characteristics correlate with social media involvement on online community news sites • Jack Rosenberry, St. John Fisher College • An examination of whether social media activity affiliated with online community news sites was predicted by or related to community structural characteristics such as population, education and employment found connections between some of those characteristics and audience social media engagement with the site, but not with social media activities of the site operators. Regression analysis was used to determine the relationship of the community structural variables (IVs) with both aggregate indices and individual social media activity variables (DVs). Engagement without Deliberation? Civic Journalism in Mission, Perception, and Practice • Melissa Tully, University of Iowa; Shawn Harmsen, University of Iowa; Brian Ekdale, University of Iowa; Jane B. Singer, University of Iowa • This study considers the organizational vision of a converged newsroom in a medium-sized Midwestern city, news workers understanding of this vision and how it pertains to their community relationships, and the ways in which the vision are expressed through online journalistic products. The vision is closely related to the goals of civic journalism; however, journalists’ perceptions of the vision tend to not align with these larger goals despite embracing notions of community building and engagement. << 2013 Abstracts]]> 12083 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/csw-2013-abstracts/ Tue, 11 Jun 2013 13:18:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12092 Checking the pulse of health and medical news: Women as reporters, sources, and subjects • Julie Andsager, University of Iowa • Health news is a salient arena for examination of gender because women comprise a growing proportion of health communicators. This content analysis of news releases, national news, and network TV news included source gender and roles in general and women’s health news. Reporter gender did not make a difference in gender of sources. Men outnumbered women as sources overall and in positions of authority. Women’s health comprised a small segment of health coverage. A Female in a Man’s World”: New Media Discourses around the First Female NFL Referee • Dunja Antunovic, Pennsylvania State University • In August, 2012 the National Football League (NFL) announced: a female referee would be officiating for the first time in the league’s history. Shannon Eastin took the field as a replacement referee, as she gained this opportunity amidst a labor dispute between the NFL and the referees union. This paper examines new media discourse surrounding Eastin’s debut in the NFL as a pioneer woman. Conducting the analysis from a feminist perspective, I found that the media, bloggers and fans celebrated Eastin’s accomplishment and hailed the moment as an important milestone for women in sports. Sexist and paternalistic comments remained concealed on the message boards. Present in the discourse, but barely visible were critical analyses on the institutional issues that prevent women from breaking the barrier of male hegemony. I recommend that feminist scholars continue to engage with the ways in which gendered power relations manifest in the online environment, particularly in the sphere of sports, which despite the growing participation of women remains a male domain in the U.S. society. News Sourcing and Gender on Twitter • Claudette Artwick, Washington and Lee University • Traditional news sourcing practices that favor official, male voices have been widely documented over time and across media. But do these patterns persist in today’s social media environment, where women outnumber and spend more time than men? This study explores news sourcing and gender on Twitter by analyzing more than 2,700 tweets from reporters at 51 U.S. newspapers. Guided by hegemony and set within the framework of social networking technology, the research examines quoting practices and interaction with sources by gender, beat, newspaper size, and live coverage. The double bind of political women: Coverage of Hillary Clinton’s performance during the Benghazi Hearings • Dustin Harp, University of Texas - Arlington; Jaime Loke, University of Oklahoma; Ingrid Bachmann, Catholic University of Chile • Research has shown that news coverage of female politicians typically follow gendered lines that often disregard women’s competence for political affairs. Grounded in feminist theoretical framework, this textual analysis examines news websites coverage of Hillary Clinton’s congressional testimony on the Benghazi attack. The findings suggest that though there has been progress in how a notable female politician was covered in the media, there still remained discourse that perpetrated the stereotypical feminine frames. Where the Gender Differences Really Reside: The “Big Five” Sports Featured in NBC’s 2012 London Primetime Olympic Broadcast • Andrew Billings, University of Alabama; James Angelini, University of Delaware; Paul MacArthur, Utica College; Kimberly Bissell, University of Alabama; Lauren Smith, Auburn University; Natalie Brown, University of Alabama • This study analyzed all 69 hours of NBC's primetime coverage of the 2012 London Summer Olympics to determine which sports were most likely to contain divergences in dialogue by gender of athlete. Coding over 14,000 descriptors, 23 significant differences were detected: 11 attributions of athletic success and failure and 12 depictions of personality and physicality. Swimming was found to have the most dialogue differences (seven) while beach volleyball only contained one. Ramifications and implications for the study of gender in sports media are offered. The Non-Communicative Female Consumer: A Look at Conflict & Confidence • Chizoma Cluff, Howard University • Although globally, women control about $20 trillion in annual consumer spending (Silverstein and Sayre, 2009. p.2), and make over 85% of the consumer purchases in the US, the female consumer has yet to be a driving force to the structure of customer relations in corporate consumership. In a world infused by the male influenced language and structure, the perspective and notion of corporate dominance and customer relations for the female consumer is obscured. Since conflict is unavoidable during a complaint, the obstacles the female consumer faces mounts as she battles this variable as she approaches corporate personnel face-to-face (F2F). The intent of this study was to determine if F2F complaint was affected by the female consumer’s self-confidence. The study also determines the difference in her confidence and behavior during a complaint using the corporate computer-mediated-communication (CMC) tools. The strength of this study rests on the official statistics and research that indicated the relationship and influence of self-confidence on the female consumer population during complaint interaction with corporations. To achieve the results, a quantitative questionnaire research was conducted to determine the impact of self-confidence of the female consumer population during their complaints. The study proposed hypothesis and results indicated that the female consumer is impacted by her self-confidence during F2F complaints and would prefer to use corporate CMC tools for complaints. However, the majority of female consumers do not find corporate CMC tools as effective. With the inefficiency of corporate CMC tools, the female consumer remains restricted in expression. Scene of the crime: News discourse of rape in India and the geopolitics of sexual assault • Meenakshi Durham, University of Iowa • This paper applies critical discourse analysis to the first week of news coverage of a gang rape in New Delhi, India. Using theories of place, transnational feminism, and critical media studies, the paper interrogates the construction of space in US news coverage of a Third World sexual assault. The findings are that the news texts operate hegemonically to construe India as a space of sexual danger, vitiating the possibilities of transnational feminist activism. Here Comes The Bride: A Content Analysis Examining Representations of Women in Brides Magazine Advertisements • Bene Eaton, University of Houston; Temple Northup, University of Houston • This study examines advertisements in Brides magazines published in 2011. A content analysis was employed to assess if Goffman’s (1979) gender role categories were applicable to the advertisements, to measure the advertisements' socioeconomic depictions, and to examine models' beauty ideals. Advertisements were found to reflect traditional gender roles and upper socioeconomic classes. Additionally, models were found to be predominately thin, Caucasian, and flawless. This research raises awareness about the representation of women in bridal media. "Knope We Can!" Primetime Feminist Strategies in NBC's "Parks and Recreation" • Erika Engstrom • The current inquiry addresses how popular television in the form of the NBC comedy series "Parks and Recreation" (2009- ), actively incorporates feminist ideology. Using textual analysis, the author describes four strategies by which the series' text forwards feminism: the show’s presentation of Pawnee, Indiana as obsolete patriarchy, the central motif of feminism in individual episodes which illustrate how the personal is political, the appearance of noticeable and notable mentions of feminists, and feminism visualized. Through the strategic placement and presentation of visual text, in the form of feminist icons and symbols, and verbal text, in the form of dialogue, this 30-minute sitcom promotes an “everyday” feminism that normalizes the idea that feminists are everyday people. The Status of Feminist Public Relations Theory • Kim Golombisky, University of South Florida • This essay scans the varieties of feminisms in academic public relations in terms of issues studied, theoretical developments, and feminist commitments. The author argues that feminist public relations theory would benefit by defining gender as performative, defining women through intersectionality, moving beyond liberal and radical formulations of feminism, and focusing on goals of gender justice rather than gender equality or equity. Advising brides: How bridal magazines frame ceremonial and emotional crisis advice for women • Kristen Grimmer, University of Kansas; Kylee McCullough; Elaine Harber, University of Kansas • Crisis has been defined as a situation that disrupts business as usual (Coombs, 2007). Research has examined organizations in crises, however this study explored crises on an individual, personal level through the lens of bridal magazines. This study used framing theory, traditionally applied to news and politics, to investigate advice designed for brides in crisis. This extension of framing theory suggests future applications to other milestones in women’s lives, such as puberty, motherhood, and menopause. Framing Cultural Warfare: Press Coverage of the Guerrilla Girls 1985-2011 • Katherine LaPrad, University of South Carolina • In order to evaluate the role the media play in the production of knowledge that may or may not increase awareness concerning social issues in society, this study analyzes how the news media have framed the Guerrilla Girls’ activities from 1985 to 2011. Findings reveal that the news media retain long existing biases toward women, feminists, and especially feminist activists that fight to dismantle larger institutions of power. Binaries and the big screen in China: A longitudinal analysis of character gender in feature films • Carol Liebler, Syracuse U; Wei Jiang, University of Macau • This study examines gender constructions of the main characters in Chinese top-grossing feature films, 2002-2011, and the sex of content creators in relation to film content. Content analysis of 332 characters reveals that women are more likely than men to be young, sexualized and conform to an ideal image. Male characters are older and reflect traditional Chinese norms of masculinity. Women are rarely present among content creators, and most likely to be writers or producers. Breastfeeding in Uniform: Contesting Discourses of Masculinity, Nationalism, and the Military • Jennifer Midberry, Temple University • This qualitative narrative analysis examines comments on the “Breastfeeding in Combat Boots” blog to investigate discourses about controversial photos of two airmen breastfeeding in uniform in public. This feminist critique is a case study that sheds light on the ideology that fuels criticism about breastfeeding in public generally and about public breastfeeding in the military specifically. It also aims to explicate what the criticism reveals about masculine and nationalist discourses about women in the military. Gender Representation in Television Advertising: The Case of the Philippines • Michael Prieler, Hallym University; Dave Centeno • This study analyzed 254 unduplicated primetime Philippine television advertisements from 2010 for differences in gender representation. Two coders independently coded the entire sample and achieved an intercoder reliability of greater than .700 for each reported variable. The findings are based on chi-square analyses and indicate a high prevalence of gender differences and stereotypes in Philippine television advertisements. For example, more males were shown in the workplace (17.9% vs. 7.4%), whereas more females were shown at home (45.9% vs. 24.5%); males were generally fully clothed (88.7% vs. 44.6%), whereas females were often suggestively dressed (52.7% vs. 6.6%); more males than females delivered voiceovers (46.1% vs. 35.0%); and product categories were stereotypically associated with gender. The only exception to these traditional, stereotypical gender portrayals was the predominance of primary female characters in television advertisements (58.3% vs. 41.7%). Overall, such stereotypical portrayals do not accurately reflect Philippine society, which is considered to be one of the most egalitarian Asian societies with regard to gender. By analyzing Philippine television advertisements, this study intends to close a gap in the still under-researched area of gender representation in developing countries, which could provide a more complete picture of this topic from an international perspective. The similarities and differences between this research and previous studies on this topic in developing and developed countries are examined. The possible effects of such representation on audiences are discussed based on social cognitive theory and cultivation theory. “Binders Full of Tweets”: Twitter Coverage of “Women’s Issues” During the 2012 Elections • Rachel Reis Mourao, University of Texas at Austin • In 2012, policies labeled “women’s issues” became central to the electoral process. This paper sought to analyze the coverage of those issues by journalists on Twitter. Through a content analysis of selected tweets, results revealed that coverage focused on abortion, equal rights, rape, and the economy in the context of political strategy and candidates’ characteristics. Male politicians were cited the most, although female journalists were more likely than male colleagues to mention women and nonpoliticians. Scripted Eros: Framing analysis of sexuality-related articles in women’s and men’s magazines • Miglena Sternadori, University of South Dakota; Mandy Hagseth, University of South Dakota • This analysis of sexual scripts in two men’s and two women’s magazines suggests that, regardless of the gender of the target audience, sexuality is framed mostly in ways that prioritize the narrow construction of heterosexual men’s sexual schemas according to the Centerfold Syndrome theory (Brooks, 1995). Although an illusory power is awarded to women in their role as seductresses, this construction serves mostly purposes of men’s pleasure, aligning with Gadsden’s (2000) point that male dominance over female sexuality is reinforced through media. Both women’s and men’s magazines normalize and mainstream sexual scripts that fit the elements of a constructed, hypemasculine sexuality based around men’s voyeurism and objectification of women’s bodies, emotional aloofness, trophyism, and need for sexual validation. Three additional tropes that emerged in women’s magazines – sex as dirty, women’s interest in submissive sex, and women’s potential for sexual victimization – do not feat neatly into the elements of the Centerfold Syndrome, but continue to emphasize the general cultural narrative of male dominance and female submission. “Greatest” Grace Coolidge: Why A First Lady Who Once Captured America Is Now Forgotten • Teri Finneman, University of Missouri-Columbia; Ryan Thomas, University of Missouri-Columbia • In 1931, Good Housekeeping named Grace Coolidge one of America’s 12 greatest living women. This study explores why a woman admired during her time has largely faded from history. Examining how media construct “acceptable” gender roles offers insight into the factors that prevented Grace from leaving a lasting legacy at a critical time in feminism. This gender repression undoubtedly delayed advancements in the women’s movement and perpetuated an expectation of first ladies that remains today. “No Girls Allowed: A Textual Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of the National Council of Women’s Organization’s Protest of the 2003 Masters Tournament” • Mary Tucker-McLaughlin, East Carolina University; Cindy Elmore, East Carolina University • Using a textual analysis this paper compares the frames presented in the local, regional and national newspaper coverage of the National Council of Womens’ Organizations’ protest at The Augusta National’s 2003 Masters Tournament. The coverage was analyzed according to four categories: location of the newspaper, Op/Ed pieces, the gender of the reporter covering the story, and the general positive or negative framing of the articles. The analysis found that the gender of the reporter/contributor and the proximity of the newspaper to Augusta affected the framing of the event in the articles. Ninety-four articles were analyzed in the study. Drawing on other scholarship that has explored media coverage of feminist topics, the paper discusses the implications of the negative, and patriarchal, news coverage. Issues of representation, reflexivity, and research-participant relationships: Doing feminist cultural studies to improve health campaigns • Jennifer Vardeman-Winter, University of Houston • I reflect upon findings from a feminist cultural study uncovering teen girls’ and parents’ perceptions of the Gardasil HPV/cervical cancer vaccine media campaign. I consider issues important to feminist researchers like representation, reflexivity, and researcher-participant relationships as they relate to public relations research. Topics discussed are seeing the dark side of meeting our publics, renegotiating feminist ideals, and balancing strategic and feminist goals. I propose considerations for doing feminist cultural studies to inform campaign production. Her Cup of Tea: Tea Party Women in the News Media • Khadijah White, Annenberg School for Communication • The news frames that aimed to expose, legitimize, and explore the Tea Party relied heavily upon race, gender, and class. Because the topic of taxes invokes discussions of citizenship, belonging, and nationhood, equally implicated are the legacies of slavery, women’s suffrage, and working-class labor struggles and others who have led historic fights to be recognized and treated as equal in American society. Through reports about the Tea Party, journalists were able to invert twentieth-century notions of politics, portraying political activists as credible government candidates, feminists as anti-choice, white people as oppressed, and old people as the fiery radicals. This paper closely examines the ways in which the key (and often competing) themes of womanhood and feminism, through the bodies of Tea Party female politicians, drove the Tea Party narrative and gave it salience as a national news story. Commemorating Forty Years: Title IX, Anniversary Journalism, and the Politics of Memory • Erin Whiteside, University of Tennessee; Lori Roessner, UTK • In June 2012 Title IX celebrated its fortieth anniversary to much fanfare nationwide, particularly in sporting circles. The event generated widespread news coverage, and journalists thus played a key role in situating the story of not only the law’s beginnings, but its place in contemporary gender politics. This study examines the public memory of Title IX, as told in mainstream media outlets in the weeks surrounding the law’s anniversary. Drawing from a post-structuralist perspective on gender, we argue that the ensuing narratives invited a disconnection to the socio-historical underpinnings behind Title IX, and put in motion a set of discourses that essentializes the female subject, in turn leaving powerful forms of invisible privilege intact. << 2013 Abstracts]]> 12092 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/comsher-2013-abstracts/ Tue, 11 Jun 2013 14:29:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12095 Open Competition The Impact of Health News on the Social Stigma of Suicide • Soontae An, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea; Hannah Lee, Ewha Womans University • The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of health news content on the stigma of suicide. In particular, this study tested whether the onset controllability and group categorization had a causal effect on peoples’ stigma toward suicide. Results showed that stigma scores were lower for those who read an article explaining the causes of suicide as uncontrollable than those who read an article explaining the causes as controllable. Also, lower stigma scores were observed for those who read an article depicting suicidal people as in-group, compared to those who read an article depicting suicidal people as out-group. Furthermore, stigma scores were the highest for those exposed to an article with the out-group categorization combined with the controllable causes of suicide. What's cooking at community newspapers? Gain, efficacy, and goal-framing in nutrition news • Julie Andsager, University of Iowa; Li Chen; Stephanie Miles, University of Iowa; Christina C. Smith, University of Iowa; Faryle Nothwehr, University of Iowa • Obesity rates are high in the rural U.S. Nutrition news in community newspapers may provide helpful or detrimental information to readers. This content analysis of a random sample of nutrition stories from 10 newspapers was guided by concepts from social cognitive, prospect, and goal-framing theories. Results suggest that local sources provided the most content, often food promotion. Efficacy was seldom included. Health improvement, benefits, and gain frames were moderately correlated, suggesting subtle distinctions among them. Framing of the Global Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic as a Local Issue in Singapore • Iccha Basnyat, National University of Singapore; Seow Ting Lee, National University of Singapore • This study explored how the global influenza A (H1N1) pandemic was framed as a local health issue, in Singapore. First, the government issued influenza A (H1N1) press releases were examined to identify what kinds of public health information were disseminated. Second, news articles were examined to explore how the global pandemic was framed as a local event through subsequent news coverage, providing a unique exploration of the relationship between public health communication and news media. The analysis found two major themes: battle metaphors and protection versus threat. Thematic analysis revealed that the newspaper mediated the information flow; amplified a positive tone for the government response; and emphasized individual responsibility; to locally construct H1N1 pandemic as a national effort. pandemic. Making Sense of Medical Pluralism: Biomedical and Traditional Chinese Medicine Practices among Elderly Chinese Singaporean Women • Leanne Chang, National University of Singapore; Iccha Basnyat, National University of Singapore • A dichotomous divide exists between biomedicine, considered to be part of mainstream practices and traditional Chinese medicine, considered to be culture-specific. In practice, the selection of different medical practices is situated within historical contexts and cultural meanings. This study examined elderly Chinese-speaking women’s practice of medical pluralism in Singapore. Through in-depth interviews of thirty-six participants, the study explored elderly women’s negotiation of health choices and their usage of both medical systems influenced by the interactions of structural constraints, culture meanings of health, and agency. Findings suggest that elderly Chinese Singaporean women practiced medical pluralism to navigate between the two medical systems. Medical pluralism is integrative in simultaneous practice through which cultural participants make sense of and continue the usage of traditional medical practices alongside the biomedical system. Teenagers’ Prosocial / Antisocial Reacting Strategies towards Cyberbullying in SNS • Bolin CAO • This study focuses on teenagers’ prosocial/ antisocial coping strategies when confronting cyberbullying activities in SNS, taking gender, pervious experiences as victim, social interaction and cognitive support from others into careful considerations. Based on the 622 samples from the Pew Internet project, the present study has accordant finding in gender difference in coping strategies towards cyberbullying, that girls conduct more prosocial behaviors than boys. However, seldom research discusses teenagers’ previous experiences as victim, rare studies regarded cyberbullying and being cyberbullied as a possible interaction process either. This paper argues that teenagers’ previous experiences as victim may have a reciprocity effect that they tend to conduct antisocial behavior to others as what they have suffered, or on the other hand, they may have more empathy to the victims and conduct more prosocial behaviors. Derived from these two competing logical derivations, this study finds that teenagers tend to perceive others conduct more antisocial behaviors than themselves; girls are more likely to conduct prosocial behaviors and no gender difference in conducting antisocial behaviors. Furthermore, empathy plays an important role in the relationship between young girls’ previous experience as victims and prosocial behaviors; whereas reciprocity plays a role in the relationship between young boys’ previous experience as victims and antisocial behaviors. In addition, cognitive support has positive effect in increasing teenagers’ prosocial behavior instead of decreasing teenagers’ antisocial behavior, but social interaction with friends online has no effect on both prosocial and antisocial coping strategies towards cyberbullying activities in SNS. The Press, Social Actors and Suicide: Press Coverage of and Public’s Attitudes toward Suicide • Kuang-Kuo Chang • This study reviewed the current plight of suicide facing Taiwan, conducted a nationwide survey of general public, and content analyzed how four major local newspapers had covered the issue. Findings could broaden the theoretical scope of health communication with the application of social determinants in studying other public health and societal problems. Outcomes also carry significant pragmatic implications for journalists and their audiences, policymakers, and other major stakeholders. Does Inoculating Negative and Balanced Evaluative Media Literacy Interventions Influence Adolescents’ Processing of Entertainment Narratives? • Yvonnes Chen, University of Kansas • This study investigated whether inoculating negative or balanced evaluative media literacy interventions prior to entertainment narratives exposure would impact adolescents’ processing of anti-alcohol abuse entertainment narratives. A quasi-experiment with 171 adolescents ages 12-18 (M=14.03) found that a balanced evaluative approach increased adolescents’ perceived similarity and emotional engagement, whereas negative evaluative my increase counterarguing as narrative involvement was increased as a result of receiving negative evaluative lessons. Implications for health promotion program planners were discussed. Evaluating Key Health Decision-making Benchmarks through General Media Literacy Outcomes to Improve Health Program Planning • Yvonnes Chen, University of Kansas; Erica Austin, Wasington State University • Health-promoting media literacy literature rarely discusses how to incorporate media literacy components in program planning. Two separate studies with cross-sectional surveys focusing on alcohol and tobacco behaviors found that emerging adults’ advertising skepticism and critical media thinking significantly predicted alcohol and tobacco desirability and identification, both of which have been linked to behavioral choices. Implications of integrating media outcomes into theory-based media literacy interventions are discussed to advance the planning of future health promotion programs. Overcoming the Effects of “Falsely Balanced” Media Coverage of Health Risks through Attention to Context • Chris Clarke, George Mason University; Graham Dixon, Cornell University; Brooke W. McKeever, University of South Carolina • Risk controversies often feature debates about which conclusions are supported by scientific evidence. Research on communicating risk via news media has focused on the effects of false balance: when an issue supported by evidence is presented alongside others without support. Our study of the autism-vaccine controversy suggests that providing context (i.e., evidence points to no connection) informs perceptions of certainty about this issue and beliefs about a scientific consensus. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Narratives and the Environment: The Influence of Values and Message Format on Risk Perceptions • Kathyrn Cooper • This study examined how media formats and individual differences interacted to influence risk perceptions about environmental issues. In 3 (news, documentary, fictional entertainment) X 2 (hydraulic fracturing, genetically modified organisms) mixed between-and-within subject experiment, participants (N=133) completed a pretest survey, viewed a video, and completed a posttest survey. Results indicate that the impacts of transportation, identification, and ideology on risk perceptions are mediated by affect. Documentary films were the most effective condition, regardless of ideology. Risky Business? How Risk vs. Benefit Frames Influence Consumer Attitudes toward Nanotechnology Applications • Lauren Copeland, University of California Santa Barbara; Ariel Hasell, University of California Santa Barbara • How the news media frame scientific issues influences public opinion towards emergent technologies. Research shows that news media in the U.S. portray nanotechnology favorably. Moreover, people who follow the news are more likely to be receptive to nanotechnology applications. However, not much is known about how receptiveness varies across consumer products. In this study, we use a survey experiment embedded in an original, nationally representative U.S. survey to examine consumer attitudes towards products with nanotechnology. We find that people exposed to the risk frame are significantly less willing to purchase products with nanotechnology than are people exposed to the benefits frame. We also find significant effects for age, income, gender, presence of children in the home, ideology, social trust, and environmental concern. Finally, we find that people who use social media for news and information are significantly more willing to purchase products with nanotechnology. Additional findings and implications are discussed. The role of framing in the verbal and visual reporting of health risks. An overview of previously identified frames and an empirical assessment of their occurrence • Viorela Dan, Free U of Berlin; Juliana Raupp • This study aims to show how framing theory can contribute to the analysis of mediated health risk information. A special emphasis is placed on visual risk information. A critical overview of media frames in relation to health risks is followed by an investigation into their occurrence in the coverage surrounding a recent E.coli outbreak. We show that verbal frames can be conveyed through visuals, too. Interesting correlations between frames conveyed verbally and visually are discussed. HIV/AIDS and recurrent frames as patterns of information in meaning-making: A systematic review of empirical studies • Viorela Dan, Free U of Berlin; Renita Coleman • In communication research, HIV/AIDS is frequently investigated by using framing or related theories. The objective of this article is to provide a classification of frames in the HIV/AIDS scholarly discourse and, more importantly, to assess the extent to which this literature taps the full potential of framing theory to describe, explain and predict mass communication processes. To this end, 38 carefully selected empirical studies that explicitly relate to frames in the context of HIV/AIDS were subject to an exploratory textual analysis. Eight macro frames pertaining to HIV/AIDS (medical-scientific, conflict, gain/ loss, public health, responsibility, political-legal, morality, and economic consequences), three micro frames pertaining to people living with HIV/AIDS (carrier, victim, survivor) and four micro frames concerning HIV/AIDS (lethal disease/threat, preventable disease, intentional effort to harm, living positively) have been identified across these studies. Our results also indicate that most studies analyzed here (1) were qualitative and inductive, (2) critically analyzed the frames identified, (3) linked the profession and the academe. Moreover, they were (4) largely focused on the verbal channel of communication and (5) did not position themselves in relation to framing research (episodic vs. thematic; micro vs. macro frames, etc). Nonetheless, most studies examined (6) the role of culture and ideology, but not of power, nor of and intentionality in framing. Using framing to its fullest might provide a better understanding of the way HIV/AIDS and people living with it are described and portrayed in campaigns and media, and how this affects audiences and policy. Cross regional differences in HIV/AIDS prevalence in Tanzania: How socioeconomic and cultural contexts affect perceived individual and group efficacy • James Kiwanuka-Tondo, 9195132274; Sarah Merritt, American University; Katerina Pantic, North Carolina State University; Maria De Moya, North Carolina State University • This study analyzes the cultural and socioeconomic differences that influence the HIV/AIDS prevalence in two neighboring regions in Tanzania with one of the lowest and the highest infection rates in the country: Singida (2.7%) and Iringa (15.7%). From a social cognitive theory perspective, the impact of regional differences on group and individual perceived efficacy was evaluated. Four groups in each region (eight in total) were conducted, providing insights into the factors that affect sexual behavior, and thus, HIV/AIDS prevalence. Additionally, public perception and receptiveness of existing prevention campaigns was garnered. Implications for future research and HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns are discussed. Weather-Risk Information Seeking and Processing: Synthesizing the RISP Model and Applying it to Weather Risks • Julie Demuth, Colorado State University and NCAR • The Risk Information Seeking and Processing (RISP) model has been applied to study many health, environmental, and industrial risks. Weather risks have scarcely been examined, yet the model offers great potential for understanding people’s seeking and processing of weather risk information. This paper begins with a synthesis of empirical RISP studies to date, including its operationalization and findings. It then proposes ways that the RISP model can be applied and extended to study weather risks. Increasing Accessibility of Medicaid and Medicare Health Plan Report Cards • Lisa Duke-Cornell, University of Florida; Robyn Goodman, and Adriane Jewett, University of Florida • This study is part of a larger health communication project to provide health plan report cards to state Medicaid and Medicare members. The goal is to present quality of care report card results so that members can make more informed, confident decisions about their health care plans. Focus groups on Medicare and Medicaid members’ interpretations of proposed health plan report cards were conducted to enable a more patient-centered approach to conveying this health care information to people in vulnerable populations. The power of maps to (mis)communicate: A case study of forecaster’s versus the public’s interpretation of hurricane track maps • Gina Eosco, Cornell University • This study set out to compare forecaster’s communicative objectives of a hurricane track map to the public’s understanding of it. The goal was to explore areas of shared meaning, as well as miscommunications, and why they occurred. This study shows that although some participants share a general scientific meaning of the map, many others were misguided by the power of design features not present, overemphasizing the features that were present, as in drawn boundaries or symbols, and were confused by the lack of labeling. The paper discusses the forecasters lack of awareness of the messages they are conveying when choosing to place or not place a symbol on a map. The decision to convey certain symbols, and yet omit others, shows the power that forecasters have in communicating scientific details. With the goal of the public having an understanding of the map, however, forecasters must pay more attention to these finer graphic design details. A Threatening Space? Stigmatization and the Framing of Autism in the News Media • Laura Farrell, North Dakota State University; Avery Holton; Julie Fudge • This present study advances current scholarship about portrayals of autism in a key outlet of public information—news media—considering ways in which these outlets frame and stigmatize the diagnosis. The findings here suggest that the news media may be a threatening space for autism, particularly through the perpetuation of stigmatic cues in over two thirds of news coverage of autism, coupled with the selection of certain news frames. Contributions and future research are discussed. A Content Analysis of Websites Promoting Cures for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, an “Incurable” Disease • Dennis Frohlich, University of Florida; Kristina Birnbrauer, University of Florida • Inflammatory bowel disease, which can take the form of ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, is said by most doctors to be incurable, though surgery is sometimes considered a cure for ulcerative colitis, but not Crohn’s disease. However, because of the unpredictable nature of the disease, and the devastating symptoms it can have, many people are driven to search for cures online, despite what their doctors may recommend. This qualitative content analysis looks at the top search results in Google and Bing for IBD cures. The websites generally fall into two categories: those that say no cure exists, and those that advocate for specific cures. The following themes were pulled from the data: an inconsistent definition of a cure; an anti-Western medicine bias; medical disclaimers that are ignored by websites that feature them; a lack of clarity in cure regimens; and inter-article contradictions. Implications for professional practice are discussed. Policy support for and civic engagement with lung cancer issues: A moderated-mediation analysis of the impact of frames, psychological reactance, and emotional responses • Lesa Hatley Major, Indiana University; Jessica Myrick, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • According to the National Cancer Institute, lung cancer kills more than 160,000 Americans every year. Smoking is largely to blame, and individual changes in behavior could greatly reduce cases of lung cancer; however, other factors out of the control of individuals are also to blame, such as environmental factors or genetics. In addition to individual changes, changes in public policy could contribute to reducing incidence of lung cancer. This study uses an experiment (N=137) to test how the framing (both gain/loss frames and episodic/thematic frames) of news stories about lung cancer interacts with trait levels of psychological reactance to support for certain public policies and civic engagement intentions. Through a moderated mediation analysis, the authors propose that emotional reactions along with interactions between frames and trait reactance impact policy support and intentions to engage. The authors suggest future direction for research based on these findings. Climate Change in the Newsroom: Journalists’ Evolving Standards of Objectivity When Covering Global Warming • Sara Shipley Hiles, Missouri School of Journalism; Amanda Hinnant, Missouri School of Journalism • This study investigated how experienced U.S. environmental reporters view the professional norm of objectivity when covering climate change. In-depth interviews (N = 11) revealed a paradox: Most still profess belief in objectivity even as they reject or redefine it. It emerged that journalists should use objective practices and not reveal their own biases, including advocating for the environment. Additionally, participants have radically redefined “balance” now advocating a “weight-of-evidence” approach (Dunwoody, 2005) based on scientific consensus. Health Journalist Role Conceptions • Amanda Hinnant, Missouri School of Journalism; Joy Jenkins, University of Missouri • Using interview methodology (N = 17), this research examines the role conceptions of U.S. health journalists. Asking journalists from different types of media to define their roles as they relate to public health, the environment, and news values reveals the external demands on journalists as well as internal processes. This paper inventively combines both normative and routine role conceptions as defined by two different sources in order to best capture the nuances of health journalism. Expanding the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Effects of Media Dependency and Communication on Proenvironmental Behavioral Intentions • Shirley Ho; Youqing Liao; Sonny Rosenthal • Expanding on the theory of planned behavior, this study examines the effects of media dependency, traditional media attention, Internet attention, and interpersonal communication on two types of proenvironmental behaviors—green-buying and environmental civic engagement. Regression analysis of a nationally representative survey of adult Singaporeans (N = 1,168) indicated that attitude, perceived behavioral control, media dependency, traditional media attention, and interpersonal communication were positively associated with green-buying. Notably, traditional media attention moderated the influence of media dependency on green-buying behavior. In addition, attitude, descriptive norms, media dependency, Internet attention, and interpersonal communication positively predicted civic engagement. Findings suggest the importance of communication factors in the adoption of the two proenvironmental behaviors. Exemplifying Risk: Contrast versus assimilation effects in risk perception and vaccination intentions • Lynette Holman, Appalachian State University; Sherine El-Toukhy; Rhonda Gibson, School of Journalism and Mass Communication — UNC-Chapel Hill • This study was a 2 (type of disease — high susceptibility/low severity, low susceptibility/high severity) x 3 (exemplar condition — extreme, moderate, neutral) factorial between-subjects experimental design that sought to determine whether an exemplar of extreme loss (featuring an individual who died due to an infectious disease) or moderate exemplar (featuring an individual who recovered from an infectious disease) is more likely to trigger contrast or assimilation effects in individuals exposed to a health communication web page. Limited contrast effects were found for responses to a low-severity disease, whereas traditional exemplar assimilation effects were found for some responses to a high-severity disease. Overall, there were strong differences in how students responded to the two types of diseases, an issue that has not been addressed in most exemplification research. Look who is warning: Individual differences in motivation activation influence behaviors during disasters • Seoyeon Hong, University of Missouri; Eun Park; Glen Cameron, University of Missouri • This study investigated individual differences in responses to disasters based on participants’ motivational reactivity and ethical ideology. Motivational reactivity was measured using the motivational activation measure (MAM), which assesses individual differences in appetitive and defensive system activation. Participants (N = 240) answered survey questions about how they would respond to natural disasters or emergency situations. Responses were analyzed using regression. We found that (1) participants with higher defensive activation scores were more likely to report they would broadcast warnings using text, voice calls, or social networking sites during a disaster situation, (2) high appetitive system activation is associated with high ethical relativism, (3) high defensive system activation is associated with high ethical idealism, and (4) individuals’ personal moral philosophy moderates the effects of MAM score on intention to warn others. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. Does Narrative Have Text Hegemony over Message Frame? Testing the Integrated Effects of Narrative and Message Frame. • Yangsun Hong, University of Wisconsin-Madison • A health campaign message often contains multiple message strategies that combine various categories (e.g., gain-framed narrative message and loss-framed statistical evidence). When the multiple strategies are used in an individual message, the message may produce somewhat different effects from when a single strategy is used. A health campaign message containing multiple strategies may either intensify or diminish the effect of the message on promoting protection behaviors. This study investigates the potential interplay of two combined persuasive message strategies, narrative transportation and message frame, in an individual skin cancer campaign message. Social Media & Disasters: A Framework for Social Media Use in Disaster Response and Research • J. Brian Houston, University of Missouri; Joshua Hawthorne, University of Missouri; Mimi Perreault, University of Missouri; Eun Park; Rachel Davis, University of Missouri • Through comprehensive literature review a framework of disaster social media is developed that can facilitate the development of disaster social media tools and the scientific study of disaster social media effects. Disaster social media users in the framework include individuals, communities, organizations, government, and media. Fifteen distinct disaster social media uses were identified, ranging from prepare and receive disaster preparedness information and warnings prior to the event to (re)connect community members following a disaster. The Framing of Online HPV Vaccine Information • Heewon Im • This study examined how various non-news sources’ have framed online human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine information. A content analysis demonstrated that nonstakeholders of the HPV vaccine and activist groups are the most prevalent HPV information providers. Among various health communication frames, both STD and cervical cancer were frequently used as the disease-outcomes, and most sources targeted non-parents, and the target of HPV vaccine was framed for sexually inactive males and females. Among the attribute frames, positive and negative attributes of safety and effectiveness of the vaccine among the attribute frames, and the individual responsibility frame were the most frequently used frames in online HPV vaccine information. Among sources, government agencies provided more disease outcomes than nonstakeholders and activist groups, and nonstakeholders and government agencies tended to target both genders, whereas activist groups and health care providers focused more on females. The Cancer Information Overload (CIO) Scale: Establishing Predictive and Discriminant Validity • Jakob Jensen, University of Utah; Nick Carcioppolo, Miami University; Andy King, University of Illinois; Courtney Scherr, Purdue University; Christina Jones, Purdue University; Jeffrey Niederdeppe, Cornell University • Objective: Survey data suggests that approximately three-fourths of adults are overwhelmed by cancer information – a construct we label cancer information overload (CIO). A significant limitation of existing research is that it relies on a single-item measure. The objective of the current study is to develop and validate a multi-item measure of CIO. Methods: Study 1 (N = 209) surveyed healthcare and manufacturing employees at eight worksites. Colonoscopy insurance claims data were culled eighteen months later to evaluate the predictive validity of CIO. Study 2 (N = 399) surveyed adults at seven shopping malls. CIO and cancer fatalism were measured to examine the properties of the two constructs. Results: Study 1 identified a reliable 8-item CIO scale that significantly predicted colonoscopy insurance claims 18 months after the initial survey. Study 2 confirmed the factor structure identified in Study 1, and demonstrated that CIO, cancer fatalism about prevention, and cancer fatalism about treatment are best modeled as three distinct constructs. Conclusion: The perception that there are too many recommendations about cancer prevention to know which ones to follow is an indicator of CIO, a widespread disposition that predicts colon cancer screening and is related to, but distinct from, cancer fatalism. Practice Implications: Many adults exhibit high CIO, a disposition that undermines health efforts. Communication strategies that mitigate CIO are a priority. In the short-term, health care providers and public health professionals should monitor the amount of information provided to patients and the public. Comparing the Effectiveness of Tailored and Narrative Worksite Interventions at Increasing Colonoscopy Adherence in Adults 50 -75 • Jakob Jensen, University of Utah; Andy King, University of Illinois; Nick Carcioppolo, Miami University; Melinda Krakow, University of Utah; Susan Morgan, Purdue University • Research has identified several communication strategies that could increase adherence to colorectal cancer screening recommendations. Two promising strategies are tailoring and narrative-based approaches. Tailoring is the personalization of information based on individual characteristics. Narrative-based approaches use stories about similar others to counter perceived barriers and cultivate self-efficacy. To compare the effectiveness of these two approaches, a worksite intervention (K = 8 worksites) was conducted in Indiana where adults 50 -75 (N = 210) received one of four messages about colorectal cancer screening: stock, narrative, tailored, tailored narrative. The primary outcome was whether participants filed a colonoscopy claim in the 18 months following the intervention. Individuals receiving narrative messages were 4 times more likely to screen than those not receiving narrative messages. Tailoring did not increase screening behavior overall. However, individuals with higher cancer information overload were 8 times more likely to screen if they received tailored messages. The results suggest that narrative-based approaches are more effective than tailoring at increasing colorectal cancer screening in worksite interventions. Tailoring may be valuable as a strategy for reaching individuals with high overload, perhaps as a follow-up effort to a larger communication campaign. The Influence of Attention to Conflicting News Coverage on Protection Motivation: An Application of Protection Motivation Theory to the H1N1 Pandemic Outbreak • Jehoon Jeon, Wayne State University • In the H1N1 pandemic outbreak, news coverage initially focused on the risk factors of H1N1 and recommend vaccination, but also highlighted the risk of previously recommended behavior later. Using a statewide survey (N = 578), the current study investigates how news consumers’ attention to a series of conflicting news coverage leads to their protection motivation through diverse factors of protection motivation theory (PMT; Rogers, 1983). Our finding indicates that the overall protection motivation process is mediated by experienced fear aroused by attention to conflicting news coverage. In particular, both news coverage that focuses on the threat of H1N1 and the risk factors of preventive vaccination drive the experienced fear about the pandemic outbreak. Moreover, this experienced fear is associated with perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and perceived response-efficacy for all participants. Whereas these cognitive assessments lead to behavioral intention to get the vaccination for those who have not got the H1N1 vaccination yet, coping appraisal was a significant predictor that results post-decisional regret for those who already got the vaccination. Implications for news coverage about the pandemic outbreak and long-term health campaign are discussed. Understanding the Effectiveness of Ecolabels: Exploring Message Formats, Context-Induced Moods, and Issue-Relevant Determinants • Yongick Jeong, Louisiana State University; Young Kim, Louisiana State University • This study examines how young adults process ecolabels (environmental warning labels) for three environmental products/conditions by determining the effectiveness of warnings in different message formats (ad and public service announcement, PSA) across different context-induced moods (positive and negative) as well as the impacts of various issue-relevant factors. The findings indicate that the evaluations of ecolabels are significantly influenced by various determinants, and these factors showed different patterns of influences for each product category. Source Diversity Among Journals Cited in Science Times • Vincent Kiernan, Georgetown University • A content analysis of The New York Times’ Science Times section from 1998 to 2012 found evidence of increased source diversity in use of scientific journals as news sources. Science Times increased the frequency at which it cited journals, the number of different journals that it cited, and the number of disciplines represented by cited journals. The results suggest that online availability of a wide array of scientific journals has changed sourcing behaviors. Barriers to Clinical Trials Participation: A Comparison of Rural and Urban Communities in South Carolina • Sei-Hill Kim; Andrea Tanner; Daniela Friedman, University of South Carolina; Caroline Foster, University of South Carolina; Caroline Bergeron, University of South Carolina • Analyzing data from a survey of rural and urban residents in South Carolina, this study attempts to understand how to better promote clinical trials (CT) in rural areas. In order to explore why participation is lower among the rural population, we examine two groups of potential barriers: structural and procedural (limited accessibility, lack of awareness, lack of health insurance) and cognitive and psychological (lack of knowledge, misperceptions, distrust, fear). We then make a series of comparisons between rural and urban residents to see whether rural residents are significantly different from urban residents in terms of structural/procedural and cognitive/psychological barriers they are facing. Findings indicated that there were no significant differences between rural and urban residents in their willingness to participate in a CT. However, rural residents were more likely to perceive limited access to CTs sites and lack of awareness of available trials. Rural residents also indicated greater lack knowledge about CTs. Finally, we found that distrust and fear were significant predictors of one’s willingness to participate in a CT. Implications of the findings are discussed in detail. Understanding American and Korean Students’ Support for Pro-Environmental Tax Policy: The Application of the Value-Belief-Norm Theory of Environmentalism • Soojung Kim, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Wooyeol Shin, University of Minnesota, Twin-Cities • Based on Stern’s (2000) Value-Belief-Norm Theory of Environmentalism, this study predicted American and Korean students’ intentions to support pro-environmental tax policy that can help address global climate change. The results indicate that one’s environmental concern and perceived severity of climate change were significant predictors of one’s intentions to support pro-environmental tax policy. In addition, perceived individual responsibility for addressing climate change played an essential role in mediating the relationship between environmental beliefs (i.e., environmental concern and perceived severity) and tax policy support for Korean students. Such relationship was not observed among American students. The findings contribute to environmental communication research and environmental message development, especially campaigns targeting individuals from different countries. Psychological Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Seeking and Scanning Mammography-related Information from Media on Screening Mammography • Chul-joo Lee; Xiaoquan Zhao; Macarena Pena-y-Lillo • To understand how mammogram-related information available in the media may have influences on intention to get a mammogram, we built a theoretical model by combining traditional media-effects models, such as cognitive mediation model (CMM), and theory of planned behavior (TPB). Our media effects model for screening mammogram was largely supported by a survey with a nationally representative survey of U.S. females aged between 40 and 70. As expected, seeking and scanning mammogram-related information from media were positively associated with reflective integration of media health information, which in turn was positively related to attitude and social norm. Then, attitude and social norm was positively linked to intention to get a mammogram. The implications of these findings for public health intervention efforts and communication research were discussed. Beyond the Blame Game: Cultural Differences in Climate Change Coverage in China and the U.S. • Ming-Ching Liang, University of Texas at Austin; Lee Ann Kahlor, University of Texas at Austin; Z. Janet Yang, SUNY at Buffalo; Anthony Dudo, The University of Texas at Austin; Weiai Xu, University at Buffalo; Jonathan Mertel, University at Buffalo • The current content analysis consists of 493 U.S. news stories and 250 Chinese news stories about climate change published from 2007 to 2011. The results revealed similar patterns of news coverage of climate change and self-serving bias between the two samples. While Chinese articles were more likely to cover solutions to climate change, larger proportion of the U.S. articles attributed causes of climate change to the U.S. and dispositional factors such as greenhouse gas emission. Cáncer de seno en Twitter: A Network and Content Analysis of Social Support Spanish Language Cancer Twitter Talk • Everett Long, University of Georgia; Itai Himelboim; Raúl López-Vázquez • Network and content analyses are applied to examine the type and network structures of breast cancer support in Spanish on Twitter. Informational support was the most common support. Primary sources were news media. Users expressing support were more likely to interact than users posting non-support messages. Users exhibiting emotional support were more likely to belong to a group than users expressing other support. Implications for researchers and the healthcare community are discussed. Living with Nuclear Power: Risk Information Seeking and Processing • Hang Lu, Marquette University; Mingbo Xiahou; Xianghu Ke; Hongshan Yu; Zunyi Li; Lian Zhang • As the safety of nuclear power plants has become a heated topic in China after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, this study applied the Model of Risk Information Seeking and Processing (RISP) to examine individuals' information seeking and processing of the nuclear-related risks from a local nuclear power plant. This study not only employed variables from the RISP model, but also looked specifically at the role of local context factors, such as risk proximity, length of residence, personal benefits, and familiarity with the hazard facility in shaping the risk perceptions among potentially affected populations. A 2 (severity: high vs. low) x 2 (coping strategy: difficult vs. easy) between-subjects experiment was conducted targeting residents (N=324) living near Ling Ao nuclear power plant in China. Key findings indicated the significance of local context factors and a more direct role that informational subjective norms played in risk information seeking and processing. Limitations and future implications are also discussed. Reassuring the Public after the Fukushima Nuclear Accident: Assessing the Coverage Quality in Chinese Newspapers • Hang Lu, Marquette University; Mingbo Xiahou • Building on the five-dimension conceptualization for "quality of coverage", the current study sought to examine the quality of the Fukushima nuclear accident coverage in Chinese newspapers, specifically the health risk-related information. This study extended the five-dimension conceptualization by adding a potential sixth dimension, the alarming and reassuring frames, which proved to be especially suitable. The results showed that in terms of general quantitative risk information, risk comparison, worst-case scenarios, thematic frames and reassuring frames, the Chinese newspaper provided a high quality of the Fukushima nuclear radiation-related risk coverage, but needed to offer more quantitative risk information with contextual denominators, more self-efficacy information, and fewer loaded words in order to communicate more clear, useful, and objective risk information. Limitations and future implications are also discussed. Corn vs. Cane: Newspaper coverage of the sweetener debates • Paige Madsen, University of Iowa • The purpose of this study is to compare the way sweeteners were covered in print news in regional and national newspapers. The content analysis aims to reveal differences in coverage, including frequency, topics, sources, and the way that health, economic, and policy impact is discussed. The findings suggest that the states’ economic interests did relate to the way in which the sweetener debates were covered in their newspapers. Are Online Comments Good for You? Health Journalism and Its Readers • Kathleen McElroy, University of Texas; Na Yeon Lee, University of Texas at Austin • This study examined the nature of online comments posted on health articles. Through a content analysis, it found that health comments are usually neutral in tone but far more likely to be positive than negative. Readers tend to offer their opinion rather than offer personal narratives, facts, or outside sources to make their point. Health comments were devoid of the incivility usually presumed in general comment discourse. In addition, readers motivated enough to respond to health articles were rarely off topic. This study suggests that journalists take advantage of the instant feedback that reader comments supply for true health communication to take place. Increasing Early Diagnosis of Autism: Exploring Awareness and Pathways to Information Seeking Among Parents • Brooke W. McKeever, University of South Carolina; Robert McKeever, University of South Carolina; Robert Hock • Using a survey of parents of young children (N=686), this study examines key determinants related to health-related information seeking about early diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). It also explores the role of perceived stigma associated with autism, as well as attitudes toward treatment related to autism. Findings indicated that problem recognition and involvement positively predicted information seeking and processing. Relationships among other variables are discussed, along with theoretical and practical implications. Through God: Comparing the Effects of Online Emotional and Religious Support Expression on Breast Cancer Patients’ Health • Bryan McLaughlin, University of Wisconsin, Madison; JungHwan Yang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Woohyun Yoo, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Soo Yun Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Bret Shaw, Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dhavan Shah; David Gustafson • The growth of online support groups has led to an expression effects paradigm within the health communication literature. While religious support expression is characterized as a sub-dimension of emotional support, we argue these are distinct communicative processes. Using data from an online group for women with breast cancer we test a theoretical expression effects model. Results demonstrate that religious support expression is a distinct construct, which highlights the need to further theorize about expression effects. Anti-Dating Violence Campaign Effectiveness to African-American Teenage Males • Cynthia Morton, University of Florida • This study attempts to close the gap in information about under-researched adolescent male audiences with research that investigates attitudes and beliefs held by at-risk African-American teenaged males. Focus group research was conducted to examine this group’s beliefs about dating, as well as perceptions of dating gender roles, media influence, and healthy versus unhealthy relationship interactions using constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior as a framework for examination. The findings suggest opportunities to utilize anti-dating violence campaigns as vehicles for giving at-risk teens scripts for modeling positive behavior and for negotiating relationship conflict. Use of the PHM Framework to Create Safe-Sex Ads To Mature Women Aged 50+ • Cynthia Morton, University of Florida; Hyojin Kim, University of Florida • The purpose of this research is to apply the Witte’s Persuasive Health Message (PHM) framework to the development of creative concepts that promote sexual health strategies to senior-aged women. The PHM framework proposes an integrated approach to improving message effectiveness and maximizing persuasion in health communication campaigns. A focus group method was used to explore two research questions focused on message effectiveness and persuasion. The findings suggest the PHM framework can be a useful starting point for ensuring that health communicators identify the criteria most relevant to successful ad promotions. Uses of Microblogging during Chinese Food Safety Crises • Yi Mou • The affordance of microblogging service has made it an ideal tool in communicating risk and crisis. However, due to the novelty of social media, the scholarship on social media and risk communication is still nascent. Under the guidance of uses and gratifications theory, this study attempts to bring some insights by investigating food safety communication on microblogging service in China. A content analysis on 6,187 pieces of microblog posts on 12 recent food-safety incidents was conducted. The results reveal that compared to other types of microbloggers, the lay public tends to express more opinions or comments on food-safety incidents, rather than to simply report incidents or provide scientific research information. Besides, the lay public exhibits less proficiency in employing multimedia but more negative emotions in their microblog posting. In addition, three major themes of posts have been identified; these include 1) a channel to disseminate information, 2) an outlet to vent, and 3) a venue for surveillance. The results of this study have shown signs of a button-up pattern initiated by the Chinese microblog users. As a promise of employing social media in environmental health communication is highly expected, caution needs to be paid at the current stage. Media Use and Communication Gaps About Science: The Case of Climate Change • Erik Nisbet; Kathyrn Cooper; Morgan Ellithorpe • This study evaluates the knowledge and belief gap hypotheses around climate change across different media genres. Results indicate belief gaps for news and entertainment content and a knowledge gap for edutainment content. Political news attention decreased and science news attention increased knowledge among conservatives. TV entertainment content had the mainstreaming effect of decreasing knowledge among liberals. Edutainment attention led to a widening gap in climate change knowledge based on respondents’ amount of scientific literacy. Toward a Cultural Cognition Theory of Smoking Risk: An Analysis of Values and Smoking Risk Perceptions • S. Senyo Ofori-Parku, University of Oregon • Using a cultural cognition analysis, this study examines how people’s attitudes toward social norms and orderings (Hierarchy), and individual autonomy (Individualism) manifest in how much risk they associate with cigarette smoking. In a survey of 484 people, this study finds that despite the pervasive scientific consensus on the issues and communication efforts on the subject, individuals perceive smoking risks in ways that affirm their cultural predispositions. Hierarchists and individualist, who have positive attitudes toward free markets and hierarchical social orderings respectively, perceive low risk, while those (egalitarian or communitarian) with negative attitudes toward traditional cultural values and free markets perceive high risks. Health risk communication and public policy implications are discussed. HIV Onset Controllability and Outcome Valence of Living with HIV Message: Message Framing Effects on Attribution, Emotions and Behavioral Intentions toward PLWHA • Chunbo Ren • Literature indicates that media symbolically stigmatize HIV/AIDS and implicitly frame people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in an immoral and loss state. A better understanding of message framing is needed to explore strategies to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma in media discourse. Guided by Weiner’s attribution model and gain/loss framing theory, the current study systematically manipulated HIV onset controllability and outcome valence of living with HIV in an anti-stigma message design. It explored framing effects of HIV onset controllability (high controllability and low controllability) and outcome valence of living with HIV (gain frame and loss frame) on perceivers’ attribution judgment, emotional reactions, and behavioral intentions toward PLWHA. The results indicated that HIV onset controllability could be a major factor in explaining perceivers’ attributions, emotions and behavioral intentions toward. In most situations, outcome valence was not a significant predictor. However, outcome valence could interact with HIV controllability to elicit anger and influence people’s intentions to interact with PLWHA. Positively framing PLWHA may even backfire and result in some negative emotional reactions and behavioral intentions toward PLWHA. One Health, Two Minds: The Role of Temporal Frames on Effects of One Health Messages on Partisan Divides • Sungjong Roh, Cornell University; Katherine McComas, Cornell University; Laura Rickard, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry; Dan Decker, Cornell Univeristy • We used a web-based, randomized experiment with a representative sample of U.S. adults (N=460) to investigate framing, psychological distance, and partisan divides on attributions of responsibility for the presence of zoonotic disease risk. Results show that, among Republicans, the “One Health” message emphasizing human, environmental, and animal responsibility and using a temporally proximal frame decreased biocentrism and conservation intentions whereas the One Health message with a temporally distal frame did not produce these effects. A Meta-Analysis Assessing the Effects of Narrative Persuasion in Health Communication • Fuyuan Shen; Vivian Sheer; Ruobing Li • This meta-analysis assessed the persuasive effects of narratives in health communication interventions. A search of the literature identified 24 studies (N = 6040) that examined the effects of narratives on changing attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. Analyses of the effect sizes, using the random effects model, indicated that overall, narratives had a small but significant impact on persuasion (r = .042). Narratives delivered via audios and videos led to significant effects; text-based narratives, however, did not exhibit a significant impact. Further, not all health issues were effectively intervened with narrative messages. In particular, narratives advocating prevention as well as detection health behaviors (with a loss frame) led to significant effects; whereas, those advocating cessation behaviors did not have significant effects. These findings indicate that the impact of narratives can be significant only under certain conditions. Implications for future research are discussed. Environmental Health Communication at Organizational Level: Content Analysis of Healthy Homes Program Sites • Yulia Strekalova, U of Florida; Stuart Clarry, U of Florida • Environmental hazards in the homes lead to increases in preventable diseases and injuries and affect poor, minority and vulnerable populations in disproportional rates. This paper reports a content analysis of the CDC-sponsored state-level Healthy Homes program web-sites and focuses on several themes: amount of information available, ease in site navigation, targeting of diverse general audiences as well as health education and housing professionals, availability of materials that prompt self-assessment and encourage action. While government-sponsored web-sites are uniquely positioned to provide reliable information and authoritative information about environmental health risks and self-care methods, the state-level Healthy Homes program sites are not uniform in providing coverage for main topics identified by CDC. Differences exist in types of materials provided, communication approaches used and audiences targeted. Idiosyncratic responses: The relationship between framing, topic and how readers respond to online health articles • Melissa Suran; Avery Holton; Renita Coleman • Health scholars have given some attention to the role of framing in health news coverage and how certain framing elements may affect the way readers respond. Results have shown an inconsistent relationship at best—sometimes readers respond to the frames the way researchers expect and sometimes they do not. This study focused on one key variable—the topic of health news coverage—and its possible association with the ways readers responds online. Using a content analysis of three major US newspapers’ online health content and attached reader responses, the findings here suggest that certain health topics may be idiosyncratic with the ways readers respond. Regardless of how they were framed, readers responded to articles dealing with well-being with gainful and episodic comments, and were less likely to respond episodically to coverage of politics and government in health. They also responded less thematically to research and breakthrough content and more thematically to issues of mental health. Implications for health communication and media scholarship and practice as well as future research are discussed. Media sources, credibility, and perceptions of science: Learning about how people learn about science • Bruno Takahashi, Michigan State University; Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia • Knowledge about science and technology has become increasingly important in this age of digital information overload, it is also becoming increasingly important to understand what contributes to scientific learning. In this study we test a multivariate model to explain scientific knowledge based on three theories on learning from the news from the fields of political communication, sociology, and media psychology, using the most recent data (2012) from the General Social Survey (GSS). Clinical Trial Recruitment at Academic Medical Centers: Current Practices and Perceptions about Recruiting Strategies • Andrea Tanner, University of South Carolina; Sei-Hill Kim; Daniela Friedman, University of South Carolina; Caroline Foster; Caroline Bergeron, University of South Carolina • Objective: To describe the current clinical trial (CT) recruiting efforts taking place at academic medical centers in a southeastern state and to explore principal investigators’ attitudes and beliefs about how to successfully recruit for CTs, in the general population and in African American and rural communities. Methods: Using a purposive sample of CT investigators at academic medical centers (N=119), an online survey assessed respondents’ experience with recruitment, perceived difficulty in finding patients to participate in research, and the strategies investigators use to enhance CT enrollment. Results: Rural residents are least likely to be represented in CT research, behind both African Americans and the general public. CT teams most often use traditional recruiting methods, such as personal recruitment, recruitment through local doctors, and patient databases. Conclusion: CT investigators rarely communicate about clinical research outside of the medical setting or partner with community organizations to reach patients in medically underserved communities. Practice Implications: CT teams should be educated about how best to promote awareness and knowledge about CT research in medically underserved communities. There is also a need for communication and cooperation between CT investigators and local physicians who are often involved in the accrual of patients. The Best of Intentions: Patients intentions to request health care workers cleanse hands before examinations • Debbie Treise, University of Florida; Michael Weigold, University of Florida; Denise Schain, University of Florida College of Medicine; Kristina Birnbrauer, University of Florida • The CDC, in response to tens of thousands of deaths each year from preventable infectious disease, recommends that patients ask their doctors to cleanse their hands in the patients’ presence for each examination. The recommendation presents patients challenges stemming from norms surrounding the doctor-patient relationship. In addition, some personality variables (e.g., interaction anxiety) may make such a discussion difficult while others (e.g., authoritarianism) may make such a discussion seem inappropriate. And little is known about the role that well-known predictors of behavioral intentions (i.e., attitudes, subjective norms, efficacy, outcome benefits and costs) will play in intentions to perform this specific behavior. A total of 250 actual patients in a hospital setting were asked questions about their own likelihood of following the CDC’s recommendation and were asked to respond to one of five video depictions of a doctor and patient interaction. The depictions showed an examination in which a doctor did not cleanse, as well as four in which he did. In the videos in which the doctor did cleanse, further manipulations included that he did so of his own accord, he did so agreeably in response to a patient request, he did so disagreeably in response to a patient request, and he did so of his own accord and assured the patient that she should always ask a healthcare provider to cleanse. Results of the study suggest the CDC recommendation, without additional considerations, is unlikely to do much to stem the dangers posed by healthcare worker transmission of infectious disease. Media, Celebrities, and Breastfeeding: Exploring the Breastfeeding Duration of Working Women. • Rhonda Trust, Boston University • U.S. mothers comprise over 70% of the U.S. workforce. However, many mothers return to work only weeks after giving birth. This study examines media portrayals of breastfeeding, celebrity comments about breastfeeding, and the breastfeeding duration of working women. Women residing in the U.S. who had at least one child completed an online survey. Negative media portrayals of breastfeeding and celebrity comments were the factors significantly associated with the breastfeeding duration of working women. The results suggest campaigns and health interventions targeted for working women must consider the effects of breastfeeding portrayals in the media and celebrity endorsements of breastfeeding. Risk Perceptions, Worry and Information Seeking Experiences/Behaviors: Evidence From the 2012 Health Information National Trends Survey • JIUN-YI TSAI, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study investigated the relationships between cognitive (risk perceptions) and affective (worry about getting cancer) motivators and their influences on health information seeking experiences/behaviors. Using the 2012 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS), we found absolute risk perception and perceived comparative risk both positively associated with cancer worry; perceived comparative risk had a stronger effect in predicting worry than absolute risk did. In addition, higher levels of perceived absolute risk, comparative risk and cancer worry were associated with more negative experiences with information seeking efforts. Worry mediated the relationship between absolute risk and worse information seeking experiences. Similar mediating role of worry in associations between comparative risk and frustrating seeking experiences was identified. Lastly, we found worry predicted general health and cancer-specific information seeking behaviors whereas risk perceptions showed no significant effect. Results highlight the potential role of worry as an influential predictor of health information seeking. Environmental Frames: An Analysis of Advertising Content from 1990 to 2010 • Matthew VanDyke, Texas Tech University; John Tedesco, Virginia Tech • This content analysis examined the characteristics of environmental advertisements (N = 449) published in Newsweek, Time, and U.S. News and World Report in 1990, 2000, and 2010. Findings indicate that responsibility frames were dominant as the strategy used in advertisements. The species/habitat protection issue was the dominant issue in 1990, while energy efficiency was the prevalent issue in 2000 and 2010. Advertisements primarily were sponsored by for-profit organizations and had a positive valence over time. How Well Do U.S. Journalists Cover Health Treatments, Tests, Products and Procedures? • Kim Walsh-Childers, University of Florida; Jennifer Braddock, University of Florida; Cristina Rabaza, University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications; Gary Schwitzer, HealthNewsReview.org • This study examined 518 HealthNewsReview.org assessments of health stories from 2011-early 2013. The reviewers assessed stories as satisfactory on all relevant criteria slightly less than 60% of the time. The three criteria least likely to be met were quantifying potential harms an individual might experience as a result of a medical intervention, discussing how much that intervention would likely cost, and quantifying the benefits a patient could expect from the intervention or change. Fewer than 50% of the reviewed stories were deemed satisfactory on these three criteria and two more: discussing the quality of the evidence provided in support of the intervention and discussing alternatives to the intervention. Our comparison of the most recent reviews with analysis of the first 500 reviews showed that journalists’ rate of success in providing satisfactory information had improved on eight of the 10 criteria. However, on two criteria – establishing whether or not the intervention being discussed was truly new and avoiding relying totally on a press release for the story information – journalists’ performance declined between the earliest reviews and this latest set. In general, stories produced by a wire service or syndicate were most likely to be rated satisfactory. The few stories that were focused more on a disease or medical condition were most likely to be rated satisfactory, in general, followed by stories about surgical procedures. Stories about medical devices such as stents and pacemakers were least likely to successfully meet the criteria. Everyone has questions: Developing a social marketing campaign promoting a sexual health text message service • Jessica Fitts Willoughby, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill • Text message services that provide sexual health information are increasingly popular, but often not well promoted. This paper describes the development of a social marketing campaign promoting a state-based sexual health text message service. In-depth interviews and focus groups (n=35) provided information on perceived benefits and barriers and teen perceptions. Teens were interested in the service and wanted to see relevant settings and relatable teens in advertisements. Implications for promotion of similar services are discussed. Tell It if You Can: A Study of PTSD in Newspapers and Military Blogs • Lu Wu • This study investigates the differences in the delineation of post-traumatic stress disorder in newspapers and in military blogs. Through thematic analysis of selected newspaper articles and blog posts, the research examines the different categories and themes that exist in newspapers’ and weblogs’ coverage on PTSD among military members and veterans. Marked differences are found among newspaper and blogs. The content of newspaper articles is focused on the overall picture of PTSD in the military society, but overlooks the individual struggles. In addition, newspaper coverage tends to frame PTSD negatively. The blog contents are more personalized and emotion-driven, providing details of daily life and experience, but could not compete with newspaper on quality journalism. Designing Messages with High Sensation Value: When Activation Meets Reactance • Jie Xu, Villanova University • Based on two health communication models—Activation Model of Information Exposure and Psychological Reactance Theory—this study examines the individual and combined effects of message sensation value and controlling language on young adults’ information processing. Two studies on anti-drunken driving and anti-smoking PSAs were conducted that were conceptual replications of one another. Across the two studies, MSV was found to advance the perceived ad effectiveness, and controlling language contributed to reactance. A consistent interaction was revealed, such that MSV and controlling language interacted to affect perceived ad effectiveness and reactance. People responded positively to the high sensation value messages when presented with low controlling language. The effect of high sensation value anti-smoking ads to advance persuasiveness particularly under the condition of low controlling language was more influential to low sensation seekers. The sensation seeking targeting strategy (SENTAR) approach to risk prevention campaigns did not receive support from either study. The implications for persuasive communication, in general, are considered as well the specific findings for drunken-driving and smoking. Engendering Support for Anti-Stigma Activities toward People Living with HIV/AIDS: The Interactive Effects of Motivational Systems, Attribute Framing and HIV Onset Controllability • Chunbo Ren; Changmin Yan, Washington State University • A motivation (approach or inhibition) by HIV onset controllability (low vs. high) by attribute framing (positive vs. negative) experiment was conducted to identify the effective messaging strategies to encourage anti-stigma activities toward people living with HIV/ADIS. Several significant effects were observed including a controllability main effect, a motivation by attribute framing interaction and a motivation by attribute framing by controllability interaction. The findings expanded existing motivation theory and framing research and suggested effective messaging strategies. Managing Dog Waste: Campaign Insights from the Health Belief Model • Eli Typhina, North Carolina State University; Changmin Yan, Washington State University • Aiming to help municipalities develop effective education and outreach campaigns to reduce stormwater pollutants, such as pet waste, this study applied the Health Belief Model to identify perceptions of dog waste and corresponding collection behaviors from dog owners living in a small U.S. city. Results of 455 online survey responses strongly support the HBM and provide evidence for helping municipalities develop dog waste reduction campaigns and its potential application to other environmental issues. Promoting Preventive Behaviors against Influenza: Comparison between Developing and Developed Countries • Z. Janet Yang, SUNY at Buffalo; Shirley Ho; May Lwin • Applying the Health Belief Model, this study examined young adults’ intention to adopt preventive behaviors against influenza infection in developing countries (Thailand and Cambodia) and developed countries (the U.S. and Singapore). Self-efficacy was the only variable significantly related to behavioral intention in the developing countries. In contrast, perceived threat, expected benefits, and media attention were significant predictors in the developed countries. Trust in information sources also had a consistent impact across the two samples. Partisan amplification of nuclear energy risk in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi disaster • Michael Cacciatore; Sara Yeo; Dominique Brossard; Dietram Scheufele, Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Kristin Runge, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Leona Yi-Fan Su; Jiyoun Kim; Michael Xenos; Elizabeth Corley • On March 11, 2011, a magnitude 8.4 earthquake, the largest in the nation’s history, occurred off the coast of Japan. The earthquake produced a devastating tsunami that flooded areas of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant and resulted in a loss of power to the plant’s cooling system. In the weeks that followed, the world watched as Japanese and international nuclear power safety experts scrambled to contain the damage and prevent a full meltdown. Although the Fukushima Daiichi disaster was heavily covered in media, there is little empirical research on how this coverage impacted audience risk perceptions. This study examines risk perceptions toward nuclear power before and after the Fukushima Daiichi disaster using nationally representative survey samples of American adults. However, our analysis goes beyond examining aggregate risk perceptions, instead focusing on how specific sub-populations responded to the disaster. Specifically, we found that liberals and conservatives responded differently to the events in Japan, with liberals increasing in their risk perceptions after the crisis and conservatives actually decreasing in their perceptions of risk. Moreover, we found that media use exacerbated these effects. We discuss possible explanations for these findings. Patterns and motivations of young adults’ health information acquisitions on Facebook • Yue Zheng, University of South Carolina • Using in-depth interviews with 32 young adults, this study explores how and why young people seek and scan health information on Facebook. Employing a grounded theory approach, this study constructs a framework using health information desire and Facebook use as two key factors to explain the four identified patterns of health information acquisitions. This study also examines the major motivations for each pattern-knowledge fulfillment, entertainment, sociability, and instrumentality. Practical implications are discussed. << 2013 Abstracts]]> 12095 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/ctec-2013-abstracts/ Tue, 11 Jun 2013 15:40:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12102 Faculty Papers Are Alternative Farmers Yielding Success with Online Communication Tools for Their Social Capital and Business Viability • Katie Abrams; Abigail Sackmann • To foster direct-to-consumer marketing, some alternative farmers are shifting to online marketing tools like social media. What is unknown, however, is how they are using them and what impacts use has on their business. The purpose of this study was to characterize and determine influences and outcomes of alternative farmers’ use of various marketing and communication channels to better understand what they stand to gain (or lose) from participation in online media activities as it relates to their farm business viability and social capital. Through survey data of 82 alternative farmers, it was learned that their personal use of social media was highly correlated with their business use. Most of their time on the Internet was spent finding farming information and finding and interacting with customers; these activities (along with several others) were positively correlated with online bridging social capital. Personal uses of Facebook were indicative of greater social capital, whereas business uses of any social media were not. For business viability, the more Facebook Page likes their farm had, the more revenue they had, but no relationships were found between their business use of social media and customer loyalty or customer relationship. In sum, alternative farmers’ use of online communication tools was positively related to their social capital and their use of Facebook Pages was positively related to farm revenue. This study provides critical benchmark data to later determine the impact of effective use of these tools. Tell Me Who You Are, I Tell How You Use Facebook: Exploring the Relationship Between Motivational Reactivity and Moral Foundations, and the U&G of Facebook • Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University; Elizabeth Taylor Quilliam, Michigan State University; Geri Alumit Zeldes, Michigan State University • A cross-sectional survey of 854 college students explored the relationship between motivational reactivity and moral foundations, as individual difference factors, and the motivations and uses of Facebook. Results indicated that risk avoiders scored highest on all moral foundations. Additionally, the moral values of harm/care and authority/respect significantly and positively predicted the intensity to use Facebook, yet the results varied among the different groups of respondents as a function of motivational reactivity. Seven motivations to use Facebook (information sharing, self-documentation, social interaction, entertainment, passing time, self expression, and medium appeal) showed different patterns of prediction as a function of moral foundations and motivational reactivity. Findings are discussed within the framework of extending the uses and gratifications theoretical approach to include both cognitive/biological and social differences as predictors of needs, gratifications, and media choices. Implications of Content, Quantity, and Quality of Mobile Phone-Mediated Social Interactions for Life Satisfaction • Keunmin Bae • Wireless technology-enabled mobile phones these days are equipped with various interpersonal communication channels, such as voice calling, various SNS apps, texting, video calling, etc. Therefore, users are able to make the best use of it for social interactions via those channels, which provides better opportunities to overcome the communication barriers of time and space. Using an online survey technique, this study investigated the causal mechanisms involving individuals’ social interaction motives for mobile phone use, the quantity, the content, and the quality of mobile phone-mediated social interactions, and their implications for life satisfaction, based on the theoretical grounds of relationship theories, uses and gratifications theory and social capital. Results showed motives for contacting close friends were positively associated with mobile phone use and with mobile phone-mediated self-disclosure. Motives for contacting acquaintances were not related to mobile phone use but negatively related to mobile phone-mediated self-disclosure. Mobile phone use was directly, positively associated with perceived social support, but indirectly with life satisfaction via social support. Mobile phone-mediated self-disclosure was directly related to stronger life satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications of the results were discussed. Harnessing Peer Potency: Predicting Positive Outcomes from Social Capital Affinity and Engagement With Participatory Websites • Valerie Barker, Journalism & Media Studies SDSU; David Dozier; Amy Schmitz Weiss; Diane Borden • A survey of a representative sample of 1,417 U.S. Internet users investigating positive outcomes from three groups of participatory Internet sites: content communities, ecommerce and social networking, showed that flow (intense engagement in and enjoyment of an activity) promotes satisfaction, affirmation, focused and incidental-knowledge gain. Social capital affinity (the value placed on interaction and identification with online peers) was found to facilitate flow. Internet self-efficacy did not significantly moderate the experience of flow. Posting About Politics: Media as Resources For Political Expression on Facebook • Stephanie Edgerly, Northwestern University; Kjerstin Thorson, University of Southern California; Leila Bighash, University of Southern California; Emily Gee, University of Southern California; Mark Hannah, University of Southern California, Annenberg School • This paper explores political expression on Facebook during, and immediately following, each of the three 2012 presidential debates. Our focus is specifically on the use of media resources (i.e., images, videos, links) and sharing practices in posts about the debates. Based on a hand-coded sample of 583 public Facebook posts, we find that media resources are commonly used in acts of political expression, and that posts with media resources receive fewer comments. Modeling Reality: The connection between behavior on reality TV and Facebook • Patrick Ferrucci, U of Missouri; Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; Margaret Duffy, U of Missouri • This study investigates how reality television viewing is linked to Facebook. Utilizing a survey of 736 students, researchers examined whether viewers of different genres of reality television were more prone to problematic information sharing on Facebook. The study found that all viewers of reality were prone to problematic information sharing. However, viewers of drama-, competition- and crime-based shows were most likely to share problematic information. These results are interpreted using social cognitive theory. Mobile phones and participation: An exploration of mobile social media versus mobile social networking • Jill Hopke, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Itay Gabay, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Sojung Kim, High Point University; Hernando Rojas, University of Wisconsin - Madison • Mobile communication technology is nearing one hundred percent adoption globally, with the majority of usage now taking place in developing countries. According to the International Telecommunications Union, mobile broadband in developing countries is cheaper than fixed-broadband services. With these trends, scores of people around the world are going online for the first time via mobile phones, with much of this use happening in a social media environment. In this study we test the relationships between political conversation with heterogeneous and homogeneous ties, political participation, and online expressive communication. Our findings show that using Twitter, a form of microblogging, on mobile phones among the urban adult population in Colombia is associated with a higher likelihood for both online and offline forms of political participation, as well as online expressive communication. Using Facebook, a form of social networking on the other hand, on mobile phones is associated with higher likelihood for online expressive communication only. Implications for future research are discussed. Development and Initial Assessment of a Measure of General Technological Self-Efficacy • Tobias Hopp, University of Oregon; Harsha Gangadharbatla • The purpose of this study was to develop and assess a measure of technological self-efficacy (TSE). Three samples were collected for this purpose. Sample 1 was used to reduce an 18-item pool down to 12-item pool of potential TSE indicators. Sample 2 was used to reduce the measure to a 9-item scale. Sample 3 was used to test to the validity of the scale. Initial analyses indicated that TSE scale possesses good psychometric properties. News Media Activity on Twitter as Social Networks • Jiran Hou, University of Georgia; Itai Himelboim • This study takes a social networks approach to examine traditional media use of Twitter. Specifically, it inquires to the extent to which news media organizations take advantage of this social media platform to break from the traditional one-to-many approach, reaching audiences that do not follow them directly. We found that overall national TV networks on twitter – organizational accounts and their affiliated journalist accounts – reached audiences indirectly more than national newspapers. Interestingly, networks created by individual journalists reached more direct audiences, while organizations reached beyond their immediate groups of followers. Examining the hubs that help reaching indirect audiences, TV networks on Twitter were more likely to have non-media hubs tweeting about them, than newspaper networks. We conclude, among others, that TV networks on Twitter taking better advantage of Twitter in terms of reaching audiences that do not follow them directly via non-traditional media actors. Sex Role Stereotyping is Hard to Kill: A Field Experiment Measuring Social Responses to User Characteristics and Behavior in an Online Multiplayer First-Person Shooter Game • T. Franklin Waddell, Penn State; Jesse Fox; James Ivory, Virginia Tech; Adrienne Holz Ivory, Virginia Tech; Marcela Weber, The University of the South; Kwaku Akom, Virginia Tech; Desmond Hayspell, Southside Virginia Community College • Behaviors that are proscribed in face-to-face communication, such as sex role stereotyping, may be disinhibited in anonymous online environments. A virtual field experiment (N = 520) in an online game examined the effects of player sex and communication style on compliance with friend requests. As predicted by sex role stereotypes, women who communicated positively earned greater compliance than women who communicated negatively, whereas men who communicated negatively gained more compliance than men who communicated positively. Psychological and Physiological Reponses to Stereoscopic 3D Gaming: Exploring How Experienced and Inexperienced Gamers React to Shifts in Gaming Features • Anthony Limperos, University of Kentucky; T. Franklin Waddell, Penn State; Adrienne Holz Ivory, Virginia Tech; James Ivory, Virginia Tech • Advances in gaming technology have been made over the past 5 years, including the introduction of stereoscopic 3D in commercial gaming. This research employed a mixed factorial design to explore the relationship between type of game played (2D; 3D), game player experience (experienced; inexperienced), and participant sex (male; female) on feelings of presence and arousal. Results show that positive responses to stereoscopic 3D are moderated by game player experience. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Some Like it Lots: The Influence of Interactivity and Reliance on Credibility • Tom Johnson; Barbara Kaye, University of Tennessee - Knoxville • This study examines how interactivity and reliance influence credibility perceptions of 16 sources after controlling for demographic and political variables. Reliance proved a much better predictor of credibility, impacting credibility in 15 of 16 instances as compared to 3 of 16 for interactivity. This study also examined credibility of sources that have received little attention in the credibility literature such as social network sites, Twitter and smartphone news applications." The Lure of Grandkids and the Desire for Online Privacy: Why Retirees Use (or Avoid) Facebook • Eun-Hwa Jung, Penn State University; Justin Walden; Ariel Johnson, The Pennsylvania State University; S. Shyam Sundar, The Pennsylvania State University • This study draws upon in-depth interviews (N=46) to evaluate retirees’ perceptions of social networking sites (SNSs). Interviews revealed six primary reasons for using Facebook (keeping in touch, sharing photos, social surveillance, responding to family member requests, convenient communication, curiosity) and six primary reasons for not using Facebook (privacy, need for media richness, preference for familiarity, triviality of communication, time commitment, frustration with site tools). Emergent findings hold implications for future research and SNS design. Seriously Social: Young Adults, Social Media and News • Kelly Kaufhold, Texas Tech University • A survey of two large college populations found a stark, significant negative correlation between social media use, news use and being informed. Two scenarios were tested: A complementary-use hypothesis in which social media use aids news use; and a displacement hypothesis in which social media use impedes news use. Social media use was found to be significantly related to less news use and being less informed. Opinion Leaders in Online Cancer Support Groups: An Investigation of Their Antecedents and Consequences • Eunkyung Kim, University of Georgia; Dietram Scheufele, Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Jeong Yeob Han; Dhavan Shah • This study investigates the relationship between opinion leaders and psychosocial health outcomes in online cancer support group by considering two overarching questions: 1) Who are the opinion leaders? 2) What role do these opinion leaders play in explaining health outcomes? The findings suggest that opinion leaders had more psychosocial health benefits than non-leaders. There were different characteristics between opinion leaders and non-leaders in terms of race, personality traits, and psychosocial factors. Advertising Structure and Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Memberships on Video Sharing Websites • Joonghwa Lee, Middle Tennessee State University; Vamsi Kanuri, University of Missouri; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri; Murali Mantrala • This paper introduces conjoint analysis to examine consumer preferences for how commercials are embedded in online video streaming sites like HuluPlus, Amazon Streaming, and Yahoo Streaming. The advantage of conjoint analysis is that it provides an analytical tool for optimizing the structure of whether consumers have a choice of which commercials they watch, the duration of the commercials, how many of them there are, and the trade-off between these variables and various levels of membership pricing for the video site. Using a novel one limit Tobit regression with repeated measures, we demonstrate that consumers’ willingness to pay, derived using the preferences obtained from conjoint analysis, is significantly affected by advertising structure on online stream sites. However, Ad Enjoyment, a psychological variable measured as a consumers’ general attitude toward advertising, which has been shown in the literature to have a significant effect on consumers’ purchase behavior, did not contribute to the prediction of consumer willingness to pay. From Media Literacy (ML) to Meida and Information Literacy (MIL): Rationales and Practices • Alice Y. L. Lee, Hong Kong Baptist University • This paper proposes that media literacy should be integrated with information literacy and ICT skills to form a new literacy concept of “media and information literacy” (MIL). MIL is regarded as a set of essential millennial competencies that young people needed in order to operate well in the 21st century. By analyzing the technological revolution, the transition to knowledge society and the participatory culture of the Net Generation, this paper explains the necessity of cultivating young people’s MIL so that they can become competent knowledge workers and responsible citizens in the emerging knowledge society. The practice of MIL in the city of Hong Kong was examined as a case study to explore how the MIL movement can be better launched in the coming years. Social Media and Strategic Communications: A three-year study of attitudes and perceptions about social media among college students • Bobbi Kay Lewis, Oklahoma State University; Cynthia Nichols, Oklahoma State University • In previous research of college students’ attitudes and perceptions of social media, Lewis (2010) found education and curriculum have a significant impact on college students’ attitudes and perceptions of social media. Through situated learning theory, the current study explores the importance of educating students on how to employ social media strategically in the construction of knowledge and reality. Similar to the first two studies, the findings suggest college students who are exposed to social media in their coursework, rated social media significantly more positively than those who are not educated on how to social media as a strategic tool. The findings have implications for both communications industry and education. Perceived contextual characteristics of online social networks as predictors of openness, activeness and diversity of information exchange • Xigen Li; Mike Yao; Yang Liu; Heng Lu • This study investigates the effects of perceived network characteristics on information exchange of online social network users. The results revealed that perceived network characteristics partly explain the behavior of information exchange in online social networks. Perceived network density positively and heterogeneity negatively predict the openness of information exchange. Perceived network density and network openness positively predict the activeness of information exchange. Perceived network centrality and network openness positively predict the diversity of information exchange. The findings of this study highlight the importance of communication context and confirmed information exchange as a concept with multiple dimensions. The effects of perceived network characteristics of online social networks on information exchange varied by openness, activeness and diversity. Exploring Podcast Use Intent: Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Network Communication • Yi Mou; Carolyn Lin • This study incorporated perceived descriptive norm and social-network communication to the framework of the theory of planned behavior to predict podcast-use intent. An online survey was conducted with 396 college students. Results show that social network communication, descriptive norm, injunctive norm and attitude-related-to-podcasting technology significantly predicted podcast-use intent. Perceived behavioral control over podcasting adoption was not a significant predictor of podcast-use intent. Implications for theory building and future research directions are discussed. Conditional Effects of Digital Media on the Knowledge Gap in the 2010 U.S. Senate Election • Jason Martin, DePaul University • This study analyzed the conditional effects of digital media on political knowledge using a mail survey of a random sample of registered voters in a 2010 U.S. Senate election campaign. The goal was to determine whether six different digital media activities related to campaign news significantly affected voter learning, and whether interactions of digital news use and education privileged knowledge acquisition based on socioeconomic status. Analysis found that after robust controls, news media website use produced a significant positive association with political knowledge in regression estimation, and that education had a conditional diminishing effect on knowledge as news media website use increased. However, other digital news activities, including use of social networking sites, online expression, and blogs, did not produced any significant effects on knowledge. These results indicate that in a Congressional campaign context, digital news holds the potential for producing a more egalitarian distribution of political knowledge, while more socially focused digital media activities tend not to inform voters about candidates and key issues. The implications of these findings and avenues for further research investigating digital media and societal inequalities in a political engagement context are discussed. Incidental Learning as a Function of Complementary Simultaneous Media Use: The Mediating Role of TV Engagement • Rebecca Nee, San Diego State University; David Dozier • Television audiences are increasingly using portable communication technologies to multitask, lookup information online, check social network sites, and comment on the programs being watched. Although multitasking can distract audiences away from the TV content, the use of a second screen in a manner that complements the mass communication content is a unique phenomenon that may lead to positive outcomes. This study, based upon survey data collected from a national stratified random sample (N = 1,417), supports a theoretical model linking frequency of complementary simultaneous media use to engagement, which mediates incidental learning. Findings may be useful for mass communication scholars and practitioners seeking to understand the effects of dual electronic media use. Looking for Gendered Privacy: Do Men and Women Differ in Privacy Skill and Confidence? • Yong Jin Park, Howard University • This study investigates whether privacy skill and confidence differ by gender, focusing on data protection and release. Analyses of a national sample revealed that gender had a positive association with confidence and skill in protection; however, gender had no effect on the extent to which data release was managed. Implications are discussed in light of Internet skill required for building privacy, and the role played by gender in signaling the need for policy awareness. Hyperpersonal recovery from alcoholism: Negotiating social support between online and face-to-face support group settings • David Jackiewicz, Kellogg Community College; Stephen Perry, Illinois State • Members of Alcoholics Anonymous have differing perceptions of the social support received through attending online vs. face-to-face (FtF) AA meetings? An online survey assessed social integration, nurturance, and informational social support. Results indicate that higher CMC meeting attendance provided lower levels of social integration and informational support. CMC meetings did, however, provide the same amount of nurturance support as FtF meetings. AA members who attended more CMC meetings valued transferring knowledge between contexts the most. Community Characteristics Influencing Municipal Use of Social Media • John Remensperger, UNC; Daniel Riffe, UNC • This study examines community-level characteristics and use of social media by local governments to interact with citizens. A structural pluralism model, and a local media competition model, measuring quantity and diversity of media outlets, were examined in relation to local government’s use of social media to promote deliberative democracy. Local media competition, as well as lack of educational and industrial diversity, had a significant, positive influence on adoption of social media by city governments. Emerging Mobile Media Platform: Exploring Consumer Perception and Use of Tablets for Media Content • Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida; Ronen Shay, University of Florida • This exploratory study utilizes a self-recorded video diary methodology to assess actual tablet users’ entertainment or informational media consumption experiences. It seeks to address: how users use tablets to consume media content traditionally distributed on other platforms; users’ perceptions on tablets’ relative benefits, accessibility, compatibility, usefulness, ease of use, and fun; tablet substitutability and complementarity among other media devices; and what adoption factors are most important to tablet users. Comparing relationships among self-disclosure, social attraction, predictability and trust in exclusive Facebook and exclusive face-to-face relationships • Pavica Sheldon, University of Alabama in Huntsville; Loretta Pecchioni • The aim of this study was to compare friendship qualities in two types of relationships: exclusive Facebook friendships and exclusive face-to-face friendships. The term exclusive was described as being a very close relationship that is carried out primarily through one means of interaction. Based on Altman and Taylor’s (1973) social penetration theory, Berger and Calabrese’s (1975) uncertainty reduction theory, and Parks and Floyd’s (1996) personal relationship scale, this study measured one participant’s self-disclosure to an exclusive Facebook friend and to an exclusive face-to-face friend, as well as his or her social attraction to each type of a friend, predictability of that friend’s behavior, and finally trust in them. Results show that trust and predictability have the most influence on how much we choose to disclose to both our Facebook and our face-to-face friends. In addition, we will also be more socially attracted to those friends to whom we self-disclose more. Facebook relationships, however, are not “pure” relationships, and individuals disclose more to and have more trust in their face-to-face friends. “Candy Crush”: Understanding the relationship between sensation seeking, locus of control, life satisfaction, and motivations for playing Facebook games • Pavica Sheldon, University of Alabama in Huntsville • Despite online games’ constant evolvement, there has been relatively little research studying the positive aspects of game-playing. This article explores the motivations for playing Facebook games and individuals’ differences associated with it. Using data from a survey of adults 19-76 years old, results revealed that one-fifth of all participants played Facebook games. The main motive for playing games was the challenge of it. In addition, findings showed that those who spent more time playing Facebook games scored higher in external locus of control and were less satisfied with their lives. Women spent more time playing games than men. Individuals 35 years old and older spent more time than younger adults. In Control of Enjoyment: Gameplay Difficulty, Performance Feedback, and the Mediating Effect of Presence on Video Game Enjoyment • Brett Sherrick, Pennsylvania State University; Mike Schmierbach, Pennsylvania State University; T. Franklin Waddell, Penn State; Keunyeong Kim, Penn State University; Frank Dardis, Penn State University • Difficulty of video games is often connected to enjoyment, as well as the concepts of competency and presence. This study attempts to extricate game difficulty from perceptions of player performance through separate manipulations of difficulty and performance feedback in the context of a casual puzzle-based game. Results suggest that game difficulty is more important than feedback on player performance in determining enjoyment. Further analysis shows that difficulty works through presence, not competency, in predicting enjoyment. Coping with Information in Social Media: The Effects of Network Structure and Knowledge on Perception of Information Value • Dongyoung Sohn, Department of Media & Communication, Hanyang University • The explosive growth of social media has intrigued many scholars to inquire into why people willingly share information with others. However, relatively little attention has been devoted to how people determine which information they share in the networked environment. In this study, a 2 (network density - dense vs. sparse) x 2 (knowledge - expert vs. novice) x 3 (information valence - negative vs. neutral vs. positive) online experiment was performed to examine how the three factors interact and cross over in shaping individuals’ perceptions of the value of information for themselves and for others in the network. Results show that individuals’ perceptions of information value are influenced not just by the norms arising from group situations, but also by how the network environment is structured. Facebook Use and Political Participation • Gary Tang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Lap Fung Lee, School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Some recent studies have illustrated a positive relationship between social media use and political participation among young people. Researchers, however, have operationalized social media usage differently. This article adopts a multi-dimensional approach to the study of the impact of social media. Focusing on Facebook, the most prominent and widely utilized social networking site in Hong Kong, this study examines how time spent on Facebook, exposure to shared political information, network size, network heterogeneity, and direct connection with political opinion leaders relate to young people’s online and offline political participation. Analysis of a survey of university students (N=774) shows that participation is explained most prominently by direct connection with political opinion leaders, followed by network heterogeneity. These two variables also mediate the impact of network size on participation. The findings thus suggest that the political impact of social media is largely dependent on with whom people are connected via the platforms. Self-Efficacy and Interactivity: A Content Analysis of Weight Watchers’ Online Discussion Board • Ye Wang, University of Missouri - Kansas City; Erin Willis, University of Memphis • Online discussion boards can facilitate interactive conversation related to self-efficacy within online weight-management communities because of its textual, asynchronic, and anonymous features. Conducting a content analysis of Weight Watchers’ online discussion board, this study examined the relationship between content that may influence self-efficacy and interactivity. Findings showed that discussion threads with stronger focus on self-efficacy were more interactive, suggesting that content related to self-efficacy contribute to a more engaging experience with online weight-management communities. To Unfriend or Not: Exploring the Interplay of Traits, Self-Presentation, and Voyeurism for Keeping Facebook Friends • Shaojung Sharon Wang, Institute of Communications Management, National Sun Yat-sen University • The goal of this study was to explore the tendency for people to keep friends on Facebook whom they do not maintain frequent or regular contact with. Drawing upon theories on self-consciousness and self-presentation and individual differences, the paths from the Big Five personality traits and the tendency to keep friends through public self-consciousness and Facebook self-presentation were examined. The paths from Facebook voyeurism to keeping friends on the list through public self-consciousness and self-presentation were also assessed. The paths from Facebook voyeurism to public self-consciousness and Facebook self-presentation were particularly salient. The direct and indirect effects further provide empirical support for understanding the fluid and unsettling notion of mediated voyeurism. The Effects of Game Controllers, 3D, and Dissociation on Presence and Enjoyment • Kevin Williams, Mississippi State University • One hundred and forty-six college undergraduates at a large Southeastern university played a racing video game and completed measures of spatial presence and enjoyment. Controller type (steering wheel and pedals versus traditional handheld controller) and dimension of the display (2D versus 3D) were manipulated. Measures of players’ dissociation experiences were taken prior to game play. Results indicated that controller type increased interaction with the game environment (a subscale of spatial presence) and enjoyment. Dimension significantly influenced neither presence nor enjoyment. Dissociation did positively predict presence but not enjoyment. No interaction effects of any of the independent variables were found. Usability, Content, Connections: How County-level Alabama Emergency Management Agencies Communicate with their Online Public • Susan Youngblood, Auburn University; Norman Youngblood, Auburn University • Emergency Management Agencies (EMAs) in the U.S. operate at federal, state, and local levels with a common purpose (Homeland Security, 2008). Local EMAs (LEMAs)—which like federal and state EMAs work “to prepare for, prevent, respond to, recover from, and mitigate the effects of incidents”—lay the groundwork for prevention and other activities; they coordinate with nearby LEMAs and local entities, including private and non-governmental organizations (Homeland Security, 2008). LEMAs have been studied little; most research on SEMAs and LEMAs has been limited to content-based research, providing an incomplete picture of how they serve their online publics. Functionality, usability, and accessibility are critical elements in evaluating e-government: if users cannot get to or find the content, the content becomes irrelevant (Bertot & Jager, 2006). This study addresses this gap by evaluating Alabama LEMA websites, based on a combination of existing EMA content rubrics and usability heuristics, factors that can affect user trust, and thus a site’s usefulness. It also looks at how Alabama LEMAs are using social networking on their websites. Among other findings, this study identifies common problems with logos, navigation, and accessibility. Furthermore, it highlights the surprisingly common problem of legacy sites and unofficial sites that seemingly represent LEMAs and compete for users’ attention. Problems within sites could make it more difficult for users to access information about their LEMA; competing sites also could cause problems for users, such as presenting users with inaccurate or out-dated information during an emergency. The fandom publics: How social media mediate the formation of political collectivities • Weiyu Zhang • This paper investigates how publics are formed in the era of network society, specifically, how socially mediated fans become publics to challenge the power balance. A longitudinal ethnographic work over ten years, supported by online surveys and in-depth interviews, provides a rich description of the process of constructing publics in contemporary China, where a state-initiated marketisation shapes the development of both new and traditional media. This paper tries to empirically examine how a fan object, movies, turns into a public issue and how the fandom around movies becomes activism against censorship and commercial exploitation, through the mediation of social media.   Student Papers Factors Affecting College Students' Disclosure Intention Of Location-related Information On Facebook: Comparing Three Behavioral Intention Models • Chen-wei Chang, The University of Southern Mississippi • The present study tested three existing behavioral intention models (Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)) to explore which model better explains college students’ disclosure intention of location-based information on Facebook. The findings suggested all three models achieved satisfactory predictions for college students’ behavioral intention, with the constructs of “attitude” and “subjective norms” from TRA & TPB models and “perceived usefulness” from TAM being considered significant factors. On the contrary, “perceived behavior control” from TPB and “perceived-ease-of-use” from TAM did not influence their behavioral intentions. Regarding the explanatory abilities from different models, TPB (R-squared=.536) and TRA (R-squared=.535) predicted students’ intentions to disclose geographic locations on Facebook better than TAM (R-squared=.246). Theoretical and practical implications for social media companies were discussed. Technology use and interaction: A case study of a coffee shop • Erin Christie, Rutgers University • This study focuses on 3 different locations of a major coffee shop chain in order to investigate the interaction, the work-like activities performed, and the technological tools used by social actors. This study also extends our understanding of how work is conceptualized by accounting for face-work. By observing and interviewing those who work in this space, how technology is used for work-like tasks and the erosion of the boundaries between public and private are explored. The New Face of Political Engagement? : Factors influencing political activity of users on social networking sites • Priyanka Dasgupta, Nanyang Technological University; Jianxing Chi, Nanyang Technological University; Jinhui Li, Nanyang Technological University • This paper examines the factors that influence political activity of individuals on social networking sites (SNS). Political activity is defined as ‘liking’ a political comment or post of another user, posting a political update or status, responding to another user’s post or comment and ‘friending’ or following individuals with similar political views. Data from a subsample of a 2012 Pew survey about Americans' Internet use is analyzed. The analysis shows that frequency of use, perceptions of importance of SNS in politics, ideological extremity and offline discussions positively influence political activity on these sites. On the other hand, exposure to dissimilar views has a negative effect. The regression model consisting of the above mentioned variables explain a total of 45.2% of the variance in political activity on SNS. The implications of this study are discussed and future research directions are suggested. A Tale of Many Tweets: How Stakeholders Respond to Nonprofit Organizations’ Tweets • Jeanine Guidry • While the characteristics of nonprofits’ Twitter use are relatively well documented, researchers have confirmed a lack of academic study into types of Twitter practices that are most effective for nonprofits. Existing studies focus on how organizations use Twitter, not on how publics respond. As a result, it is not known which types of tweets elicit greater engagement from stakeholders. In this paper I examine what types of tweets produce more engagement by nonprofits’ publics. It was a Facebook revolution: Exploring the meme-like spread of narratives during the Egyptian protests • Summer Harlow, University of Texas at Austin • Considering online social media’s importance in the Arab Spring, this study explores the role of narratives and new technologies in activism. Via a qualitative analysis of Facebook comments and traditional news media stories during the 2011 Egyptian uprisings, this study uses the concept of “memes” to move beyond dominant social movement paradigms and suggest that the telling and re-telling, both online and offline, of the narrative of a “Facebook revolution” helped entice people to protest. Can Extroversion and Gender Make a Difference? The Effects of HCI and CMC Interactivity • Yan Huang; Zhiyao Ye; Ariel Johnson, The Pennsylvania State University • Based on the difference in interactants, interactivity is broken down into two types: human computer interaction (HCI) and computer-mediated communication (CMC) interactivity. We tested HCI and CMC Interactivity effects with extroversion and gender as two moderators in the context of a movie site. A four-condition (i.e., HCI, CMC, HCI+CMC, and control condition), between-subjects experiment (N = 99) was conducted. HCI interactivity was operationalized by offering hyperlinks on the interface, whereas CMC interactivity was operationalized by providing comment function. Results showed that extroversion significantly influenced the effects of interactivity on web attitude. Gender was also found to moderate the effects of interactivity on user engagement. Moreover, the analysis yielded a three-way interaction between gender, extroversion, and interactivity on perceived interactivity. For example, when comment function was offered, for female users, the more extroverted they are, the higher level of interactivity they will perceive; yet for male users, the more extroverted they are, the lower level of interactivity they will perceive. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Factors Influencing Media Choices for Interpersonal Communication : Comparing Cell Phones, Instant Messaging, and Social Networking Sites • Eun-Hwa Jung, Penn State University • The purpose of this study is to explain how people communicate with each other via different media (i.e., voice call on cell phone, SMS on cell phone, instant messaging, and social networking sites). To explain the communication phenomenon, this study employed the theories of media richness and uses and gratification approach. Based on the concept of these theories, this study primarily discussed the selection of communication media in different motivations through the attributes of a given medium. Additionally, the moderating role of self-monitoring in the relationship between motivations and attitude toward each medium was examined. The findings of this study contribute to understanding the interpersonal communication in the media convergence environment. The Medium is the Mind: Personalized Algorithms, Habit and the Self-Confirming Cyborg • Amanda Kehrberg, The University of Oklahoma • In 2009, Google effectively universalized search personalization, a trend that many online services were soon to follow. In order to personalize search results to each individual user, Google analyzes data from a number of cues and past selections, including: search history, web history, use of other Google services, previous search and click behavior, location, and language and country restriction (Fox, 2007). Personalization has profound effects on both information access and identity formation in the networked age, suggesting an upheaval of the traditions of technological determinism as explicated by McLuhan (1964) and Postman (1985). Indeed, in an era of algorithms increasingly designed to mirror human neural pathways, it is instead the mind that is the metaphor for the medium. A theoretical framework is proposed for understanding the vast implications of the mind as medium, including key concepts such as: plasticity, memory, the cyborg, artificial intelligence, and Mead's conception of the self. Potential for future research is suggested on the continued structuring of technology to replicate the mind's natural tendency toward an epistemology of habit. Advocacy, Entertainment and News—An Analysis of User Participation on YouTube • M. Laeeq Khan, Michigan State University; Jacob Solomon, Michigan State University • YouTube videos falling in three major classifications—advocacy, entertainment and news were analyzed. This paper studies the role of anonymity in commenting behavior on YouTube videos. Comments were categorized as being appreciative, criticisms, flames and spam. Contrary to the common belief that YouTube videos are characterized by widespread flaming, it was found that even with anonymous user names, a majority of comments posted were appreciative as compared to derisive. Analysis also revealed that anonymity played a key role in the overall frequency of comments. The ratio of comments type varies by video type; whereby criticism is most prevalent in news/politics videos, appreciation is most common in advocacy videos, while flaming is most prevalent in entertainment videos. Silencing the Mainstream: The Online Public Discourse Constructed by Social Auto-sharing, the Long Tail and the Spiral of Silence • Minjie Li, Louisiana State University • Characteristics of media contribute to the form and direction of public discourse and influence people’s ways of thinking and behaviors. Auto-sharing, as a fundamental opinion expression mechanism of social media, reforms public discourse through transforming previously private activities into a new form of public message. With people’s fear of negative evaluation, the Spiral of Silence offline might be duplicated and strengthened online, which might weaken the Long Tail—the Internet’s ability to bridge non-mainstream products to target audiences—through reducing people’s willingness to share what they really like. The present study examined the existence and relationship of the Long Tail and the Spiral of Silence on the social music platform Spotify to see whether auto-sharing made the Internet more heterogeneous or homogeneous. The findings demonstrate that Spotify’s auto-sharing facilitates the discovery of and revenue from non-mainstream music. Also, the Spiral of Silence only exists when people listen to mainstream music. Social Media and Civic Engagement in China: Microblogging Revolution and Policy Change • Yang Liu; Dongya Wang • While increased research attention has been given to the rise of the Internet in the context of China, the role played by social media and how it is enhancing the development of civic engagement have been less explored. Intending to fill this gap, this research examines how social media has promoted civic engagement in China and to what extent this new technology can bring changes to policies in this country. Based on first-hand information collected from tweets, the authors applied a qualitative research method to study how civic engagement focusing on the Wenzhou high-speed train collision was initiated and aggregated on Sina Weibo, the leading microblog service provider in China. The study elaborates about how Weibo users in China joined hands with mass media to exert influence policy changes. Homophily and Proximity of Network Links of Chinese Journalists’ Online Professional Group in the Micro-blogosphere • Yusi Liu, Tsinghua University • The paper focused on the homophily and the proximity of linking patterns in the Chinese journalists’ online professional network in micro-blogosphere. Using the relational and attribute data mining from all 295 journalists in Sina Weibo to examine how the homophily factors, including the same gender, working media type and online discussion interest, and the proximity mechanism in terms of the same geographic location and work unit affected them to connect with each other in three situations of (1) linked network, (2) mutual network, and (3) cohesive network. Results showed that homophily and proximity linking had positive impact on the journalists’ online professional group network significantly. In the linked network, journalists from the same work unit, as well as whom shared the same topic, were the strongest two predicators, while the former one was outstandingly influential to build double-sided connections, the latter predictor became stronger for the journalists to consociate in the same cohesive subgroup, showing the potential of micro-blogosphere for the self-organization based on the same interests among professional group members of the Chinese journalists. A Floor Analysis of Online News Discussion on Facebook and the New York Times Website • Shuo Tang, Indiana University • Using computer-mediated discourse analysis, this study focuses on how Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 media differ in the floor-taking pattern, especially in user participation and interaction, in news discussion CMC. Four threads of commentary on a news story from the New York Times website and its Facebook page were analyzed and compared. The results suggest that the difference between traditional online media and social media could not fully account for the variance in the floor-taking behavior. The form of CMC, synchronicity, and the format of thread interface also affect how participants take and control the floor. Therefore, social media platform might not necessarily creates more participatory democracy and reduces hierarchy in CMC.   Open Competition Do You See What I See? Partisan Perceptions of Online News • Pamela Brubaker, Brigham Young University • This study explores how hostile media perceptions are influenced by online news sources (blogs and online news sites) with and without source biases aligning with or opposing partisans’ issue positions. Partisans (N = 760) who strongly supported and opposed the issue of legalizing same-sex marriage participated in an online experiment, which was made available to blog readers. The news source’s bias and partisans’ political characteristics played distinct roles in shaping judgments of online media messages. An Examination of Personality Factors, Motivations, and Outcomes associated with Smartphone Gaming • Hark-Shin Kim; Juliann Cortese • This study explores how motivations for playing smartphone games related to gamers’ psychological antecedents and outcomes of smartphone gaming (playing time and game genre preference). The regression analyses suggested that each motivation was predicted by a different subset of personalities and smartphone gaming behaviors were predicted by instability traits. Different motivations predict inconsistent smartphone gaming patterns between in a typical weekday and weekend. Each genre preference for smartphone games was predicted by different motivations. Mobile Phone Interference with Life: Texting and Social Media Interruption during Studying • Junghyun Kim, Washington State University; Prabu David, Washington State University; Jared Brickman; Weina Ran; Christine Curtis • The smart phone offers an array of features that make multitasking and task-switching very easy. Though these features could enhance productivity in many ways, excessive task switching can interfere with work and efficiency. In this study we examined the effects of task-switching while studying among 1,053 college students. Specifically, we examined mobile phone interference in daily life (MPIL), which was operationalized as deprived self-control in regulating media use when trying to focus on a required primary task, such as studying or doing homework. Findings indicate that texting, social media, and music are the main activities that students switch to and from when studying. Active listening to music and participation in texting or social media while doing homework were predictive of mobile phone interference. Further, women and owners of smart phones reported higher mobile phone interference as did those with more Facebook friends. Given the lack of consensus measures of task switching of media multitasking, bundles of common multitasking activities, frequency of engagement in specific activities within a bundle, and the allocation of attention to specific activities within a bundle examined as separate measures. While these measures were significantly correlated, the correlation coefficients did not exceed .3, suggesting that these measures capture different aspects of the complex media multitasking experience. The findings underscore the importance of measuring both frequency and attention allocation in tandem for multitasking experiences. The results also raise the possibility that compulsive task switching may be symptomatic of dysfunctional use of technology. Searching for sickness online: The new world of cyberchondriacs • Carolyn Lagoe; David Atkin, University of Connecticut • This study examined factors which may influence health information seeking intentions among adults. A sample of 245 American adults participated in the study. Most participants reportedly sought information from non-government health websites, online forums, government health websites and/or health professionals online. Results show that information seeking was positively predicted by health anxiety and Internet self-efficacy. By contrast, gender, neuroticism and Internet use were not found to be predictors of online health information seeking. Using the Technological Acceptance Model to Examine iPad/Tablet Computing Adoption Intentions of K–12 Educators • Ed Madison, University of Oregon; Tobias Hopp, University of Oregon • This study used the technological acceptance model and partial least squares modeling to examine the adoption intentions and investment beliefs of K-12 teachers as they relate to use of iPads/tablet computing devices in the classroom. The results of the study indicated that perceived usefulness played a substantive, direct role on behavioral intentions to adopt iPads/tablet computing devices. Moreover, a mediation analysis indicated that perceived usefulness mediated the relationship between perceived ease of use and behavioral intentions. Finally, behavioral intentions were a significant and substantive predictor of teacher support for district investment in iPads/tablet computing devices. Is Internet accessibility a complement or a substitute for other forms of communication in rural America? • Adam Maksl, Indiana University Southeast; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri; Seoyeon Kim; Alecia Swasy • This study tests complementarity, substitutability, and enhancement theories of new media use. We discuss how people in small-towns use the Internet, and what effect years of Internet use has on other communication behavior. We found those with more years of Internet experience showed increases in entertainment-based TV viewing, interest in news, interactive participation with news media, and several indicators of social capital. However, there was no change – particularly no decrease – in traditional news media use. Heavy and Light Tweeters and Non-Tweeters Watch the Presidential Debates • Esther Thorson, University of Missouri; Eunjin Kim; Alecia Swasy; Joshua Hawthorne, University of Missouri; Mitchell McKinney, University of Missouri • This paper asks about the demographics and political orientations of those who tweeted during the 2012 Presidential debates. It also investigates their motivations for tweeting. Finally, it tests whether tweeters watch more of the debates, and whether they engage in other “social watching” behaviors in addition to tweeting. These questions are asked in the context of a developing theory of television consumption that involves “social watching,” that is, communicating with others either in person or digitally while engaging with television programming (Authors, 2013). Social Media and Mobiles: Examining the Moderating Role of Online Political Expression in Political Participation • Masahiro Yamamoto, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse; Matthew Kushin, Shepherd University; Francis Dalisay, University of Hawaii-Manoa • Results from a web survey conducted during the 2012 U.S. presidential election indicate that the effects of using mobile apps and traditional online media for political information on online political participation were stronger among those who express political opinions online more frequently than those who do not. Also, online political expression enhances the effects of using mobile apps, traditional offline and online media, and social media for political information on offline political participation. << 2013 Abstracts]]> 12102 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/comjig-2013-abstracts/ Tue, 11 Jun 2013 16:52:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12109 A Plain Circle: Imagined Amish and Mennonite Community in the National Edition of The Budget • Michael Clay Carey, Ohio University • This study describes the ways in which one community newspaper attempts to connect a broad, diverse population bound by a common ideal, in this case religious faith. The subject of the research is the national edition of The Budget, a weekly newspaper mailed to Amish and Mennonite readers all over the world. Writers for the national edition are unpaid volunteers who are largely free to write about whatever they like. They pass along local information about the weather, church visits, people who have fallen ill, marriages, and other aspects of community life. This qualitative study of The Budget explores the portrayals of Anabaptist life in those dispatches and how those portrayals unite readers. Using textual analysis, it explores common themes, ideals, and values expressed in letters, and how those expressions help create an “imagined community” (Anderson, 1983) among Budget readers. It builds upon past research that examines the ways in which niche publications with national followings connect with readers. The New Community Influence: iHigh Producers, Their Communities, and Content Decisions • Sarah Cavanah, University of Minnesota; Julie Jones, Gaylord College of Journalism and Mass Communication • A new form of news producers is emerging in U.S. communities. Although these producers are not journalists in the traditional, professional sense, their content serves a public good for the geographical communities they live and work within. Community journalism scholarship indicates community size and complexity influence the amount of pressure on journalists and how they choose and present content. This work updates that scholarship. Specifically, community producers for iHigh (a commercial web site used to cover youth-related events) were interviewed in-depth to assess how they worked, what pressure they felt from the community, and how they considered the work. Findings mirror traditional notions of the relationship between communities and the journalists covering the community, but with some variations significant for the digital platforms and communities. A Rural Drought in a National Flood: Washington State Residents' Assessments of Local News • Doug Hindman; Michael Beam, Washington State University • A surfeit of national-level outlets creates the illusion of an abundance of news even as the number of local outlets declines. This study is a report of state and national surveys assessing local news by rural and non-rural residents of Washington state. The findings point to a lack of locally relevant content, not a lack of skills or interest among rural Washingtonians. Implications for rural Washington state citizens’ political knowledge and civic participation are discussed. Community journalists and relationships with sources and local organizations • Richard Johnson, Arizona State University • Because of the more intimate setting of a smaller community, many community journalists face ethical challenges in balancing source relationships with traditional qualities of objectivity and detachment. Using qualitative, semi-structured interviews, grounded theory, and constant comparative analysis, this study examines the ways in which community journalism professionals manage their personal relationships with sources and community organizations. The study also sought to explain the differences in relationship management between small weekly newspapers and larger community dailies. The interviews suggested community journalists are aware of conflicts of interest and as such try to exhibit professionalism and limit emotional responses to relationship formation. Community journalism professionals interviewed in the study examine individual situations closely with management. Newspaper size did not seem to be a major indicator of community involvement practices. Instead, a journalist’s training and background and a newspaper’s leadership and demographics weighed equally in responses." Patch.com's online community journalism; Professionalism, localism, and the journalistic field • Burton St. John, Old Dominion University; Kirsten Johnson; Seungahn Nah, University of Kentucky • Patch.com, an online community journalism site, declares that its editors will “report the facts as objectively as possible” and that, “while true impartiality is impossible,” Patch wants its editors to be “ever mindful to write, report and edit in a fair, balanced way.” With this statement, Patch indicates that traditional, major metro professional journalistic attributes are important for their approach to community journalism. In contrast, scholars have observed that community journalists focus more on facilitating a sense of community connection among their readers (Hatcher 2012; Lauterer, 2006; Reader, 2012). This study, through a thematic analysis of news on its sites, shows how Patch exhibits the major metro professional journalistic field markers of objectivity, impartiality, and balance while maintaining it is a community journalism outlet. In the case of Patch.com, this raises some significant concerns about online community journalism’s ability to imagine, and engage, wider communities of interest. << 2013 Abstracts]]> 12109 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/ccs-2013-abstracts/ Tue, 11 Jun 2013 17:23:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12112 South Park and the Defense of the Status Quo • Larry Anderson, University of Memphis • Trey Parker and Matt Stone, co-producers of the popular adult cartoon series South Park, have reputations as iconoclastic critics of contemporary culture. This study conducted an examination of the use of literary devices in three episodes of the series to determine whether the duo employ their knowledge of metaphors, symbolism, and other literary techniques to support the status quo in economic issues. Ghetto Princes, Pretty Boys and Handsome Slackers: Masculinity and Race and the Disney Princes • Guillermo Avila-Saavedra • This essay aims to explore the symbolic interconnections of race and gender through qualitative discourse analysis of the construction of masculinities in the three Disney films with non-White male protagonists. The analysis exposes the performance of gender roles in the context of race and class as established by the narrative. A discursive analysis of these popular movies reveals the mediated construction of multiple forms of masculinities as well as changing notions of masculinity and femininity. Media-To-Come: Media Literacy, Autoimmunity, and Hope • Ralph Beliveau, University of Oklahoma • A new paradigm has emerged of fluid networks, where connections are temporary, structures are contextualized, relationships are incidental, and the visual, aural and textual integrate temporarily but seamlessly. Descriptions of fluidity have yet to be discussed in terms of their implied potential for realizing a new experience of citizenship. I argue that these notions can be made sensible through the notion of “Democracy-to-Come.” It must also address the notion of “autoimmunity,” where a social formation begins to act as if under attach and begins to destroy itself as a protective response. Resistance to media literacy pedagogy represents such a self-destructive response. Zombie Messiah: Apocalypticism, Secularism, Semiotics, and Warm Bodies • Jonathan Birkel, Brigham Young University • Using a semiotic Marxist approach, this paper explores science, secularism, and postmodern rhetoric as they are presented through the apocalyptic film Warm Bodies. Results show that by using a Christian narrative structure, anti-Christian ideologies are conveyed which promote doubt in authoritative structures and hostility toward absolutism. Findings suggests that Christian audiences may be persuaded into believing that doubt toward religious structures is not only normal but appropriate. “The Best I Can Be”: Framing Disability Through the Mascots of the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. • Sim Butler, University of Alabama; Kimberly Bissell, University of Alabama • For the first time ever during the summer Olympic and Paralympic games, the mascots for each game were introduced together, as a pair. The Paralympic mascot, Mandeville, and the Olympic mascot, Wenlock, are strikingly similar in appearance and construction. However, their adventures, established through a website and online movies, highlight striking differences between the mascots and the athletes they represent. As mascots portray physical representations of the ideologies of sporting teams, leagues, and events, producing two mascots for two different sets of athletic competition creates a unique situation through which to compare normative constructions. Through the online mediated representations of Mandeville and Wenlock, the present study used rhetorical analysis to examine the textual and visual stories of the two mascots communicated specific messages to viewers about ability and disability. Within these films, those deemed as disabled are clearly otherized through injury, isolation, and displays of ability. As these films are cartoons for children, their effect has the potential to influence the constructions for a new generation. The lens through which viewers learned about able-bodiedness and disability through the Olympic mascots presents a stereotypical representation of the body at best, but through the animated stories told about the two mascots, dominate frames about disabled athletes being injured, isolated, or being incapable of managing specific tasks are constructed. These and other findings are discussed. The 2012 “Women’s Olympics”: Striving toward equity in major news and sports magazine coverage • Sara Blankenship, University of North Texas; Tracy Everbach, University of North Texas • This qualitative study examines the coverage of women in Sports Illustrated, Time and Newsweek magazines during the 2012 Olympic Games. These “Women’s Olympics” also marked the 40th anniversary of Title IX. A textual analysis under a feminist framework shows an equitable portrayal of powerful women, defying previous trends that downplayed their agency. We theorize that the effects of Title IX may finally be taking root by exhibiting women’s sports as exciting, entertaining and victorious. An Examination of the 1967 Michigan Chronicle Through a Politically Responsive Constructionist Lens • Liz Candello, Arizona State University • This article seeks to further the study of dialogue created by colorblindness and multiculturalism in advocacy journalism within the historical context of the civil rights movement, the African-American weekly newspaper the Michigan Chronicle, and its hiring of its only White reporter from 1965 to 1968. I argue that the Michigan Chronicle employed dialogue that was historically situated. I apply the Politically Responsive Constructionist theory to argue that “colorblindness” hinders, rather than advances dialogue about race in the United States. The Degradation, Defiling, and Decay of Our Gender: Reading Bravo's "The Real Housewives" Online • Nicole Cox, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College • As a franchise that has survived more than six years, 350 episodes, and seven series locations, Bravo’s The Real Housewives is a formidable force on cable TV. Centered on the lives of wealthy women, this research utilizes critical, feminist political economy to explore how fans negotiate the series’ gendered messages. Examining 71,000 online posts, this research demonstrates how females make sense of gendered messages and how they- through online interactivity- participate in their own commodification. I am Spartacus: Whiteness' Power to Liberate in Film and Television Productions • Richard Craig, George Mason University • Spartacus is one of the most recognized names and legends connected to slave revolts, the story of the Thracian slave who led a resistance against the Roman Republic for over two years, 73 B.C. – 70 B.C. The film and television industry have demonstrated an appeal for the story of this slave who revolts against the established order, and have reimagined the life of this rebellion in cinematic and televised retellings of this mythic individual. The narrative situated in the popular media depictions of Spartacus privileges whiteness as a great liberator, strategically and aggressively rebelling against the institution of slavery, in a historically based context. Yet, popular media has ignored the presence of similar narratives featuring Blacks who violently resisted the institution of slavery in the Antebellum south and West Indies, in a historically based context. This paper challenges the lack of popular film and television productions in popular culture recounting the deeds of historical rebellions led by “Others”. The absence of such narratives denies and devalues the historical lived experience of people of color. The popular cinematic and television depictions of Spartacus’ methodical violent uprising preserve the sense of purity connected to whiteness; not through the violence of the man and his followers, but rather embedded in Spartacus’ quest to see an end to the institution of slavery. Orientalism for a New Millennium: Cable News and the Specter of the “Ground Zero Mosque” • Ruth DeFoster, University of Minnesota • This study uses discourse analysis to examine cable news coverage of the so-called “Ground Zero Mosque,” considering the arguments put forth by those supporting and opposing the center in the politically charged post-September 11 media environment. It found several trends in terms of sources present in cable coverage opposing the center, as well as a narrow set of talking points that underline the presence of an “Islamophobic” network of individuals/organizations present in American media discourse. The face of multiculturalism in Korea: Media ritual as framing in news coverage of Jasmine Lee • Frank Durham • Racial purity remains a contentious issue in contemporary Korea. In this case study of news coverage of the first non-Korean appointed to national office there, Jasmine Lee, we have applied Turner’s social drama theory as a methodology for a critical framing analysis of coverage by the nation’s three largest English-language media outlets—the Korea Herald, the JoongAng Daily, and the Korea Times. Our ideological analysis focuses on the use of sources in this on-line context. Breaking the circle: Citizens, journalism, and the statutory divide • Edgar Simpson, Central Michigan University; Aimee Edmondson, Ohio University • What is the definition of “journalist”? This study examined the United States statutes and administrative codes for all fifty states and the District of Columbia for definitions of our profession. Overall, this study found lawmakers and policy writers established specific duties, responsibilities, and exemptions for “journalists,” tending to rest the definitions and privileges on those employed by traditional news outlets. The authors, inspired by Barbie Zelizer’s definitions of journalism through values, routines, and practices, found five primary categories in which journalists were set apart from “citizens.” These are described as 1) official witness 2) promoter 3) town crier 4) chronicler/commentator, and 5) official representative of the people and of journalism. For instance, twenty states make specific provisions for journalists as “official witnesses” for arguably the most solemn acts of government, putting inmates to death and overseeing elections. While the definitions varied substantially, many tied the definition of journalist to employment by a legitimate or “bona fide” news outlet. The study discusses findings within the context of the ongoing debate over “citizen journalism” and offers suggestions toward definitions that incorporate the increasing role of the audience in producing journalism. Parrhesia as social theory, digital parrhesia as media theory: Notes toward a holistic model for digital communication • Nicholas Gilewicz, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania • An attempt to reformulate discussions of digital communication, this article interpolates Foucault's articulation of parrhesia into the digital realm while grounding it in wider literature about communication and social theory. Parrhesia implies that those who have the ability to speak freely have concomitant duties to truth and honest self-representation. This article works uses a method that operationalizes parrhesia to understand the work and 2012 death of "citizen journalist" Rami al-Sayed in the Syrian civil war. Pseudo-Events as a Mesocyclone: Rethinking Pseudo-Events in the Digital Age • Timothy R. Gleason, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh • Daniel J. Boorstin’s concept of pseudo-events has been around almost as long as Queen Elizabeth’s reign as monarch. 2012 was the year of the Diamond Jubilee, a 60th year anniversary, which can be viewed as a giant pseudo-event made from smaller pseudo-events. Compliant media were ready and willing to present images reinforcing the power, authority, and naturalness of the monarchy. This study frames the Diamond Jubilee by reconceptualizing pseudo-events using the analogy of a Mesocyclone. Escape, Tradition and Gender Discourse: The Neighborhood Gate • Noura Hajjaj, Marist College • The focus of this research is to examine the format, values, and cultural impact of “The Neighborhood Gate” across the Arab region. This iconic Syrian soap opera is enjoying extraordinarily successful runs and reaching very broad Arab audiences. Reflecting on the plot premises, the cultural themes, the representation of characters, and the expected masculine and feminine communication patterns, highlights the revolving messages and the portrayal of Arab women at a time of rising feminist self-determination. Community Journalism as Community Development: Implications for the Journalistic Field • Gary Hansen, University of Kentucky; Elizabeth Hansen, Eastern Kentucky University Dept. of Communication • Drawing upon community theory, a case is made for viewing community journalism as community development based upon its contributions to both the creation of community solidarity and the development of community agency. Key concepts or “thinking tools” of Bourdieu’s field theory are then outlined, applied to journalism, and used to illuminate both the current position of community journalism within the journalistic field and the implications for the field of viewing community journalism as community development. The Journalist In-Group: American Journalism Culture’s Promotion of Othering • Jennifer Hoewe, The Pennsylvania State University • This paper argues that the conceptualization of American journalism culture should consider journalists’ strongest source of group membership. Journalists have adopted Said’s definition of Othering by conceiving of themselves as familiar and others as strange. By social identity theory’s standards, they have positioned themselves as the in-group and others as the out-group. Thus, this paper argues that journalists have created the journalist in-group, which is upheld by the standards of many professional news organizations. Deregulation v. Un-Regulation: A qualitative framing analysis of press releases published by interest groups in the debate over net neutrality • Brett Johnson, University of Minnesota • Net neutrality pits the interests of ISPs and Internet application creators against each other. As described by politics of technology theory (Berg 1998; Gillespie 2007), press releases help craft and sell the political ideals of a neutral or non-neutral Internet. This project will conduct an inductive, qualitative framing analysis (Gamson & Modigliani 1989) of press releases published by interest groups in the debate over net neutrality between 2006 and 2012. Culture as Constitutive: An exploration of audience and journalist perceptions of journalism in Samoa • Linda Jean Kenix • Much research implicitly suggests that journalism values arise from culturally removed organizational structures or shared occupational training and few studies examine the perspective of journalism from both audiences and journalists. These omissions are important given the essentiality of mutually constructed and culturally embedded normative behaviours within journalism. This research examines audiences and journalists in Samoa, a country purposefully selected as a recently independent, post-colonial, country that relies upon a very traditional, shared national identity for it’s relatively nascent identificatory cohesion. This study aims to gain a better understanding of how local culture can set parameters and expectations for journalism; how journalists negotiate culture into their own professional ideology; and how audiences understand journalism within a cultural context. Girls' Generation: Neoliberal Social Policy, Governmentality and Girl Industry in the Age of KOR-US FTA • Gooyong Kim, Temple University; Dong-hyun Byun, Graduate School of Media Communication, Sogang University • This paper argues how the Korean government has been an integral part of Koran popular music’s (K-pop) recent global popularity as a part of state intervention in maintaining national competitiveness in a post-IMF neoliberal society. To be more specific, I will examine how the growing popularity and numbers of idol girl bands are possible in conservative Confucian Korean society, claiming that they are the apex of neoliberal commodity that creates vast surplus value to Korea’s talent management companies and provides the contemporary myth of market competition in the age of Free Trade Agreement between Korea and the United States (KORUS FTA). Foucault’s (2008) notion of biopower and neoliberal governmentality is deployed to understand Korean government’s support of K-pop industry as neoliberal social policy, which is not for social safety-net but for economic growth. I will conclude that contemporary female K-pop idol bands are the latest export item to earn foreign currency and to perpetuate the dominant market ideology of neoliberalism. Navigating good citizenship in a networked world: The case of Kony2012 • Neta Kligler-Vilenchik, University of Southern California; Kjerstin Thorson, University of Southern California • This paper uses the case of Kony2012 to explore competing citizenship discourses. We propose that the controversy around Kony2012, expressed through online discussions and humorous images, illuminates a moment in which citizenship norms are in flux. Using media artifacts, we explore the tension between proposals that new media enable new kinds of civic action, and critiques of “slacktivism”, grounded in a vision of the informed citizen as the only acceptable model of good citizenship. News Attention Climax: Does News Framing Create Better Capitalists? • Derek Last • This paper explores the theoretical phenomenon of “News Attention Climax”, and focuses upon the moment when news is first transferred from news producer to news consumer. A news attention climax system champions forms of delivery that are efficient, and that emphasize speed of reception. This is reflective of a neo-Taylorist movement that has guided, and continues to guide news delivery and reception, and which has only been augmented with social media and search engine optimization. Net is Neutral, But the Media Is not Neutral: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Print News Coverage of Network Neutrality • Ju Young Lee, Pennsylvania State University • Based on Herman and Chomsky’s propaganda model, this study intended to examine whether the media tended to serve governmental purposes to sustain their dominant status or viability in the media market. The print news coverage of the network neutrality policy during the period 2005-2011 was analyzed in terms of framing strategies, structures, and rhetorical devices. The major newspapers have supported the positions of both governments by differently framing the network neutrality issue using diverse rhetorical devices. Social Conflict and Mistrust: Understanding the Ambivalent Relationship between Journalists and Underprivileged Groups in China • Zhaoxi Liu, Trinity University; Judy Polumbaum • A field research reveals that journalists in a Southwestern China metropolis share the view that helping members of the lower social strata or those in need is a prominent component of the meaning of their work as journalists. At the same time, journalists do not completely trust those they are willing to help. Such ambivalent feeling is deeply rooted in China’s social environment, particularly the widespread social conflict and mistrust. From a cultural studies perspective, this study intends to arrive at an understanding of the mixed feeling journalists have toward a particular social group through a contextualized analysis of journalists’ work. In so doing, this study demonstrates that journalistic practice is in indeed deeply connected with its social context. Media Errors and the “Nutty Professor”: Riding the Journalistic Boundaries of the Sandy Hook Shootings • Dan Berkowitz, U of Iowa; Zhengjia Liu, The University of Iowa • This study explores dual threats to journalism’s authority and professional paradigm during coverage of the mass shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary School. One threat concerned widespread errors in early reporting. A second threat came shortly after, when a communication professor blogged that the news media had been complicit in a government conspiracy to further the gun control agenda. This study also addresses how social media became part of journalism’s boundary work. “The King Is Dead, Long Live The King!” • Rashad Mammadov • Relationships between the Soviet Union and the United States in Cold War have been analyzed from different angles, but primary focus is usually on political events with lack of attention to the role of media as a mirror of politics. Although declared cooperation with the West was the key characteristic of Khrushchev’s Thaw, by examining the cartoons of Krokodil magazine I find evidence that Khrushchev’s position about the US was even more radical than Stalin’s. Warriors and Witches: Cinematic Constructions of Navajos in "Windtalkers" and "Skinwalkers" • Megan McSwain, Middle Tennessee State University • Analyzing Native Americans in a narrower approach, this study focuses on one tribe. This paper deconstructs the discourses used to define Navajos in the 2002 films Windtalkers and Skinwalkers. Both films are found to portray images of Navajos as the Other, Navajos as devices, Navajo religion as superstition, Romanticized Navajos, and Corrupted Navajos. While the films attempt to depict the Navajo as a distinct tribe, Native American stereotypes are still prevalent in the twenty-first century. Political Performance, Boundary Spaces, and Active Spectatorship: Symbolic Organization During the 2012 Democratic National Convention • Daniel Kreiss, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Laura Meadows, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This paper presents an ethnographic study of the 2012 Democratic National Convention. We combine literatures on journalistic and political fields with scholarship on performance theory to provide a framework for understanding conventions as contemporary media events. We detail the layered production of performance in the journalistic and political fields, arguing that performances were directed internally and across fields for strategic advantage, and for co-present spectators and the public at-large. Conventions provide boundary spaces for actors from different fields to coordinate work and mediated, integrative spaces for the polity. We conclude by arguing that media events provide occasions for networked practices of ‘active spectatorship’ that serve as paths to political authority and ultimately consent for citizens, if not necessarily political power. Connected and Disconnected: Catchphrases on the Chinese Internet From 2003 to 2012 • Guo Mengjun, Tsinghua University • The article examines the trends of catchphrases on the Chinese internet from 2003 to 2012 as a popular form of cultural and political expression and their social, culture and political implications. The development of internet-mediated discourse has strong bearing on the environment that gives birth to it, and it reflects the transformation of social, political, cultural and technical reality. I analyze ongoing social changes in Chinese society through the lens of evolving online catchphrases. 'Weinergate' online and on paper: A media insurgent and a mainstream newspaper cover the Weiner story. • Natalia Mielczarek, University of Iowa • This study relied on textual analysis to analyze how a media insurgent, the conservative blog Big Government, inserted itself temporarily into the vertical, top-down traditional media landscape by breaking the story of Congressman Anthony Weiner’s sexting. The blog, however, promptly gave up its story to mainstream media, engaging in ‘horizontal cross-dressing’ and self-incorporation. The project analyzed this dynamic through a framing analysis of the Weiner story in Big Government and the Washington Post. Hegemony in the White House: An examination of gender portrayals on The West Wing • Ben Miller, Univeristy of Minesota; Tanner Cooke • This study examined the role of women in the hit television program The West Wing. Using a qualitative content analysis methodology, this study dissects the power dynamic of women within the already powerful context of the White House. While in recent years the role and position of women on television has elevated, this study argues that it is not the role that necessarily matters, but the interaction with male counterparts and the resulting relative power. The findings of this study uncover hidden power dynamics within the text of a popular program. Ultimately this leads to a discussion of cultural hegemony and the way in which representation can reinforce rather than eliminate hegemonic messages through television programs. Man Therapy: Framing Mental Health as Masculine • Richard Mocarski, The University of Alabama; Sim Butler, University of Alabama • To address high numbers of suicides by men in America, the mental health promotion campaign Man Therapy attempts to de-stigmatize mental health as staunchly opposed to masculinity through overtly humorous constructions of “therapy the way a man would do it” (Cactus, 2012). Through a critical analysis of the campaign, including the interactive website, modeled as the fictitious office of Dr. Rich Mahogany, this project addresses the influences of humor within the confines of hegemonic masculinity, mental health, and suicide. Gateway to the Global City: Digital Media and Mobile Place-making • Erika Polson, University of Denver • Drawing from ethnographic research of expatriates in Paris who use meetup.com and similar websites to organize face-to-face events, this paper engages theories of place and placemaking to argue that digital media are engaged in new forms of 'digital emplacement' which are particularly suited for proliferating mobile lifestyles and careers. Seeing the Other: Sexuality and Gender in the Globalized World • Elizaveta Provorova, Temple University • Transnational sexuality studies, transnational feminism and global queer studies emphasize the importance of seeing sexuality and gender as global phenomena that are constantly shaping and being shaped by interrelationships between nations, cultures and groups of people. In this paper I discuss challenges associated with exploring non-mainstream gender practices and sexuality identities of the Other. As scholars belonging to a certain culture and academic tradition we should always be aware of our positionality and biases. Exploring the Alternative-Mainstream Dialectic: What 'Alternative Media' Means to a Hybrid Audience • Jennifer Rauch, Long Island University-Brooklyn • This study enriches scholarship on "alternative media" by exploring what the category means to audiences. A survey (n=224) revealed a distinct system of alternative-media values and practices supported by users. They valued alternative content (neglected issues, diverse voices, mobilizing information) above forms (being nonprofit, advertising-free, small-scale). Despite criticizing corporate-commercial media, this hybrid audience used many such outlets and considered some "alternative." I discuss why the alternative-mainstream dialectic remains useful in a converged culture. Performing Community: Public Television and Library Policy • Camille Reyes, Rutgers University • In 1967, the Carnegie Commission on Educational Television published a report with recommendations that became the foundation for American Public Television policy. The report strongly urged Congress to fund a quality alternative to the commercial broadcasting system, recognizing a need for programming unfettered by the imperative of mass audiences for advertisers. The language of diversity and public service runs throughout the document, yet such rhetoric falls short within the deeper structural recommendations for the nascent network. This paper analyzes the contradictions related to community service in the original report, and argues that policymakers must strengthen the definition of diversity within the system before any argument to increase federal funding will be successful. The paper also offers transferable policy guidance from the field of library and information science. Public libraries have long faced similar challenges to those of PBS in serving the information needs of diverse communities. Literature pertaining to collection development and needs assessment in public libraries provides useful suggestions for media reformers striving to reshape a system that for all its faults has the great potential to fulfill its original and vital public interest mission. Residents' Journal: Chicago's public housing residents take on the news • Loren Saxton; Elli Roushanzamir, University of Georgia • This paper explores how racial, class, and spatial pressures condition the exercise of contingent agency via Residents’ Journal, an online journal that publishes articles pertinent to Chicago’s public and government-assisted housing communities. The critical textual analysis examines how community media provide and limit alternative spaces of social (re)positioning and reclamation of social power. Ultimately, the paper calls for the continued critical analyses of community media as forms of resilience, opposition and platforms for social change. Framing of Osama bin Laden's Death: A Global Perspective • Whitney Sessa, University of Miami, School of Communication; Michael North, University of Miami; Katie Lang, University of Miami, School of Communication • Media framing of Osama bin Laden’s death was examined in four international, 24-hour news networks: CNN.com, BBC World News, Al Jazeera English and Al Arabiya English. This study found no association between news network and frames used, suggesting that neither geographical location nor ethnocentrism influenced media frames. In contrast to previous media analyses conducted of bin Laden, this study found the dominant frames of bin Laden to be “neutral figure” or “terrorist leader.” The “Madness” of Capitalism’s Reckless Warrior/Priest: Jim Cramer as Oracle of the Post-Meltdown Neoliberal Capitalism • John Sewell, The University of West Georgia • This essay is a discursive analysis of “Mad Money” host Jim Cramer’s postings on TheStreet.com in 2010 to understand transnational business masculinity in the wake of the 2008 financial meltdown in terms of myth, fantasy theme, and prophetic stance. For his affluent and primarily white, male subscribers, Cramer functioned as channeler and oracle, providing rhetorical vision and offering “secret knowledge” that spurred risky trading behaviors based on narrative and emotion rather than rationality. The Poetics of Goodbye: Plot, Change and Nostalgia in Narratives Penned by ex-Baltimore Sun Employees • Stacy Spaulding, Towson University • Using plot and thematic analysis rooted in narrative and organizational studies, this study examines the narratives produced by a group of workers laid off by The Baltimore Sun in April, 2009. This study describes the poetics of “goodbye narratives,” the narratives written by ex-employees regarding their organizational experience. This paper demonstrates that these narratives constitute a unique genre with identifiable poetics. Through narrative devices such as plot, these writers make story choices that reflect differing ideological outlooks on the meanings of The Sun’s 2009 layoffs. This analysis also explores collective memory of organizational changes. These narratives speak dramatically to the impact of organizational decline and the influence of staffing levels, changes in ownership and decline in product quality on employee morale. This paper further theorizes that the presence of nostalgia can be seen as a narrative marker of durational discourse which collects, conserves and curates both individual and collective sense making. The Blue Approach and Propaganda: Law Enforcement, Indy Media, and the 2008 RNC Protests • Robert Frenzel, Old Dominion University; Burton St. John, Old Dominion University • Law enforcement at the 2008 Republican National Convention (RNC) in St. Paul, MN used a variety of coercive measures to keep independent media under control. This work examines such efforts as evidence of propaganda of the deed – non-symbolic actions that also served to send subtle messages that power centers associated with the RNC would not tolerate disruptions. This work also points to implications for today’s journalism and the challenge to its ability to cover protest. So says the stars: A textual analysis of Glamour, Essence and Teen Vogue horoscopes • Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; Patrick Ferrucci, U of Missouri • This study examines horoscopes published in three women’s magazines: Essence, Glamour, and Teen Vogue, a magazine for teenage girls. Leaving out race and age, the demographics of all three magazines are very similar. In this textual analysis of more than 400 individual horoscope entries, three dominant themes emerged: love, money and work. Stereotypes associated with race and age—more than zodiac signs—shape the fate of those who read and believe in what horoscopes predict. Crime of Impossibility? A Critical Examination of Western Obscenity Laws and the Criminalizing of Fantasy • Jason Zenor, SUNY Oswego • Few issues receive the same condemnation as sexual abuse of children. But, unfortunately, harm to minors has become the primary justification for speech censorship throughout the world. In fact, people have been incarcerated for possessing cartoon pictures of fictitious minors engaged in sexual conduct- with little media scrutiny or public outcries of injustice. This attack on the freedom of thought has undoubtedly put the fandom of erotic anime on alert- is their genre protected expression or child pornography? This article examines international attempts to pass new obscenity and child pornography laws and recent efforts to censor erotic anime. First, this paper will examine the development of sexually explicit Japanese animation and the sociological and historical roots of the genre, illustrating the social value that it has for its fandom. Then it outlines the laws for obscenity and child pornography in countries with a large anime fan base. Finally, the article analyzes the western socio-legal ideology that has led to censorship and why they are misguided and antithetical to the free speech values of democratic nations. << 2013 Abstracts]]> 12112 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/teaching-2013-abstracts/ Tue, 11 Jun 2013 17:51:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12118 "I’ll Take Commas for $200": Instructional Intervention Using Games to Help Students Master Grammar Skills • Susan Bullard, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Nancy Anderson, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • Effective writing requires mastering grammar. For journalists, this mastery is especially important because research shows poor grammar erodes media credibility. College writing instructors say students don’t understand basic grammar concepts, and greater numbers of college students are enrolling in remedial writing classes. This quasi-experimental mixed methods study examines whether using games to teach basic grammar skills helps college students understand and retain grammar concepts. It also examines student perceptions of their learning experience. Strengthening Basic Writing Skills: A Collaborative Approach Between Media Writing Courses and Writing Studio Tutoring • Michael Drager, Shippensburg University of PA; Karen Johnson, Shippensburg University; Rachel Bryson, Shippensburg University • Strengthening journalism students’ basic writing skills has been a challenge for journalism instructors for many years. Various research studies have indicated a concern for that challenge and attempts to address it adequately. This mixed-methods study explores the development of a collaborative program between journalism instructors and writing studio tutors that incorporates a pretest to identify student weaknesses in basic skill sets, proficiency examinations to test student progress, and targeted tutoring to strengthen skills. Researchers evaluated the effectiveness of this collaboration over a three-year period by employing a variety of methods: paired sample t-tests, independent t-tests, descriptive statistics, surveys, interviews, and document analysis. Results indicated that students scored significantly higher than their pretest scores and control groups from previous years. Students acknowledged their improvement and agreed that tutoring helped them develop writing proficiency. This study suggests that mandatory tutoring can benefit students, and guidelines for developing similar collaborations are provided. The gaps between journalism education and practice in the digital age: A factor analysis • Ying Roselyn Du, Hong Kong Baptist U.; Eric Lo • This study is a twin survey of online journalism professionals and students that examines and compares their perceptions of journalism skills, duties, and concepts. Using samples of online journalists and online journalism students in Hong Kong, Asia’s news media hub, the survey attempts to offer updated insights into the changes taking place in online journalism classrooms and newsrooms, and uncovers the discordance between online journalism education and practice. Through a factor analysis, the study finds that in online newsrooms, traditional journalistic skills such as writing and news judgment remain prioritized over technical skills such as multimedia and website works. The findings also suggest that today’s journalism students are fairly proficient in new media skills. Therefore, journalism curricula should not forgo training students on traditional journalistic skills for computer skills. MOOCs in the Humanities: Can They Reach Underprivileged Students? • Suzannah Evans, UNC; Karen McIntyre, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have been heralded as a democratizing force bringing higher education to the world’s neediest students. But do MOOCs effectively confront the well-documented challenges of online education for underprivileged students? This textual analysis examines current MOOC offerings in the humanities and finds that courses are designed for relatively well-prepared students, not underprivileged students. Enhancing student learning in knowledge-based courses: Integrating team-based learning in mass communication theory classes • Gang (Kevin) Han, Greenlee School/Iowa State University; Jay Newell, Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication, Iowa State Univ. • Using the case of teaching an undergraduate mass communication theory class in a large Midwest research university, this study discusses the adoption and adaption of the team-based learning (TBL) method in knowledge-based and theory-oriented journalism and mass communication courses. This study first reviews the origin and the concept of TBL, the theories relevant to TBL, and then introduces the TBL method and implementation in the particular course, including procedures and assessments. Based on the results, the significance of this study concerning students’ learning effectiveness and outcome, as well as its pedagogical implications for the journalism and mass communication field and beyond, are discussed. You Can Fix Stupid: An Experimental Game to Teach a Need For News • Kelly Kaufhold, Texas Tech University • A novel, entertaining classroom experiment was devised to augment current events and public affairs knowledge in journalism classes. The experiment featured an interactive news game modeled after two television game shows: Ca$h Cab and Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader. The game experiment, conducted across eight classes in two semesters, succeeded in creating a few more avid news consumers among students; strongly conveyed civics knowledge to many students; and is fun and easily replicable. Cultivating a Professional Ethic in Covering Marginalized Populations: Learning About the Poor Through Service-Learning • Philllip Motley; Amanda Sturgill, Elon University • As mass communications programs teach students to tell stories, it is important that the curriculum includes the significance of covering diverse groups accurately. Scholars have paid some attention to the coverage of different genders and nationalities, and to ethnic and racial minorities. One area that has seen less concern is economic difference and coverage of the poor in particular. This work examines how service-learning might be used to affect students’ ideas about the poor and their sense of responsibility to tell accurate stories about them. Researchers found that students who encountered the poor directly through service-learning changed their attitudes about the poor and causes of poverty and expressed concern about the need to represent the poor fairly and accurately. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12118 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/electronic-2013-abstracts/ Tue, 11 Jun 2013 18:20:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12121 Beyond "Death Panels": Fox News' Prime-Time Coverage of Health Care Reform in August 2009 • Mitchell Bard • Writers often offer the partisan bias of Fox News as its defining characteristic. But the lack of neutrality should not end the discussion. Does Fox News abide by the other traditional values of objective journalism? I answer this question by qualitatively examining Fox News prime-time programming in August 2009 related to health care reform. I find that the channel does not abide by journalistic values, instead working more closely within the traditional elements of propaganda. Traversing the Twittersphere: Social Media Policies in International News Operations • Terry Bloom, University of Miami; Johanna Cleary, University of Florida; Michael North, University of Miami • This article examines the workflows, editorial guidelines, and managerial oversight of social media, particularly Twitter, at six different international news agencies. Through a series of in-depth interviews with news managers, social media producers and public relations officials at Al Jazeera, CNN, Globo, Telecinco, RTVE, and the U.S. government’s Office of Cuba Broadcasting, the authors examined how these policies may affect the framing of news stories. Missing White Woman Syndrome: How Media Framing Affects Viewers' Emotions • Lindsey Conlin, The University of Alabama; William R. Davie, Univ. of Louisiana at Lafayette • Missing White Woman Syndrome relates to the idea that stories about attractive, young white females who go missing are more prevalent in the news to the exclusion of similar stories about other demographics. This study employed an experiment to test whether visual framing elements affected the emotional responses of viewers. Results showed that participants did respond more strongly to some emotions in some situations, particularly to the emotions sympathy and pity, and generally supported the ideas of framing and framing effects. Tweets from the Horse’s Mouth: Network television news framing of 2012 presidential candidates on Twitter • Denae D'Arcy, University of Tennessee; Dzmitry Yuran, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Ioana Coman • Voters rely on the media to provide information about presidential candidates. One platform from which voters now glean this information is social media. This study considers network television news coverage of the 2012 presidential election on Twitter. Content analysis of tweets from news networks examines patterns of tone and framing. This study found that news networks gave more positive coverage to Obama than Romney and used horserace framing most often when covering the presidential candidates. Broadcast meteorology, clashing institutional logics, and the pursuit of legitimacy • Betsy Emmons; Wilson Lowrey • Due to technological innovations both within institutional journalism and interactive communication, broadcast meteorologists are at a crossroads in the routines of their professions. This study builds on institutional logics within organizational structures in interviews with broadcast meteorologists to learn how professional duties have shifted in this new technological domain. Journalists’ Credibility Assessments and Use of Social Media in the News-gathering Process • Tamara Gillis, Elizabethtown College; Kirsten Johnson • A survey of 421 journalists identified key factors used when evaluating credibility of social media information sources. Results show journalists consider social media sites that contain accurate information, documented expertise of the writer, and evidence of objectivity to be credible. Journalists reported their use of social media is increasing. Three-quarters of those surveyed reported that they need to maintain a Twitter account connected to their job, however traditional means of news gathering are favored. “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” Reporting: Examining Broadcast Network News Coverage and Indexing of a National Debate over Time • Jacob Groshek; Lanier Holt, Indiana University • The maelstrom of coverage surrounding the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (DADT) debate provides an instructive setting in which to compare television news and analyze how tones change over time along the contours of official consensus. In advancing the concept of indexing further beyond actual conflict or the threat of war and honing in on a domestic but still military issue, we examine all U.S. network news coverage on this topic for the years 2010 and 2011 (effectively 1 year before and after DADT was repealed). Findings observed here suggest relatively high levels of similarity across networks and additional independence from military operations and official consensus than have been suggested in previous research. Importantly, though, findings observed here suggest that on certain contentious but sensitive topics, conventional conceptions of indexing may not hold. Engaging the Online Audience: Web News Appearance, Nature and Value • Diane Guerrazzi, San Jose State University; August Grant, University of South Carolina; Jeffrey Wilkinson, Houston Baptist University • As news organizations increasingly rely on the Internet for disseminating content, understanding how best to package that content rises in importance. This study attempts to isolate the qualities of effective online news reports through an experiment that tests the impact of three different online news formats upon a set of dependent variables identified in prior research. Building upon previous research, three different presentations were created for two different news stories: a text-only version, a version with the same text plus subheads and photos, and a version with the same text plus subheads and video. Results included strong relationships among perceived appearance, perceived cognitive impact, and perceived value of the story. Time spent viewing a story was strongly correlated with recall, but there was no relationship between the format of the story and the subjective evaluations or recall. Some suggestions for packaging and presenting news in online formats are presented. Taking the "Local" out of Local TV News: Implications for an informed public • Lee Hood, Loyola University Chicago • The meaning of “local” in local TV news is not as straightforward as one might imagine. “Local” newscasts in several markets around the country emanate from hundreds of miles away. This study examines the implications of such a delivery system, using a content analysis of more than 1,000 stories to compare outsourced and local newscasts to determine if differences exist on story topics and source types, particularly in the realm of public affairs news. Televised Objectification of Africa’s Summer Olympic Athletes: Subtle or Blatant? • Yusuf Kalyango, Ohio University, Ohio, Athens, USA • This study examines how major television networks—NBC Universal Sports in the United States, BBC Sport in the United Kingdom, and Supersport in South Africa—are perceived to objectify African athletes in the Summer Olympic Games. It tests assumptions and initiates an intellectual discussion that some African athletes and African viewers perceive irregularities in the global television sports representation of African athletes during the Summer Olympics. The analysis is based on coverage of the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China and London, United Kingdom, respectively, as gleaned from semi-structured in-depth interviews with African athletes, trainers, and viewers in six African countries as well as the United Kingdom and the United States who closely watched the Olympic coverage during the past two Summer Olympic Games. Restoring Sanity Through Comic Relief: Parody Television Viewers and Political Outlook • Barbara Kaye, University of Tennessee - Knoxville; Tom Johnson • The Daily Show and The Colbert Report regale viewers with satirical, witty, and humorous exposes` of the political world and news coverage. But they have also been criticized for creating cynicism and political disengagement. This study found parody news viewers are more politically knowledgeable, interested, active, and self-efficacious than viewers of CNN, Fox News Channel, MSNBC, or broadcast television news. Additionally, reliance on parody news shows does not lead to polarization or government distrust. Motives for News Consumption and Patterns of Digital Media Use: Their Differential Relationships among Internet Users • Shin Haeng Lee • To examine online news consumers’ activity and its implications, this study analyzes data collected by the 2010 Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. The findings demonstrate the relationship of online news consumers’ civic motive to their use of participatory digital media tools whereas their social and entertainment motives are associated with increased acquisition of online news. The analysis also reveals different patterns in that relationship, considering news consumers’ style of digital feature use: the relationship is contingent on the frequency of Internet use. Lastly, this paper suggests online news consumers’ divergent types of digital citizenship. How People Read Controversial News: Findings from an Eyetracking Study Exploring the Effects of Reader Bias • Soo-Kwang Oh • This exploratory study utilizes eyetracking to examine how an individual’s bias about news topics influences their news reading behavior. As previous studies do not discuss behavioral responses as a result of perceived bias, this study investigated the influence of perceived bias on reading patterns by measuring 1) eye movements and 2) pupil size when reading online news articles containing perspectives they agree or disagree with. Findings suggest consistent trends, which call for further studies. Autonomy and perception of work quality drive job satisfaction of TV news workers • Scott Reinardy, University of Kansas • Self-determination theory tells us that intrinsic and extrinsic motivations influence our goal-oriented behavior and determine individual satisfaction. Self-determination issues such as deadlines, breaking news, multiple-screen obligations, competition and the desire to produce quality journalism confront TV news workers each day. In this study of nearly 900 TV news workers, broadcasters who have the freedom and organizational support to conduct their work have managed to find a great deal of job satisfaction. They also say they are producing a high quality of journalism. Of the sample, 19% (n = 155) said they intended to leave broadcast journalism within five years. Those intending to leave demonstrated significantly lower levels of job satisfaction, organizational support, autonomy and work quality. The primary reasons for leaving were salary, family issues and concerns about quality journalism. Interactive Quizzes on News Websites • Natalie Stroud; Josh Scacco; Ashley Muddiman • The use of interactive features on news websites has become increasingly popular. Drawing from a “mix-of-attributes” approach (Eveland, 2003) and literature on survey research, we propose that a multiple-choice quiz will increase engagement compared to an open-ended quiz because (a) the open-ended quiz is more interactive, (b) an open-ended quiz using a slider poll is more novel, and (c) open-ended questions require more processing time to reach a conclusion. We partner with a local news station to show that a mix of open- and closed-ended polls can increase use of the interactive features and time-on-page. Methodological and practical implications are discussed. The Effects of “Social Watching” the 2012 Presidential Debates • Esther Thorson, University of Missouri; Joshua Hawthorne, University of Missouri; Alecia Swasy; Mitchell McKinney, University of Missouri • This paper examines the impact of watching the debates with others—whether those others are present in person or accessed through Facebook or Twitter. Theory about the impact of debate content suggests that viewers may experience negative emotions as “their” candidate is attacked, and may experience great uncertainty about issues at the same time. These negative response may occur simultaneously with the excitement of knowing one is sharing an experience of importance with millions of others. These possibilities suggest that “social watching,” whether in person or mediated, will produce a more positive response to the debate (more enjoyment, attention, interest) as well as a higher likelihood of more debates being watching and watched longer. These predictions are strongly supported with a sample of American adults in two different parts of the country. Broadcasting’s New Scarcity Principle: a Case Study in Radio Newsroom Resource Allocation • Christopher Terry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee • This case study examines the FCC’s use of the benefits of economy of scale as a rationale to justify many mergers of broadcast radio outlets after the implementation of the 1996 Telecommunications Act. After exploring several licensing and transfer decisions where the FCC’s rationale for approving a merger relied on the premise that consolidating stations into common ownerships would allow resources to be dedicated to content production, the article reports the observations of the resources made available to a radio news operation on four presidential election over a twelve year period. The results of this participatory observation indicate that the longer a station was owned and operated by a consolidated media company, the internal news operation received less resources, produced less local news content, and began re-using material produced for other media outlets. These findings demonstrate that the FCC’s use of economy of scale as a justification for approving media mergers was a flawed policy. Political Advertising on Social Media in the 2012 Presidential Election: Exploring the Perceptual and Behavioral Components of the Third-person Effect • Ran Wei, University of South Carolina; Guy Golan, Syracuse University • This exploratory study examines the perceived effects of political ads that appeared on social media in the 2012 presidential campaign from a third-person effect framework. Results of a survey using a probability sample of 496 college students indicated that they tend to believe that political ads on social media have a greater influence on others than on themselves. However, the more desirable they viewed such ads, the more they admitted the ads to having influenced them. Finally, third-person perception of political ads on social media was found to be a positive predictor of engagement in promotional social media behavior after the influences of demographics, social media use, and political attitudes were taken into consideration. Subsidizing Disaster Coverage in the Digital Age: An Exploration of Hurricane Sandy • Shelley Wigley, University of Texas at Arlington; Maria Fontenot, University of Tennessee-Knoxville; Ioana Coman • This study explored reporters’ use of user generated content to subsidize coverage of Hurricane Sandy. Sources cited in articles from local and national news websites were analyzed. Results revealed nearly 7% of sources came from UGC (or social media sites), that cable stations used more UGC as sources than network stations, and that reporters sourced content from Twitter significantly more often than content from other social media sources, such as Facebook and YouTube. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12121 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/esig-2013-abstracts/ Tue, 11 Jun 2013 18:41:58 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12125 Identity exploration in emerging adulthood and the effects of privileged television on materialism and life goal importance • Emily Acosta Lewis, Sonoma State University • This study examined a newly proposed sub-genre of TV called privileged TV, which refers to shows that glamorize wealthy lifestyles (e.g. Gossip Girl). The main purpose of this study was to evaluate if and how privileged TV shows may influence emerging adults’ (18-29 years of age)level of materialism and life goal importance (altruistic and wealth/status goals). A survey was conducted on a college (N = 323) and non-college sample (N = 410) to investigate the relationship between privileged TV, materialism, and life goal importance and moderation by identity exploration (a key dimension of emerging adulthood). The results showed that there was a positive relationship between privileged TV and materialism. There was also a negative relationship between materialism and altruistic life goals and a positive relationship between materialism and wealth/status life goals. It was found that those who were low in identity exploration (those who had not yet begun exploring their identity or already have an established identity) needed to engage with the TV show (e.g. influence of presumed influence and peer norms etc.) in order to be affected whereas those who were high in identity exploration (those actively exploring their identity) were affected both directly and indirectly by privileged TV. Effects of Web Content, Perceived Interactivity and Organization on Attitudes toward the Sport Website. • Taesoo Ahn, Merrimack College; Young Ik Suh; Moonki Hong; Juha Yoon; Paul Pedersen • The current study sought to identify the relationships among web contents (entertainment and informativeness), perceived interactivity, web organization, and attitude toward the sport website. Four hypotheses were presented from a conceptual model, and were tested with Structural Equation Model (SEM) analyses. The results showed that interactivity directly and indirectly influenced attitude toward the sport website, and web organization played a moderate role between perceived interactivity and attitude toward the sport website. The findings of this study suggest that sport marketers need to place more emphasis on perceived interactivity and Web organization, which significantly affect overall attitude toward the sport website. It would be particularly beneficial for sport marketers to use the interactive contents of sport websites to reach current and potential users, but it is important to note that the interactivity functions should be well-organized. Active versus inactive video game play: Trends in ownership, use, and motivations for use • Mary Katherine Alsip, Institute for Communication and Information Research, The University of Alabama; Kimberly Bissell, University of Alabama • Active video games have been a proposed solution to the growing obesity trends in the U.S. Some studies have indicated that active games are not played as often as needed to improve health outcomes, even when individuals have home access to gaming equipment. Uses and gratifications theory may help determine what motivates players to choose active vs. inactive games. A survey of 217 young adults indicates that there are significant differences in console ownership, use, and motivation to play video games based on gender and based on regular play of active vs. inactive games. Even those that have access to active gaming equipment do not appear to play active games significantly more often than inactive games, and many active equipment owners actually play inactive games more. Females and specifically female active video game players have utility and social motivations for playing video games. Males and female inactive video game players may be more motivated to use video games as a distraction and to alleviate loneliness. These findings are discussed in the context of uses and gratifications theory, and potential directions for promoting active game play are suggested. Fanfare for the American: NBC’s Primetime Broadcast of the 2012 London Olympiad • Andrew Billings, University of Alabama; James Angelini, University of Delaware; Paul MacArthur, Utica College; Lauren Smith, Auburn University; John Vincent, University of Alabama • Analysis of NBC’s 2012 London Summer Olympic broadcast revealed significant differences between American and non-American athletes. Regarding athletic mentions, American athletes were more likely to be mentioned (55.8%) than all other athletes combined and composed 75% of the most-mentioned athletes within the broadcast. Regarding descriptions ascribed to the Olympians, American athletes were more likely to be depicted using subjective characterizations, disproportionately having their successes attributed to superior composure, commitment, intelligence, and consonance as well as having a greater level of comments pertaining to their modest/introverted nature. Conversely, non-American athletes were more likely to receive success attributions related to their superior experience and failures depicted as a lack of athletic skill—both largely objective measures. Implications on the dialogue divergences are offered at theoretical level, with heuristic impact being discussed in a variety of contexts. Reality television depictions of mental illness and bias: Priming, media exposure, and bias development • Kimberly Bissell, University of Alabama; Scott Parrott, University of Alabama • It is estimated that between 3 and 6 million people in the United States are compulsive hoarders or struggle with hoarding behavior. To most of the U.S. population, hoarders may be perceived as dirty or messy people who are too lazy to clean their homes. This stereotypical belief about the disease may remain as the general perception of hoarding unless alternative information is presented. Using the theories of priming, cultivation, and the parasocial contact hypothesis, we analyze factors that might be predictors of increased or decreased levels of bias against mental illness followed exposure to mediated representations of hoarding. Thus, the present study had two overarching objectives: 1. To assess participant attitudes toward mental illness following exposure to representation of the mental illness in the clips of Hoarders: Buried Alive; and 2. To assess participant attitudes toward mental illness when factors at the individual, social, and media level are considered. Results from the present study suggest two key findings: first, when exposed to hoarding behavior via a mediated representation of it, negative attitudes were the most prevalent for the experimental group who received no information about hoarding or about it being a mental illness. More simply, if we use exposure to mediated representations of mental illness to make assessments about others without information or knowledge, it is very possible that stereotypical attitudes and beliefs may develop or grow stronger. Second, bias against mental illness was mediated by individual, social, and media factors. These and other findings are discussed. The Internet’s Role in Sustaining Engagement with Children’s Television • Matt Burns, University of Georgia • For decades, programming models insisted that children’s television series aired 65 episodes, re-ran for a few years, and then disappeared into the recesses of viewers’ memories. Now online video streaming allows nearly any television episode ever produced to be viewed instantly at any time, and social media outlets encourage users to share, discuss, and demand this content. With several media corporations currently riding a wave of nostalgia by reviving children’s television franchises from the 1990s, this research sought to discover how and why college students are engaging with children’s television, and if this sustained engagement can impact the ways media companies consider their programs’ life spans. This article reports the findings of an online survey (n=308) that assessed methods and motivations, as categorized by Askwith (2007), that college students reported for engaging with children’s television. Engagement with children’s television in college is common (69%), but students are unlikely to pay for content or merchandise. Traditional television broadcasts remain an essential component of a show’s longevity. Drawing from uses and gratifications theory, respondents’ motivations for viewing children’s television in adulthood revealed three unique motivation factors labeled Entertainment, Nostalgia, and “Closeted Masters.” The Nashville Spin on Records: Recording Industry Promotion Techniques • Ashley Cockerham • The onset of a digital music age has forced the music industry to reconsider its methods of music promotion. Publicity-based promotional methods help to expand the recording industry’s shrinking profit margin. The results of this study demonstrate that a paradigm shift to exclusively public relations-rooted promotion is necessary in order to excel within a competitive music market. This study demonstrates that record labels have employed significantly more public relations promotional techniques than they have previously. Identity and Avatar Similarity in Games: An Exploration of Flow and Enjoyment • Tanner Cooke, Pennsylvania State University • The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between video game players’ salient identity characteristics (age, sex, and body image), degrees of perceived avatar similarity, state of flow, and enjoyment of game play. An online survey with skip logic questions was conducted to understand the impact of age, sex, and body image on gamers’ perceived avatar similarity as well as the relationship between perceived similarity and a user’s state of flow and enjoyment. Using Likert style scale to measure avatar similarities, body image, flow and enjoyment, self-reporting on the survey was used to calibrate perceived gaming ability and time spent playing as gamer level and experience. While only a small sample was collected (sixty-one participants) responses were measured via general linear model and indicated a relationship between males over the age of twenty-six with higher degrees of perceived avatar similarity and their state of flow and enjoyment. This study contributes to extant literature with a preliminary, nuanced understanding of the importance of customization within avatar-based games targeted at certain demographics. ‘Nigger’: Interpretations of the Word’s Prevalence on Chappelle’s Show, Throughout Entertainment, and Everyday Life • Kyle Coward, Council for Adult and Experiential Learning • Throughout history, there have arguably been fewer words more controversial and hurtful than that of 'nigger.' In recent times, however, utterance of the term among various African-descended persons has become not so much the rehashing of a negative word, but rather the deconstruction of the term’s historically-perceived connotation, whereby it is reconstructed as a term signifying endearment, particularly among black persons. Employing Berger and Luckmann’s (1967) theory of social constructionism, this study looks at how ten black media consumers interpret the word 'nigger' as it is used within three contexts – a 2004 skit of the comedy series Chappelle’s Show, throughout entertainment, and outside of entertainment. Utilizing the grounded theory framework of Strauss and Corbin (1998) to collect data, results uncovered that while a majority of participants had similar interpretations of the word within the context of the skit, there was less agreement of the word’s usage/appropriateness in other contexts. The Possible Prosocial and Antisocial Effects of Playing Video Games Frequently • J.J. De SImone, University of Wisconsin-Madison • With the renewed attention of video games’ role in school shootings and violent crime, it is important to explore the effects of playing video games frequently. By collecting survey data from a large sample of English-speaking people from across the globe, this study sought to explore whether playing video games frequently may have an effect on people’s prosocial and antisocial behaviors. By considering the frequency of playing popularly released video games as the primary predictor variable, this study’s data revealed that frequent game playing is related to antisocial behaviors, while less frequent playing is related to prosocial behaviors. It appears that playing video games in moderation may have a beneficial effect on individuals while frequent playing is deleterious. The data support the long-term predictions of the General Aggression Model and General Learning Model. Pseudo newsgathering: Analyzing journalists' use of pseudo-events on The Wire • Patrick Ferrucci, U of Missouri; Chad Painter, Eastern New Mexico University • This textual analysis examines the role of pseudo-events in the newsgathering process depicted on season five of The Wire. The researchers found that the press and sources construct “reality,” sources present “masks” to conceal “reality,” and journalists acknowledge the absurdity of pseudo-events but cover staged events as genuine news. The overriding conclusion is that fictional journalists fail citizens by constructing a false reality through a negotiation with powerful sources media savvy enough to control depictions. Does Movie Viewing Cultivate Unrealistic Expectations about Love and Marriage? • Lauren Galloway; Erika Engstrom • The current study examines the association between consumption of media messages by way of movie viewing and genre preference and endorsement of ideals and expectations concerning romantic relationships. A survey of young adults found that viewing preference for both romantic comedies and dramas was significantly and positively correlated with idealized notions of faith that love conquers all, greater expectations for intimacy, and endorsement of the eros love style. However, participants who frequently watched romantic movies did not endorse beliefs in sexual perfection, mindreading, or disagreement disallowance. Results suggest that more mythic romantic ideals may tend to supersede other relational demands. The Wonder of Wonderfalls: A Search for the Meaning of Life • Timothy R. Gleason, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh • This paper analyzes the short-lived 2004 television series Wonderfalls from an American Studies perspective. I argue the series takes a Generation X view of spirituality, which is one not bound to a particular religion. Wonderfalls can be viewed as a dialogue about the meaning of life, as well as a criticism of religion for religion’s sake. The show represents having a meaningful, humanistic purpose in life as being more important than wealth or prominence. Fandom as a form of media enjoyment • Alice Hall • This study investigated whether the engaged, participatory viewing mode characteristic of media fandom as conceptualized by Henry Jenkins (1992) is associated with entertainment gratifications distinctive from those evoked by programs that are viewed more casually. It compared viewers’ enjoyment television programs characterized by these two reception modes. Participants reported higher levels hedonic enjoyment and appreciation for the programs they viewed as fans as opposed to those they watched more casually, and this difference was more pronounced in relation to appreciation. Fan-oriented viewing was associated with both meaningful affect as well as with more negative emotions. Positive emotions did not differ across the two program types. Fan-oriented viewing was also associated with stronger social gratifications and character identification. Implications for research into fandom, for emerging conceptualizations of media enjoyment, and for Self Determination Theory are discussed. Effects of Nonverbal Sensitivity and Gender on the Enjoyment of a First-Person Shooter Videogame • Younbo Jung, Nanyang Technological University; Hyun Jee Oh, Hong Kong Baptist University; Jeremy Sng; Jounghuem Kwon; Benjamin Detenber, Nanyang Technological University • In this study we investigated the effects of gender (male vs. female) and nonverbal sensitivity (high vs. low) on game experience after playing a first-person shooter videogame. The results of Experiment 1 (n = 29) confirmed that male participants enjoyed the game more than female participants. However, the results of Experiment 2 (n = 50) showed that participants with high nonverbal sensitivity experienced more positive valence and a greater level of arousal after playing the same game than people with low nonverbal sensitivity, regardless of their gender. The biological gender of the participants became non-significant, after taking into consideration of nonverbal sensitivity. The results of a mediation analysis showed that the positive affect mediated the effects of nonverbal sensitivity on the enjoyment of the videogame. Implications with respect to a new understanding of gender preference for certain genres of videogames by identifying specific gender-related skills are discussed. Reality TV, Materialism, and Associated Consequences: An Exploration of the Influences of Enjoyment and Social Comparison on Reality TV’s Cultivation Effects • Shu-Yueh Lee, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh; Yen-Shen Chen, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan; Mark Harmon, University of Tennessee • This study applied cultivation theory to examine the effects of reality TV on materialism. At first glance reality TV appeared to be the programming most strongly associated with materialism. However, the direct effect waned after introducing enjoyment and social comparison as mediators. In particular, the results showed enjoyment fully mediated the cultivation effect of reality TV on materialism. This study demonstrated media effects not only were mediated by individual differences in demographics and personalities but also were determined by the viewing experiences. Personifying America: Contrasting Fantasy Themes in the Japanese Animation Hetalia • Wan Chi Leung, University of South Carolina • Hetalia is a Japanese animation in which each character represents a particular nation and is named after the country it represents, with a physical appearance, personality, and behaviors based on widespread cultural stereotypes of the respective nation’s government or people. This study examines Hetalia using symbolic convergence theory to analyze the fantasy themes on the depiction of the character representing the United States and his relationships with other characters. After analyzing the animation and audience responses, pairs of contrasting setting, character and action themes were found. These contrasting themes neutralize each other to create a rhetorical community in which audience accept both positive and negative aspects of nations. The Parasocial Contact Hypothesis Revisited: An Individual Differences Perspective • Minjie Li, Louisiana State University • Contact with mediated outgroup members can lead to changes in attitudes toward the outgroup as a whole. This belief, known as the Parasocial Contact Hypothesis, has been found to exist in a variety of forms. The present study attempted to expand theorizing in parasocial contact’s relationship with prejudice reduction of homosexuals by taking an individual differences perspective, and taking into consideration various contexts presented by entertainment narratives. We examined the Big 5 personality traits and their relationships with prejudice reduction (measured through implicit and explicit measures, and social dominance orientation). We also examined how prejudice reduction may differ depending on the focus of the narrative (i.e. politics, religion, technology). The results showed that changes in prejudicial attitudes and social dominance orientation didn’t differ as a function of type of issue focused on in the narrative. Personality traits correlated in various ways with prejudiced attitudes. Implications for theory are discussed. People’s hero vs. Ms. Lane Crawford Populist and petit-bourgeois manifestations in Chinese popular culture • Zhengjia Liu, The University of Iowa; Xianwei Wu, University of Iowa • Super Girl, China’s first reality televisions show, produced the first two audience-voted stars in 2005 and 2006. At the time the show drew intensive attentions for its voting mechanism and democratic potentials. More than five years have passed, but neither of the two champions’ marketing strategies had met the political expectation for their democratic potentials in the previous discussions. By a closer examining of their marketing packages, we found that the two champions presented two manifestations of the contemporary popular culture in China. To understand the complexity of popular culture in a unique social context, we argue to avoid a false dichotomy paradigm of making harsh normative judgment. How EWOM Influences Group Size of Potential Film Viewers: The Case of Chinese Online Community • Yuqian Hao, Tsinghua University; Yusi Liu, Tsinghua University • Electronic word of mouth (EWOM) is especially significant to experience-based products such as films. This study examined the EWOM effects on the group size of potential film viewers together with the moderating effect of the film’s inherent nature empirically. Using a random sample of films (1895-2011, N = 564) from the database of a popular film-review websites in China, we found although the online community members were fond of new movies and award-winners, the EWOM factors still positively affect the potential box office. The number of comments online, rather than the raters, was effective to enhance the intention to view a film. Both the positive and negative feedback percentages would significantly affect the group size of potential film viewers. Those effects were moderated by a film’s release year, location and award-winning. The findings were valuable for cross-cultural online movie marketing and reexamining the interpersonal influence in the collectivism, high-context cultures. Music television online: Pitchfork Weekly and the ideology of consumerism • Jordan McClain; Amanda McClain, Holy Family University • Traditional music television features a nexus of advertising, celebrity, and music, supporting philosophies such as consumerism and capitalism. This study examines if similar ideals are evident as music television moves online. A discourse analysis of Pitchfork Weekly, an online music television series, finds consumerism is a primary ideology constructed throughout the program. Despite the democratic potential of the Internet, representative examples of Pitchfork Weekly expose how the program nevertheless upholds the same ideological content that has historically defined music television. Representations of Female Scientists in The Big Bang Theory • Heather McIntosh • The Big Bang Theory offers a unique moment to explore the representations of female scientists within the situation comedy. This article begins with a brief discussion about representations of scientists in media genres, highlighting the differences created by the situation comedy. Focusing on Bernadette and Amy, this article then analyzes these characters’ representations within the contexts of representations of scientists, focusing specifically on their professional roles, their gender roles, and their intelligence. It concludes with suggesting that while on the surface some challenging and even undermining of these stereotypes do appear, those challenges remain short-lived in light of the situation comedy’s goals to entertain while reinforcing the status quo. The Non-Normative Celebrity Body: Constructing Peter Dinklage in Entertainment Journalism • Russell Meeuf • Analyzing the descriptions and discussions of dwarf actor Peter Dinklage in contemporary, entertainment journalism, this article examines the possibilities for celebrities with non-normative bodies to challenge dominant stereotypes and stigmas concerning bodily difference. While Dinklage’s career provides an opportunity for entertainment journalism to challenge Hollywood’s bigotry concerning little people, the prominence of a dwarf actor also elicits condescending descriptions, puns, and other language that makes a spectacle of bodily difference. Out of Harlem: A historical comparison of race in comic books • Ben Miller, Univeristy of Minesota • This study performed a comparative qualitative content analysis to examine how the initial portrayals of African American super heroes have changed from their early conception following the civil rights era to more recent times. Using hegemony as a theoretical framework, this study compared the first appearances of three heroes from 1969-72—John Stewart, the Falcon, and Luke Cage—to the first appearances of Miles Morales as the new black Spider-Man in 2011-12. The findings found clear differences between the ways the earlier heroes were presented compared to the present day character. In particular, the locations of the characters, their dealings with authorities and the visual representations were discussed. Finally, the conclusions section used previous literature on African American stereotypes and the evolution of minority portrayals to interpret the findings. What's Funny About That? Late Night Comedy's Portrayal of Presidential Candidates • Tyler G. Page, Brigham Young University; Melissa Steckler; Tom Robinson, Brigham Young University • Late night comedy gets viewership in excess of three million people each night. This study explores the narratives embraced by late night comedians about the major party presidential candidates in the 2004, 2008 and 2012 United States Presidential Elections. Using a content analysis of over 1200 jokes, researchers discovered trends in the narratives promoted by comedians and the way those changed for incumbents during their re-election campaigns. Understanding the Appeal of Reality Television (RTV) using IMSD Theory • Jeffrey Ranta, University of South Carolina • This paper explores the use of Individual Media System Dependency Theory as a way of interpreting the use of Reality Television (RTV) by television consumers. Utilizing Mechanical Turk to access responses to an online survey about RTV dependence and containing a brief examination of the role of social media in RTV program selection, the study also provides insight into the appeal of social media for enjoyment and selection of RTV programming. Out of the Box: An Attitudinal Analysis of The Perception of LGBT Characters on US Television • James Triplett, Georgia State University; Erin Ryan, Kennesaw State University • The number of LGBT characters on US television is on the rise. Social Identity Theory suggests this increased visibility may lead to more social acceptance of the LGBT community in American society. Thus, this study is an attitudinal analysis of straight and non-straight television viewers regarding perceptions of LGBT characters on television. Research questions included: What attitudes do straight viewers have regarding homosexual characters on scripted television? and; What attitudes do homosexual viewers have regarding homosexual characters on scripted television? Survey methodology was utilized with questions falling into three categories: visibility, representation, and attitudes. Pearson correlations and ANOVAs were performed, using sexual orientation of participants as the grouping variable. Several findings were statistically significant. Regardless of a participant’s sexual orientation, there is general agreement that LGBT individuals are not adequately represented on television. Analysis of the optional open-ended question found that participants believed there were unrealistic representations of LGBT characters on television. “She’s the Wittiest Person You’ll Ever Meet”: Predictors of Audience Thoughts about Media Figures • Victoria Shao; Xizi Wang; Angeline Sangalang • Scholars have attempted to understand the importance the way in which audiences connect to media characters. In this study, we analyze open-ended responses audience members make about their favorite media figures. We explore the degree to which audiences list descriptive or evaluative thoughts. Additionally, we explore whether individual differences for affect predict the types of thoughts when thinking of their favorite media figures. Finally, we discuss implications for character involvement and enjoyment. To Be Romanian in Post-Communist Romania: Entertainment Television and Patriotism in Popular Discourse • Adina Schneeweis, Oakland University • This article uses the case study of the entertainment program Garantat 100%, broadcast on Romanian public national, international, and local channels, to describe an exceptionalist type of patriotic discourse – unique in the public sphere of democratizing Romania. The study identifies the program’s primarily educative and moralizing role, and its call for an out-of-the-ordinary, resilient living. Further, in the context of developing Romania, high rates of emigration to Western Europe and the United States, and politico-economic crises, the show illustrates the challenge in grappling with Western influences, on the one hand, and the desire to celebrate localism, on the other. BUYERS BEWARE: Brett Favre is not in this Paper: A Textual Analysis of Online User Reviews for Madden NFL 12 • Brett Sherrick, Pennsylvania State University • The value of online user-generated content is debatable. Critical scholars argue that it reinforces hegemonic control, but Cultural Studies scholars argue that it provides an outlet for resistance of hegemonic control. This textual analysis examines online user reviews for EA Sports’ Madden NFL 12 from Amazon.com and determines that both existing Critical and Cultural Studies literature can help explain the content of the reviews, but a varied perspective is necessary to provide full explanation. I Did it Myself!: Pinterest and the Evolution of DIY Communities • Danny Shipka, Oklahoma State University; Steven Smethers, Kansas State University • The rise of Pinterest as a social/entertainment site has transformed the Internet landscape. Though the media platform may be new, the concept is only the latest in the line of mediated DIY platforms that began with the introduction of women’s magazines in the 1830s. This paper examines how the concept of community has shifted away from geographical boundaries onto a virtual environment giving the user more control over their informational and entertainment choices. Motivations for fan fiction participation • Jessica Smith • More than a million fan fiction stories have been posted online, and their authors and readers spend hours creating and consuming the content. A survey (N = 321) of members of fan fiction communities based on popular television shows revealed greater involvement with shows for which participants read and wrote fan fiction than with other shows they liked but didn’t follow in fan fiction. Higher levels of involvement correlated with greater degrees of parasocial interaction with participants’ favorite characters. In addition, participants found four gratifications from their membership in a fan fiction community: personal expression, entertainment, pass time, and social connection. What Children's Book Say About Watching Too Much Television • Tia Tyree • With such strong and negative effects connected to watching television and consistent benefits of associated with reading, parents could use books as a tool to not only obtain positive educational benefits for their children but teach them about the perils of too much television watching. This is a study of children’s literature about watching too much television. The purpose of this study was to address these issues by 1) examining what messages are placed in children’s literature about television watching, 2) identifying whether children’s literature is used as a tool against television watching, and 3) analyzing the approaches used to teach children about watching television. This research found that behavior change approaches depicted in children’s books about television viewing focused on fear as a major factor used in drawing children away from watching television; the pointless pressure to purchase products advertised; the chance to learn other activities they could do rather than to watch television and that the children’s self-realization of the destructive effects of watching television mainly occurred absent parental influence. In fact, parents and adults were largely absent from the plots or contributed to the children’s negative behavior. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12125 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/glbt-2013-abstracts/ Tue, 11 Jun 2013 18:55:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12130 Sin and Spin: The Importance of Public Relations in the Early Gay Rights Movement, 1950-1974 • Edward Alwood, Quinnipiac University • This study examines public relations strategies in the gay and lesbian rights movement from the 1950s when most homosexuals remained deeply closeted through the gay liberation movement in the early 1970s when homosexuality was declassified as a mental illness. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of message framing and focuses on activists who spearheaded these efforts and the strategies they used to gain recognition as a social minority. Public relations played a vital role in the early stages of the gay rights movement. The study concludes that gay and lesbian activists made a concerted effort to influence public opinion using fundamental public relations strategies more than a decade before the New York riots that marked the beginning of the modern Gay Liberation Movement. Creating A Narrative Of (Im)Possibility: Outsports.com’s Declaration of a Gay-friendly Sports World • Robert Byrd, The University of Southern Mississippi • In this essay, I argue that Outsports.com writers constructed a narrative using a rhetoric of possibility of an open and accepting environment in American professional sport. By relying on straight athletes, as sources, Outsports’ narrative insinuates that an openly gay athlete would be able to successfully navigate the unknown terrain outside the closet and actually thrive as an openly gay athlete. In this essay, I argue, however, that the narrative of possibility relies on heteronormative constructions of masculinity and gayness. "The fact is, I'm gay": Coming Out as a Public Figure • Molly Kalan, Syracuse University; Azeta Hatef; Christopher Fers, Syracuse University • In the summer of 2012, three public figures (Anderson Cooper, Megan Rapinoe, and Frank Ocean) from different industries publicly disclosed that they identify as non-heterosexual. This study employs textual analysis in order to discern what themes appeared across articles covering this disclosure, and what media narratives about LGBTQ figures emerged. Common themes include how public figures act as role models and also provide increased visibility to the LGBTQ community within different industries. Campaigning from the Closet: Contexts of Messaging During the Campaign to Defeat North Carolina's Amendment One • Laura Meadows, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Daniel Kreiss, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This article presents the results of a four-month ethnographic study of the Coalition to Protect All NC Families, the campaign to defeat North Carolina’s 2012 constitutional amendment defining marriage as between one man and one woman. We chart the campaign’s creation and conduct, focusing on the its decision to frame the amendment in terms of its harmful consequences for children and families, which marginalized the perspectives of those wanting to argue for marriage equality. News Attention and Demographic factors Affecting attitudes towards Legalization of Same-sex Marriage in Singapore • Chitra Panchapakesan Kumari, Nanyang Technological University; Li Li, Nanyang Technological University; Shirley Ho • This paper focuses on the impact of the level of news attention to traditional, internet, social media and demographic factors influencing individual's attitude towards the legalization of same-sex marriage in Singapore. The results indicated that news attention to internet media had positive association whereas news attentions to traditional media or social media had no effects on the individuals’ attitudes. Also individuals’ religion affiliation and religious guidance affected individuals’ attitude towards legalization of same-sex marriage. Double-Edged Discourse: An Analysis of the LGBT Community’s • John Sewell, The University of West Georgia • This essay introduces the concept double-edged discourse (an oppositional discourse within another, larger oppositional discourse), relating it to the occurrence of queer discourse within LGBT discourse. Employing Laclau’s logic of equivalence, the essay analyzes how the discourse instigated by the Queer Nation manifesto, “Queers Read This,” spearheaded the appropriation of queer as an empty signifier. The essay examines the historical factors leading to the emergence of queer identity from within the greater LGBT discourse, considers the move from gay assimilationist strategies of the 1960s/70s toward queer’s transgressive oppositionality in the 1990s, examines the role of the manifesto, “Queers Read This” as a motivator for the appropriation of queer as an empty signifier, explains how the term queer has been something of a rhetorical burden for the LGBT community, imagines alternative discourses that might have occurred in an AIDS-free world to further clarify how the AIDS crisis may have led to the emergence of queer discourse, and explains how the equivalential linkages enabled by queer eventually dissipated. It is argued that queer functioned at cross-purposes with itself, operating in a way that at first produced constitutive unity and then became divisive as queer discourse ran its course. Remembering Rustin: Brother Outsider and the Politics of Intersectional Queer Memory • Adam Sharples, University of Alabama • This essay examines the public memory of gay Civil Rights leader Bayard Rustin to question how African American and sexual identities are remembered through contemporary representations in film. By analyzing the documentary Brother Outsider through a critical framework of public memory, intersectionality, and queer theory this project questions how contemporary texts recuperate and circulate Rustin’s memory through mass media and what these revivalist memories signify for race and sexuality as a site of resistance. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12130 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/grad-2013-abstracts/ Tue, 11 Jun 2013 19:16:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12134 The Role of Differing Host Styles in Fox News' Prime-Time Coverage of Health Care Reform in August 2009 • Mitchell Bard • Much research has looked at individual Fox News programs to ascertain how the network operates in a variety of contexts, but nearly no attention has been paid to the role of individual hosts. The host plays an important role in branding news programs and thus directly affects a network's credibility. This study examines how the three Fox News prime-time hosts employed differing approaches to furthering the network's themes opposing health care reform in August 2009. Engaging Information: How Targeting Creates More Comments but Less Likes on Facebook • Jan Boehmer, Michigan State University • In the present study, I investigate the effects of targeted Facebook posts on audience engagement. Conducting a content analysis of 1536 Facebook status updates, I find that targeting is related to an increase in the amount of comments, but affects the number of likes negatively. To better understand this result, I also explore two variables that potentially affect the likelihood of a newspaper using targeted Facebook posts: Circulation and social media use in the newspaper's print community. Based on the results, I discuss implications for the future measurement of engagement, stimulating contributions to online communities, and targeting information to specific user groups. A Content Analysis of The Deseret News Before and After Move to Converged Newsroom • Brendon Butler, Scripps School of Journalism • At the end of August 2010, one of Utah’s two flagship newspapers announced a radical change in its business operations. The Deseret News, with a weekday circulation of nearly 80,000 subscribers, would move to an integrated newsroom, sharing editorial and production staff with its sister media outlets, KSL television and radio. To this end, 57 full-time and 28 part-time employees were fired, reducing the paper’s editorial staff by 43 percent. In total, the paper lost 85 employees. In the aftermath, the paper was criticized for a perceived reduction in coverage of local issues in communities surrounding the capital city where the paper was located. This study examines local coverage by the paper before and after the move to determine if coverage of local issues such as city council meetings declined after the move. Did #NBCFail? Twitter and User-Generated Critiques of 2012 Olympic Coverage in a Post-Broadcast World • Daniel Sipocz, University of Southern Mississippi; Robert Byrd, The University of Southern Mississippi • The purpose of this paper was to critically examine the viewer/user critiques of NBC’s coverage through the #NBCfail hashtag, via Twitter, over the course of the Olympic fortnight. The hashtag provided viewers/users with a tool to directly address NBC and like-minded Twitters users to express their dissatisfaction with NBC’s Olympic coverage, to create their own discourse, and to demand better coverage that included more accurately capturing the diverse spirit of the games. Textual Analysis of the Portrayals of the Roma • Sabrina Deaton, University of Central Florida • This paper examines media representations of Roma (Gypsies), a marginalized and socially disadvantaged ethnic group in the U.S. Most members of the U.S. dominant culture have had little-to-no interpersonal interaction with Roma, so much public perception of them is likely shaped by media. This case-study analysis of “Gypsy crime” articles describes how these texts stigmatize Roma through negative coverage that has the power to reify and propagate the spoiled identity of this ethnic minority. Credibility and Recall Effects of Source Documents in News • Megan Duncan, University of Wisconsin • News organizations use PDFs of source documents such as criminal complaints to supplement news coverage about those documents. Employing the heuristic-systematic processing model, this study examined how those documents affected readers’ recall and perception of credibility of the news. The results of an experiment that included 158 university student participants found little effect on recall or the perception of credibility. However, several factors influencing recall and perception of credibility were found. Implications and future research are discussed. When Goffman, Soja and Lefebve Talk on Mobile Phones — An Interpretation from Two Perspectives: Postmodern Geography and Symbolic Interactionism • Chia-I Hou, National Taiwan University • This paper explores how different modes and patterns of human communication have emerged or are emerging with the adoption and development of mobile media. The paper considers literature in microsociology (i.e., Goffman) and cultural/postmodern geography (i.e., Lefebvre and Soja) to discuss how individuals use mobile media as means and resources to manage their social interactions. In addition, mobile media act to configure or reconfigure individual socio-geographical spaces in individuals’ everyday lives. The paper examines these two theoretical frameworks, focusing in particular on how time and space might be compressed or expanded via mobile media. “Cushion for the Pushin' ”: How Racial Identity Shapes the Way Black Women Interpret Obesity and Weight- Loss Messages • Christal Johnson • The purpose of this study is to take a public relations approach to determine how Black women’s racial identity shapes the way they understand obesity and weight loss messages. According to Helm (1990), racial identity, refers to “a sense of group or collective identity based on one’s perception that he or she shares a common racial heritage with a particular racial group” (p. 3). This study combines the use of situational theory of publics, racial identity, and the centrality and private regard measures of the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity (MIBI) scale to qualitatively explore how Black women understand obesity-related messages. This study extends the body of public relations literature by: (1) using a qualitative, audience-centered methodology to examine racial identity and to determine how this contributes to Black women’s meaning-making process relative to obesity and weight loss messages, and (2) introducing the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity (MIBI) scale to the public relations field as a tool to examine racial identity. Traditional public relations scholarship utilizes quantitative methods that include race as a static variable for demographic-reporting reasons. However, this study, consisting of focus groups with 21 women, ages 18-60 who reside in Oklahoma, uses racial identity to help examine social factors that shape how Black women understand obesity and weight-loss messages. Results revealed five themes that emerged from the data. Picturing the Scientists: A Content Analysis of the Scientists’ Photographs in The New York Times, 2000 to 2009 • Hwalbin Kim, University of South Carolina; Christopher Frear, University of South Carolina • By analyzing the scientists’ photographs in the weekly science section of The New York Times, this study shows how an influential newspaper visually portrayed scientists from 2000 to 2009. Using visual framing theory, this study considers how the scientists are represented and significantly finds that most scientists shown were white males. By comparing the photographs with American workforce statistics, the study concludes that the Times reinforced stereotypes rather than portrayed the diverse field. Popular Mobile Games in Contemporary Society: As Based on Mobile Media Users • Hyungmin Kim, Temple University • With the advent of smartphones, the global mobile applications market has increased exponentially. In particular, mobile games have become extremely popular. As such, this study explores which mobile technologies have been used in mobile games, and their relation to contemporary mobile gamers’ download choices. Apple’s App Store chart was utilized to analyze the common technological and gaming design features of the contemporary mobile games that are most popular with the gamers, and also to examine similarities and differences between the most popular smartphone and tablet computer games. The results show that popular mobile games maximize players’ touch-based enjoyment (i.e., swiping, sliding or drawing). In addition, the popular games have at least two of the following features: simple rules, social interactions, and no enemies or a lack of the need to fight an enemy to accomplish a mission. Games that require careful controls, such as tilting the screen or fast and unpredictable moves, tended to be more downloaded on the iPad than on the iPhone. In terms of ranking fluctuations, the paid game charts were statistically more stable than the free game charts. The News Media’s Framing of Labor Unions Over Time • Sadie Kliner, The George Washington University • For nearly a century, scholars have explored how news media frame labor unions in the United States. A review of this literature reveals a dominant negative frame and a methodological focus on particular outlets, strikes, case studies and private sector unions. The rise of public sector union membership and the various ways in which news media are now consumed suggest that this approach fails to account for factors critical in understanding how labor unions are framed today. Sports Agenda in the News Media in Late Communist Poland Claudia Kozman, Indiana University • This study is a textual analysis of the sports agenda in Polish news media between 1974 and the fall of communism in 1989. Analyzing print articles and television broadcasts from a convenience sample of news media, this study identified themes consistent with literature about the relationship between politics and sport. Under communism, the Polish news media presented sport as part of the larger political context. This theme was mostly evident in the period surrounding the withdrawal of Poland from the 1984 Summer Olympic Games. Media discussions that dominated sports news stressed the ongoing ideological battle between socialism and capitalism. The news reports also mirrored the Communist Party agenda, mainly through the leaders’ speeches, official statements, and editorials. Throughout this period, Party leaders emphasized the importance of developing sport locally and internationally. The findings also point to the relative autonomy of Polish journalists who expressed their opinions with or without cues from the Party. Communicating Beach Safety in a Big Surf Culture: Health implications of risk-free Hawaiian newspaper coverage • Amanda Miller • In 2011, drowning fatalities reached the highest rate Hawai’i has experienced since 1993 (IPAC & IPSC, 2012). A quantitative content analysis of newspaper articles published from 2009 to 2012 by the Honolulu Star-Advertiser highlights message patterns which may interfere with effective ocean drowning prevention in Hawai’i. Health implications of cultural attraction to “big surf” combined with messages of high personal responsibility, while lacking perceived risk severity, susceptibility, and contextual prevention tactics are discussed. You Can Make This Stuff Up: Intersection Between Fiction and News in the Eighteenth Century • Jean Norman, University of Nevada, Las Vegas • In the eighteenth century, it was difficult to tell prose fiction from non-fiction. Both made claims to truthfulness, and often both, especially the newspapers, included fabrication. Using Jürgen Habermas’ theory of communicative acts as a guide, deep textual analysis of eighteenth century British newspapers shows the beginnings of modern journalistic standards by the end of the century: accuracy, honest, and credibility. Sharpening the 5 W's with Pentadic Analysis: Toward a Burkean Pedagogy • Nathan Rodriguez, University of Kansas • The digital era challenges journalism instructors to incorporate strategies that recognize a reconfigured mediascape. This essay argues a premium ought be placed upon techniques that promote awareness of language use, appreciation of complexity and an inclination toward patience. It is suggested that Kenneth Burke’s pentad, which elaborates upon the “W’s” of journalism, offers a concise yet sophisticated approach to apprehending interaction that would benefit both practitioners and students of journalism. Virtual Image Repair - Why Twitter Enables Athletes More Effective Image Restoration than Traditional Crisis Management Techniques • Annelie Schmittel, University of Florida • This study proposes a conceptual model that illustrates why Twitter is a more effective vehicle for image restoration of professional athletes than mainstream media. Athletes involved in scandals are quick to employ traditional crisis management techniques. However, as illustrated in this study, several underlying factors contribute to a more effective form of image restoration and are better achieved through the use of Twitter. Antecedent conditions that affect the validity of the model are outlined within. Covering Mental Illness: Challenges and Solutions • Roma Subramanian, University of Missouri, School of Journalism • U.S.-based print journalists who had won awards for stories on mental illness were interviewed to determine how reporting on mental illness can be improved. Respondents indicated that a mixture of organizational and personal factors such as editorial support, considerable journalism experience, personal exposure to mental illness, and empathy helped them produce quality stories. Also noteworthy were respondents’ opinions on suggestions in reporting guides about imitation suicides, sensitive language, and positive mental illness news. The Roles of the Game: The influence of news consumption patterns on the role conceptions of journalism students • Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia • This study is based on a survey of 364 undergraduate journalism students and looks at how news consumption patterns influence the journalistic role conceptions that students hold. Guided by social identity theory, this study finds that students rated the interpreter role as most important. Students who prioritized the interpreter role also tend to get their news from online sources and social media. The implications of these findings on college instruction are also discussed. The Latent Growth Curve of Alcohol Ads Exposure: Adolescents’ Media Use, Drinking Patterns, and Association with Alcohol Using Peers in Identity Development • Jared Tu, City University of Hong Kong • This study examines prospective associations between exposure to alcohol advertising and changes over time in drinking and association with alcohol-using peers. Theoretically, this study is an application of the Reinforcing Model in adolescents’ identity development. With a four-wave panel design in the Latent Growth Curve, the data showed partial support to the Reinforcing Model, suggesting that members with a given social identity select media content corresponding to the existing or developing social identity. Use of the media content, in turn, will reinforce such identities, followed by continuing selection of identity-consistent media. Alcohol advertising exposure, positively or passively selected by adolescents, serves as mediated socialization experience and bridges adolescents’ earlier, family-approved associations to later social activities with peers-centered norms such as drinking. Results identified that baseline exposure to the alcohol ads robustly predicted increasing trajectories of drinking and of associating with alcohol-using peers. The Activist Network: How Wikipedia Used Facebook Posts and Shares to Gain Support for the SOPA/PIPA Blackout • Amanda J. Weed, Ohio University • One of Facebook’s many features is its capability to share posts among “friend” networks. This capability allows messages to be shared quickly and broadly. Each time a post is shared, it is presented to a new network of “friends”, who then have the option to share the post with their own network of friends, and so on. Successful framing has the potential to create enough support from message receivers that the message will continue to be passed on, in a snowball effect, throughout the social network. The purpose of this paper is to explore the theoretical framework of agenda-building to examine how framed messages from Wikipedia disseminated through Facebook during the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)/Protect IP Act (PIPA) Blackout campaign. This study utilized a content analysis of Facebook shares of Wikipedia posts from the sample time period January 16 through 19, 2012. This research examined three aspects of framing in Facebook shares to determine: (a) if framed messages affect the likelihood of sharing with comments among 1st level responders; (b) what types of user-generated content 1st level respondents will attach in their comments; and (c) does the 1st level share lead to significant 2nd level sharing. Results of this study may guide future use of framing levels and devices to encourage message dissemination throughout the Facebook network. Data Privacy in the Newsroom: The Conflict between Privacy Policies and Ethics Policies • David Wolfgang, University of Missouri • This study analyzes website privacy policies used by major news corporations and attempts to understand the newsroom ethics policies as applied to protecting personal information collected about readers. The confluence of the legal and ethical questions revealed a conflicting relationship that possibly exposes news organizations that publish user information to liability while still practicing within the accepted limitations of traditional journalism ethics. Journalists tend to be indignant about the protections they afford to personal information collected on their site, unless the user is a public official using their pseudonym to discuss public issues behind a veil of secrecy. In this situation, journalists not only justify their actions under their ethics policies, but are possibly unknowingly breaching a contract made with each and every reader. In order to protect against liability, news organizations should change their newsroom practices to allow for the disclosure of user information in a very narrowly-constructed situation and amend their privacy policy to align with traditional journalism ethics as applied to privacy situations. Health-related Reality TV on Social Media: Opportunity for Social Marketing or TV Program Promotion? • Xiaochen Zhang, University of Florida • This paper employed content analysis and thematic analysis to examine what information health-related reality TV (i.e., The Biggest Loser) viewers seek and respond to when interacting with the show’s social networking component. Analysis of posts and comments on The Biggest Loser official Facebook page showed that the most common postings were those promoting the program itself, and the most common user comments were those giving social support. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12134 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/history-2013-abstracts/ Tue, 11 Jun 2013 19:33:24 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12139 Professional Identity: Wisconsin Editorial Association Records Show Members Self-Identified as Professionals Before the Civil War • Stephen Banning • An examination of the minutes of the Wisconsin Editorial Association in the mid nineteenth century revealed some journalists self-identified as professionals much earlier than previous research indicated. This research reveals the earliest reference to journalism as a profession by a journalist, an instance which occurred well before the Civil War. This has implications in regard to understanding roots of journalistic identity, journalistic education and journalism codes of ethics, all of which stemmed from an interest in professionalism in the nineteenth century. From Researcher to Redbaiter: The Odyssey of the Hutchins Commission’s Ruth Inglis • Stephen Bates, University of Nevada, Las Vegas • Ruth Inglis worked effectively with the New Deal liberals on the Commission on Freedom of the Press. After the job ended, though, her life took a different path. She helped ghostwrite a book for Senator Joseph McCarthy, researched for William F. Buckley Jr., befriended Ayn Rand, and got called a fascist by Paul Lazarsfeld. In 1951, four years after publication of her Commission book Freedom of the Movies, Inglis added names to the Hollywood blacklist. From Switchboard Operator to City Editor: Agness Underwood’s Historic Rise in Los Angeles Journalism • Stephanie Bluestein, California State University, Northridge • Desperate to help support her struggling family, Agness “Aggie” Underwood took a job at the Los Angeles Record newspaper in 1926, filling in for a vacationing switchboard operator. Although it was intended to only be a two-week position, it was the beginning of a legendary 42-year career that culminated with her becoming the country’s first woman city editor of a major metropolitan newspaper. Underwood’s editorship generated coverage by national news magazines that published articles about the historic promotion, and her current newspaper, the Evening Herald-Express, touted her in promotional material as “Newsroom’s Lady Boss” and “America’s only Major Newspaper with a Lady City Editor” (Battelle, 1955). Underwood became a source of inspiration for women journalists wanting to break away from the women’s section and become front-page reporters covering crime, politics, and other stories of importance. This study aims to explore Underwood’s career and personal life to help explain her unlikely success as a female city editor commanding an all-male newsroom. This study is significant because the majority of the research was gathered through recent interviews with her colleagues and children, all of whom are elderly. Their detailed recollections of Underwood contribute to the field of journalism history by explaining how she was able to break through gender barriers, which in turn, paved the way for women to enter the field and helped other women journalists to have more meaningful careers. Universal Invitations and Inexhaustable Resources: Portrayals of Rural Life in Popular Magazines of the Late 1800s • Michael Clay Carey, Ohio University • This exploratory study examines the descriptions of rural situations, people and places that appeared in three popular magazines – Munsey’s, McClure’s, and Cosmopolitan – in the late 1800s and early 1900s. During the Progressive Era, industrial and financial growth were rapidly reshaping the American social landscape, contributing to the growth of large cities, increasing transportation opportunities, and widening the gap between the rich and the poor. This work suggests that three dominant frames emerge to orient coverage of rural America. A fourth frame, less common than the others but still relevant, is also discussed. The paper argues that the frames present an interesting and at times conflicting view of America’s rural communities in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Rural areas were presented as lands of financial opportunity – places where, with the aid of cosmopolitan sophistication and science, wealth could be found and modern society could thrive. Stories also depicted rural America as a place to be admired, consumed, and sometimes disdained. Its traditional values were lauded while its backwardness was chided. The paper argues that the dichotomies present in those frames – old and new, tradition and progress, work and leisure – are not unlike those evident when one considers the state of the magazine publishing industry, and in fact society as a whole, in the early 1900s. Murrow and Friendly’s Multimedia Maturation: How Two Non-Visual Communicators Created A Groundbreaking Television Program • Mike Conway, Indiana University School of Journalism • CBS’s See It Now, with Edward R. Murrow and Fred Friendly, is one of the 20th Century’s most celebrated news broadcasts. But how could two men with little visual experience create a landmark 1950s television program? This project explores the thoughts, ideas, and decisions made to blend existing news formats. Murrow’s fame did not guarantee See It Now’s success. Instead it was a willingness to learn from experts in all news media. Our Voice and Our Place in the World: African-American Female Columnists Discuss Diaspora Politics, 1940-1945 • Caryl Cooper, University of Alabama • This study uses the historiographical method to analyze the themes Charlotta A. Bass, editor and columnist for the California Eagle, Rebecca Stiles Taylor, women’s columnist for the Chicago Defender, and Marjorie McKenzie, columnist for the Pittsburgh Courier, used in their columns to inform their readers about the politics and events of Africa and the nations of African Diaspora during World War II, 1940 through 1945. These three women stand out for their contribution to the wartime discourse about U.S. segregation, colonialism and the meaning of the war. Although Bass, Taylor and McKenzie maintained their column throughout the war years, the specifics of what they wrote about diaspora politics have not been explored. This study seeks to add to the body of knowledge about the role of the black press during a time of national crisis by infusing the female voice into an otherwise masculine body of knowledge. “To Exalt the Profession”: Association, Ethics and Editors in the Early Republic • Frank Fee, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This research demonstrates that by the 1830s editors in America were coming together to talk about ethics and raising journalistic standards. Fearing that the excesses of partisanship had made their business “a vehicle of ribaldry and personal defamation,” antebellum editors in nearly every state and territory met to try to tame their free-wheeling craft. The convention movement soon led to formal associations of editors, a development that occurred significantly earlier than scholars generally have recognized. A Confederate Journalist Held Captive in the North: The Case of Edward A. Pollard • Michael Fuhlhage, Auburn University; Julia Watterson, Auburn University • This project examines how Richmond Examiner editorialist Edward Pollard turned his captivity in the North into Confederate propaganda during the Civil War. Pollard’s journalism aimed to lift Southern spirits by arguing the South could win if only it held out a little longer because the North lacked the resources and will to continue fighting. He argued gallantry and bravado would lead to Confederate independence and the continuation of slavery. Primary sources: newspapers, pamphlets, manuscripts, books. The past, present, and future of newspapers: Historicity, authority, and collective memory in four that failed • Nicholas Gilewicz, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania • This article analyzes self-authored histories published in final editions of four United States newspapers that failed between 1978 and 1982. Problematizing the newspaper's status as an historical document, journalists inscribed historic weight to the closing of their newspapers. This article discusses how journalists shade their histories through hagiography and appeals to collective memory, and how at moments of existential crisis, seams in the interpretation of reality, and journalists' roles in that interpretation, are made manifest. Blogging Back Then: Annotative Journalism in I.F. Stone’s Weekly and Talking Points Memo • Lucas Graves, UW - Madison • This article develops the concept of “annotative journalism” with a review of two muckraking investigations, fifty years apart, by the newsletter I.F. Stone’s Weekly and the website Talking Points Memo. Both cases highlight a fragmentary, intertextual style of newswork that unsettles the practices and assumptions of objective journalism, producing dramatic breakthroughs despite little original reporting. This history argues that as a form of reporting annotation works through, not despite, a wider political and media critique. “The day Eunice Kennedy Shriver Came to the Iron Range” (…and rode a snowmobile) • John Hatcher, University of Minnesota Duluth • This manuscript recounts how it came to be that Eunice Kennedy Shriver came this mining town of less than 6,000 people on Minnesota’s Iron Range, less than 100 miles from the Canadian border, in the dead of winter and rode a snowmobile. Her visit was the culmination of an effort that brought together Veda Ponikvar, a newspaper publisher, with John A. Blatnik, the region’s congressman to rally support at the local, state and national level for the construction of what was touted as one of the first day treatment centers for children with developmental disabilities in the state. This manuscript presents in narrative fashion the story of how the national issue of the deinstitutionalization of the developmentally disabled became a local issue in the community of Chisholm. “This Has Been a C. D. Chesley Production:” The Story Behind the Early Broadcasting and Sponsoring of Atlantic Coast Conference Basketball • Daniel Haygood, Elon University • Most college sports fans recognize the enduring success of Atlantic Coast Conference basketball teams. Yet, few know that the early television broadcasts of conference games helped set the stage for that success. This research captures the story behind the producing, broadcasting, and sponsoring of ACC basketball from 1958 to 1981. This is when Castleman DeTolley Chesley brought ACC basketball to area fans via television broadcasts, helping to popularize the conference and establish the ACC brand. “Reagan or Carter? Wrong Questions for Blacks”: Race and 1980s Presidential Politics in the Black Press • Justin Hudson, University of Maryland, College Park • This project analyzes the coverage of racial politics during the 1980s presidential campaigns in two prominent African American newspapers, the Los Angeles Sentinel and the Philadelphia Tribune. Both the Sentinel and Tribune became frustrated by the lack of attention given to black issues by both the Democratic and Republican Parties, and pushed for alternative solutions, such as backing civil rights activist Jesse Jackson’s bid for presidency, as a means to politically empower the black community. Arguing for Abolition in "American Slavery As It Is" • Paula Hunt, University of Missouri • This paper uses the theoretical framework of field of discourse to examine how Theodore Dwight Weld’s American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses (1839) communicated to different communities in antebellum America to persuade them to join the abolitionist cause. It suggests that a close reading of historical texts like this one can help illuminate how the discursive strategies of social movements contributed to shaping of public opinion on critical issues. Media Archaeology and Digitized Archives: The Case of Great White Hopes • Phillip Hutchison, University of Kentucky • This case study demonstrates how digitized media archives can help journalism historians better contribute to the rubric of media archaeology. The case study traces usage of the media tagline “great white hope” to reveal overlooked insights about this moniker. The findings indicate that contemporary research often uses these idioms nebulously or inaccurately. Of note, white-hope phrases predate Johnson by at least a century; furthermore, the boxing moniker Great White Hope does not directly relate to the original Jack Johnson controversy. Instead, it reflects 1960s phraseology that was interposed onto a historical artifact. This approach highlights the utility of these databases to media archaeologies in general, and it also illustrates how journalism historians can capitalize on searchable media archives to develop more precise and culturally informed histories. Great Hopes Forgotten: A Narrative Analysis of Boxing Coverage in Black Press Newspapers, 1920-1930 • Carrie Isard, Temple University • The following paper analyzes the overriding narrative that emerged during the 1920s in discussions of pugilism in the black press, arguing that the boxing ring served as a microcosm of Jim Crow segregation for many sports writers, who connected the color line with larger issues of critical citizenship; that the coverage focused largely on the biggest story of the decade, Harry Wills’ unsuccessful pursuit of Jack Dempsey; and finally, that within that narrative, the black press was actively negotiating the construction of a historical narrative of the boxing color line, with Jack Johnson as its main focus. The WUSC shutdown: Exploring the reasons the University of South Carolina shutdown its radio station • Joseph Kasko, University of South Carolina • In the early 1990s WUSC-FM in Columbia, SC was considered one of the most prestigious college radio stations in the country. However, for several weeks beginning in late 1995 between the fall and spring semesters the station was taken off the air and its student staff was dismissed for reasons that have never truly been explored. This paper will examine the events and circumstances that ultimately led the university to take this course of action. ‘Mr. Justice Everyman’s Far-Reaching Legacy: Transforming Corporate Political Media Spending into Free Speech, 1978-2010, in Terms of Carl Becker’s Theory of History • Robert Kerr, University of Oklahoma • This paper utilizes an analytic approach grounded in Carl Becker’s “Mr. Everyman” theory of history to consider the manner in which Justice Lewis Powell understood the societal role of corporate political media spending and effected that understanding so as to transform it into protected First Amendment “speech.” It suggests the continuing relevance of Becker’s thesis in illuminating what he called “history that does work in the world.” Ghost Trains: Past Legends and Present Tragedies • Paulette D. Kilmer, University of Toledo • Ghost trains evolved from the archetype of phantom conveyances, like carts and wagons. Long hours, treacherous working conditions, and horrific accidents, which maimed or killed railroaders encouraged belief in apparitions. This essay analyzes the role of storytellers, newspapers, and songs in these legends about ghosts foretelling catastrophes, bringing death, and reenacting the carnage. Today, few fear phantom expresses, but some die playing the ghost train game. The Writer, The Artist, And The Gentleman: Key Ideas Of News Values From S.S. McClure • Claudia Kozman, Indiana University • This study is an examination of news values from the perspective of S. S. McClure, the editor of McClure’s magazine. Basing this research on S.S. McClure’s papers in the archives of the Indiana University Lilly Library, the author constructs three themes that constitute the news values practiced by McClure. This study also places McClure’s thoughts in the era they functioned in, discussing how they fit and differ from the prevailing ideas of his times. From Colonial Evangelism to Guerilla Journalism: A Public Sphere History of the Nigerian Press • Farooq Kperogi • This paper traces the history of the press in Nigeria and show how the form and character of the government of the day (colonial governments, military dictatorships, and constitutional democracies) defined the editorial temperaments and public sphere debates in the country. This is important because existing media historiographies of Nigeria often fail to connect the historical dots between the emergence of the first newspaper in Nigeria and the current editorial complexion of the Nigerian press. “Bright and inviolate:” the growth of business-newsroom divides in the early twentieth century • Will Mari, University of Washington • This paper examines growth of the supposed divide between business and news spaces in American newspapers in the twentieth century, relying on a close reading of business-management textbooks published between 1901 and 1946. These texts were intended to transmit journalistic norms and values across generations of news workers. They were aspirational texts for how newspapers should be run as both businesses and as community trusts, and show some of the struggles and tensions between the different functions of a newspaper, and how their operating principles either advanced or conflicted with one another. Tributes to Fallen Journalists: The Evolution of the Hero Myth in Journalistic Practice • Raymond McCaffrey, University of Maryland • An analysis of New York Times tributes to fallen U.S. journalists who perished while at work from 1854 to 2012 revealed that articles were written about 87 percent of the 223 journalists who died on foreign assignment compared to coverage of about 58 percent of the 139 journalists whose deaths were in the U.S. Foreign correspondents were often depicted in heroic terms, while those dying in the U.S. were largely portrayed as the archetypal victim. The Rosie Legend and Why the Ad Council Claimed Her • Wendy Melillo, American University • Since 2002, the Ad Council has used the iconic “We Can Do It!” poster – also known as the Rosie-the-Riveter poster – to showcase its well-known “Womanpower” public service advertising campaign done for the federal government during World War II. This paper explores why the Ad Council claimed the poster and the recruitment campaign’s symbolic representation of female empowerment as part of its history and public image when the historical record reveals both claims to be fiction. Authorizing the Nation’s Voice: American Journalism, the Department of State & the Transition to Peacetime International Broadcasting • Emily Metzgar • After the end of World War Two, American political leadership sought passage of legislation to authorize peacetime, government-sponsored, international broadcasting that would teach the world about the United States. This article tells the story of disagreement between the Department of State and American journalists in the period between the war’s end in 1945 and the 1948 passage of authorizing legislation, known today as the Smith-Mundt Act. The 1929 Torches of Freedom Campaign: Walking “into obscurity” or “publicity stunt of genuine historic significance”? • Vanessa Murphree, The University of Southern Mississippi • This paper examines how newspapers responded to Edward Bernays’ Torches of Freedom campaign, which included carefully selected cigarette-smoking women marching in the 1929 New York City Easter Parade with the purported goal of encouraging women to smoke in public. The evidence indicates that Bernays was not particularly successful in getting significant newspaper support and that coverage of the parade event was never as extensive or persuasive as some historians have long suggested. Institutionalizing Press Relations at the Supreme Court: The Origins of the Public Information Office • Jonathan Peters, U of Missouri Columbia • At the Supreme Court, the press is the primary link between the justices and the public, and the Public Information Office (PIO) is the primary link between the justices and the press. This paper explores the story of the PIO’s origins, providing the most complete account to date of its early history. That story is anchored by the major events of several eras—from the Great Depression policymaking of the 1930s to the social and political upheaval of the 1970s. It is also defined by the three men who built and shaped the office in the course of 40 years. Partisanship in the Antislavery Press During the 1844 Run of an Abolition Candidate for President • Erika Pribanic-Smith, University of Texas at Arlington • This study of antislavery newspapers during the 1844 presidential campaign concludes that although the antislavery press claimed to be singularly focused on the abolition of slavery, its editors were largely distracted by the election and mirrored the partisan press of that era in their treatment of the various candidates. Furthermore, Liberty Party editors and their Garrisonian counterparts addressed each other with the same level of disdain that they directed at the Whigs and Democrats. “A World in Perilous Disequilibrium”: Marquis W. Childs and the Cold War Consensus • Robert Rabe, Marshall University School of Journalism and Mass Communications • This paper is a study of the newspaper columnist Marquis Childs and his role as part of the emerging Cold War consensus in the late 1940s. It examines his writings about defense spending, American-Soviet relations, the United Nations, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and other early aspects of Cold War policy-making. It also looks at his involvement with the liberal ideas and organizations that made up the left end of the political spectrum of the era. “Modern Joan of Arc”: Coverage of Ida Wells-Barnett and the Alpha Suffrage Club • Lori Roessner, UTK; Jodi Rightler-McDaniels, University of Tennessee, Knoxville • Known most prominently as a daring journalist and anti-lynching crusader, Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862-1931) also worked tirelessly throughout her life as an advocate of women’s rights.The piece not only grapples with the transformation of Wells-Barnett’s portrayal as women’s rights advocate in the press, it also considers how through Wells-Barnett’s involvement the Alpha Suffrage Club was promoted as a site of united womanhood and as a site of resistance and empowerment for African-American women in the Chicago Defender. The Voice in the Night Unheard by Scholars: Herb Jepko and the Genesis of National Talk Radio • Miles Romney, Arizona State University • Radio scholarship is an emerging field of study among broadcast historians and much remains unexplored. There exists little investigation into how early FCC clear channel radio stations provided the first platform for national radio communication. Much of historical scholarship recognizes Larry King’s satellite-distributed program as the pioneering stride in national overnight talk radio. This study examines new archival evidence that reveals Herb Jepko used clear channel signals to broadcast the first national overnight talk radio program Arthur J. Goldberg on Freedom of Expression • Thomas Schwartz • Arthur Goldberg had an unusual impact on the development of constitutional theory on freedom of expression while he briefly sat on the U.S. Supreme Court in 1962-64, but his contributions exceeded those while he was on the bench. His early life and experience as a labor lawyer and labor secretary fed his strong interest in maximizing freedom of expression. As U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, he promoted freedom of expression as an international value. Later, he wrote and spoke extensively about the significance of freedom of speech in a variety of contexts, seeing it as the essence of democracy. This research uses his Supreme Court record and materials from his papers to demonstrate his intensive and extensive thinking and application of First Amendment principles. ‘An Offense to Conventional Wisdom:’ Press independence and Publisher W.E. Chilton III, 1960 to 1987 • Edgar Simpson, Central Michigan University • Over more than two decades as owner/publisher of West Virginia’s largest daily newspaper, The Charleston Gazette, W.E. “Ned” Chilton III established a legacy of independence that serves as an apt framework to discuss today’s core issues surrounding the meaning of a free press. Through the prism of a public sphere invigorated by an independent press, this case study examines Chilton’s insistence on journalism as a seeker of truth – or at least his version of truth - and a hammer for change rather than a “neutral” purveyor of information. This paper, which uses Chilton’s archives, interviews, existing literature, and more than 200 articles of the time period, focuses on three episodes: His battle for the Gazette’s file compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which revealed to the nation for the first time that the FBI had investigated news organizations in addition to individual journalists; the run-up to the Vietnam War, in which the Gazette was cited as one of the first in the nation to challenge the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution as a rationale for military action, and his long association with West Virginia U.S. Senator John Rockefeller, which eventually forced him to choose between friendship and independence. Overall, this study found and the author argues two essential elements for the concept of press independence: the ability to make decisions and a loyalty to ideals that reach beyond business or personal concerns. A History of the Watchdog Metaphor in Journalism • Tim Vos, University of Missouri; Christopher Matthews • This cultural history of the watchdog-journalism metaphor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries uses rhetorical and metaphorical analysis to examine how journalists themselves articulated the public service function of journalism in terms of the watchdog metaphor. The study shows how the metaphor evolved alongside cultural changes, from personal relationships with dogs to the political reforms of the Progressive era. The study illustrates how the cultural capital of journalism is rhetorically constructed. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12139 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/intl-2013-abstracts/ Wed, 12 Jun 2013 12:25:00 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12148 Bob Stevenson Open Paper Competition Inside and Outside of the Great Firewall: The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis Revisited in a Censored Online Environment • Yi Mou; Kevin Wu, University of Connecticut; David Atkin, University of Connecticut • Although China has surpassed the United States to command the world’s largest Internet user base, government-led information regulations prevent common users from enjoying free access to information. Owing to a special software apparatus that helps define China’s Great Firewall, savvy users can bypass online censorship. Based on Knowledge gap hypothesis and reactance effects, this paper reveals a knowledge gap existing as a side effect of state censorship, one that is emerging between the savvy users and common users. Communicating External Voting Rights to Diaspora Communities. Challenges and Opportunities for El Salvador and Costa Rica • Vanessa Bravo, Elon University • "This paper fills a gap in the literature of international communication by exploring the challenges that home governments face when trying to convey information about newly established political rights to diaspora communities located in host countries. It does so by analyzing the cases of El Salvador and Costa Rica, two Central American countries that will offer external voting rights (absentee vote) to their citizens, for the first time, in the national elections of 2014. The ability of video-mediated training approaches to reduce agricultural knowledge gaps between men and women in rural Uganda • Tian Cai; Eric Abbott • This study explored the effectiveness of video training delivered by portable battery-operated projectors to narrow the gap in agricultural knowledge between men and women in rural Uganda. Through a pre-post quasi-experiment, this study found that the method that combined video and lecture-demonstration was significantly more effective in narrowing the gender knowledge gap. Use of video alone improved women’s knowledge scores as much as men, but did not close the knowledge gap. (Re)categorizing Intergroup Relations: Applying Social-Psychological Perspectives to News Reporting on International Conflict • Michael Chan • This study examines how intergroup relations between nations are categorized and recategorized through news discourse. Theories from social psychology, including the common in-group identity model, mutual intergroup differentiation model, and optimal distinctiveness theory, form an integrated framework to analyze news coverage of the territorially-disputed Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands by the China Daily from 2002 to 2011. Findings from content analyses showed that despite the local nature of the dispute that invokes clear in-group/out-group distinctions between China and Japan, the majority of the articles in the newspaper discursively recategorize intergroup relations. This includes the assimilation of Japan under a superordinate ‘Asian’ identity, and the categorization of the United States as the ‘outsider’ purposefully interfering in Sino-Japanese relations. The findings provide important ideological insights of the ruling party state and its attempts to influence intergroup comparisons by reconfiguring the basis of intergroup evaluation and differentiation. A Theoretical Model of Transnational Communication by Dominican Diaspora Organizations • Maria De Moya, North Carolina State University • This study presents a theoretical model of strategic communication by diaspora community organizations (DCOs) serving the Dominican-American community. Using constructivist grounded theory, this study explored the reasons why DCOs engage in these efforts, the means through which they communicate to national and international in-group and external publics, and their desired community outcomes. The model highlights a combination of mediated and interpersonal efforts conducted to engage publics in both the home and the host country. The Facilitative and Monitorial Roles of Bulgarian Media in the Coverage of the 2011 Presidential Election • Daniela Dimitrova, Iowa State University • Using a systematic content analysis, the present study investigates the coverage of the 2011 presidential election campaign in Bulgaria in order to evaluate the quality of news reporting 23 years after the end of Communism. The study examines several characteristics of the coverage, including the use of news sources, the framing of politics, references to scandal and journalistic speculations. The findings show that while the media have moved beyond direct political controls of the past, there are a number of areas that need improvement. Implications for normative democracy are briefly discussed. Legitimating Journalistic Authority under the State’s Shadow: A Case Study of the Environmental Press Awards in China • Dong Dong • This study attempts to investigate the legitimation of journalistic authority in the form of journalism awards. The Environmental Press Awards (EPA), an unofficial but highly regarded news competition among Chinese environmental reporters, has been chosen as a case study. The case is examined from three interconnected dimensions: the creation and maintenance of moral and pragmatic legitimacies, the strategic processes of cognitive and social legitimation, and a dual process of symbolic legitimation of the market media ideology. Research data is formed based on statistical analysis of 181 award submissions and 10 in-depth interviews with key personnel in the host organizations, the journalism community, and environmental NGOs. By looking into the establishment, dynamics and results of the awarding process, it is found that the alliance between the market media and the green civil society has created and buttressed the legitimacy of the award. However, without blessing from the Party/state, such legitimacy is vulnerable and can easily be dismantled. Governmental Corruption through the Egyptian Bloggers’ Lens: A Qualitative Study of Four Egyptian Political Blogs • Mohammed el-Nawawy; Sahar Khamis • Corruption was among the serious problems of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s regime. Egyptian political bloggers played a critical role in exposing this regime’s corrupt policies. This study analyzed a number of threads from four prominent Egyptian political blogs that tackled corruption, which performed three functions, namely: mobilization, documentation, or deliberation. This analysis highlighted the strengths and weaknesses and the potentials and limitations of political blogs in promoting civic engagement, democratization, and political change. Russia versus the World: Are Public Relations Leadership Priorities More Similar than Different? • Elina Erzikova, Central Michigan University • As a part of a world-wide study, 215 Russian public relations practitioners completed an online survey of their perceptions related to professional leadership and communication management. The Russian sample’s demographics differed significantly from the overall sample’s make-up (N=4,484; 22 countries). Despite the differences, there was a significant overlap between Russian participants’ and their global peers’ beliefs. This result might signal, among others, universality of some specific leadership aspects and/or a globalization effect in Russian public relations. Framing the Egyptian Revolution: An online frame building case study • Hogar Mohammed; Peter Gade, University of Oklahoma • This agenda setting study explored the influence of citizen media on legacy media during the Egyptian Revolution. It examined the extent to which the frames in the posts on two popular citizen Facebook pages, We Are All Khaled Said (Arabic) and We Are All Khaled Said (English), were also found in frames of three online legacy media, Al Jazeera, the BBC, and The New York Times, during the revolution from January 25, 2011 to February 11, 2011. Results showed the two Facebook pages’ frames had an indirect influence on the frames of the three online legacy media. Mediated Public Diplomacy in Times of War: An investigation of media relations in Pakistan • Rauf Arif; Guy Golan, Syracuse University; Brian Moritz, Syracuse University • The current study provides a unique perspective into US-Pakistan and Taliban-Pakistan media relations in the context of the regional war on terror. Based on mediated public diplomacy and news construction literature, the study explores some of the key challenges and opportunities that both sides face as they aim to influence Pakistani media coverage and win the political support of the Pakistani people. Eighteen online in-depth interviews of Pakistani media practitioners explore their perceptions of wartime media relations involving four main categories: US-Pakistani media relations, Taliban-Pakistani media relations, Taliban/extremist groups’ understanding of Pakistani news routines, and US officials’ understanding of Pakistani news routines. The study’s key findings are discussed in the context of wartime media relations and mediated public diplomacy. Journalism in times of violence: Uses and practices of social media along the U.S.-Mexico border • Celeste Gonzalez de Bustamante, University of Arizona; Jeannine Relly, University of Arizona School of Journalism • Mexico ranks as one of the most violent countries in the world for journalists, especially those who work on the country’s periphery such as its northern border. Our research examines the way that violence has influenced social media use by U.S. and Mexican journalists who cover northern Mexico, and advances the hierarchy of influences model (Shoemaker and Reese, 1996; Reese, 2001) through qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews conducted in 18 cities along the U.S.-Mexico border. Online Coverage of the 2010 Brazilian Presidential Elections: framing power and professional ideology • Heloiza Herscovitz, California State University Long Beach • A framing analysis of news and commentaries published by mainstream online media organizations and their bloggers and columnists on the 2010 Brazilian Presidential Elections revealed that framing do have the potential to uncover journalism’s ideological elements. Political preferences marked the Brazilian online coverage blurring the lines between the private and the public. Journalism status quo emerged as a main topic in the coverage as a free press under attack quickly reacted with rage causing a rift between news organizations that criticized the outgoing president and those that supported him. A popular president, apparently unaffected by corruption scandals, and the country’s most powerful media groups confronted each other in an exhaustive and unfinished battle. Journalism on the Fly: Youth Reporters in Benin as a New Model of Development Journalism • Robert Huesca, Trinity University • "The concept of ""development journalism"" was introduced in the late 1960s and proposed as a new press theory more amenable to developing nations. The concept has been criticized as conceptually vague and professionally problematic due to a lack of independence vis a vis the state. Despite this criticism, the concept has continued to draw adherents and advocates who claim that this practice continues to hold promise as an alternative to other models of journalism. This paper reports on a development journalism project conducted in Africa among young women in terms of its potential contributions to development journalism. The journalism camp for girls was designed out of a framework drawn from the scholarship of development journalism and participatory development communication. The findings indicate that projects such as the journalism camp for girls addresses many of the criticism leveled against development journalism, while suggesting a sustainable, viable, and compatible model of development journalism in the developing world." Testing Cyber Nationalism in China: A Case Study of Anti-Japanese Collective Actions • Ki Deuk Hyun, Grand Valley State University; Jinhee Kim, Pohang University of Science and Technology; Shaojing Sun • Although the rise of nationalist activism in Chinese online sphere has drawn much scholarly attention, few studies examined how nationalism, usages and motivations of the Internet affect nationalist collective actions. Using Sino-Japanese diplomatic disputes as a testing ground, this study investigates the effects of news use of both traditional and social media, nationalist attitudes, motivations in using the Internet specific to the disputes on anti-Japanese political behaviors such as boycotting and protest. Analyses of online survey data of Chinese netizens demonstrate that nationalism positively correlate to news use and Internet use motivations of information seeking and social interaction. The results also show that respondents who are motivated to use the Internet for expression and discussion related to the Sino-Japanese disputes are more likely to engage in anti-Japanese behaviors.  This study demonstrates that motivations involved in the use of new media technologies related to specific political issues and events play significant roles in mobilizing supporters for collective actions. Determinants of Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions: Role of Perceived Authenticity, Identity, and Reputation in Tourism Promotion • Rajul Jain, DePaul University • This study examined a model with causal linkages among identity, reputation, perceived authenticity, tourists’ satisfaction, and intended behavior. Survey data from 545 tourists and in-depth interviews with 16 visitors of a cultural and eco-archaeological theme park in Mexico showed significant linkages among constructs. Variations in perceived authenticity with demographics, visit characteristics, and information sources were also examined. Findings imply the value of strategic communication, which could lead to supporting behavioral intentions towards a destination. Tweeting as a Journalistic Social Engagement Routine in Africa and Beyond • Yusuf Kalyango, Ohio University, Ohio, Athens, USA; Pamela Walck, Ohio University • This study explores how international journalists based in East Africa and the United States communicate with their audiences about current affairs on Twitter and whether the reporting beats and their news-gathering routines reflects their tweets they share with their followers. This qualitative study also explores whether the issues that the four prominent journalists from East Africa and the United States tweet are driven by the need to brand themselves or to crowd-source through other social engagement approaches. The findings indicate that the two prominent East African journalists were more prone to use Twitter for a more conversational, less formal tone to convey information but the journalists from the United States eschewed using Twitter for personal conversations or editorial opinions. They were more likely to include informal, sarcastic or critical commentary on Twitter than the African international journalists. U.S. vs. the rest of the world: Perceptions of war correspondents in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars • Hun Shik Kim, University of Colorado Boulder • The first decade in the 21st century saw two major wars in Iraq and Afghanistan in which journalists from different countries covered either as embedded and unilateral journalists. This study, based on a survey of 309 war correspondents, examines and compares the U.S. and non-U.S. journalists' perceptions of various aspects of the two international conflicts. There are stark contrasts between U.S. and non-U.S. war correspondents in their perceptions of overall quality of news coverage, embedded reporting practices, censorship pressures from the military, and news themes involving high human casualties. It was evident that differences in nationality based on U.S. vs. non-U.S. distinction shaped the war correspondents' overall assessment of news coverage from the two wars. Reasons for the divergent news coverage were discussed, including war reporting from the perspectives of our own wars vs. other people's wars. Journalists of Botswana: Roles and Influences • Katie Lang, University of Miami, School of Communication; Jyotika Ramaprasad • This study is likely the first systematic study of journalists in Botswana. It examines their perceptions of their roles as well as the influences on their work within the framework of professional milieus and content theory respectively. The data was collected in person from 115 randomly selected journalists representing various ranks, media types, media ownership, and media orientation. The study’s contribution lies in the quantitative benchmarks it establishes for Batswana journalism practices. Socio-cultural value difference of the media and news framing on business conflict issue • Min-Kyu Lee, Chung-Ang University; Wan Soo Lee, Dongseo University • This study conducted a comparative analysis on how media framing varied across two countries as well as the ideologies of newspapers when it comes to the market competitive reports such as the Samsung-Apple patent lawsuit. In addition, this study attempted to provide an integrated explanation of news frames quantitatively, analyzing both the generic frame and the issue-specific frame. This study shows that there were differences according to the ideological characteristics of the newspapers as well as to socio-cultural values, economic and social factors. While the news frame in favor of Samsung was absolutely abundant in South Korea, neutral frames were dominant in the U.S. This implies that the ethnocentrism or patriotism can have little significance in some issues that place emphasis on moral evaluations and market principles. Web Credibility in China: Comparing Internet and Traditional News Sources on Credibility Measures • Yunjuan Luo; Hongzhong Zhang • China has the largest Internet population in the world. The rapid increase of Internet use has raised the question of whether the Internet is judged to be a more credible news source compared to the traditional media. Based on probability sample telephone surveys in two major Chinese cities, this study found that the Internet was judged as less credible than television and newspapers, but it was perceived to be more credible than other traditional news sources such as radio and magazines. Internet use was the strongest predictor of Web credibility. Newspaper use and television use were found to be negatively correlated with Web credibility. Some demographic variables such as age and education also turned out to be significant predictors. Developing a survey instrument of journalistic peace/war performance: Toward a reliable assessment of crisis-reporters’ attitudes • Rico Neumann, UN-mandated University for Peace; Shahira Fahmy, U of Arizona • Based on Galtung’s concept of peace/war journalism, this exploratory work attempts to advance an empirical method to develop a survey instrument for a reliable and valid assessment of journalists’ attitudes toward peace/war performance. The authors propose a measurement index of conflict reporting which combines practices linked to peace/war journalism. The approach’s usefulness is demonstrated by quantitative and qualitative evidence from a pilot study–a survey of worldwide members of The Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. State of Research on Media Representation of China: A Thematic Meta-Analysis • Zengjun Peng, St Cloud State University; Xi'an International Studies University; Yuan Zeng, Xi'an International Studies University; Pei Zheng, Xi'an International Studies University; Tianding Wang, Xi'an International Studies University • State of Research on Media Representation of China: A Thematic Meta-Analysis. This study, by way of thematic meta-analysis, analyzed 91 research articles in the area of media representation of China published in Chinese academic journals between 1994 and 2013. Targeting at an overall picture on the state and health of the scholarship in this field, the study used a comprehensive list of categories including publication and authorship profile, theory use, citation patterns and methodological details. Results identified several weaknesses and deficiencies, particularly in theory use and methodological execution. Implications for future research were discussed. Tensions, Conflicts and Challenges: A Case Study of Foreign Correspondents in China • Wei Zhou, Beijing Foreign Studies University; Jiang Zhan, Beijing Foreign Studies University; Zengjun Peng, St Cloud State University; Xi'an International Studies University • This study, based on results from semi-structured interviews with nine foreign correspondents stationed in Beijing, China, offered a qualitative examination into the daily practices of foreign correspondents in a country undergoing dramatic political and social transitions. Focusing on themes emerged from the narratives of the foreign correspondents themselves, including profile feature, news agenda, sourcing pattern and special challenges in reporting, the paper explored the tensions, conflicts and special challenges foreign correspondents face in doing professional reporting in an authoritarian state. Related issues and implications were also raised and discussed against the theoretical premises in international communication and journalism scholarship. The Digital Divide In Brazil, 2004 – 2009: Evolution and Effects on Political Engagement • Rachel Reis Mourao, University of Texas at Austin; Charles Wood, University of Florida • Results of a 2010 survey of twenty-two Latin American countries show that Brazil ranks first with respect to Internet connectivity. Analyses of national household surveys further show an increase in microcomputers and Internet access between 2004 and 2009, and a decline in the digital divide by rural-urban residence and socioeconomic status. The study also finds that the intensity of Internet use has a positive effect on the knowledge and attitudes deemed relevant to democratic governance. Journalists' perceptions of professional ethics norms in post-Ba'athist Iraq • Jeannine Relly, University of Arizona School of Journalism; Margaret Zanger, University of Arizona School of Journalism; Shahira Fahmy, U of Arizona • In the post-Saddam Hussein period in Iraq, thousands of Iraqi journalists were trained in journalistic professional norms as U.S. government officials paid for propaganda placement in news reports and local politicians handed out envelopes of cash at press conferences. This survey (N = 588) of Iraqi journalists examined influences on ethics perceptions. The study found when controlling for demographics that occupation, watchdog attitude, journalistic role perception, and training had the greatest impact on professional ethics. The Journalist’s Role in a Digital and Social Media Era: A Comparative Analysis of Journalists in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru • Amy Schmitz Weiss • Based on a survey conducted of over 1,100 journalists, this study examines how journalism is transforming in today’s global media climate. It specifically investigates the professional roles as well as the digital and social media routines of journalists in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Findings show the professional roles of the journalists surveyed show significant differences between countries in the area of the populist mobilizer and the interpretative role. In addition, the journalists also identified multiple uses of the digital platform for newsgathering tasks and social media channels for tasks ranging from using it to post news to using it to encourage dialog and conversation with the public. Implications of the findings are also discussed. Cultural Values in Viral Video Advertisements in China and the U.S. • Fei Xue, University of Southern Mississippi • The current research analyzed 194 popular online video advertisements in China (YouKu) and the U.S. (Advertising Age) from November 2012 to March 2013, to explore differences between two countries in cultural values and advertiser characteristics. It was found that ads from YouKu used more group/consensus appeals, more tradition/elderly appeals, and less individual/independence appeals, compared to those from Advertising Age. Significant differences were also found in terms of country-of-origin and product categories. Communicating AIDS in Africa: A Case Study of Ugandan Newspapers • Angella Napakol; Nan Yu, North Dakota State University; Charles Okigbo, North Dakota State University • This empirical content-analytic study of AIDS coverage in two Ugandan newspapers -- one government owned and the other private – showed that the media can be useful tools in framing AIDS narratives and directing attention to people at risk. Although there were slight differences between the two newspapers, on the whole they were similar in their AIDS reportage and portend great benefits in the fight against the epidemic. We conclude that the mass media can contribute in important ways to the various efforts toward HIV/AIDS prevention. Framing Strategies At Different Stages of Crisis: Coverage of the “July 5th” Urumqi Event by Xinhua, Reuters, and AP • Lily Zeng, Arkansas State University; Lijie Zhou, Arkansas State University; Xigen Li • This study examined how Xinhua, Reuters, and AP adjusted their framing strategies when covering the 2009 “July 5th” Urumqi event, a series of violent activities between two ethnic groups in far west China. The findings revealed that during the initial stage, the three news agencies displayed considerable similarities, relying on official sources, addressing damages, and focusing on updates. They also tended to portray the crisis from the regional perspective, reflecting the nature and scope of the incident. However, reporting of the same crisis varied dramatically after the first stage. When it was time to define the situation by selecting background or contextual information, media organizations began to reveal the different interest they represent. Bridges in the Global News Arena:  A Network Study of Bridge Blogs About China • Nan Zheng, James Madison University • The concept of bridge blogs as a form of global journalism was examined by content analysis and network analysis of 426 blog posts and 1026 links in 11 bridge blogs about China from 2009 to 2010. This study proposes a theoretical framework to examine how bridge blogs’ network characteristics (i.e. attentive cluster, betweenness, centrality) are related to their communicative practices as reflected in their linking preferences.   Markham Student Paper Competition Euros over Citizens: The Dutch Press’s Narrow Conception of Democracy • Tabe Bergman, University of Illinois • The disruption of European politics as usual resulting from the Greek prime-minister’s proposal in late 2011 to hold a referendum on the euro-crisis provides an opportunity to examine the commitment to democratic deliberations among Dutch journalists. This paper first documents the current crisis in Dutch democracy and then argues that Dutch journalists have incorporated a narrow conception of democracy, similar to Walter Lippmann’s, that discourages citizen participation in the democratic process. The assumption that this almost antidemocratic conception of ‘democracy’ influenced the commentary on the referendum proposal is tested with a content analysis of four newspapers. The results show that, indeed, the proposal was widely and often vehemently dismissed. “Blind dating” with culture, market, and governmental regulations: A case study of Meeting with Mother-in-Law, a blind date reality show in China • Li Chen • This study attempted to reveal and discuss how Meeting with Mother-in-Law, a Chinese blind date reality show, reflects glocalized cultural elements in urban areas in China. The study also analyzed how Chinese media practitioners balance market needs and governmental regulations through examining the role of judges in the show. By conducting textual analysis on eight episodes of Meeting with Mother-in-Law, the study revealed that the show reconstructed gender roles and reinterpreted Western values within a local context, which is a result of cultural hybridization. In addition, the study discussed how judges cautiously monitor the conversations to make the show appealing to the public without violating state regulations. Online Social Support Messages for Intercultural Adaptation of Mainland Chinese international Students in Singapore • Liang Chen, Nanyang Technological University • China has become the biggest source nations of overseas students worldwide. Recently, there has been an increase in the number of Chinese students flocking to universities or colleges in Singapore. While the culture of Singapore, to some extent, is similar to China’s culture, mainland Chinese students might present the difficulty of adapting to an English medium education system, local culture and academic pressures in Singapore. Thus, many of them in Singapore feel homesick, isolated and frustrated at the beginning of their overseas study. Fortunately, a computer mediated social support group (the LSg Group), a sub-forum of most popular Chinese overseas study forum founded in April 2000, provides various types of social support messages for mainland Chinese students in Singapore. The present study does leading examinations to inquire the nature of social support that took place in the LSg Group for intercultural adaptation of mainland Chinese overseas students. A directed qualitative content analysis was applied to analyze all 736 posted messages collected from 6th July to 6th October .The results suggests that the social support messages can be categorize into many subcategories under three existing main categories, informational, instrumental and emotional support and a new created category: network support. In sum, this online social support group provides a convenient and effective platform for mainland Chinese students in Singapore to seek and share information, emotional encouragement, tangible services and opportunities to expand their social networks in order to orient themselves to a new cultural environment. The Freelancer-NGO Alliance: What a Story of Kenyan Waste Reveals about Contemporary Foreign News Production • David Conrad, University of Pennsylvania - Annenberg School for Communication • This paper explores the impact that foundation/NGO partnerships are having on the practices of contemporary foreign news reporting in American journalism. Through an exploration of a widely published project on a health crisis in East Africa – funded by the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting and reported by the study’s author – this paper ultimately argues that issues of framing, representation, and ideology are not dominating foreign news production; they are being hotly contested within it. Does the medium make a difference? A comparative analysis of international news in Chinese online and print newspapers • Ming Dai • The study examined the influence of new media technologies on agenda diversity of international news coverage and how the influence varied by media’s audience orientation. A content analysis of major Chinese newspapers and their websites showed that the online media reproduced some of the traditional media’s practices of covering international news unevenly. The influence of the internet was more pronounced on the government-oriented media than on the market-oriented media. The role of social media in helping voters to resist mainstream media propaganda in Argentina • Mariana De Maio, University of Florida • In the last decade popular democracies have survived mainstream media opposition in many countries in Latin America.  This demarks a departure from history.  Voters support governments aligned with their needs in spite of media propaganda.  Within the propaganda theory framework, this paper will propose a model to study the case of Argentina focusing on how social media messages have helped media news consumers to resist the propaganda. The South African Press’ Framing of Human Rights in the 2011 Libyan Conflict • Anthony Frampton • This qualitative study examines the South African Press’ coverage of the 2011 Libyan conflict and their framing of human rights abuses and discourses advocating Western intervention. I performed a content analysis of news stories from South African newspaper available on LexisNexis that referenced the Libyan Civil War during the period February 14 to March 17, 2011. To analyze the data, I used a customized thematic framework based on framing theory. I found that overwhelming, the coverage by the South African press appeared more closely aligned with war journalism than peace journalism. Their newspaper reports largely explored human rights issues by highlighting the negative actions of the Libyan Government and demonizing its leader, Colonel Gaddafi, while ignoring human rights violations by the rebel fighters. The research also revealed that while South African journalists adopted a nationalistic perspective, they ignored racial violence, depended heavily on elite political sources, and privileged Western proposed resolutions over local or regional mediation. That the African press’ framing of the conflict was little different from Western reports highlights the relative consistency of mainstream journalism around the globe on war and conflict, although it also points to significant insights into the uniqueness of war reporting on the continent by African-based newspapers. Cyber Security in Developing Countries, a Digital Divide Issue: The Case of Georgia • Ellada Gamreklidze • Based on the case study of the cyber war between Russia and Georgia in August 2008, this paper is a theoretical deliberation in an attempt to illustrate connection between Digital Divide and cyber security. Through a qualitative case study of cyber warfare between the two countries, it shows that states on the disadvantaged side of the Digital Divide are subject to cyber insecurity. As a result, even though relatively low dependence of their vital systems on online networks supposedly makes them less vulnerable to cyber offensives, disruptions to communication infrastructures causes these states turn dysfunctional. The conclusion is that the level of country’s cyber security serves as a litmus test for the level of its cyber power that, in turn, is indicative of the country’s strategic political standing among other states. Losing Focus: Goal Displacement at an Alternative Newspaper in El Salvador • Summer Harlow, University of Texas at Austin • This study examines whether a Salvadoran alternative newspaper maintained its critical, independent, and alternative position after the country’s first leftist president was elected and the newspaper no longer was in opposition to the government. Via a content analysis and in-depth interviews, this study improves our understanding of “alternativeness” in a non-U.S.-context. Findings indicate that the newspaper’s goals became less radical, with more pro-government coverage, and less coverage of social movements and civil society. Framing Mediated Activism: Lokpal Bill Campaign in India • Sumanth Inukonda, BGSU • Anti-corruption agitations in India coincided with the Arab Spring inspiring many to draw parallels. This paper argues that the ease with which the frames crossed the boundaries of social and traditional media confirms the relevance of media framing. The cascade model helps explain circumstances under which the discord between media and political elite arises. This paper argues that initial media frames need not subscribe to the views of political elite; rather discord draws from historical struggles to maintain press freedom. The Limits of Revolution in the Digital Age: The cases of China and Cuba • Haiyan Jia, Penn State University; Cristina Mislan, The Pennsylvania State University • The Internet, with its ease of obtaining information, is supposedly constructive to democracy while corrosive to non-democratic rule. The assumptions that technological advances foment democratization have roots in historical events, such as the fall of the Soviet Union and the libertarian ideology of early proponents of the Internet. While we have witnessed social movements such as “Arab Spring,” the prediction remains largely as an ideal. China and Cuba have shown that technology is moderated by external and internal factors, from macro to micro, instead of a single technological determinant. In this paper, we look at modernization theory to understand the rationale of technology as a liberalizing tool, and further analyze the effectiveness and limitation of this approach using two cases studies that investigate the utilization of Internet in China and Cuba. Based on a review of the literature and theories, and two case studies on Cuba and China, we propose different factors that influence the actual use of Internet and discuss the implications. The Political Economy of Burma’s Media System: Democratization, Marketization and the Media • Brett Labbe, Bowling Green State University • Using political economy as a theoretical framework, this study employs Hallin and Mancini’s five-dimensional media systems model to the case of Burma (a.k.a. Myanmar) in an attempt address the relationship between media systems and political change. It finds that political structures cannot be adequately understood apart from national media systems and the global economic context in which they are embedded. Furthermore, the findings challenge theoretical assumptions asserting an organic, inherently linear relationship between democratization and marketization. Can Regimes Really Discourage Social Networking? Urbanization, Cellphone Use and the Dictator’s Plight • Shin Haeng Lee • Are authoritarian regimes ever really successful at stopping at the use of social networking services? This study conducts a panel data analysis on 182 countries observed from 2009 to 2012, to reveal under what conditions and to what extent political institutions shape a cross-country difference in the adoption of Facebook. Including fixed effects, the findings support that authoritarian regimes are detrimental to the diffusion of the digital technology. However, the government’s suppression is moderated by the increased use of cell-phones and the growth of urban population. In other words, urbanization and mobile phone diffusion undermines a regime’s ability to censor the use of Facebook. The authoritarian control is also eroded when people perceive high levels of political efficacy. Media Modality Effects on Perceptions of China: A Study of Text and Video Frames • Ruobing Li, The Pennsylvania State University; Steve Bien-Aime; Lian Ma, The Pennsylvania State University • The present paper describes an experiment that compared the strength of negative framing effects in text and video on people’s perceptions of China. Controlling for avidity for following international political news, results suggest that audience’s nationality moderate the effects of modalities on audience’s perceptions of China. For Chinese audience, video news increases their negative perceptions of China, while for non-Chinese audience, textual news elicits more negative perceptions of China. Framing H1N1 Influenza in U.S. and Chinese TV News • Jingfei Liu; Gang (Kevin) Han, Greenlee School/Iowa State University • This study examines the news frames of H1N1 influenza in NBC Nightly News (NBC) in the U.S. and CCTV Evening News (CCTV) in China from April 2009 to October 2010. The content analysis reveals significant differences in news frames and news sources between the two programs. Attribution of responsibility and human interest are the most visible frames in NBC, and the former is also the dominant frame in CCTV. The visibilities of human interest, conflict, and economic consequence frames in NBC are higher than those in CCTV. Domestic government officials and citizens are the most cited sources in NBC, followed by scientists and non-government organizations. The most cited source in CCTV is the domestic government, followed by foreign governments and international organizations. Positive correlations are found between the attribution of responsibility frame and the domestic government source, and between the human interest frame and non-government organizations, citizens and victims in NBC. In CCTV, positive correlations are found between the attribution of responsibility frame and the domestic government, between the human interest frame and both the domestic government and citizens, and between the conflict frame and scientists. Netizens Overlook "Official Frames" in China? A Framing Analysis of Online news and Micro-blogging Posts • Yanqin Lu • This framing analysis study examined China’s online news and micro-blogging posts on the disputes on Dioayu/Senkaku Islands. Compare to online news, micro-blogging users were more likely to put a human face and make moral judgments on the issue. Within the micro-blogging network, public figures tended to employ thematic frame while news media users preferred episodic frame. Pearson correlation test determined that public figures have a significant impact on the general users in the micro-blogging network. Weibo, a Better Civic Medium?  A Comparative Framing Analysis of Weibo and Xinhuanet in Covering the 7.23 China Train Crash • Luyue Ma, Bowling Green State University • This study employs a comparative framing analysis approach to examine how the popular Chinese social media Weibo and the government-run news website Xinhuanet cover the 7.23 Wenzhou train crash event (2011). The findings indicate that compared with Xinhua coverage, Weibo users are more likely to employ societal or political frames to cover the event. The discourse on Weibo diverges independently from the mainstream media and is more civic oriented. Framing Poll News in a Unbalanced Media System Society: A Study of Poll Coverage in South Korean Newspapers and Broadcasters during the 2012 Presidential Election • Chang Sup Park, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • This study examined the coverage on public polls by mass media during the 2012 presidential election in South Korea. Through the coding of news stories on public polls published in four newspapers and three broadcasters, this study finds South Korean mass media depended excessively on the strategy frame rather than the issue frame. This means that South Korean mass media presented readers the presidential election as an image of battle between candidates or political parties, rather than making voters engage in constructive dialogue about important issues regarding candidates and parties. Second, South Korean newspapers were very unkind in providing basic information about public polls that is necessary for voters to judge the results and implications of the polls. Third, topics that need to be delivered to voters were missing in the coverage of public polls in both newspapers and broadcasters. Important topics that the electorate should know in judging the candidates were rarely seen (e.g., main difference in policies between parties, human rights issues, and social welfare problems). Most importantly, South Korean media showed a very partisan attitude in the polling coverage. While the two conservative newspapers were positive toward the ruling party candidate, the two liberal newspapers were positive toward the opposition party candidate. Also, the two government-controlled broadcasters were seriously biased toward the ruling party and its candidate. The outcomes suggest that how the media system of a society is closely associated with the news coverage on important political issues. Foreign Correspondence in the Digital Age:  An analysis of India Ink The New York Times’ India-specific blog • Newly Paul, Louisiana State University • This paper is a case study of India Ink, the New York Times’ first country-specific blog, launched in September 2011. This paper examines the blog’s content in order to analyze the ways in which participatory Web 2.0 tools have changed foreign coverage. Findings indicate that through interactive multimedia, crowd-sourced content, and collaboration between Indian and American reporters, India Ink is helping foreign correspondence thrive amidst drastic newsroom budget cuts. Anonymous Sources Hurt Credibility of News Stories across Cultures: A Comparative Study of America and China • Ivanka Pjesivac, University of Tennessee; Rachel Rui, University of Tennessee • This experiment (N=620) tested the impact of the use of anonymous sources on perceived news story credibility in America and China, two countries with assumed different journalistic standards. Both Americans and Chinese rated news stories with only anonymous sources as less credible than stories with identified sources. Attitude of Americans towards news stories was found to be more positive. The study represents the first comparative research on the topic with rigorously established cross-cultural equivalences. Still in the dark about Africa: 21st century perceptions of development in Sub-Saharan Africa among American college students • April Raphiou, Student • For decades, African countries have been portrayed inaccurately in mainstream media, often as a land filled with wild people, exotic wildlife and widespread poverty. On the contrary, the Africa of today is slowly moving beyond these stereotypical images with burgeoning economies and improved quality-of-life in many areas. However, this study illustrates that perceptions of Africa among young news consumers do not reflect the changing landscape of the continent. Even though information and communication technologies make it possible for younger generations to access more information, they are still misinformed or uniformed about developments in Africa. Employing media use, cosmopolitanism level, and socioeconomic status as guiding frameworks, the current study measures young news consumers’ knowledge of African development. An online survey was administered to 202 college students at a public university in the southeastern region of the United States to gauge their perceptions of the current state of development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Results indicate that students continue to associate Africa with negative aspects of development, such as poverty and disease. Additionally, respondents with high cosmopolitan or socioeconomic levels were more knowledgeable about African development. Interestingly, media use did not correlate with knowledge This study also highlights differences in perceptions based upon respondents’ ethnicities; Asian respondents were more knowledgeable that individuals of other races. Right and Satisfied:  How the Influence of Political Leaning on Job Satisfaction of Journalists is Mediated by Their Perceived Role Fulfillment • Philip Baugut, U of Munich; Sebastian Scherr, U of Munich • This paper challenges the relevance of journalists’ political leanings. A secondary analysis of a representative survey of journalists (n = 1536) (see Weischenberg et al., 2006) shows that liberal journalists have a more active role conception, perceive stronger discrepancies between their role and their role fulfillment, and are less satisfied with their job. The indirect only effect of journalists’ political leanings on their job satisfaction underlines the significance of intrinsic factors for job satisfaction. "A Hero With A Thousand Faces": A Narrative Analysis of US and Taiwanese News Coverage of Linsanity • Chiaoning Su, Temple University • This paper examines the interconnectedness of the construction of ethnicity, nationalism and identity in contemporary media sports. This paper first describes the development and progression of the Linsanity phenomenon, a global sports story that defined 2012. Next, it reviews scholarship on the intersection of news media, sports, and national identity in the context of globalization, and further discusses research methods and data collection procedures. Finally, it compares US and Taiwanese news coverage of Jeremy Lin and argues that media in both countries reflect traditional racialized and nationalist ideologies in their representation of Linsanity, supporting the dominant nationalistic rhetoric in the US and increasing social solidarity in Taiwan. Consequently, this paper aims to demonstrate how national ideology sanctions specific constructions of ethnicity and identity, and how Jeremy Lin was framed differently by nationally-preferred archetypal narratives in the US and Taiwan that enable a hero to have "a thousand faces" on the stage of global media sports. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between US and Taiwanese media coverage of Jeremy Lin can be interpreted as clear evidence that global media sports are a contested terrain characterized by constant conflicting global cultural flows and local resistance to cultural domination. Media in the Middle East: A Credibility Crisis or a Case of Rising of Confidence? Jordan as a Model • Khalaf Tahat, University of Oklahoma; Azzam Elananza, Yarmouk University • The main purpose of this study was to investigate journalism students' perceptions of the credibility of the media in Jordan. Specifically, this paper sought to test the difference in media credibility between public media and private media. A questionnaire translated into Arabic was used and handed to a systematic random sample that consisted of 200 students at The Mass Communication College in Jordan. The study found that Jordanian journalism students perceive private media as more trusted than public media. Participants did not rate public media which is run by government as the most credible sources. Today, with the ongoing the "Arab Spring," private media play a major role in expanding the freedom margins in different countries in the Middle East compared with those media operated by governments that serve only their agendas. Also, the study revealed that people who spend more time in using media tend to trust private media than public media. The high competition between different types of media, the advent of new technologies, and adoption of a market approach in creating media content could explain how private media could employ different effective tools to enhance its communication with potential audiences and keep them following their content for a long time. Future studies and limitations are reported. Does Censorship or Culture Explain the Isoated Chinese Internet: Analyzing Global Online Audience Flows • Harsh Taneja; Angela Xiao Wu, Northwestern University • Censorship seemingly isolates Chinese internet users. We argue that blocking foreign websites has a limited role in shaping user behavior, as audiences anyway prefer local content. Analyzing traffic among the 1000 most visited websites globally we find that websites cluster according to language and geography. Chinese websites constitute one such cluster, which resembles other such geo-linguistic clusters. This cluster however excludes many uncensored foreign websites that offer content in Chinese language. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12148 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/icig-2013-abstracts/ Wed, 12 Jun 2013 12:33:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12155 Reasons Underlying The Choice Behind Seeking a Major in Journalism: The Journalism Degree Motivations Scale (JDMS) • Serena Carpenter, Michigan State University; Anne Hoag, Penn State University; August Grant, University of South Carolina • Journalists are socialized into the profession through education. The purpose of the research was to develop and validate a measure determining the motivational variables underlying both intrinsic and extrinsic reasons why undergraduate students seek a degree in journalism, the Journalism Degree Motivations Scale (JDMS). It is important to examine motivations in order to understand why they pick the stories they do. Through a multi-method approach and exploratory factor analysis, it established a set of motivations that reflect existing theory and measures. The results show that the JDMS is composed of seven factors: social justice and responsibility, social prestige, sports media, public interaction, photography, writing, and a varied career. Promotion and Tenure: Exploring the Guidelines of Journalism, Mass Communication and PR Departments in a Digital Era • Mia Moody; Yueqin Yang, Baylor; Poplar Yuan • This study examined tenure-review policies of 40 journalism, mass communication, and PR departments to identify trends and the impact—if any—that new media has had on tenure guidelines. The call for changes among departments can be traced back to more than 20 years ago, yet most of the documents in our sample are unreflective of a digital era. This analysis provides guidelines to help journalism, PR and communications departments transform their tenure and promotion guidelines for today’s technology-driven environment. Hegemonic Masculinity in Sports Journalism: On the Field, but in the Classroom? • Sada Reed, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Though the first American journalism school began in 1908, it wasn’t until the mid-1990s that sports journalism majors were created. By 2012, at least 10 American universities offered sports journalism tracks, and at least a quarter of mass communication-accredited institutions offered sports journalism courses. With the creation of these sports journalism-specific tracks comes new opportunity for educators to inform students about the role hegemonic masculinity, a critical theory that explains how ingroups maintain power, plays in sports journalism. Scholars regard sports journalism as a cultural maintenance site for hegemonic masculinity, as this theory has been used to explain the “common sense” ways in which outgroups are represented. This paper contains a brief overview of hegemonic masculinity, followed by a more in-depth section on hegemonic masculinity in sports and hegemonic masculinity in the classroom. The paper concludes with recommendations for educators regarding how to address hegemonic masculinity in the classroom and to ultimately create more critical, diverse student sports journalists. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12155 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/law-2013-abstracts/ Wed, 12 Jun 2013 12:47:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12160 Open Competition Documenting Fair Use • Jesse Abdenour, UNC-Chapel Hill • The United States Copyright Act of 1976 allows for fair use of copyrighted material under certain circumstances, but federal courts have been inconsistent in rulings on copyright infringement cases in which a documentary filmmaker claims fair use. This can be problematic for documentarians, since they often use copyrighted materials such as historical footage and songs. The “Documentary Filmmakers’ Statement of Best Practices in Fair Use,” released in 2005, aimed to clear up the confusion surrounding fair use in documentaries by providing guidelines for documentary filmmakers to follow. This paper analyzes relevant federal court cases in which a documentary maker was sued under the Federal Copyright Act for infringement and in which the court addressed the issue of whether the use was or was not covered by the fair use provisions in the Act. This case analysis is conducted in an effort to determine if the federal rulings in such cases have changed since the Documentary Filmmakers’ Statement was released, as some have indicated. Federal cases in which a news organization or production company was sued under the Act for infringement due to the use of copyrighted reality footage are also examined, as well as the Documentary Filmmakers’ Statement itself. The FTC Enters The Blogosphere: The Marketplace of Ideas and The FTC’S Regulation of Blogger Speech • Cassandra Batchelder • In 2009, the Federal Trade Commission made a step into the 21st century by amending its Guides Concerning Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising. The new Guides target endorsements of products or services by bloggers who have a connection to the advertiser who sells the good or service and do not disclose this connection. While the Guides may provide clarity to consumers, they also raise concerns about the First Amendment rights of bloggers. This paper employs a marketplace of ideas approach and examines the three instances since the Guides’ enactment in 2009 when the FTC relied on the Guides in its work. The paper finds that the Guides improperly treat all blogger speech as commercial speech and do not further the goals underlying the marketplace of ideas in the online context. The paper concludes that the FTC’s action to date have targeted advertisers, which faces far few First Amendment concerns, and that the Guides should be modified to reflect the FTC’s goal of encouraging advertisers to be honest about their dealings with bloggers. Forcing the Web to Forget: The “right to be forgotten,” free expression, and access to information • Cheryl Ann Bishop, Non • New technologies provide instantaneous communication and access to information escalating tensions between the right to information privacy and rights to free expression and information in a digitized world. Recently the European Commission proposed a draft of new Data Protection Regulation, which includes the controversial “right to be forgotten,” a right to have one’s personal data erased from webpages. At the same time, the European Court of Justice is hearing a case on whether Google can be forced, under the Spanish “right to be forgotten” and the current EU data protection directive to removes links from its search indexes to webpages containing suspect personal information. This paper assessed implications for rights to free expression and information regarding the draft Data Protection Regulation and its proposed “right to be forgotten” by analyzing the pertinent sections of the draft and case law of the ECJ interpreting the current data protection directive. Drawing on this analysis, this paper assessed implications of a “right to be forgotten” in terms of the Google case currently being heard by the ECJ, and finds that there are possible negative implications for free expression and information regardless of outcome. An “Actual Problem” in First Amendment Jurisprudence? Examining the Immediate Impact of Brown’s Proof-of-Causation Doctrine • Clay Calvert, University of Florida; Matthew Bunker, University of Alabama • This paper analyzes the immediate impact on First Amendment jurisprudence of the U.S. Supreme Court’s “direct causal link” requirement adopted in 2011 in Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association. Brown, in embracing an empirically focused proof-of-causation doctrine, marked the first time in the Court’s history it had used the phrase “direct causal link” in any free-speech case. But just one year later, the Court again deployed it a very different factual context in United States v. Alvarez to strike down a federal law making it a crime to lie about earning military medals. Then, in December 2012, a federal judge used Brown’s “direct causal link” test to enjoin a California law that prohibits healthcare providers from engaging in sexual orientation change efforts with gay minors. The paper explores problems with adopting Brown’s quantitative and empirical causation standard in cases like Alvarez where an intangible injury (reputational harm) to an inanimate object (a medal) is the alleged compelling interest. Bridging doctrine with theory, the paper also examines how the direct causal link requirement comports with the marketplace of ideas theory upon which much of First Amendment jurisprudence is premised. Fights From the First Amendment Fringes: Debating the Meaning of “Speech” Amid Shifting Cultural Mores & Changing Technologies • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • This paper examines the meaning of the word “speech” in the First Amendment, using three cases from 2012 as analytical springboards for both legal and cultural analysis. The cases center on whether tattooing and tattoos, “Liking” on Facebook, and begging for money constitute speech. The subjects were chosen, in part, because they force judges to confront shifting cultural stereotypes or technological advances. The paper draws on scholarly literature beyond the law to contextualize these skirmishes within broader cultural, social and/or technological frameworks. The paper concludes by identifying principles at the macro and micro levels distilled from the cases. Lost in Translation: Reviewing the Stored Communications Act in Practice • Robyn Caplan, School of Communication and Information, Rutgers University • Though the Stored Communications Act has faced criticism for being outdated, little has been done to revise the Act to reflect technological changes in remote storage and computing practices. And yet, can the judiciary system be tasked with the responsibility of interpreting the SCA to reflect current technological reality? This paper examines two subpoenas issued under the SCA to investigate the impact of the use of outdated technical distinctions on decisions governing the privacy and surveillance of data. Sexual Conversion Therapy and Freedom of Speech • Kara Carnley, University of Florida; Brittany Link, University of Florida; Linda Riedemann, University of Florida • This paper analyzes, from both a doctrinal and theoretical perspective, the First Amendment speech interests now at stake before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Welch v. Brown and Pickup v. Brown. Those cases pivot on a new California law banning mental health providers from performing sexual orientation change efforts (conversion therapy) on minors. Two district court judges reached radically different conclusions about the First Amendment questions in December 2012. The paper explores how three recent Supreme Court decisions involving seemingly disparate factual scenarios – Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association, United States v. Alvarez and Gonzales v. Carhart – and three venerable theories of free speech – the marketplace of ideas, democratic self-governance and individual self-realization – might affect the outcome of the cases on appeal. The Arrival of Real Malicia: Actual Malice in Inter-American Court of Human Rights • Edward Carter, Brigham Young University • The Inter-American Court of Human Rights decided two cases in recent years that represent a significant step for freedom of expression in nations that belong to the Organization of American States. In 2004, the Court had stopped short of adopting a standard that would require proof of “actual malice” in criminal defamation cases brought by public officials. In 2008 and 2009, however, the Court did adopt actual malice in two similar cases. The Court’s progress toward actual malice is chronicled and the ramifications of that jurisprudential development for Central and South America are discussed. The State of Indecency Law: A Positive and Normative Evaluation of the Fox Cases • Kevin Delaney, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This past summer, after nearly a decade of litigation, the Supreme Court released its long-awaited ruling in FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. In Fox, many experts thought the Court would deem unconstitutional the government’s regulation of broadcast indecency. The Court did not, however. Rather, the Court offered a narrow holding that upheld the government’s regulations. This paper evaluates, both positively and normatively, the state of indecency regulation subsequent to the Court’s ruling in Fox. Arab Media Regulations: Identifying restraints on freedom of the press in laws of six Arabian Peninsula countries • Matt Duffy, Georgia State University • This article analyzes media regulations of the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries on the Arabian Peninsula—Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The laws are analyzed and compared to international approaches that aim to balance freedom of expression against other societal obligations. The analysis shows that GCC laws go far beyond international norms in several areas including defamation, insults and criticisms, public order, and the banning of “false news.” Transfer of Collective Journalistic Works from Real Space to Cyberspace under French and American Intellectual Property Law. • Lyombe Eko, University of Iowa • This article is a comparative analysis of how the exceptional intellectual property law regimes of the United States and France managed the legal conflicts that were spawned by the transfer of collective journalistic works published in newspapers and magazines in real space to cyberspace (digital electronic databases, servers, the Internet and the “cloud”). Both countries approached the issue within the framework of their respective, exceptional intellectual property law regimes. In the United States, courts refused to transfer wholesale, the law of collective works that is applicable to the print media in real space, to the dematerialized realities of searchable databases in cyberspace. In France, courts held that the unauthorized transfer of the journalistic work of both freelance and full-time journalists from real space to cyberspace violated the French Intellectual Property Code. While these controversies show that legal provisions governing the privileges of authors and the rights of individual contributors to collective works under intellectual property law are functionally equivalent in the United States and France, the contexts, and the philosophical rationales for the decisions are different. The Impact of Next Generation Television on Consumers and the First Amendment • Rob Frieden, Penn State University • Consumers have access to an ever increasing inventory of video content choices as a result of technological innovations, more readily available broadband, new business plans, inexpensive high capacity storage and the Internet’s ability to serve as a single medium for a variety of previously standalone services delivered via different channels. They increasingly have little tolerance for “appointment television” that limits access to a particular time, channel and device. Access to video content is becoming a matter of using one of several software-configured interfaces capable of delivering live and recorded content anytime, anywhere, to any device and via many different transmission and presentation formats. Technological and marketplace convergence eliminate the viability of judicial and regulatory models that apply varying degrees of First Amendment protection as a function of the medium delivering the content. With the Internet serving as a single conduit for a variety of information, communications and entertainment (“ICE”), ventures can offer a bundle of services that span two or more regulatory classifications, e.g., the ability of wireless handsets to make telephone calls, to receive video programming and to access the Internet. This paper will examine the ongoing migration from channels to software-configured platforms for accessing video content with an eye toward assessing the impact on consumers and the First Amendment. The paper identifies the need for significant amendment of the Communications Act of 1934 to provide a light-handed and limited, but explicit statutory basis for the FCC to resolve predictable disputes between stakeholders and to remedy anticompetitive practices. "Ag-Recording" Laws Disassembled • Emily Garnett, University of Missouri School of Journalism • Four “Ag-Recording laws” in place in Kansas, Montana, North Dakota, and Utah violate three major First Amendment rights. The laws are overly broad because they restrict a constitutionally protected form of speech, whistleblowing. They are content-based restrictions of speech that are not content-neutral, do not serve a compelling government interest, and are not minimally restrictive. Finally, two of the state laws in place in Kansas and Montana are examples of prior restraint. Physicians, Firearms and Free Expression • Justin Hayes, University of Florida; Daniel Axelrod, University of Florida; Minch Minchin, University of Florida • This paper analyzes, from both a doctrinal and theoretical perspective, the First Amendment speech interests now at stake before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in Wollschlaeger v. Farmer. The case pivots on Florida’s Firearm Owners’ Privacy Act, a statute supported by the National Rifle Association that limits physicians’ ability to question patients about gun ownership. The paper also addresses an issue unresolved by the Supreme Court in its abortion opinion in Planned Parenthood v. Casey: What standard of scrutiny should apply to measure the validity of statutes affecting doctors’ speech within the doctor-patient relationship? American Hemispheric Exceptionalisms: A comparative analysis of U.S. and Brazilian laws of defamation and racist speech • Brett Johnson, University of Minnesota • Two exceptionalisms exist in the American hemisphere: U.S. (i.e. “American”) exceptionalism, and Brazilian exceptionalism. These exceptionalisms are most evident within each country’s laws regarding racist speech and defamation. The United States permits racist, discriminatory, blasphemous and borderline defamatory speech like no other country. In Brazil, racism and other forms of hate speech are banned under constitutional and statutory law, and the law acts to protect the honor of citizens, especially public figures. This paper will compare these two areas of law within each country. The paper will address foundational cases and constitutional precepts in both the U.S. and Brazilian context and incorporate both U.S. and Brazilian legal theory in order to show how each exceptionalism plays a central role in its respective country’s civilization vision as both a hemispheric and global power. New Media, New Guideline? • Hyosun Kim, University of North Carolina • This study examines the possible advertising regulatory issues surrounding DTC advertising of prescription drugs by analyzing NOVs and warning letters sent to pharmaceutical companies in the past five years, with particular attention to online media promotion. The study found that the fair balance issue is a concern for online pharmaceutical promotions of prescription drugs. In addition, the research shows that new alleged violation categories were added due to the advent of new media. Cameras in the Courtroom 2.0: How Technology is Changing the Way Journalists Cover the Courts • Christina Locke Faubel, University of Florida • The “cameras in the courtroom” issue has expanded to include handheld image dissemination and real-time reporting using cell phones, laptops, and third-party platforms such as Twitter. This study examined the legal status of live-reporting with mobile devices in state and federal courtrooms across the country and developed both a model policy for courts on the use of electronic devices and a list of best practices for journalists. The right to bear cannons: Reevaluating DDoS actions as civic protest • Vyshali Manivannan, Rutgers University School of Communication & Information • This article will reconstitute Distributed-Denial-of-Service actions as symbolic speech within a civil disobedience framework. It will consider technical, historical, and sociocultural inflections of law and policy concerning the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, DDoS case law, symbolic speech considerations, and semiotic disobedience of expressive altlaws. Finally, it will suggest a revision of legal frameworks and current DDoS strategies to redress the overreach and exorbitant punishments of the CFAA without exceeding First Amendment protections. Drone Journalism: Using Unmanned Aircraft to Gather News and When Such Use Might Invade Privacy • Karen McIntyre, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Journalists in the United States have started gathering news by collecting photos, video, and other data using small drones – aircraft with no onboard pilot. The new use of this technology could benefit the future of journalism. However, it currently is illegal for private people or entities to operate drones for commercial purposes. The Federal Aviation Administration, which regulates drone use, is developing new rules that are expected to allow commercial drone use, but not until the end of 2015. Once journalists can legally operate drones, how will they be able to use them without invading people’s privacy? This paper examines the possible uses of drones for journalism and how drones are regulated. Further, it analyses court decisions in existing surreptitious newsgathering and aerial surveillance cases, which courts might rely upon to decide future cases in which journalists intrusively use drones. Based on these cases, this paper suggests the ways drone journalism may invade a person’s privacy and offers guidelines to journalists considering the use of unmanned aircraft to gather news. Check your rights at the schoolhouse door: Thomas and the narrowest view of student speech • William Nevin, University of Alabama • In Morse v. Frederick, the Supreme Court was confronted with a difficult issue: Should students be allowed speech rights where that speech is on illegal drug use? Justice Clarence Thomas, in siding with the majority against the student, went so far as to claim students should have no First Amendment rights. This paper is an examination of how Thomas came to that conclusion and ultimately a refutation of his methods. Participatory Democratic Governance and Judicial Balancing of Privacy and Expression in the United Kingdom • Bryce Newell, University of Washington, Information School • The rights of privacy and expression often conflict. Case law from the United Kingdom suggests that the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law has changed domestic participatory governance in the UK and, in line with prior theory, has increased transparency and given greater political authority to courts. It has also spurred the growth of domestic privacy law at the expense of the rights of the press to free expression. The Supreme Court's "Indecision" on the FCC's Indecency Regulations Leaves Broadcasters Still Searching for Answers • Robert Richards, Pennsylvania State University; David J Weinert • In June 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court left broadcasters in a “holding pattern” by sidestepping the longstanding question of whether the F.C.C.’s broadcast indecency policy can survive constitutional scrutiny today given the vastly changed media landscape. The Court’s narrow ruling in FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. let broadcasters off the hook for the specific on-air transgressions that brought the case to its docket, but did little to resolve the larger issue of whether such content regulations have become obsolete. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the legal hurdles the F.C.C. will face in attempting to construct any modified policy governing broadcast indecency. It discusses the insurmountable First Amendment considerations that will plague the Commission in its efforts, including the current exceptions that swallow the rationale for the regulations and the dramatically changed media landscape that render them futile. Newspapers, Cross-Ownership, and Antitrust in the Digital Era • Frank Russell, University of Missouri-Columbia • This paper examines the Federal Communications Commission’s newspaper-broadcast cross-ownership rule in the context of reduced print publication days for Newhouse Newspapers’ publications in New Orleans and Alabama and the rise of online sources for local news. A standard of audience concentration is proposed based on the Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index, or HHI, used by the U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission to measure economic concentration in a market. The “First Amendment” in Nepal: How Madison’s America Informs Press Freedom Efforts Globally • Joseph Russomanno, Arizona State University • As the reality of McLuhan’s global village grows by the day, previously under-the-radar nations assume new positions of relevance. Analyzing Nepal’s efforts to transform itself from monarchy to democracy, complete with a constitution that includes press and speech freedom provisions, is useful. It serves to highlight the uniqueness of America’s post-revolutionary experience that resulted in, among other documents, the First Amendment. This paper focuses on those unique circumstances, in part by utilizing a Madisonian perspective. A Reputation Held Hostage? Commercial Mugshot Websites and the Trade in Digital Shame • Kearston Wesner, University of Minnesota Duluth • Recently, a spate of websites trafficking in arrestees’ booking photographs has emerged. Booking photographs, commonly known as mugshots, are ordinarily legitimate public records that enable people to engage in a “community watchdog” function and ferret out government abuses of power. However, these new websites also serve a nefarious commercial purpose. They post mugshots for public review and only offer to remove them upon suitable payment, even when the subject of the mugshot has been exonerated of any crime. Publication of mugshots raises significant privacy interests and concerns about prejudicial trials. Further, easy access to government documents and a high possible payoff will likely fuel the creation of more similar sites. The paper analyzes the status of mugshot websites and considers two recent proposals for dealing with them: the right-of-publicity lawsuit and statutory measures. When (News)Gathering Isn't Enough: The Right to Gather Information in Public Places • Elizabeth Woolery, UNC-Chapel Hill • In dozens of highly publicized cases in 2011, reporters were arrested covering Occupy Wall Street and spin-off protests. In other cases citizens have been arrested for using their cell phones to videotape law enforcement officials. Though these cases are factually different, they raise this same important legal issue: Is there a First Amendment right to gather information in public places? The Press, the Public, and Capital Punishment: California First Amendment Coalition and the Development of a First Amendment Right to Witness Executions • Elizabeth Woolery, UNC-Chapel Hill • The United States Supreme Court has never addressed the issue of access to government-conducted executions. This paper examines the approaches courts have used to determine whether a First Amendment right of access to witness all phases of executions exists, in light of and following the the Ninth Circuit’s 2002 holding in California First Amendment Coalition v. Calderon (CFAC). Two recent cases have again put the issue of constitutional access to executions in the national spotlight. (Virtual) Crime & (Real) Punishment: The PROTECT Act’s Punishment of Erotic Cartoons as Child Pornography • Jason Zenor, SUNY-Oswego • In 2008, Christopher Handley was convicted and sentenced to six months in jail for receiving Japanese anime cartoons that portrayed fictional children engaged in bestiality. Pursuant to the PROTECT Act, possession of virtual child pornography was punished as it was found to be obscene. This current law replaced the Child Pornography Protection Act, which had an outright ban on virtual child pornography, but was deemed unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition.  However, under the PROTECT Act, if the work is deemed to be obscene, the defendant will be sentenced under the more severe crime of child pornography- and is forever branded a sex offender- even if it is only possession of the work. This paper argues that such an overbroad law-based in the good intention of protecting children from actual harms- is instead, at best, a tenuous connection between the unwanted harm and the speech prohibited. First, this paper will examine the development of sexually explicit Japanese animation and the sociological and historical roots of the genre, illustrating the social value that it has for its fandom. Second, the paper will outline recent cases where collectors of such anime have been convicted of obscenity possession and sentenced as child pornographers. Next, the paper will outline the law of obscenity and child pornography in the United States. Finally, the article will argue that the PROTECT Act is overbroad and misguided and is antithetical to free expression values. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12160 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/mag-2013-abstracts/ Wed, 12 Jun 2013 12:58:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12164 "Trail of Corpses": Newsweek, Time, and U.S. News & World Report's Coverage of Genocide in Southern Sudan, 1989-2005 • Sally Ann Cruikshank • This study examines how three U.S. national magazines, Newsweek, Time, and U.S. News & World Report, framed the conflict in southern Sudan. Based on a textual analysis of the reports, the most salient frame associated with the conflict throughout all the coverage was that it was a “religious” civil war. In all three magazines, two dominant themes emerged: famine and the way children were being affected by the war. The implications of these findings are discussed at length. Magazines in the new millennium: A concept explication • Joy Jenkins, University of Missouri • The format, content, and appearance of magazines have changed considerably during their history. As a result, the already fluid definition of “magazine” is changing. Following the steps described by McLeod and Pan (2005), this paper explicates “magazine.” After describing the history of magazines in America, the paper analyzes the definitions that have been assigned to magazines and examines their empirical properties. Lastly, the author proposes a new conceptual definition of “magazine” and suggests operational procedures. Development of Men’s Magazines Industry in Taiwan • Chingshan Jiang, University of Nebraska at Kearney • The emergence of men’s magazines in Taiwan forms an interesting case study when looking at the growth of global media. Not only are men’s magazines popular in Taiwan, but they also shape readers’ attitudes about masculinity. International men’s magazines in Taiwan have had a significant influence on the format and content of local men’s magazines. Furthermore, the globalization of men’s magazines which includes foreign fashion, lifestyle, Western masculinity and editorials suitable for advertising has had an impact on the design and content of local men’s magazines in Taiwan. The purpose of this study is to examine how men’s magazines in Taiwan are constructed as hybrids incorporating both local and international cultures. Exploring How College Magazines Portray Science and Scientists: A Comparative Analysis of Harvard Magazine and KU (Korea University) Today • Hwalbin Kim, University of South Carolina; Jeong-Heon JC Chang, Korea University • This study explores how two college magazines – Harvard Magazine and KU Today – portray science and scientists. Based on a framing theory as a theoretical framework, we conducted a content analysis of science stories. Findings of this analysis show that Harvard Magazine framed science as the progress issue while KU Today portrayed science as the convergence and communication theme. As elite media, the university magazine can serve as a guide for news dealing with scientific research. Between academia and journalism: Formation of the intellectual field in postwar South Korea (1953-59) • Ah-Reum Kim, The University of Tokyo • This study investigates the close ties between the media and knowledge production by analyzing rise of the intellectual field. An intellectual group formed around the magazine, Sasanggye, is considered as a middle range of analytical tool and material conditions of 1950s’ South Korean intellectual society are examined. These conditions situate the intellectual field between journalistic and academic field and suggest the way in which intellectual paradigm of American knowledge was appropriated. Examining the lens on the world: Reader negotiation of identity through National Geographic coverage of Puerto Rico • Andrew Mendelson, Temple University Journalism; Nancy Morris, Temple University • This study examines how a 2003 National Geographic Magazine article on Puerto Rico was interpreted by Puerto Ricans. Their reactions to their representation by a U.S. magazine that positions itself as an arbiter of cultural knowledge is supplemented by examination of NGM content and interviews with NGM staff. NGM faces new challenges in representing culture in the Internet era in which media representations of the “other” are increasingly available to the “other.” "50 Ways to Seduce a Man" vs. "The Better Sex Diet": A Content Analysis • Chelsea Reynolds, University of Minnesota • This study analyzed magazine framing of sex, sexuality, and sexual health. The researcher conducted a content analysis of 134 sex articles in 53 issues of Cosmopolitan, Glamour, Redbook, Esquire, GQ, Maxim, Women’s Health, Self, Men’s Fitness, and Men’s Health. Consistent with previous examinations of magazine sex content, women’s and men’s health and lifestyle titles gave more attention sex as entertainment than they did to sexual health or human sexuality. Differences between genres’ frames are discussed. Portrayal of a Man and his Magic: The Image of Walt Disney in Magazines from 1934-1969 • Andi Stein, Cal State Fullerton • This study focuses on the image of Walt Disney that was portrayed by the magazine media during his time as the head of the Walt Disney Studios and in the years following his death in 1966. The study evaluates the recurring themes that emerged in magazine articles written about Disney to show how these articles portrayed him as an individual as well as within the context of his leadership role in his company. Men’s images in women’s eyes • Yan Yan • Although women and girls have long been reported under great pressures from the image of “ideal beauty” communicated by mass media, little research focuses on the mediated “ideal male” image and its potential influences on the women’s expectations of the men. The current research examined how the “ideal male” and its related constructs were communicated by four top female beauty and fashion magazines— Vogue, Elle, Glamour and Cosmopolitan in 12 countries. Results showed that the ideal male and its related constructs varied significantly across magazines, indicating that the representation of male subjects was greatly influenced by each magazine’s self-positioning strategies and editorial intentions. Culture played a unique role in the representation of ideal male image. In particular, the U.S. and European magazines kept a relevant cultural independency in male model selection, but other countries confronted with a danger of being assimilated into the Westernized standard. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12164 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/mcs-2013-abstracts/ Wed, 12 Jun 2013 14:04:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12170 Measuring News Media Literacy • Adam Maksl, Indiana University Southeast; Seth Ashley, Boise State University; Stephanie Craft • News media literacy refers to the knowledge and motivations needed to identify, appreciate, and engage with journalism. This study measured levels of news media literacy among 500 Chicago-area teenagers using a new scale based on Potter’s model of media literacy and adapted to news media specifically. News literate teens were found to be more intrinsically motivated to consume news, more skeptical and more knowledgeable about current events than their less news literate counterparts. Why Change the Story? Portrayals of the Arab Spring in the Western and Eastern News Media • Mian Asim, University of Florida; Hyojin Kim, University of Florida • This study examines the content and framing of new stories emerged from the Western and the Arab media, right before and
after the peak period of the Arab Spring while suggesting that the level of deviance employed by protest groups in terms of tactics and goals are equally substantial in affecting their news coverage. This study also hints that media may adjust its stance as time proceeds depending upon the potential outcome of protests. Facebook “Friends”: Effects of Social Networking Site Intensity, Social Capital Affinity, and Flow on Knowledge-Gain • Valerie Barker, Journalism & Media Studies SDSU; David Dozier; Amy Schmitz Weiss; Diane Borden • Using a subset of data from a survey of a representative sample of U.S. Internet users, 236 participants responded regarding social networking site (SNS) intensity, experience of flow (concentrated engagement in/enjoyment of an activity), social capital affinity (value of interaction/identification with online peers) and focused and incidental-knowledge gains. SNS intensity strongly predicted flow and social capital affinity, but the latter appeared to be a stronger predictor of focused and incidental-knowledge gains from social networking sites. The creepiness factor: Explaining conflicting audience attitudes toward tailored media content • Lisa Barnard • In an online survey (N=2,002), attitudes toward tailoring were more favorable when tailoring was less invasive – i.e. when it involved impersonal media functions rather than personal ones, and when it used public rather than private information. Four individual difference models (narcissism; open-mindedness; audience selectivity; online media dependency) were tested. Those who were more narcissistic and more dependent on online media had more positive attitudes toward tailoring and thought more types of tailoring should be allowed. Workplace Characteristics and Limitations on U.S. Journalists’ Professional Autonomy • Randal Beam • Autonomy is a hallmark of professional labor, but for individuals working in complex organizations, such as journalists, it is never unfettered. This study examines constraints on journalists’ professional autonomy. It uses analyses of open-ended and fixed-response questions from a national panel survey of U.S. journalists to explore what news workers characterize as the most significant limitations on their freedom as journalists. Picturing Collective Memory: What Google's Doodles Want Us to Think About • Bob Britten, West Virginia University; Mark Poepsel, Loyola University New Orleans • A Doodle is a variation of the logo on the starting page of search engine Google, used to commemorate dates, individuals, events and things. Their novelty, and Google’s widespread use, make them potent elements of collective memory. This research identifies the types of Doodles used over time, comparing which subjects are emphasized and which are omitted. Google encourages memory of artists and explorers, and covertly places itself squarely within that group. The Influence of Participation and Online Norms in the Development of a Sense of Virtual Community • Michael Clay Carey, Ohio University; Hans Meyer, Ohio University • The emergence of Web 2.0 has facilitated the proliferation of virtual groups and communities. Virtual communities are distinct from online groups in part because their members experience a sense of virtual community (Blanchard, 2008). Participants in a nationwide survey (N=1,014) were asked about their experienced sense of virtual community, and solicits their opinions on other facets of online groups. The study suggests generalizable conditions that may facilitate sense of virtual community. Transparency in Newsrooms: What’s visible, What’s not and Why • Kalyani Chadha, University of Maryland College Park; Michael Koliska • Facing a decline in public credibility, news organizations have been encouraged to embrace transparency to combat public distrust. In this paper, we examine how journalists at six leading news outlet grapple with the concept of transparency and its implementation in their newsrooms. Our data indicate that news outlets engage in a limited and strategic form of transparency, that enable them to appear transparent without offering substantive insights into the journalistic process. Visiting Theories That Predict College Students' Self-disclosure On Facebook • Chen-wei Chang, The University of Southern Mississippi; Jun Heo, University of Southern Mississippi • The present study explored theories that may explain information disclosure behavior on Facebook and provided understanding of each theoretical framework’s contribution in explaining such behavior. Findings suggested the potential of all the constructs tested in this study (the uses and gratifications theory, the social contract theory, trust/self-disclosure relationships, time spent on Facebook, the number of Facebook friends, and gender difference) as frameworks to explain self-disclosure behavior on Facebook. This social media-specific study observed rather interesting evidences that theories may have different implications from previous literature theoretically as well as practically. Click "like" and share if you're not affected: Adolescents, third-person perception, and Facebook. • John Chapin, Pennsylvania State University • A survey of adolescents (N = 1,488) documented third-person perception (TPP) regarding Facebook use and cyber bullying. As Facebook establishes itself as the dominant social network, users expose themselves to a level of bullying not possible in the analog world. The study found that 84% of adolescents (middle school through college undergraduates) use Facebook, and that most users log on daily. While 30% of the sample reported being cyber bullied, only 12.5% quit using the site and only 18% told a parent or school official. Despite heavy use and exposure, adolescents exhibit TPP, believing others are more likely to be negatively affected by Facebook use. The current study contributes to the TPP literature by linking the perceptual bias to self-protective behaviors. A range of self-protective behaviors from precautionary (deleting or blocking abusive users) to reactionary (quitting Facebook) were related to decreased degrees of TPP. TPP was also related to optimistic bias, experience, liking of and use of Facebook, perceived subjective norms and age. Implications for prevention education are discussed. Hong Kong-er Or Chinese? Impact of Mainland Tourist News on Hong Kong Students’ Social Identity • Hexin CHEN, City University of Hong Kong; Wanqi Gong, City University of Hong Kong; Sixian Lin, City University of Hong Kong; Miriam Hernandez, City University of Hong Kong; Jie Ying Wang, Hong Kong Baptist University • Based on the social identity theory, this study examines the impact of news exposure on the perception of the social identities of university students in Hong Kong. We found that exposure to negative news about mainland tourists has a positive impact on respondents’ Hong Kong identity and their superiority sense over mainland Chinese. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Crisis frames across media and distances: An analysis of local, regional, and national news coverage of the Tucson shooting • Bethany Anne Conway • This study examined the evolution of frames in news coverage of the Tucson shooting to determine how traditional theories of crisis coverage map-on to a smaller-scale, domestic terrorism event. Along with adding to the literature on national coverage of tragedy, it provides insight into how crisis coverage differs among local, regional, and national newspapers. Findings reveal that human-interest frames made marked appearances across news outlets. While political frames were prevalent in later stages of coverage, cable and network news outlets emphasized politics to a different extent. Differences were found among the national, regional, and local newspapers, demonstrating how news coverage is adapted to the needs and interests of different audience segments in crisis. Testing the Utility of Graphic Program Advisory Labels: An Eye-Tracking Study • Glenn Cummins, Texas Tech University; Cam Stone; Boni Cui, Texas Tech University; Hannah Gibby, Texas Tech University • Despite the use of television program advisories for more than 15 years, viewer understanding of these advisories remains problematic. Thus, this study examined the effectiveness of alternate graphic program advisories as a means of attracting viewer attention and more effectively communicating their intended meaning. Results indicated that viewers better understood the meaning of the advisories. Moreover, eye-tracking data revealed that they also allocated greater attention graphic advisories during initial exposure. “Oh Man! Am I a Woman!?”: Analysis of ESPN.com user comments on the presence of Danica Patrick in NASCAR • Denae D'Arcy, University of Tennessee; Kyle Heuett, University of Tennessee; Katie Reno, University of Tennessee • In the wild world of men’s sports, women are making a showing. This is evident in competitions such as NASCAR where Danica Patrick raced in the 2012 Daytona 500. Some contributors to the comments section on ESPN web stories suggested that she did not belong on the track or in the sport. Three coders analyzed more than 1,300 comments on ESPN online stories before and after Patrick’s Daytona 500 race to find the meaning of her presence in NASCAR. The Good, the Bad, and the Ambivalent? Analyzing the moral nature of fiction characters over time • Serena Daalmans, Radboud University Nijmegen; Ellen Hijmans, Radboud University Nijmegen; Fred Wester, Radboud University Nijmegen • Recently, the public eye and the academic community have started to focus on the presence and effects of morally ambivalent characters in television fiction. Both assume a prevalence of these characters, but neither is based on more than anecdotal evidence. This study explores the longitudinal changes (1985-2010) in the moral nature as well as the socio-demographic characteristics of the cast of television fiction aired during prime time in the Netherlands, through content analysis (N = 352). The Chronicle of Current Events: uncensored information from the Soviet Union • Nino Danelia, University of South Carolina; Maia Mikashavidze, University of South Carolina • This study analyzed The Chronicle of Current Events, an underground Soviet publication issued from 1967 through 1982. Using scholarship on political framing, the study found Soviet dissidents using conflict and responsibility frames to write about the dominant themes of human rights abuses and persecutions of ethnic and religious minority groups. The publication was framing the dissidents’ cause as the protection of human rights, and aiming to get the word out to the international public. The Miami Zombie Attack: How Broadcast News Media Constructed a “Bath Salts Epidemic” • Ruth DeFoster, University of Minnesota; Natashia Swalve, University of Nebraska • Using framing theory and textual analysis, this paper examines broadcast media coverage of a May 2012 crime in Miami that became rhetorically tied to a bath salts “epidemic” in mass media. It finds that coverage focused on bath salts use to the exclusion of other interpretive schema for the event, and finds a marked disparity between the portrait of bath salts use/effects presented in these texts and clinical literature and data on actual usage/effects. Adolescent Perceptions of Digital Play: A Study in Third-Person Effects • Wendy Blanchard; Bryan Denham • Research on third-person effects has found that, relative to themselves, individuals perceive others as being more affected by media content. In this study, we examined perceived effects of video games and digital play among students enrolled at a charter high school in the Southeastern United States. As determinants of third-person perceptions, the study included measures of gender, race and age, time spent on video games during a typical school day, household rules governing time spent on video games and exposure to violent media content, and communication from parents about spending too much time in digital play. Results showed a consistent pattern of third-person perceptions, with those who reported lower levels of digital play estimating higher levels of adverse effects on others. Females and those who indicated the presence of household rules governing digital play and exposure to violent content estimated especially negative effects on others. Surfing Alone: Search Engines, Flow, and Positive Outcomes • David Dozier; Valerie Barker, Journalism & Media Studies SDSU; Amy Schmitz Weiss; Diane Borden • This study integrates Stephenson’s (1967) play theory and Csikszentmihalyi’s (1990) flow theory to examine the use of search engines. The challenge of an Internet search is balanced against the Internet surfer’s skills, permitting optimum experiences or flow. A national telephone survey, using probability sampling, provides evidence that search-engine flow mediates the relationship between search-engine usage and four positive outcomes: (1) focused knowledge gain, (2) incidental knowledge gain, (3) satisfaction, and (4) reputation. Three Patterns of News Use in College Students • Eunjin Kim; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri; Margaret Duffy, U of Missouri; Heather Schoenberger • Through latent profile analysis, the study identifies three groups of college students based on self-reports of news consumption from various news sources. Most fell into Low News group, which also showed high levels of Entertainment Media use. Membership in the groups was strongly predicted by Parent and Friend News Use, needing the news every day, and confidence in knowing what others were trying to express. A New Model for the Hierarchy of Influences?: Interviewing ‘Front Lines’ National Security Journalists • Heather Epkins, University of Maryland • This paper examines a critical tier in the global flow of terrorism information gathered through in-depth interviews with 35 national security journalists in the Washington, DC, ‘prestige press.’ Rarely studied but extremely influential, these ‘front-line’ reporters offer insider knowledge regarding how the post-9/11 era has altered journalist routines. Findings include evidence to reconsider the Hierarchy of Influences Model (Shoemaker & Reese, 1996) using the lens of an important modern frame: the “War on Terror.” Do college students benefit from their social media experience? Social media involvement and its impact on college students’ self-efficacy perception • Ling Fang, Bowling Green State University • The indulgence in social networking sites (SNS) among college students has drawn scholars’ attention and research interest. Considering the importance of self-efficacy as a behavior indicator in every aspect of life, it is worth examining whether college students’ Facebook usage could influence college students’ self-efficacy perception in learning, socializing, and public participation. Based on a theoretical framework combining social cognitive theory and uses and gratifications theory, this study examined college students’ time spent on SNS as well as other users’ behaviors as indicators of perceived self-efficacy change after using SNS. This pilot study is based on a web survey of 395 students in public university in the Midwest on September 2012. Findings indicate a negative association between socializing use of SNS and perceived self-efficacy after using SNS. Specifically, students’ perception of SNS experience is an important indicator of their perceived self-efficacy after using SNS. However, students’ self-reported social learning behavior on SNS turned out to be a negative indicator. Moreover, positive associations found between perceived general self-efficacy change after using SNS and reported civic and politic participation suggest potential indirect effects of SNS involvement on students’ political and public participation. Interesting findings are discussed in this paper. Thinking about issues: What drives opinion formation? • Stefan Geiss, Department of Communication, U of Mainz • Outcomes of collective opinion formation processes are often criticized. Obviously, some engage in sustained in-depth opinion formation while others process the information superficially and transiently. To account for this, a cognitive miser model is proposed: Individuals form cognitive appraisals of current issues which influence their motivation for engaging in opinion formation. A three-wave panel study tracks the progress of opinion formation. Findings support the notion that appraisals steer depth and duration of opinion formation processes. Learning From “Fake News”: Is “Daily Show” Viewing Linked to Greater Political Knowledge? • Jennifer D. Greer, University of Alabama; Brooke Carbo, University of Alabama; Yeojin Kim • Using nationwide survey data from U.S. voters, this study examines whether exposure to “fake news” is linked to higher political knowledge, even when age, education, political participation, and political ideology are entered as control variables. “Daily Show” viewers overall had significantly higher levels of liberal knowledge than non-viewers. By gender, “Daily Show” viewing was linked to higher levels of all three types of political knowledge for women and higher levels of liberal knowledge in men. Media repertoire and multi-platform media use: Media consumption diversity in a digital age • Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State University; Yen-I Lee, Bowling Green State University • In this digital age, many media options are available to consumers. People can resist or embrace the diversity based on their own habit and preference. This study of general population’s media consumption patterns including mobile media in a local market shows that media content preference diversity, total news consumption time and household income predict the news media repertoire diversity. But within each medium, the repertoire is narrow with most consumers using only one outlet in newspapers and social media. It advances the media repertoire theory and utilizes brand loyalty and media accessibility to explain why the proliferation of media outlets and platforms may not translate to consumption diversity. To maximize time use and efficiency and for different content, consumers choose a variety of media platforms to satisfy their needs. But in each specific medium, one platform dominates as their primary format to consume. Victimhood and restoration: Retooling memory in newspapers • Choonghee Han, Hope College • Claiming victimhood provides victims with a sense of restoration, and helps them recover their self-esteem. This seemingly psychological process is, in fact, political. In a nation-state context, remembering victimhood enables a country to avoid division in the society by reminding the public that they shared the memory of national suffering. This paper explores the discursive construction of victimhood and restoration in Asian flagship newspapers. A critical discourse analysis was conducted on news articles. Can Enduring Values Endure? Examining Professional Self-Image of Local News Workers in a News Community of Constant Change • Shawn Harmsen, University of Iowa; Brian Ekdale, University of Iowa; Jane B. Singer, University of Iowa; Melissa Tully, University of Iowa • "They didn’t know it at the time, but when Tuchman (1978), Gans (1979), and Schudson (1981) wrote some of the seminal works in the area of the sociology of news, they were writing about what some later called the “golden age” of journalism. Part of what they found and described in various ways was a group of journalists who saw themselves as professionals, as part of a special group with its own special history, training, skill, rights, and responsibilities. Forty years later the news industry looks very different than it did in the 1970s. But despite all of the changes, including but not limited to technology, ownership, and job stability, have journalists changed as well? This research uses a case study approach (interviews, observations, and surveys) at a small-market converged newspaper/television/online news operation to explore how journalists define themselves in an ever-changing environment. This paper first discusses the amount of change in general this particular news staff has experienced in the last five years, asks how they feel about those changes, and then focuses in on their feelings about management driven exploration of what is sometimes called “community” or “public” journalism. This paper describes a staff facing its own conflicting attitudes about change and the future of their jobs, while also determined to hold onto what they find to be special about their profession. It concludes with a discussion about the normative implications of these findings for journalism and for the society which the journalists are supposed to serve." "Am I Pretty?" YouTube Answers. • Azeta Hatef • The purpose of this study is to uncover the motivations and effects of creating an “Am I Pretty or Ugly?” YouTube video. We are able to infer the young women’s motivations for creating and uploading videos through content analysis of words and actions as well as viewer’s comments. Analysis of data illustrates the strongest relationships correlate with the amount of activity on a YouTube video page rather than the level of attractiveness of the video creator. Twitter’s Role in the Modern Newsroom: Circumventing the Gatekeepers and Pounding the Digital Pavement • Keren Henderson, Louisiana State University; Andrea Miller, LSU • Is social media so convenient that journalists are replacing traditional news routines with Twitter? Analyzing a survey of 166 local television news workers, this study offers insights into use of Twitter in the newsroom, rates of adoption, who journalists are following, and their attitudes toward the value of Twitter as a story idea source. Perceived Realism, Enjoyment, and News Perception in the Context of Stereotypes: The Influence of Stereotypic Portrayals of Gender Roles on Attitudes toward News Stories • Jennifer Hoewe, The Pennsylvania State University; Alyssa Appelman, The Pennsylvania State University; Elise Stevens, The Pennsylvania State University • This study explores the relationship between stereotypic beliefs and subsequent attitudes, specifically how beliefs about women relate to attitudes toward news stories about a stay-at-home parent. A between-subjects experiment revealed that participants with more stereotypic beliefs about women thought a news story about a stay-at-home mother was more realistic than one about a stay-at-home father. Regardless of story condition, stereotypic beliefs about women were associated with negative attitudes regarding perceived realism, enjoyment, and news perception. It's All About Me: Narcissism and User-Generated Content on Facebook • Todd Holmes, University of Florida • It is thought that the content-generating capabilities of Facebook are leading to higher levels of narcissism within our society. A survey (N=344) was conducted that assessed a number of Facebook behaviors: self-promotion, ensuring a large network of friends, retaliation/anger over critical remarks, and entitlement/exploitativeness. Results were mixed concerning self-promotional behaviors and entitlement/exploitativeness, but were consistent with ensuring a large friend network and retaliating and becoming angry over negative comments. Morally Engaged and Cognitively Mixed: The Prosocial Effects of Exposure to Unpleasant Media Violence on Charitable Giving • T. Franklin Waddell, Penn State; Edward Downs, University of Minnesota Duluth; James Ivory, Virginia Tech; Kwaku Akom, Virginia Tech; Marcela Weber, The University of the South; Desmond Hayspell, Southside Virginia Community College • Although media violence is generally assumed to desensitize psychological and physiological responses to real world violence, it should not be assumed that all violent content produces uniform, negative effects. An experiment found that individuals who viewed a media clip that portrayed the consequences of domestic abuse were more likely to donate money to a charitable organization for international victims of violence. These results provide evidence that exposure to some media violence can promote prosocial behaviors. Occupying the Civil Rights Movement: Cable News Framing of Contemporary Protest through Historical Memory • Sarah Jackson, Northeastern University • This paper examines if and how public memory of the civil rights movement was put into action by newsmakers seeking to frame understandings of Occupy Wall Street on two of America’s most polarized news networks. A descriptive and discursive analysis reveals the differential journalistic values, and presumptions of core American values, that influence coverage of social movements on Fox News and MSNBC. Implications for debates about social change in the public sphere are discussed. Promoting broadband and ICT access for persons with disabilities: International comparison of case studies • Krishna Jayakar, Penn State University; Chun Liu, Southwest Jiaotong University; Gary Madden, Curtin University; Eun-A Park, University of New Haven • Despite the promise of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and broadband to improve the lives of persons with disabilities, there are wide disparities in access and usage of ICTs between disabled and non-disabled populations. This paper researches ten case studies of policies and programs promoting ICT and broadband access for persons with disabilities in the leading economies of the Asia-Pacific region, in order to identify successful programs on the basis of effectiveness and cost efficiency. The Features of Hegemonic Masculinity in Korea • Jaehyeon Jeong, Temple University • This study, focusing on the Korean variety-talk show, investigates how popular media form people’s consent to hegemonic masculinity, and what features of hegemonic masculinity are (re) produced through media discourses. The features of hegemonic masculinity are discussed in terms of the exclusion of the feminine, the exclusion of female masculinity, homophobia, and the division of labor. The Priming of Arab - Israeli Stereotypes: How News Stories May Enhance or Inhibit Audience Stereotypes • Erika Johnson, University of Missouri • Present research shows that there is no study examining media representation of Arab women and Israeli women as a prime causing stereotype activation in Americans. The goal of this study was to understand how news stories about Arab and Israeli women prime stereotypes in Americans, extending research on priming and ethnic media representation. A 2 (female target ethnicity: Arab and Israeli) x 3 (depiction type: prototypical, non-prototypical, and control) x 3 (multiple messages) mixed factorial design was conducted to examine how depiction and ethnicity in news story stimuli would interact with stereotype activation and accuracy (N = 107). Results showed that participants exhibited higher stereotyping after reading prototypical stories about Arab women and after they were not primed by stories. Also, participants who read non-prototypical news stories about Arab women showed reduced stereotyping. The results give meaningful implications for scholars and journalists, including possibilities for expanding research and improving coverage. Promoting the Tan Ideal? Does Exposure to Tanned versus Untanned Images Affect College Women’s Attractiveness Motivations for Tanning • Hannah Kang, University of Florida; Kim Walsh-Childers, University of Florida; Sarah Lashley, University of Florida • This study investigated how exposure to mass media images promoting a tanned appearance influence attractiveness motivations for tanning and how exposure affects tanning intentions. The study was based in social cognitive and social comparison theories. The participants were 106 undergraduate women who were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions (light, moderate or dark tan or control). The results indicated that attractiveness motivation for tanning was a predictor of sunbathing expectations and tanning salon use expectations at pre-test and post-test. However, exposure to models displaying different tan levels had no significant impact on women’s attractiveness motivations, body satisfaction, intentions to sunbathe in the future or intentions to engage in indoor tanning. Implications and limitations of the findings are addressed in the study. Placing Blame and Seeking Solutions: Media Framing of School Shootings • Ana Keshelashvili; Kenneth Cardell, University of South Carolina • Analyzing newspaper articles and television transcripts, this study explores how American news media have framed the issue of school shootings in the United States. More specifically, through an examination at both the individual and societal levels, this research seeks to understand attributions of responsibility represented within the news coverage. Using a representative sample of newspaper and television news transcripts covering school shootings between 1999 and 2012, this study employs content analysis method to explore how the media has addressed the questions of who is responsible for school shootings and what can be done about them. Implications of findings, as well as suggestions for future research are also considered. News Use and Cognitive Elaboration The Mediating Role of People's Perception of Media Complex Issues Comprehension • Ji won Kim; Monica Chadha; Homero Gil de Zuniga • Using a two-wave panel data, the study attempted to find the relationship between news consumption and news cognitive elaboration while accommodating for the role of media perception. The results showed the mediating role of media perception in this relationship. The study contributes to the existing literature by introducing a new perception variable and examining its relationships with elaboration to make theoretical advancement and social implications in the democratic society. Facebook, "Frenemy?": Examining the Relationship between Exposure to Facebook Profiles and Body Image • Ji Won Kim, Syracuse University • This study examined the relationship between exposure to Facebook profiles and body image. From the online survey of 175 respondents, results showed that the Facebook usage was correlated with higher levels of self-objectification and appearance comparison, and the hierarchical regression analyses revealed that self-objectification and appearance comparison mediated the relation between Facebook usage (Facebook Intensity, Facebook usage for social grooming) and body shame. Investigating the Role of Motivated Reasoning on Third-Person Perceptions of PSAs • Nam Young Kim, Sam Houston State University • Since Public Service Announcements (PSAs) are perceived as socially valuable and promote positive behavioral changes, scholars have found that people tend to estimate larger impacts on themselves (i.e., a first-person effect) than on others (Cho & Han, 2004; Duck & Mullin, 1995; Gunther & Hwa, 1996). However, empirical studies have shown that individuals’ behavioral differences or a message’s features can evoke different estimates of media impacts on the self and on others (Duck & Mullin, 1995; Duck, Terry, & Hogg, 1995). In particular, when people are exposed to information that is inconsistent with their prior beliefs, it can be perceived as personally irrelevant as a defensive tactic toward the dissonance in their cognition (i.e., motivated reasoning) according to Keller and Block (1999). Using a 2 (Fear Appeal: High vs. Low) X 2 (Prior Attitudes: Negative vs. Positive) factorial experiment, this study therefore investigates how the dissonance between level of fears and individuals’ prior beliefs boosts their defensive information processing and influences the PSAs effects on both themselves and others in the context of an anti-binge drinking health campaign. The results show that there were no significant interaction effects between level of fears and participants’ prior attitudes toward drinking alcohol, which might differentiate third-person perceptions across conditions. However, a negative scores of other-self difference implies that participants generally evaluated the PSA effects on others is greater than the effects on themselves. The findings have practical and theoretical implications for future studies on the use of emotional appeals in PSAs. Forewarning of Persuasive Intent: The Role of Regulatory Focus and Brand Attachment • Sang Lee; Hongmin Ahn • Forewarning people of incoming persuasive information often results in decrease in persuasion by conferring resistance to persuasion. The present research explored the forewarning effects and the moderating roles of regulatory focus and brand attachment in a public relations context. The results of a 2x2x2 factorial design experiment (N = 217) showed that forewarning of persuasive intent interacts with regulatory focus and brand attachment to influence participants’ attitudes and persuasiveness of the information. Specifically, the study showed that the impact of forewarning is more pronounced in prevention-focused than in promotion-focused conditions. It also showed that the impact of forewarning is less pronounced when participants’ brand attachment is high. To Boldly Go: A Comparison of Early and Modern Gender Roles in Science Fiction Television • Alicia Linn, Oakland University • Through viewing the long-running United Kingdom shows "Doctor Who" (1963) and "Doctor Who" (2005), along with the United States shows "Star Trek" (1966) and "Star Trek: The Next Generation," one can see shifts in gender expectations for both men and women in science fiction. These shifts can be linked to cultural expectations of gender roles. Using a list of stereotypical qualities typically associated with each gender, I have determined a few of these shifts. Contentious discourse and dynamic frames: The interplay among online public opinion, media report, and government discourse in public event • Shiwen Wu; Na Liu • How do online public opinion, mainstream media, and government construct interpretative frames towards contentious social events? Employing a content analysis of 765 online posts, 87 commercial media reports, 77 party media reports, and 14 government releases regarding a sociopolitical event in China, we test the frame building and frame interacting impacts originated from the four actors. We find that each actor constructs divergent but interrelated frames by employing different functions of the frames. Second-Level Agenda Setting in 140 Characters: How Journalists Used Twitter to Report the Newtown Shooting • Megan Mallicoat, University of Florida • This study explores second-level agenda setting and social media through a content analysis of journalists’ tweets during a 10-day period following the Newtown, Conn., shooting. The results show gun control was by far the cognitive attribute most frequently identified, followed by timeline and story details, news content, and emotional reactions. They also show that, in terms of affective attributes, the tweets were neutral in about half the cases, but negativity increased as time progressed. Educational TV Consumption and Children’s Interest in Leisure Reading and Writing: A Test of the Validated Curriculum Hypothesis • Nicole Martins, Department of Telecommunications; Jakob Jensen, University of Utah • The relationship between children’s TV consumption and literacy outcomes is currently unclear as past research has identified both linear (positive and negative) and curvilinear trends. It has been suggested that one source of variance in this relationship is the content children consume; specifically, researchers have argued that research-based educational TV programming (e.g., Between the Lions) should be positively related to literacy outcomes whereas non research-based programming (e.g., Boohbah) should be negatively related to literacy outcomes (what we refer to as the validated curriculum hypothesis). To test this hypothesis directly, fourth and fifth graders (N = 120) completed a survey assessing educational TV consumption and leisure reading/writing behaviors. The results upheld the validated curriculum hypothesis and revealed several key moderators including composite TV consumption and parent’s reading behavior. The results help to rectify conflicting results in the literature, support the validated curriculum hypothesis, and underscore the value of research-based educational TV programming. Handheld Media Use at School: Increased Use Negatively Impacts Reading Outcomes • Nicholas Matthews, Indiana University; Jakob Jensen, University of Utah; Nicole Martins, Department of Telecommunications; Rebecca Ivic, The University of Akron • Two studies were conducted to investigate the possibility that portable video game (PVG) devices and cell phones displaced children’s leisure reading. In study one, 120 fourth and fifth grade children completed a survey about their media habits and found that bringing PVG devices to school and talking on cell phones negatively related to leisure reading. In study two, 136 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders completed a similar survey and found that cell phones but not PVGs negatively related to children’s leisure reading. These data extend the displacement literature by illuminating the impact these newer technologies have on reading outcomes. Vicarious Experience: Experimentally Testing the Effects of Empathy for Media Characters with Severe Depression and the Intervening Role of Perceived Similarity • Robert McKeever, University of South Carolina • This study reports results from a 3-condition experiment (N = 80), wherein participants either read an article about a person (high vs. low social similarity) struggling with severe depression or no article (control), before viewing a stimulus website for a faux peer support organization. The results indicated that the level of empathic responses, positive attitudes, and the likelihood of engaging in helping behaviors, might be enhanced after reading about a socially similar person with depression. A comparative study of the propaganda devices used by FOX and MSNBC • Aimee Meader, University of Texas at Austin • This study investigates the use of propaganda devices on two cable networks: FOX and MSNBC. These devices work to sway audiences toward a conservative or liberal ideology, respectively, and may increase the political divide through rhetorical manipulation. A contextual content analysis found that MSNBC used more testimonials and name-calling than FOX, but FOX used more fear appeals. The results of this study may partially explain why partisan often fail to see eye-to-eye. Citizens as Opinion Leaders: Exploring the Effects of Citizen Journalism on Opinion Leadership • Seungahn Nah, University of Kentucky; Kang Namkoong, University of Kentucky; Stephanie Van Stee, University of Kentucky; Rachael Record, University of Kentucky • This study explores the effects of citizen journalism on opinion leadership concerning community issues and nonprofit and voluntary organizations. Results from a quasi-experiment showed that there were no differences in opinion leadership between the treatment and control groups. However, the results also revealed that the diversity of news sources produced (i.e., use of both web and human sources in news articles produced by citizen journalists) yielded a positive relationship with opinion leadership changes. Public Risk Perception of Food Hazards: Understanding The Relationships Between Communication Channels, Risk Perceptions and Preventive Behavioral Intentions • SANG HWA OH, University of South Carolina; Sei-Hill Kim; Jea Chul Shim, Korea University; Jeong-Heon JC Chang, Korea University; Hwalbin Kim, University of South Carolina • Using food-safety issues in South Korea, this study examines whether two levels of risk perception – personal and societal – are related with people’s precautionary behaviors. Our findings point to the important role of personal risk perception in shaping South Korean’s precautionary behaviors for food-safety. We also look into the role of communication channels in shaping the public’s risk perceptions. Findings indicate that interpersonal communication and reading of online news are positively related with personal risk perception. “Lord, forgive them; they know not what they do”: The Divine and the Damned in News Coverage of Executed Texas Death Row Inmates • Gregory Perreault; Berkley Hudson; Delia Cai • This historical analysis examines selected newspaper coverage of the last words of executed death row inmates in Texas, U.S.A. from 1982-2000. This study seeks to place the words of those silenced within the context of history and media coverage. It focuses on themes of religion, spirituality, and forgiveness. The findings argue that the prominence of spiritual themes in the newspaper coverage serves as a humanizing story element in contrast with the brutality of the crimes. This research builds on Campbell’s theory of myth (1988), examining the degree to which the newspapers themselves serve as a reifying, perpetuating ritual role in their coverage of executions. Rediscovering Media-Value Associations in the Internet Age • Chris Roberts, University of Alabama • An update and improvement to a 1981 study shows that, more than ever, participants associate specific media channels with specific values. In 2011, digital natives and immigrants replicated 1981 research by associating Rokeach’s 36 values statements with mass media channels. Data were analyzed using Rokeach’s approach and by Schwartz’s and Bilsky’s motivational domains. Adding the Internet introduced many value shifts from 1981, as well as revealing significant differences between contemporary younger and older participants. The Internet was perceived high for “freedom” as well as many instrumental, achievement and self-direction values. Newspapers remained associated with a preponderance of values, but with many changes in intensity. Television remained affiliated with many terminal and self-focused values, while radio and magazine associations remained flat. Explaining third-person perceptions: Comparing self-enhancement, social distance, exposure, normative fit, and exemplar accessibility explanations • Mike Schmierbach, Pennsylvania State University; Michael Boyle • Although many explanations are offered for third-person effects, few studies directly measure and compare multiple theories. We present participants with three distinct types of media meant to evoke varied third- and first-person perceptions, and measure how well each theory predicts the perceptual gaps. Results show that the acceptability of influence and ability to think of examples of influence best predict both expected influences and perceptual gaps. Television Viewing and the Cultivation of Attitudes toward American Exceptionalism • Laras Sekarasih, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Gregory Blackburn, University of Massachusetts Amherst • This study examined the cultivation of attitudes toward American Exceptionalism. Controlling for demographic attributes, television viewing predicted pride in being American, but not attitudes toward U.S. unilateralism. Significant two-way interactions between television viewing and gender and political orientations in predicting attitudes towards U.S. unilateralism were found. Among male and liberal participants, more television viewing was associated with more positive attitudes toward unilateralism. An indirect relationship between television viewing and unilateralism was found through American pride. Effectiveness of Entertainment-Education in Communicating Health Information: A Systematic Review • Fuyuan Shen; Ashley Han • This paper conducted a meta-analysis of published research on entertainment-education and health communication. A search of databases identified 22 studies (N = 19517) that met our inclusion criteria and contained relevant statistics. Analysis of the results suggested that overall, entertainment-education’s effects on health outcomes—as measured by knowledge, attitudes, intention and behaviors—was small but significant, with an average effect size (r) of .11 (p < .001). This effect size did not vary significantly across channels, health issues, study locations, and participants’ gender. However, research designs (surveys vs. experiments) and exposure time were significant moderators of entertainment education’s impact on health outcomes. Being a Truth-Teller Who Serves Only the Citizens: A Case Study of Newstapa • Wooyeol Shin, University of Minnesota, Twin-Cities • This study explores the boundary work of the Korean independent newsroom Newstapa. The journalistic value of truth-telling is emphasized in Newstapa’s practices. Newstapa journalists, who previously worked in mainstream media, open the boundaries of professional work by embracing the nascent practices of digital culture. Although this process causes the journalists to relinquish their autonomy to the citizens, it leads to their being exclusively accountable journalists who serve only the citizens through truth-telling. Trust, Happiness and the Watch-Dog: Social Trust in the Context of a Free Press • Heather Shoenberger, University of Missouri; Freya Sukalla, University of Augsburg, Germany • We conducted a hierarchical analysis using data from 45 countries from the World Values Survey wave with data from 2004 to 2008 and matching these with country information on the level of press freedom collected by Freedom House to simultaneously test for differences in levels of social trust among individuals and, more importantly, for variations in social trust between countries with different levels of press freedom. We also extend the theory of trust by examining the influence of press freedom as an important contextual factor. We find that countries with higher levels of freedom of the press (i.e., more free) are more likely to have a citizenry who report higher trust in their fellow citizens. Media Credibility and Disaster: The Moderating Role of Information Satisfaction in Post-Earthquake Haiti • Erich Sommerfeldt, University of Maryland; Jennifer Mandel • The 2010 earthquake in Haiti left survivors in desperate need of information. This study examined if satisfaction with the availability of information moderated the relationship between frequency of radio use and perceptions of radio credibility. From data acquired in Haiti (N = 1,808), analyses revealed an interaction effect between radio usage and information satisfaction on the perceived credibility of radio. Lower satisfaction levels were found to enhance the relationship between frequency of use and credibility. Once Upon a [Mediated] Time: How Retrospective Television Programs Shape Cultural Memory • Vivian Sponholtz, University of Florida • This paper examines how television shapes Cultural Memory through episodic retrospective dramas concerning gender equity in the workplace. It argues that television, as a ritually-viewed, performance-based, storytelling medium, which bridges the gap between orality and textuality, influences the cultural understanding of history and sense of identity for women through historic portrayals. Based on Cultural Memory theory, Social Cognition theory, and Transportation theory, and the Bechdel-Wallace Test, a typology of television programs as fables is proposed. Constructing Digital Childhoods in Taiwan newspaper • Ping Shaw; Yue Tan • With a content analysis of news reports in the most popular children’s newspaper in Taiwan, this study examined the media framing of child computer users in Taiwan by showing how Taiwan media represent and construct childhoods and frame the impact of digital technology on children in order to explain how cultural assumptions of children’s nature, status, and needs influence the media representation, and as being mediated by children’s age and living domains (home vs. school). FYI on FOI: Exploring the effects of freedom of information (FOI) laws around the world • Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia • Many democracies, young and old, have instituted Freedom of Information (FOI) laws. FOI scholars and advocates argued that having an FOI law contributes to curbing corruption and improving standards of living. But having an FOI law can be different from effectively implementing it. Pooling together indices summarizing data from 168 countries, this study revisits the assumption that having an FOI law and implementing it can curb corruption and improve quality of life. CNN’s Coverage of the 2012 Presidential Debates: Balanced or Liberally Biased? • Steven Voorhees, Rutgers University • Following the 2012 presidential election season, conservatives charged cable news networks CNN and MSNBC as being liberally biased in their news coverage. While MSNBC openly acknowledges its progressive leanings, CNN has maintained a commitment to balanced journalism. This study conducts a comparative rhetorical and semiotic analysis of both networks’ coverage following the three highly watched presidential debates to see if CNN holds to its balanced commitments. Results indicate a wide separation between the two networks. Conflict avoidance, context collapse: Young citizens and politics on Facebook • Emily Vraga, George Mason University; Kjerstin Thorson, University of Southern California; Neta Kligler-Vilenchik, University of Southern California; Emily Gee, University of Southern California • Social networking sites like Facebook increasingly shape youth engagement with politics, but little is known about how individuals manage election-related content in this social space. This study combines twenty in-depth interviews with a survey of young adults to examine how individual predispositions and Facebook network characteristics shape attitudes and behaviors towards sharing political content. Our results suggest young adults perceive delicate norms governing political expression on Facebook, where mostly a motivated minority posts political content. “Unbelievable job numbers”: Bias claims, economic reporting, and the 2012 presidential election • Fred Vultee, Wayne State University • This content analysis addresses a specific claim of quantifiable media bias arising from coverage of unemployment statistics in the 2012 presidential campaign. Partisan assertions about what the media “always” do for Republicans or Democrats are often easy to dismantle, but the framing of economic issues provides a chance to examine real, rather than imagined, press performance. Results suggest that partisanship is hard to find among the ideologies that appear to influence how economic news is presented during elections. More influential is professionalism – despite the apparently contradictory forms it takes in different media sectors. Meaningfully Moved, but Emotionally Mixed: The Dual Effects of Inspiring, Meaningful Films on Viewers’ Enjoyment of Media Violence • T. Franklin Waddell, Penn State; Stefanie Davis; Erica Bailey • Recent research suggests that media violence interventions can reduce the negative effects of media violence by affecting viewers’ preferences for violent media content. An experiment tested whether exposing participants to an inspiring, meaningful film could be used to reduce viewers’ subsequent enjoyment of media violence. Results suggest that inspiring films elicit co-occurring emotional responses that both enhance and inhibit the enjoyment of media violence. The moderating role of viewers’ hedonic orientation is also discussed. She should have/She shouldn’t have: Examining the effect of combined news frames in sexual health on people’s emotions, perceptions of societal responsibility, and social policy intentions • Kimberly Walker, Indiana University School of Journalism, Indianapolis • This study manipulated two variables in an experimental design--cognitive framing (thematic/episodic) and affective framing (gain/loss)--to determine whether changing the way newspaper stories report HPV and teen pregnancy alters readers’ emotions, attribution of societal responsibility, and intentions to support health policy changes. Results revealed the affective gain frame led to more positive audience emotions, support for societal responsibility and intentions to support health policy changes. No interaction effects between frames were found. Murder She Searched: The Effect of Violent Crime and News Coverage on Residents’ Search for Crime-Related Information • Brendan Watson, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities • This paper examines the agenda-setting effect of local news coverage of crime and local violent crime rates on local residents' Google searches for crime-related information. These web searches can be viewed as manifestations of the latent cognitive salience of an issue. The time-series analysis found that while news coverage, which does not reflect changes in "real-world" conditions (i.e., changes in the violent crime rate), does affect searches in the short-term, in the longer-term violent crime, not coverage, has an agenda-setting effect on local residents' searches for crime-related information. ‘Child of Mine:’ Impacts of Prolonged Media Exposure on Women’s Fertility Desires • Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick, The Ohio State University; Laura Willis, The Ohio State University; Ashley Kennard • A prolonged exposure experiment examined whether media portrayals of women’s social roles affect fertility desires with childless adult women. Participants viewed magazines pages five days in a row. Stimuli presented women either in mother/homemaker roles, professional roles, or beauty ideal roles. Exposure to mother/homemaker and beauty ideal portrayals increased the number of desired children across time. Exposure to the professional portrayal increased the time planned until first birth compared to the beauty ideal portrayal. Not on my watch: A textual analysis of local and national newspaper coverage of the Martin-Zimmerman case • Erin Willis, University of Memphis; Chad Painter, Eastern New Mexico University • The shooting of Trayvon Martin by George Zimmerman made national newspaper headlines. Textual analysis was used to examine news framing of race and crime in news coverage. Five themes are discussed: (1) the Sanford Herald compared to national newspapers, (2) Zimmerman’s mysterious race, (3) uneven descriptors of Martin and Zimmerman, (4) the case being used as a platform for discussion of larger issues such as race and gun control, and (5) the infamous “hoodie.” Use of SNSs, Political Efficacy, and Civic Engagement Among Chinese College Students: Effects of Gratifications and Network Size • Qian Xu, Elon University; Lingling Qi, Nanjing University • A survey (N=471) was conducted to explore the impact of social networking site (SNS) use on political efficacy and civic engagement among Chinese college students. SNS network size positively predicted civic engagement, but not political efficacy. Social connection gratification positively predicted both internal efficacy and engagement in political voice, whereas entertainment gratification negatively predicted external efficacy and engagement in political voice. Information seeking gratification did not significantly correlate with either political efficacy or civic engagement. A Multilevel Analysis of Individual- and Prefecture-Level Sources of Media Trust in Japan • Masahiro Yamamoto, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse; Tien-Tsung Lee, University of Kansas; Weina Ran • Previous research has examined various sources of media trust including media consumers’ political stands and media use, objectivity in news reports, and perceived biases stemming from journalists’ political leanings. The goal of this study is to examine community contextual sources of media trust. Data from the Japanese General Social Surveys reveal that community structural pluralism and political heterogeneity have independent negative effects on audiences’ trust in the media. Antecedents to Media Use: Effects of Parent Socialization and Childhood Behavior on Consumption Patterns During Adulthood • Chance York, Louisiana State University; Rosanne Scholl, LSU • Whether the media choices of adults are influenced by the socializing role of family during childhood is a largely unexplored question. Using parent-child panel data, this study shows that parent media behaviors and childhood media use influence news and entertainment consumption patterns later in life. Media consumption patterns, which have been shown to influence political knowledge and voter turnout, appear to be learned and habituated during childhood. Insight for Policy-Making:Mothers’ Opinions of TV Snack/Fast-Food Advertising Aimed at Children Regarding Its Overall Amount, Content, and Influence on Their Children’s Health • Jay (Hyunjae) Yu • This exploratory study investigated the opinions of mothers who had at least one child between the ages of 7 and 12 on TV snack/fast-food advertising targeted at children. Mothers’ opinions were assessed concerning the amount of this advertising, its content, its influence on children’s health, and the need for stricter regulation of such content. The present research also examined whether there was a social distance or third person effect active in the mothers’ opinions about the influence of TV snack/fast-food advertising on children by identifying their opinions about the effects on their own children, their friends’ children, and the children of people they didn’t know. The results showed that most mothers in this study believed that there were too many TV snack/fast-food advertisements for their children to avoid, and the content of these advertisements should be improved, even if this required stricter regulation. However, it was also found that the mothers believed the children of people they didn't know were more negatively influenced by exposure to TV snack/fast-food advertising compared to their own children. Thus, the third person effect was observed. There was evident complexity in mothers’ opinions about TV snack/fast-food advertising. Mothers hesitated to say that TV snack/fast-food advertising was the most important influence on their children’s eating habits, and even though they were generally negative about the impact of TV snack/fast-food advertising on their children and wanted to see greater regulation of content, they did not think that adverting was the most important factor influencing their children’s eating habits and health. Rather, they thought that they were, and should be, the most important mediator of how many TV advertisements their children watched and what kinds of food their children ate. Framing depression: Cultural and organizational influence on coverage of a public health threat and attribution of responsibilities in U.S. news media • Yuan Zhang; Yan Jin; Jeannette Porter; Sean Stewart • We conducted the first study of how U.S. news media covered depression over the past three decades. We analyzed how media framed depression thematically vs. episodically and attributed causal and problem-solving responsibilities at personal vs. societal levels. We also explored how cultural and organizational factors influenced the frame building process. U.S. news media relied on thematic framing to cover the issue but placed more causal and problem-solving responsibilities on the individual than on the society. A self-created spiral of silence?: Modeling the effects of media reliance and perceived media diversity on opinion expression • Xinyan Zhao, University of Maryland • This study investigated the effects of media reliance and perceived media diversity on individuals’ opinion expression intention and the psychological mechanism underlying such effects. Both direct and indirect effects of media reliance and perceived media diversity on people’s opinion expression were tested and compared. Using data from a survey of 317 undergraduates in China, it was found that: (1) Perceived media diversity does not directly predict one’s willingness to speak out; instead, it moderates the relationship between opinion congruency and individual opinion expression; (2) newspaper reliance has both a positive direct and indirect influence (through self-efficacy) on individual opinion expression; (3) perceived diversity of Internet rather than the perceived diversity of traditional mass media is positively related to self-efficacy and individual opinion expression. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12170 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/med-2013-abstracts/ Wed, 12 Jun 2013 14:39:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12182 Open Competition The Pursuit of Privacy and Common Good: The Theory and Practice of Ethical Big Data Mining for Socio-Economic Development • Debashis 'Deb' Aikat, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This paper delineates the theory and practice of ethical big data mining for socio-economic development in four parts. This paper also features a list of additional reading and big data terms with concise definitions explicating their relevance to big data mining for socio-economic development. The Ethical Roots of the Public Forum: Pragmatism, Expressive Freedom, and Grenville Clark • David S. Allen, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee • The public forum has been connected to the functioning of democracy, expressive freedom, and the media’s role in society. While the public forum’s legal contours have been examined, the ethical foundation of the public forum has not. Relying on archival research, this paper argues that ideas about the public forum can be traced to the pragmatism of Grenville Clark, who influenced judicial opinions through his work on the American Bar Association’s Bill of Rights Committee. Comparing the Ethics of citizen photojournalists and professional photojournalists: A coorientational study • Tara Buehner, University of South Carolina; Ana Keshelashvili • In the digital news environment, amateur images — citizen photojournalism —  appear next to professional photojournalists’ photos, contributing to a probable tension and sense of professional threat among professional photojournalists. Using the coorientation approach, this study explores the ethical values of citizen photojournalists and professional photojournalists, the extent to which they agree about these values, how accurate they are in assessing each others’ values, and how congruent they perceive they are with each other. Journalists’ Social Capital and Moral Development • Hyunjeong Choi, University of Texas at Austin • Although there are some studies on whether the media influence social capital such as political participation and civic engagement, and interest has grown in the benefits of social capital to the individual and community, few theoretical models have been advanced to explain the effect of social capital on journalists and morality in journalism. This essay suggests theoretical grounds for the argument that journalists’ social capital influences their morality in their jobs. Drawing on the three-dimensional model of social capital (structural dimension, relational dimension and cognitive dimension), this essay contends that journalists seem to have a high level of social capital; especially, they have a much greater cognitive dimension of social capital (shared vision shared codes, or shared paradigms) because of their professional codes and organizational values, and journalists’ social capital performs a function of an important predictor of their moral development. Hack, Flacks, and Whacks: A Pilot Study of the Utility of Individualistic Ethical Orientation as a Variable of Interest in the Study of Joye Gordon, Kansas State University; Bonnie Bressers, Kansas State University • This pilot study questioned the utility of examining journalists’ individualistic ethical orientation (based on dimensions of idealism and relativism). It found that journalists’ individual ethical orientations was associated with their allegiance the Society of Professional Journalists’ Code of Ethics. However, individual ethical orientation did not predict journalists’ perceptions of those in public relations professions. Findings indicate that ethical orientation does have predictive value and contributes to the study of ethics in the modern media environment. Examining the Critics’ Criticism: A Bibliographic Essay on Journalism Review Research • Susan Keith, Rutgers University • This bibliographic essay provides an introduction to sources related to an under-researched topic in media ethics history: the local journalism review movement. From 1958 to about 1986, it produced at least 40 local reviews, including Thorn, Buncombe, Overset, Countermedia, and The Pretentious Idea. Yet scholars have usually focused on just a handful of surviving reviews. This paper, part of a book project, argues that journalism reviews deserve more attention and different approaches. Keeping HIV/AIDS Newsworthy: Ethical Dilemmas • Ammina Kothari, Rochester Institute of Technology • This study focuses on how two prominent newspapers—the Daily News, which is government owned, and the Guardian, which is private—negotiate the ethical challenges of reporting on HIV/AIDS in Tanzania using limited resources. Interviews with journalists from the two newspapers reveal how the two newspapers’ economic concerns and reluctance to invest money in a disease, which is now perceived as “old news,” has opened up space for official news sources, especially organizations, to gain privileged access to disseminate their messages and shape the discourse on HIV/AIDS. News sources use many strategies, including giving “transport allowance” and offering all-expense paid trips to the field in order to gain journalists’ attention. I also found that the news production processes in Tanzania are further complicated by financial incentives offered by news sources, raising ethical dilemmas for the journalists and concerns about the quality of the news that gets published. From Thinking to Doing: Effects of Social Norms on Ethical Behavior in Journalism • Angela Lee, University of Texas at Austin; Renita Coleman; Logan Molyneux, University of Texas • Journalists have been shown to be highly capable of making good moral decisions (Wilkins & Coleman, 2005), but they do not always act as ethically as they are capable of. In other words, there is a gap between thinking ethically and acting ethically. Using the Reasoned Action Model (Fishbein & Ajzen, 2009), this study explores the reason for this gap and tests the proposition that social norms can help predict whether journalists will behave ethically or not. That is, social pressure to do what others think we should do, or what we think others actually are doing, can help explain why journalists act ethically or not. It found that descriptive norms were highly predictive of ethical behavior – journalists who thought that others were acting ethically on certain journalistic dilemmas were indeed more likely to act ethically themselves. It also found that injunctive norms were highly predictive of unethical behavior – that is, journalists who thought others approved of certain unethical behaviors were more likely to act unethically themselves. In addition, descriptive norms accounted for more of the variance in journalists’ ethical behavior than did injunctive norms. The dialogic potential of social media: Assessing the ethical reasoning of companies' public relations on Facebook and Twitter • Angela Lee, University of Texas at Austin; Homero Gil de Zuniga; Tom Johnson; Renita Coleman • Drawing from Excellence Theory and using the TARES test, this study explores Fortune 500 companies’ ethical communication practices with the general public via social media. Results from a 'constructed week' content analyses data set indicate that overall, companies use social media to achieve symmetrical communication. Twitter elicits the most efficient interaction to achieve these goals. Finally, while Facebook spurs more authentic and equitable content, Twitter facilitates more truthful and socially responsible content. Leaving It There? The Hutchins Commission & Modern American Journalism • Emily Metzgar; Bill Hornaday, Indiana University • Using the recommendations of the Commission on Freedom of the Press (Hutchins Commission), we ask today’s media consumers how they rate the performance of modern American journalism. Employing original survey data, we frame findings in the context of the commission’s 1947 ideals. This article makes a contribution by presenting contemporary opinions about the performance of American journalism in the context of journalism ideals articulated by the Hutchins Commission more than 60 years ago. Manifestations of Moral Courage among U.S. Media Exemplars • Patrick Plaisance • This project provides a phenomenological analysis of the theme of moral courage found in extensive personal interviews with 24 selected “exemplars” in American journalism and public relations. Using an established “life story” interview protocol, the analysis clarifies the link between psychological theories of moral courage and the personal and professional challenges of industry figures known for their ethical leadership. The exemplars’ incorporation of a range of ethical values has cultivated an expectation of themselves that has enabled them to claim ownership of their actions, and thus exhibit moral courage, in ways not possible if their self-identities were less integrated with their moral concerns. Fit to post but not fit to print: Channel consistency and virtue ethics for legacy print journalism organizations • Chris Roberts, University of Alabama • Many legacy print media organizations with Web operations often have differing ethical standards between what is printed and what is posted online. This paper discusses some of the differing standards, suggests some justifications of the differences but the potentially overwhelming deleterious effects of the double standards, and offers the virtue ethics approach of Aristotle, MacIntyre, and others as a guide for decision makers at single news organizations serving multiple communication channels. In the Shadow of Giants: The Ethics of Crime Reporting Rituals in Ireland & Canada • Romayne Smith Fullerton, University Of Western Ontario; Margaret Patterson, Duquesne University • From a study done in Canada and Ireland, the authors assert that the press council/ombudsman self-governing structure recently implemented in Ireland and employed for decades in the Netherlands and Sweden might help the Canadian press to independence from court controls and regain a deeper sense of its own stated mission: giving the public the information it needs to be self governing in a democracy. The study involved in-depth interviews with journalists and scholars, a reading of sample crime coverage, and an examination of prevailing ethics codes and accountability practices. The Irish are discovering that by foregrounding ethics, they can relax the battle against legal restraints and—to some measure—dig out from under the competitive pressures that sometimes bury their primary mission. Juan Williams, NPR, and Role-related Responsibilities • Ryan Thomas, University of Missouri-Columbia; Elizabeth B. Hindman, Washington State University • In October 2010, NPR dismissed news analyst Juan Williams for comments he made about Muslims on Fox News’ “O’Reilly Factor.” This study draws on the notion of role-related responsibilities and prior scholarship on opinion-driven journalism to examine mainstream media responses to Williams’ dismissal. Through qualitative textual analysis of 96 unsigned editorials and signed opinion columns, we find media commentators articulated three role-related responsibilities for opinion-driven journalism: Purveyor of truth, facilitator of dialogue, and reflector of national mood. However, we also found significant comment on the definitional uncertainty regarding journalistic roles and responsibilities in a changing media landscape. We argue these findings speak to the confusing nature of contemporary journalism and the evermore-porous boundaries between fact and opinion. Probing Race: Racial Discourse Analysis in Journalism Practices, an Ethical Approach • Venise Wagner, San Francisco State University • The author explores ethical reasons why journalists should employ racial lenses when reporting stories that are not obviously about race. Because the racial component in many stories is often hidden, journalists must be willing to directly explore racial implications of an issue. Racial discourse analysis is a tool that can help reporters explore racial subtexts. The author provides examples of how to use the racial discourse analysis approach and how to apply the results of such an analysis in the reporting process. Humanity as an end: Analyzing Trayvon Martin shooting coverage using Kant’s second categorical imperative • Chad Painter, Eastern New Mexico University; Erin Willis, University of Memphis • This textual analysis examined the use of frames in the Trayvon Martin-George Zimmerman shooting. Journalists at three national newspapers framed the incident using four themes: questioning “Stand Your Ground” laws, rallying for gun legislation, commenting on race, and using “hoodies” for political protest. Applying the theoretical foundation of Kant’s formula of humanity as an end, the researchers concluded that both Martin and Zimmerman were used as a mere means to help journalists attain their goals. Assessing the Impact of Chinese Journalism Education on Undergraduate Student Professionalization • Jin Yang; David Arant • This study investigated the role of Chinese journalism education in the professionalization of Chinese students and concluded that Chinese journalism education did play some role in the process. A survey of Chinese journalism students found that journalism school upperclassmen embraced a wider understanding of journalistic roles including interpretive, mobilizer and adversarial roles than did lowerclassmen. The study, however, found no difference in how upperclassmen and underclassmen journalism students ranked top six values and in how they perceived the difficulty in dealing with typical ethical dilemmas. In Search of an Ethics Code for the 21st Century Audience • Mohammad Yousuf, University of Oklahoma; David Craig, University of Oklahoma • Little media ethics literature has directly addressed the responsibilities of audience members in engagement with mediated messages. This paper, taking into account the transformed nature of the audience and its ability to communicate, proposes a code of audience ethics that draws on previous literature and on the prima facie duties of W.D. Ross. This framework is relevant to responsibilities involving messages from both traditional and nontraditional sources of news and information.   Special Call For Entertainment Ethics ‘One Night of Prime Time’: An explorative study of morality in one night of Dutch prime time television • Serena Daalmans, Radboud University Nijmegen; Ellen Hijmans, Radboud University Nijmegen; Fred Wester, Radboud University Nijmegen • Research into television’s ethical value has mostly focused on scandal genres, like Big Brother, Jersey Shore and Jerry Springer, only recently have researcher started to explore television’s moral content with a broader focus. In this study we explore and describe the types of morality and moral content of a night of Dutch prime time television, with an open and inductive approach through a qualitative content analysis. We started with a sensitizing concept that differentiated in three general types of morality (formal, informal and intuitive), and through systematic comparison of the material we worked towards a specification of the types of morality that are represented in news, reality and fiction programs. We found that three moral themes (health, safety and family) formed the moral core of the night of television, and that television content shows a plurality of moralities connected to public and private life. Ethical Issues and Responsibilities in the Production of Reality Shows: Reorienting the Moral Compass • Jelle Mast, Erasmus University College Brussels • Striking a middle ground between an all-encompassing and incident-centered critique, this paper develops a critical, comprehensive yet differentiating account of pertinent moral issues related to the (harmful) treatment of participants in the production of hybrid ‘reality’-shows. Our focus is thus on mapping and schematizing the (potentially) harmful implications of and the responsibilities that emerge from the process of making ‘reality shows'. The analysis proceeds along three broad (not mutually exclusive) notions of ‘intrusion’, ‘humiliation’, and ‘misrepresentation’, and integrates conceptualizations with empirical findings emerging from semi-structured interviews with 12 television professionals (mostly ‘creative’) and 25 participants. We point out the role of structural factors and the relevance of (situational) differentiation, in kind and degree, and argue for the need to bring ethical considerations more squarely into the day-to-day calculations of ‘reality TV’-program-makers.   Carol Burnett Award Hit by the Silver Bullet: When Journalists Consider Withholding Information on National Security Grounds • John Lumpkin, John Lumpkin • This study employs Kohlberg’s hierarchy of moral reasoning to analyze journalistic decision-making over whether to withhold information from the public on national security grounds. It considers cases since Sept. 11, 2001, in which a major American news outlet reported that the government requested it withhold information on such grounds. The study finds that journalists usually reported their decision at Kohlberg’s social-contract stage of reasoning, regardless of whether the information in question was published or withheld. Implications for the role of journalistic ethics in international affairs are discussed. Manifestation of Stakeholder Model of Communitarian Ethics in the U.S. Newspapers: An Examination of Ethical Concerns in the Promotion of Public Health • Lok Pokhrel, Washington State University • This study examined some of the major communitarian ethical concerns in lifestyle health campaigns as reported in the newspapers by assessing the extent to which the news-reporting manifested the communitarian ethical qualities in such health campaigns. This study also examined the relationship between media’s attributing responsibility (individual and systemic responsibility message attributes) with the communitarian ethical qualities of such lifestyle campaigns as reported in the news media. For this purpose, the study drew on a quantitative content analysis of the U.S. newspapers (2007-2012) that had “lifestyle” “health”, “campaign”, “prevention”, and “promotion” as the key terms. Drawing on an original data set of news reports (N= 59), the study found that the individual responsibility message attribute had a negative correlation with the four qualities of communitarian ethical approach, meaning –the lifestyle campaigns that held only the individuals as responsible for the cause of the health and lifestyle related problems –scored low. However, the message with systemic frame/attributes had a positive correlation with the four qualities of communitarian ethical qualities, meaning –the lifestyle campaigns that held the external factors, such as –environment, social system, government and the role of other stakeholders as responsible for the cause of the health and lifestyle related problems –scored high in terms of communitarian ethical qualities. The study found that the newspaper samples typically discussed how the multitudes of complex factors beyond individual responsibility/control contributed to the lifestyle related health concerns. One journalist, two roles: What happens when journalists also work as media coordinators? • Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; Jonathan Peters, U of Missouri Columbia • Individuals interacting with society possess multiple roles, and yet the study of journalistic role conceptions, based on the assumption that role conceptions influence journalistic outputs, has not addressed the idea that journalists possess multiple roles inside and outside the journalistic field. A peculiar arrangement in Missouri is the appointment of journalists to serve as media coordinators for the courts. Using a symbolic interactionism framework, we explore how media coordinators experience this duality of roles. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12182 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/mme-2013-abstracts/ Wed, 12 Jun 2013 14:57:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12189 Motion Picture Firms' Strategic Use of Product Placement: An Examination of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Cues • Jiyoung Cha, George Mason University • This study examines intrinsic and extrinsic factors that impact motion picture firms' product placement and differences among major distributors in terms of their strategic use of product placement using a sample of 398 movies. Results suggest that intrinsic cues are more important than extrinsic factors in predicting the number of product placements in a movie. Specifically, the number of product placements in a movie depends on the genre, distributor type, rating, and brand extension. Social Media as Branding Tools: Exploring the Relationship between Perceived Social Media Use and Brand Relationship • Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida; Moonhee Cho, University of South Florida • The purpose of this study is to examine the role of social media in cultivating brand relationship and brand equity. An online panel study results showed that the effect of a brand’s social media use on brand equity is mediated by consumers’ perceived relationship investment of the brand. The study also found that consumer and product characteristics moderate the relationship between the perceived social media use of a brand and the PRI of the brand. Less is Better? The Impact of Reduced Newspaper Publication Schedule on Advertising Revenue • H. Iris Chyi, University of Texas at Austin; James Ian Tennant, University of Texas at Austin • To address an ongoing debate regarding the impact of reducing newspaper publication schedules as a cost-saving measure, this study proposed two analytical models and, based on a national survey of 198 U.S. college newspapers, conducted empirical tests to estimate the plausible effect on advertising revenue. Results indicated a substantial loss in both scenarios, which may cause some proponents of a reduced print schedule to pause before implementing such a measure. Diffuse Competition and the Decline in Newspaper Advertising • John Dimmick, School of Communication, Ohio State University • The paper introduces a concept called diffuse competition and relates measures of this phenomenon for the decline in newspapers share of all advertising. Although it has been suggested that competition is responsible for this decline, this paper provides the first actual measurement such competition. Time series regression shows a statistically significant negative relationship between the degree of diffuse competition and newspapers share of advertising. The paper also uses curvilinear regression to assess the impact of diffuse competition on newspaper classified advertising. It is suggested that in the current media environment diffuse competition may have more explanatory power than pairwise competition. Antecedents and Consequences of Social Television Viewing with Network Primetime Programming • Miao Guo, Ball State University • This study investigated viewers’ social television viewing experience by introducing social engagement construct. Three categories of predictors from the perspectives of television program perceptions, social media characteristics, and audience attributes were proposed to predict the social engagement experience. Four possible consequences of the social television viewing experience were tested. The analyses identified ten motives for using social media to engage with television content. The findings further illustrated that the social engagement process is a composite result, which is determined by multiple components jointly. In particular, program-related factors (e.g., program affinity, program involvement, and genre preferences) as well as the individuals’ innovativeness attributes are suggested to predict the social television viewing experience. This study further discovered that social engagement has significant impacts on program attitudinal and behavioral loyalty, audience satisfaction, and product purchase likelihood. Who’s Minding the Station? An Exploration of Shared Service Agreements within U.S. Local Television Markets • Kevin Hull, University of Florida; Amy Jo Coffey, University of Florida • In a struggling economy, some television station owners have turned to shared services agreements (SSAs) to keep their stations afloat, despite concerns that such business arrangements may violate FCC ownership policy. A national sample of local television stations (N=270) was analyzed to determine the proportion of shared services agreements existing within the United States. Findings reveal that mid-sized markets are the most common locations for such arrangements. Implications for news audiences and industry are addressed. A Comparative Study: Hollywood and Korean Sequel Films’ Performance in Korea • Dam Hee Kim, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor • Despite the economic and cultural importance, the film industry is notorious for its high risk. To cope with high risk, film studios often make sequels of highly successful films. Also, while in most countries domestic films’ share is decreasing under the strong influence of Hollywood films, South Korea is one of the few countries where domestic films are preferred over Hollywood films. Noting most studies examined determinants for films’ success focused on the U.S., this paper analyzed all Hollywood and domestic films released from 2003 to 2007 in Korea to investigate what types of films were successful. Sequel films attracted more viewers than non-sequels, and newly named sequels attracted even more viewers than numbered sequels. Also, Korean domestic films attracted more viewers than Hollywood films, perhaps due to the improvement in Korean films’ quality, Hollywood studios’ inexperienced local marketing in Korea, illegal downloading of Hollywood films, and Screen Quota. When Ideology Meets Bottom Line • Seok Ho Lee, University of Texas at Austin • This study explores how newspapers use ideological bias as a strategy of product differentiation in intense market competition, with cases of South Korean conservative daily newspapers. The evidence demonstrates that conservative newspapers tend to use ideological labeling against the liberal more frequently as the competition among newspapers becomes intense, and ideological mood of conservative groups becomes greater. The results suggest that market pressure is a strong indicator for newspapers’ ideological bias. The emergence and development of hyperlocal news websites: An organization ecology approach • Wilson Lowrey • The organization ecology approach, with its emphasis on legitimacy, mimicry and dependency on past paths taken, offers a helpful framework for assessing budding trends, or even fads. The “hyperlocal news” phenomenon, which emerged in earnest in the mid 2000s, is a good example. The present study examines the quick emergence and development of the hyperlocal news website from within the framework of the organization ecology model. More than 800 operative and defunct hyperlocal sites, sampled from three different databases, were examined for population growth patterns, and correlation between growth and public legitimacy. A smaller sample was examined for evidence of growing mimicry during population growth, and for tendencies toward an institutional orientation over time. In addition, impact of community context was explored. Findings showed that the hyperlocal population development pattern differed somewhat from traditional patterns, with a steeper rise in density. Population development correlated with a rise in public legitimacy of the hyperlocal form, as predicted by the organization ecology model. The hyperlocal population also showed an increased institutional orientation over time, with more ads, more staff, more frequent use of official sources, and more attention to writing errors. Sites showed some evidence of path dependency and increased isomorphism over time (sameness with one another). Bounded Rationality and Consumer Choice: An Evaluation of Consumer Choice of Mobile Bundles • Miao Miao, Southwest Jiaotong University; Krishna Jayakar, Penn State University • As a potential means of attracting more consumers and increasing average revenues per user, product bundling has become a widespread business strategy in every type of industry. Though numerous prior studies have examined consumer valuation, consumer surplus, and the relative distribution of social welfare in bundling transactions from a theoretical perspective, there have been relatively few empirical analyses with large datasets; the few available papers utilize very small data sets, usually less than 100 customers. In addition, no prior research has targeted the Chinese telecommunication market. To address these problems, we examined the rationality of consumers’ bundling choice in the mobile telecommunication industry using operational data from China Telecom, one of China’s largest mobile telecommunications providers. We use a value model for assessing the rationality of consumer bundling choice, which compares the pricing for a consumer’s amount of usage in talk time, short message service (SMS) and Internet surfing time under the current bundle, and available alternative bundles. We assess the degree of risk aversion inherent in consumer choice by comparing the optimal bundling plan to their chosen bundle for each individual customer, and estimate the influence of factors such as gender, age, user level, etc. The findings suggest significant differences between customers in terms of their choice in telecommunication bundling. The evaluation suggests that many users did not select their optimal bundle, given their usage levels; in general, they paid more than they should. Additionally, the results show that there were no significant differences by gender, age or usage level on decision making. Prior research has suggested that service providers too can benefit from enabling consumers to choose appropriate bundles and service levels through higher retention rates and reduced churn. The recommendations of this paper will therefore be of interest to consumers as well as mobile telecommunications firms. Do extended brands affect parent brands?: Focusing on feedback effect and expectation-disconfirmation theory • Sang-Ki Baek; Byeng-Hee Chang; Sang-Hyun Nam • The present study constructed the research model about the feedback effects of brand extension and researched the extended channels through South Korean newspapers. It adopted the expectation disconfirmation theory for expansion of brand extension-related theory. The present study constructed 5 latent variables, which are, ‘extended channel evaluation before extension’, ‘parent brand evaluation’, ‘perceived performance’, ‘expectation disconfirmation’ and ‘extended channel evaluation after extension’, and 1 moderate variable, ‘perceived fit’. In the results, the present study found new information that perceived performance affects parent brand evaluation through the extended channel brand evaluation after extension, and expectation disconfirmation negatively affects parent brand evaluation in low perceived fit. It was known that expectation disconfirmation can affect parent brand evaluation regardless the perceived fit(Ed. note: Unclear. Do you mean, ‘of perceived fit’? Please confirm). Finally, we verified that expectation disconfirmation might differ by levels of perceived fit as the expectation disconfirmation theory. We discussed theoretical contributions for the feedback effects of brand extension and the expectation disconfirmation theory, and practical implications. Windowed Distribution Strategies for Substitutive Television Content: An Audience-Centric Typology • Ronen Shay, University of Florida • An audience-centric typology is proposed to assist media mangers implementing windowed distribution strategies in an attempt to curtail media consumption cannibalization. Diffusion theory identifies the demographics most likely to consume substitutive television content, while uses, gratifications, media habits, and consumption values are collaboratively used to re-segment the audiences based on platform selection motivators. Psychographic labels are then applied using the dominant characteristic of each audience type and then correlated to a specific windowed distribution strategy. Lost in Transition; Managing convergence at regional newspapers • Marco Van Kerkhoven, Utrecht School of Journalism; Klaus Schönbach • We investigate to what extent and how Dutch regional newspapers implement and manage convergence strategies. Thirty managers, editors and market experts at all six regional newspaper publishers were interviewed. At least 27 factors were mentioned as having a critical impact on the potential success of the transition towards convergence. However, while most regional dailies experiment with convergence, they hardly invest in reskilling journalists or in new content concepts. We conclude that the management of regional newspapers in the Netherlands tends to operate safely. A lack of successful examples and good ideas seem to play a role in the hesitation to invest. Examining the Effect of Innovation on the Market Structure of the U.S. Media Industry • Tom Vizcarrondo • This study examines if and how technological innovation influences market structure of the media industry. OLS regression analysis is employed to address the following research question: How do technological innovations affect the market structure of the media industry? Results suggest that changes in the adoption rates of television and cable television influence changes in the media industry’s market structure. The study discusses implications of these findings, and recommends future related research efforts. Bandwagon Effects of Popularity Information on Audience’s Media Product Selection: Information Load and Cultural Unfamiliarity • Xuexin Xu; Wei-Jen Wayne Fu • Building on information cascade theory and dual-process theories, this study examines bandwagon effects of product-popularity information on audience’s media product selection. It further examines whether the strength of bandwagon effects is stimulated by how uncertain people are about the quality of the content offerings. An analysis of box office sales of Hollywood movies in 73 countries during 2003 – 2007 is conducted. The results confirm the presence of bandwagon effects and the influence of quality uncertainty. Is Online News Still An Inferior Good? Re-Examining The Economic Nature of Online News and Print Newspapers • Mengchieh Jacie Yang, Texas State University • Newspaper companies in the United States face declining print revenue but monetizing online content remains challenging. Research has found news consumers generally have low intent to pay for online news, they hold somewhat negative attitudes toward online news, and they have loose emotional attachments to online news. These reasons led to analysis indicating that online news is an inferior good. This study sought to re-examine the economic nature of online news and print newspapers with dataset collected by the Pew Research Center in 2012. The results did not support the hypotheses. In other words, online news is no longer an inferior good and the print newspaper is no longer a normal good. Important theoretical and practical implications are discussed. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12189 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/mac-2013-abstracts/ Wed, 12 Jun 2013 15:20:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12193 Faculty Television News Reporting in Salinas, California: Defining and Informing a Latino Community with Excessive Crime News Coverage • Carolyn Brown, American University; Robin Chin Roemer, University of Washington • This study uses cultivation theory to examine how local television news connected Latino identity and violence during a two-month span in 2012, in Salinas, California. Salinas is a predominately Latino community with a significant immigrant population and a reputation for gang violence. Findings indicate a substantial focus on crime news stories and a disproportionate identification of Latinos as perpetrators of crime compared to the identification of Latinos as victims of crime. Beyond the Positive-Negative Paradigm of Latino News-Media Representations: DREAM Act exemplars, Stereotypical Selection, and American Otherness • Angie Chuang, American University; Robin Chin Roemer, University of Washington • News media research on coverage of Latinos has historically focused on negative stereotyping, particularly representations of the racial group as threatening, criminal, lazy, or a burden on society. The 2010-2012 newspaper coverage of a proposed immigration policy commonly referred to as the DREAM Act provides a unique case study, one that addresses a subgroup of Latinos that inherently defies traditional stereotypes. A mixed-method analysis of the use of exemplars in newspaper coverage of the DREAM Act reveals a portrayal that, on its face, appears overwhelmingly positive. However, by applying Wilson, Gutiérrez, & Chao’s conceptualizations of Stereotypical Selection, this study reveals layers of complexity beyond a traditional positive-negative paradigm of Other representation. Newspapers’ emphasis on signifiers of hard work, academic achievement, self-determination, and other traditionally “American” cultural codes, juxtaposed with signifiers of poverty and financial need, constitute a Stereotypically Selective “success story.” Such semiotic codes connote a dependency on American systems, and a need to assimilate American values, in order to overcome the “deficits” of being Latino and undocumented. The exemplars are ultimately cast in the model of “problem people” who must be addressed by the dominant culture. Thus, the newspaper coverage establishes the DREAM Act as both tool and metaphor for the mediation of American Otherness, or the socially and culturally constructed idea of earned and conditional Americanness, while maintaining the dominant cultural order’s designation of Other status. ‘The Worldwide Leader in Sports’ As Race Relations Reporter: Reconsidering the Role of ESPN • George Daniels, The University of Alabama • Employing the textual analysis technique, this paper examined ESPN’s award-winning Outside the Lines program on Alcorn State’s 2012 hiring of its first white football coach. ESPN Films also premiered Ghosts of Ole Miss, a feature film about the all-white football team that in 1962 had a perfect season as James Meredith integrated the school. ESPN’s Wright Thompson and Jemele Hill both produced 2012 reports on race, but only one was socially responsible journalism. At the Intersection of Libel and Race, Aaron Henry picks up a Hitchhiker? • Aimee Edmondson, Ohio University • Lesser known civil rights activist Aaron Henry, the long-time president of the Mississippi NAACP, faced many threats of violence throughout the 1950s and 1960s. This included the bombing of his home. He also faced libel suits filed by local public officials in retaliation for his activism. Henry v. Pearson and Henry v. Collins were just two libel cases filed against a civil rights leader in an effort to silence them into submission. These cases are added to a growing list of libel cases filed in the wake of the famous 1964 New York Times v. Sullivan, the most famous libel suit that also was a case about race. Such suits were an attempt to take civil rights discourse out of the newspapers and off television and bog it down in the court system. Media representations and Latino students’ college experiences • Joseph Erba, American University • The study connects media’s racialization of Latinos and Latino students’ educational challenges in the U.S. by focusing on how Latino students perceive the role media play in shaping their college experiences. It explores the influence that Latino students with different levels of cultural identification ascribe to media representations of their racial/ethnic group. Findings reveal that media representations mostly affect Latino students with high levels of cultural identification. The Ambassador and the Activist: Reporting the Willie Earle Lynching of 1947 • Craig Flournoy, Southern Methodist University • "This paper examines coverage of a 1947 lynching by the mainstream media (particularly the "New York Times" and "The New Yorker") and the black press (especially the Columbia, S.C. "Lighthouse and Informer" and the "Pittsburgh Courier"). Comparing the reporting in the black and white press allows some longstanding assumptions to be tested: * That the black press has been a “fighting” press more interested in advancing a point of view than in superior news reporting. * That the ""New York Times"" provided the best coverage of the civil rights revolution. * That John Popham, southern correspondent for the "Times" from 1947 to 1958, did a better job covering the South than any other journalist. To assess the validity of these conclusions, this paper examined coverage of a 1947 murder case that became the largest lynching trial in southern history. The study found that the ""Lighthouse and Informer’s"" John McCray and other African-American reporters produced stories that were well-sourced, explored the white and black communities, provided historical context and identified white bigotry as the key problem. Popham and other celebrated white reporters produced poorly-sourced, ahistorical journalism, portrayed white southerners as progressive and endorsed racial segregation. Still, the mainstream media's coverage of the Earle case represented significant progress. Despite their often flawed reporting and obvious racial bias, the "Times" and "The New Yorker" and other mainstream publications shed unprecedented light on the savagery of a lynch mob and the South’s all-white system of justice. Dixie would never be the same. “How Ohioans and their Newspapers Defended African-Americans who Emancipated Themselves from Slavery” • Lee Jolliffe, Drake University • By the 1850s, Ohio had become a welcoming state for African-American refugees escaping slavery, based on a statewide examination of its newspapers of the era. This article traces the specific factors that drew national attention to Ohio as a refuge for the brave African-Americans able to flee slavery and seek personal freedom, then explores how ordinary people in that state, both African- and European- American, responded with direct action against the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, all as reported with applause by Ohio newspapers. For comparison, an Appendix provides summaries of public responses to the Act and to African-American refugees in other Northern states. Beyond the Digital Divide: A Look at Media Expectancies across Seven Media and Three Racial Subgroups • Amanda Mabry, The University of Texas at Austin; Matthew Eastin, The University of Texas at Austin; Vincent Cicchirillo, University of Texas at Austin • First-level digital divide research centered on the gap between people who did or did not have access to the Internet and the subsequent social inequities caused by a lack of access to information. Although such imbalanced access to digital media appears to be dissipating, other social inequities - from health to education - remain a serious concern across racial subgroups. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the digital divide and knowledge gap discourse from a macro-level perspective based on today’s rich media environment. The current analysis supports the notion that although media usage differences based on race alone have waned, racial subgroups do differ in their motivations to use various media. The findings highlight how media is used differently across racial subgroups, which increases our understanding of the relative utility these media – both traditional and new. These insights into which media channels are preferred by certain subgroups are important in order to effectively disseminate information that might narrow any existing gaps in knowledge and other disparities. Improving Attitudes towards International Teaching Assistants through Perspective Taking • Uttara Manohar, The Ohio State University; Osei Appiah, The Ohio State University • International teaching assistants across campuses in United States are often criticized and negatively evaluated by undergraduate students. The social identity framework suggests that criticism of international TAs can be a result of intergroup bias. Perspective taking is an effective mechanism that improves intergroup attitudes. We conducted an experiment to test whether perspective taking helps improve undergraduate students’ (N = 125) attitudes towards international TAs. Findings support effectiveness of perspective taking but demonstrate gender differences. The Cosby Show and A Different World: Impact on HBCU Enrollment • Paula Matabane; Bishetta Merritt • "Anecdotes claim that viewing The Cosby Show and A Different World inspires African American youth to attend an HBCU. This study tested that claim through an empirical survey of 265 current HBCU students at seven schools measuring the relationship between racial-cultural needs and traditional needs for attending an HBCU and student reliance on social networks, media content including uses and gratifications associated with viewing The Cosby Show and A Different World when making college choice. Stepwise regression analyses showed different variables explained the needs of males and females in making college choice. Males were more reliant social networks and films set at HBCU's with strong male leads. Females were more television reliant especially on The Cosby Show and A Different World in deciding to attend an HBCU. Parental encouragement was always most significant for explaining male needs but not those of females. Low religious participation was a significant predictor of female needs for attending an HBCU." Whiteness Theory in Advertising: Racial Beliefs and Attitudes toward Ads • Angelica Morris, The University of Texas at Austin; Lee Ann Kahlor, University of Texas at Austin • We argue that ethnic identity and color blind racism exist across audiences, and examine those constructs as they relate to model race and attitudes towards advertisements received by white and non-white audiences. Although ethnic identity and color bind racism were present in both audiences, we did not find significant relationships between race indices and attitudes toward ads. We did find color blind racism was significantly related to black audiences receiving an ad with a black model. Look who's talking to our kids: Representations of race and gender in TV commercials on Nickeloedeon • Jack Powers; Adam Peruta • There is a paucity of research examining the representations of race and gender in television commercials featured on popular children’s programs. The few studies that do exist tend to emphasize Saturday morning cartoon ads from decades ago. With that in mind, a systematic content analysis of commercials on the popular children’s cable network Nickelodeon was conducted. This study analyzed the frequency, physical, and appearance characteristics and gender of lead presenters (central characters) in TV commercials featured as part of the weekday after-school programming on Nickelodeon. The analysis of 196 lead presenters suggests that Asians and Hispanics are grossly underrepresented relative to their real-life population numbers; African-Americans are overrepresented; racial/ethnic minority presenters have darker skin, darker hair, wear more makeup, and have more accessories than their white/majority counterparts; and females are underrepresented both as lead presenters and as voiceover actors relative to their real-life population numbers. Further, we found no significant differences between racial/ethnic minority lead presenters and their majority counterparts in regard to a variety of physical and appearance characteristics (weight, height, style of dress, grooming, cleanliness, etc.). Finally, we report that indigenous peoples are absent, and majority presenters are underrepresented. Invisible struggles: The representation of ethnic entrepreneurship in US newspapers • Leona Achtenhagen, Jonkoping International Business School; Cindy Price Schultz, University of Wyoming • How media portrays entrepreneurship plays an important role in its perception as a career option. During economic crises, self-employment presents an alternative to unemployment. Ethnic minority businesses, which more often are founded in low-threshold industries, represent an example of the struggles of new ventures. Our paper examined US newspaper coverage of ethnic minority entrepreneurs and showed that the phenomenon is almost invisible in US newspapers, despite its importance for the US economy. We Are Rom. We Are Gypsies: Constructions of Gypsies in American Reality Television • Adina Schneeweis, Oakland University; Katie Foss, Middle Tennessee State University • This study examines two reality television programs that introduce the Roma/Gypsy ethnicity to a U.S. audience – TLC’s My Big Fat American Gypsy Wedding and National Geographic Channel’s American Gypsies. Textual analysis suggests that the programs construct discriminatory and stereotypical representations for the fairly unfamiliar American audience, by overemphasizing tradition, gaudiness, and minimizing cultural adaptation. The representations are problematized for the ways in which they other a group of people already under scrutiny. Social Media, Social Good: HBCU College Students’ Use of Social Media During Superstorm Sandy • Kim Smith, North Carolina A&T State University; Bonnie Newman-Davis, North Carolina A&T State University; Adrian Gray, North Carolina A&T State University; Vanessa Cunningham-Engram, North Carolina A&T State University • "Students at an HBCU used a snowball technique to recruit friends and family members to take an online survey which was designed to learn how respondents--mostly college students-- used social media like Facebook and Twitter during Superstorm Sandy to keep in contact with friends and family in the storm in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions. The students saturated their social media sites with a link to the survey, whose results revealed: (1.) 46% of respondents spent up to three hours and 13% up to six hours per day using traditional and social media to keep up with the storm and how friends and family members were coping with it, (2.) 91% said keeping in contact with family members and friends via social media was important because it helped ease anxiety, as they were able to communicate--to some degree-- with family members and friends, and (3.) 71% said they had become extremely dependent, dependent or somewhat dependent upon social media during the storm. The results speak to (1.) media system dependency theory’s resiliency (people will become more dependent upon a particular medium during a crisis), and (2.) the role of some social support functions, which explain why people use social media. The study illustrates the growing importance of social media during an emergency. The researchers discuss these and other findings. Race in Virtual Environments: Competitive versus Cooperative Games with Black or White Avatars • Mao Vang; Jesse Fox • Often, virtual environments and video games have established goals, and to achieve them users must either compete or cooperate with others. This research tested how communicative goals in a virtual environment may influence how White users perceive Black and White virtual partners. White participants (N = 101) played an anagram game competitively or cooperatively in a virtual environment with a Black or White avatar. Black avatars elicited more positive assessments than White avatars. Automatic and Controlled Processes in Stereotype and Prejudice Activation • Ming Wang, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • In the study of racial stereotype and prejudice activation, the dual process model of automatic and controlled mechanisms has gained a fair amount of scholarly attention and has been heatedly debated. In this essay, I will first review recent developments in the study of automaticity and control of stereotyping and prejudice in social psychology. I will start with an influential model that integrated both processes in the study of stereotype activation and trace how the model has been refined and extended to this day in three notable aspects. Then I will use implicit priming theory (Mendelberg, 2001) as an example to illustrate how this theory can benefit from the more elaborate and intricate conceptualization of stereotype activation in social psychology. Reciprocally, I will also use an O-S-O-R model (Markus & Zajonc, 1985; McLeod, Kosicki, & McLeod, 1994) developed in the context of campaign communication to elucidate how the program of research in stereotype activation in social psychology can also be synthesized through this framework. Ultimately, I strive to uncover potential nexuses that will bridge theories in the disciplines of communication, political science, and social psychology in their approaches to tackling racial stereotypes. Linguistic Acculturation Effects on Attitude toward Ad Language among Hispanic Audiences of Mexican Descent • John M. Burton, The Laster Group; Kenneth C. C. Yang, The University Of Texas At El Paso • The growth of the U.S. Hispanic population and its purchasing power over the past twenty years has prompted marketers to look for better and more efficient methods of effectively targeting messages to this important consumer segment. This study focused on the historically dominant mass-reach medium of television and explored acculturation effects on attitude toward television ad language among Hispanic audiences of Mexican descent. In this study, we examined the relationship between linguistic acculturation and Hispanic audiences’ attitudes toward ad languages in television commercials. Ethnic identity and gender were used as moderating variables. The study used a survey method to collect empirical data from 312 college students in a large Hispanic-serving public university in the Southwest. Hierarchical regression results confirmed that, while linguistic acculturation is a strong and positive predictor of Hispanics’ attitude toward Spanish language in television commercials, media content and public language use negatively predict their attitude toward Spanish language in television commercials. Unexpectedly, gender and ethnic identity did not moderate the relationships. Discussion of findings and the study’s limitations are presented and the implications for future research are outlined. Serving the Needs of the Latina Community for Health Information • Ronald Yaros, University of Maryland; Jessica Roberts, University of Maryland; Elia Powers, University of Maryland-College Park; Linda Steiner, University of Maryland • Latinos remain the largest US population with limited health literacy (Andrulis & Brach, 2007). Concerned with how local media can meet the information needs of underserved audiences, we interviewed Latinas who are pregnant or mothers of young children, living in a community with a high percentage of Spanish speakers, and we surveyed 33 local health professionals. Findings are that Latina women’s most common source of health information was family and friends. They said they tune to television and radio (which they can receive in Spanish), but gave low grades to news media for regular or useful health information. Medical professionals agreed that Latinas generally get their health information through friends and family, and rated the media poorly in terms of serving Latinas’ health information needs. Since this data indicate that local news media are not serving these women’s needs as much as they could, we offer recommendations.   Student Russian ethnic press in the U.S.: a comparative analysis • Nataliya Dmytrochenko, University of Florida • This explanatory study examines the structure and content of Russian ethnic press in the U.S. In particular, the paper investigates the topics that are pertinent to the Russian community, comparing the content of the two largest weeklies in New York and Los Angeles markets. Moreover, the paper elaborates on previous research of Lin & Song (2006), by identifying differences and similarities among Russian, Latino, Korean, and Chinese ethnic newspapers in greater Los Angeles area. Memory of an Out-Group: (Mis)identification of Middle Eastern-Looking Men in News Stories about Crime • Jennifer Hoewe, The Pennsylvania State University; Tanner Cooke, Pennsylvania State University • This study examined White individuals’ (mis)identification of Middle Eastern- and Caucasian-looking men as portrayed in news stories about crime. Considering social identity theory, construal level theory, and the Arab/Muslim/Middle Eastern terrorist stereotype, this study predicted participants would correctly identify Caucasian-looking men and misidentify Middle Eastern-looking men as perpetrators. Results show that correct identification and misidentification of Caucasian-looking men is greater. Moderating variables are discussed. A new measure of attitudes toward Arabs and Muslims is recommended. Economic Goals of Media Firms for Ethnic Groups and Media Firms Owned by Ethnic Groups • Xueying Luo, Ohio University • This study uses secondary data to examine the impact the ownership has on the economic goals of ethnic newspapers. A comparison between 24 newspapers owned by ethnic groups (media-by) and 24 newspapers for ethnic groups (media-for) showed a pattern consistent with media-for newspapers being more interested in making a profit, while media-by newspapers are more dedicated to serving the ethnic groups. Basket Case: Framing 'Linsanity' and Blackness • Kathleen McElroy, University of Texas • In early 2012 commentators eagerly discussed the racial significance of “Linsanity,” when Jeremy Lin became an overnight sensation in the National Basketball Association, “America’s blackest network TV show.” A textual analysis reveals four frames that writers employed at the intersection of blackness and Linsanity: the novel underdog, a reminder of racism, a pioneer, and antidote to blackness. These frames illustrate hegemony and racial triangulation’s grip over Asian Americans and blacks in their struggle for cultural acceptance. Growing Up Latina: Identity Exploration in Latina Blogs • Marilda Oviedo, The University of Iowa • This paper examines some of the blogs hosted on the Latinitas organization Web site. Members of the organization can post and update individual blogs. The purpose of this papers is two-fold: 1) to explore the ways the ways in which the blogs posts were used as a means of self-expression and 2) to examine how ethnic identity was conceptualized in the blog posts. Unveiling the American-Muslim press: News agendas and frames in Islamic Horizons and Muslim Journal • Syed Saif Shahin, School of Journalism, University of Texas at Austin • This study compares the coverage of Islamic Horizons, a news magazine run by immigrant American-Muslims, and Muslim Journal, a weekly newspaper run by black American-Muslims. Findings indicate both publications are overwhelmingly U.S.-centric, focusing on domestic political issues and community affairs rather than on the external Muslim world. But Islamic Horizons gives a lot more coverage to Muslims from the Middle East/South Asia, and Muslim Journal to black American-Muslims, reproducing a historical schism in American-Muslim society. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12193 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/news-2013-abstracts/ Wed, 12 Jun 2013 16:01:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12197 Open Competition Political or Professional?: The Nineteenth Century National Editorial Association • Stephen Banning • In the nineteenth century the National Editorial Association grew from just over fifty editors to over 4,000 members representing 12,000 newspapers. This was a time when some state press associations were self identified as professionals. This research examines the National Editorial Association’s character and motivations to see if members were interested in professionalization as well. The National Editorial Association’s questionable connection with the 1992 World’s Fair is also examined. It’s the leadership, stupid, not the economy: A framing study of newspaper endorsements of presidential candidates in the 2012 election • Kenneth Campbell, University of South Carolina; Ran Wei, University of South Carolina; Wan Chi Leung, University of South Carolina; Maia Mikashavidze, University of South Carolina • Though framing research has been robust, but no study has examined press endorsements of presidential candidates with a framing perspective. To fill the void, we pursued a framing analysis of presidential endorsements in the 2012 election. Moreover, the present study aims at overcoming some of the limitations in the existing literature with a framing analysis of the candidates and issues used by the newspaper endorsements in the tightly contested presidential contest between incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and Republican challenger Mitt Romney in 2012. To achieve the objectives, a quantitative content analysis and qualitative framing analysis of 75 newspaper endorsements were conducted. Findings show that newspapers that endorsed Obama framed him as a leader based on his performance on a variety of national issues whereas newspapers that endorsed Romney framed him as their choice based primarily on the economy. Fuzzy, transparent, and fast: Journalists and public relations practitioners characterize social media interactions • Aaron Chimbel; Tracy Everbach, University of North Texas; Jacqueline Lambiase • This mixed-methods study, based on a survey including open-ended responses from 167 journalists and PR practitioners, examines views on interacting through social media. Grounded in journalism ethics and news production research, the study examines how professionals navigate rapidly changing social media. Results show journalists and PR practitioners see themselves working in the same digital space. Journalists and PR professionals thought it was ethical to become social media “friends” and followers. Still, these relationships are evolving. Is Google “Stealing” your Content? Examining How the News Industry Framed Google in an Era of News Aggregation • H. Iris Chyi, University of Texas at Austin; Seth Lewis; Nan Zheng, James Madison University • As online news aggregators outperform most traditional media sites, some news executives accuse Google News of stealing their content, even as they rely on Google for exposure. This quantitative content analysis examines how the news industry, during the 2008–2010 financial shock for U.S. newspapers, covered its delicate relationship with Google. While Google was often portrayed as the enemy, most coverage suggested that newspapers should work with Google, indicating the challenge in assessing Google’s role in an era of news aggregation. This Just In: Examining the Presence of Spot News in Print and Online News Organizations • Jennifer Cox, Salisbury University • Newspapers are competing with online-only upstarts to provide spot news coverage that drives local readership prompting questions regarding the ways in which news is defined by both types of organizations. This study examined print and online content in four pairs of daily newspapers and online-only news organizations sharing a common home city. A content analysis of 1,965 news items revealed spot news appeared more frequently online than in print, though there was no significant difference regarding the presence of spot news between newspapers and their online-only competitors. Online-only publications provided spot news most on crime items, while newspapers provide it most in accident/disaster/public safety items. The majority of spot news items contained the timeliness and proximity news values. The results of this study indicate both organization types understand readers’ hunger for spot news online, though the types of spot news stories they include in their products tend to vary. An online emphasis on spot news may be indicative of a shift in news definitions that could impact readers’ perceptions of personal safety in their own communities. Deciphering ‘Digital First’ During Football Season: A Study of Blogging Routines of Newspaper Sports Reporters • George Daniels, The University of Alabama; Marc Torrence, The University of Alabama • To understand how the newspaper industry’s “digital first” philosophy works for local newspaper writers covering football, this study surveyed local newspaper blogs in all 14 Southeastern Conference markets and 10 markets of SEC non-conference opponents. A follow-up content analysis during Week 6 of the 2012 season revealed 80% of posts were not on GameDay and most focused on hard news. For these bloggers, “digital first” mandates speed and a heavy reliance on news conference content. Newspaper Coverage of the BP Oil Spill: Framing by Distance and Ownership • Ryan Broussard; Robert T. Buckman, Univ. of Louisiana at Lafayette; William R. Davie, Univ. of Louisiana at Lafayette • This study analyzed how twelve newspapers framed the BP oil spill in terms of environmental, government, and industrial factors. The environmental frame eclipsed the industrial and government frames. In addition, the newspaper’s status in terms of its corporate ownership and national scope shaped the coverage. This study reinforced and refined the research of Molotch and Lester by showing how news frames are subject to variables of proximity and newspaper ownership in covering such an environmental hazard. Building an Agenda for Regulatory Change: The New York Times Targets Drug Abuse in Horse Racing • Bryan Denham • This article addresses the manner in which a New York Times investigative series on drug use and catastrophic breakdowns in U.S. horse racing influenced policy initiatives across a six-month period. Beginning with the March 25, 2012 expose’ “Mangled Horses, Maimed Jockeys,” the article analyzes how the Times helped to define policy conversations at both the state and national levels. The article also addresses how the Interstate Horseracing Improvement Act of 2011, a fledgling piece of legislation, became what Kingdon (2003) described as a “solution in search of a problem” and thus a political lever in policy deliberations. Long recognized for its capacity to influence the content of other news outlets, the article concludes, the New York Times can also play an important role in legislative arenas, informing lawmakers of salient issues as well as opportunities for substantive and symbolic policy actions. Unnamed Attribution: A Historical Analysis of the Journalism Norms Surrounding the Use of Anonymous Sources • Matt Duffy, Georgia State University • This paper offers a historical examination of the journalistic norms surrounding the practice of citing anonymous sources. The author examines a variety of textbooks, guidebooks, trade press coverage, and codes of ethics over the past century. The analysis reveals that unnamed attribution, once scorned as a journalistic practice, has gained acceptance over time. As journalistic norms have evolved, the acceptance of the practice has spread beyond national government and international reporting to local coverage. Despite the general acceptance of this practice, journalistic norms surrounding when and how to use anonymous sources remain unsettled. This analysis also finds that journalism textbooks more often describe common practices of journalists rather than provide normative directives as to how journalists should act. Importantly, this study reveals that a journalistic tradition of independently verifying information from unnamed sources has dramatically diminished. Reading the Truth-O-Meter: The influence of partisanship in interpreting the fact-check • David Wise, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Megan Duncan, University of Wisconsin; Thomas Jaime; David Coppini, University of Wisconsin Madison; Young Mie Kim, School of Journalism and Mass Communication • This study experimentally investigates the effects of fact-checking articles and partisanship in evaluating claims made in political attack ads and attitudes toward the targeted politician, the ad’s sponsor and the fact-checking organization. In a 2 (political party congruency) X 3 (fact-check rating) experiment, participants were randomly assigned to see one of two videos accusing a fictional politician of a financial scandal. The only difference between the two videos was the political party of the politician. After the video, participants read one of three randomly assigned fact-checks rating the ad either “true,” “half-true,” or “false.” In a post-test, participants answered questions about the ad, the targeted politician, the ad’s sponsor and the fact-checking organization. The results indicate that fact-check articles can affect evaluations of a political attack ad’s claims, as well as the targeted politician, ad sponsor, and the fact-checking organization’s adherence to traditional journalistic norms and standards. We also found that on some measures, partisans engage in motivated reasoning, which amplified party differences when the ad was ruled half-true, and in some cases, true. Our findings suggest that while fact checking can be effective at correcting misinformation, motivated reasoning among partisans plays a role in shaping the effects of fact-check rulings on attitudes toward the ad’s target, sponsor and the fact-checking organization. If it bleeds, it leads: How cognition, motivation, and emotions influence our attention to the news • Margaret Flynn, University of Connecticut • The current study aims to provide a renewed examination of why certain news items are more attractive than others, or why the most “important” news is not always the most popular. Buck’s (1985) developmental interactionist theory provides a novel framework for examining this phenomenon of selective exposure. This perspective proposes that an individual’s emotions may direct their attention to a particular message, or in this case a news story. By employing an experimental methodology this paper demonstrates that complex combinations of emotions can influence what news information audiences select. Additionally, there is evidence here that suggests news information can alter mood and impact subsequent emotional states. A ‘Sentimental’ Election: Emergent Framing and Public Sentiment in Social Media Content during the 2012 US Presidential Campaign • Jacob Groshek; Ahmed al-Rawi • By being embedded in everyday life, social networking sites (SNSs) have altered the way campaign politics are understood and engaged with by politicians and citizens alike. Somewhat paradoxically, though the features and influence of social media are regularly reported, the actual content of social media has remained a vast but somewhat amorphous and understudied entity. The study reported here thus examines public sentiment as it was expressed in just over 1.42 million social media units on Facebook and Twitter to provide broad insights into dominant topics and themes that were prevalent in the 2012 US election campaign online. Key findings include observed similarities and divergences across social networking sites and channels that cultivate a fuller understanding of what is being communicated in political social media content that is largely citizen and user-generated. Who reads online news anyway? On and offline behaviors that predict reading of online newspapers. • Michael Horning, Bowling Green State University; SangHee Park, Bowling Green State University; Luyue Ma, Bowling Green State University; Fang Wang, Bowling Green State University • As newsrooms begin to develop content and user experiences designed for the Internet, new questions arise about the types of individuals reading online newspapers and the journalistic practices that might be appealing to online readers. This exploratory research assesses important predictors in online newspaper reading among college-aged students. Findings suggest that levels of civic engagement, public journalism interests, reading news on social media sites, and Internet use context are predictors of online newspaper use. The “SomeTimes Picayune:” Comparing the online and print offerings of the New Orleans’ newspaper before and after the print reduction • Young Kim, Louisiana State University; Andrea Miller, LSU • This study compared the online and print news of New Orleans’ Times-Picayune before and after print publication moved from seven days a week to three. A content analysis found each venue offered different content, contradicting existing research touting news homogeneity. Print offered more public affairs and global news while online offered more local and entertainment news. Findings are discussed within the frameworks of social responsibility and local news value. News Consumption in the Age of Content Aggregation: The Case of Yahoo, Google and Huffington Post • Angela Lee, University of Texas at Austin; H. Iris Chyi, University of Texas at Austin • In the pre-Internet era, the role of news providers in the media market was clearly defined. Media companies produced content as suppliers of news and information and competed with other media firms in their geographic market for audience and/or advertising share in either inter- or intra-competition scenarios. But the Internet has brought about revolutionary changes to this media landscape. One major change is the rise of content aggregators. While traditional news firms are still struggling with the economics of their online ventures, these news aggregators have become a major source of online news for American audiences. This exploratory study, through an online survey of 1,143 respondents, empirically examines the relationship between use of three major news aggregators—Yahoo, Google, and Huffington Post— and 13 major news media outlets operated by print, broadcast, cable and electronic news media. The goal is to offer an extensive overview of competition among key players in contemporary news ecology. Findings of this study suggest a symbiotic relationship between all three news aggregator sites and 13 major news outlets across different news industries. Such findings are at odds with industry sentiment, or hostility toward news aggregators, and news organizations are encouraged to reassess their relationship with news aggregators in the attempt to find better revenue models rather than casting blames that have no empirical basis. How Journalists Value Positive News: The Influence of Professional Beliefs, Market Considerations, and Political Attitudes • Ka Kuen Leung, School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Lap Fung Lee, School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • While the negativity bias of the news media is generally recognized in many countries around the world, various types of positive news, ranging from touching human interests stories to news about national or community achievement, also feature regularly in the news media. Yet few scholarly analyses have examined whether and how professional journalists value positive news. This article examines Hong Kong journalists’ perceptions of the values of five types of positive news. It is hypothesized that professional beliefs about media roles in society, market considerations, and political attitudes would be related to perceived value of positive news. Analysis of data from a journalist survey shows that Hong Kong journalists do regard news stories that tell touching stories and promote social values and norms as important, but they do not see news stories that promote national development and achievement as important. Belief in the cultural role of the press, acknowledgement of market influence on the media, and national and local identification are significant predicts of perceived value of positive news. Implications of the findings are discussed. The News Re-imagined: The Promise of Local Foundation-Funded Journalism • Suzanne Lysak, Syracuse University; Michael Cremedas, Syracuse University • This research surveyed 207 local newspaper and television news managers to measure reaction to a Federal Communications Commission proposal aimed at improving quality, in-depth reporting at the local level. In its landmark 2011 report, “Information Needs of Communities: The Changing Media Landscape in a Broadband Age, the FCC called for a national program that would place reporters in local newsrooms, with the reporters’ salaries partially or fully paid by local community foundations. Experimental Psychology Applied: Assessing NYT columnist Nicholas Kristof’s strategies to overcome psychic numbing • Scott Maier, University of Oregon • People relate to one death as a tragedy but tune out the loss of thousands as a statistic, a phenomenon documented by psychology experiments that suggest “the more who die, the less we care.” This sobering finding has influenced New York Times columnist Nicholas Kristof in his reporting on Darfur, human trafficking and other mass suffering. Drawing from behavioral research, Kristof says he now goes out of his way to find just the right person who illuminates the larger story. Reframing his journalistic approach, Kristof also seeks to move his readers by reporting on people who overcome adversity or offer real solutions. Content analysis and Internet metrics are used to assess whether Kristof adheres to these principles, and, more importantly, whether this kind of reporting engenders reader response. The findings offer guidance on how the media can overcome psychic numbing and compassion fatigue. Online Story Commenting: An Experimental Test of Conversational Journalism and Trust • Doreen Marchionni, Pacific Lutheran University • Online story commenting offers a form of citizen engagement on news sites potentially important to democratic discourse. Yet few issues vex newsrooms more because of abusive rants, often from unnamed sources. This controlled experiment set out to test the “conversationalness” of commenting, using newly identified variables that theoretically measure the concept of journalism as a conversation. The study also tested whether commenting might help with reader trust. The data show that commenting’s best indicators of conversation are perceived friendliness and social presence. But comments do not appear to help with journalism’s most important values of perceived credibility and expertise. Editorials, privilege and shield law Post-Branzburg: Forty years of newspaper narratives • Sandra Mardenfeld, Long Island University • As the prosecution against whistleblower Bradley Manning unfolds, the importance of confidential sources and their value to society once again is scrutinized. This study seeks to discover the discussions four major metro papers have within their commentary pages from 1972, the year of the pivotal Supreme Court case Branzburg v. Hayes, to 2012. What does the media say about issues such as reporter’s privilege and shield laws within their editorial section? A discussion of the three major themes uncovered leads to suggestions for future treatment. Vicariously Rejected: Political-Sex-Scandal News Coverages Primes Negative Attitude Toward Sexual Betrayal • Gina Masullo Chen, The University of Southern Mississippi, School of Mass Communication and Journalism; Hinda Mandell, Rochester Institute of Technology, Department of Communication; John Wolf, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Humanities • An online experiment (N = 231) reveals that reading news stories about political sex scandals prime negative attitudes toward sexual betrayal. Seeing sexual infidelity as humiliating is mediated through relationship satisfaction and attitudes toward sexual behavior. Results are discussed in relation to priming theory. Breaking news and problems definitions from school shootings, 1996-2012 • Michael McCluskey • Problem definitions in the news provide explanations for tragic events like school shootings. This study examines nine problem definitions in the breaking news coverage (N = 311) of 11 school shootings between 1996 and 2012. Guns, teen life and school security were the most prominent problem definitions. Analysis shows differences by the audience orientation of the newspapers and by contextual factors in the shootings. “Evil Visited this Community Today”: News Media Framing of the Sandy Hook School Shooting • Dylan McLemore, University of Alabama; Kimberly Bissell, University of Alabama • A content analysis of seven newspapers’ coverage of the Sandy Hook school shooting in December 2012 assessed how news outlets contextualized the story for readers in the week following the event. The results revealed that the Sandy Hook shooting was most commonly framed in terms of the victims. Gun control became the central frame through which blame was attributed. A mental health frame was also evident, in line with prior shootings but despite a lack of evidence in this particular case. The findings suggest an enduring stigma surrounding mental health, and a continued association of mental illness with violent behavior. Findings are elaborated upon by considering frame valence, sourcing, and the passage of time. Page One or Six: A proposition for a news type index • Patrick Merle, Florida State University; Clay Craig, Coastal Carolina University • This research proposes an updated instrument to measure news preferences. To date, the literature features two scales designed for a media landscape removed from today’s multi-screen environment. Beyond the obsolete nature of their scales, prior authors omitted the dimensions of style and timeliness, prevalent facets in today’s interactive context. Exploratory data from a survey (N = 317) reviewed through structural equation modeling start a scale developmental effort to discuss a valid measurement of news types. Cranks or Community: Describing those who comment on news stories • Hans Meyer, Ohio University; Michael Clay Carey, Ohio University • By offering comments at the end of stories, news organizations are allowing readers to engage in the news. But few journalists say the read or appreciate the comments their stories receive because they say comments are, for the most part, junk. This study used a nationwide survey to describe the people who post comments at the end of new stories and suggests that news professionals may be the largest determinant in the quality of comments they receive. A hierarchical regression model predicting participation suggests that noticing moderation in forums and the importance readers place on moderation is the most important element that leads to participation. Noticing moderation and giving it high importance can also mediate the influence of other participation antecedents, such as the value of anonymity and the importance of civility. It also mediates the influence of most demographic variables besides age. Nate Silver and the rise of the poll aggregators: How they proved their worth to news media in the 2012 election • Brad Scharlott, Northern Kentucky University; Nikhil Moro, University of North Texas • Prominent poll aggregators such as Nate Silver proved their worth in the 2012 election with forecasts that were far more accurate than the typical pollster’s. In future election cycles, cash-strapped newspapers that formerly commissioned pollsters may decide that their resources would be better spent licensing a poll aggregator, as The New York Times did with Silver, thereby also boosting traffic to their websites. They may also hire statisticians to start their own in-house poll-aggregation operations. The public interest in the work of poll aggregators seems certain to rise in coming election cycles as more and more people come to see in them a gold standard of election prognostication. But if there will be fewer pollsters out there generating data to analyze, then poll aggregators’ results may not be as robust in the future as they were in the 2012 election cycle. Prescribing the News: Newsroom size and journalistic experience as key factors in the interaction between health journalists and public health organizations • Gregory Perreault; Shelly Rodgers; Jon Stemmle • A phone survey of 142 Midwestern journalists and editors was conducted to examine awareness and use of and knowledge about health literacy programs and initiatives in the State of Missouri. Journalists' self-efficacy, reader-friendly writing behaviors on the topic of public health, and time spent and experience writing about health and science news were examined. We compared larger versus smaller newsrooms in terms of awareness and use of materials from health-related news services. Results suggest that two factors, newspaper size and experience, proved to be useful in making predictions about awareness and use of health-related news services and use of reader-friendly writing behaviors. A slow response to Quick Response: Diffusion of QR technology on U.S. newspaper front pages • Chris Roberts, University of Alabama; Keith Saint, University of Alabama • A three-week constructed sample shows that few newspaper publish Quick Response (QR) codes on front pages, and many codes were beyond newsroom control. Content analysis describes QR use by papers in the context of diffusion of innovation and niche gratification theories, and compares published “deep” links to randomly selected pages. Interviews with newspaper executives reveal institutional isomorphism reasons for QR adoption and the belief that QR has little widespread acceptance by readers or the industry. Anonymous User Comments and the Influence on Fan Identity and Sports Article Credibility • Sean Sadri, University of Florida • The present study examined how anonymous user comment tone can impact group identity, sports article credibility, and attitudes towards a sports news source. Participants were randomly assigned a sports article, where the article was indicated to have appeared on one of four sports sources with positive, negative, or no comments. Scores on a user identification scale were significantly higher for the positive comments than for negative comments. User comments were not shown to affect credibility. Scanning and Sharing But Little Engagement: Newspaper Reporters’ Use Of Social Media • Arthur Santana, University of Houston • A national survey of newspaper reporters at large and mid-size U.S. newspapers reveals that the frequency with which they use Facebook and Twitter to supplement their reporting is minimal, especially among older, more experienced reporters at large dailies. Findings demonstrate that reporters are infrequently engaging the social networking sites to support some of their reporting duties and are instead more apt to scan the sites and use them as promotional tools. A Predictive Model of Story Prominence in U.S. Daily Newspapers • Frederick Schiff, University of Houston; David Llanos, University of Houston • This study compares two exhaustive models of news content to predict story prominence. Both models were derived from eight leading theories of news play. Hierarchical Linear Modeling specified story-level, newspaper-level, ownership-level and cross-level variables. A Factor Analysis Model found five “common-sense” story types. Coders analyzed 6,090 stories, using a random stratified sample of 114 newspapers and 59 ownership groups. According to OLS, a combined model (HLM and FAM) yielded an Adjusted R2 of 19.5%. The Power of the Impulse: The Flow of Content Communities and Online News Consumption • Amy Schmitz Weiss; Valerie Barker, Journalism & Media Studies SDSU; David Dozier; Diane Borden • This study examines how U.S. adults consume news content from various communities online (ranging from YouTube to news websites) and how they access this information from digital devices (e.g. laptops, desktops, smartphones, tablets). Based on a national telephone survey conducted of U.S. adults, this study identifies that people are consuming different kinds of news content online and doing so in a state of Flow via their digital devices. Using the theory of flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975), this study aims to see how an online user can engage in an impulse form of news consumption (through various content communities) via digital devices (e.g. laptops, smartphones, tablets and desktop computers). Implications of the findings are addressed and future research directions for examining online news consumption through this lens are discussed. Generating “New” News or Recycling Old News?: News Diversity and the World Wide Web • Charlene Simmons, U of Tennessee at Chattanooga • The Web has been heralded as an alternative to traditional media, providing users with diverse information and perspectives not previously available. Web usage studies have demonstrated that users do not spend time on alternative sites, but rather they spend the majority of their time on just a handful of popular Web sites. This study explores whether popular news sites act as new sources of diverse information or whether they repurpose content available from other sources. Journalism’s thin line: A case study of suburban news and the news divide • Edgar Simpson, Central Michigan University • This exploratory study examined the news environment in a county where a daily newspaper had closed. Using the theories of the public sphere and geographic-based public affairs journalism as a key structural element in invigorating the sphere, the study mapped out the public affairs news in an Ohio suburban county where a daily newspaper closed. Overall, this study, offered as a case to explore vexing national issues, found that regional and metro daily newspapers have largely retreated to their cores, despite having significant circulation in the county, and that commercial television rarely ventured into the area, even though the county is part of their Designated Market Areas. The study found weekly print operations provided the majority of public affairs journalism. Further, this study found Web-only start-ups were not a factor in public affairs news and that the weekly operations provided a higher quality of coverage, in terms of sourcing and depth, than all other media. Making Change: Diffusion of Technological, Relational, and Cultural Innovation in the Newsroom • Jane B. Singer, University of Iowa; Melissa Tully, University of Iowa; Shawn Harmsen, University of Iowa; Brian Ekdale, University of Iowa • Diffusion of innovations theory typically has been applied to the spread of a particular technology or practice. This paper seeks to obtain a deeper understanding of the multi-faceted nature of upheaval in the news industry by considering the diffusion of three distinct but related changes: technological, relational, and cultural. It does so through a case study, based on quantitative and qualitative data, of a Midwestern news company undergoing successive waves of significant change. Microblogging the News: Covering a Crisis When Twitter is the Only Option • Amanda Sturgill, Elon University; Rajat Agarwal, Elon University • As news media are evolving strategies for incorporating new technologies for gathering and disseminating the news, social media have become a part of the mix. Because the ability to tell stories over social media is not restricted to experts, scholars have suggested that social media are more useful for engaging users and for creating a sense of community around issues in a particular area. One aspect of news in the emerging social news environment that has not been as well studied is the coverage of breaking news. This paper examines the coverage of a shooting during a unique event in which a college newspaper was locked down and only able to communicate via Twitter. Content analysis of the newspaper’s tweet stream suggests that the coverage fits largely into patterns found in coverage of other breaking news, although a significant number of tweets were used to push users to the newspaper’s regular web presence, once it again became available. Frames of Mental Illness in an Indian Daily Newspaper • Roma Subramanian, University of Missouri, School of Journalism • Through a framing analysis of news stories about mental illness in The Times of India, an elite daily newspaper in India, this study aimed to understand how the Indian news media influence the public’s perception of mental illness. The following themes were identified: crime, suicide, prevention/treatment/recovery, simplistic/inadequate explanations, stigma, and mental health care system issues. Overall, while some stories perpetuate mental illness stigma, there is an attempt to raise the public’s awareness about mental illness. The “militant” Chicago Defender: A study of editorials and letters to the editor in 1968 • Brian Thornton, University of North Florida • The “radical” Chicago Defender: A study of the newspapers editorials and letters to the editor in 1968. There is almost a mythological narrative surrounding the Chicago Defender, one of the most influential black newspapers in the U.S. In its heyday the paper, hailed by Langston Hughes as “the journalistic voice of a largely voiceless people,” was a “must read” for many African-Americans, not just in the Midwest, but also throughout the country, especially in the Deep South. The Defender is credited with playing a major role in influencing the Great Migration of African-Americans from the rural South to the urban North from 1915 to 1925. The paper was militant, if not radical, in its early days in demands for racial justice and social change. But what kind of editorial stance did the paper take in the late 1960s, at the height of the Black Power/Black Panther social phenomenon? Did the paper call for massive social change, or defend the status quo? It might surprise some readers to discover that the Defender called for the death penalty for black teens who committed murder in 1968. This research examined all the editorials and letters to the editor published in the Chicago Defender from Jan. 1, through Dec. 31 1968, with a view towards understanding what stances the paper and its readers took in discussions of such important topics as race, social change, Black pride, equal employment opportunities and black culture. A total of 395 editorials were published in the paper that year and all were closely read and analyzed along with 35 letters to the editor. When Critical Voices Should Speak Up: Patterns in News Coverage of Unofficial Sources During the BP Oil Spill • Brendan Watson, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities • Media routines suggest that journalists’ BP oil spill coverage would rely heavily on official sources. Yet, unofficial sources are most likely to offer critical perspectives that could help avoid similar accidents from occurring. Some deride the media’s initial crisis coverage as speculative and inaccurate. This study, however, found support for a positive effect of the disaster: it momentarily dislodged media routines, and prior to the emergence of an official narrative, news coverage was more inclusive of critical voices. Examining the Behavioral Consequences of the First-person Effect of Newspaper Endorsements in the 2012 Presidential Election • Ran Wei, University of South Carolina; Ven-Hwei Lo; Chingching Chang • Research examining the perceptions of media influences of political messages on the self relative to others (Davison, 1983) has documented both third-person (e.g., a greater perceived effect on others than self) and first-person perceptions (e.g., a greater perceived effect on self than others). As a new direction of research, increasing scholarly attention (Golan & Day, 2008) is being paid to investigating the antecedents of the first-person effect and its consequences on behavior. However, empirical research of the first-person effect is still limited; no study has examined the behavioral consequences of first-person perceptions on voter behavior. To fill the void, the present study examines the perceived influences of newspaper endorsements of presidential candidate in the 2012 election. Data collected from a random sample of 520 respondents supported third-person perception regarding the influence of newspaper endorsements of presidential candidate. However, findings also show that the more credible the newspaper endorsements, the greater the perceived influence on self. Furthermore, first-person perception was found as a positive predictor of the intention to boycott newspapers that endorsed the opposing candidate and the likelihood of voting for the candidate who received more newspaper endorsements.   MacDougall Student Paper Competition The Social Mediation of News and Political Rumors • Soo Young Bae, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor • This study investigates the dynamics between news media use and political rumors in the current information environment on the Internet, with a particular focus on the implications of the newly emerged social networking sites. By examining survey data of online social media users, this study highlights the contrasting implications of the traditional news media and social media as news sources in shaping the users’ perceptions about political rumors, and reveals the significant consequences of the homogeneity of the users’ online social networks. Three Days a Week: Has A New Production Cycle Altered The Times-Picayune’s News Coverage? • David Bockino, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill • This study explores the difference in print and online news coverage by the New Orleans-based newspaper The Times-Picayune before and after the implementation of a new production cycle. While print coverage has remained relatively static in terms of both topic and type category, there are differences between both the paper’s print and online coverage as well as its online coverage on days with a print edition and days without a print edition. Generating Visits through Facebook: The Ambivalent Role of Engagement • Jan Boehmer, Michigan State University • In the present study, I investigate the effects of engagement with news content posted on Facebook. More specifically, I look at how different levels of engagement affect the number of individuals who click on the posted link, as well as the visits that are created on the website it refers to. I also look at the number of pages seen during visits, and the duration of the visits. I find that while the number of individuals who click on a link on Facebook does not increase due to higher levels of engagement, an increase in visits is evident. However, contradictory to common believe, higher levels of engagement affected the number of pages visited, and the time spent on the website, negatively. Finally, I discuss potential reasons for why the engagement created on Facebook can not be easily transferred to a website. Capitalism, Crisis & Custom Content • Kyle Brown • This paper will offer a theoretical framework of the symbiotic relationship between newspapers and advertisers within a market journalism structure, and seek to identify and define standard journalistic ethics. It will then place custom content, a recent and emerging advertising endeavor that further blurs the lines between ad and editorial, within that theoretical discussion and offer discussion on the ethical dilemmas of the production of such disguised content, at both the institutional and individual levels. Trust Me, I Am Your News: Media Credibility across News Platforms in U.S. & South Korea • Yunmi Choi, University of Florida; Daniel Axelrod, University of Florida; Jihyun Kim • International surveys measured American and Korean college students’ respective media usage habits, preferences and their views on the credibility of news offered by various media platforms. Specifically, this study examined the students’ habits with, and preferences for, news from the TV, radio, newspapers, the Internet, and mobile devices. Though Korean and American college students prefer either online or mobile news, Korean students assigned traditional media outlets much higher credibility ratings than those from U.S. students. Human Trafficking in the Elite Press: A Content Analysis of Newspapers in the West • Irma Fisher, University of Oregon; Tobias Hopp, University of Oregon • This study analyzed the human trafficking coverage found in six elite newspapers in the U.S. UK, and Canada. Using a sample of 327 articles, we content analyzed the presentation of human trafficking as a domestic/national or international issue. The results indicated significant differences in the handling of the issue on the basis of article type, article focus, and press nationality. Furthermore, between-newspaper differences were identified. Lifecycle of Obesity Coverage: Comparing Attributions of Child and Adult Obesity • Se Na Lim, University of Alabama; Virginia Johnson, The University of Alabama; Adam Sharples, The University of Alabama; Richard Rush, The University of Alabama; Rosanne Rumstay, The University of Alabama • This study examined how the media report on obesity and compared and contrasted frames of responsibility used in the reporting of child and non-child obesity. Using framing theory and looking specifically at individual health and public health frames, this study researched how newspapers represent the prevalence, causes, consequences, and solutions of child and non-child obesity. Two research questions were posed: First, what type of content (among prevalence, consequence, cause, and solution) most frequently appears in news articles and what frames are used for describing those contents? Second, what differences exist among child obesity, adult obesity, and obesity in general in regard to content types and frame level? A content analysis was conducted of six national newspapers reporting on obesity in the year 2011. A total of 382 mentions of obesity in 80 articles were coded and analyzed. Results indicated that prevalence and solution/prevention of obesity are mentioned most frequently. These two content types are also most frequently described in a public health frame, while consequence and cause are most frequently described in an individual health frame. Among mentions of childhood obesity, solution/prevention were the most frequent content types, while prevalence and content were most frequently mentioned for adult obesity. Mentions of child obesity were framed in public frames and individual health frames in the same proportion, but obesity in general was more frequently described using a public health frame. Limitations of this study and directions for future research in this area are discussed. Technological and sociological motivations: Predictors of online content curation platform acceptance among journalists • Angela Lee, University of Texas at Austin; Vittoria Sacco; Marco Giardina • While the nature of social media encourages and facilitates real-time news distribution, information overload on social media sites is challenging journalists’ gatekeeping role in filtering out relevant news information for the public in an increasingly speed-driven online news cycle. Online media content curation platforms -- based on principles of museum curation that knit technological and human skills for selecting, classifying, preserving, contextualizing and crafting content from various online sources in curated narratives -- have been identified by mainstream news organizations such as Al Jazeera and freelance journalists as a solution to this problem. Applying an adapted version of the technology acceptance model (TAM) through survey research, this exploratory study examines Swiss journalists’ acceptance of media content curation platforms. The results suggest: (1) positive associations between motivations variables and attitudes; (2) positive associations between attitudes and intention to use media content curation and, contrasting previous findings, (3) no effect of perceived attractiveness on attitudes. This study’s findings suggest new ways to encourage acceptance and use of media content curation platforms among journalists. Professional and theoretical implications are also discussed. Stay Tuned for More News from Your Friends • Seok Ho Lee, University of Texas at Austin • This study employs an attribute of social network, the strength of closeness, as a predictor for news consumption on Facebook. The evidence suggests that strength of closeness on Facebook contributes to positive attitude and behavioral change on news consumption on Facebook. And, individuals are found to rely on their social relations as news sources as the closeness of friendship grows. Meanwhile, the strength of closeness on Facebook has negative association with heterogeneous news consumption. Journalism Endures: Has Twitter Changed the News Product? • Shin Haeng Lee • This study examines the effect of social media use by news agencies on their journalistic norms and practices: public service orientation, objectivity, and transparency or accountability. The data are 1,141 stories posted by six mainstream media organizations on Twitter over one constructed week in 2012. Findings show a tendency toward professional, hierarchical journalism; even blog posts have not led to innovative adoption of the horizontal communication patterns of social media. Traditional newsrooms rather co-opt the new technology to connect with digital media users. This study concludes that journalism as an institution normalizes rather than adjusts to the changing media landscape. The Challenge of Interactive News for a Public Caught in an Online Identity Crisis • Megan Mallicoat, University of Florida • This study examines the effect of publicness on how people interact with online news. In this exploratory experimental study, participants in three conditions were asked to read 10 articles from a news website and write comments on five articles of their choosing. The findings show participants’ personal interests could significantly predict news selection. They also show attempts at self-presentation in comments most frequently utilized the strategies of ingratiation and competence, but intimidation was present also. The Effect of Heuristic Processing of Online News Columns on Source Credibility and Message Believability Ratings • Amna Al-Abri; Alexandra Merceron, University of Connecticut • This paper draws on established theories of stereotyping to explore how heuristic processing of online news columns influences ratings of source credibility, likability, and dynamism as well as message believability through the activation of stereotypical perceptions. What journalists retweet: Opinion, humor and brand development on Twitter • Logan Molyneux, University of Texas • Previous studies on Twitter have been quantitative and have found a loosening of traditional journalistic norms on social media. This qualitative study of journalists' activity on Twitter takes an inductive approach to learn what new behaviors are present there. Findings include a prevalence of opinion and humor, contrary to the journalistic norm of objectivity, but also something new: personal brand development. The concept of brand development on social media is explicated and its implications explored. Reshaping the journalists-audience relationship. National survey of journalists and their use of Twitter • Magdalena Saldaña, The University of Texas at Austin • Through a national on-line survey of journalists with Twitter accounts, this paper study how journalists use Twitter as a reporting tool, how likely they are to gather information from it, and how they see their followers. From the hierarchical model of influences’ perspective, results show journalists see Twitter as a valid source of ideas and news sources, and their audiences are becoming central to the way they report the news and produce news media content. Whose public sphere? An analysis of the final comments on a community newspaper’s online forum • Shannon Sindorf, University of Colorado; Anthony Collebrusco, University of Colorado • This paper used content analysis and textual analysis to examine posts made to the online comments forum of a community newspaper after the board was shut down due to editors’ claims that its contents were too uncivil. Comments were analyzed for the amount of substance and civility present. The findings indicate that the majority of posts on the forum were both civil and substantive in nature. Only a handful of users posted most of the comments, indicating that the viewpoints expressed were limited to a very small group. Textual analysis found that discussion of local issues was conducted differently than that surrounding broader, national topics. Local discussion was more measured in tone and generated more civil discourse than did debates over national issues. Whom do you trust? Comparing the credibility of citizen and traditional journalists • Alecia Swasy; Manu Bhandari, University of Missouri; Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; rachel davis, University of Missouri • Anybody with a video camera and Internet access can become a citizen journalist. But do readers trust untrained citizens to deliver credible news? Using the framework of the MAIN model, this study explored the effects of traditional journalism cues on how young news consumers evaluate online news. Participants rated traditional journalists to be more credible than citizen journalists. Participants also rated straight news articles to be more credible than opinion pieces. Framing the Egyptian Revolution: An Analysis of the U.K. and U.S. Elite Press • Rodrigo Zamith, University of Minnesota; Stephen Bennett, University of Minnesota; Xiaofei He, University of Minnesota • This study seeks to analyze and compare the coverage of the Egyptian revolution by the elite press in the United Kingdom and the United States. Drawing from framing theory, the authors employ a manual holistic approach to content analysis to assess the salience of frames, the depiction of actors, and selection of sources. The findings reveal an appreciable level of congruence in the coverage, both in terms of the frames they used and the sources they turned to in shaping the coverage. However, significant differences were found for the depictions of the key actors in the revolution and the domestication of the issue.   American Copy Editors Society (ACES) Competition Are Online Newspapers Inferior Goods or Public Goods? • Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State University; XIAOQUN ZHANG • This study of general population and college students in 2012 in a local newspaper market examines the use of online and print newspapers to determine the relationship between online and print newspaper readership and whether online newspapers are inferior goods or public goods. The data did not support the inferior good hypothesis in both samples, contradicting the findings of earlier research. Newspaper executives are recommended to set different expectations for their print products and online products. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12197 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/pcig-2013-abstracts/ Wed, 12 Jun 2013 16:34:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12201 Political Identity as a Moderator of Third-Person Comedy News Effects • Lee Ahern; Mike Schmierbach, Pennsylvania State University • The effects of “comedy news” have been an area of research interest, especially when it comes to the younger audiences who are increasingly getting news content from these shows. However, comedy news perceptions have not been examined in the context of the third-person effect. Because comedy news has been found to have perceptual and political-identity impacts, the third-person framework is a promising direction for research. This experiment exposed college students to coverage of the same issue/story in both traditional news and comedy news. Third-person effects were evident, and political identity played a moderating role for comedy news but not for traditional news. These results shed light on how the third-person effect operates in an important emerging news programming format, and implies broader theoretical implications for the increasingly partisan US media landscape. Did the Media Matter in “Battleground” North Carolina? Campaign Interest, Knowledge and Efficacy in 2012 • Lisa Barnard; Daniel Riffe, UNC; Martin Kifer; Sadie Leder • Telephone survey in North Carolina before the 2012 presidential election examined voter interest, knowledge, and efficacy; and media exposure, attention, and performance, including online seeking and partisan cable shows. Campaign attention predicted interest and knowledge, and online seeking predicted knowledge. Interest and knowledge were predicted by individual efficacy and epistemic political efficacy—the belief one can find “truth” in politics. News attention and online seeking predicted EPE, but FOX News ratings negatively predicted EPE. Anatomy of the Egyptian Revolution through Twitter images • Ozen Bas, Indiana University; Tamara Kharroub • This exploratory content analysis examined Twitter images of the Egyptian revolution in terms of emotionally-compelling (violence and facial emotions) and efficacy-eliciting (crowds, protest activities, and national and religious symbols) content. The analysis of 574 images shows more focus on efficacy-eliciting than emotionally-compelling images. However, emotionally-compelling content decreased over time, whereas efficacy-eliciting content increased. Protest activities were the best predictor of image reposting. Finally, highly-influential users posted significantly more efficacy-eliciting content than images of emotionally-charged content. Thinking About Romney: Frame Building in a Battleground State in the 2012 Presidential Campaign • Sid Bedingfield, University of South Carolina; Dien Anshari, University of South Carolina • Analyzing newspaper articles (n=466), this study investigates the framing of Mitt Romney in a key battleground state during the 2012 presidential election. Campaign officials and political journalists contend that attacks launched by President Obama in late spring defined Romney for the remainder of the campaign. Results suggest partial support for this claim by revealing increased use of negative media frames after the attacks began. Findings offer theoretical insights into the concept of frame building during political campaigns. Burglar Alarm Fatigue. Media-hype, human-interest frames and audience reactions to a real-life news serial • Audun Beyer, University of Oslo, NORWAY; Tine Figenschou • The presence of media-hypes in the media’s coverage of politics and current affairs is well known. Media coverage sometimes tends to grow out of proportions, and news stories take on a life of their own. We argue that such media-hypes often use elements from the human-interest frame, and that a media-hype consisting of strong, dramatic, and emotional news stories to some degree fulfill Zaller’s notion of a positive media frenzy. In this paper we take one particular such media-hype as a starting point to examine what audiences think of this kind of coverage. Thus, we bring the notion of a media-hype together with a certain view of normative standards for journalism (Zaller), and explore if such coverage really is appreciated with news audiences. Through a survey conducted as the story peaked in the media, it finds that the audience was highly critical of the media coverage, and that members of the audience show a high degree of sophistication when they evaluate this real-life human-interest news serial as it unfolds. Perceptions of credibility and television news: Examining the moderating effects of cynicism and skepticism • Porismita Borah; Michael Beam, Washington State University; Bruce Pinkleton; Erica Austin, Washington State University • Although scholars have studied the perceptions of news credibility, fewer studies have compared news credibility perceptions across television news genres. In an experimental study, we examine the differences in news credibility perceptions amongst four different news sources. We also studied the moderating role of cynicism and skepticism. Our findings show strong skeptics perceive broadcast media and news satire as most credible while weak skeptics and strong cynics find conservative media most credible. Implications are discussed. Why the Fake News Really Matters: Political Knowledge Gain and The Daily Show • Nicholas Browning • Employing a uses and gratifications perspective, this study experimentally investigates political knowledge gain for young adult audiences of The Daily Show in comparison to the national nightly network news. Findings show that young people learn from The Daily Show, that political knowledge acquisition is greater for infotainment than for news, and that knowledge gains from infotainment increase when individuals are exposed to the news. Finally, political knowledge gain for infotainment audiences correlates with gratifications obtained. Sourcing and Framing the 2012 Battle for the White House: A Student Media Analysis • Aimee Burch, Iowa State University; Raluca Cozma, Iowa State University • Drawing on scholarship on framing, sourcing, and bias in election news coverage, this content analysis explores a neglected type of news organization whose editorial output has potentially far-reaching and indelible effects on both its receivers and its creators: student newspapers. The analysis of college newspapers in four swing states found that election stories in these newspapers focus more on human interest and issue coverage than their professional counterparts, are more neutral in tone, and are also more richly sourced. The analysis lends support to the literature on the relationship between sourcing and framing. The impact of partisan media exposure on diversity of public affairs interests and agenda diversity • Michael Chan; Lap Fung Lee, School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • A deliberative democracy calls for a citizenry who are well informed in a diverse range of public issues and a media system that shapes the public agenda for deliberation and consensus-building. However, with the proliferation of a high choice media environment citizens nowadays can engage in partisan selective exposure by only consuming news that match their own political attitudes and dispositions. This study examines two under-researched consequences of partisan selective exposure: 1) the reduction in the diversity of interests in public affairs, and 2) the reduction in the number of issues in society that an individual considers important (i.e. nominal agenda diversity). A national survey was conducted in Hong Kong, a transitional democracy with a highly partisan media environment. Results showed that while reading more newspapers is positively related to interest diversity and agenda diversity, citizens who receive their news only from partisan newspapers are less likely to be interested in a range of public issues and are less able to name the pressing issues facing society. Equivalent findings for television news exposure were not found. The findings provide supportive evidence that partisan selective exposure can lead to a fragmented public agenda. Divided Versus Polarized Voters: Media Influences and Third-Person Perceptions • Chingching Chang; Ran Wei, University of South Carolina; Ven-hwei Lo • This study differentiated “polarized” and “divided” voters and argues that divided voters may need information to reach a decision, which implies they are more open to persuasion through media coverage than polarized voters. In turn, they may infer that election coverage exerts a greater influence on them, resulting in a smaller self–other perceptual discrepancy in terms of their susceptibility to this coverage. On the other hand, polarized voters have made their voting choices early on during the campaign; under such a circumstance, the potential influence of campaign news on them and their self–other perceptual gap should vary as a function of the desirability of the intended influence. This desirability in turn depends on two media factors: coverage target (supported vs. opposing candidates) and coverage valence (positive vs. negative). The results of a survey conducted during the official campaign for the 2012 Taiwanese presidential election supports these predictions, demonstrating the utility of categorizing voters as divided or polarized when examining the perceived effects of election campaign news. Examining the Reciprocal Relations between News Exposure and Political Discussion: Evidences from the four-wave ANES 2008-2009 Panel Data • Chu-Jie Chen, City University of Hong Kong; Jared Tu, City University of Hong Kong • Despite considerable studies on political discussion in the field of political communication and political sciences, most attention has been paid to the cross-sectional effects of political discussion as a mediator or a moderator, leaving underexplored about the longitudinal reciprocal relations between news exposure and political discussion. Employing the four-wave data from ANES 2008-2009 Panel Study, this paper adopted a cross-lagged path analysis approach which is widely used to infer causal associations in longitudinal research design. Using structural equation modeling, the measurement model and structural model were specified and the analysis results indicated that the reciprocal effects between news exposure and political discussion did not change after adding exogenous variables. Limitation of this paper and further research direction were also discussed. Networks versus news media, or networks and news media? The interactive effects of network heterogeneity and news sharing on social network services (SNSs) on citizens’ participatory activities • Jihyang Choi; Jae Kook Lee, Indiana University School of Journalism; Emily Metzgar • This study investigated how the use of SNSs is associated with citizens’ political participation by focusing specifically on the effects of the structure of social networks and news consumption activities on SNSs. Specifically, we introduce the concept of news sharing on SNSs as another potential predictor of participation.  The present study found the presence of two sub-dimensions of news sharing: news externalizing and news internalizing. News sharing behavior – particularly news externalizing on SNSs as identified and conceptualized here – was found to be a significant and positive predictor of political participation, while news internalizing was not. Additionally, the results show that network heterogeneity itself has non-significant or only marginally significant effects on participation, either online or offline. However, out data revealed the moderating effects of news sharing that condition the relationship between the level of network heterogeneity and the extent of participation. The findings indicate that heterogeneous online social networks may boost citizens’ participation when they are active in posting news links to share with other members on SNSs. Hit ‘em hard! Political Partisans and Negative Ads • David Coppini, University of Wisconsin Madison; Bryan McLaughlin, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Catasha Davis; Doug McLeod • As the last two Presidential election cycles have shown, campaign attack ads have become pervasive in American politics. However, political communication scholars still argue on in which circumstances attack ads can be effective and avoid backlash. Using an experimental design with a national representative sample (N=409) this study investigates the effectiveness of attack ads in the context of sex scandals. Results show that attack ads can be a powerful to mobilize partisans, even when the attack ads is extreme. Theory of motivated reasoning and social identity theory are introduced to explain the mechanism behind these findings. In conclusion, a discussion of the implications of the findings for democratic outcomes is introduced. Hope vs. Fear: Emotional Response to Political Attack Ads as a Mediator of Ego Defense Strategies • Yang Feng, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Aaron Veenstra; Wenjing Xie • Numerous studies investigating the effects of negative political advertising on political participation have provided mixed findings. We propose an emotion-based explanation in face of the discrepancy, and hypothesize that emotional responses to an attack ad, evoked by one’s ego-defensive mechanism, mediate the relationship between attack ad exposure and attitudinal and behavior responses. We tested the mediating role of emotional responses using an online experiment in the context of the campaign between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney. Results provided some support for partisan’s ego-defense reactions influencing one’s attitude certainty and open-mindedness, which subsequently affected information seeking intention. Amplifying America's Voice? Journalists' coverage of deliberation • Caroline Foster, University of South Carolina; John Besley, Michigan State University • Based on interviews with journalists and quantitative analysis of media content, we aimed to explore journalists’ perceptions of the newsworthiness of public engagement events. We asked journalists how they decided whether to cover Our Budget, Our Economy (OBOE), a nationwide public meeting designed to engage the American public in considering policy options for balancing the federal budget. Our data suggest that while “process” stories often lack impact and thus hold little appeal to journalists, some parts of the OBOE process did capture journalists’ attention because they are unique and have potential to affect national economic policy. Implications of these findings for public deliberation and journalism practice are discussed. Believing in the Public: Orientations toward Facebook and Social, Political, and Media Trust • Itay Gabay, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Jackson Foote; Hernando Rojas, University of Wisconsin - Madison • If Facebook is the mirror of offline social space that it claims to be, then we must take seriously the diverse experiences and orientations toward that. Democratic theorists have left behind old notions of coffee-house salons in favor of a networked sphere of communicative agency, in which the Internet can act as a platform to organize social and communicative action, achieve mutual understanding, and facilitate communicative reflexivity between civil society and the public sphere. We investigate how common-sense notions about the role of publicity, opinion-formation, information-exchange, deliberation, and political expression inform Internet users’ relationship to traditional institutions. This survey of Internet users in Colombia explores how the orientations that users have about the technology relate to the modern institutions that democratic scholars associate with positive social and political engagement. We find that social networking site users who have a public orientation toward the sites and use the broader Internet for political purposes are more likely to have high levels of political and social trust; whereas those who have what we label a private orientation toward the sites have higher levels of media trust. This finding proves most true for those citizens in the lowest socio-economic categories, demonstrating that social networking sites in particular might be a force for mitigating the institutional trust gap between middle-class and poor citizens in the developing world.Those in the lower strata of Colombian society are most likely to gain greater political and social trust from their publicly oriented views about the societal function of Facebook and other social media. Frame competition after key events: A longitudinal study of framing of economic policy • Stefan Geiss, Department of Communication, U of Mainz; Mathias Weber, University of Mainz; Oliver Quiring, University of Mainz • Key events catalyze frame building processes and competition between frames. A longitudinal study investigates media framing of economic policy after the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers (2008–2009). Status and resources of frame sponsors and cultural resonance of frames prove critical for a frame’s success. The frames ranking high on these categories are more competitive and have the capability to displace and suppress alternative frames. Diversity of framing of economic policy was high and constant. Fighting the War on (Appalachian) Coal in Local and National News • Maxine Gesualdi, Temple University • During the 2012 presidential campaign, a rhetorical war on coal was waged by the candidates and covered in local and national news. This study compares framing of the war on coal in 67 articles from Charleston, WV, newspapers and in 54 Associated Press and nine New York Times stories. In addition, the analysis highlights the role of a local activist journalist and provides insight into media representations of Appalachia. Relationship Development through Social Networking: How United States Governors are Using Facebook • Melissa Graham, University of Tennessee; Danijela Radic, University of Tennessee • Through a content analysis of the Facebook profiles of the United States Governors, this study examines the relationship development strategies that are being incorporated by governors on their social networking pages. Results indicate that most of the governors have incorporated the majority of Facebook applications available to them. Examining the governors’ profiles for disclosure, information dissemination and involvement revealed that disclosure and information dissemination were the most often used strategies. YouTube / OurTube / TheirTube: Official and Unofficial Online Campaign Advertising, Negativity, and Popularity • Jacob Groshek; Stephanie Brookes • This study explored online campaign advertising as it existed in the primary season of the 2012 presidential campaign. In looking at official and unofficial advertising of five viable candidates on YouTube for a nearly one-year time period during the 2012 primaries, analyses reported here undertook key features of negativity, popularity, and content producers. Results demonstrated a number of noticeable and significant differences, as well as several similarities across the candidates, the parties, and the producers of online advertising with regard to the level of negativity found in ads posted to YouTube during this election. To some extent, the patterns observed indicate the normalization and embeddedness that YouTube has taken on in political campaigning and situate YouTube as a permanent fixture among many channels in elections. Biased Partisan News and a Divided Nation: A Test of Self-categorization Theory • Jiyoung Han • This study explores the processes that might underlie the influence of biased partisan news media on opinion polarization. Consistent with self-categorization theory, exposure to biased partisan news is expected to indirectly generated opinion polarization by making one’s party identification salient as opposed to its counterpart (i.e., Democrat vs. Republican). A pretest/post test experimental study (N = 298) demonstrated that that causal effect of biased partisan news effects on opinion polarization. Departing from selective media exposure prediction, this study demonstrated that the changes in opinion shown in incongruent conditions were no smaller than the changes in opinion shown in congruent conditions. In addition, joint significant tests also supported the mediation effects of the strength of party identification in the process of opinion polarization. This study is one of the first studies showing group polarization can occur via mass communication in the absence of any kinds of group discussion. Theoretical implications of this study were discussed. Bridging the Partisan Divide? Exploring Ambivalence and Information Seeking Over Time in the 2012 US Presidential Election • Jay Hmielowski, University of Arizona; Michael Beam, Washington State University; Myiah Hutchens, University of Arizona • Research has shown that holding conflicting attitudes may lead people to live up to the normative ideal of how citizens should act in a democracy. One example of this ideal behavior is the research showing that ambivalence leads to information seeking. To expand on this line of inquiry, this study examines the relationship between ambivalence and information seeking over time using three-wave panel data. In addition, we also examine whether ambivalence leads people to seek out attitudinally consistent or inconsistent media, and whether use of pro- or counter-attitudinal outlets increases or decreases ambivalence, respectively. Results suggest that a higher level of information seeking leads to a reduction in ambivalence. This decrease in ambivalence seems to be driven by using pro-attitudinal media. Experiencing ambivalence, however, is associated with an increase in counter-attitudinal media use. Differential Effects of Fear and Anger Appeals in Political Advertisements • Elizabeth Housholder, University of Minnesota; Philip Chen, University of Minnesota • The 2012 election saw unprecedented spending on negative political advertising, yet research in this area has produced conflicting results about the effects on downstream political behavior. Using an original experiment, this study investigates an understudied area in political advertising research: the differential mobilization, information-seeking and evaluation effects caused by anger and fear appeals. The results indicate that anger appeals have cause greater mobilization and more positive evaluations of the sponsor, as compared to fear appeals. Does the Horserace Really Sell?: Examining Election News Preferences • Seung Mo Jang, University of Michigan; Yu Won Oh, University of Michigan • This study investigated how citizens select election news online. Voluntary national samples browsed a news website featuring four types of election news (horserace, candidates’ issue positions, campaign trails, and voters). Their online activities, including article selection and the length of exposure, were unobtrusively measured by behavior tracking software. Findings revealed that participants tended to choose issue-based election coverage but avoid news stories about campaign trails. The horserace was irrelevant to the popularity of news stories. Toward a Virtuous Circle: The Role of News Consumption and Media Trust • Qihao Ji, Florida State University; Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State University; Jingyu Bao • The current study reconciles the social capital perspective with virtuous circle/media malaise approach by examining the relationship among news consumption, media trust, and civic engagement. It confirms the influences of demographic variables on media’s democratic effectiveness. Moreover, Television news consumption was found having a positive power in predicting political participation and civic engagement. In addition, different demographic groups and news consumption patterns across media lead to significantly different likelyhood of specific media trust. The Shape of the Pack in U.S. Political Journalism • Vincent Kiernan, Georgetown University • This study applies the concept of opinion leadership to pack journalism among political journalists in the United States. Journalists were surveyed about stress and autonomy in their work and were asked to identify other journalists whose work influences them. There was no correlation between autonomy or stress and the number of journalists followed by a respondent. Journalists at elite media outlets were commonly designated as leaders of others, but follower relationships also were grouped geographically. Knowledge vs. Stereotype: Exploring the Mediating Mechanisms of the Relationship between Selective Exposure, Attitudinal Polarization, and Political Participation • Yonghwan Kim, The University of Alabama • This study tests two models that explicate the relationship between selective exposure and political polarization and participation. The knowledge model suggests that the effects of selective exposure on individuals’ attitudinal polarization and political engagement are mediated by knowledge of candidate issue stances. The stereotype model proposes that selective exposure indirectly influences political polarization and participation via stereotypical perceptions of candidates (i.e., McCain’s age and the prospect of a Black presidency). By posing issue knowledge and stereotypical perceptions as potential mediators, this study extends current literature to analyze why and how selective exposure leads to polarization and political participation. The results provide evidence that individuals’ stereotypic perceptions of the candidates’ age and race mediate the influence of selective exposure on attitudinal polarization and participation while there was no support for the knowledge model. These findings thus challenge the argument that selective exposure is normatively desirable due to its contribution to citizens’ greater levels of political participation. The findings of this study call into question such a contention because the results show that individuals who engage in selective exposure are motivated to participate in political activities by forming stereotypic perceptions of candidates rather than by gaining factual issue knowledge. Facebook to offline or offline to Facebook: A longitudinal study for the 2012 Taiwan Presidential Election • Jih-Hsuan Lin, National Chiao-Tung University • The study collected data before and after the 2012 Taiwanese Presidential Election to examine the mobilization direction between online Facebook and offline political participation. The panel data supported four SEM models proposed in this study. In addition, young population significantly indicated more positive attitudes for Facebook than the elder population. However, no differences were found between these two populations regarding their Facebook political activities, mostly due to the perceived culture of not discussing politics with friends. Uncertain Future: Media Influence and the Republican Party • Bryan McLaughlin, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Catasha Davis; Mallory Perryman, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Kwansik Mun • Following the 2012 election, media coverage centered on whether the Republican Party should compromise its stances on issues core to conservative identity (taxes or abortion). We test whether news framing the GOP’s future in terms of compromise or policy maintenance affects Republicans. The compromise frame led to lower Republican identity salience in the taxes conditions. Further, we found a main effect of compromise on perceptions of public opinion and individual assessment of need to compromise. Covering the Conventions: Bias in Pre and Post-speech Media Commentary during the 2012 Presidential Nominating Conventions • Dylan McLemore, University of Alabama; Youngju Kim, University of Alabama; Reema Mohini, University of Alabama; Scott Morton, University of Alabama • Presidential nominating conventions traditionally mark the beginning of the general election, and research suggests they may have an effect on voters. However, studies of convention coverage remain few. This content analysis evaluates instant media commentary from the 2012 Republican and Democratic national conventions for ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC. Coverage across networks was generally favorable to both parties, though significant differences in valence frames emerged between cable rivals Fox News and MSNBC. Blogging the Irrelevant?: A Content Analysis of Political Blog Coverage of the 2012 Democratic National Convention • Laura Meadows, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Creighton Welch, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Daniel Riffe, UNC; Daniel Kreiss, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This content analysis examined coverage of the 2012 Democratic National Convention in the 25 most-trafficked conservative and 25 most-trafficked liberal political blogs from September 1 to September 9, 2012. A total of 1,501 individual blog posts were coded during this eight day period. The convention was found to have an aggregative function, drawing the attention of both conservative and liberal blogs in similar numbers, though the two partisan groups differed significantly in terms of tone and focus of coverage. But How Does it Play in Peoria? China’s Public Diplomacy & American Public Opinion • Emily Metzgar; Lars Willnat; Shuo Tang, Indiana University; Tunga Lodato, Indiana University • Using content analysis and original survey data we ask if China’s public diplomacy efforts in the United States have resulted in more positive media coverage in recent years and if so, whether this correlates with more positive attitudes toward China among the American public. We find no improvement in the tone of American coverage. Moreover, we find media coverage has only limited influence on American opinion of China. We discuss the implications of these findings. Citizen Journalism and Civic Participation: Theory of Reasoned Action and Its Mediating Effects • Seungahn Nah, University of Kentucky; Kang Namkoong, University of Kentucky; Rachael Record, University of Kentucky; Stephanie Van Stee, University of Kentucky • Drawing on the theory of reasoned action (Fishbein, 1967; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975), this study examines the direct and indirect effects of citizen journalism on civic participation. Through a quasi-experimental design, the analyses show that citizen journalism practice has a direct effect on civic participation with volunteering/donating to nonprofit and voluntary organizations. This study also reveals that attitude toward nonprofit and voluntary organizations mediates the relationship between citizen journalism and civic participation. Examining How Normative Opinion Cues and Incivility on Social Networking Sites Influence Political Engagement • Rachel Neo, The Ohio State University • This study uses Pew Research Center survey data to examine how social media influences political outcomes. Findings suggest that people use social media to selectively attend to opinion congruent political information, and to selectively avoid opinion incongruent political information. Perceived opinion incongruence was positively associated with willingness to self-censor on social media. Incivility on social media was negatively associated with political engagement. People were likely to post about politics if their peers were doing likewise. Crunching the Numbers: Network Newscasts and the Reporting of Polling Data During the 2012 Election • Chad Nye, Keene State College; John Mcguire, Oklahoma State University • This study examined 250 separate presidential polling reports from the ABC, CBS and NBC nightly newscasts between Labor Day and Election Day 2012. The researchers found significant differences between the networks in the accuracy of poll reports and in attention given to margin of error in poll reports. The researchers also found that despite the opportunity to enhance poll reporting by using their web pages, none of the three networks took advantage of that opportunity. Negative Super PAC Advertising: Involvement, Affective Responses, and Political Information Efficacy • David Painter, Full Sail University; Eisa Al Nashmi, Kuwait University; Jessica Mahone, University of Florida • This investigation parses the influence of partisanship and political expression on the effects of negative Super PAC ads. Using a pretest-posttest design with two experimental conditions and 585 participants, both enduring and situational involvement exerted significant main and interaction effects on viewers’ affect toward the general election candidates and levels of political information efficacy. These results suggest enduring and situational involvement moderate the effects of negative Super PAC advertising in primary contests. Socially Networked Politics: Effects of Facebook Use on Political Attitudes of Young Female Adults • Azmat Rasul, Florida State University; Ulla Bunz, Florida State University • This study scrutinizes the relationship between one of the social networking websites (Facebook) and political attitudes of young female adults. We were interested in examining the effects of Facebook on the cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions of the attitudes of the young female users. We focused on young female adults as females are conventionally and stereotypically considered a politically alienated section of the society. Our objective was to investigate if new and interactive modes of social and political communication were influencing attitudinal and behavioral patterns of young girls when they are exposed to a variety of political messages on Facebook. Using survey data collected at a large Southern university (n = 242), we were able to predict that Facebook use is positively associated with political self-efficacy and political support for various institutions. Diagnosing the Disease of American Politics: Jimmy Carter, George F. Will, and the 1976 Campaign • Lori Roessner, UTK; Natalie Manayeva, UTK • On March 25, 1976, Washington Post columnist George F. Will offered an account of the day-to-day life of a political reporter. Four years later, the Pulitzer-Prize winner would be criticized for his lack of transparency on the campaign trail. This study examines the role that the academic turned columnist played in contributing to the image of Jimmy Carter and in constituting the form of political journalism in the post-Watergate era. Thematic and Episodic Framing of Occupy Wall Street in The Washington Post • Jeremy Saks, Ohio University • This study is a content analysis of The Washington Post to see how it framed the Occupy Wall Street movement. The two concepts that are key to the analysis are episodic and thematic framing. The results showed that The Washington Post published more articles with episodic than thematic framing. The majority of the most emphasized sources were from outside of the protest movement Facebook as a Campaign Tool during 2012 Elections: A New Dimension To Agenda Setting Discourse • Arthur Santana, University of Houston; Lindita Camaj, University of Houston • Using the theoretical framework of agenda setting, this research examines the extent to which the messages of the presidential candidates during the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign were transferred to the public via Facebook. Results reveal that Facebook has risen to become an important campaign tool while also raising new questions about the extent to which the agenda setting paradigm is being reshaped with the advent of this new media. Engagement of Young Adults: Long-term Effects of Family Socialization and Media Use • Rosanne Scholl, LSU; Chance York, Louisiana State University • This paper uses inter-generational panel survey data to show that young citizen’s political engagement is affected by family characteristics they experienced as adolescents. A young person is more likely to vote if, when he or she was a teen, parents read and talked about the news. However, adolescent media use has no association with voter turnout as a young adult. Effects were found for parent and young adult news use, but not entertainment TV use. Cumulative and Long Term Campaign Advertising Effects on Democratically Valuable Outcomes • Rosanne Scholl, LSU; Melissa R. Gotlieb, Texas Tech University; Travis Ridout; Ken Goldstein; Dhavan Shah • Political advertising research has mostly ignored the possibility that advertising effects may build up across multiple election seasons or extend past Election Day. This study investigates the short- and long-term effects of both same-cycle and cumulative exposure to ads on a range of normatively desirable attitudes and behaviors using two different election-year survey datasets and an extensive content analysis. Effects within and across elections are shown, as well as sleeper and sustained effects over time. The Visual Representation of Presidential Candidates in Online Media • Shuo Tang, Indiana University; Edo Steinberg, Department of Telecommunications, Indiana University; Yanqin Lu • Through a framing analysis of 786 candidate images published by major newspapers, newsroom blogs, and partisan blogs during the 2012 presidential campaign, the present study analyzed and compared how mainstream and online media visually framed the presidential candidates. The results suggested that while the mainstream media kept a balanced view in framing the candidates, the liberal blogs did not specifically favor Obama over Romney. The conservative blogs, however, demonstrated their favorability by positively framed Romney and negatively framed Obama through the images they selected to publish. Network Issue Agendas on Twitter during the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election • Chris Vargo, UNC Chapel Hill; Lei Guo, The University of Texas at Austin; Donald Shaw, UNC Chapel Hill; Maxwell McCombs • Twitter contained discussion of issues by citizens and news organizations during the 2012 U.S. presidential election. This investigation of how the salience of issues varied across these groups on Twitter was guided by agenda melding, Network Agenda Setting Model and the concept of selective exposure. Both horizontal and vertical media correlated highly with each other. Moreover, both vertical media and horizontal media were also correlated highly with the network issue agendas of candidate supporters. Communication’s Next Top Model: Comparing the Differential Gains and Communication Mediation Models as Predictors of Political Participation and Knowledge • Hong Vu, University of Texas at Austin; Joseph Yoo, The University of Texas at Austin; Maegan Stephens, The University of Texas at Austin; Brian Baresch, University of Texas; Rachel Reis Mourao, University of Texas at Austin; Tom Johnson • Scholars agree interpersonal communication works with mass communication to influence political participation and knowledge, but disagree about the nature of that relationship. This study tests two competing models: The Differential Gains Model, which examines the interaction between media and discussion, and the Communication Mediation Model, which focuses on discussion as a mediator between media and political measures. This study found considerable support for the Communication Mediation Model, but little support for the Differential Gains Model. The Argument and the Source: News Coverage, Competitive Partisan Issue Framing, and American Public Opinion • Michael Wagner, University of Wisconsin-Madison • What are the consequences of the long-term framing strategies of partisan elites on American public opinion and party identification? While Carsey and Layman (2006) explicate the different conditions for issue-based party change and party-based issue change, recent evidence suggests that partisan-sourced issue frames play a key role in affecting who is aware of elite differences on issues over time (Author Citation 1 deleted) and when party-based issue change is likely to occur (Author Citation 2 deleted). However, this evidence only examines the internal consistency of issue frames within parties, ignoring the actual content of the frames themselves. Baumgartner, DeBoef, and Boydstun's (2008) development of evolutionary factor analysis provides scholars a new way to examine how the content of different frames about the same issue are salient, resonant, and persistent over time; but, it doesn’t account for the sources of the content. I merge ANES Cumulative file data (from 1976-2008) with the first evolutionary factor analysis of partisan-sourced issue frames coded from Newsweek magazine on two issues (abortion and taxes) from 1976-2008 to show how the salience and persistence of partisan-sourced issue frames affect long-term shifts in party identification and changes in public opinion. The analysis shows that Republican and Democratic elites highlight different aspects of the same issue and that the salience, persistence, and resonance of these frames affect partisanship in different ways for abortion and taxes over time. Comparing Ann Romney’s RNC Speech with Michelle Obama’s DNC Speech in 2012 • Qian Wang • The study examined what kinds of strategy Ann Romney and Michelle Obama used in their speeches to the National Conventions of their own Parties as well as how the audience perceived and resonated with their speeches. Through a quantitative textual analysis of the speeches and a content analysis of audience comments to the speeches on Fox News website and CNN News website, the study found Obama's speech is more gender-balanced and issue-balanced than Romney's. Further, more audience perceived Obama's speech authentic expression and Romney's, strategic promotion. United States College Students’ Social Media Use and Online Political Participation • Hongwei Yang, Appalachian State University; Jean DeHart, Appalachian State University • After Election 2012, 4,556 college students were surveyed to investigate which elements of social media use predict online political participation. Structural equation modeling and hierarchical multiple regression results showed that political uses of Facebook and Twitter, political self-efficacy, online social capital, and group participation were positive predictors of online political participation. Extensive Facebook and Twitter use was a negative predictor, and social trust did not directly influence participation. Implications for research and practice are discussed. Powered by Democracy? - A multilevel model of media uses and political participation across Asian countries • Xinzhi Zhang, City University of Hong Kong; Feifei Zhang, State University of New York - University at Albany • Voting is not the only way that people influence policy making. The present study concentrates on two alternative modes of political participation - the contact-mode participation, i.e., contacting governmental or non-governmental agencies to express political concerns, and the demonstrative form of participation, i.e., petitioning, demonstrating, and protesting - in 10 Asian countries where free public election has not been implemented in all of them. We propose that the political impact of media is contingent upon the democratic development level within the society. Multilevel linear regression models using wave 2 Asian Barometer Survey (n=16,737) show that newspaper, TV, and the informational use of the internet yield different but significant impacts on the different modes of participatory behaviors whereas such impacts are moderated by the level of democracy. Positive associations between reading newspaper and political participation are stronger in pro-democracy countries. The same patterns occur between the informational use of internet and political activities as well. Perceived Speech Conditions and Disagreement of Everyday Talk: Effects on Political Efficacy • Weiyu Zhang; Leanne Chang, National University of Singapore • Motivated by the theoretical debate on whether everyday talk is qualified to be part of the deliberative system, this study proposes two middle-range concepts, perceived speech conditions and perceived disagreement, to theorize the deliberativeness of everyday talk based on Habermas’s theory of communicative action. Three dimensions of perceived speech conditions, including free proposal, symmetrical opportunity, and fair treatment, are conceptualized and operationalized in the context of everyday talk. Situating the empirical test in a hybrid political system, the study finds that perceived speech conditions demonstrate positive associations with both internal and external efficacy after controlling for amount of discussion and perceived disagreement. Study findings offer insights into understanding a variety of deliberation practices using the two theory-driven concepts. News use, infotainment and political participation: Advancing the mediating role of news and infotainment cognitive elaboration • Pei Zheng; Alberto Ardèvol-Abreu; Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Texas at Austin • Media fragmentation has favored the emergence of “softer” news programs. Although, previous research showed the links between traditional news exposure and participation, the relationship between infotainment-use and participation has not been so clearly established. Based on U.S. national two-wave-panel-data, this study examines the relationship between news use, infotainment, and political participation; proposing a novel theoretical addition through the mediating effect of individual’s cognitive news-use/infotainment elaboration. Results indicate effects are mediated by these cognitive elaboration efforts. Tweeting “Red” and “Blue”?: How Fox, MSNBC, CNN Journalists Use Twitter to Cover the 2012 Presidential Debates • Pei Zheng • Did journalists tweet “Red” and “Blue” during the 2012 presidential debates? Or did they use their 140 characters for objective reporting? Journalism as a profession is expected to be objective. However, with Twitter as a new reporting tool, objectivity may have taken a back seat.Using the Twitter data during 2012 presidential debates, this study provides insight into whether Twitter was used by cable news journalists as an objective reporting tool or for partisan purposes. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12201 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/pr-2013-abstracts/ Wed, 12 Jun 2013 17:00:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12205 Open Competition Examining Signs of Recovery: How Senior Crisis Communicators Define Organizational Crisis Recovery • Lucinda Austin, Elon University; Brooke Fisher Liu; Yan Jin • Through 20 in-depth interviews with senior crisis communicators, this study explores how crisis recovery is defined and what role organizational communication, organizational characteristics, and publics play. Findings reveal recovery is measured operationally and short-term. Effective communication principles include proactively addressing failures, being transparent/honest while mostly positive, focusing on future directions, and rebuilding/repairing symbolic damage. Organizational best practices include tested values and crisis leadership. Lastly, publics can facilitate healing, highlight victims’ voices, and provide recovery evidence. Crisis Communication and Organizational-Centered Situational Considerations for Management • Elizabeth Avery, University of Tennessee; Melissa Graham, University of Tennessee • Survey data collected from local government officials (n=307) from municipalities across the United States identify how unique situational factors, particularly challenges and opportunities within organizations and their operating environments, affect crisis management. This study is a first step in establishing crisis models for various crisis types sensitive to unique organizationally-centered crisis management challenges. Results indicate that partnerships with outside agencies were extremely important in successfully managing a crisis. Implications and importance of findings are discussed. The Role of Relationships in Public Broadcasting Fundraising • Joshua Bentley, University of Oklahoma; Namkee Park • This study tested the link between how audience members’ perceive their relationship with public broadcasting stations and their intention to donate to public broadcasting. A survey of 348 audience members was conducted. Structural equation modeling revealed a positive relationship between organization-public relationships (OPR; Hon & Grunig, 1999; Ledingham, 2006) and donation intention. The model also showed that parasocial interaction (Horton & Wohl, 1956; Rubin, 2009) directly affected OPR and indirectly affected donation intentions. When and how do publics engage with nonprofit organizations through social media? A content analysis of organizational message strategies and public engagement with organizational Facebook pages • Moonhee Cho, University of South Florida; Tiffany Schweickart, University of South Florida; Abigail Haase, University of South Florida • The purpose of the study is 1) to investigate message strategies of nonprofits’ Facebook postings and 2) to examine the levels of public engagement based upon the message strategies. The study found that nonprofit organizations use Facebook to disseminate information rather than employ two-way interactions with their publics. The study also found that publics demonstrate high levels of engagement with organizational messages based on two-way symmetry, compared to public information or two-way asymmetrical messages. Support for a Social Capital Theory of PR via Putnam's Civic Engagement and PR Roles • Melissa Dodd, University of Central Florida; John Brummette, Radford University; Vincent Hazleton, Radford University • A social capital approach to public relations suggests public relations professionals serve as brokers of social resources on behalf of organizations. Putnam’s conceptualization suggests that civic engagement behaviors serve as surrogate measures of social capital. Results support a social capital approach such that data indicated public relations professionals are more likely to participate in civic engagement behaviors than the general U.S. population. Further, differences were found for manager/technician roles for subcategories of civic engagement behaviors. Taking on the Bear: Public Relations Leaders Discuss Russian Challenges • Elina Erzikova, Central Michigan University • This study focuses on challenges that hamper the development of public relations in Russia, and possible approaches to mitigate the problems. Through a series of in-depth interviews, 13 leading public relations practitioners indicated that misinterpretation of the public relations function by a variety of publics and a low level of professionalism among practitioners are the most pressing issues the industry faces today. Societal factors such a public distrust in the government and a newly emerged culture of glamour intensify the problems. Participants viewed education in a broad sense (e.g., improving university public relations curricula and enlightening masses and the elites about normative public relations) as an opportunity to resist encroachment into public relations from top management, increase social legitimacy of the occupation and help various organizations meet challenges of globalization. Replication in Public Relations Research: A 20-Year Review • Osenkor Gogo, University of Georgia; Zifei Chen, University of Georgia; Bryan Reber, University of Georgia • This study investigates replication trends in public relations research over the span of 20 years (1993 – 2012). Through content analysis, 2,038 research articles from three leading public relations and communication journals were examined: Journal of Public Relations Research, Public Relations Review, and Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. With 14 replications found, our results indicate that replication studies were seldom published in the public relations literature over the examined timeframe. A majority of replications found were extensions, most replications supported the original findings, and research related to the practice of public relations was the most commonly found. Also, interest in replicating public relations research extended beyond the field. The implications of our findings, including possible explanations for the state of replication in public relations research, as well as potential solutions, are discussed. Comparing the Two Sides of Perception of Crisis Management Strategies: Applying the Co-orientation Model to Crisis Management-Related Beliefs of Public Relations Agencies and Clients • Jin Hong Ha; Jun Heo, University of Southern Mississippi • This exploratory study found that public relations agencies and clients are in agreement on the perceptions of all crisis management strategies (understanding, manual, prevention, responding, communicating, and rebuilding). Second, agency practitioners are more likely to perceive agreement on two crisis management strategies (manual and responding) than do clients. Third, agency practitioners’ perceptions are inaccurate on 5 of the 6 factors (understanding, manual, prevention, responding, and rebuilding); clients are accurate on all factors. Ideographs and the Strategic Communicator: The Case of U.S. Air Force Leadership Training Material • Phillip Hutchison, University of Kentucky • This case study employs rhetorical theory to highlight some of the easily overlooked ways in which organizational politics complicate the relationship between Public Relations and Strategic Communication. The study focuses on how ambiguous, value-laden language usage in organizational training programs can shape strategic meaning in ways that are not consciously intended and occasionally are dysfunctional. The author explains how such problems easily can spill over into Public Relations products and undermine internal and external communication. Strategic Social Media Management and Public Relations Leadership: Insights from Industry Leaders • Yi Luo, Montclair State University; Hua Jiang, S. I. Newhouse of Public Communications, Syracuse University; Owen Kulemeka • Public relations leadership is an emerging field in the phase of defining its distinctive dimensions and analyzing the role it plays in organizations’ overall strategic planning and decision making. Based on 43 in-depth interviews with public relations leaders working in diverse for-profit companies and nonprofits, this study explored how the use of social media by those leaders helped them demonstrate expert power, gain decision-making power, and establish leadership among peer leaders/managers within the same organizations. Conflict? What Work-Life Conflict? A National Study of Future Public Relations Practitioners • Hua Jiang, S. I. Newhouse of Public Communications, Syracuse University; Hongmei Shen, San Diego State University • Using a national random sample of PRSSA members (N = 464), this study explored public relations students’ perceptions of work-life conflict and tested a structural model with expected family-supportive organizational work environment and anticipated supervisory support as predictors, expected work-life conflict as a mediating variable, and projected salary as an outcome. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis, one-way ANOVAs, and descriptive analysis were conducted. Theoretical and practical implications of the study were discussed. An assessment of progress in research on international public relations: from 2000 to 2011 • Eyun-Jung Ki, University of Alabama; Lan Ye, SUNY College at Cortland • This study investigates the trends, patterns and rigors of research studies on international public relations by conducting a content analysis of peer reviewed journals between 2000 and 2011. A total of 144 articles examined and information for each article was recorded, including journal name, publication year, country examined, authorship, theoretical application, method approach, and future research direction. While the number of articles addressing the topic has steadily increased, the field is still under-researched. Decomposing Impression from Attitude in Relationship Management • Eyun-Jung Ki, University of Alabama; Elmie Nekmat • This study sets forth to expand relationship management research by testing the linkages among relationship quality perception, perceived organization impression, attitude, and behavioral intention across customers of five major banks. Perceived relational quality, individual attitude, and organizational impression significantly affected supportive behaviors. This study also found that perceived relational quality and organizational impression are also important predictors of attitude. How Spokesperson Rank and Selected Media Channels Impact Perceptions in Crisis Communication • Jieun Lee, KPR & Associates, Inc.; Sora Kim, University of Florida; Emma Wertz, Kennesaw State University • This study examined the impact of spokesperson’s rank and selected media channels in crisis communication by employing different ranks (i.e., CEO and communication director spokespersons) and media channels (blogs, websites, and newspapers). Findings indicated that CEO spokespersons were more effective in terms of lowering publics’ crisis responsibility attributions than communication director spokespersons and that blogs were more effective in lowering crisis responsibility attributions than websites and newspapers. How employees identify with their organizations in Korea: Effects of internal communication, organizational social capital, and employee-organization relationships • Daewook Kim, Texas Tech University; Soo-Yeon Kim, Sogang University • This study explores how employees identify with their organizations in the Korean context by examining the effects of internal communication, organizational social capital, and quality of employee-organization relationships. The results of this study showed that two-way and symmetrical internal communication were not significantly associated with organizational social capital and employee-organization identification. However, symmetrical internal communication and organizational social capital were positively associated with employee-organization relationships. Thus, employee-organization relationships mediated the relationships among symmetrical internal communication, organizational social capital, and employee-organization identification. The findings of this study suggest that symmetrical internal communication and organizational social capital play a critical role in building and maintaining healthy employee-organization relationships, and emphasize the role of managing employee-organization relationships in enhancing employee-organization identification in the Korean context. Strategic Choice of CSR Initiatives: Impact of Reputation and CSR Fit on Stakeholder • Yeonsoo Kim, Weber State University • In order to provide insight on under which conditions CSR practices generate mutually beneficial outcomes for businesses and stakeholders, this study examined how corporate reputation interacts with CSR fit and influences attribution tendency, formation of attitudes and intent among stakeholders. The findings confirmed that corporate reputation is a top-level factor for organizations to achieve a sustained competitive advantage. For reputable companies, respondents perceived the motives more positively, showed better attitudes, and reported favorable supportive intent and purchase intent across different CSR fit situations. This study found that the effects of fit considerably differ by corporate reputation. Reputable companies’ high-fit programs lower stakeholders’ skeptical attribution toward the CSR. Attitudes toward the company were not influenced by different CSR fits. When bad reputation companies used high-fitting initiatives, respondents tended to show the weakest supportive intentions, meaning possible backlash effects. Reputable companies’ high-fitting programs engendered the most favorable purchase intentions. Such high-fitting programs produced backlash effects for companies with a poor reputation and with the weakest purchase intentions. A significant role of stakeholder skepticism on attitudes and behavioral intentions was found. Compassion International & Pinterest: A Case Study • Carolyn Kim, Biola University; John Keeler, Regent University • This study examines Compassion International’s Pinterest account as a vanguard example of how organizations can utilize Pinterest to engage Brand Communities and as a result, steward relationships with existing and potential donors. Public Fear Contagion: Testing Lay and Educated Publics’ Information Behaviors and Problem Chain Recognition Effect • Arunima Krishna; Jeong-Nam Kim, Purdue University • This study investigates publics’ communicative behaviors about emerging food technologies using the situational theory of problem solving, tests the Problem Chain Recognition Effect from a salient food risk to new food technologies, and show similarities/differences between expert/educated and lay publics’ behaviors and cognitions about food risks. The results help understand communication behaviors of publics regarding new food technologies, and delineate similarities/differences in predicted behaviors of expert/educated and lay publics. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Socially Mediated Democracy? Investigating Twitter as a digital pubic relations campaign tool • Heather LaMarre, University of Minnesota; Yoshi Suzuki • This study examines the effectiveness of Twitter as a public relations communications tool for congressional campaigns. As a means of examining Twitter’s effectiveness in mobilizing voters, congressional candidate and political party Twitter use for all 435 U.S. House of Representatives races (N = 1284) are compared with 2010 election outcomes. Results indicate that Twitter use is an effective means of developing relationships with publics and mobilizing voters in support of political candidates. Among the campaigns that used Twitter to develop effective relationships with their publics, increased levels of Twitter use significantly predicted increased odds of winning. How public relations practitioners initiate relationships with journalists • Sun Young Lee, Texas Tech University • This study examines the media relations’ strategies of public relations practitioners: how PR practitioners initiate relationships with journalists, particularly surrounding the practice of “pitching,” and the sources from which they learned their strategies. We used a thematic analysis of 167 in-depth interviews students did with experienced PR practitioners. This study offers rich findings on the media relations strategies of practitioners and the sources thereof, topics overlooked in previous research, theory, and practice. The Buffering Effect of Industry-Wide Crisis History During Crisis • Seul Lee, University of Florida; Sora Kim, University of Florida • Through an experiment, this study suggests that an industry-wide crisis history can mitigate negative damages created by crises, while an organization-specific crisis history intensifies the negative damages. This indicates the type of crisis history is an important factor to be considered when diagnosing proper crisis response strategies during crisis. In addition, this study identifies a stronger negative impact of an organization-specific crisis history among highly issue-involved publics than less involved ones. An Ethnographic Examination of Public Sector Influences on the U.S. Coast Guard Social Media Program • Abbey Levenshus, University of Tennessee, Knoxville • An ethnographic case study of the U.S. Coast Guard social media program using interview, document, and participant observation data adds depth to the limited government public relations research and government social media management. USCG communicators reported influences categorized within five contexts: organization (USCG), military (DOD), parent agency (DHS), federal government, and the U.S. public sector. The study offers a behind-the-scenes view of public sector attributes and their influences on a government social media program. Tweet or “Re-Tweet”? An Experiment of Message Type and Interactivity on Twitter • Zongchao Li, School of Communication, University of Miami; Cong Li, School of Communication, University of Miami • More corporations are recognizing the importance of social media for public relations. However, what communication strategy they should implement on social media remains somewhat unclear in the literature. This study examined the effects of message type and interactivity on a corporate Twitter account. Two types of messages, communal-relationship oriented tweets focusing on consumer relations, and exchange-relationship oriented tweets focusing on sales and product promotion, were tested with either a high or low level of interactivity in a 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment (N = 84). Results indicate that communal messages generated more favorable relationship outcomes such as trust and control mutuality than exchange messages. It was also found that message interactivity positively influenced attitude toward the company, perceived company credibility, and commitment. Implications from both theoretical and practical standpoints are discussed. Effects of transnational crises on corporate and country reputation and strategic responses • Hyun-Ji Lim, Jacksonville University • Through the employment of a 2x2x3 factorial experiment, this study attempts to examine how three factors – level of country reputation, salience of country of origin, types of image restoration strategy – can affect host customers’ attitudes and behavioral intentions. Findings of this study provide empirical evidence as to whether adopting an image repair strategy helps a country to recover its reputation during a crisis, and an opportunity to gain a better understanding of managing country reputation. Public Engagement with Companies on Social Network Sites: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of China and the United States • Linjuan Rita Men, Southern Methodist University; Wanhsiu Sunny Tsai, University of Miami • This study evaluates how culture influences publics’ engagement activities on the corporate pages of social networking sites (SNSs). It further evaluates the underlying motivations and engagement mechanisms in two culturally distinct countries, China and the United States. Specifically, social media dependency, parasocial interaction, and community identification are examined as the key antecedents of public-organization engagement on SNSs. The results reveal both cultural differences and similarities between Chinese and American publics’ engagement with corporate SNS pages. Developing and Validating Publics’ Information Transmitting Model as an Outcome of Relationship Management in Bitt Moon; Yunna Rhee • The purpose of this study was to develop a multi-dimensional model of publics’ information transmitting. Relevant literature in public relations, public communication, marketing communication, and interpersonal communication were reviewed. This paper then composed a six dimensional public’s information transmitting behavior (ITB) model according to the three criteria—activeness, valence, and expressivity. Six dimensions were as follows: ‘Praise-Leading’, ‘Praise-Following’, ‘Scolding-Leading’, ‘Scolding-Following’, ‘Avoiding’, and ‘No-commenting’ The result supported that the 18-item ITB model of six dimensions was significantly reliable and valid as we expected. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings were discussed. Shifting, broadening, and diversifying: How gay pride organizations are shaping a uniquely 21st century mission • Dean Mundy, Appalachian State University • This study explores how gay pride organizations in ten major U.S. cities execute events that host collectively four million attendees annually. Gay pride’s mission has shifted in the last four-plus decades. Today’s pride organizations require yearlong strategic program planning and outreach. Moreover, they must establish relationships with—and facilitate an intricate community dialog among—a variety of new, diverse stakeholders. The findings reinforce how relationship management and stakeholder theory can inform best public relations practice. The Misunderstood Nineteenth Century American Press Agent • Karen Russell, University of Georgia; Cayce Myers, University of Georgia • Analysis of press coverage of nineteenth century American press agents indicates that, although press agents worked in a variety of sectors, their primary motivation was profit, their main strategy was media relations, and their tactics often relied on hype or outright lying. A number of early practitioners of press agentry outside the entertainment sector are identified for further study to understand the relationship between press agentry and early corporate publicity. Beyond the C-Suite: Public Relations’ Scope, Power & Influence at the Senior Executive Level • Marlene Neill, Ph.D., Baylor University • Traditionally public relations scholars have focused on gaining access to the C-suite, but this study demonstrates that there are actually multiple executive-level committees that need their counsel. The findings are based on in-depth interviews with 30 executives representing multiple departments in four U.S. companies, who discussed their involvement or exclusion in eight strategic issues. The factors that impacted public relations’ power and influence included the type of industry, preferences of the CEO, and organizational culture. Attribution of Government Responsibility for Flu Pandemics: The Role of TV Health News Sources, Self-Efficacy Messages, and Crisis Severity • Sun-A Park, Robert Morris University; Hyunmin Lee, Saint Louis University; Maria Len-Rios, University of Missouri • This experimental study (N=146) investigated how sources in television news (government official vs. doctor), perceptions of crisis severity (high vs. low), and perceptions of self-efficacy messages (presence vs. absence) in TV news stories about the H1N1 flu affected the public’s perception of the government responsibility for the public health crisis and their personal control for preventing contraction of the H1N1 flu. Results revealed significant three-way interactions on perceptions of government crisis responsibility and personal control. The Under-Representation of Hispanics in the Public Relations Profession: Perspectives of Hispanic Practitioners • David Radanovich, Quinnipiac University • This study explored the under-representation of Hispanics in the public relations profession by conducting in-depth interviews with Hispanic practitioners. The study found that public relations was not the Latinos' initial career choice, identified three barriers to Hispanics entering the profession, and elicited three practical suggestions to attract more Hispanics to the public relations field. The study also revealed opportunities for future scholarly research to address the under-representation of Hispanics in the public relations profession. Framing the Massachusetts Cape Wind Debate Among Active E Online Publics • Ben Benson; Bryan Reber, University of Georgia • Activist groups have lobbied for and against the Cape Wind Energy Project since 2001. This is a content analysis of activist groups’ master frames and online comments on Cape Wind news articles retrieved from The Boston Globe website. The most salient advocacy master frames concerned environmental and political benefits. The most salient opposition master frames regarded economic risks. Advocacy comments were recommended more often than opposition comments. Opposition comments containing aesthetic risks were most recommended. Dialogic communication on Web 2.0: An analysis of organizations using social media to build relationships • Amy Reitz, University of Northern Colorado • In order to determine how social media cultivate relationships with organizational publics, a pilot study was conducted to test how well Kent and Taylor’s (1998) dialogic principles of relationship building work when applied to social media. The findings indicate that the dialogic principles seem to be an appropriate method to use when determining the dialogic principles present in organization social media, albeit with some modifications. Several recommendations are provided to reflect specific social media features. Smart Friendly Liars: Public Perception of Public Relations Practitioners Over Time • Coy Callison, Texas Tech University; Patrick Merle, Florida State University; Trent Seltzer • Two national surveys of the general public in 2003 (n = 486) and 2012 (n = 372) asked participants to list words describing public relations practitioners. Analyses reveal that the overwhelming majority of the words are positive and that the most commonly used terms outline practitioner intellectual, ethical, and personality traits. While the majority of the personality and intellectual traits are positive, the ethical terms used to describe practitioners are predominately negative. Identifying Network “Communities” of Theory: The Structure of Public Relations Paradigms • Erich Sommerfeldt, University of Maryland; Michael Paquette, University of Maryland; Melissa Janoske, University of Maryland, College Park; Liang Ma, University of Maryland, College Park • The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how network “communities” of theory can be used to identify distinct research paradigms within public relations literature. Through an analysis of 10 years of articles published in the Journal of Public Relations Research and Public Relations Review (N = 674) the study aimed to identify the theoretical structure of public relations scholarship through network analyses of the connections among theories used by public relations scholars. Results of network analyses suggest that Relationship Management is currently the most influential of the theories identified, in that it holds two general clusters or paradigms of public relations research together. Situational Crisis Communication Theory was identified as the most important theory in a dense group of highly interrelated theories used in crisis research. The paper offers implications on the lack of multiple explanations used in public relations research and the future of theory building in the discipline. Tracking Influence Through the Social Web: A Network Analysis of Information Flow in Interest-Based Publics • Kathleen Stansberry, University of Akron • This study examines information flow in online, interest-based networks to determine if existing models of information dissemination are adequate. This study finds that a small number of primary influencers from within online communities are central to information collection, collation, and distribution. This finding is inconsistent with one-step, two-step, and multi-step flow models. To more accurately depict online information flow in interest-based networks, I propose a radial model of information flow. Bridging the journalist-public relations practitioner gap: Toward an "expectations management" theory of media relations • Dustin Supa, Boston University; Lynn Zoch, Radford University • This study addresses one of the challenges facing the study of public relations, the lack of field-specific theory, by introducing the constructs for a new theory of media relations, the expecations management theory (EMT). Based on empirical data, the theory is both descriptive and normative, and defines the nature of the media relations transaction as being one of product, process, role and relationship. An exploratory study of the effect of Twitter on the public relations – journalist relationship • Drew Wilson; Dustin Supa, Boston University • Media relations is one of the most common functions of the modern public relations. This study examines the impact of emerging media technologies on that function, and seeks to understand how public relations practitioners and journalists are using Twitter in both their personal work and in the relationship with the other profession. BP’s Reputation Repair Strategies during the Gulf Oil Spill • Lindsay Jordan, Profiles Inc.; Kristen Swain, University of Mississippi • On April 20, 2010, British Petroleum’s Deepwater Horizon drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico exploded, creating the largest oil spill in U.S. history. Analysis of 1,161 BP tweets during the crisis response reflected unexpected reputation repair strategies and responsibility attribution. Situational Crisis Communication Theory suggests that after an accident, PR messages typically reflect low responsibility attribution. Although the official investigation initially did not suggest a preventable crisis, 90% of BP’s tweets reflected high responsibility. Who’s Coming to the Party? Exploring the Political Organization-Public Relationship in Terms of Relationship, Personality, Loyalty, and Outcomes Among First-Time Voters • Kaye Sweetser, University of Georgia • Building on political organization-public relationship research, this survey (N = 610) of first-time voters investigates the role of relationship as an independent variable. Relationship contributes to predicting strength of political party affiliation, alongside personality. Weak relationships appear to be a significant indicator among those who are no longer loyal to their party and cross party lines. Future research should track the path of relationship from these first-time voters to more experienced voters and longer-standing constituents. The overarching effects of ethical reputation regardless of CSR cause fit and information source • Weiting Tao, University of Florida; Mary Ann Ferguson • Our experiment examines how corporate prior ethical reputation, CSR cause fit, and information source interact with each other; and how this interaction influences consumers’ evaluations of the company. Meanwhile, our study tests the mediating effect of inferred CSR motives on consumer responses to CSR initiatives. Results show that corporate prior ethical reputation affects consumers’ company evaluations regardless of CSR cause fit and information source, and that this effect is partially mediated by inferred CSR motives. Stewardship and Involvement: Comparing the Impact on Nonprofit Organizations’ Relationships with Donors and Volunteers • Richard D. Waters, University of San Francisco; Denise Sevick Bortree, Penn State University • Given their focus on program and service delivery, nonprofit organizations often face scarce resources to carry out their administrative functions, such as donor relations and volunteer management. Through intercept surveys of adults (n = 362), this study examines how donor and volunteer relationships evolve differently in the nonprofit sector. Findings indicate that stewardship can boost relationship outcomes for donors and volunteers, but its impact on involvement differs for the two groups. How Do Different Image Restoration Strategies Influence Organization-Public Relationships in a Crisis? • Richard VanDeHey, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point; Chang Wan Woo, James Madison University • This research paper illustrates how certain combinations of image restoration strategies encourage a more positive response from publics than others. Rebuild strategies such as mortification, corrective action, compensation, and bolstering were thought to elicit a better reaction from publics than diminishing strategies such as denial, blame shifting, minimization and defeasibility. An experimental study was conducted with 148 college undergraduates. The subjects read one of three fictional news articles (no response, diminishing strategy, and rebuild strategy) about a product recall for an energy drink that was causing illness and answered questions measuring six OPR outcomes suggested by Hon and Grunig (1999): a) trust, b) control mutuality, c) commitment, d) satisfaction, e) communal relationships, and f) exchange relationships. The participants expressed better perceptions about their potential relationship with the company when the company responded with a rebuild strategy. Limitations include lack of generalizability and imbalanced sample sizes of the three groups. The Impact of Expressing Sympathy through Twitter in Crisis Management: An Experimental Study • Jie Xu, Villanova University; Yiye Wu • This study uses 2 (medium: twitter vs. news release) × 2 (emotional support: yes vs. no) factorial experiment to extrapolate the effects of social media and emotional support on consumers’ crisis appraisal. Two hundred and forty-five twitter users recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk system participate in this study. Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA) with univariate follow-up tests, using medium and emotional support as fixed factors and product involvement as a control variable are conducted. The result demonstrates significant interaction between emotional support and media channel; emotional support messages delivered through Twitter lowers the perceived crisis responsibility and retain positive organizational reputation, compared to such messages conveyed on news releases. Using twitter significantly lessens people’s sadness and anger. Respondents reading twitter pages attribute less crisis responsibility to the company, and withhold higher perceptions on organizational reputation and purchase intention. Moreover, expressing sympathy and emotional support significantly alleviates people’s sadness and anger, respondents reading messages with emotional support report lower scores on crisis responsibility. Implications, limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.   Student A Preliminary Study on the Impact of Social Identity on Crisis Attribution • Jonathan Borden, University of Florida • This study seeks to address the current gap in international crisis communications literature by introducing principles of Social Identity Theory into the existing body of crisis communications theory. Hypotheses were tested via an experimental examination of attribution, feelings of empathy, and organization evaluation in several treatment conditions. Analysis revealed that organizational nationality can offer some level of reputational protection whereas crisis location cannot. Crisis communication and the NBA lockout: Exploring reactions to response strategies in sports crisis • Melanie Formentin • A pre-test, post-test experiment used the 2011 National Basketball Association (NBA) lockout as an example for exploring Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT). Participants (n = 339) evaluated NBA reputation before seeing SCCT strategies embedded in experimental material. Results suggest contexts involving active stakeholders may call for more nuanced approaches to crisis communication. Only “active stakeholder” participants were impacted by SCCT strategies and had more established opinions and knowledge of the league and its crisis history. “Preparedness 101: Zombie Apocalypse”: CDC’s Use of Social Media and Humor in a Risk Campaign • Julia Daisy Fraustino, University of Maryland; Liang Ma, University of Maryland, College Park • This is a case study of CDC’s “zombie apocalypse” all-disaster preparedness campaign. A 2 (information form: social vs. traditional media) x 2 (message strategy: humorous vs. non-humorous) between-subjects factorial experiment, an interview with a CDC campaign manager, and campaign document analysis uncover benefits and pitfalls of social media and humorous messaging in a risk campaign. Findings show social media can quickly, widely spread disaster information; however, humor may diminish publics’ intentions to take recommended actions. Social Media’s Effect on Local Government Melissa Graham, University of Tennessee • Using data collected from interviews with public information officers (PIOs) in local governments, this study explores the perceptions of social media as a communication tool. It specifically addresses how social media are used as a public relations function to promote democratic, participatory and transparency models in government. Four primary themes emerged from the data analysis: dialogue promotion, engagement, unconstrained, and barriers. What Makes You Take an Action in a Crisis? : Exploring Cognitive Processing of Crisis Management • Kyung Jung Han, University of Missouri • This study aims to help practitioners and scholars systematically understand publics in a crisis situation. Based on protection motivation, public segmentation, and crisis management theories, this study conducted a 2 (controllability: high versus low) x 2 (severity: high versus low) experiment. The results show 1) an influence of severity to conative coping behaviors; 2) an interaction effect between severity and controllability; and 3) a relationship between involvement and conative behaviors. Alerting a Campus Community: Emergency Notification Systems From A Public’s Perspective • Stephanie Madden, University of Maryland • This study evaluated a campus emergency notification system from a public’s perspective to understand how alerts are utilized and perceived. Four focus groups were conducted with students at a large, mid-Atlantic university, and one interview was conducted a public safety official. Findings revealed that alerts served as an information source to students and instigated a social response among them. Implications include a better understanding of how to improve alert messaging strategies. Defining Early Public Relations: An Examination of the term “Public Relations” in the Popular Press 1774-1899 • Cayce Myers, University of Georgia • This paper examines the use of the term “public relations” in the popular press from 1774-1900. Oftentimes public relations history places the beginnings of PR in the late nineteenth century with a genesis in entertainment and later business. This examination of the use of the term public relations shows that public relations in the eighteenth and nineteenth century was related to politics, specifically international affairs, domestic relations, and political popularity. The Effects of Media Effects on the Corporate Image of Media Companies • Brett Sherrick, Pennsylvania State University • Prior research in the third-person effects domain has shown that people who believe in harmful media effects are more willing to engage in defiance strategies, such as censorship. Analysis of survey data show that a belief in harmful media effects is also connected to negative evaluations of the media companies potentially responsible for those effects. This research suggests that public relations practitioners for media companies should have become involved in the debate over media effects. The Billion-Dollar Question: Examining the Extent of Fundraising Encroachment on Public Relations in Higher Education • Christopher Wilson, University of Florida; Sarabdeep Kochhar • U.S. colleges and universities raise billions of dollars a year through sophisticated fundraising efforts. This emphasis on fundraising can lead to encroachment on public relations. To understand the extent of fundraising encroachment in this important nonprofit sector, content analysis was used to examine the structural relationship of public relations and fundraising. The analysis found that 19% of colleges and universities on the 2012 Philanthropy 400 list had structural fundraising encroachment regardless of governance or mission.   Teaching A Complexity Approach to Teaching Crisis Management: Crisis Event Simulation in the Public Relations Classroom • Julia Daisy Fraustino, University of Maryland; Stephanie Madden, University of Maryland; Brooke Fisher Liu • This research presents an exploratory pilot study that takes a complexity theory approach to teaching crisis management/communication through an in-class computerized crisis simulation. Qualitative methods of direct observation of a two-session classroom simulation, and textual analyses of simulation response output as well as student-written reflections provide insights into the suitability of simulation as a public relations crisis teaching tool while also examining complexity theory in practice. The Infographics Assignment: A Qualitative Study of Students’ and Professionals’ Perspectives • Tiffany Gallicano; Gee Ekachai; Karen Freberg, University of Louisville • In the evolving digital landscape, educators can consider adopting emerging tactics to prepare students for the workplace. One of these tactics, the infographic, incorporates storytelling characteristics by presenting synthesized knowledge and data in a visual way (Fernando, 2012). Through five focus groups with 37 students at three universities and interviews with 10 public relations professionals from various workplace settings, we explore strategies for teaching the infographics assignment and identify potential learning outcomes of the assignment. Public Relations Students’ Ethics: An Examination of Attitude and Intended Behaviors • Lori McKinnon, Oklahoma State University; Jami Fullerton • A major challenge facing modern public relations practitioners is the knowledge and ability to engage in ethical reasoning. Public relations practitioners are at a critical juncture as they balance client advocacy with the public’s right to know, profit motive with personal values, and corporate responsibility with societal good. Thus, it is important for both practitioners and future practitioners to have a strong moral foundation. This study examines public relations students’ understanding of ethics and their attitudes and intended behaviors toward ethical dilemmas. The authors conclude that moral responsibility and the importance of ethical reasoning are vital for public relations students. These students, who will be tomorrow’s practitioners, have the potential to shape the field and improve its image. With a strong moral compass, students will be equipped to apply values and codes to the analysis of ethical dilemmas in public relations practice. Online undergraduate public relations courses: Effects of interaction and presence on satisfaction and success • Jensen Moore, Louisiana State University • This study examined student success, failure, withdrawal and satisfaction in online public relations courses based on student/instructor interaction, student-to-student involvement, and instructor presence. Student passing rates, D/F rates, withdrawal rates, and evaluations of instruction were compiled from 51 online public relations courses run over the course of two years. The results from the study suggest that student involvement and self-discipline are the strongest predictors of success and satisfaction with online courses. Does A Professor’s Gender and Professional Background Influence Students’ Perceptions? • Richard D. Waters, University of San Francisco; Natalie Tindall • This study examines how students’ evaluate educators by gauging their perceptions of the instructors’ professional competency, warmth, course difficulty, and industry connectivity. Using a 2x2 experimental design, students (n = 303) reviewed a syllabus for the introductory public relations course to test whether an instructor’s gender or professional background (academic—industry) influenced students’ perceptions. Findings suggest that students evaluate professors on professional criteria and their ability to connect classroom experiences to actual practice. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12205 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/rmig-2013-abstracts/ Wed, 12 Jun 2013 17:12:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12209 Silencing Religious Dialogue: Religious Communication Apprehension among Muslims in the United States • Mariam Alkazemi, University of Florida • Using the spiral of silence as a theoretical framework, the current study explores the degree to which the mass media influences dialogue about religion among Muslim Americans. Survey data were collected from members of religious and cultural organizations across the United States in the summer of 2012. Participants (N=166) responded to an electronic questionnaire that addressed several variables, including media use, religiosity, willingness to communicate about religion, tolerance for disagreement about religion, and receiver’s apprehension about religion. The results show that Muslims who watch more television are less likely to be willing to communicate about religion within the context of an interpersonal relationship. The current study contributes to the scholarship of media and religion by providing evidence of the spiral of silence phenomenon when the minority group is a religious one. Use of Online Social Networking Channels for Religious and Political Communication:Examining the Distinct Role of Intrinsic, Extrinsic and Quest Religiosity Under Varied Circumstances • Mian Asim, University of Florida • In order to make more accurate determination of the role of personal religiosity on online social networks for religious communications, extrinsic, intrinsic and quest religiosity were identified, measured treated separately in hierarchical multiple regression models. Subsequently, religious communication was replaced by political communication under the same conditions to draw parallel comparisons. Results indicate that people have special circumstantial reasons to adopt online social networks as a routine communicative medium to incorporate in their respective religions. Religion, Popular Culture and Social Media: The Construction of a Religious Leader Image on Facebook • Ioana Coman; Mihai Coman • In both media and religious studies, the investigation of the image the religious leaders have in popular culture, benefited unequally from researchers’ interest. Starting from recent Applebee’s social media crisis, which was triggered by a pastor, the present study investigated the frames and themes Facebook users employed in order to give meaning to the crisis, attribute responsibility, and more important, define the role of a religious leader in daily life. Religious Leaders in Crisis: An Analysis of Image Restoration Strategies and Strategies • Melody Fisher • The following study employs content analysis to examine the crisis communication responses and audience reception of religious leaders involved in scandal. Benoit’s Image Repair Strategies and the Contingency Theory are used to determine the strategies and stances of mega-church leaders: Jim Bakker, Ted Haggard, Eddie Long, Henry Lyons and Jimmy Swaggart. News framing theory determined media and audience reception of the religious leaders’ crisis communication responses. The study concludes that the Religious leaders’ dominant strategies were bolstering and denial, and their media portrayals were balanced. Relying on Divine Intervention? An Analysis of Church Crisis Management Plans • Hilary Fussell Sisco, Quinnipiac University; Randi Plake, Quinnipiac University; Erik Collins, School of Journalism & Mass Com., University of South Carolina • Research suggests (Kirkpatrick, 2011) that most individual churches have not taken the steps necessary to create coherent crisis management plans that take into account the concerns of their major stakeholders. Employing Coombs’ (2007) three-phase approach to crisis management as a guideline, the researchers conducted a qualitative analysis of church crisis management plans to investigate how prepared these organizations are for a potential reputational crisis Muslim American Youth: Media Consumption and Identity • Patricia Hernandez, California Baptist University • Several studies have examined minority media portrayals and the impact on youth; however, there is a lack of research including religion as a minority group. Religion is understood to be a key aspect of racial and ethnic identity. This article explores the relationship between Muslim American Youth identity and media consumption. In addition the article demonstrates that media is one element of culture that can shape and constrain religious identity, ethnic identity, self esteem, and perceived discrimination. Broadcasting Sharia: American TV News’ Illustration of Social Identity and the Emergence of a Threat • Jennifer Hoewe, The Pennsylvania State University; Brian J. Bowe, Michigan State University; Naheda Makhadmeh, Michigan State University • Using social identity theory, this study examined the portrayal of sharia on ABC, CBS, and NBC. A ten-year content analysis showed that sharia was continually paired with mentions of the United States, reinforcing its representation as the in-group, and non-Western countries, forming an out-group comparison. A significant and positive relationship between mentions of non-Western countries and connotatively negative topics positioned individuals associated with sharia – most often Muslims – within the out-group. Overstating the "Mormon Problem": Media coverage of Mitt Romney’s faith identity in the 2012 presidential campaign • Jesse Holcomb, Pew Research Center • A content analysis of media coverage during the 2012 presidential campaign finds that attention to candidate Mitt Romney’s Mormon faith was infrequent, yet when it appeared, was often negative in tone, and tied to a narrative of evangelical distrust. The study concludes that media figures may have overstated the notion that Mormonism was a liability for conservative evangelical voters, who were concerned about economic and social issues more than religious identity. The discourse of 'umma' as defined by daily Islam • Faizullah Jan, School of Communication, American University, D.C. • News publications of militant organizations in Pakistan discursively create identities through a set of antagonistic relationships, articulating the identities of us versus them. The identity of umma, or global Muslim community, is created in opposition to the ‘Other’, which has real-life consequences for religious minorities within Pakistan and for the peace in the region and the world at large. These publications construct an ‘enemy’ whose identity is purely negative and cannot be represented positively in a given discursive formation. I have used Laclau & Mouffe’s (1985) discourse theory to analyze the discourse of daily Islam, which is published by a pro-al Qaeda militant organization. The main argument of this paper is to stress the importance of social antagonism when an identity of “us” is created in opposition to a constitutive outside. This constitutive outside becomes “them” or the “other”, which is demonized and dehumanized as the result of a successful articulation or ‘chaining’ of the subject in the flow of discourse. Misconception of Barack Obama’s religion: A content analysis of cable news coverage of the president • Joseph Kasko, University of South Carolina; Webster Larry, University of South Carolina; Heflin Frank, University of South Carolina • A 2010 Pew Research poll found 18 percent of people wrongly identified Barack Obama as Muslim and only 34 percent correctly identified him as Christian. This was a shift from previous polls that showed roughly half of respondents could identify his religion. This work examines cable news coverage of Obama’s religion from November 2007 to July 2010. The authors suggest that media coverage of Obama’s ties to Islam may have helped to fuel the misconception. Hijab Hip Hoppers: Constructing Narratives of Struggles and Identity Through Hip Hop Music • Nancy Katu-Ogundimu • This paper is a textual analysis of the lyrics of selected female Muslim rappers from the United States and Europe. The paper examined how music as a strategic communication tool is providing a platform for female Muslim rappers to construct narratives about their struggles and identities as post-September 11 Muslims. Findings reveal that Muslimahs are challenging traditional Islamic narratives about their gender, religion and career choice. Religion on Social Networking Media • Hyojin Kim, University of Florida; Mian Asim, University of Florida • This paper reports findings of an exploratory study that religious involvement such as frequency of worship and membership in a religious organization are significant predictors of individuals’ engagement in religious activities on social networking sites as well as on the Internet. In addition, variations in individuals’ cultural orientation are found to be significantly related to the degree of individuals’ online religious activities. Suggestions for future research and implications for utilizing social networking media as an active channel of religious communication are discussed. Tebowing: The Role of Religious Primes on Disposition Formation and the Appreciation of Sports News • William Kinnally, University of Central Florida; Megan Fitzgerald, Nova Southeastern University • The purpose of this study was to use priming and affective disposition theories to examine how religious primes in sports news can influence judgments of media characters (disposition formation) and appreciation of the media content. Participants (396) were randomly assigned to read one of three sports news features in which an athlete expresses a religious association (either Christian or Muslim) or no religious association. Disposition toward the athlete was more positive for the articles including the expression of religious affiliation compared to the control article. However, the article in the Christian condition was evaluated more positively than the other two articles. Linear regression was used to examine the impact of sports interest, religious affiliation, and religiosity schemas on disposition and appreciation for each condition. Religiosity and sports interest explained disposition toward the athlete and appreciation of the article in the Christian condition while only religiosity explained appreciation of the article in the Muslim condition. This study extends the literature by examining how attribute cues such as religious affiliation in media coverage of athletes can prime cognitive and affective constructs that relate to disposition formation and media appreciation. What Are They Really Selling? A Content Analysis of Advertisements During Religious Television Programming • Stephen Gray, The University of Kansas; Alexandra Inglish; Tejinder Singh Sodhi; Tien-Tsung Lee, University of Kansas • This study quantitatively analyzed the content of television commercials aired during religious programs to determine the categories of products being promoted and the primary method used by advertisers to appeal to highly religious consumers. Medical and life related products are the largest category. Fear-related appeals occurred in the advertisements at the high rate of 81%. The results suggested that marketers attempt to appeal to Christian fundamentalist viewers with fears, anxieties and doubts. Death, Rebirth, Love, and Faith: Theological Narrative in Secular Cinema • Kangming Ma, Hampton University Scripps Howard School of Journalism and Communications • As a narrative medium and art form, film has been one of the best ways in which any aspect of culture can be reflected and become rich theological resource. This paper examines how themes in five secular films—freedom of will, death, loneliness, love and faith—echo those in the Bible. The results show that today it is still possible for Christians to influence the society by interpreting the divine message transcended through secular films. Having the last word, but losing the culture wars: Mainstream press coverage of a canceled evangelical benediction • Rick Moore, Boise State University • This study examines how mainstream news media reported the withdrawal of a popular pastor from the 2013 Obama inaugural ceremony. Louie Giglio was originally chosen for a role in the event, but withdrew when focus was placed on a sermon he once delivered about homosexuality. Analysis of framing and sourcing of the stories raises serious questions about the role media played in reporting about this skirmish, which is clearly part of the larger culture wars. "The Grandest, Most Compelling Story of All Time!": Dominant Themes of Christian Media Marketing • Jim Trammell, High Point University • This manuscript analyzes the marketing campaigns of five best-selling Christian books and albums to identify their dominant themes. The literary/critical analysis notes how Christian media marketing lauds the artists as Christian role models, projects themes of inspiration and empowerment onto the media, and addresses the media’s aesthetic qualities. Ultimately, the marketing campaigns perpetuate a definition of “Christianity” that privileges how the consumer feels about him or herself over other Christian beliefs or themes. Downloadable and Streaming: Using the PodCred Framework to Assess Religious Podcasts • Richard D. Waters, University of San Francisco; Anneliese Carolina Niebauer, University of San Francisco • Through a content analysis of one-half of the top religious podcasts in iTunes (n = 90), this study examines whether the PodCred framework can be used to determine which podcasts are more popular and rated more favorably than others. Findings indicate that religious podcasts moderately incorporate the four dimensions and reveal that PodCred dimensions significantly correlate to increased downloads but not necessarily to user ratings. Findings are connected to literature on religious communication online. <<2013 Abstracts ]]> 12209 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/schol-2013-abstracts/ Thu, 13 Jun 2013 12:32:43 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12220 Reviving High School Journalism in South Dakota: A Research-Based Approach • Jessica Jensen, South Dakota State University; Mary Arnold, South Dakota State University • This paper describes the Summit working to revive high school journalism in South Dakota and the research that inspired it. Over 90 percent of high schools in the state and nationwide offer some kind of journalism. This paper examines the reality masked by those numbers and makes recommendations for improving participation. It also discusses the Summit, a project to revive and update high school journalism statewide. These recommendations can be easily applied or adapted for use in other states. Big Tweets on Campus: College Newspapers’ Use of Twitter • Kris Boyle, Creighton University; Carol Zuegner, Creighton University • The authors examined Twitter use among campus newspapers, analyzing a sample of Twitter pages from 25 award-winning campus publications and coding for the frequency, content, and interactivity of the tweets. This study revealed these newspapers were tweeting most often during daytime hours and most tweets were about campus-based news. Unlike mainstream newspapers, the publication frequency of these college newspapers and the number of users following their Twitter pages were tied to the newspapers’ tweet frequency. Student News 2.0: An Ethnographic Examination • Meredith Clark, UNC-Chapel Hill • This ethnographic study goes inside the digital student newsroom to explore exactly how “the inmates run the asylum.” Using semi-structured interviews from 12 participants working on a mobile-optimized summer news project, the study provides insights on the work practices of the digital student newsroom. Validated through the use of textual analysis and member checks, the findings present five key concepts that are immediately applicable as part of a reflexive pedagogy in student digital media production. Tipping Point: The impact of high school racial demographics on the presence of student newspapers in Georgia • Joseph Dennis, The University of Georgia; Carolyn Crist, The University of Georgia; Chloe Hargrave • This study examines Georgia high schools, applying sociological “tipping point” principles to determine if racial demographics of the school relate to the presence of student newspapers. The study yields significant results, showing that once school populations dip below 70% white, they are less likely to have a student newspaper. It also shows that highly segregated majority-white schools are more likely to have a student newspaper than highly segregated majority-nonwhite schools. Survey of Campus Readership Habits: Are College Students Reading Newspapers for Community and Political News? • Jeffrey Hedrick, Jacksonville State University • Students at a midsize southern university (N=241) were surveyed for newspaper readership habits with emphasis on acquisition of political news. Student were asked their preference(s) for campus newspaper content, currently a weekly newspaper including little to no local or national news, while infrequently covering stories not related to the campus environment. Findings suggest students are not reading campus newspapers, and do not prefer local newspapers either, but have some interest in local community news. The Effects of Public Opinion on Student Speech Policies • Karla Kennedy, University of Oregon • This research is concerned with how media coverage of the student speech Supreme Court case, Morse v. Frederick could potentially affect school districts’ student speech and student publication policies by producing frames. In particular, this study focuses on the framing of student speech, public opinion, and public policy. School districts student speech and student publications policies were content analyzed as a surrogate of public opinion. The study found that the media framed the case as more about illegal drug usage than student free expression, leading to very little change in the states’ policies. A Preliminary Overview of the Early History of High School Journalism in the U.S.: ~1775-1925 • Bruce Konkle, University of South Carolina • Mainstream journalism has its synoptic history books, but to find a succinct history of high school journalism one must secure information from multiple sources: journal articles, theses and dissertations, scholastic journalism textbooks, state department of education curriculum archives and scholastic press association publications, among other resources. This project consolidates and updates fragmented information concerning the early years of scholastic journalism (~1775-1925) to begin creating a preliminary overview of student publications and journalism courses in America’s high schools, an initial step towards writing an in-depth history. Texting, Tweeting and Blogging by the Book: A Qualitative Look at How Introductory Media Writing Textbooks Frame New Media Instruction • Jeffrey Riley, University of Florida • This was a qualitative content analysis, with some quantitative elements, that examined 11 different introductory journalism textbooks to see how the books addressed three different new media components – blogging, social media, and mobile media. The textbooks are the ones used by the top-10 journalism schools by enrollment. The study found that there are vast levels of inconsistency with introductory journalism texts. Some books integrated the three components throughout their entirety while some covered the components isolated in chapters about digital journalism. Some books framed the components as things to be feared, as frivolous toys of the digital age, while some framed the components as amazing ways to interact with a modern audience; some books contained instructional materials teaching budding journalists how to write well-made blogs, while some books simply discuss the components in passing. As the use of new media continues to grow year-to-year, it becomes increasingly important to understand the texts and tools being used to first introduce new journalists to the things they will need to know. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12220 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/spig-2013-abstracts/ Thu, 13 Jun 2013 12:51:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12226 Coping with smart phones ‘distractions’ in a college classroom • Kehbuma Langmia, Bowie State University; Amy Glass, John Hopkins • The influx of smart phones in most college classroom is impacting instruction in a way that was never anticipated. Thus, a survey of full-time faculty members at a local university in the United States was conducted to test three hypotheses, followed by a one-on-one interview with a random sample of the same respondents to ascertain the overall effect of smart phones in the classroom. Results showed conflicting approaches by faculty on how to handle the situation. While some faculty members use smart phones for pedagogic reasons and experience positive results, most of them apply strict classroom phone policy with little success. Thus, a university social media tolerant policy for everyone to abide by in the 21st century seems to be the solution. Teach thyself: The surest path to digital literacy • Yunjuan Luo; Randy Reddick, Texas Tech University; Sha Li • This pilot study examines digital literacy models suggested by recent scholarship and offers a refined theoretical model for understanding three dimensions of digital literacy. Involving 207 college students, the study found that students were digitally savvy but did not apply their expertise toward social or political participation. Students whose digital learning was self-taught scored significantly higher on digital literacy measures than those who relied more on school, friends, or family to gain digital literacy. Multimedia Journalism Professors on an Island: Resources, Support Lacking at Small Programs • Elia Powers, University of Maryland-College Park; Jacqueline Incollingo, University of Maryland • This study examines how multimedia journalism professors at small and large programs assess the resources and support they receive, as well as their pedagogical challenges. In-depth interviews revealed that multimedia professors often operate in isolation from their colleagues. Professors from small programs were far likelier to report being hampered by lack of institutional resources and teaching a subject matter that is separate from the interests and knowledge of colleagues rooted in traditional journalism production. Preparing Students for New Challenges: A Learner-Centered Approach for the 21st Century Journalism Education • Mohammad Yousuf, University of Oklahoma • This theoretical paper summarizes the scholarly and professional discussions on how journalism should be taught in the 21st century. It compares and contrasts theories and models of journalism education with Weimer’ (2002) perspective on teaching. Learner-centered teaching is proposed as a helpful approach to make journalism education more dynamic and meet the demands of the new environment. Finally, it discussed applications of five learner-centered teaching techniques to journalism education. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12226 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/sports-2013-abstracts/ Thu, 13 Jun 2013 13:03:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12232 The Legend that fell from his Bicycle: The Effects of Fanship on Athlete Support and Non-Profit Giving • Greg Armfield, New Mexico State University; Kristina Drumheller; R. Nicholas Gerlich; Enyonam Osei-Hwere, West Texas A & M University; Emily Kinsky • Once the most famous cyclist in America Lance Armstrong and the Livestrong Foundation, which he founded have suffered a fall from grace in recent months. Lance Armstrong after years of denial has admitted to using Performance Enhancing Drugs (PED) and was asked by his Livestrong Foundation to resign from Chairman of the Board, and later resign from the Board. Now with out their iconic leader this study explored the current perceptions of Lance Armstrong and the Armstrong foundation as well as contemplating the foundations future. From Pride to Smugness and the Nationalism Between: Olympic Media Consumption Effects on Nationalism Across the Globe • Andrew Billings, University of Alabama; Natalie Brown, University of Alabama; Kenon Brown, University of Alabama; Qing Guo, Chengdu Sport University; Mark Leeman, Northern Kentucky University; Simon Licen, Washington State University; David Novak, Erasmus University; David Rowe, University of Western Sydney • To measure the effects of Olympic media viewing, six nations (Australia, Bulgaria, China, the Netherlands, Slovenia, and the United States) were surveyed in the five days immediately after the 2012 London Olympics. A total of 1,025 respondents answered questions pertaining to four measures of nationalism: patriotism, nationalism, internationalism, and smugness. Amount of Olympic viewing resulted in significantly higher scores for patriotism, nationalism, and smugness, but not internationalism. Additionally, differences by nation are reported, revealing considerable differences in nationalism measures among the six nations studied; for instance, the United States was the lowest of the six nations regarding internationalism, yet highest of the six nations regarding smugness. Conclusions related to cultivation theory and the role of Olympic media content are offered. When Crises Change the Game: Establishing a Theory of Sports Crisis Communication • Natalie Brown, University of Alabama; Kenon Brown, University of Alabama • In order to conduct a proper evaluation of sports-related crises, scholars have called for a sports-specific crisis communication theory that moves beyond the corporate focus of Coombs' (2012) Situational Crisis Communication Theory and the individual focus of Benoit's (1995) Image Repair Theory. Coombs’ (2012) SCCT includes three vital parts that are used to systematically evaluate crisis response: (1) a list of crisis types that are grouped by the level of responsibility attributed to each; (2) a list of possible crisis response strategies, (3) a theoretical link between the two lists. Thus, this study used two questionnaires to formulate three different clusters of sports crises that encompassed twelve different crisis types: Environmental/Individual Crises (low crisis responsibility), Rules and Norms Violations (moderate crisis responsibility), and Organizational Mismanagement (strong crisis responsibility). These clusters provide the necessary foundation for a sports-specific crisis communication theory by evaluating the level of organizational blame that exists when a crisis occurs. Does Culture Matter in Sport? The Moderating Role of Cultural Identity in Self-Expressive Identification and Sport Engagement • Kuan-Ju Chen, University of Georgia; Joe Phua, University of Georgia • This research examines and extends the literature of sport fandom and self-expressive identification with cultural identity among Asian sports fans. Study 1 tested the moderating role of cultural identity between player identification and team identification. Study 2 examined sports fans’ perception of sponsor-player fit and positive brand outcomes. The synthesis of both studies contributes to establishing the "fan psychology" of Asian sports consumers who identify with Asian athletes and its impact on their buying behavior. Intermedia Attribute Agenda-Setting in the Newspaper of Record: Horse-Racing Coverage in 2012 • Bryan Denham • In 2012 the New York Times published a series of investigative reports addressing doping and fatal breakdowns in U.S. horse racing. This study examined the extent to which the Times transferred the salience of certain story attributes to regional and national news outlets. In addition to the Times itself, national news organizations included the Los Angeles Times and the Washington Post, as well as CNN, NBC and NPR, with regional coverage coming from the Albuquerque Journal. Among national news outlets, reports appearing after the Times began its investigation were significantly more likely to mention (a) an injured or deceased horse, (b) equine drug use, and (c) a suspension or disciplinary action taken against one or more individuals associated with horse racing. The study concludes that, in addition to its capacity to transfer object salience, the New York Times also stands to affect how other news organizations characterize issues and events. Practicing promotion: A case study of a professional athlete’s Twitter use • Jason Genovese, Bloomsburg University of PA • This case study focuses on NFL star Darrelle Revis’ use of Twitter. Revis mainly devoted tweets to interacting with fans, friends and other athletes and to promoting his brand and that of his main sponsor, Nike. While this study extends the definition of what constitutes a promotional tweet, it also suggests that professional athletes may be overlooking Twitter’s value as a way to bypass traditional sports media for the purposes of sharing information. The Essence of Social Media Strategy in Big 10 Athletic Departments: A Phenomenological Approach • Makayla Hipke; Frauke Hachtmann, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • This phenomenological study used a qualitative approach to develop an understanding of the essence of social media strategy developed and deployed in Big 10 athletic departments. In particular, this study attempted to understand what the participants experienced with the phenomenon and how they experienced it. The sample included four Big 10 athletic department officials that held social media leadership positions in their respective programs. The data consisted of in-depth interviews, which were analyzed using a phenomenological approach, consisting of horizontalization, clusters of meaning, textural and structural descriptions, and a narrative of the essence of the phenomenon. Six themes emerged, including (1) connecting with target audiences, (2) varied approaches in coordination of postings, (3) athletic communication as content gatekeepers, (4) desire to incorporate sponsors and generate revenue, (5) focusing on building loyalty through engagement, and (6) challenges of negativity and metrics. More of a Numbers Game than Ever? A Longitudinal Examination of the Change in Frequency, Type, and Presentation Form of Statistics Used in NFL Broadcasts • Dustin Hahn; Matthew VanDyke, Texas Tech University • Though there remains great interest in the structure of sports media, no study has examined the use of statistics within these broadcasts. This study examines NFL broadcasts across its 50 year history in order to identify changes in frequency, type, and presentation form. The study revealed an emphasis on individual player statistics and recognized an increase in on-screen graphics while noticing a decrease in aural references among other results. Implications are discussed. Diversifying the sports department and covering women’s sports: A survey of sports editors • Marie Hardin, Penn State University; Pamela Laucella, Indiana University; Steve Bien-Aime, Penn State University; Dunja Antunovic, Pennsylvania State University • This study involves a survey of sports editors about gender-related issues in hiring and coverage. The results suggest that the values and beliefs of sports editors have shifted over the past decade in ways that could lead to more opportunity for women as journalists and to eventual improvements in coverage of female athletes and women’s sports. They also suggest when sports editors commit to hiring women, they find women who can move up and become leaders. Sports and Gangs: The Color-Blind Construction of Deviant Blackness in Sports Illustrated and CBS News • Justin Hudson, University of Maryland, College Park • This project critically analyzes a joint report by CBS News and Sports Illustrated on the issue of gangs and sports. Far from informing the public on the dangers of street gangs and their perverse influence on high school and college sports, the report serves as an example of how African American male athletes are stereotyped as deviant without the use of overt racial language. How the Cleveland Call & Post Framed LeBron James Before and After The Decision • Paul Husselbee, Southern Utah University; Ray Jones, Southern Utah University • Using framing as a theoretical framework, this study focuses on how the Cleveland Call & Post portrayed LeBron James both before and after he announced his decision to leave Cleveland for the Miami Heat in 2010. The study aims is to determine whether the black press framed James with a valence that was favorable, neutral, or unfavorable, and to determine to what extent, if any, the black press maintained its traditional role as black advocate. From bad buck to White hope: Mediating Sonny Liston, 1958-1965 • Phillip Hutchison, University of Kentucky • This study illustrates how mainstream journalists employed racial stereotypes to depict controversial African American boxer Sonny Liston in the early 1960s. The historical-critical analysis employs Raymond Williams’ theory of hegemony to account for the vacillating media portrayals of the boxer over time, particularly before and after Muhammad Ali emerged as a social problem for White America. This perspective highlights both the practices and the social fissures that defined sports and media promotions during that era. Sports Spectatorship and Mood - Analyzing the Impact of Televised Sports on Viewers’ Mood and Judgments • Johannes Knoll, Würzburg University; Christiana Schallhorn, Würzburg University; Holger Schramm • Feelings evoked by watching sport television influence viewers’ judgments, following feeling-as-information theory. The present study investigates mood effects of viewing televised football FIFA World Cup games on personal as well as economic estimations of viewers. A quasi-experimental design was employed, assessing moods and estimations of viewers before and after a win and a defeat of the German national team. The results support feeling-as-information theory, as viewers reported enhanced mood and estimations after watching the victory. Was Jackie Robinson Signed to Right a 40-Year Wrong? • Chris Lamb, Indiana University-Indianapolis • On October 23, 1945, the Montreal Royals, the Brooklyn Dodgers’ AAA team, announced it had signed Jackie Robinson, ending professional baseball’s color line. Branch Rickey, the Brooklyn president, said that he had given a lot of thought to racial discrimination since his days coaching baseball at Ohio Wesleyan University in 1903. Rickey recalled that during one road trip to South Bend, Indiana, a hotel clerk denied the team’s black ballplayer, Charles “Tommie” Thomas, a room. Rickey asked if the ballplayer would be allowed to sleep on a cot in his room. Later that evening, Rickey saw Thomas rubbing his skin, tearfully saying, “Black skin. Black skin. If only I could make them white. Rickey said the scene haunted him and he vowed he would sign blacks if given the opportunity. Did the South Bend incident really happen? How was Thomas treated as a black player at Ohio Wesleyan? More importantly, why did Rickey wait 40 years to right a wrong? This paper looks at Rickey’s claim by determining that his interest in confronting racism was indeed long standing. In addition, Rickey may have rarely, if ever, mentioned Thomas to reporters in the decades preceding the signing of Robinson, the ballplayer was more than a passing acquaintance in Rickey’s long and significant life. The research for this paper comes from newspaper and magazine articles, biographies, and, from Ohio Wesleyan University archives, including newspaper coverage of Thomas between 1903-1906 in the college’s newspaper, the Transcript. “Talent Wins Games, But Teamwork Wins Championships”: The Effects of Cross-Border Strategic Brand Alliance on Sports Brand Evaluation • Jin Kyun Lee, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh; Taesoo Ahn, Merrimack College; Wei-Na Lee, The University of Texas at Austin • This experimental study examines the effects of country-of-origin (COO) fit on consumers’ attitudes toward sports brands in cross-border strategic brand alliance (SBA). Cross-border SBA positively influenced attitudes toward the partner in low COO fit condition. In high COO fit condition, support for the effect of cross-border SBA was found for the partner brand, not the host brand. This study finds that cross-border SBA is helpful for the partner brand in enhancing brand attitudes. God’s (White) Quarterback: Tim Tebow, Religion and Enduring News Values • Michael Mirer, University of Wisconsin • Quarterback Tim Tebow “led the league in controversy” during 2011, a distinction often credited to controversy about his very public faith. This paper argues that Tebow's faith was less a factor in the coverage than his status as a symbolic representation of conservative white racial identity. Using Gans' enduring values in news coverage, it argues that Tebow tapped into a version of “small-town pastoralism” that accompanied political shifts in the U.S. since the 1970s. What Sports Journalism Scholars Need to Know: Four Areas of Student-Athlete Privacy Invasion • Sada Reed, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This paper explains the laws that have been applied to four common types of student-athlete privacy invasions: Education records, names or likenesses, surveillance, and forced disclosures of information. By understanding how the law has been applied to these cases, sports journalism scholars can better understand how student-athlete privacy invasion cases will be interpreted in future cases. This is of particular interest, as technological advances may result in new legal and ethical challenges. Covering these events may be problematic for journalists if they do not understand how the law has been applied in the past. Running With Social Media: Social Media Use, Athletic Identity, and Perceived Competence • Joanne Romero; Thomas Kelleher • Applying theory from communication and sport psychology, this study identified relationships between social media use and other factors related to marathon running. Dual samples of marathoners were surveyed. Results indicated social media use and athletic identity were correlated, and both factors were associated with observability of peers’ marathon activity via social media. Observability correlated with perceived competence, but perceived competence did not correlate significantly with actual competence. A model for future research is proposed. From Yellow to Blue: Exploring Lance Armstrong's Self-Presentation on Twitter • Marion Hambrick, University of Louisville; Evan Frederick, University of Southern Indiana; Jimmy Sanderson, Clemson Universityh • This research explored how cyclist Lance Armstrong used Twitter to self-present during 2012, a turbulent year in his career, as he was subjected to investigations from cycling governing bodies. Armstrong’s tweets during 2012 were subjected to a thematic analysis. Results indicated that Armstrong’s self-presentation allowed his followers to see his athletic commitment, personality, and advocacy efforts. The results suggest that athletes and celebrities who display a multi-faceted self-presentation embolden identification and attachment with followers and introduce competing media narratives surrounding their identity. Welcome to the Big Leagues: An Examination of the Sports Homepage Content Architecture of Large-Market News Organizations • Tim Wulfemeyer, Amy Schmitz Weiss • This study examines the content architecture of the sports homepages of large-market news media organizations to determine what online features (multimedia, interactivity, social media) are being used to attract and inform audiences. Results show that newspapers and television stations are using multimedia, interactivity, and social media more than radio stations; however, the majority of the news media organizations are not maximizing the use and potential of such features. Brand New Game: An Exploratory Study of How Sports Reporters are Using Social Media to Create a Personal Brand • Brad Schultz, University of Mississippi; Mary Lou Sheffer, University of Southern Mississippi • A theory of branding was applied to see if conditions exist for sports reporters to brand themselves separate from their media outlets. A questionnaire was sent to sports reporters (and non-sports reporters) to measure their attitudes related to branding. Results indicated that sports reporters place a high value on branding. Relevant findings include an emphasis on uniqueness to create a personal brand, and the need for media outlets to become more proactive with social media. Post, Post, Post for the Home Team: Incentives for Beginning and Continuing Discussion in Baseball Blogs • Aaron Veenstra • Sports fan blogs provide key new outlets for fan engagement with live games and with each other. This study examines how and how much fans became engaged with discussion of live baseball games in 2012, across 16 SBNation.com blogs. Three areas of influence are examined – team-related and schedule-related pre-game factors, and in-game factors. Results show team success and weekday game attract new discussion participants, while high scoring and weekend games prompt the most extensive participation. The tweet life of Erin and Kirk: A gendered analysis of professional sports broadcasters’ self-presentation on Twitter • Melinda Weathers, Clemson University; Jimmy Sanderson, Clemson Universityh; Pauline Matthey; Alexia Grevious; Maggie Tehan; Samantha Warren • Social media has been embraced by the sports world at an extraordinary pace, and as such, has become a way for sports broadcasters to redefine their roles as celebrities. However, given the gender bias inherent in sports, it is plausible that differences exist between female and male sports broadcasters’ self-presentation on Twitter. This study employed content analyses, guided by Goffman’s (1959) seminal theory of self-presentation to compare Erin Andrews and Kirk Herbstreit’s tweets during the 2012-2013 college football season. Findings indicate that both broadcasters self-presentation fell along traditional gender lines as Andrews primarily discussed personal aspects, whereas Herbstreit largely provided sports-related commentary and analysis. The results suggest that although Twitter provides an avenue for female sports broadcasters to break down gender barriers, it currently serves to reify their roles in sports broadcasts. Shut out by coaches • Scott Winter, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • Sports editors, columnists and beat reporters from newspapers who cover football teams from major Bowl Championship Series conferences find their access to players and coaches diminishing or diminishing dramatically since they began their careers. Though they attribute limited access to many factors – from the exclusive access of television contracts and in-house university media to the influx of nontraditional media and general media-relations interference – the journalists primarily blame their inability to do their jobs effectively on coaches. Some of them believe in fighting back, particularly at public institutions, but others argue that newspaper journalists must simply get more creative. In an exploratory study, this paper seeks to find the causes of access problems for newspaper sports journalists and start a conversation about possible solutions. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12232 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/viscom-2013-abstracts/ Thu, 13 Jun 2013 13:31:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12238 Picturing the Jos Crisis in Three Leading Newspapers in Nigeria: A Visual Framing Perspective • Ngozi Agwaziam, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Lily Zeng, Arkansas State University • This study examines the visual framing of the Jos crisis in the online version of three leading Nigerian newspapers, Punch, Guardian, and Thisday. Findings suggest that they were not heavy users of news photographs. Majority of the photographs were those of politicians repeatedly used in different news stories and were not-graphic close-up shots. The three newspapers failed to emotionally connect the readers with the ongoing crisis and reinforced established narrative themes within the official discourse. Methodological Critique of Screen Sense: A Case for Phenomenology • Russell Cook, Loyola University Maryland • This methodological critique compares Husserlian phenomenology to two other research paradigms—positivism and psychologism—and concludes that phenomenology is the best research method for investigating visual perception of screen media, or screen sense. The phenomenological reduction serves to neutralize presuppositions of the natural standpoint. The variational method of eidetic reduction reveals essential structures of spectating experience. The paper concludes with an extended analysis of the perception of pictorial depth. Visual Stereotypes of Appalachia in Life Magazine: A Semiotic Study • Michael DiBari, Hampton University • For much of the 20th century and still today, many scholars believe the media has contributed to a stereotyping of Appalachia that has defined the region as backwards, uneducated, incestuous, and violent. Life magazine was one of the most popular, pictorial news magazines, and played an important part in that coverage. This study takes a textural analysis approach in identifying the articles in Life, and discusses the results in terms of social semiotics. Historical Timelines: Rethinking Our Visualization of the Past • Bettina Fabos, University of Northern Iowa • The growing body of digital archives gives visual communicators the opportunity to construct alternative historical narratives that go beyond traditional, hegemonic "great men" discourse. Interactive timelines are one way in which to utilize such archival material to create more democratic, bottom-up histories, and make them widely available through the web. The Gaze and The Spielberg Face: Spielberg’s Application of Lacan’s Mirror Stage and Audience Response • Joseph Fortunato, Arizona State University • Through the theoretical framework of Jacques Lacan’s “Mirror Stage,” this study employs statistical analysis to code the frequency with which Spielberg utilizes the “gaze” in his work to emotionally influence the viewer by providing them with desirable images of the human face. This study examines if these psychologically desirable images are used with more frequency in Spielberg’s successful films, thus providing quantitative support for the assertion that Spielberg “manipulates” his audience through his signature style. Finding your own answers: Political ideology and ambiguous data visualizations • Nicholas Geidner, The University of Tennessee; Iveta Imre, The University of Tennessee; Ivanka Pjesivac, University of Tennessee • This study examines how partisans process information from ambiguous data visualizations. A diverse national sample (N = 338) was asked to interact with an ambiguous political data visualization, The New York Times’ “Budget Puzzle.” In short, our findings demonstrate that partisans saw what they wanted within the visualization. Individual-level political conservatism predicted perceptions of “The Budget Puzzle” as supporting the Republican Party’s fiscal agenda and of its creators being aligned with the Republican Party. These findings were accentuated in individuals with high interest in economic news. The implications of these findings for journalism practice are discussed. Visual framing of the Syrian conflict in news and public affairs magazines • Keith Greenwood; Joy Jenkins, University of Missouri • Research indicates international news is most often visually framed in terms of violence and disaster. Conflicts are visually framed in terms of the active participants and aftermath of battle instead of the affected bystanders or efforts at negotiating peace. An alternative frame proposed by Galtung (1986) promotes an emphasis on peaceful demonstration and negotiation instead of the usual aspects of conflict. Building on research that observed evidence of this peace framing in photographs related to conflict published international media, this research examines visual framing of the 2011-2012 Syrian conflict that arose from the Arab Spring movement in northern Africa and the Middle East. The study examines 193 photographs published in two news magazines and nine public affairs magazines to determine if visual framing differs between magazines with differing purposes and differing political/editorial orientations. The analysis affirms the dominant visual frame of conflict through images of active fighting and its victims but also notes that public affairs magazines published a higher proportion of photographs depicting peace framing. As the magazine environment becomes increasingly oriented to niche publications, the results present implications for the likelihood that a broad audience will experience similar visual framing of international news. The Influence of Personality Factors and Motives on Photographic Communication • Daniel Hunt, Newbury College; Eric Langstedt, Mount Saint Mary College • This study examined photographic communication within the uses and gratifications framework. Gender and personality traits of respondents were used as predictors of and motives for sending mobile photographs and online sharing. Memory, relationship maintenance, self expression and relationship formation positively predicted photographic communication. Females both sent more photo messages and shared more photos online. Extraversion positively predicted most photo messaging use motives, while Neuroticism was a negative predictor of photo messaging use. Ken Burns: Historian, Patriot, or Hollywood Revisionist? An Analysis of His Style from “Brooklyn Bridge” to “The War” • Paul Jacoway, Scripps School of Journalism, Ohio University • This paper evaluates the style of Ken Burns as a visual historian, by analyzing his documentaries: “Brooklyn Bridge” and “The War.” Media reviews, program details, personal interviews with Burns associates, and media interviews with Burns are used to evaluate his style of narrative histories to determine if he fits as a historian, journalist, or television producer. It seeks to answer the proposed question and the criticism that he is not truly a historian." What's black and blue and read online: An analysis of newspaper website aesthetics and the influence of circulation size • Adriane Jewett, University of Florida; Dennis DiPasquale • With consumers flocking online, newspapers must consider website aesthetics. The Ideal Brand Pyramid posits that ideal brands equally value function, behavior and aesthetics. This study extends the IBP’s application, examining current newspaper websites aesthetics. Findings reiterate the monotony of newspaper websites with blue/black color palette, three-column design and top-page navigation. Some differences were exposed among circulation groups, particularly nameplate design and typeface. However, newspapers websites may not reach ideal brand status without increasing aesthetic emphasis. No ham, no ladies and no sex: Examining the cross cultural differences in Gangnam Style parodies on YouTube • Julie Jones, Gaylord College of Journalism and Mass Communication; Amanda Kehrberg, The University of Oklahoma; Sang Chon Kim, University of Oklahoma; Joonil Kim, Gaylord college of the University of Oklahoma; Khalaf Tahat, University of Oklahoma • Castells (2009) conceptualizes the shift in media production as a change from mass media communication model to a mass self-communication model. Although sites like YouTube afford individuals a global platform, producers are still situated within certain geographical and social-psychological cultures. This study centered on visual artifacts within Gangnam Style parody videos to investigate the influence of the producers’ culture on representations of women and sex. Given that Arabic videos, in particular, were often completely void of sex and women, re-conceptualizing the “global village” nature of social media production is needed. Susanne Langer: Expresses Knowledge of Feelings • Keith Kenney; Katherine LaPrad, University of South Carolina • This paper answers the question: How can we use Langer's philosophical writings to build theories of multimedia communication? It explains her idea that knowledge is based upon multimodal images rather than words, numbers, or the results of scientific research. It also explains the difference between words and pictures. It explains how we use presentational symbols, or artworks, to express feeling. Finally, the paper explains how different art genres create different sensory illusions. Captured in the grid: Raising more attention with the rule of thirds? • Michael Koliska; Soo-Kwang Oh • The rule of thirds is a widely used composition principle in photography. But despite the growing importance of photos and videos in the news media there is little to no known research that has tested the rule’s effectiveness to raise attention and limit cognitive load of information processing. This exploratory study suggests that the rule of thirds can serve as visual guideline that will enhance the ease of information processing and thus make images more salient to the observer. Promoting places: Schema complexity and valence elicited by country logos for tourism • Suman Lee; Lulu Rodriguez; Sela Sar, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • This study examined the influence of tourism logo design on people’s cognitive responses. In an online survey, undergraduate students were exposed to the tourism logos of Australia, Indonesia, Mongolia, Kenya, Latvia, and Malawi. The results showed that the logos of Australia and Indonesia elicited high schema complexity and positive valence among college students. The logos of Kenya and Mongolia rated high in schema complexity, but produced a negative valence. Malawi and Latvia elicited low schema complexity, but a positive valence. The findings suggest that effective meaning creation can overcome deficiencies in logo design. How photo editors perceive and evaluate photographs submitted by citizen journalists: A national survey • Eun Jeong Lee • This study examined how U.S. photo editors at daily newspapers perceive and evaluate photographs submitted by citizen journalists. A national survey’s findings suggest that more than half of all photo editors publish the photographs 1 or 2 days a week while the most common reason was citizens covered the news. Newsworthiness played the most important roles in news selection. Breaking or spot news was the predominant type of photographs selected by photo editors. Photo Sharing Not Photojournalism: the Problem of Visual Journalism as User-Generated Content • Mary Lou Nemanic, Pennsylvania State University • While digital technology and the Internet have popularized photo sharing, online citizen-generated news images have been relatively rare. This paper argues that photo sharing is ritual communication functioning as a visual diary or a way of connecting with friends and relatives, and that its popularity lies in its intent to socialize; while photojournalism’s intent to inform large, virtually unknown audiences is more difficult and less appealing. Big Bird, Binders, and Bayonets: The Persuasive Power of Social Media Visual Narratives in the 2012 Presidential Campaign • Janis Teruggi Page, Florida Institute of Technology; Margaret Duffy, U of Missouri • In 2012, a Web-empowered community interrogated U.S. presidential campaign messaging and articulated responses through visual imagery that spread throughout the Internet and into major media outlets. This study analyzes how Internet memes appropriated candidates’ brand narratives, first using Fantasy Theme Analysis to examine the Obama and Romney Twitter and Facebook images during the most heated period of campaigning, and then applying Durand’s rhetorical matrix to the most popular candidate images and citizen-generated memes. Visual Propaganda in the Age of Social Media: Twitter Images During 2012 Israeli-Hamas Conflict • Hyunjin Seo, University of Kansas • This study analyzed images posted to Twitter by the Israel Defense Forces and Hamas’ Alqassam Brigades during the November 2012 Gaza conflict to understand aspects of visual propaganda in the age of social media. Visual content analysis was conducted to identify themes and frames prominently appearing in 243 Twitter images posted by the two parties during a two-month period. Results showed statistically significant differences between Israel and Hamas in terms of themes and frames. The advertised images of women in the early to middle 20th century Macau • Zhen Sun • This paper applies the visual social semiotic approach to analyze the women’s images represented in the advertisements for the mooncake and the firecracker in the early to middle 20th century Macau. The study finds that the image producers manipulate the semiotic resources into different representational and interactive structures and create two types of women images: the role model targeted to the women consumers of mooncakes and the desire elicitor targeted to the men consumers of firecrackers. Music Videos: The Evolved Look of the Sound • Marilyn Terzic, Université du Québec à Montréal • This research examines the aesthetic consequences of digitally distributed music video content. To that end, the ways in which the affective and conative dimensions of music videos are used to generate increased album sales are described, and the means by which diverse perceptual tactics are employed to promote the vested interests of the artist and record label are discussed. Dichotomous Nature of Preference for Visual Complexity • Zongyuan Wang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Brittany Duff, University of Illinois- Urbana Champaign; Jen Moss, University of Illinois • This study re-examined as well as extended previous work on people's preference for visual complexity through a generalizable sample (N=504). Findings suggest maximal threshold for complexity preference as well as stability of preference within groups that prefer distinct levels of complexity. Item-specific and relational variety indicate the dichotomous nature of of complexity preference.Implications for visual communication are discussed. The Impact of Navigability on Flow-like Experiences and User Enjoyment of Online Art Exhibitions • Bo Zhang, Penn State University; Michael Marcinkowski, Penn State University; Youngjoon Choi • With the development of new modes of web interface and 3D virtual environment, the concept of navigability is considered an important element to understand users’ experience with the interface. Particularly in the context of virtual art galleries, navigability can influence users’ level of immersive and enjoyable experience of artworks. Responding to the conflicting evidence showing both positive and negative effects of higher navigability on the evaluation of online art exhibitions, this study examines the impact of navigability on flow-like experiences (i.e., skill-challenge match, immersion) and user enjoyment and behavioral intention. Thirty-five undergraduate students participated in a between-subjects experimental study with two conditions (2D interface for low navigability vs. 3D interface for high navigability). Participants in the low navigability condition reported lower levels of skill-challenge match and higher levels of immersion and enjoyment than those in the high navigability condition. Also, we found that immersion, not a skill-challenge match, mediated the effect of navigability on enjoyment which led to behavioral intention. Based on the findings, theoretical and practical implications are discussed. <<2013 Abstracts ]]> 12238 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/ctm-2013-abstracts/ Thu, 13 Jun 2013 14:59:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12259 Agenda-setting in the beginning of the 1979 oil crisis: compelling arguments and public concern • Alberto Ardèvol-Abreu; Magdalena Saldaña, The University of Texas at Austin; Maxwell McCombs • Following the “compelling arguments” hypothesis, this study examines both first and second-level agenda-setting effects in the context of the 1979 oil crisis. Our results show the role of oil pricing, national oil market and nuclear energy as compelling arguments. Besides, our research suggests that arguments are not compelling per se: depending on who uses it, the same argument can be compelling or not. Members of Congress were the most credible sources. It’s Who You Don’t Know: How Exposure to Online Social Influence on YouTube Affects Political Evaluations and Behavior • Matthew Barnidge, University of Wisconsin-Madison; ByungGu Lee, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Stephanie Jean Tsang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; D. Jasun Carr, Susquehanna University • The Internet exposes us to new and different forms of social influence. While many claims have been made about the “effects” of the Internet on politics and society, one of the most intuitively sensible claims about the Internet is this: The Internet exposes people to more indicators of what other people think. This study presents an experimental investigation into the effects of relatively impersonal indicators of social opinion on YouTube. Drawing from SIDE (Social Identity Depersonalization Effects) theory, as well as theories of information processing and evaluation, we examine the balance of user comments on YouTube and their influence on the persuasive effects of an online news story about a political scandal. Results reveals that exposure to social indicators that are incongruent with the original message can abate the persuasive effects of that message on political evaluations and behavior. Emotion-provoking personalization of news: Informing citizens and closing the knowledge gap? • Ozen Bas, Indiana University; Maria Elizabeth Grabe, Indiana University • News that personalizes issues and elicits emotion are often dismissed as serious information. This experiment investigated the merits of this view through the knowledge gap hypothesis. Two versions (with/without emotional testimony of ordinary people) of eight television stories were tested. Emotional versions produced smaller knowledge gaps and the size of gaps varied across three memory measures. Unlike the inimical role traditionally assigned to emotion, these findings suggest a facilitative role for emotion in informing citizens. Thinking about Others Online: The Relationship between Third Person and Hostile Media Perceptions • Pamela Brubaker, Brigham Young University • This study explores the relationship between hostile media and third person perceptions. Partisans (N = 760) who strongly supported and opposed the issue of legalizing same-sex marriage participated in an online experiment, which was made available to blog readers. Third person perceptions, particularly the influence on others with contrasting attitudes, proved a significant predictor of hostile perceptions, validating claims that the media’s perceived influence on others does indeed contribute to hostile perceptions of media coverage. How do individuals develop attitude extremity in the new media environment? The interplay between the Internet, schemas, and information seeking • Doo-Hun Choi, Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Michael Cacciatore; Michael Xenos; Dietram Scheufele, Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dominique Brossard; Elizabeth Corley • Analyzing data from a nationally-representative online survey, this study explored the role of the Internet and schemas in seeking out information and forming individuals’ attitude toward nanotechnology. More specifically, we examined the interplay between the Internet, schemas, information seeking and their impact on attitude formation toward the issue. The results in the study showed that individuals rely on their schemas in order to seek out information for nanotechnology, and the Internet played a large role in promoting information seeking. More importantly, individuals who select schema-congruent information are more likely than those who select schema-incongruent information to have more extreme in their attitudes toward nanotechnology. This study also found that greater attitude extremity produced attitude polarization toward nanotechnology. Implications of these findings as they pertain to public understanding of science in democratic society are discussed in greater detail. Functional Forms of Symbolic Crises in the News: Implications for Quantitative Research • Bryan Denham • With communication scholars relying heavily on linear statistical models such as ordinary least squares regression, the present study examined the possibility that logistic, logarithmic and quadratic functions would capture symbolic crises in the news more effectively, potentially helping to enhance quantitative research. Analyzing cases involving drug abuse, pedophilia, violence, music lyrics, and religious freedom, the study found the strongest support for logarithmic and quadratic representations of cumulative data distributions, consistent with the notion of volatile news events triggering dramatic and widespread coverage for a limited time. The study concludes that while quantitative researchers should not abandon linear regression techniques, situations do arise in which nonlinear tests may be more effective in capturing statistical relationships. Knowledge Gaps on Social Media: Exploring Knowledge Inequality in Contemporary News Environments • Trevor Diehl, University of Texas, Austin • This study explored how social media for news might affect knowledge gaps. A secondary analysis of the Pew Center for the People and the Press 2012 Media Consumption Survey found evidence for knowledge gaps between education groups on social media. A comparison of multiple news sources found a gap between those that pay attention to news on social media and those that don’t. News sharing was associated with an increase in knowledge in some groups. Mapping the News Landscape • Stephanie Edgerly, Northwestern University • This study explores how media users make sense of the high-choice news media environment. Using a multi dimensional approach, ten news organizations are mapped by the implicit thoughts a sample of college students uses to differentiate them. Results indicate a specialized news environment where each news organization occupies their own space on the map. The two dimensions of an organization’s political ideology (conservative-to-liberal) and orientation (normative-to-market) are used to interpret the map. An Exploration of the Roots of the Gatekeeper Concept: What Can Network Theory Tell Us About the Shifting Role of Journalism in a Networked Media Ecology? • Thomas Ernste • The concept of gatekeepers as it has long been understood within journalism studies remains deeply intertwined with its now antiquated metaphorical meaning that sees news organizations as in control of public access to news. This paper describes how a conceptual shift towards understanding the gatekeeper concept instead in a network theory context which sees gatekeepers as central, boundary spanning network actors is useful for conceptualizing news and information gatekeeping in a networked media ecology. Disuse, Misuse, and Abuse of Intercoder Reliability Indices in Communication • Charles Feng, Jinan University • Although intercoder reliability has been considered crucial to the validity of a content study, the choice among them has been controversial. This study analyzed all the content studies published in the two major communication journals that reported intercoder reliability, aiming to find how communication scholars conduct intercoder reliability test. The results revealed that some intercoder reliability indices were misused persistently concerning the levels of measurement, the number of coders, and the means of reporting reliability over the past 30 years. Implications of misuse, disuse, and abuse were discussed, and suggestions regarding proper choice of indices in various situations were made at last. Social network ties and discussion attributes as antecedents of political discussion elaboration • Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Texas at Austin • Scores of research highlight the key role of political discussion for society’s democratic wellbeing establishing a conduit to a more deliberative democracy. More recently, academics have turned their attention to explore the different roles peoples’ discussion network attributes may have in promoting politically valuable and fruitful discussions. For instance, the strength of discussion ties (weak or strong), heterogeneity of discussion networks, exposure to disagreement, and the level of reasoning in peoples’ discussion have all, to some degree, been associated to different forms of political outcomes such as participation. Other scholars have expanded the notion of citizens’ discussion attributes by integrating discussion elaboration. Thus, the connection between discussion network attributes and political participation, or between discussion elaboration and political participation is not new. Less explored however is the connection of all these discussion attributes as antecedents of political discussion elaboration. Based on U.S. national crossectional data, results indicate strong-ties discussion is the strongest predictor for discussion elaboration. On the other hand, discussing public affairs with weak ties was a stronger predictor for citizens to discussing with people who reasoned their arguments, and also for being exposed to discussion with higher levels of disagreement, and with more heterogeneous networks. Structural equation modeling tests indicate that strong ties is both directly and indirectly related to political discussion elaboration. Conversely, the influence of weak-ties on political discussion elaboration is fully mediated by discussion network heterogeneity and reasoned discussions. Finally, exposure to disagreement seems to preclude individuals' from cognitively elaborating upon the issues they discuss. Political Consumption as Civic, Cooperative, and Contrived: Implications for Social Marketing • Melissa R. Gotlieb, Texas Tech University • A series of three studies demonstrate the factor structure and reliability (Study 1), convergent and discriminant validity (Study 2), and predictive validity (Study 3) of a scale measuring value-expressive, social-identification, and social-adjustive attitudes toward political consumption. The third study demonstrates the importance of fit between a strategic message appeal and individuals’ underlying attitude functions in the context of a fictitious student campaign to reduce bottled water consumption on campus. Theoretical and marketing implications are discussed. Examining Mood, Anxiety, and Knowledge in the Process of Resisting Influence • Michel Haigh, Penn State University; Shelley Wigley, University of Texas at Arlington • This study examines the role mood and anxiety play in inoculation research, and employs a new method of coding concept maps and counterarguments. Results indicate mood impacts how inoculation messages are processed. Those in the inoculation condition feel more anxiety compared to controls. Those who receive inoculation messages use the content from the messages to counterargue as well as form new nodes in their associative networks. Using the Theory of Reasoned Action to Study the Influence of News Media • Jennifer Hoewe, The Pennsylvania State University • This study attempts to situate the theory of reasoned action (TRA) as a viable method for studying the impact of news media on attitudes and behaviors. Using news stories about the building of an Islamic community center, results show the TRA provides a well-fitting model for examining news stories’ influences in an experimental context. The moderating variable of prior attitudes toward the news story’s subject may prove useful in future use of the TRA. Consequences of Disagreement in Political Conversation: Iterative vs. Episodic Forms of Political Participatory Behaviors • Yangsun Hong, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Hernando Rojas, University of Wisconsin - Madison • In everyday life, people talk about political issues with others who may share or may not share their views. However, empirical studies in this area have produced a conundrum in terms of the relationship between disagreeable discussion and participation. Some recent studies suggest that distinguishing the types of participation considered would be helpful to shed light on this controversy. These studies argue that the relationship between discussion disagreement and participation is likely contingent on the type of participation in which people are involved. This study aims to contribute to the literature on the relationships between heterogeneous discussion and different types of participation. The focus of this article is to (a) analyze whether disagreeable political talk has different influences on varying types of participation (b) explore these relations in less stable democracy than have typically been considered by previous research. Risk Communication Factors to Inform Theory: Risk Perception, Special Needs Populations, and Media Usage • Melissa Janoske, University of Maryland, College Park; Benjamin Sheppard, University of Maryland • There is no single conceptual framework that provides “the answer” to effectively communicating risk. There are, however, critical factors that all communicators and managers need to be aware of: publics’ perceptions, message content, unique risk characteristics, an understanding of special needs publics, and communication channels. This paper discusses those factors in detail through a deep discussion of the current literature, and offers best practices for communicators to utilize during each risk phase (preparedness, response, recovery). Steer Clear or Get Ready: How Coping Styles Moderate the Effect of Informational Utility • Benjamin Johnson, The Ohio State University; Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick, The Ohio State University • An experiment (N = 414) with a 2x3x2 between-subjects design analyzed the effect of informational utility on selective exposure to online news stories. Individual differences in avoidant coping and problem-focused coping were tested as moderators of impacts of informational utility message characteristics on selective exposure. A positive main effect of informational utility intensity was found to result from the dimensions of magnitude, likelihood, and immediacy. The proposed fourth dimension, efficacy, did not yield a main effect or moderate the other message factors. However, coping styles demonstrated the proposed interactions. Individuals low on avoidant coping browsed messages with high informational utility longer, whereas avoidants did not. Those low on problem-focused coping spent more time with high-efficacy messages, and those high on problem-focus spent more time with low-efficacy messages. Examining Warranting Theory toward use in non-interpersonal Computer-Medicated Communication (CMC) contexts • Eunsin Joo, Michigan State University • The concept of warrant has been used for many years in CMC settings. The principal objective of this paper is to evaluate and expand the scope of the warranting theory. The study examines the theoretical constructs of the warranting theory by using the criteria of theory such as explanatory power, predictive power, testability, parsimony, internal consistency, and heuristic provocativeness as well as its empirical applications in a variety of research realms (Chaffee & Berger, 1987; Heath & Bryan, 1992). The current applied research status and limitations of the theory are also discussed further to contribute future directions of the warranting theory in non-interpersonal CMC contexts. Three-Stage Spiral of Silence in a Networked Society • Sang Chon Kim, University of Oklahoma • This paper reconsiders spiral of silence theory in the networked society by focusing on (1) changes in the media environment and (2) changes in audience psychology. First, This paper predicts that new media (e.g. the Internet) reduce the power of traditional mass media over audiences’ perceptions about public opinion, based on Jackob’s (2010) relational model between perceived use of alternative sources, media dependency, and trust in mass media. Interactivity theory supports that networked groups would not only reduce the power of mass media, but might also play a role as new opinion leaders. Second, this paper predicts that new media environment would change audiences’ psychology in responding to public opinions. Audiences would feel less fear of isolation when expressing their minority opinions, thanks to inherent natures of computer-mediated communication. In accordance with these potential changes affecting spirals of silence, this paper suggests a revised conceptual model, three-stage spiral of silence. Linguistic Framing Versus Numeric Framing in Campaign Messages: Revisiting An Application of Prospect Theory in Communication Research • Sunny J. Kim, Cornell University • Prospect theory provides a framework to systematically construct gain- versus loss-framed messages. Communication researchers have utilized the framing postulate of prospect theory to encourage various kinds of behavioral and attitudinal responses. However, empirical findings on gain- versus loss-framing which predict distinct outcomes in accordance with theory have been mixed or undifferentiated. This paper traces the origins of prospect theory and examines how the theory has extended to message framing in a health communication context. We review the successes and limitations of prospect theory application, and propose a new way of incorporating prospect theory into message framing within the communication research field. Predicting TV Channel Choice and Duration Using an Integrated Model of Media Choice • Su Jung Kim, Northwestern University; Vijay Viswanathan • This study examines how individual and structural factors of media choice impact TV channel choice and viewing time. Using Nielsen Korea’s TV-Internet Convergence data that electronically recorded television and Internet use behavior, we find that television channel choice is influenced by individual factors such as gratifications, age, and gender as well as structural factors like access, and cost. However, duration is largely affected by structural factors such as lead-in, and other media use. Framing Healthcare: Frame Building and News Coverage of Who Is Responsible for Rising Healthcare Costs in the United States • Sei-Hill Kim; Andrea Tanner; Soo Yun Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Caroline Foster; Oh Sang-Hwa • Analyzing newspaper articles and television news transcripts, this study attempts to understand how the American news media have framed the question of who is responsible for rising healthcare costs in the United States. In particular, we explore the notion of frame building, looking at internal and external factors of news organizations that may influence the way the media frame the question of who is responsible. Findings indicate that frame building factors, such as organizational constraints (e.g., self-censorship), typical professional routines (e.g., episodic presentation of the issues), and political orientations of news organizations (e.g., conservative vs. liberal ideology), can affect the media’s selective use of frames. Elaborative Processing that Matters: A Study of Factors Influencing Perceived Risks Related to Food and Medicine in South Korea • Hwalbin Kim, University of South Carolina; Sei-Hill Kim; Jeong-Heon JC Chang, Korea University; Jea Chul Shim, Korea University; Sang Hwa Oh, University of South Carolina • This study explores the effects of the media, interpersonal communication, and elaborative processing on perceived risks related to food and medicine safety in South Korea. The findings of the study show that media use such as TV and Internet news, interpersonal discussion, and elaborative processing are positively associated with perceived risks related to food and medicine. More importantly, the effects of newspaper, SNS, and interpersonal discussion on perceived risks were moderated by elaborative processing. Examining the Intertextuality of Fictional Political Comedy and Real-World Political News • Kristen Landreville; Heather LaMarre • This study examines effects of viewing a fictional, comedic political film on political discussion intent about a related news article. In an experiment, participants watched the political comedy Man of the Year or a control film, and then read a politically-relevant news article on electronic voting. Beyond direct effects, the mediating influence of elaboration about the politically-relevant news article on discussion intent was analyzed. Results revealed no main effect of political comedy viewing on discussion intent, and no mediating effect of elaboration either. However, viewing the comedic political film was associated with higher levels of elaboration about the related news article, which shows evidence of intertextuality among media texts. Moreover, perceived external realism of the fictional, comedic political film was a significant positive predictor of discussion intent about the news article. Results also showed perceived external realism about the fictional, comedic political film to be a nearly significant moderator of the elaboration and discussion intent relationship. A broader discussion regarding the theoretical and practical implications of the findings is included. Visual Context of Message Content: A Re-evaluation of Component Separation in the Elaboration Likelihood Model • Allison Lazard, The University of Texas at Austin; Lucy Atkinson, The University of Texas at Austin; Michael Mackert, The University of Texas at Austin • Visually rich persuasive messages have a pervasive presence in our society, creating an impetus for increased theoretical research to understand the role of visuals in information processing. The Elaboration Likelihood Model, which highlights critical stages for the decision to elaborate via two different processing routes, provides a theoretical framework that should be adapted to include the prevalent and influential role of visual context, visual deign, and visual processing in the evaluation of persuasive messages. Does Motivation Make a Difference in Agenda-Setting Effects? • Na Yeon Lee, University of Texas at Austin • By employing laboratory experiment, this study examined the role of the two different motivations on agenda-setting effects: one is the need for orientation (NFO), which is traditionally regarded as the most important factor to explain individual differences in agenda-setting research, and the other is accuracy or directional goals introduced by the theory of motivated reasoning. Confirming previous findings, NFO was found to be the single most positive predictor for agenda-setting effects. Interestingly, the influence of NFO on agenda-setting effects was moderated by the types of motivational goals (accuracy vs. directional) that individuals employ when seeking information. Individuals with accuracy goals plus high levels of NFO demonstrated agenda-setting effects that were higher than for individuals with directional goals. Contrary to predictions of this study, individuals’ types of motivational goals (accuracy vs. directional) alone were not found to be a significant predictor. This study contributes to agenda-setting research by elaborating the role of NFO on agenda- setting effects and by proposing that while the media’s role of consensus building may be constrained, especially in a digital media era, those constraints may not likely apply broadly to entire audiences but, instead, may be limited mostly to individuals who tend to exercise selective exposure relative to their own particular issues: namely, those who generally employ directional goals. Investigating the relationship between social media use and opinion polarization • Jae Kook Lee, Indiana University School of Journalism; Jihyang Choi, Indiana University School of Journalism; Cheonsoo Kim, Indiana University School of Journalism; Yonghwan Kim, University of Alabama • Conflicting arguments and findings have been reported about whether or not the use of new media would result in an increase in people’s exposure to diverse views and, if so, what the political consequences of encounters with dissimilar people and perspectives would be. This study tackles these issues by investigating the relationship between the social media use, the heterogeneity of social networks and the level of opinion polarization in the context of social network services (SNSs). Employing a national probability survey, this study shows that the use of SNSs is a positive predictor of network heterogeneity on SNSs. The study also found that the frequency of SNSs use does not directly affect the level of network heterogeneity, but that the relationship is mediated by several news-related activities, such as getting news, news posting, and talking about politics on SNSs. To explore the influence of the level of SNSs network heterogeneity on polarization, the study considered three different dimensions of opinion polarization: partisan, ideological, and issue polarization. The findings indicate that political discussion moderates the relationship between SNS network heterogeneity and the level of polarization; a higher level of SNS network heterogeneity results in a higher level of partisanship and ideological polarization for individuals who talk about politics more frequently. The implications of the study are discussed. Revisiting Opinion Leadership in the Online World: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach • Tien-Tsung Lee, University of Kansas; Peter Bobkowski, University of Kansas • Opinion leadership is an important topic in marketing and communication research. Based on a survey of 7,025 U.S. consumers, this study examines the characteristics of online opinion leaders, and investigates the association between online and offline opinion leadership and activism. Online opinion leadership is predicted by the use of interactive online media, offline opening leadership, and offline activism. Use of online informational media is not directly linked to online opinion leadership. Motivated Processing of Anger and Disgust In Anti-Tobacco Video Advertisements • Glenn Leshner, University of Missouri; Russell Clayton, University of Missouri; Manu Bhandari, University of Missouri; Paul Bolls • The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of two message attributes of anti-tobacco video ads on cognitive processing. The two message attributes were tobacco industry attacks (anger) and disgusting images. Industry attack ads were adapted from the American Legacy Foundation anti-tobacco campaign, which showed tobacco company executives as deceitful, dishonest, and manipulative. A 2 (anger: high/low) x 2 (disgust: present/absent) x 3 (message replication) x 4 (message order) mixed model repeated measures experiment was conducted. Participants (N=49), viewed 12, 30-s messages. Self-reports of emotional valence and arousal were collected. Heart rate, a physiological indicator of cognitive resources allocated to encoding, was collected for a five second baseline prior to each message and was time-locked during exposure to the messages. Participants also completed an audio recognition test. Results strongly indicate that HR deceleration occurred most for messages featuring anger or disgust related content, but decelerated least for messages that contained both anger and disgust content. Audio recognition data, including signal detection analyses, showed that recognition worsened for messages that contained both anger and disgust on both accuracy and sensitivity. In addition, participants were least confident in their responses to messages that contained both. Self-reports showed that both anger and disgust content showed strong aversive system activation, while anger showed small appetitive activation. These findings indicate that messages high in both anger and disgust showed signs of cognitive withdrawal and descent into a defensive cascade reflective of defensive processing and message responses. The Mediating Role of Prior Knowledge in Framing Effects: An Experimental Study of Responses to Valenced Frames • Chen Lou, Michigan State University; Carson Wagner, EW Scripps School of Journalism, Ohio University; Eunsin Joo, Michigan State University • An experiment was run to detect whether prior knowledge about a subject mediates framing effects. A considerable number of framing studies have claimed media effects on audiences without examining audience responses and/or disentangling different confounding variables from media frames. Prior knowledge among other factors has been suggested as an entry point for testing if various frames indeed affect audiences, as assumed when effects are claimed but no audience data are taken. This study examines how media frames affect audience attitudes by manipulating prior knowledge in a laboratory experiment. Toward a Cognitive-affective Process Model of Hostile Media Perceptions: A Multi-Country Structural Equation Modeling Approach • Jorg Matthes, U of Vienna; Audun Beyer, University of Oslo, Norway • This paper develops and tests a theoretical cognitive-affective process model of the hostile media effect (HME). To explain the HME, scholars have mainly focused on cognitive involvement, i.e., the extent to which an issue is of personal importance. By contrast, we introduce the notion of affective involvement and hypothesize three distinct routes responsible for an HMP: a cognitive, an affective, and a cognitive-affective route. Simultaneously collected representative survey data from the U.S., Norway, and France employing country-invariant measures provide clear evidence that the three routes each and independently drive the HMP. Theoretical and methodological implications of these findings are discussed. Combining the Situational Theory of Publics and Theory of Reasoned Action to Explore Nonprofit Support: A Replication • Brooke W. McKeever, University of South Carolina; Geah Pressgrove, University of South Carolina; Yue Zheng, University of South Carolina • Through replication with a nationally-based respondent pool (N=1,539) and extension of programmatic research aimed at understanding the intersection of the situational theory of publics and theory of reasoned action, this study provides early empirical support for a possible Theory of Situational Support with a new criterion variable. By combining variables from both theories, predictive power of the model is improved when measured in the context of nonprofit fundraising events. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. In the mood to search: A conceptual examination of how emotions influence health information seeking • Jessica Myrick, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This paper argues that theory development in health information seeking is currently stunted because the field has not fully explored concepts from the literature on emotions. The basics of emotion theory and connections with health information seeking are presented. This paper also encourages scholars to examine emotions in addition to anxiety/fear as search motivators. The argument is made that theory is lacking on the topics of how people search for health information and what happens after those searches. Fearing a threat but hoping for the best: Revising the Extended Parallel Process Model based on emotion theory • Jessica Myrick, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • For more than two decades, the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) has guided research on fear appeals. However, theories of emotions and empirical evidence point to important conceptual modifications that would improve the EPPM’s explanatory power. This paper proposes six revisions to the EPPM and presents initial experimental data to test the propositions. The data largely support the propositions and point to future work to further develop theories of fear appeals. Modeling a Participatory Campaign Communication: Communication Mediation and Anti-smoking Behavioral Intention • Kang Namkoong, University of Kentucky; Seungahn Nah, University of Kentucky; Rachael Record, University of Kentucky; Stephanie Van Stee, University of Kentucky • Drawing on the theory of planned behavior (TPB; e.g., Ajzen, 1985, 1988, 1991) with a communication mediation model (McLeod et al., 1996; McLeod, Scheufele, & Moy, 1999; Shah, Cho et al., 2007; Shah, McLeod et al., 2007), this study examines direct and indirect effects of a community-based participatory campaign on anti-smoking behavioral intention and how communications mediate the participatory campaign process. Through an experimental design with randomization, the study affirms that the TPB is an effective model to predict anti-smoking behavioral intention. Furthermore, it finds that communication does mediate the effects of the participatory campaign intervention on anti-smoking outcomes, which is well suited to the theory of planned behavior. Online Advertisements and Conceptual Implicit Memory: Advances in Theory and Methodology • Temple Northup, University of Houston • Three experiments were conducted to further our understanding, both theoretically and methodologically, of conceptual implicit memory within the advertising context. Results suggest that not only is providing specific encoding instructions not necessary to induce conceptual or semantic processing, but also that there were no differences based on whether the experimental procedure was conducted in a laboratory or online. Together, these results have implications for increasing the ecological validity of this type of research. How does Interactivity persuade? An Experimental Test of Interactivity on Cognitive Absorption, Elaboration, and Attitudes • Jeeyun Oh, Penn State University; S. Shyam Sundar, The Pennsylvania State University • It is generally assumed that interactivity can create higher involvement in interacting with media. However, it is debatable whether this heightened degree of user activity can translate into engagement with content, and further, whether it can influence persuasion outcomes. This paper examines whether two different types of website interactivity can motivate users to cognitively engage with anti-smoking messages. A 3 (Message interactivity: High vs. Medium vs. Low) X 2 (Modality Interactivity: Slider vs. Control) factorial-design lab experiment was performed to test the persuasive effects of interactivity on the stimulus website (N = 167). Results showed that Modality interactivity led to more positive interface assessment and greater cognitive absorption. These two factors, in turn, contributed to more favorable attitudes toward the website and even toward the anti-smoking messages. The presence of slider interaction technique significantly reduced the amount of message-related thoughts after browsing. In contrast, message interactivity enhanced message elaboration for participants, especially those with low involvement in the message topic. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Aljazeera and The Hostile Media Effect: Credibility and Interactivity • Eisa Al Nashmi, Kuwait University; David Painter, Full Sail University; Jessica Mahone, University of Florida • Based on the hostile media effect theory, this experimental investigation manipulated source attribution to determine how receiver characteristics affected credibility and interactivity. Although the reports’ content was identical, the results indicate Aljazeera was perceived as less credible than CNN, especially among those with unfavorable Arab attitudes and high Arab interest. The results also suggest partisanship, involvement, and source, key elements of the hostile media effect, may trigger increased use of the Internet’s interactive features. Seeking the Sweet Spot: Optimal combinations of gain-loss and motivational frames to promote vaccination during an epidemic • Eun Park • To investigate ways to maximize the effects of message frames in health campaigns for promoting vaccination in an epidemic, this study tested effects of message combinations of gain- and loss-frames and motivational frames, which include intrinsic and extrinsic goal frames in self-determination theory. The study also attempted to examine the moderating role of level of issue involvement. An experiment using a 2 (frame: gain and loss) x 2 (motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic) x 2 (issue involvement: high and low) x 4 (multiple messages) x 2 (order) mixed subject design was conducted. The results showed that motivation plays more of a leading role in igniting positive attitude and intention toward vaccination than gain-loss frames. To be specific, a message combination of gain frame and intrinsic motivation was superior to other kinds of combinations in terms of promoting vaccination. Effect of Vocal Similarity on Automatic Attention to Voice Changes: Experimental Results and Industry Implications • Robert F. Potter, Indiana University; Edgar Jamison-Koenig, Indiana University; Teresa Lynch, Indiana University; Matthew Falk, Indiana University; Sharon Mayell, Indiana University; Katherine Krizan, Indiana University • Past research has shown that when one speaker is replaced by another in an auditory message listeners exhibit an orienting response identified by a specific pattern of cardiac deceleration. The orienting response is thought to provide an automatic allocation of processing resources to the encoding of the new voice in the auditory environment. To date, no one has investigated how the tonal similarities of the voices making up the formal feature of the voice change impacts orienting or information processing of the message. A 3 (Vocal Difference) x 2 (Location of Voice Change) x 2 (Repetitions) within subjects experiment was designed to explore this issue. Four non-professional speakers were selected based on their levels of vocal difference and produced twelve radio announcements. These announcements were then edited so that there were Low-, Medium-, and High-Vocal Difference voice changes occurring either in in the first or last 20-seconds of the message. Seventy-four subjects listened to the stimuli individually and had their heart rate data recorded time-locked to the media presentation. After a distraction task, recognition memory measures were taken. Results show that the tonal difference between voices does have an impact on both cardiac orienting and recognition memory for message audio. Furthermore, results suggest a change in processing strategy among listeners over the course of the sixty-second messages. Implications for message producers are provided. A Historical Test of Media System Dependency: Governor Sir Thomas Brisbane's Experiment in Press Freedom • Andrew Pritchard • The relatively isolated circumstances of colonial Australia provide a natural laboratory for applying media system dependency theory following the end of government restrictions on the press. Quantitative content analysis of newspapers suggests publishers were more concerned with exploiting the end of their dependence on the government as censor than with minimizing their remaining dependence on the government as advertiser. Additionally, the analysis demonstrates the importance of accounting for unique historical circumstances in MSD theorizing. Studying Facebook: The ethics of drawing a sample in the networked age • Sue Robinson, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Manisha Shelat, University of Wisconsin-Madison; David Wilcox • This article documents the benefits, limitations and ethics of using Facebook as a sampling frame for research. Drawing a sample from 102 journals and 13 disciplines, this research found the social networking site (SNS) comprises a site of inquiry, sample and methodological technique all in one. Although student surveys dominated as the primary tool for half our sample, this evidence showed nine other approaches, some very innovative. However few (4%) considered the public-versus-private and other ethical conundrums regarding data mining on Facebook sites. None fully capitalized on the networked opportunities innate in the SNS. Creating a working typology from a sampling of projects, this study discusses the ethics around visibility, replicability, traceability, sampling, contiguity of research space and the notion of informed consent in drawing a sample from Facebook and provides recommendations for scholars. Introducing a Software-Based Method to Assess and Manipulate Visual Attention: Feasibility and Initial Validation • Lelia Samson, Indiana University; Erick Janssen • This article introduces a newly developed, software-based method to assess and manipulate visual attention. The method uses circular, transparent outlines (or ‘bubbles’) that move over the content of visual stimuli (e.g., images, video). To evaluate the feasibility and validity of this new method, a sample of 50 men was presented with same- and opposite-sex erotic stimuli in self-directed and manipulated visual attention conditions while their psychophysiological responses were recorded. Participants were instructed to select a bubble of their choice by using a computer mouse which kept selected content visible while the rest of the screen was dimmed. Only one bubble was made available during conditions in which visual attention was manipulated. Findings revealed that participants could successfully perform the experimental task and that their spontaneous, or self-directed, visual focus was consistent with their sexual orientation, as has been found in previous research. Furthermore, the new method successfully manipulated visual attention, which was reflected in the participants’ psychophysiological response patterns. The benefits of the newly developed application include the ability to measure and direct visual focus in multiple participants at a time. The advantages of using this method in communication, marketing, and other social science research are discussed. Heuristic-systematic processing and the third-person perception of persuasive messages • Lelia Samson, Indiana University; Robert F. Potter, Indiana University • This study focuses on the cognitive processes underlying third-person perception (TPP), providing a more comprehensive understanding of how this robust media effect occurs. It provides empirical evidence suggesting that individual perception of the likely influence of media messages on self and on others adheres to the conceptualizations suggested by Chaiken’s Heuristic-Systematic Model (HSM; Chaiken, 1980; 1987; Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). The HSM claims that mental shortcuts activated during heuristic processing have the economic advantage of requiring comparatively little cognitive effort and time. We use this claim to guide hypotheses about response latency to questions about perceived influence of the persuasive messages. Participants (N = 151) were randomly assigned to a condition priming systematic processing or to a condition with no such prime. They then watched a series of 10 television ads, providing appraisals of their effect on self and on others after each. Response latency data were also collected for each appraisal. Results support an HSM-like process underlying the third-person perceptions, with subjects in the no-priming condition providing quicker responses overall, and shorter response latency in all participants when estimating the impact of persuasive messages on others than on themselves, indicative of greater heuristic processing. The Peripheral Elaboration Model: How Incidental News Exposure Predicts Political Participation • Syed Saif Shahin, School of Journalism, University of Texas at Austin; Magdalena Saldaña, The University of Texas at Austin; Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Texas at Austin • Using U.S. two-wave-panel-data, this paper proposes a model to explain the mechanism through which incidental news exposure leads to political participation. It shows that heuristic cues in news items can trigger cognitive elaboration among media users, leading them to reflect on the news they stumble upon, even when they were not motivated to use the media for news and learning. Such “peripheral” elaboration mediates the positive link between incidental news exposure and political participation. Reframing Gatekeeping: Proposing a Theoretical Link between Gatekeeping and Framing • Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia • Framing and gatekeeping are common keywords in journalism research, yet their theoretical intersection has not been sufficiently explored. From qualitative interviews with newspaper and online journalists, this study explores influences on framing in the news and locates framing within the gatekeeping process. Frames influence whether or not a message passes a gate as much as they are also outputs of the gatekeeping process themselves. The Facebook Experience: A phenomenology of Facebook use • Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; Patrick Ferrucci, U of Missouri • Based on the diaries and interviews of five Facebook users, we found that the phenomenology of Facebook use can be divided into three phases: managing intentions, experiencing the consequences of actions, and feeling a range of emotions. We propose that the theoretical framework we found in this study—of understanding the experience of Facebook as an experience of varying degrees of personal control—can be applied to understanding other social experiences as well. Mapping an Audience Centric World Wide Web: A Departure from Hyperlink Analysis • Harsh Taneja • Studies of the hyperlink structure of the World Wide Web reveal a highly centralized core-periphery structure, with sites from developed nations at the center and those from the developing world at the periphery. This paper argues that hyperlinks merely reflect how the Web is structured by webmasters, and may play little role in structuring navigation pattern of web users, which may be driven by other cultural factors. To test this thesis, two networks of 1000 globally most popular Web Domains are constructed, one where ties are based on hyperlinks and the other using an “audience centric” approach with ties based on duplicated audience traffic between these domains. Analyses of the two networks reveal that unlike the centralized core-periphery structure suggested by hyperlink analysis, cultural factors such as language and geography drive actual audience flows resulting in a highly decentralized clustered network. Finding Political Opinion Leaders in Both Online and Offline Environments • Stephanie Jean Tsang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Hernando Rojas, University of Wisconsin - Madison • Most studies on opinion leaders in our field applied the personality strength scale developed by Noelle-Neumann (1983). However, such general scale might not be as helpful in predicting opinion leaders with regard to politics and current issues. Moreover, with the rise of online information seeking and giving, it is essential to examine whether our existing scales are capable of spotting the digital opinion leaders with regard to politics. Utilizing survey data collected in Colombia in 2012 (N = 1031), our findings suggest that the personality strength scale informs us little about political opinion leaders both offline and online, when compared to the issue-specific scale developed by Childer (1986). The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed. Testing a model of sexual health information seeking via text messaging • Jessica Fitts Willoughby, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill • Text message services are becoming an increasingly popular way to disseminate health information. A theory of information seeking through text messaging is posited based on previous theory and tested with adolescents (n=870). Intentions to use a text message service for sexual health information were influenced by an adolescents’ uncertainty discrepancy, affect, and evaluations related to the service (e.g., attitudes, credibility), although efficacy evaluations did not have a direct effect on intent. Implications are discussed. Giving and Receiving Emotional Support Online: Communication Competence as a Moderator of Psychosocial Benefits for Women with Breast Cancer • Woohyun Yoo, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Kang Namkoong, University of Kentucky; Mina Choi, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Dhavan Shah; Stephanie Jean Tsang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Yangsun Hong, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Michael Aguilar; David Gustafson • This study examines the moderating role of emotional communication competence in the relationship between computer-mediated social support (CMSS) group participation, specifically giving and receiving emotional support, and psychological health outcomes. Data were collected as part of randomized clinical trials for women diagnosed with breast cancer within the last 2 months. Expression and reception of emotional support was assessed by tracking and coding the 18,064 messages that 236 patients posted and read in CMSS groups. The final data used in the analysis was created by merging (a) computer-aided content analysis of discussion posts, (b) action log data analysis of system usage, and (c) baseline and six-month surveys collected to assess change. Results of this study demonstrate that emotional communication competence moderates the effects of expression and reception of emotional support on psychological quality of life and breast cancer-related concerns in both desired and undesired ways. Giving and receiving emotional support in CMSS groups has positive effects on emotional well-being for breast cancer patients with higher emotional communication, while the same exchanges have detrimental impacts on emotional well-being for those with lower emotional communication competence. The theoretical and practical implications for future research are discussed. <<2013 Abstracts]]> 12259 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/06/pac-061913/ Thu, 20 Jun 2013 12:24:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12315 June 19, 2013 | The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), which comprises more than 3,700 JMC students, professors and administrators in the U.S. and abroad, is dismayed at the Wisconsin’s Legislative Joint Finance Committee’s misguided attempt to ban the nonpartisan and nonprofit Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism(WCIJ) from maintaining its office on the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus. Particularly egregious is the Wisconsin legislative committee’s further attempt to prohibit journalism faculty members at UW-Madison from working with the WCIJ, which illustrates an exemplary case of academic-professional collaboration, and which should be a model for other journalism programs nationally and internationally. Such an ill-considered attempt is a clear violation of academic freedom, which is required to safeguard open inquiry and the creation of knowledge. We need more investigative reporting than ever in an age of ever-shrinking independent journalism due to financial constraints facing the news media as a whole. Democracy is harmed when the state interferes with the communication of knowledge that informs public opinions. As journalism educators, we are unwaveringly committed to instilling in our students a critical appreciation for a free and independent press and for the crucial role of the news media in monitoring, on behalf of the public, the conduct of government officials. To preserve self-government, we must ensure citizens’ access to knowledge. More access to information, not less. The Wisconsin’s Legislative Joint Finance Committee’s politically motivated motion to undermine the educational and non-educational value of the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism is fundamentally antithetical to the role of journalism in our democracy as well as its professional education in the United States. We strongly urge the Wisconsin state legislators to reconsider the motion immediately. <<PACS]]> 12315 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/08/programming-process/ Fri, 23 Aug 2013 13:00:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1100

About Conference Programming Procedures

Conference Programming Chip Process

Conference Session Request Form

Calendar of Deadlines

Officer Resources]]> 1100 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/08/joint-session-proposals/ Fri, 23 Aug 2013 13:00:31 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/?p=1103 Felicia Brown. These proposals can be for any type of session (teaching, PF&R or invited research) that will cut across divisional and interest group lines and appeal to a broad audience. The advantages of joint sessions are three-fold: a larger potential audience, it makes your “chips” go farther since each co-sponsoring group only uses half a chip, and it opens the door for possible outside funding for speakers (co-sponsorship is required for seeking speaker funds from the AEJMC president). Each session proposal should be on a separate page, so insert a page break between each proposal. Each proposal will be given a number before it is sent back out to all the members of the Council of Divisions. There is no special form for these proposals, but each should contain: • AEJMC group proposing the session, and the group contact (this should be at the top of each proposal); • Suggested co-sponsors; • A summary of what the session topic will be; • Possible speakers; • Estimate of the cost, (if any); • Name of the contact person for the session. Joint Session Proposal Example (PDF) The Central Office will number each proposal and then distribute these copies to all heads, vice heads and program chairs who are part of the Council of Divisions. Send proposals by e-mail to Felicia Brown. For your emailed proposals, you must write in the body of the message that you are sending joint session proposals, and tell us the number of proposals you have included. Attachments sent with nothing in the body of the message will NOT be opened. We have been flooded with attachments containing viruses lately. We will acknowledge that proposals have been received. If you have a proposal for a pre-conference workshop or a mini-plenary, send it too and clearly label it as a pre-conference workshop or a mini-plenary. These will be numbered separately and sent out along with the other proposals. Please send the best ideas you have for these sessions, not every idea you have. In past years, some groups have sent as many as 20 joint session proposals. That is too many. If your sessions do not get picked up for joint sessions, your group can still schedule them on your own. If you have questions, contact Felicia Brown at 803-772-3508. << Officer Resources]]> 1103 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/10/ig-responsibilities/ Thu, 24 Oct 2013 14:14:24 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=3302

Current Interest Groups, 2017-2018

Participatory Journalism (2020) — established in 1994 Community Journalism (2019) — established in 2004 Entertainment Studies (2019) — established in 2000 Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender (2019) — established in 2003 Graduate Education (2019) — established in 1993 Internships and Careers (2019) — established in 1994 Political Communication (2019)  — established in 2010 Religion and Media (2020) — established in 1996 Small Programs (2020) — established in 1994 Sports Communication (2019)  — established in 2010 UPDATE: 6/18]]> 3302 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/10/interestgroupguidelines/ Thu, 24 Oct 2013 13:18:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=4516 1. Each interest group must plan its conference sessions using the Council of Divisions Conference Programming Process. All convention programming is done through this process. Your group must be represented at both of the Council of Divisions’ meetings at the convention. 2. Meet all deadlines for filing information for conference programming, sessions and workshops. 3. Meet all deadlines for filing official interest group reports with the AEJMC Central Office. Formats for these reports will be mailed to you by the Central Office. 4. Mail some type of newsletter to your members at least twice each year. 5. Interest groups are granted AEJMC status for a finite period of time, from one to three years. Groups seeking a renewal of interest group status must formally petition the AEJMC Board of Directors for renewal. These renewals must include the following: • A formal statement of the mission and goals of the group; • A list of current and incoming officers; • What this group has accomplished thus far (include specifics); • Why this group fills a unique niche within AEJMC; and • Copies of the annual reports for the past two years. 6. Interest group renewal petitions will be considered at the first or second AEJMC Board of Directors meeting during the conference, depending on when the petition is filed. Ideally, the petition is filed with the Executive Director before the conference via email in early July. If not filed by early July, then one set of all the paperwork for the renewal must be filed with the Executive Director (or left at the AEJMC registration desk) by the end of the AEJMC plenary session, which occurs on the second morning of the AEJMC Conference. If a renewal petition is filed late, it will not be considered by the Board of Directors at its second meeting, and might result in a loss of interest group status. Failure to file a renewal petition at all will result in loss of interest group status.

Current Interest Groups, 2017-2018

Participatory Journalism (2020) — established in 1994 Community Journalism (2019) — established in 2004 Entertainment Studies (2019) — established in 2000 Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender (2019) — established in 2003 Graduate Education (2019) — established in 1993 Internships and Careers (2019) — established in 1994 Political Communication (2019)  — established in 2010 Religion and Media (2020) — established in 1996 Small Programs (2020) — established in 1994 Sports Communication (2019)  — established in 2010

Creation of New Interest Groups

All requests for new interest groups must petition with a formal statement of the mission and goals of the group as it fits within AEJMC’s three core areas: teaching, research and public service. You also need to explain how this group would fill a unique niche within AEJMC. New interest group requests may be filed with the Executive Director as in number 6 above or by November 1 each year. Petitioners must also submit signatures (email signatures will be accepted) from at least 100 voting AEJMC members who support creation of the new group.  Since AEJMC graduate students are not voting members, their signatures do not count toward the 100 needed signatures. New petitions will only be voted on during the Board of Directors’ Winter meeting. If approval is granted at the Winter Meeting, the organizers must get at least 75 voting AEJMC members to pay dues to the new group by the end of the next conference, in order for it to be formally created on the following October 1st. At the conference after approval the new group will be allowed to conduct a business meeting in order to establish itself and elect officers.  If there are timeslots remaining after all other groups have programmed, then the Council of Divisions’ chair may grant the incoming interest group an available timeslot for a program. For example, if a new group petitions for interest group status by November 1, 2016, then the Board of Directors will consider the petition at its 2016 Winter meeting. If approved, the new group will have a business meeting at the August 2017 Convention, after which they must have gathered at least 75 dues-paying voting AEJMC members to join the group in order to formally become an interest group on October 1, 2017. The group would have full interest group programming rights for the 2018 Conference. Since graduate students are not voting members, their dues do not count toward the 75 dues-paying members. UPDATE: 8/16]]> 4516 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/07/pac-070413/ Mon, 08 Jul 2013 14:16:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12374 July 4, 2013 | The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is committed to the public's right to know through access to government records so that citizens have the information they need to properly self-govern. In celebrating the 47th anniversary of President Lyndon Johnson's signing of the federal Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) on July 4, 1966, AEJMC applauds President Barack Obama's 2009 pledge to hold his administration to a higher standard of openness and transparency. At the same time, it strongly urges President Obama to prioritize this freedom of information (FOI) pledge during the next four years. As an organization of 3,600 journalism and mass communication educators and professionals in the United States and abroad, we care deeply about citizens' ability to access government documents and other records without undue delay, cost or logistical process. Many of our members focus their teaching and research on FOI laws and government agency practice. These AEJMC members report some improvements in their access to federal records, including some government agencies' proactive release of information through websites and improved responsiveness. However, more must be done to fulfill President Obama's promise of a more open and transparent government. This becomes all the more compelling, given that the United States' reputation as a global leader in transparency and in its citizens' right to information has never been more openly questioned, especially after recent revelations about the U.S. government's secret surveillance program. The Obama administration must improve citizens' access to data that are provided through online portals and must enhance the government's capabilities to respond to online FOIA requests and tracking. Agency FOIA regulations and delivery procedures need updating. A White House-appointed committee should seek to end excessive reliance on state secrets privilege and record classification in the name of national security. Further, AEJMC urges improvements to FOIA processes and procedures that would better position the Office of Government Information Services to serve citizens, including the authority to require agency release of records that would be similar to what progressive FOIA laws require in Mexico and other countries. Ultimately, in a right-to-know age of global information, all levels of government must operate as transparently as possible to foster economic growth, civic engagement and trust in the institutions of a democratic society. President Obama can make significant strides during his second term, fulfilling his earlier promise to promote FOI efficiency and effectiveness in government through openness and transparency. <<PACS]]> 12374 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/07/tlos-for-dc/ Mon, 15 Jul 2013 18:28:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12387 What are your TLOs for DC? By Amy Falkner Standing Committee on Teaching S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications Syracuse University apfalkne@syr.edu Twitter: amyfalkner (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, July 2013 issue) Learning is good. I don’t mean just for your students. I’m talking about you. The AEJMC Conference in Washington, DC, presents you that opportunity and I encourage you to take full advantage. We all know how important it is to have clear student learning outcomes on our syllabi. My university’s Senate Committee on Curricula has put a big push on these in the last academic year. They’ve bounced back numerous new course proposals in an attempt to get faculty to make crystal clear on their syllabi what exactly students will know or be able to do as a result of a learning activity or course or program. Make these measurable, they say. Express the outcomes using action verbs as knowledge, skills or attitudes. Ok, then. Let’s turn this on its head. What are your teacher learning outcomes (TLOs) for this conference? Strategize about this before you go. What is it that you want to learn? Incorporating diversity into your courses? Better use of social media? Best practices in developing an online course? All of these topics will be profiled during the Conference. Seek out these opportunities and be ready to capitalize. Have your business card ready for the presenter and write down on the back of it, as an example, “pls send Twitter assignment.” My TLO is to collect five such skill-based assignments or exercises during the course of the conference. Action verb? Check. Measurable? Check. New knowledge? Check. The Standing Committee on Teaching has put together a perfect slate of programming for you to start your pre-gaming. I’ll explain it below. But also know that the divisions and interest groups have plenty of teaching programming that is discipline-specific. Most of them also make it a point to bring in some industry professionals either for a special panel or a mixed panel with academics. I find these particular panels especially helpful to learn what’s the latest industry trend, skill needed or problem to solve. What you learn will help your students, and that should always be your goal. So here is the line-up for the programming from the Standing Committee on Teaching. It’s a great place to start your conference to-do list. Thursday, Aug. 8, 10 to 11:30 a.m. — “2013 Best Practices in Teaching with Tools and Technologies” You could get your entire list of TLOs simply by attending this session. The call for entries specified a search for innovative ways tools and technologies were integrated into the learning environment, either as used by instructors in presenting materials or by students in learning new tools. The Committee has held this competition eight years in a row and this one was one of its most highly competitive. Nearly 30 entries were judged and three winners were selected, plus an honorable mention. Winning entries utilized geo-tagging, cloud-based research tools, Google Forms, YouTube, social media and more. Interested? Attendees receive a booklet with the winning entries, so that makes it super easy to accomplish your TLOs. Friday, Aug. 9, 1:30 to 3 p.m. — “Doctors Are In” session This will mark the seventh year of this popular session, where you are essentially speed dating, but for ideas: participants move from table to table, with each table responsible for a different topic that keeps teachers, new and experienced, up at night. Originally, the intent of this session was to reach those new to academe, but we’ve discovered over time that both newbies and long-time faculty wanted a safe place to ask questions, share concerns and gather new ideas. This year’s topics are sure to provide a springboard for ideas for your classes with proven classroom management tips and suggestions on how to teach large lecture classes, in addition to the topics of social media, diversity and teaching online mentioned above. And for your own personal TLOs, there are sessions on creating a teaching portfolio for tenure and promotion and the secret to balancing research, teaching and service. Saturday, Aug. 10, 3:30 to 5 p.m. — “Transforming Teaching Failures into Teaching Successes” The Committee schedules a “faculty concerns” session each year, and utilizing the long teaching careers — and goofs — of several Committee members (yours truly included), we have a panel session on transforming those errors into a positive experience in the end for your students. This is the ultimate TLO. It’s also a little-discussed part of being a professor, but it happens. The key is to recognize something went wrong and how you can recover from it. We’ll also suggest some red flags that may indicate a classroom crisis is ahead. Being prepared is half the battle. Saturday, Aug. 10, 5:15 to 6:45 p.m. — “Top Papers from Research on Teaching Paper Competition” New this year, the Committee, in conjunction with Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, sponsored a special paper call for research related to teaching. We received so many papers we had to recruit extra judges. It’s a good problem to have! The top papers discuss three topics near and dear to all: strengthening basic writing skills, integrating team-based learning and the gaps between journalism and practice in the digital age. Talk about TLOs. You can’t miss with this session. Hope to see you at these sessions and that you’ll be pleased with what you learned. Your students thank you in advance. <<Teaching Corner]]> 12387 0 0 0 http://dc13.aejmc.org/grad-student-info-expo/ Mon, 22 Jul 2013 19:18:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12402 12402 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/07/jmcq-90-1/ Mon, 29 Jul 2013 14:59:07 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12415 Volumen 90 Número 1 Primavera 2013 (Volume 90 Number 1 Spring 2013) (English Version & Spanish Translation)

Politics and Partisan Media Política y medios partidistas

Partisan Journalism and the Rise of the Republican Party in South Carolina, 1959–1962 Sid Bedingfield Abstract When political journalist William D. Workman, Jr., resigned from Charleston’s News and Courier and announced plans to run for the U.S. Senate in 1962, he said it would be “unethical” to combine “objective reporting with partisan politics.” Yet Workman’s personal papers reveal that, for three years, he and editor Thomas R. Waring, Jr., had been working with Republican leaders to build a conservative party to challenge Deep South Democrats. Workman’s story provides an example of how partisan activism survived in the twentieth-century American press, despite the rise of professional standards prohibiting political engagement.

Periodismo Partisan y el surgimiento del Partido Republicano en Carolina del Sur, 1959-1962 Sid Bedingfield Abstract Traducción español Cuando el periodista político William D. Workman, Jr., renunció a Noticias y Courier de Charleston y anunció sus planes de postularse para el Senado de EE.UU. en 1962, dijo que sería "poco ético" combinar "información objetiva con la política partidista." Sin embargo, Workman de personal documentos revelan que, durante tres años, él y editor Thomas R. Waring, Jr., había estado trabajando con los líderes republicanos para construir un partido conservador para desafiar los demócratas del Sur Profundo. La historia de Workman es un ejemplo de cómo el activismo partidista sobrevivió en la prensa norteamericana del siglo XX, a pesar del aumento de los niveles profesionales que prohíben la participación política.

A Functional Analysis Comparison of Web-Only Advertisements and Traditional Television Advertisements from the 2004 and 2008 Presidential Campaigns Chris Roberts Abstract This article uses the functional theory of campaign discourse to determine whether differences exist in the purpose and content of 75 web-only video ads and 742 television ads created by candidates and national parties during the 2004 and 2008 presidential campaigns. Web-only ads were more likely to include attack themes than TV ads, and TV ads were more likely to include acclaim themes than web-only ads. Ads differed little in their use of news-mediated evidence to bolster ad claims.

Una comparación Análisis funcional de la Web sólo y anuncios tradicionales de televisión anuncios de las campañas presidenciales de 2004 y 2008 Chris Roberts Abstract Traducción español Este artículo utiliza la teoría funcional del discurso campaña para determinar si existen diferencias en el propósito y el contenido de 75-sólo web anuncios de vídeo y 742 anuncios de televisión creados por los candidatos y los partidos nacionales en las campañas presidenciales de 2004 y 2008. De sólo Web anuncios eran más propensos a incluir los temas de ataque que los anuncios de televisión y anuncios de televisión eran más propensos a incluir temas aclamación que sólo por Internet anuncios. Anuncios difieren poco en su uso de la evidencia noticias mediada para reforzar las reivindicaciones ad.

Motivated Misperception? Party, Education, Partisan News, and Belief in “Death Panels” Patrick C. Meirick Abstract This study drew on the literature in motivated reasoning and 2009 Pew survey data to examine the roles of partisanship, education, news exposure, and their interactions in the misperception that health care reform would create “death panels.” Radio news exposure encouraged the misperception only among Republicans, while newspaper exposure discouraged it, especially among non-Republicans. But rather than polarize perceptions along partisan lines as predicted, Fox News exposure contributed to misperception mainstreaming. Finally, this study identified a complex role for education in both inhibiting misperceptions (as a main effect) and promoting them (as an interaction with Fox News exposure).

Malentendido motivado? Partido, Educación, Noticias Partisan, y la creencia en "paneles de la muerte" Patrick C. Meirick Abstract Traducción español Este estudio se basó en la literatura en el razonamiento motivado y 2009 datos de la encuesta Pew para examinar el papel de partidismo, la educación, la exposición a las noticias y sus interacciones en la percepción errónea de que la reforma de salud podría crear "paneles de la muerte." Exposición de noticias Radio alentó a la percepción errónea sólo entre los republicanos, mientras que la exposición periódico desalentado, sobre todo entre los no republicanos. Pero en lugar de polarizar las percepciones a lo largo de líneas partidistas como se predijo, la exposición Fox News contribuyó a la incorporación percepción errónea. Por último, este estudio identificó un complejo papel de la educación en ambas percepciones erróneas inhibidoras (como efecto principal) y la promoción de las mismas (como una interacción con la exposición a Fox News).

He Wrote, She Wrote: Journalist Gender, Political Office, and Campaign News Lindsey Meeks Abstract This study examines the intersection of journalist gender and campaign news coverage across legislative and executive political offices in a gender-prominent context: mixed-gender elections—those with at least one woman and one man. Based on a content analysis of U.S. newspaper coverage, this study focuses on “masculinized” and “feminized” political issues and character traits, and explicit references that highlight a candidate’s novelty. Results revealed no direct relationship between journalist gender and news coverage; however, when type of office was considered, there were significant shifts and differences in the focus of coverage by female and male journalists.

Él escribió, She Wrote: Periodista de Género, Oficina Política y Noticias Política Lindsey Meeks Abstract Traducción español Este estudio examina la intersección del género periodista y cobertura de noticias de la campaña a través de las oficinas políticas legislativas y ejecutivas en un contexto importante de género: las elecciones-los mixtos con al menos una mujer y un hombre. En base a un análisis de contenido de la cobertura de prensa EE.UU., este estudio se centra en "masculinizado" y "feminizadas" cuestiones políticas y rasgos de carácter, y las referencias explícitas que destacar la novedad de un candidato. Los resultados revelaron una relación directa entre el género periodista y la cobertura de noticias, sin embargo, cuando el tipo de la oficina era considerado, hubo cambios y las diferencias en el enfoque de la cobertura de periodistas mujeres y hombres importantes.

Identifying Antecedents of the Strategic Game Frame: A Longitudinal Analysis Daniela V. Dimitrova and Petia Kostadinova Abstract Although election news framing is a burgeoning area of research, empirical studies of what factors influence frame building remain rare, especially in non-Western countries. This study investigates the use of the strategic game frame and the relationship between that frame and system-level and organizational-level factors. The analysis focuses on the coverage of campaign news in six elite Bulgarian newspapers between 1990 and 2009. Results show that the type of electoral system, number of parties in government, and newspaper specialization are significant predictors of game frame use. The results are discussed in relation to framing research in Western Europe and the United States.

Identificar Antecedentes del Marco Estratégico del juego: Un análisis longitudinal Daniela V. Dimitrova and Petia Kostadinova Abstract Traducción español Aunque las elecciones encuadre noticia es un área floreciente de la investigación, los estudios empíricos de los factores que influyen en edificio de madera siguen siendo poco frecuentes, especialmente en los países no occidentales. Este estudio investiga el uso de la trama del juego estratégico y la relación entre el marco y el sistema de niveles y factores a nivel organizacional. El análisis se centra en la cobertura de noticias sobre las elecciones en seis periódicos búlgaros élite entre 1990 y 2009. Los resultados muestran que el tipo de sistema electoral, el número de partidos en el gobierno, y la especialización periódico son predictores significativos del uso del juego del marco. Los resultados se discuten en relación a la elaboración de la investigación en Europa occidental y los Estados Unidos.

Images and Stereotypes Imágenes y estereotipos

The Immigrant Muslim American at the Boundary of Insider and Outsider: Representations of Faisal Shahzad as “Homegrown” Terrorist Angie Chuang and Robin Chin Roemer Abstract Studies of Orientalized portrayals of Muslims have generally been distinct from studies on the Othering of immigrant Americans. This study employs concepts of insider/outsider status, applying theories of Orientalism and representations of the Other to newspaper coverage of the Muslim and Pakistani American perpetrator of the 2010 attempted Times Square bombing. Newspapers constructed a seemingly contradictory representation of Faisal Shahzad, as the apparent insider/American who becomes the alienated outsider/Other. This portrayal of the Orientalized insider establishes an emerging discourse on the “homegrown” terrorist who exists at the boundary of self and Other.

El estadounidense musulmana inmigrante en los límites de la empresa y Outsider: Las representaciones de Faisal Shahzad como "Homegrown" Terrorist Angie Chuang and Robin Chin Roemer Abstract Traducción español Los estudios de representaciones orientalizada de los musulmanes en general han sido distintos de los estudios sobre la otredad de los inmigrantes estadounidenses. Este estudio emplea conceptos de estado interno / externo, la aplicación de las teorías del orientalismo y representaciones del Otro para la cobertura periodística del autor musulmán paquistaní estadounidense del bombardeo Square 2,010 intentos Times. Prensa construyen una representación aparentemente contradictoria de Faisal Shahzad, como la aparente insider / americano que se convierte en el outsider / Otros alienado. Esta interpretación de la información privilegiada orientalizada establece un discurso emergente sobre el terrorista "de cosecha propia" que existe en la frontera entre yo y el otro.

Writing the Wrong: Can Counter-Stereotypes Offset Negative Media Messages about African Americans? Lanier Frush Holt Abstract Several studies show media messages activate or exacerbate racial stereotypes. This analysis, however, may be the first to examine which types of information—those that directly contradict media messages (i.e., crime-related) or general news (i.e., non-crime-related)—are most effective in abating stereotypes. Its findings suggest fear of crime is becoming more a human fear, not just a racial one. Furthermore, it suggests that for younger Americans, the concomitant dyad of the black criminal stereotype—race and crime—is fueled more by crime than by race.

Escribir el mal: Puede contrarrestar los estereotipos de desplazamiento negativo Medios Mensajes sobre los afroamericanos? Lanier Frush Holt Abstract Traducción español Varios estudios muestran mensajes de los medios activan o exacerban los estereotipos raciales. Este análisis, sin embargo, puede ser el primero en examinar qué tipos de información en los que los mensajes multimedia directamente contradicen (es decir, los delitos relacionados) o noticias en general (es decir, no la delincuencia relacionada)-son más eficaces para disminuir los estereotipos. Sus hallazgos sugieren temor a la delincuencia es cada vez más un temor humano, no sólo racial uno. Además, se sugiere que para los estadounidenses más jóvenes, la díada concomitante del estereotipo de la carrera negro criminal y el crimen-es alimentada más por el crimen de la raza.

New News Technology Nueva Tecnología

Mobile News Adoption among Young Adults: Examining the Roles of Perceptions, News Consumption, and Media Usage Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, Hyejoon Rim, and Amy Zerba Abstract Using the frameworks of innovation diffusion and technology acceptance model, this study examines the predictors of mobile news consumption among young adults. The results show that the perceived relative advantage (especially content), utility, and ease of use of mobile news are positively related to its adoption. The young adults’ news consumption patterns and preferences, as well as media usage, all play a role in the adoption of mobile news. This study also validates the importance of examining the adoption outcome from multiple perspectives.

News Mobile adopción entre los adultos jóvenes: El examen de las funciones de percepción, Noticias de consumo y los medios de comunicación de uso Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, Hyejoon Rim, and Amy Zerba Abstract Traducción español Uso de los marcos de difusión de la innovación y el modelo de aceptación de la tecnología, este estudio examina los factores predictivos de consumo móvil de noticias entre los adultos jóvenes. Los resultados muestran que la ventaja percibida relativa (sobre todo contenido), utilidad y facilidad de uso de la información por telefonía móvil se relacionan positivamente con su adopción. Los patrones de los jóvenes adultos de noticias y preferencias de consumo, así como de uso de los medios de comunicación, todos juegan un papel en la adopción de noticias móviles. Este estudio también confirma la importancia de examinar el resultado adopción desde múltiples perspectivas. Nueva Tecnología

Ethics Ética

The Root of Journalistic Plagiarism: Contested Attribution Beliefs Norman P. Lewis and Bu Zhong Abstract Journalists condemn plagiarism, yet rarely acknowledge disagreements over attribution standards. To document and evaluate those differences, journalists in broadcasting and print operations were surveyed (N = 953). Respondents were far less willing to attribute press releases than they were their colleagues’ work. They were more likely to consider attribution optional if they were under pressure to produce, worked for a broadcast medium, were a content creator, were less experienced, or saw their principles as flexible. The findings reveal that attribution beliefs are far more pliant than ethics policies suggest and illuminate some of the reasons why plagiarism occurs.

La raíz del plagio periodística: Creencias Attribution impugnados Norman P. Lewis and Bu Zhong Abstract Traducción español Periodistas condenan el plagio, pero rara vez se reconocen los desacuerdos sobre las normas de atribución. Para documentar y evaluar las diferencias, los periodistas de la radiodifusión y las operaciones de impresión fueron encuestados (N = 953). Los encuestados eran mucho menos dispuestos a atribuir notas de prensa de lo que eran el trabajo de sus colegas. Eran más propensos a considerar la atribución opcional si estaban bajo presión para producir, trabajaba para un medio de difusión, fueron un creador de contenido, eran menos experiencia, o vieron sus principios como flexible. Los resultados revelan que las creencias de atribución son mucho más flexibles que las políticas de ética sugieren e iluminan algunas de las razones por las que ocurre el plagio.

<<Journal Abstracts in Spanish]]> 12415 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/07/jmcq-90-2/ Mon, 29 Jul 2013 19:20:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12431 Volumen 90 Número 2 Verano 2013 (Volume 90 Number 2 Summer 2013) (English Version & Spanish Translation)

Theory, Law, and Social Media Teoría, Derecho y Social Media

Predicting Dissemination of News Content in Social Media: A Focus on Reception, Friending, and Partisanship Brian E. Weeks and R. Lance Holbert Abstract Social media are an emerging news source, but questions remain regarding how citizens engage news content in this environment. This study focuses on social media news reception and friending a journalist/news organization as predictors of social media news dissemination. Secondary analysis of 2010 Pew data (N = 1,264) reveals reception and friending to be positive predictors of dissemination, and a reception-by-friending interaction is also evident. Partisanship moderates these relationships such that reception is a stronger predictor of dissemination among partisans, while the friending-dissemination link is evident for nonpartisans only. These results provide novel insights into citizens’ social media news experiences.

Predecir Difusión de noticias contenido en Social Media: Un enfoque en Recepción, Friending y partidismo Brian E. Weeks and R. Lance Holbert Abstract Traducción español Los medios sociales son una fuente de noticias que salen, pero quedan preguntas sobre cómo los ciudadanos participan contenido de las noticias en este entorno. Este estudio se centra en la recepción de los medios de comunicación social y friending una organización periodista / noticia como predictores de los medios de comunicación la difusión de noticias sociales. El análisis secundario de los datos de 2010 de Pew (N = 1264) revela recepción y friending ser predictores positivos de la difusión y la interacción recepción por friending es también evidente. Moderados Partidismo estas relaciones tales que la recepción es un predictor más fuerte de difusión entre los partidarios, mientras que el enlace friending-difusión es evidente sólo nonpartisans. Estos resultados proporcionan nuevos conocimientos sobre experiencias de comunicación de redes sociales de los ciudadanos.

When Retweets Attack: Are Twitter Users Liable for Republishing the Defamatory Tweets of Others? Daxton R. “Chip” Stewart Abstract Under the republication doctrine, repeating false and defamatory statements has traditionally triggered liability for the repeater. However, some confusion has emerged regarding retweeting posts of others on Twitter, the popular microblog site. Does retweeting the defamatory statement of another open the retweeter to liability? This article examines exceptions to the republication doctrine, such as the single publication rule, the wire service defense, and the Communications Decency Act (CDA) to answer this question. A review of court opinions leads to the conclusion that Section 230 of the CDA provides a powerful shield for users of interactive computer services such as Twitter.

Cuando atacan Retweets: Son responsables de los usuarios de Twitter a publicar los Tweets difamatorias de los otros? Daxton R. “Chip” Stewart Abstract Traducción español Bajo la doctrina republicación, repitiendo declaraciones falsas y difamatorias ha provocado tradicionalmente responsabilidad por el repetidor. Sin embargo, ha surgido cierta confusión respecto Retweeting mensajes de otras personas en Twitter, el popular sitio de microblog. ¿Tiene retweeting la declaración difamatoria de otro abierto el retweet a la responsabilidad? Este artículo examina las excepciones a la doctrina republicación, tales como la regla de publicación única, el defensa servicio de cable, y la Ley de Decencia en las Comunicaciones (CDA) para responder a esta pregunta. Una revisión de los dictámenes judiciales lleva a la conclusión de que el artículo 230 de la CDA ofrece un poderoso escudo para los usuarios de servicios informáticos interactivos tales como Twitter.

Journalism: Professional and Legal Questions Periodismo: Preguntas Profesionales y Legal

What Does It Take for Women Journalists to Gain Professional Recognition?: Gender Disparities among Pulitzer Prize Winners, 1917-2010 Yong Z. Volz and Francis L. F. Lee Abstract This article compares the characteristics of 814 female and male Pulitzer Prize winners from 1917 to 2010. Borrowing the “compensation model” from political science, this study shows that female winners were more likely to have a metropolitan upbringing, a journalism major, and a graduate degree. These differences manifest the logic of compensation: some forms of social capital can be important for female journalists to overcome gender disadvantage in competing for recognition. The compensational model, however, is historically contingent. In more recent years, women journalists no longer needed the compensational capital to boost their chances.

¿Qué se necesita para las Mujeres Periodistas de obtener el reconocimiento profesional?: Las disparidades de género entre los ganadores del Premio Pulitzer, 1917-2010 Yong Z. Volz and Francis L. F. Lee Abstract Traducción español Este artículo compara las características de los 814 ganadores del Premio Pulitzer mujeres y hombres 1917-2010. Tomando prestado el "modelo de compensación" de la ciencia política, este estudio muestra que las mujeres ganadoras fueron más propensos a tener una educación metropolitana, en periodismo, y un título de posgrado. Estas diferencias ponen de manifiesto la lógica de la compensación: algunas formas de capital social puede ser importante para las mujeres periodistas para superar las desventajas de género en la competencia por el reconocimiento. El modelo compensatoria, sin embargo, es históricamente contingente. En los últimos años, las mujeres periodistas ya no necesitan la capital compensatoria para aumentar sus posibilidades.

Journalism’s “Crazy Old Aunt”: Helen Thomas and Paradigm Repair Elizabeth Blanks Hindman and Ryan J. Thomas Abstract Veteran White House correspondent Helen Thomas abruptly retired in summer 2010 after she gave unscripted remarks widely perceived to be anti-Semitic. This case study applies paradigm repair and attribution theories to explore how mainstream journalists repaired the damage to their profession’s reputation. It concludes that they (1) situated Thomas’s remark against a backdrop of journalistic excellence, subtly reinforcing the point that her career should now come to an end; (2) suggested Thomas’s remarks were caused by senility; (3) condemned her remarks as racist; and (4) raised the norm of objectivity.

"La tía vieja loca" de Periodismo: Helen Thomas y Paradigm Reparación Elizabeth Blanks Hindman and Ryan J. Thomas Abstract Traducción español Veterano corresponsal de la Casa Blanca Helen Thomas se retiró abruptamente en el verano de 2010 después de dar declaraciones improvisadas ampliamente percibidos como antisemita. Este estudio de caso se aplica la reparación y la atribución teorías paradigma para explorar cómo los periodistas tradicionales reparar el daño a la reputación de su profesión. Llega a la conclusión de que (1) situados comentario de Thomas en un marco de excelencia periodística, sutilmente refuerza el punto de que su carrera ahora debe llegar a su fin, (2) Observaciones sugerido por Thomas fueron causadas por la senilidad, (3) condenó sus comentarios como racistas y (4) planteó la norma de objetividad.

Come One, Come All into the Newsroom? Student Publications after Christian Legal Society v. Martinez Andrew D. Pritchard Abstract The Supreme Court’s ruling in Christian Legal Society v. Martinez allows a public university to institute a “take-all-comers” nondiscrimination policy for student organizations. In doing do, the Court adds new perils and expands existing hazards for student publications. First, the Christian Legal Society majority overlooks the possibility that safeguards for the rights of student organizations generally may not adequately protect the unique interests of student publications. In addition, the ruling creates a misleading impression of the degree of deference courts owe the pedagogical judgments of public university administrators.

Venga uno, vengan todos en la sala de prensa? Publicaciones estudiantiles después de que Christian Legal Society v Martinez Andrew D. Pritchard Abstract Traducción español El fallo de la Corte Suprema en el caso cristiano Legal Society v Martinez permite a una universidad pública de instituir un "take-all-llegados" política de no discriminación de las organizaciones estudiantiles. De este hacer, el Tribunal añade nuevos peligros y amplía los riesgos existentes para las publicaciones estudiantiles. En primer lugar, la mayoría de la Sociedad Legal Cristiana vistas a la posibilidad de que las salvaguardias para los derechos de las organizaciones de estudiantes por lo general no pueden proteger adecuadamente los intereses particulares de las publicaciones estudiantiles. Además, el fallo crea una falsa impresión sobre el grado de deferencia tribunales debemos los juicios pedagógicos de los administradores de las universidades públicas.

International and Intercultural Processes and Effects Procesosy efectosInternacionales e Interculturales

Soap Operas as a Matchmaker: A Cultivation Analysis of the Effects of South Korean TV Dramas on Vietnamese Women’s Marital Intentions Hong Tien Vu and Tien-Tsung Lee Abstract This cultivation study examined the effects of South Korean soap operas on Vietnamese female audiences. It also assessed cultivation effects in combination with the theory of reasoned action. Based on a survey of 439 female viewers, it explicated the link between South Korean soap opera consumption and the emergent phenomenon of transnational marriages involving Vietnamese women and South Korean men. Cultivation effects were confirmed in an international setting. Results also have important real-world implications.

Telenovelas como Matchmaker: Un análisis de cultivo de los efectos de la televisión de Corea del Sur Dramas de la Mujer vietnamita Intenciones civil Hong Tien Vu and Tien-Tsung Lee Abstract Traducción español Este estudio examinó los efectos de cultivo de Corea del Sur, las telenovelas en las audiencias femeninas vietnamitas. También evaluó los efectos de cultivo en combinación con la teoría de la acción razonada. Basado en una encuesta de 439 espectadoras, es explicada la relación entre Corea del Sur, el consumo de jabón ópera y el fenómeno emergente de los matrimonios transnacionales que involucran a mujeres vietnamitas y los hombres de Corea del Sur. Efectos de cultivo fueron confirmados en un entorno internacional. Los resultados también tienen importantes implicaciones en el mundo real.

Challenges and Dangers of Reporting in a Tumultuous Border Region: How Journalists at the El Paso Times Deal with the Violence in Neighboring Ciudad Juarez Cathleen Carter and Kris Kodrich Abstract Journalists at the El Paso Times routinely cover violence in neighboring Ciudad Juarez, where thousands of men, women, and children have been murdered in recent years. Utilizing border theory and research involving journalists and trauma, this qualitative newsroom study examines how journalists at the El Paso Times are dramatically affected by their daily exposure to the unrelenting violence in this border region. The study recommends that newsroom management provide journalists with the necessary resources and support that will help them cope.

Retos y peligros de informes en una región fronteriza Tumultuous: Cómo los periodistas del Times oferta El Paso con la violencia en la vecina Ciudad Juárez Cathleen Carter and Kris Kodrich Abstract Traducción español Periodistas en El Paso Times cubren sistemáticamente actos de violencia en la vecina Ciudad Juárez, donde miles de hombres, mujeres y niños han sido asesinados en los últimos años. Utilizando la teoría de las fronteras y la investigación con periodistas y traumas, este estudio cualitativo redacción examina cómo los periodistas en El Paso Times están dramáticamente afectados por su exposición diaria a la violencia incesante en esta región fronteriza. El estudio recomienda que la gestión redacción proporcionar a los periodistas con los recursos y el apoyo que les ayude a hacer frente necesarias.

News Stereotypes, Time, and Fading Priming Effects Florian Arendt Abstract Although there is evidence that the media priming effect fades with time, we lack empirical evidence from experimental designs. We investigated the media priming effect of reading crime tabloid articles that overrepresented foreigners as criminals on a subsequent real-world reality judgment (i.e., estimated frequency of criminal foreigners). We utilized a factorial experimental design (N = 465) with the between-subjects factors treatment and temporal delay of the postmeasurement. We found that the media priming effect followed an exponential decay function and that vigilance (i.e., the tendency to intensify the intake and processing of threat-relevant information) moderated the decay.

Noticias estereotipos, Tiempo, y efectos de priming Fading Florian Arendt Abstract Traducción español Aunque no existe evidencia de que los medios de cebado efecto se desvanece con el tiempo, carecen de la evidencia empírica de los diseños experimentales. Se investigó el efecto priming medios de lectura de artículos sensacionalistas crimen que sobrerrepresentados extranjeros como delincuentes en una sentencia posterior de la realidad del mundo real (es decir, la frecuencia estimada de los extranjeros criminales). Hemos utilizado un diseño experimental factorial (N = 465), con la inter-sujetos factores de tratamiento y retraso temporal de la postmeasurement. Se encontró que el efecto de preparación de medios siguió una función de decaimiento exponencial y que la vigilancia (es decir, la tendencia a intensificar la toma y procesamiento de información de amenazas relevantes) moderó el deterioro.

Public Relations relaciones públicas

Developing a Valid and Reliable Measure of Organizational Crisis Responsibility Kenon A. Brown and Eyun-Jung Ki Abstract This study intended to develop a reliable and valid measure of organizational crisis responsibility that could be uniquely applied to public relations research. The three-dimensional measure was constructed using rigorous two-step pilot tests and a nationwide panel full administration survey. The constructed measures were further refined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and resulted in a twelve-item scale, consisting of three items for intentionality, three items for locality, and six items for accountability. The confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the hypothesized factor structure and confirmed that the dimensions of the scale had reliable and valid factor structure.

El desarrollo de una medida válida y fiable de Responsabilidad Crisis Organizacional Kenon A. Brown and Eyun-Jung Ki Abstract Traducción español Este estudio pretende desarrollar una medida fiable y válida de la responsabilidad crisis organizativa que se podría aplicar únicamente a la investigación de relaciones públicas. La medida en tres dimensiones fue construido usando pruebas piloto de dos pasos rigurosos y un estudio completo panel de administración en todo el país. Las medidas construidos se perfeccionaron aún más mediante el análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, y dio lugar a una escala de doce ítems, que consta de tres elementos de intencionalidad, tres artículos de la localidad, y seis artículos sobre la responsabilidad. El análisis factorial confirmatorio se utilizó para probar la hipótesis de la estructura factorial y confirmó que las dimensiones de la escala tenían estructura factorial fiable y válida.

<<Journal Abstracts in Spanish]]> 12431 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/07/jmce-68-1/ Tue, 30 Jul 2013 19:29:45 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12445 Volumen 68 Número 1 Primavera 2013 (Volume 68 Number 1 Spring 2013)

(English Version & Spanish Translation)

Research Articles artículos de Investigación

Developing a News Media Literacy Scale Seth Ashley, Adam Maksl, and Stephanie Craft Abstract Using a framework previously applied to other areas of media literacy, this study developed and assessed a measurement scale focused specifically on critical news media literacy. Our scale appears to successfully measure news media literacy as we have conceptualized it based on previous research, demonstrated through assessments of content, construct, and predictive validity. Among our college student sample, a separate media system knowledge index also was a significant predictor of knowledge about topics in the news, which suggests the need for a broader framework. Implications for future work in defining and assessing news media literacy are discussed.

El desarrollo de un News Media Escala de Alfabetización Seth Ashley, Adam Maksl, and Stephanie Craft Abstract Traducción español El uso de un marco previamente aplicado a otras áreas de la alfabetización mediática, este estudio desarrollado y evaluado una escala de medición se centró específicamente en crítico noticias alfabetización mediática. Nuestra escala parece medir satisfactoriamente noticias alfabetización mediática como hemos conceptualizado sobre la base de investigaciones previas, demostrado a través de evaluaciones de contenido, constructo y validez predictiva. Entre nuestra muestra de estudiantes universitarios, un índice de conocimiento del sistema de medios independiente, también fue un predictor significativo de conocimientos sobre temas de actualidad, lo que sugiere la necesidad de un marco más amplio. Se discuten las implicaciones para el futuro trabajo en la definición y evaluación de la alfabetización mediática de noticias.

Making Ends (and Bytes) Meet The Challenges of Teaching Multimedia at an Urban, Underfunded University (3-U) Moses Shumow and Michael Scott Sheerin Abstract In a time of dynamic changes in mass communication and the restructuring of communication programs, and in the face of shrinking education budgets, educators are being pushed to update their programs to include a new emphasis on multimedia production while sustaining traditional modes of mass communication. Through surveys (N = 121) and focus groups (N = 40) with students, this research explores how to update pedagogy to keep pace with the changes in industry. It is built around the experience of launching a multimedia class required for all students enrolled in a journalism and mass communication school at a large, urban, state-funded university.

Finaliza decisiones (y Bytes) Conocer Los Desafíos de la Enseñanza Multimedia en una zona urbana, con financiación insuficiente Universidad (3-U) Moses Shumow and Michael Scott Sheerin Abstract Traducción español En una época de cambios dinámicos en la comunicación de masas y la reestructuración de los programas de comunicación y ante la reducción de los presupuestos de educación, los educadores están siendo empujados a actualizar sus programas para incluir un nuevo énfasis en la producción multimedia, mientras que mantener las formas tradicionales de comunicación de masas. A través de encuestas (N = 121) y grupos focales (N = 40) con los estudiantes, esta investigación explora cómo actualizar la pedagogía para mantener el ritmo de los cambios en la industria. Está construido alrededor de la experiencia de poner en marcha una clase multimedia necesario para todos los estudiantes inscritos en una escuela de periodismo y comunicación de masas en una universidad urbana grande, financiado por el estado.

Advertising Ethics: Student Attitudes and Behavioral Intent Jami A. Fullerton, Alice Kendrick, and Lori Melton McKinnon Abstract A national survey of 1,045 advertising students measured opinions about the ethical nature of advertising and ethical dilemmas in the advertising business. More than nine out of ten students agreed that working for a company with high ethical standards was important. Students rated all twelve workplace dilemmas presented as somewhat unethical. For ten of the twelve scenarios, student attitude toward the ethicality of the described action and behavioral intent were inconsistent. Implications for advertising educators and for professionals are discussed.

Ética Publicitaria: Actitudes de los estudiantes y la intención conductual Jami A. Fullerton, Alice Kendrick, and Lori Melton McKinnon Abstract Traducción español Una encuesta nacional de 1.045 alumnos de Publicidad mide opiniones sobre el carácter ético de la publicidad y los dilemas éticos en el negocio de la publicidad. Más de nueve de cada diez estudiantes de acuerdo en que trabajar para una empresa con altos estándares éticos era importante. Los estudiantes calificaron los doce dilemas laborales que se presentan como algo inmoral. Para diez de los doce escenarios, la actitud del estudiante hacia la eticidad de la acción descrita y la intención de comportamiento eran incompatibles. Se discuten las implicaciones para los educadores de la publicidad y de los profesionales.

Scholastic Journalism Teacher Use of Digital Devices and Social Networking Tools in a Poor, Largely Rural State Bruce L. Plopper and Anne Fleming Conaway Abstract Research showing adolescents’ ever-increasing use of digital devices, combined with calls from governmental officials to incorporate more technology into classroom activities, prompted this survey of Arkansas scholastic journalism advisers. The goal was to determine how they used digital communication devices in their teaching. Results showed lack of funding, lack of teacher experience, and lack of administrative permission suppressed use of several devices, while student-owned devices were used for a variety of journalism-related purposes.

Periodismo Escolar Profesor uso de dispositivos digitales y herramientas de redes sociales en un pobre estado mayormente rural Bruce L. Plopper and Anne Fleming Conaway Abstract Traducción español La investigación muestra el uso cada vez mayor los adolescentes de dispositivos digitales, junto con las llamadas de los funcionarios gubernamentales para incorporar más tecnología en las actividades del aula, impulsó esta encuesta de Arkansas escolares asesores de periodismo. El objetivo fue determinar cómo se utilizan dispositivos de comunicación digitales en su enseñanza. Los resultados mostraron la falta de financiación, la falta de experiencia de los maestros y la falta de autorización administrativa suprimido el uso de varios dispositivos, mientras que los dispositivos de propiedad del estudiante se utilizan para una variedad de propósitos relacionados con el periodismo.

<<Journal Abstracts in Spanish]]> 12445 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/07/jmce-68-2/ Tue, 30 Jul 2013 20:14:17 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12452 Volumen 68 Número 2 Verano 2013 (Volume 68 Number 2 Summer 2013) (English Version & Spanish Translation)

Research Articles artículos de Investigación

The Mass Comm Type: Student Personality Traits, Motivations, and the Choice between News and Strategic Communication Majors Elizabeth Crisp Crawford, Julie Fudge, Glenn T. Hubbard, and Vincent F. Filak Abstract A study of news media and strategic communication majors (n = 273) revealed differences in regard to personality indices and impetuses for selecting to pursue degrees. Showing overall agreement in the importance of openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, strategic communication students were significantly higher in their ratings of agreeableness. News media students were significantly higher in their ratings of openness. In addition, news media students stated a significantly higher rating of the importance of altruistic purposes. Strategic communication students placed higher emphasis on financial gain. Implications for pedagogy and the profession are discussed.

La misa Tipo Comm: Los rasgos de personalidad, las motivaciones estudiantiles, y la elección entre Noticias y Majors comunicación estratégica Elizabeth Crisp Crawford, Julie Fudge, Glenn T. Hubbard, and Vincent F. Filak Abstract Traducción español Un estudio de los medios de comunicación y los comandantes de comunicación estratégica (n = 273) mostró diferencias en cuanto a los índices de personalidad y ímpetus de selección para cursar estudios de licenciatura. Mostrando acuerdo general en la importancia de la apertura, amabilidad y escrupulosidad, los estudiantes de comunicación estratégica fueron significativamente mayores en sus calificaciones de amabilidad. Noticias de los estudiantes medios fueron significativamente mayores en las calificaciones de la apertura. Además, los estudiantes de los medios de comunicación indicaron un índice significativamente mayor de la importancia de los propósitos altruistas. Estudiantes de comunicación estratégica colocan mayor énfasis en la ganancia financiera. Se discuten las implicaciones para la pedagogía y de la profesión.

The State of PR Graduate Curriculum as We Know It: A Longitudinal Analysis Rowena L. Briones and Elizabeth L. Toth Abstract This longitudinal content analysis study uses the Commission on Public Relations Education’s 2006 report as a benchmark to determine whether master’s education in public relations has evolved over the past decade. Findings show a lack of uniformity across the 75 programs studied. In addition, there is a lack of adherence to the Commission on Public Relations Education’s recommended content areas. The authors theorize that the variety of academic homes and titles partly explains the lack of uniformity. But also graduate public relations curricula may lack standardization because of different models.

El Estado de PR Curriculum Licenciado como lo conocemos: Un análisis longitudinal Rowena L. Briones and Elizabeth L. Toth Abstract Traducción español Este estudio longitudinal de análisis de contenido utiliza la Comisión en el informe de las relaciones de Educación Pública 2006 como punto de referencia para determinar si la educación de maestría en relaciones públicas ha evolucionado en la última década. Los resultados muestran una falta de uniformidad entre los 75 programas estudiados. Además, hay una falta de adherencia a la Comisión de las áreas de contenido recomendadas Relaciones de Educación Pública. Los autores especulan que la variedad de viviendas y títulos académicos explica en parte la falta de uniformidad. Pero también los programas de relaciones públicas de posgrado puede carecer de normalización debido a los diferentes modelos.

The Math Problem: Advertising Students’ Attitudes toward Statistics Jami A. Fullerton and Alice Kendrick Abstract This study used the Students’ Attitudes toward Statistics Scale (STATS) to measure attitude toward statistics among a national sample of advertising students. A factor analysis revealed four underlying factors make up the attitude toward statistics construct—Interest & Future Applicability, Confidence, Statistical Tools, and Initiative. Advertising students’ attitudes toward statistics were shown to be more positive than negative. Students in this study were most positive about the use of Statistical Tools and displayed attitudes well above neutral on Interest & Future Applicability and Initiative. Confidence received the lowest evaluation. Advertising students who were drawn to the major because of its creative aspects had significantly weaker attitudes toward statistics than did those who came to study advertising because of the business aspects. Strategies for improving negative attitudes toward statistics in advertising courses are discussed.

El Problema de matemáticas: Actitudes de publicidad "a los estudiantes hacia Estadísticas Jami A. Fullerton and Alice Kendrick Abstract Traducción español Este estudio utilizó Actitudes los estudiantes hacia Estadísticas Scale (ESTADÍSTICAS) para medir la actitud hacia las estadísticas en una muestra nacional de estudiantes de publicidad. Un análisis factorial reveló cuatro factores subyacentes constituyen la actitud hacia las estadísticas constructo-Interés y aplicabilidad futuro, de confianza, herramientas estadísticas, y la iniciativa. Las actitudes de los estudiantes hacia Publicidad estadísticas mostraron ser más positivo que negativo. Los estudiantes en este estudio fueron más positivos sobre el uso de herramientas estadísticas y actitudes mostradas por encima neutrales sobre el interés y aplicabilidad futura e Iniciativa. Confianza recibió la evaluación más bajo. Publicidad estudiantes que fueron atraídos a la gran causa de sus aspectos creativos tenían actitudes significativamente más débiles hacia las estadísticas que aquellos que vinieron a estudiar publicidad, debido a los aspectos del negocio. Se discuten las estrategias para la mejora de las actitudes negativas hacia la estadística en cursos de publicidad.

Missing Citations, Bulking Biographies, and Unethical Collaboration: Types of Cheating among Public Relations Majors Giselle A. Auger Abstract Students cheat. For the field of public relations, which continually struggles for credibility, the issue of student cheating should be paramount, as the unethical students of today become tomorrow’s practitioners. Through a survey of 170 public relations majors, this study examined the importance students place on the Public Relations Society of America Code of Ethics, the extent to which they cheat, and the types of cheating behaviors in which they participate. Results of the study indicated cause for concern as close to 80 percent of students admitted to cheating. Moreover, the extent to which students cheated was significantly related to the number of their friends and close acquaintances whom they perceived as engaging in such behaviors.

Las citas que faltan, Biografías de carga, y la colaboración ético: Tipos de engaño entre Majors Relaciones Públicas Giselle A. Auger Abstract Traducción español Los estudiantes hacen trampa. Para el campo de las relaciones públicas, que las luchas continuamente la credibilidad, el problema de hacer trampa estudiante debe ser de suma importancia, ya que los estudiantes no éticas de hoy se convierten en practicantes de mañana. A través de una encuesta a 170 empresas principales de relaciones públicas, este estudio examinó la importancia estudiantes lugar en la Sociedad de Relaciones Públicas del Código de Ética de los Estados Unidos, en la medida en que hacen trampa, y los tipos de comportamientos de engaño en las que participan. Los resultados del estudio indicaron motivo de preocupación, ya que cerca del 80 por ciento de los estudiantes admitidos en el engaño. Por otra parte, en la medida en que los estudiantes engañados fue significativamente relacionada con el número de sus amigos y conocidos cercanos que ellos perciben como la participación en este tipo de conductas.

PR Students’ Perceptions and Readiness for Using Search Engine Optimization Mia Moody and Elizabeth Bates Abstract Enough evidence is available to support the idea that public relations professionals must possess search engine optimization (SEO) skills to assist clients in a full-service capacity; however, little research exists on how much college students know about the tactic and best practices for incorporating SEO into course curriculum. Furthermore, much of the literature on the topic is in trade publications and blogs rather than scholarly journals. To fill this void, this study has two primary objectives. First, it seeks to shed light on definitions, trends, and current practices relating to the use of SEO in public relations. Second, the study seeks to learn how much students know about SEO and where they acquired their knowledge. Educators can incorporate this information into curricula to help students remain current with the profession. Study findings are informative not only for PR professors who are considering adding SEO elements to courses but also for PR professionals who want to learn more about the topic.

Percepciones y Preparación para el uso de Search Engine Optimization PR estudiantes Mia Moody and Elizabeth Bates Abstract Traducción español Suficiente evidencia disponible para apoyar la idea de que los profesionales de las relaciones públicas deben poseer la optimización de motores de búsqueda (SEO) habilidades para ayudar a los clientes a título de servicio completo, sin embargo, existe poca investigación sobre la cantidad de estudiantes universitarios saber sobre la táctica y las mejores prácticas para la incorporación de SEO en el programa del curso. Además, gran parte de la literatura sobre el tema se encuentra en publicaciones comerciales y blogs en ​​lugar de revistas académicas. Para llenar este vacío, este estudio tiene dos objetivos principales. En primer lugar, trata de arrojar luz sobre las definiciones, tendencias y prácticas actuales en relación con el uso de SEO en las relaciones públicas. En segundo lugar, el estudio trata de saber cuánto saben los estudiantes sobre SEO y donde adquirieron sus conocimientos. Los educadores pueden incorporar esta información en los programas para ayudar a los estudiantes mantengan al día con la profesión. Los resultados del estudio son de carácter informativo no sólo para los profesores de relaciones públicas que están considerando la adición de elementos de SEO para los cursos, sino también para los profesionales de relaciones públicas que quieran aprender más sobre el tema.

<<Journal Abstracts in Spanish]]> 12452 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/07/jcq-15-2/ Wed, 31 Jul 2013 13:43:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12472 Volumen 15 Número 2 Verano 2013 (Volume 15 Number 2 Summer 2013) (English Version & Spanish Translation) From Realism to Reality: The Advent of War Photography Wilson Lowrey Abstract This monograph focuses on a selection of images displayed to audiences during the American Civil War era, based in two categories—illustrations and photographs. Illustrations include lithographs and handcrafted interpretations of events. Photographs include the mechanically based processes of the era that featured chemically captured images, or remnants of actual events. The chronological scope of this work is between the war’s outbreak in 1861 and its close in 1865. Using theoretical approaches generally applied by the social sciences, we interpret the content of images and place them in context with the origins of photography. We also compare both the common and dissimilar features of illustrated and photographic images from the era.

Del realismo a la realidad: El advenimiento de la fotografía Guerra Wilson Lowrey Abstract Traducción español Esta monografía se centra en una selección de imágenes que se muestran al público durante la época de la Guerra Civil Americana, con base en dos categorías-Las ilustraciones y fotografías. Ejemplos incluyen litografías e interpretaciones hechas a mano de los acontecimientos. Las fotografías incluyen los procesos basados ​​en mecánica de la época que contó con las imágenes capturadas químicamente, o restos de acontecimientos reales. El ámbito cronológico de este trabajo está entre el brote de la guerra en 1861 y su cierre en 1865. Utilizando enfoques teóricos generalmente aplicadas por las ciencias sociales, lo interpretamos el contenido de las imágenes y el lugar en el contexto de los orígenes de la fotografía. También comparamos tanto las características comunes y diferentes de las imágenes ilustradas y fotográficas de la época.

<<Journal Abstracts in Spanish]]> 12472 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/07/jcq-15-1/ Wed, 31 Jul 2013 13:50:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12476 Volumen 15 Número 1 Primavera 2013 (Volume 15 Number 1 Spring 2013) (English Version & Spanish Translation) The Emergence of Augmented Reality (AR) as a Storytelling Medium in Journalism John V. Pavlik and Frank Bridges Abstract Digital technology holds the potential to transform journalism and the media in several beneficial ways, including new forms of storytelling that might better engage citizens and provide more context, nuance, and texture to reported events and issues. However, the extent to which these benefits have been realized is mixed and subject to debate. In this monograph, we examine how digital technology might transform the content of journalism through augmented reality (AR). The significance of digital storytelling through AR is manifest in its potential to engage a citizenry increasingly disengaged from traditional news and to provide more contextualized information.

El surgimiento de la Realidad Aumentada (AR) como un medio para contar historias en Periodismo John V. Pavlik and Frank Bridges Abstract Traducción español La tecnología digital tiene el potencial de transformar el periodismo y los medios de comunicación de varias maneras beneficiosas, incluyendo nuevas formas de contar historias que puedan participar mejor a los ciudadanos y proporcionar más contexto, los matices y la textura de los acontecimientos y los problemas comunicados. Sin embargo, el grado en que se han dado cuenta de estos beneficios es mixto y objeto de debate. En esta monografía se examina cómo la tecnología digital puede transformar el contenido del periodismo a través de la realidad aumentada (AR). La importancia de la narrativa digital a través de AR se manifiesta en su potencial para involucrar a una ciudadanía cada vez más desvinculados de noticias tradicionales y ofrecer una información más contextualizada

<<Journal Abstracts in Spanish]]> 12476 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/08/industry-research-2/ Wed, 21 Aug 2013 19:11:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12546 "All the News That Fits on Tablets: An Analysis of News Consumption and Best Practices," Yanick Rice Lamb, Howard University "Social Media And Journalism: What Works Best And Why It Matters," Sue Burzynski Bullard, University of Nebraska-Lincoln AEJMC Council of Affiliates]]> 12546 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/09/transformation/ Thu, 12 Sep 2013 16:50:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=12647 Transformation Involves Collaboration By Charles Davis Standing Committee on Teaching Dean, Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication University of Georgia cndavis@uga.edu   (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, September 2013 issue) As a newly minted dean, I’ve been on a steep learning curve, one that has me energized and excited as never before. I’m spending a ton of time listening to faculty, students, staff and alums of the Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Georgia – and the process serves to remind me anew of how critical the teaching mission of our program remains and of the challenges and opportunities of journalism education in the digital era. The transformation of our disciplines, fueled by the difficult economic environment and the changes roiling the industries we partner with, offer tremendous opportunities for positive change, but only if we all remain open to experimentation, collaboration and yes, the occasional spectacular failure. It’s awfully hard to embrace risk-taking in today’s mass media environment, but that’s what we must do to remain relevant and take a more central role in the reshaping of our disciplines. For the past three years, I worked half time for the Provost of the University of Missouri in a unique interdisciplinary program, Mizzou Advantage. My job title was simple yet evocative: Facilitator. My charge was to explore opportunities to cross disciplines and find external partners for the university to work with. The job was enormously rewarding, and served to provide me with an eye-opening realization. The way forward for journalism education, at least in part, must involve interdisciplinary and external collaboration like never before. The steps we took towards building an interdisciplinary culture started simply enough. We convened forums for anyone interested in digital media, mass communication, from technologists to empiricists. The turnout was heartening, the conversations stimulating, and from those early efforts, a call for interdisciplinary research proposals generated a number of multidisciplinary teams working on all sorts of fascinating topics, from digital archives to opportunistic discovery of information and communicating science. Meanwhile, I fanned out across the state, the region and the nation, touring corporate headquarters and labs, attending workshops and seminars and spreading the word that Mizzou sought partnerships and collaborative projects. Bring us your research questions, I said, asking corporate and government leaders to think of things that keep them up at night. We began seeing new teams of researchers emerge from such disparate disciplines as engineering, law, art, English, Life Sciences and many, many more. Once the culture began to   grow, it seemed like everyone had a research question to explore! Interdisciplinary collaboration begins beyond the classroom,     but quickly begins to influence pedagogy in new and exciting ways. At one of our social gatherings to encourage interdisciplinary networking, a young orthopedic surgeon approached me with an idea to head off ACL injuries in young girls. His grasp of the literature was encyclopedic, and he knew what he wanted to do, but he needed the help of an engineer and some digital journalists to explore it further. I pulled together a team, and now a class is working on designing an interactive video game platform to retrain female athletes in proper jumping kinesiology. This is interdisciplinary research and teaching at its best, presenting students with real-world problems in need of solutions. It’s happening at Grady College as well. Just last week I sat at Turner Entertainment Networks, watching some amazing student presentations from our Advertising and Public Relations students who had been tasked with creating a promotional campaign for a new TBS show set to launch in the fall. I watched, delighted, as Turner execs took furious notes as the students outlined their innovative social media campaign ideas. For the last two weeks, Grady health and medical journalism   students have been featured in the Athens Banner-Herald. A team of journalists went to Reno, Nevada, to report on a unique health insurance cooperative being replicated in Athens. The coverage, nuanced and rich with personal detail, brought the subject to life. Students presented with professional opportunities like these are changed forever. They excel, and by doing so, they work collaboratively with professionals. I’m confident that we’ll seek even deeper and more profound collaborations, inside and outside of our walls, because the energy of these projects is contagious. Take the first steps towards becoming an interdisciplinary teacher. They can be small steps, but each is important and each leads to another. Perhaps you start by seeking a collaborative project with another department on campus. Or it could be something as small as lining up guest speakers from other parts of campus who can lend a fresh perspective. Warning: once you start, it will be hard to stop! <<Teaching Corner]]> 12647 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/10/award-winning-teaching-tips/ Thu, 17 Oct 2013 17:25:52 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13149 Many thanks to Susan Keith, who not only ran the TNT21 (Teaching News Terrifically in the 21st Century) competition but put the award-winning entries together in a booklet (link is below the post as I don't think it will work in this cut-and-paste from http://aejmc.us/news/). Last night, she wrote this: Starting to think about your courses for next term? You can find inspiration in TNT21 2013: Top Submissions to Teaching News Terrifically in the 21st Century, a PDF booklet of the submissions  honored in the division’s teaching ideas competition. The booklet contains the three ideas that won $100 first prizes:

• Short and Tweet by Sue Burzynski Bullard, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, winner in the full-time faculty division
• Today’s Journalist Challenge: Write Better, Adapt Faster, Promote Smarter by Ioana Coman, University of Tennessee, winner in the graduate-student division
• Impact Journalism: Learning from Real-World Public Service Reporting Cases by Roy Harris, who has taught at Emerson College, winner in the adjunct division

The book also includes seven teaching ideas from entrants who received second- and third-place honors and honorable mentions:

• ProWatch: Critically Thinking about Reporters’ Work by Carla J. Kimbrough, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
• Many Eyewitnesses … but Did They See the Same Thing? by Robin Blom, who submitted the idea as a Ph.D. student at Michigan State but took a faculty position in fall 2013 at Ball State University
• The Red Line Project: Teaching in the 21st Century by Mike Reilley, DePaul University
• The Amazing Twitter List Race by Michelle Carr Hassler, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
• Storify and Twitter for Reporting and Curating a Meeting Story by Michael Fuhlhage, Auburn University
• Editors as Curators: Using New Tools to Deliver News by Sue Burzynski Bullard, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
• Talking all at Once: Managing Simultaneous Face-to-Face and Online Discussions by Jennifer Brannock Cox, Salisbury University

Here's the direct link to the booklet: https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/3465807/TNT21.2013.booklet.pdf So, okay, everyone. Use these and start thinking up entries for 2014! <<Teaching Resources]]> 13149 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/10/strategic-plan-progress-report/ Tue, 22 Oct 2013 19:38:05 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13178 August 2008 to August 2013 The AEJMC membership approved the association’s first strategic plan in August 2008. During the next four years a Strategic Plan Implementation Committee, in conjunction with the AEJMC president and Board of Directors, have developed new processes and programs based on our 5 strategic directions. The following actions and programs have resulted: [strategic direction of activity in brackets]

1. AEJMC Presidential statements — a new process empowers the president to comment on relevant public/industry issues on behalf of the association. Began in October 2009. [2,3]
2. AEJMC Emerging Scholars Program — offered competitively selected grants to junior faculty for research and teaching projects; first research grants awarded in January 2010. [1, 2, 5]
3. Membership survey on Name Change — membership overwhelmingly wanted to retain the current name, saying it still reflects who we are and what we do. [2, 5]
4. New AEJMC logo created — after an open competition for a logo failed to result in a suitable logo, AEJMC commissioned a designer to create a new logo. The new logo was approved in spring 2011, and put into use in October 2011. [2]
5. Created the AEJMC Equity & Diversity Award to recognize schools that are doing outstanding work in building diversity within their units in a variety of ways. First award presented in August 2009. [1, 2, 3, 5]
6. Re-design of AEJMC website — in 2010. [2, 5]
7. Re-design of website allowed for new tools in the AEJMC Online Ads section, resulting in more user-friendly searches. The end result has been more traffic and additional revenue. It is now the #1 entry point into the main AEJMC site, and resulted in $60,000 in revenue in FY 2010-11. [2, 3, 4, 5]
8. Development of new social media tools, including a Twitter feed (in Winter 2010) and conference mobile app (in July 2011). In 2013 Twitter feed goes to 5,700 followers. [2, 3, 5]
9. Creation of new websites — first conference micro-site for the Denver conference (in January 2010), conference site for each year since, and a separate centennial celebration website (opened in March 2012). [2, 5]
10. Created a new program for faculty to see industry changes first-hand. These summer “externships” fund a 2-week visit with various media outlets; in partnership with the Scripps Howard Foundation. Began in 2011. [1, 2, 5]
11. Created conference travel grants for graduate students. Began in 2011. [1, 2, 5]
12. Developed a new program that provides funds for faculty to develop new social media platforms and software for classroom use. These Bridge Grants provide up to $8,000 for faculty to adapt open source applications from the Knight News Challenge; program in partnership with the Knight Foundation. Grants issued in Fall 2011 and Fall 2012. [1, 2, 5]
13. Completed a Centennial Fundraising Campaign to raise money for new initiatives and current endowed accounts. Raised $301,407 by July 30, 2013 (which exceeded the goal of $300,000) — began in August 2011 to run through August 2013. About 2/3rds of the funds were targeted contributions. [4]
14. Encouraged our international outreach by continuing to support the World Journalism Education Congress initiative by hosting a planning meeting at 2012 conference for the 2013 congress. [2, 3, 5]
15. Developed a Task Force on Latino and Latin America to expand our presence and services to Latin America — began in August 2011. [2, 3, 5]
16. Developed a Task Force on Recruiting for Academic Diversity to encourage professionals of color to consider teaching — began in August 2011. The group’s first training workshop will take place in August 2012. {2,3]
17. AEJMC Online Display Ads — first display ad posted May 2012, two more ads planned for summer 2012. [4]
18. Encouraged our international outreach by supporting the International Congress on Studies of Journalism in Chile in June 2012. We also sent a delegate and membership materials to the meeting to make connections with Latin American scholars/teachers. [2, 3, 5]
19. Encouraged our international outreach by inviting (and providing comp registration) to a delegation of Brazilian communication scholars to attend the Chicago Conference. Seven scholars attended. [2, 3, 5]
20. AEJMC Senior Scholars Program — offers competitively selected grants to senior faculty for research projects; 15 senior scholars applied in fall 2012 and two grants were awarded in January 2013. [1, 2, 5]
21. AEJMC Graduate Student Information Expo — pilot program during 2013 DC conference. Provides place where potential grad students can talk with schools that offer master’s and doctorates. 22 schools will be present for the session. [2, 5]
22. AEJMC WJEC3 presence — AEJMC sent the top 3 officers and one journal editor to the Belgium meeting, & provided prize money to the top 3 research papers. [1, 2, 3]
23. AEJMC 2015 International Regional Meeting — an international regional meeting was approved in June 2013 by the AEJMC Board to take place in October 2015 in Chile. [1, 2, 3]
24. Journal abstracts in Spanish on AEJMC website — The article abstracts from the 2013 issues of J&MC Quarterly, J&C Monographs and J&MC Educator have been translated into Spanish and are posted on the website. Future issues will also be added to the site. [1, 2, 3]

<<Strategic Plan    ]]> 13178 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/10/diversity-into-curricula/ Thu, 31 Oct 2013 17:19:17 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13284 Incorporating Diversity into Course Curricula By Anita Fleming-Rife Standing Committee on Teaching Special Assistant to the President on Diversity and Equity, University of Northern Colorado Anita.FlemingRife@unco.edu   (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, November 2013 issue) “If you tell me, I forget; if you teach me, I may not remember; if you involve me, I learn.” This Chinese proverb can be put to the test when engaging students in learning, understanding and appreciating diversity in the curriculum. All students must have a sense of place and belonging. In order to achieve this we, as educators, must provide a curriculum that is inclusive. To do so not only deepens a student’s appreciation for learning but also strengthens student-learning outcomes. Below are ten tips that I hope will be helpful in developing a curriculum that is both diverse and inclusive: (1) Faculty: First, the faculty must know one’s self. Be aware of your own cultural biases, attitudes and assumptions. Try the Implicit Association Test—a great tool for self-discovery: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/demo/. In addition, demonstrate and model awareness, knowledge, and skills that actively affirm diversity based on race, ethnicity, gender, disability, etc. (James A. Banks Curriculum Reform Model). (2) Respect: Faculty must model and teach respect to each and every student regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation and ableness. How? Day One: Have students break up into pairs or small groups. Allow 10 minutes:

(a) introduce themselves to each other, (b) ask students to define respect, (c) have the students discuss what respect means to them, (d) have them discuss, “How do you show respect?” Back together as a large group, ask for definition, and identify like and different themes.

Point: You don’t have to agree on a definition but acknowledge that there are differences in the definitions and we can learn from our differences. To know that there are differences helps us to understand others and ourselves. At the same time, you will want to note commonalities in understanding respect. This exercise helps create a climate in which all students feel valued and respected. This way we build inclusive communities out of diverse classrooms. (3) Syllabus: Have a diversity statement on your syllabus: It can be included in your teaching philosophy, or it can be a stand-alone statement. In addition, you should include as a stand-alone statement a disability statement that informs students of available resources. Your course syllabus should include learning outcomes that support multi-cultural outcomes (James A. Banks Curriculum Reform Model). (4) Collaboration: Make sure that when you’re assigning students to groups that there is diverse (race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation and abilities) representation in those groups. (5) Inclusion. Three levels:

(a) Infuse course with content and discourse that take serious account of our differences and similarities. On any given topic or issue—provide a variety of perspectives that reflect the voices of “others,” as well as the dominant groups. (b) Make an effort to call on students who are not of the dominant group in the classroom. Let all students know that their viewpoints are valued. (c) Develop assignments that provide students with opportunities to cross cultural boundaries.

(6) Students as Co-creators of Knowledge: Facilitate the identification of student research opportunities that will empower students. Students must be able to make decisions about the work in which they will engage. (7) Guest Speakers of Color/Sexual Orientation/Varying Abilities and Political Orientations: Provide opportunities for your students to learn from diverse experts. They can be found on your campus, or you may use your local media outlets to find diverse professionals. (8) Community Engagement/Service Learning: Provide students with opportunities to work with community organizations that serve diverse groups. (9) Stand-alone Courses: Develop stand-alone courses that focus on diversity. For example, race, gender and class in the media; the history of Minorities and/or Women in the Media; Media Effects—where students can design their own study around race, gender, class, sexual orientation, ability—other identities. (10) Mention Race: Don’t be afraid to mention race in lectures. A newly minted Ph.D. told me how good it made her feel to learn that Stuart Hall was Black. <<Teaching Corner]]> 13284 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/11/pac-112513/ Mon, 25 Nov 2013 19:18:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13322 BY PAULA POINDEXTER, Texas-Austin • Nov. 25, 2013 | By now everyone knows CBS's 60 Minutes has issued a correction and apology for its flawed Oct. 27, 2013 report on the Benghazi terrorist attack in which the U.S. Ambassador to Libya and three other Americans were killed.  How 60 Minutes handled the correction is a case study in how not to correct an inaccurate report in the digital age. Journalism is harmed when reporting turns out to be inaccurate, and it is harmed even more when corrections are ignored or minimized. The majority of scrutiny on the 60 Minutes report on the Benghazi terrorist attack has focused on the quality of Lara Logan's reporting. Logan attempted to bring a fresh perspective to the story with an exclusive interview with an eyewitness who turned out not to be an eyewitness after all. To complicate matters, this source had co-authored a book with his so-called eyewitness account that was being published by a sister-CBS property. At first 60 Minutes stood by the story, but when it became evident that the eyewitness had lied, 60 Minutes issued a correction and an apology on Nov. 10, 2013. The correction, which aired two weeks after the original broadcast, was buried at the end of the hour-long 60 Minutes program even though Logan's report had led the original broadcast. The news media have a long history of ignoring or minimizing corrections, so 60 Minutes was following a dubious journalistic tradition. But 60 Minutes did not just try to minimize the correction; it also removed the flawed broadcast from its official archive on the CBS site and the 60 Minutes channel on YouTube as if to say the Benghazi report never existed. This handling of the report and its correction will likely further damage the public's already low opinion of journalism. The Pew Research Center has found that only 18 percent of the public believes the press is "willing to admit mistakes" and almost three-quarters believe news organizations "try to cover up mistakes." Recognizing how important correcting mistakes is to the public's trust in journalism, the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), the largest association of journalism and communication educators in the world, calls upon 60 Minutes to return the original broadcast to its website and YouTube channel. Correcting an inaccurate broadcast that has aired is challenging, but in today's digital world, it can be done in a way that simultaneously preserves the original broadcast for the historical and journalistic record and tells the truth about the inaccurate content. Therefore, AEJMC recommends that 60 Minutes embed the original report together with Logan's official correction and the link to her Nov. 8, 2013 CBS This Morning interview in which she answered tough questions about events that led to the defective report. Additionally, a correction should be superimposed across the video so there is no misunderstanding about the inaccurate content in the report. If journalism is to regain the public's trust, journalism cannot ignore, minimize or attempt to make mistakes disappear. Just as verification of information is a universal principle of journalism, there needs to be a universal principle for correcting mistakes in the digital age. Errors and their corrections must be transparent and accessible. News organizations must develop correction policies that are founded on ethical principles and are applicable regardless of medium or platform. Prominently posting these policies on the news site and adhering to them will be an important first step if the public's trust in journalism is to be restored.  

Comments about statement

http://variety.com/2013/tv/news/lara-logan-to-take-leave-of-absence-from-cbs-in-wake-of-60-minutes-report-1200887463/ http://m.cjr.org/303546/show/cb5ce6d8dedf7519208ef3fe7d995d0f/   <<PACS]]> 13322 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/12/jmcq-90-3/ Mon, 02 Dec 2013 15:36:32 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13339 Volumen 90 Número 3 Otoño 2013 (Volume 90 Number 3 Autumn 2013) (English Version & Spanish Translation)

Technology and News Reporting Tecnología e información de las noticias

The Impact of Technology on News Reporting: A Longitudinal Perspective Zvi Reich Abstract Based on measurements across the past decade, this paper challenges common wisdom about new technologies’ transformative impact on news reporting. The telephone still reigns as queen of the news production battlefield, while use of the Internet and social media as news sources remains marginal. In face-to-face reconstruction interviews, news reporters at three leading national Israeli dailies detailed reporting of recently published items. Findings conform to the Compulsion to Proximity theory, in which technological impact on professional and lay actors is restrained by the need to maintain richer interactions based on copresence.

El impacto de la tecnología en la información de las noticias: una perspectiva longitudinal Zvi Reich Abstract Traducción español Sobre la base de las mediciones a través de la última década, este trabajo desafía la sabiduría común sobre impacto transformador nuevas tecnologías "en la transmisión de noticias. El teléfono sigue reinando como reina del campo de batalla de producción de noticias, mientras que el uso de la Internet y los medios sociales como fuentes de noticias sigue siendo marginal. En las entrevistas de reconstrucción cara a cara, los reporteros de noticias en tres diarios israelíes nacionales principales informes detallados de artículos publicados recientemente. Los resultados se ajustan a la compulsión a la proximidad teoría, en el que el impacto tecnológico en los actores profesionales y no profesionales está restringido por la necesidad de mantener interacciones más ricas basadas en copresencia.

Exploring News Apps and Location-Based Services on the Smartphone Amy Schmitz Weiss Abstract This study investigates how young adults use news and location-based services on their smartphones, in addition to examining how many news organizations offer mobile news apps with geo-location features. Based on the survey findings, young adults are consuming news on their smartphones. Furthermore, there is a high use of location-based services by smartphone consumers, but news organizations are only using geo-location features in their mobile apps for traffic and weather. This study highlights that a gap exists between what news consumers, particularly young adults, are doing and using on their smartphones and what news organizations are able to provide.

Exploración Noticias Aplicaciones y servicios basados ​​en localización en el Smartphone Amy Schmitz Weiss Abstract Traducción español Este estudio investiga cómo los adultos jóvenes utilizan las noticias y los servicios basados ​​en la localización de sus teléfonos inteligentes, además de examinar el número de organizaciones de noticias ofrecen aplicaciones de noticias móviles con características geo-localización. Con base en los resultados del estudio, los adultos jóvenes están consumiendo las noticias en sus teléfonos inteligentes. Además, hay un alto uso de los servicios basados ​​en la localización de los consumidores de teléfonos inteligentes, pero las organizaciones de noticias sólo están utilizando características geo-localización en sus aplicaciones móviles para el tráfico y el clima. Este estudio pone de manifiesto que existe una brecha entre lo que los consumidores de noticias, especialmente de los jóvenes, los adultos están haciendo y el uso de sus teléfonos inteligentes y qué noticias organizaciones son capaces de proporcionar.

How Radio News Uses Sources to Cover Local Government News and Factors Affecting Source Use Stephen Lacy, Steven S. Wildman, Frederick Fico, Daniel Bergan, Thomas Baldwin, and Paul Zube Abstract This study of source use in news coverage of local governments by 198 radio stations indicates that radio news stories had fewer and less diverse sources than daily newspaper stories. The differences in source use between radio and weekly newspaper stories were not as great. Predictor variables related to source use indicated that local government stories from publicly supported and TV–radio cross-owned radio stations included more sources and more diverse sources than found in stories from other types of stations. Radio news competition was slightly and positively correlated with greater numbers of sources and source diversity.

Exploración Noticias Aplicaciones y servicios basados ​​en localización en el Cómo Radio Noticias Usos fuentes para cubrir Noticias de Gobierno Local y factores que afectan código Utilizar Stephen Lacy, Steven S. Wildman, Frederick Fico, Daniel Bergan, Thomas Baldwin, y Paul Zube Abstract Traducción español Este estudio del uso de la fuente en la cobertura informativa de los gobiernos locales por 198 estaciones de radio indica que las noticias de radio tuvieron menos y menos diversas fuentes que en los periódicos diarios. Las diferencias en el uso de la fuente entre las historias de radio y periódicos semanales no eran tan grandes. Las variables predictoras relacionadas con el uso fuente indicó que las historias de gobiernos locales de apoyo público y las estaciones de radio de propiedad cruzada de TV de la radio incluyen más fuentes y más fuentes diversas que se ha encontrado en las historias de otros tipos de estaciones. Radio de la competencia se correlacionó ligeramente y positivamente con un mayor número de fuentes y la diversidad de las fuentes.

Political Coverage Cobertura político

Beyond Cognitions: A Longitudinal Study of Online Search Salience and Media Coverage of the President Matthew W. Ragas and Hai Tran Abstract In an effort to advance agenda-setting theory in the web environment, this study examined shifts in newswire coverage and search interest among Internet users in President Obama during the first two years of his administration (2009-2010). Both the volume and valence of media coverage influenced search attention, with volume exerting a stronger effect. Coverage volume was also driven by search trends. The impact of coverage volume on search was relatively stronger than the reverse, though it moved at a slower pace. These findings suggest a reciprocal, more complex process of salience transmission online.

Más allá de las cogniciones: Un Estudio Longitudinal de la Línea Búsqueda prominencia y Cobertura mediática del Presidente Matthew W. Ragas y Hai Tran Abstract Traducción español En un esfuerzo para avanzar en la teoría de la agenda-setting en el entorno web, este estudio examinó los cambios en la cobertura de noticias y el interés de búsqueda entre los internautas en el presidente Obama durante los dos primeros años de su gobierno (2009-2010). Tanto el volumen y la valencia de la cobertura de los medios de comunicación influyeron en la atención de búsqueda, con un volumen de ejercer un efecto más fuerte. Volumen de cobertura también se vio impulsado por las tendencias de búsqueda. El impacto del volumen de cobertura en la búsqueda fue relativamente más fuerte que a la inversa, aunque se movía a un ritmo más lento. Estos hallazgos sugieren un proceso más complejo de reciprocidad, de la transmisión de relevancia en línea.

Framing the 2008 Iowa Democratic Caucuses: Political Blogs and Second-Level Intermedia Agenda Setting Kyle Heim Abstract This study identifies patterns of second-level intermedia agenda setting in the framing of the 2008 race for the Democratic U.S. presidential nomination through a content analysis of four major news sources, nine prominent political blogs across the partisan spectrum, and the press releases of the three leading candidates. A comparison of cross-lagged correlations in the four weeks prior to the Iowa caucuses reveals that the news media and the Hillary Clinton campaign had an intermedia agenda-setting effect. Rather than controlling the campaign narrative, political bloggers mostly followed the lead set by the journalists.

Enmarcando los Iowa caucuses demócratas 2008: Blogs Políticos y Configuración de Segundo Nivel Agenda Intermedia Kyle Heim Abstract Traducción español Este estudio identifica los patrones de agenda intermedia de segundo nivel de ajuste en la elaboración de la carrera de 2008 por la candidatura presidencial demócrata EE.UU. a través de un análisis de contenido de las cuatro principales fuentes de noticias, nueve blogs políticos prominentes de todo el espectro partidista, y los comunicados de prensa de los tres principales candidatos. Una comparación de correlaciones rezagadas cruz en las cuatro semanas previas a las asambleas de Iowa revela que los medios de comunicación y la campaña de Hillary Clinton tuvo un efecto de fijar la agenda intermedia. En lugar de controlar la narrativa de la campaña, los bloggers políticos en su mayoría siguieron el ejemplo establecido por los periodistas.

All the Gender That’s Fit to Print: How the New York Times Covered Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin in 2008 Lindsey Meeks Abstract This study examines how the New York Times covered a culturally significant event: the 2008 presidential election. A content analysis of Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and their male counterparts examined coverage of “masculinized” and “feminized” issues and traits, and explicit novelty references. Analysis revealed that the Times promulgated stereotypic trends by providing heavy emphasis on women’s novelty, and more attention on masculinized content. Furthermore, a time-frame analysis showed that the Times gave men more issue and trait coverage than women as the primary and general election came to an end.

Todo el género lo que es Fit to Print: cómo el New York Times Cubierta Hillary Clinton y Sarah Palin en 2008 Lindsey Meeks Abstract Traducción español Este estudio examina cómo el New York Times cubrió un evento de gran importancia cultural: la elección presidencial de 2008. Un análisis del contenido de Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, y sus homólogos masculinos examinó la cobertura de temas y "masculinizadas" "feminizadas" y rasgos, y las referencias explícitas de la novedad. El análisis reveló que el Times promulgó tendencias estereotipadas proporcionando gran énfasis en la novedad de las mujeres, y más atención en el contenido masculinizado. Por otra parte, un análisis de marco de tiempo mostró que el Times dio a los hombres una mayor cobertura de emisión y el rasgo que las mujeres como la elección primaria y general llegó a su fin.

Theory Teoría

The Subjective Group Dynamics of Inter- and Intragroup Criminality in the News: The Role of Prior Television News Viewing as a Moderator Michelle Ortiz and Jake Harwood Abstract Participants read a crime news story featuring two perpetrators. Building on subjective group dynamics, we predicted that a perpetrator would be evaluated differently depending on the partner’s ethnicity and participants’ prior media use. Results show that heavy news consumers were more likely to (a) give a harsher sentence to a white perpetrator acting with a white (vs. Latino) partner, and (b) develop more negative attitudes toward Latinos when members of that group were portrayed in intergroup criminal partnerships. The implications of intergroup portrayals for perceptions of the ingroup, as well as the outgroup, and the moderating effects of news viewing on such effects, are discussed.

La dinámica de grupo subjetivo de inter e intragrupal Criminalidad en las noticias: El papel de Prior Television News Visualización como Moderador Michelle Ortiz y Jake Harwood Abstract Traducción español Los participantes leen una noticia del crimen con dos autores. Sobre la base de la dinámica de grupos subjetivos, predijo que el perpetrador se evaluaría de manera diferente en función de la etnia de la pareja y el uso de los medios de comunicación antes de los participantes. Los resultados muestran que los consumidores de noticias pesados ​​eran más propensos a (a) dar una sentencia más severa a un perpetrador blanco actuando con un compañero blanco (frente Latino), y (b) desarrollar actitudes más negativas hacia los latinos cuando los miembros de ese grupo fueron retratados en intergrupales asociaciones criminales. Se discuten las implicaciones de las representaciones entre grupos de percepciones del propio grupo, así como el grupo afuera, y los efectos moderadores de noticias consultan tales efectos.

History Historia

Justifying Commercialization: Legitimating Discourses and the Rise of American Advertising Tim P. Vos and You Li Abstract This historical discourse analysis examines how various social actors legitimated print advertising from 1800 to 1870. The analysis shows how supporters of advertising overcame ambivalence and hostility toward advertising. Prior to the early 1840s, advertising was promoted by publishers, geared largely to general newspaper readers, and restrained via subtle discursive strategies. Later, promoters of advertising—including publishers and ad agents—tapped into socially and institutionally located legitimating discourse to sell advertising to a wide range of American businesspersons. The findings invite a reconsideration of conclusions made in previous advertising histories.

Justificando Comercialización: Legitimar Discursos y la Subida de American Advertising Tim P. Vos y Usted Li Abstract Traducción español Este análisis histórico discurso examina cómo los diversos actores sociales legitimados publicidad impresa 1800-1870. El análisis muestra cómo los partidarios de la publicidad superaron ambivalencia y hostilidad hacia la publicidad. Antes de la década de 1840, la publicidad fue promovido por los editores, orientados en gran medida a los lectores de periódicos en general y restringida a través de estrategias discursivas sutiles. Más tarde, los promotores de la publicidad-incluyendo editores y agentes-roscados de anuncios en el discurso legitimador situado social e institucionalmente para vender publicidad a una amplia gama de empresarios estadounidenses. Los resultados invitan a una reconsideración de las conclusiones formuladas en las historias publicitarias anteriores.

<<Journal Abstracts in Spanish

]]> 13339 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/12/jmcq-90-4/ Mon, 02 Dec 2013 18:39:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13347 Volumen 90 Número 4 Invierno 2013 (Volume 90 Number 4 Winter 2013) (English Version & Spanish Translation)

Publics, Policies, and Social Control Publics, Políticas y Control Social

Drug Abuse Violations in Communities: Community Newspapers as a Macro-level Source of Social Control Masahiro Yamamoto and Weina Ran Abstract This study conceptualizes community newspapers as a unique community-level resource that promotes community social control. Specifically, community newspapers were hypothesized to have negative effects on drug abuse violations, both directly and indirectly, as mediated by civic engagement. Results indicate that a macro-level measure of community newspapers had an indirect negative effect on drug abuse violations through its positive effect on civic engagement. Implications are discussed for the role of community newspapers in building a healthy community.

Violaciónes Abuso de drogas en las comunidades: Periódicos comunitarios como a nivel macro Fuente de Control Social Masahiro Yamamoto y Weina Ran Abstract Traducción español En este estudio se conceptualiza periódicos de la comunidad como un recurso único a nivel comunitario que promueve el control social de la comunidad. En concreto, los periódicos de la comunidad fueron la hipótesis de tener efectos negativos sobre violaciónes de abuso de drogas, tanto directa como indirectamente, como mediado por el compromiso cívico. Los resultados indican que una medida a nivel macro de los periódicos de la comunidad tuvo un efecto negativo indirecto sobre violaciónes de abuso de drogas a través de su efecto positivo en la participación cívica. Implicaciones se discuten para el papel de periódicos de la comunidad en la construcción de una comunidad saludable.

Exploring the Role of Agenda-Building Efforts in Media Coverage and Policymaking Activity of Healthcare Reform Spiro Kiousis, Jung Min Park, Ji Young Kim, and Eun Go Abstract This investigation explores the relationships among information subsidies, news media coverage, and policymaking activities regarding healthcare reform during the first year of the Obama presidential administration. Specifically, a comparison of information subsidies (from the president, federal government offices, Congress, and healthcare-related stakeholder groups), news media content, and policymaking activity was completed from March 2009 to December 2009. Significant correlations were found for the salience of issues and stakeholder groups among information subsidies, news media coverage, and policymaking activity. Robust linkages were also found concerning issue attribute salience.

Analizar el papel de los Esfuerzos Programa de Fomento de la cobertura mediática y la formulación de políticas Actividad de la Reforma de Salud Spiro Kiousis, Jung Min Park, Ji Young Kim y Eun Go Abstract Traducción español Esta investigación explora la relación entre los subsidios de la información, la cobertura de los medios de comunicación y las actividades de formulación de políticas con respecto a la reforma de salud durante el primer año de la administración presidencial de Obama. En concreto, una comparación de los subsidios de la información (por parte del presidente, las oficinas del gobierno federal, el Congreso y los grupos de interés relacionados con la asistencia sanitaria), el contenido de los medios de comunicación, y la actividad de la formulación de políticas se completó entre marzo de 2009 diciembre de 2009. No se encontraron correlaciones significativas para la relevancia de las cuestiones y los grupos de interés, entre los subsidios de la información, la cobertura de los medios de comunicación, y la actividad de la formulación de políticas. También se encontraron vínculos robustos en relación con tema atribuyen relevancia.

Audience Response to Brand Journalism: The Effect of Frame, Source, and Involvement James T. Cole II and Jennifer D. Greer Abstract This study examined reactions to brand journalism in light of frame, source, and product involvement. Participants in an experimental study viewed a custom magazine with either a commercial (branded) or editorial (nonbranded) frame and read a story quoting either a peer or a corporate source. Readers rated the nonbranded magazine higher in credibility, but source cues had no direct effects on credibility ratings. Source did matter when combined with consumer product involvement. Highly involved consumers had stronger brand attitudes and purchase intent after reading advice from a peer source; low-involved consumers responded more favorably to a corporate source.

Audiencia Respuesta a Marca Periodismo: El efecto de marco, fuente y Participación James T. Cole II y Jennifer D. Greer Abstract Traducción español Este estudio examinó las reacciones al periodismo de marca a la luz del marco, fuente, y la participación del producto. Los participantes en un estudio experimental vieron una revista personalizada, ya sea con un comercial (marca) o editorial (sin marca) marco y leer una historia citando sea un compañero o una fuente de la empresa. Los lectores calificaron la revista sin marca más alta en la credibilidad, pero las señales de origen no tuvo efectos directos sobre las calificaciones de credibilidad. Fuente importaba cuando se combina con la participación de los productos de consumo. Consumidores altamente implicados tenían actitudes más fuertes de la marca e intención de compra después de leer asesoramiento de una fuente de pares, los consumidores de baja involucrados respondieron más favorablemente a una fuente de la empresa.

Exploring Negative Dimensions of Organization-Public Relationships (NOPR) in Public Relations Bitt Beach Moon and Yunna Rhee Abstract Although much research on organization–public relationship (OPR) has been conducted in public relations, negative relational features have been researched less extensively. It is imperative to identify negative relational components for restoring the damaged relationships between organization and publics and to understand how negative OPR (NOPR) can hamper public relations efforts. This study focused on exploring dimensions of NOPR through a systematic scale development process. In this study, four dimensions of NOPR—dissatisfaction, distrust, control dominance, and dissolution—were identified and the twenty-two-item scale was statistically reliable and valid. It was also shown that NOPR influenced Public’s Communication Behavior (PCB).

Explorando Negativo Dimensiones de Relaciones Públicas (Organización NOPR) en Relaciones Públicas Bitt Playa Luna y Yunna Rhee Abstract Traducción español Aunque muchas investigaciones sobre la organización pública relación (OPR) se ha realizado en las relaciones públicas, las características relacionales negativas han sido investigados con menos intensidad. Es imperativo identificar componentes relacionales negativas para restaurar las relaciones dañadas entre organización y públicos y para entender como negativo OPR (NOPR) puede obstaculizar los esfuerzos de relaciones públicas. Este estudio se centró en la exploración de las dimensiones de NOPR a través de un proceso de desarrollo a escala sistemática. En este estudio, cuatro dimensiones de NOPR-insatisfacción, la desconfianza, el dominio de control, y la disolución-fueron identificados y la escala de veintidós artículo fue estadísticamente fiables y válidos. También se demostró que NOPR influenciada Comunicación Comportamiento de Pública (PCB).

Theorizing Technology Use: From Access to Utilization: Factors Affecting Smartphone Application Use and Its Impacts on Social and Human Capital Acquisition in South Korea Jaemin Jung, Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, and Youngju Kim Abstract This study examines the mobile divide from the perspective of perception of information and knowledge inequity due to smartphone usage, exploring factors that may influence the use of smartphone applications and assessing discrepancies in social and human capital due to usage differences. A survey of smartphone users revealed that gender, age, personal innovativeness, and consumption skills were significant predictors of the frequent use for applications. Simply having more smartphone applications does not contribute to increases social or human capital; it is usage of these apps that makes a difference.

La teorización Tecnología Uso: Del acceso al Aprovechamiento: Factores que afectan Smartphone Aplicación Uso y su impacto en capital social y humano de adquisición en Corea del Sur Jaemin Jung, Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, y Youngju Kim Abstract Traducción español Este estudio examina la división móvil de la perspectiva de la percepción de la información y la inequidad conocimiento debido al uso de teléfonos inteligentes, los factores que pueden influir en el uso de aplicaciones para teléfonos inteligentes y las discrepancias que evalúan en el capital social y humano, debido a las diferencias de uso de la exploración. Una encuesta de los usuarios de teléfonos inteligentes, reveló que el género, la edad, la capacidad de innovación personal, habilidades y consumo fueron predictores significativos del uso frecuente para las aplicaciones. Basta con tener más aplicaciones de teléfonos inteligentes no contribuye al aumento de el capital social o humano, sino que es el uso de estas aplicaciones que hacen la diferencia.

Multiple Opinion Climates in Online Forums: Role of Website Source Reference and Within-Forum Opinion Congruency Elmie Nekmat and William J. Gonzenbach Abstract Through the Spiral of Silence framework, this study examines the online opinion climate effect on individual willingness to post messages in forums, using a 2 × 2 experiment manipulating website source (mainstream news/ideologically homogeneous activist group) and opinion congruency (minority/majority opinion). Individuals’ willingness to post was affected only by their opinion congruency with those expressed in forums. Analysis revealed instances of individuals “speaking up” as compared to “speaking out.” Other deterrents to willingness to post were also uncovered.

Múltiples climas de opinión en foros en línea: Papel de la Website Fuente de referencia y dentro de-Forum Opinión Congruencia Elmie Nekmat y William J. Gonzenbach Abstract Traducción español A través de la Espiral del Silencio marco, este estudio examina el efecto del clima de opinión en línea de la voluntad individual a publicar mensajes en los foros, con una × 2 experimento manipulando fuente sitio web (corriente principal de noticias / grupo activista ideológicamente homogéneo) y la opinión de congruencia (dictamen 2 minoría / mayoría ). Disposición de las personas a cargo fue afectada sólo por su congruencia opinión con las expresadas en los foros. El análisis reveló casos de individuos "que habla up" en comparación con "hablar". Otros factores de disuasión a disposición a publicar también fueron descubiertos.

Social Recommendation, Source Credibility, and Recency: Effects of News Cues in a Social Bookmarking Website Qian Xu Abstract A 2 (number of diggs: a few, many) × 2 (source credibility: low, high) × 2 (recency: more recent, less recent) between-subjects experiment was conducted to explore how three news cues individually and interactively affected perception of credibility, newsworthiness, click likelihood, and sharing behavioral intentions toward the news feed on a social bookmarking website. The findings indicated that social recommendation in the form of number of diggs was the primary factor to influence perceived news credibility and click likelihood. The influence of source credibility was dependent upon the effect of other cues. There was also a cue-cumulation effect of source credibility and recency on perceived newsworthiness.

Recomendación Social, credibilidad de la fuente, y experiencia reciente: Efectos de Noticias Cues en un sitio web de marcadores sociales Qian Xu Abstract Traducción español A 2 (número de diggs: unos pocos, muchos) × 2 (fuente de credibilidad: bajo, alto) × 2 (actualidad: más reciente y menos reciente) entre sujetos experimento se realizó para explorar cómo tres señales de noticias afectados de forma individual e interactivamente percepción de la credibilidad, la noticiabilidad, haga clic en la probabilidad, y el intercambio de las intenciones de comportamiento hacia la fuente de noticias en un sitio web de marcadores sociales. Los resultados indicaron que la recomendación social en forma de número de diggs fue el factor principal para influir en la percepción de credibilidad de noticias y haga clic en la probabilidad. La influencia de la credibilidad de la fuente era dependiente de el efecto de otras señales. También hubo un efecto-cue acumulación de credibilidad de la fuente y lo reciente de noticiabilidad percibido.

History Historia

Participatory Innovation: The Culture of Contests in Popular Science Monthly, 1918-1938 Ioana Literat Abstract By analyzing the contests that appeared in Popular Science Monthly from 1918 to 1938, this article discusses the rhetoric of public engagement with technological innovation, and the magazine’s construction of a readership community. A close analysis of these contests reveals a burgeoning participatory culture within the context of the popularization of science and technology in the mass-circulation press of early twentieth-century America. Significantly, the contests frame their public as an active participant in the development of science and technology, in sharp contrast to the passive, diffusionist model of science popularization that dominated the interwar period in the United States.

Innovación Participativa: La Cultura de Concursos en Popular Science Monthly, 1918-1938 Ioana Literat Abstract Traducción español Mediante el análisis de las competencias que aparecieron en Popular Science Monthly 1918-1938, este artículo describe la retórica del compromiso público con la innovación tecnológica, y la construcción de la revista de una comunidad de lectores. Un análisis detallado de estos concursos revela una cultura de la participación creciente en el contexto de la divulgación de la ciencia y la tecnología en los medios de difusión de prensa de América de principios del siglo XX. De manera significativa, los concursos enmarcan su público como un participante activo en el desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología, en agudo contraste con el modelo pasivo, difusionista de popularización de la ciencia, que dominó el periodo de entreguerras, en los Estados Unidos.

<<Journal Abstracts in Spanish

]]> 13347 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/12/jmce-68-3/ Tue, 03 Dec 2013 16:54:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13358 Volumen 68 Número 3 Otoño 2013 (Volume 68 Number 3 Autumn 2013) (English Version & Spanish Translation)

Editorials Editoriales

Conferences Focus on Renewal, Innovation, and the Future Maria B. Marron

Conferencias Centrarse en la Renovación, Innovación y Futuro Maria B. Marron

A Vision for Transformative Leadership: Rethinking Journalism and Mass Communication Education for the Twenty-First Century John V. Pavlik Abstract Journalism and mass communication education is in urgent need of transformative leadership. The media are in the midst of a sea change, and educators and professionals alike are groping for a pathway to a future in which they play a vital role. This essay offers a vision for reinventing journalism and mass communication through a model based on innovation and entrepreneurship in media, guided by ethics, freedom of speech, and rigorous, independent, and critical inquiry.

Una visión para el liderazgo transformador: Repensando Periodismo y Comunicación de Masas de Educación para el Siglo XXI John V. Pavlik Abstract Traducción español Periodismo y Medios de comunicación educación es una necesidad urgente de liderazgo transformador. Los medios de comunicación se encuentran en medio de un cambio radical, y educadores y profesionales por igual están buscando a tientas por un camino hacia un futuro en el que juegan un papel vital. Este artículo ofrece una visión para reinventar el periodismo y los medios de comunicación a través de un modelo basado en la innovación y el espíritu empresarial en los medios de comunicación, guiado por la ética, la libertad de expresión, y la investigación rigurosa, independiente y crítico.

Research Articles artículos de Investigación

Media Entrepreneurship: Curriculum Development and Faculty Perceptions of What Students Should Know Michelle Barrett Ferrier Abstract To prepare students for the changing media industry, educators must determine whether part of their mission is to prepare students to think and act entrepreneurially. This international study queries faculty who are developing media entrepreneurship courses. The study finds that while the courses take varied forms, the main objectives of the courses are to introduce students to the business side of media startups and to teach students to identify opportunities for innovation—whether inside legacy media organizations or as part of a media startup. The study offers some cautions and challenges for institutions seeking to embark on similar curriculum changes.

Emprendimiento medios: Currículo Desarrollo y Facultad percepciones de lo que los estudiantes deben saber Michelle Barrett Ferrier Abstract Traducción español Para preparar a los estudiantes para la industria cambiante de los medios, los educadores deben determinar si parte de su misión es la de preparar a los estudiantes a pensar y actuar empresarialmente. Este estudio internacional consulta profesores que están desarrollando cursos de espíritu empresarial de los medios. El estudio revela que mientras que los cursos tienen formas variadas, los principales objetivos de los cursos son introducir al alumno en la parte comercial de nuevas empresas de medios de comunicación y para enseñar a los estudiantes a identificar las oportunidades de innovación, ya sea dentro de las organizaciones de medios de legado o como parte de una nueva empresa de medios . El estudio ofrece algunas precauciones y desafíos para las instituciones que deseen embarcarse en cambios curriculares similares.

Coorientation Theory and Assessment of the RFP Solution to Client/Service Learner Matchmaking Cathy Rogers and Valerie Andrews Abstract Tensions that result from varying expectations of service learners and clients/community partners are as common as the pedagogical practice of service learning in public relations courses. The matchmaking process between instructors and clients can influence expectations; however, the literature includes little guidance about the process of client selection. This paper analyzes a request-for-proposal (RFP) client selection process through the lens of coorientation theory to gauge the effectiveness of communication in the service-learning relationship.

Coorientation Teoría y Evaluación de la Solución RFP para Cliente / Servicio de Estudiantes Matchmaking Cathy Rogers y Valerie Andrews Abstract Traducción español Las tensiones que se derivan de las diferentes expectativas de los estudiantes de servicios y socios clientes / comunidad son tan comunes como la práctica pedagógica de servicio de aprendizaje en cursos de relaciones públicas. El proceso de emparejamiento entre los instructores y los clientes pueden influir en las expectativas, sin embargo, la literatura incluye poca orientación sobre el proceso de selección de clientes. Este trabajo analiza un (RFP) proceso de selección de la petición del cliente para la propuesta a través de la lente de la teoría coorientation para medir la efectividad de la comunicación en la relación aprendizaje-servicio.

Exploring Determinants of Relationship Quality between Students and Their Academic Department: Perceived Relationship Investment, Student Empowerment, and Student–Faculty Interaction Moonhee Cho and Giselle A. Auger Abstract Given the increasing need for the retention of satisfied and successful students, the purpose of this study was to explore the factors that influence the perceived quality of relationships formed between students and their academic departments. Based on the extensive review of interdisciplinary literature, the study proposed three factors—student–faculty interaction, perceived relationship investment (PRI), and student empowerment. Results of the study demonstrate the significance in associations between student–faculty interaction, PRI, and student empowerment to quality of student–departmental relationships.

Explorando los Determinantes de relación calidad entre los estudiantes y sus Departamento Académico: Percibido Relación de Inversiones, Estudiante de Empoderamiento y Student-Facultad de Interacción Moonhee Cho y Giselle A. Auger Abstract Traducción español Dada la creciente necesidad de la retención de estudiantes satisfechos y exitosos, el propósito de este estudio fue explorar los factores que influyen en la percepción de calidad de las relaciones que se forman entre los estudiantes y sus departamentos académicos. Sobre la base de la amplia revisión de la literatura interdisciplinaria, el estudio propone tres factores-la interacción estudiante-profesor, percibida relación de inversión (PRI), y el empoderamiento de los estudiantes. Los resultados del estudio ponen de manifiesto la importancia de las asociaciones entre la interacción estudiante-profesor, PRI, y fortalecimiento de los estudiantes con la calidad de las relaciones entre los estudiantes del departamento.

Ethnic/Racial Minorities’ Participation in AEJMC: How Much and What Type of Progress? Mia Moody, Federico Subervi, and Hayg Oshagan Abstract This paper provides an assessment of the diversity of the leadership positions of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) from 2007 to 2011. While numerous studies have analyzed AEJMC’s membership demographics, gender, and scholarship production, there have been few investigations regarding people of color in leadership positions. Findings indicate little progress for people of color has been made in the past five years. Ideally, the educational institutions and academic organizations most responsible for preparing the next generation of media scholars as well as the professionals who produce the content and manage the media catering to the changing population patterns would be at the forefront of diversity in their own leadership. This is especially so for academic organizations, which through journal publications, conference presentations, and various awards, can often have a direct influence on the research emphases and curricular direction of programs nationally.

Participación racial/étnica de las minorías en AEJMC: ¿Cuánto y qué tipo de progreso? Mia Moody, Federico Subervi, and Hayg Oshagan Abstract Traducción español Este documento proporciona una evaluación de la diversidad de las posiciones de liderazgo de la Asociación para la Educación en Periodismo y Comunicación de Masas ( AEJMC ) de 2007 a 2011. Si bien numerosos estudios han analizado la demografía de AEJMC de membresía , el género, y la producción de becas , ha habido pocas investigaciones sobre la gente de color en posiciones de liderazgo . Los hallazgos indican se ha avanzado muy poco para la gente de color en los últimos cinco años. Lo ideal sería que las instituciones educativas y las organizaciones académicas más responsables de la preparación de la próxima generación de estudiosos de los medios , así como los profesionales que producen el contenido y gestionar el catering de medios a los patrones cambiantes de la población estarían en la vanguardia de la diversidad en su propio liderazgo . Esto es especialmente cierto para las organizaciones académicas, que a través de publicaciones en revistas , presentaciones en congresos y diversos premios , a menudo pueden tener una influencia directa en los énfasis de investigación y dirección curricular de los programas a nivel nacional.

Essay Ensayo

A Modest Proposal: One Way to Save Journalism and Journalism Education Jeffrey Alan John Abstract This essay suggests that because anyone and everyone can now be a “journalist,” the standards of the field of journalism have been greatly diminished. To regain respect for the profession and retain stature in the academy, journalism education should offer an assurance of the legitimacy of journalism program graduates by recognizing only programs with appropriate personnel, infrastructure, and the financial means to assure the quality of their graduates, and then award an official appellation such as “certified” or “credentialed.” Academia and the profession must join together to agree on the appropriate requirements.

Una modesta proposición: Una forma de ahorrar Periodismo y Periodismo Educación Jeffrey Alan John Abstract Traducción español Este ensayo sugiere que debido a que todos y cada uno puede ahora ser un "periodista", las normas del campo del periodismo se han disminuido en gran medida. Para recuperar el respeto por la profesión y retener estatura en la academia, la enseñanza del periodismo debe ofrecer una garantía de la legitimidad de los graduados del programa de periodismo reconociendo sólo programas con personal adecuado, la infraestructura y los medios financieros para asegurar la calidad de sus egresados​​, y luego premio una denominación oficial, como "certificados" o "acreditados". Academia y de la profesión deben unirse para acordar los requisitos correspondientes.

<<Journal Abstracts in Spanish

]]> 13358 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/12/jmce-68-4/ Tue, 03 Dec 2013 18:52:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13361 Volumen 68 Número 4 Invierno 2013 (Volume 68 Number 4 Winter 2013) (English Version & Spanish Translation)

Editor’s Note Nota del Editor

Enrollments, Reading, and Education Maria B. Marron

Las inscripciones, la lectura y la educación Maria B. Marron

Research Articles artículos de Investigación

2012 Annual Survey of Journalism and Mass Communication Enrollments: Enrollments Decline for Second Year in a Row Lee B. Becker, Tudor Vlad, and Holly Anne Simpson Abstract Enrollments in journalism and mass communication programs in the United States have declined over the last two years, reversing a pattern of growth that has sustained the field for twenty years. It is a decline at a time of continued growth in enrollments at universities generally. It is a decline at a time when enrollments have been growing in the instructional field of communication of which journalism and mass communication is a part. The data indicate the decline, based on degrees granted, which is a reflection of enrollments. Communication has been growing consistently, but the journalism and mass communication subfield has been flat and is now declining as the 2012 Annual Survey of Journalism and Mass Communication Enrollments demonstrates.

2012 Encuesta Anual de Periodismo y Medios de Comunicación Inscripciones: Las inscripciones Decline por segundo año en una fila Lee B. Becker, Tudor Vlad, y Holly Anne Simpson Abstract Traducción español Las inscripciones en los programas de comunicación de periodismo y de masas en los Estados Unidos han disminuido en los últimos dos años, la inversión de un modelo de crecimiento que ha sostenido el campo durante veinte años. Es una disminución en un momento de crecimiento continuo de la matrícula en las universidades en general. Se trata de una caída en un momento en la matrícula ha ido creciendo en el campo de instrucción de la comunicación de que el periodismo y los medios de comunicación es una parte. Los datos indican la disminución, en base a grados concedidas, que es un reflejo de la matrícula. La comunicación ha estado creciendo constantemente, pero el periodismo y los medios de comunicación subcampo se ha estancado y ahora está disminuyendo a medida que la Encuesta Anual 2012 de Periodismo y Medios de Comunicación Inscripciones demuestra.

Assessing the Assessors: JMC Administrators Critique the Nine ACEJMC Standards Scott Reinardy and Jerry Crawford II Abstract For nearly ninety years, journalism professionals and academics have attempted to develop standards by which to prepare college students for the media industry. For nearly 70 years, the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC) has assessed programs based on its standards. This study surveyed administers of ACEJMC accredited programs, asking them to critique the nine standards. Nearly 70 percent of the administrators rated six of the nine standards “good as is.” Forty percent said one standard—Standard 2: Curriculum and Instruction—“needs major changes.” The major issues for administrators included the 80/65 liberal arts requirement. Additional issues included measuring for diversity among students and faculty (Standard 3) and the process for assessing the outcomes of student training (Standard 9).

La evaluación de los asesores: Administradores JMC criticar las Normas Nueve ACEJMC De Scott Reinardy y Jerry Crawford II Abstract Traducción español Para casi noventa años, los profesionales de periodismo y académicos han tratado de desarrollar estándares que permitan preparar a los estudiantes universitarios para la industria de los medios. Durante casi 70 años, el Consejo de Acreditación de Educación en Periodismo y Comunicación de Masas (ACEJMC) ha evaluado los programas sobre la base de sus normas. Este estudio encuestó administra de ACEJMC programas acreditados, pidiéndoles que criticar los nueve estándares. Casi el 70 por ciento de los administradores tiene seis de los nueve estándares "bueno como es." El cuarenta por ciento dijo que una norma-Norma 2:. "Necesita grandes cambios" Currículo e Instrucción-Los principales problemas para los administradores incluyen el requisito de 80/65 de artes liberales . Otras cuestiones incluyen la medición de la diversidad entre los estudiantes y el profesorado (Norma 3) y el proceso de evaluación de los resultados de la formación del estudiante (Norma 9).

Subjective Norms as a Driver of Mass Communication Students’ Intentions to Adopt New Media Production Technologies Toby M. Hopp Abstract In this study, the impact of subjective norms on mass communication students’ intentions to adopt new media production technologies was explored. The results indicated that subjective norms play an instrumental role in explaining behavioral intentions to adopt new media technologies. Moreover, the data indicated that public relations students scored slightly lower on the behavioral intentions scale than their advertising and journalism colleagues. However, no evidence was found that the relationship between subjective norms and behavioral intentions differs on the basis of major classification. This study concludes by discussing practical implications for educators tasked with providing instruction on new media production tools.

Normas subjetivas como motor de Intenciones Comunicación de Masas de los estudiantes a adoptar nuevas tecnologías de producción de los medios Toby M. Hopp Abstract Traducción español En este estudio, se analizó el impacto de las normas subjetivas sobre las intenciones de los estudiantes de comunicación de masas "para adoptar nuevas tecnologías de producción de los medios de comunicación. Los resultados indicaron que las normas subjetivas juegan un papel fundamental en la explicación de las intenciones de comportamiento para adoptar nuevas tecnologías de los medios. Además, los datos indican que los estudiantes de relaciones públicas marcados ligeramente inferior en las intenciones de comportamiento escalar que sus colegas de publicidad y periodismo. Sin embargo, no se encontraron pruebas de que la relación entre las normas subjetivas y las intenciones de comportamiento difiere en la base de la clasificación de los grandes. Este estudio concluye discutiendo implicaciones prácticas para los educadores encargados de impartir instrucción en las nuevas herramientas de producción multimedia.

Measuring Student Self-Perceptions of Writing Skills in Programs of Journalism and Mass Communication Andrew Lingwall and Scott Kuehn Abstract This study explored student self-perceptions of writing skills in journalism and mass communication programs at thirteen public state universities in the mid-Atlantic region. Factor analysis revealed seven sets of perceptions among 860 students. A Media Writing Self-Perception Scale was constructed and found to be reliable. The authors propose using this scale to help craft new instructional approaches. This study addresses implications for faculty members who wish to better understand their students in order to devise more effective writing instruction.

Medición de la auto-percepciones de habilidades de escritura en los programas de Periodismo y Comunicación de Masas Andrew Lingwall y Scott Kuehn Abstract Traducción español Este estudio exploró los estudiantes auto-percepción de las habilidades de escritura en los programas de comunicación de masas y el periodismo en trece universidades públicas estatales en la región del Atlántico medio. El análisis factorial reveló siete conjuntos de percepciones entre 860 estudiantes. A Medios de Escritura de autopercepción de escala se construyó y se encontró que es fidedigna. Los autores proponen el uso de esta escala para ayudar a diseñar nuevos métodos de enseñanza. Este estudio aborda implicaciones para los profesores que desean entender mejor a sus estudiantes con el fin de diseñar una enseñanza más efectiva por escrito.

Students’ Expectations and Motivation for Service-Learning in Public Relations Nancy Muturi, Soontae An, and Samuel Mwangi Abstract This study is based on a survey of public relations students and examines their attitudes, expectations, and motivations for participating in curriculum-infused service-learning projects. Results indicate that prior participation does not influence attitudes or expectations, but motivation to participate in the project was significantly associated with positive attitude and higher expectations. Students’ expectations, which include social and professional growth, and psychological and altruistic gratification through community contributions, indicate a need for discipline-focused service-learning programs and for a focus on civic engagement given the role of public relations in relationship building and in strategically addressing social issues that impact society.

Las expectativas y la motivación de los estudiantes para Aprendizaje-Servicio en Relaciones Públicas Nancy Muturi, Soontae An, y Samuel Mwangi Abstract Traducción español Este estudio se basa en una encuesta realizada a estudiantes de relaciones públicas y examina sus actitudes, expectativas y motivaciones para participar en proyectos de aprendizaje-servicio del plan de estudios con infusión. Los resultados indican que la participación previa no influye en las actitudes o expectativas, pero la motivación para participar en el proyecto se asoció significativamente con la actitud positiva y las expectativas más altas. Expectativas de los estudiantes, que incluyen el crecimiento social y profesional, y la gratificación psicológica y altruista a través de contribuciones de la comunidad, indican la necesidad de programas de aprendizaje-servicio de disciplina centrada y un enfoque en la participación cívica, dado el papel de las relaciones públicas en la construcción de relaciones y en forma estratégica abordar las cuestiones sociales que impactan a la sociedad.

Transplanting a Western-style Journalism Education to the Central Asian Republics of the Former Soviet Union: Experiences and Challenges at the American University of Central Asia in Kyrgyzstan Elena Skochilo, Gulnura Toralieva, Eric Freedman, and Richard Shafer Abstract Western standards of journalism education, as well as western professional journalistic practices, have had difficulty taking root in the five independent countries of formerly Soviet Central Asia. This essay examines the experience of one university’s Department of Journalism and Mass Communication since 1997 and the challenges it faces, including curriculum reform, faculty retention, government regulation, and student career interests in the context of press systems that remain tightly controlled by regimes.

Trasplantar un estilo occidental de la enseñanza del periodismo a las Repúblicas de Asia Central de la antigua Unión Soviética: Experiencias y Desafíos en la Universidad Americana de Asia Central en Kirguistán Elena Skochilo, Gulnura Toralieva, Eric Freedman, y Richard Shafer Abstract Traducción español Los estándares occidentales de la enseñanza del periodismo, así como las prácticas periodísticas profesionales occidentales, han tenido dificultades para echar raíces en los cinco países independientes de Asia Central ex soviética. Este ensayo examina la experiencia del Departamento de Periodismo y Comunicación de Masas de una universidad desde 1997 y los desafíos que enfrenta, entre ellos la reforma curricular, la retención de la facultad, la regulación gubernamental, y los intereses profesionales de los estudiantes en el contexto de sistemas de prensado que se mantienen estrechamente controlados por regímenes.

<<Journal Abstracts in Spanish]]> 13361 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/12/jcq-15-3/ Tue, 03 Dec 2013 19:49:31 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13373 Volumen 15 Número 3 Otoño 2013 (Volume 15 Number 3 Autumn 2013) (English Version & Spanish Translation)

A History of Comparative Advertising in the United States Fred K. Beard Abstract This historical monograph addresses a gap in the extensive scholarly research literature devoted to comparative advertising—especially that which contrasts the advertised product, service, or brand with an identifiable competitor—by exploring advertisers’ explanations for its appeal as a tactic throughout the previous century. Prior historical research confirms advertisers have long been aware of and greatly concerned about the unintended consequences of what they often called excessively competitive and combative advertising. Moreover, despite some thirty-five years of systematic scholarly research, two research teams recently concluded that the state of empirical knowledge regarding its effectiveness remains “equivocal.” By synthesizing the extensive theoretical and empirical research literature on comparative advertising and interpreting those findings from a historical perspective, this monograph offers uniquely significant insights into modern advertising’s history, theory, and practice.

Una historia de la publicidad comparativa en los Estados Unidos Fred K. Barba Abstract Traducción español Esta monografía histórica ocupa un espacio en la extensa literatura de investigación académica dedicada a la publicidad comparativa - especialmente la que contrasta el producto anunciado , servicio o marca con un competidor mediante la exploración de las explicaciones de los anunciantes para su atractivo como una táctica a lo largo del siglo anterior identificable. Investigación histórica Antes confirma anunciantes han sido conscientes de nuestra gran preocupación por las consecuencias no deseadas de lo que a menudo se llaman publicidad excesivamente competitiva y combativa . Por otra parte , a pesar de unos treinta y cinco años de investigación académica sistemática , dos equipos de investigación concluyó recientemente que el estado de conocimiento empírico sobre su eficacia sigue siendo " equívoca ". Al sintetizar la extensa literatura de investigación teórica y empírica sobre la publicidad comparativa y la interpretación de los resultados de un perspectiva histórica, esta monografía ofrece una visión singularmente importantes en la historia de la publicidad moderna , la teoría y la práctica.

<<Journal Abstracts in Spanish]]> 13373 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/12/jcq-15-4/ Tue, 03 Dec 2013 20:06:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13377 Volumen 15 Número 4 Invierno 2013 (Volume 15 Number 4 Winter 2013) (English Version & Spanish Translation)

Prejudice: The Role of the Media in the Development of Social Bias Kim Bissell and Scott Parrott Abstract Numerous studies document the existence of bias: bias against gender, race, sexual orientation, age, mental illness, and body shape or weight. This article presents a model of bias development, which helps explain the influence of mediated, individual, social, and ideological influences on the development of bias. This article applies the proposed model using four experimental studies that examine weight bias in children and adults. The results from the four studies lend empirical support for the model. Data from the studies suggest the explication of a theoretical model is necessary to understand the factors related to the development of bias against a variety of groups, character traits, or attributes in others. It is difficult to argue that any one factor whether it be media, individual, social, or ideology “trumps” other factors as the development of bias seems to be very individualistic. Therefore, a model that represents the myriad of factors identified above is proposed.

Prejuicio: El Papel de los Medios de Comunicación en el Desarrollo de la Polarización Social Kim Bissell y Scott Parrott Abstract Traducción español Numerosos estudios documentan la existencia de sesgo: sesgo en contra de su género, raza , orientación sexual , la edad, la enfermedad mental, y la forma corporal o el peso . En este artículo se presenta un modelo de desarrollo sesgo , lo que ayuda a explicar la influencia de la mediación , las influencias individuales , sociales e ideológicas sobre el desarrollo de sesgo. Este artículo se aplica el modelo propuesto por medio de cuatro estudios experimentales que analizan el sesgo de peso en niños y adultos. Los resultados de los cuatro estudios dan soporte empírico para el modelo. Los datos de los estudios sugieren que la explicación de un modelo teórico es necesario entender los factores relacionados con el desarrollo de sesgo en contra de una variedad de grupos , rasgos de carácter, o los atributos de los demás. Es difícil argumentar que un solo factor , ya sea medios de comunicación, individual, social o ideología " supera a " otros factores como el desarrollo de sesgo parece ser muy individualista. Por lo tanto, se propone un modelo que representa la miríada de factores identificados anteriormente.

<<Journal Abstracts in Spanish]]> 13377 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2013/12/letting-online-students/ Thu, 19 Dec 2013 21:00:11 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13472 Letting Online Students Know You’re There By Susan Keith Standing Committee on Teaching Associate Professor Rutgers University susank@rutgers.edu (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, January 2014 issue) At the beginning of the fall semester a few years ago, two young women stepped into my office and greeted me warmly. They spoke as if I knew them, though I couldn’t recall meeting either. Finally, they noticed my confusion and one said, “Oh, Dr. Keith, we were in your Newer Media Law and Policy course!” They identified themselves and I realized they had, indeed, been in a summer course I had just taught as part of the Master’s in Communication and Information Studies program at Rutgers University. I failed to recognize them not because the class had been so large that I couldn’t learn students’ faces but because the course, like all the offerings in the MCIS program’s Digital Media track, which my department staffs, was fully online. The course management system we used did not display avatars for students, so although students knew what I looked like from the headshot I had placed on the course syllabus, all I had seen of them were thumbnail images from their student IDs. In fact, I had thought throughout the summer that one of the women, who had a somewhat unusual first name, was male! The students told me they had enjoyed the course, and I told them I had enjoyed their questions, comments and final papers. Then one of the students said something like, “I just wish the course could have been face to face.” Ah! Had it been, I would not have volunteered to teach the course in summer. I commute an hour (by car) to two hours (subway/train) each way. Coming to campus several times a week in the summer would have seriously cut into research time. The student’s comments, however, implied a legitimate concern over presence, a frequent issue in asynchronous online courses. Although online courses can give a voice to shy students or to international students concerned about their spoken English, other students sometimes miss the camaraderie of classmates they can see and a professor who is “right there.” However, if you are teaching fully online courses — a topic that will be addressed in the plenary session being organized by AEJMC’s Standing Committee on Teaching for our Montreal Conference — there are things you can do to make students feel your presence in the virtual classroom: Let students see you right away. I put a small mugshot on my syllabus and have students, before they do anything else, watch a short video of me welcoming them to the course. Although I don’t typically lecture straight to the camera in online courses, I think a video showing me explaining course expectations helps make the human connection. Answer email more rapidly than in a face-to-face course: For students in off-campus, asynchronous online courses, email (or CMS-based message) is the only way to connect with the instructor. You ignore it at the peril of your teaching evaluation scores. Encourage cooperative work. As an undergrad, I groaned at the prospect of group work. Now I think at least small group assignments can help alleviate a sense of isolation in online courses. Encourage students to go beyond email as they plan.    If the course management system doesn’t support video chatting, have them try Google+ Hangout (http://www.google. com/hangouts/), which allows multiple people to talk and see each other. Think critically about discussion boards: Many online      instructors have students post to discussion boards as a way     to simulate in-class discussions. I’m not convinced, however, that most of us use those boards well. Do students see any evidence, through your on-board responses or timely feedback, that you are reading their work? Do you work — behind the scenes, through email — with students who make erroneous    assertions on the boards to help them publically convey correct information? Do you review what students discussed in the     last discussion board assignment before moving on to the next unit? Consider some synchronous chats: I offer hourlong synchronous group text- or video-based chats eight or 10 times a semester and four times in a five-week summer session. Because my online courses are advertised as asynchronous, I cannot require students to take part, but I find that many are hungry for the connection and join multiple times, especially before big assignments. (I ask students to look over my planned dates and times in the first week of the course, and I adjust if any student says he or she cannot make any of the sessions.) I plan a discussion topic, usually tied to course content in current events. The first thing I do, however, is ask whether students have questions. Sometimes they have many questions and answering them takes the full hour! These are just a few ways to give students a sense of your presence in online courses. What are yours? I would love to hear. Drop a note to susank@rutgers.edu.   <<Teaching Corner]]> 13472 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/03/rewarding-good-teaching/ Fri, 14 Mar 2014 14:45:52 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13761 Rewarding Good Teaching By Karen Miller Russell Associate Professor Standing Committee on Teaching University of Georgia, Grady College russell.uga@gmail.com (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, March 2014 issue) One of the best things that the AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching offers is its Best Practices in Teaching Competition. Becoming a good or even great teacher is a life-long process, one that is not always rewarded by educational institutions in the same way that good or great research can be. “Currently, research universities base tenure decisions primarily on research productivity and quality,” organizational psychologist Adam Grant recently stated in an op-ed in The New York Times. “Teaching matters only after you have cleared the research bar: It is a bonus to teach well.” Of course, not all universities overlook good teaching, and many colleges and departments of mass communication recognize teaching through annual awards. These awards are significant ways to reward good work, but they don’t go far enough. Writing for Inside Higher Ed, Elizabeth H. Simmons points out that faculty must be strategic in how they spend their time. Therefore, she argues, “If a department or college believes that innovative teaching is important, then innovative teaching must be rewarded in decisions related to salaries, reappointment, promotion and tenure.” The Standing Committee on Teaching tries to facilitate that process by providing a national forum to call attention to innovative teaching in journalism and mass communication. Each year the committee selects a different theme — this year it’s “Globalizing the Classroom” — and members submit their assignments, classroom activities or ideas for competitive review. Winning faculty members will be invited to present their ideas at the national convention in Montreal, and they’ll receive a cash prize. But the competition does more than reward faculty who are trying innovative approaches; it also allows them to share their ideas with other faculty. In addition to being presented at the meeting, the winning entries are published in an e-booklet, and I cheerfully admit to shamelessly copying at least one past winner in my own classroom. “Teaching is the core of what we all do. Recognizing great teaching ideas helps us learn from each other and become better teachers,” said Chris Roush of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, this year’s competition chair. “I’m constantly learning from my peers at UNC, and this is how I can expand that learning to the best around the country.” If you would like to enter this year’s competition, the process is simple. Just write a two-page statement describing a new and effective approach you used to bring global ideas into your classroom. The call for entries (on p. 10) specifies that you need not be teaching a class specifically on international media. In fact, the committee would like to learn how you incorporate awareness of global communities and/or the practice of journalism and mass communication beyond national borders into any course. I also urge you to take a few minutes to check out the downloadable booklets from past best practices competitions, on subjects ranging from writing to ethics and from information gathering to critical thinking. They can be found on the AEJMC website at http://www.aejmc.org/home/2010/09/best-practices-in-teaching-booklets/. You might find inspiration for your own great teaching ideas.   <<Teaching Corner]]> 13761 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/05/pac-052114/ Fri, 23 May 2014 12:25:43 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13852 CONTACT: PAULA POINDEXTER, Texas-Austin, 2013-14 President of AEJMC • May 21, 2014 The exercise of free speech is now potentially a firing offense at colleges and universities in Kansas. The Kansas Board of Regents, which governs public universities and colleges in Kansas, has adopted a policy that defines unacceptable uses of social media and allows for the suspension or dismissal of those who violate it. This social media policy was primarily in response to University of Kansas journalism professor David Guth's tweet about the deadly shooting in September 2013 at the U.S. Naval Yard when 12 people were killed. Guth, who was placed on administrative leave as a result of his Twitter message, tweeted: "The blood is on the hands of the #NRA. Next time, let it be YOUR sons and daughters. Shame on you. May God damn you." The resulting outcry from the public and state lawmakers no doubt fueled the formation of this new policy. The Regents' policy bars social media messages that would incite violence, disclose confidential student information or release protected data, communication that is already prohibited by existing laws. The more troubling provision of the policy, however, is the overly vague statement that restricts faculty and staff from posting anything "contrary to the best interests of the university." It is not difficult to imagine the chilling effect the new policy will have on freedom of expression in general and academic freedom in particular on university and college campuses in Kansas. Furthermore, social media, and Twitter specifically, have become essential tools in gathering and disseminating news. If Kansas' journalism professors are afraid to teach students how to use these reporting tools because they may violate a vague social media policy, the future journalists they train will be unprepared for the real world of journalism in the digital age. The Kansas Board of Regents chair, Fred Logan, defended the policy and argued that it enhances academic freedom by giving employees specific guidelines. But the very suggestion that social media expression should be subjected to guidelines conflicts with academic freedom and, more importantly, the First Amendment. Therefore the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), the largest association of journalism and communication educators in the world, calls upon the Kansas Board of Regents to reverse this social media policy that restricts academic freedom, violates First Amendment rights, interferes with the professional education of those seeking journalism careers and suppresses the intellectual discourse that universities should champion. For more information regarding this AEJMC Presidential Statement, please contact Paula Poindexter, President of AEJMC, at paula.poindexter@austin.utexas.edu. AEJMC (The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication) is a nonprofit, educational association of journalism and mass communication educators, students and media professionals. The Association's mission is to advance education, foster scholarly research, cultivate better professional practice and promote the free flow of communication. To find out more about AEJMC, visit www.AEJMC.org. <<PACS]]> 13852 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/2014-abstracts/ Mon, 02 Jun 2014 13:25:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13860 Divisions:

• Advertising
• Communicating Science, Health, Environment, and Risk (ComSHER)
• Communication Technology (CTEC)
• Communication Theory and Methodology
• Cultural and Critical Studies
• Electronic News
• History
• International Communication
• Law and Policy
• Magazine
• Mass Communication and Society
• Media Ethics
• Media Management and Economics
• Minorities and Communication (MAC)
• Newspaper and Online News
• Public Relations
• Scholastic Journalism
• Visual Communication (VisCom)

Interest Groups:

• Community Journalism
• Entertainment Studies
• Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender
• Graduate Student (formerly Graduate Education)
• Internships and Careers
• Participatory Journalism
• Political Communication
• Religion and Media
• Small Programs (SPIG)
• Sports Communication (SPORTS)

Commissions:

• Status of Women

<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 13860 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/adv-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 12:16:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13868 Professional Freedom & Responsibility What’s the Score?: A Longitudinal Content Analysis of Mature Adults in Super Bowl Commercials • Mary Brooks, Texas Tech University; Shannon Bichard; Clay Craig, Coastal Carolina University • Based on the rising older adult population, the importance of advertisers recognizing this consumer group is imperative. Thus, this content analysis of 239 Super Bowl commercials applied framing theory to examine how mature audiences are represented in one of the most expensive and highly viewed advertising venues. Previous research suggests that older adults are typically underrepresented in all media and often stereotyped. The results show underrepresentation is still problematic; yet positive frames were used often. Inoculating the Electorate: American Corporatocracy and its Influence on Health Communication • Laura Crosswell; Lance Porter • Much like Socrates’ separation of art and cookery suggested the need for a new rhetoric centuries ago, commercially driven agendas reflect a contemporary need for a moral code in the corporate healthcare industry. This research examines the profit-driven agendas, non-branded marketing strategies, and commercialized propaganda that influence public trust in pharmaceutical products. Specifically focusing on Rick Perry’s 2007 HPV vaccination mandate, we examine the role that corporate funding plays in legislation, regulation, and voter/consumer behavior. Emergent findings from in-depth field interviews with Texas residents illustrate the capitalized communications contaminating consumer trust and public health, and present an argument for regulation realignment in the healthcare industry. Tokens in a Man’s World: A Global Analysis of Women in Advertising Creative Departments • Jean Grow, Marquette University; Tao Deng, Marquette University • Using the Standard Directory of Advertising Agencies this study quantitatively explores the underrepresentation of women in advertising creative departments across five global geographic clusters. Engaging the Hofstede and GLOBE models and considering both horizontal and vertical distribution, data demonstrate fairly consistent patterns across 41 countries indicating significant complications for women both horizontally and vertically. Data further demonstrate a global scarcity of creative women with their numbers actually declining, across time, when compared to previous data. Ethics of the Business Case for CSR Communication: An Integrated Business and Moral Perspective on CSR • S. Senyo Ofori-Parku, University of Oregon • Is it unethical to use corporate social responsibility (CSR) to enhance business goals through public relations, advertising, branding, and marketing efforts? In attending to this question, this paper points out the duality of CSR. It places profitable business in a framework that embraces utilitarianism economics and ethical principles such as duties, rights, and obligations. Drawing on literature from philosophy, business management and ethics, and communication ethics, it proposes that CSR is inherently both economic (strategic) and social (involves morality). Message Strategies for Ads in U.S. Children's magazines: An Application of Taylor's Six-Segment Strategy Wheel • Meenakshi Trichur Venkitasubramanian; Jinhee Lee; Ronald Taylor, University of Tennessee • This study explores the message strategies employed by advertisers for children’s products in U.S. children’s magazines. This study also explores the association between product category and the message strategy. The study uses Taylor’s six-segment strategy wheel as its theoretical framework. A total of 531 ads from three different children’s magazines were examined for the years 2010-12. Content analysis of the ads reveals that advertisers use more transformational approaches than informational approaches. Research From Clicks to Behaviors: The mediating effect of viral behavioral intentions on the relationship between attitudes and offline behavioral intentions • Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University; Anna McAlister, Michigan State University; Chen Lou, Michigan State University; Amy Hagerstrom, Michigan State University • Advertisers, marketers, and other professional communicators are heavily investing in social media marketing in hopes that online engagement will ultimately lead to offline behaviors (e.g., purchase). However, the relationship between online engagement behaviors (i.e., viral behaviors) and offline behavior still remains puzzling. The current study reports results of four experiments that investigated the mediating effect of intentions to like, share, and comment on persuasive social media messages with regard to informing the relationship between attitudes and offline behavioral intentions. The results are mixed with regard to this mediating effect. Findings are discussed in relation to redefining persuasion models within the context of the new media environment and in relation to practical implications of valuing online behaviors. The Effects of the Valence of National Events on Persuasion in Patriotic Message: Regarding the Goal Framing • Hye Jin Bang, University of Georgia; Dongwon Choi; Jinnie Jinyoung Yoo, Gachen University • This study aims to examine if the activation of national identity through different contextual cues interplays with regulatory-focus message framing on consumers’ reaction to patriotic advertising. Specifically, this study explores the effective forms of patriotic ad message (promotion-focused vs. prevention-focused) depending on different valence of national identity priming contexts (positive vs. negative). Findings from an experiment suggest that the interaction between the valence of national identity priming and regulatory framing. Specifically, it appears that promotion-focused message yielded favorable Aad, Ab and PI when the valence of contexts that activate national identity is positive. On the other hand, the prevention-focused message elicited more favorable Ab if the valence of contexts that prime national identity is negative. Exploring the Role of Parasocial Relationships on Product Placement Effectiveness • D. Jasun Carr, Susquehanna University • The practice of product placement, the embedding of goods and services within media, has experienced a resurgence of interest in recent years both from the stand point of the practitioner seeking additional avenues by which to reach the elusive consumer, and by scholars seeking to better understand the influence that media have on the consumptive practices of the audience. Many practitioners, and some scholars, have taken the stance that the practice of product placement may currently be the most influential form of advertising and persuasion. Product Placement in Hollywood Movies: A Longitudinal Analysis • Huan Chen, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College; Ye Wang, University of Missouri - Kansas City • The study examined the nature and characteristics of product placement in the U.S. top-grossing movies from 2001 to 2012 with a historical approach. Several important findings and trends were identified from the results: First, product placements were found to be prolific in the U.S. top-grossing movies, with an average of 32 brands embedded in each movie. Second, the product categories of automobile, electronic equipment, and media and entertainment enjoyed the highest exposure in the movies. Third, brands appeared visually or verbally, but rarely demonstrated dual modality. Fourth, the majority of the placed brands seemed to fit with the movie setting regardless of visual or verbal oriented placements, and the most popular presentation mode of brand was full product. Finally, more than half of the product placements involved the interaction of characters. Your Favorite Memory: Emotional Responses to Personal Nostalgic Advertising within Reminiscence Bump across Generations • ILYOUNG JU; Yunmi Choi, University of Florida; Jon Morris • This study examined the influence of reminiscence bump years when it comes to nostalgic advertising. Emotional responses toward nostalgic advertisements from late boomers and generation x were investigated. An online experiment was conducted to collect data from general consumer panels in their 30’s (x-gen) and 50’s (late boomers). Different emotional responses toward nostalgic advertisements were identified between the two generations. The result of this study revealed that nostalgic advertisements indicating reminiscence bump years were more likely to 1) evoke nostalgic feeling, 2) bring more positive Appeal (late boomers) and Engagement (x-gen), and 3) increase purchase intention. Putting Things into Context: How evaluations are influenced by organic product claim and retail brand • Brenna Ellison, University of Illinois- Urbana Champaign; brittany duff, University of Illinois- Urbana Champaign; Xinyang Liu, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Jiachen Yao, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • Organic food labels have been shown to have a "health halo" whereby products that are labeled organic are judged to be healthier and worth more money. However, the majority of work on organic product claims have ignored both product type and the context in which they are seen in (retail environment). We randomly assigned people (n=900) to see either a processed (cookie) or fresh (strawberry) product that had (not) been labeled as organic and put the scenario in the context of a retail brand (Walmart, Target or other). Results showed that organic labels had many of the previously found effects but these effects were modified by product type and the retail store at which they were supposedly going to be placed in. Country Reputation as a Moderator of Tourism Advertising Effectiveness • Jami Fullerton, Oklahoma State University; Alice Kendrick, SMU Temerlin Advertising Institute • This study examines the role that country reputation plays in moderating the effects of tourism advertising to that country as well as attitude toward its government and citizens. A pre-post online study conducted in Australia used the current Brand USA’s “Land of Dreams” television commercial as the experimental stimulus. The country reputation index was factor analyzed to reveal three dimensions – Leadership, Investment and Culture. Results indicated that Leadership moderated the main effects of the tourism ad, as well as attitude toward the US government. Sweetening the Deal: The Impact of Using "That's-Not-All" Techniques in Promotional Emails • Zijian Gong, Texas Tech University; Shannon Bichard • This experiment investigated the “that’s-not-all” (TNA) technique as a promotional strategy and offered suggestions for maximizing its effectiveness in email advertising. Results denote a significant TNA impact on attitudes and perceptions of offer value, and this impact was robust across various types of products. Additionally, adding a time limit to TNA offers enhanced the perceptions of offer value. The research contributes to the current literature by developing strategies to increase the effectiveness of TNA techniques. Segmenting The U.S. Product Placement Market: On the Basis of Consumers’ Cognitive and Attitudinal Responses to Advertising in General • Chang Dae Ham; Jin Seong Park, University of Tennessee Knoxville; Sejin Park, University of Tennessee • The purpose of the present study is to examine how U.S. consumers respond to product placement according to their perceptions about advertising in general. Based on a nationally representative sample of US adults from Experian Simmons (N = 22,348), this study identified five clusters of U.S. consumers, segmented by their cognitive and attitudinal responses to advertising in general. The study further reveals that each cluster has distinct demographic and media usage profiles and exhibits varying responses to product placement across television and movie. Implications for the practice of product placement are discussed. A Model of Consumer Response to OTC Drug Advertising: Antecedents and Influencing Factors • Jisu Huh, University of Minnesota; Denise DeLorme, University of Central Florida; Leonard Reid, University of Georgia • Given the importance of OTC drugs in the healthcare marketplace and the lack of systematic research about OTC drug advertising effects, this study proposed and tested a Consumer Over-the-Counter Drug Advertising Response (CODAR) model. SEM analysis provides support for the model, explaining the OTCA effect process from key consumer antecedents to ad involvement, from ad involvement to ad attention, from ad attention to cognitive responses, then to affective/evaluative responses, leading to the final advertising outcomes. Where Should Brands Position their Advertisements during the Sporting Event? Spectators’ Mental Energy Perspective • Wonseok Jang, University of Florida; Yong Jae Ko, University of Florida; Jon Morris; Jungwon Chun, University of Florida • The current study proposes a novel way to understand when brands should display advertisements during sporting events to maximize effectiveness. Relying on the ego-depletion model and the self-determination theory, this study explains how sport fans use, store, or increase their mental energy in the body system during the sporting event. Subsequently, how the increase or decrease mental energy transfers to the sport fans’ evaluation process of advertisements that were positioned during the sporting event. The Effectiveness of Ecolabels among Young Adults: Environmental Warning Messages in Differing Message Contexts • Yongick Jeong, Louisiana State University • This study determines the contextual relationships between ecolabels and message contexts. By conducting two experiments, via a two-way mixed-repeated-measures design, the impacts of contextual similarity (Study 1) and the effects of context-induced moods (Study 2) on the effectiveness of ecolabels are examined. This study found ecolabels perform differently based on context formats (ads vs. PSAs), context-induced moods (positive vs. negative) and environmental issues (energy conservation, recycling, and pollution). Interaction effects were also examined and discussed. The Role of Personal and Societal Norms in Understanding Social Media Advertising Effects: A Study of Sponsored Stories on Facebook • Joonghwa Lee, Middle Tennessee State University; Soojung Kim, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Doyle Yoon, University of Oklahoma • This study examines the antecedents and behavioral consequences of personal and societal norms in the context of Facebook sponsored stories. The survey findings indicate that personal descriptive and injunctive norms influence consumers’ intentions to interact with sponsored stories, whereas societal descriptive and injunctive norms do not. Interpersonal influences (e.g., family) and social influences (e.g., number of ‘likes’) form personal and societal norms, respectively. Theoretical and practical implications for social media advertising effects are discussed. Development of an Other Minds Confidence Scale for Advertising • Esther Thorson; Eunjin (Anna) Kim, University of Missouri; Eunseon Kwon, University of Missouri; Heather Shoenberger, University of Missouri • The present study develops a rationale for why the construct of “other minds confidence” is generally an important one for human communication and specifically for theory about how people respond to advertising and other intentionally persuasive messages. We develop an exploratory scale for measuring what we conceptualize as “other minds confidence,” evaluate its reliability and factor structure, test whether it is different from a closely related construct, “persuasion knowledge,” and then further assess its validity by see whether it predicts general attitude toward advertising. Finally, we discuss some potential applications of the scale. Perceived Norms and Consumer Responses to Social Media Advertising: A Cross-Cultural Study of Facebook Sponsored Stories among Americans and Koreans • Soojung Kim, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Joonghwa Lee, Middle Tennessee State University • This study examines the differences in the relationship among three types of norms (i.e., subjective, personal descriptive, and personal injunctive norms), attitudes toward interacting with Facebook sponsored stories, and behavioral intentions between Americans and Koreans. The findings indicate that personal injunctive norms were a stronger predictor of behavioral intentions for Koreans, whereas subjective norms and personal descriptive norms were stronger predictors of behavioral intentions for Americans. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. The Cognitive and Affective Effects of Brand Categorization and Evaluation on Brand Extension Purchase Intent • Jungsuk kang; Carolyn Lin • This study tested an expanded categorization model to examine how consumers evaluate and process perceived brand relationships between a parent brand, an extension product category and a brand extension. Study findings confirmed that perceived product-feature fit instead of perceived parent-brand image fit between a parent brand and its extension product category significantly enhanced the perceived similarity between the parent brand and its brand extension as well as brand-extension attitude and brand-extension purchase intent. Uses and Gratifications that Drive Young Adults’ Smartphone Use and the Implications for Advertising Effectiveness • Kelty Logan, University of Colorado at Boulder • This quantitative study focuses on young adults in the U.S. and their use of smartphones in the belief that a thorough understanding of the gratifications sought will provide guidance to advertisers regarding the relative levels of involvement associated with each function. Specifically, the study explores the participants’ hierarchy of needs, the needs they seek to gratify through the use of various smartphone functions and applications, and their attitudes toward the advertising found in those environments. The results suggest that the heavy users of smartphone functions and apps are those who feel that “connection with friends and family,” “building relationships,” “increasing self-esteem,” and “mood elevation” are extremely important. Light users of smartphone functions and apps are those who feel that “seeking information/knowledge” or “seeking escape” are extremely important. While all light users appear to share negative attitudes toward advertising on smartphone functions and apps, not all heavy users share the same attitudes. There appears to be a distinction among heavy users based upon gratifications sought from smartphone use. Those who value connection, relationship-building, and mood elevation do not have positive attitudes toward advertising they encounter on smartphone functions and apps. Those who value increased self-esteem, however, appear to accept advertising on email and apps for information, assistance, and social media. The Effectiveness of Cross‑media Advertising in Simultaneous Media Use: Combining TV and Web Advertisements • Shanshan Lou; Hong Cheng • Focused on cross-media advertising under simultaneous media exposure, this study explores the effectiveness of combining TV and web advertising by asking experiment participants (N = 168) to consume TV and web content simultaneously. In contrary to results from prior studies, media combination was not found to yield detrimental effects on ads attitudes and recalls. Multitasking seemed to have more negative influence on the recall of TV ads when compared with that of complex web ads simultaneously exposed to. The “Boomerang Effect” of Disclosures: How Placement Disclosures Affect Brand Memory, Persuasion Knowledge, and Brand Attitude • Joerg Matthes; Brigitte Naderer, U of Vienna • Despite the relevance of disclosures to policy makers and consumer organisations, we have limited knowledge as to whether disclosures hinder or foster the impact of brand placements. This paper develops and tests a theoretical model of placement disclosure effects. An experimental study exposed participants to the video clip “Telephone” by Lady Gaga. Product placement frequency (zero, moderate, high) and presence of brand disclosures were experimentally varied. Results demonstrated that brand disclosures lead to an increase in brand memory for frequently depicted placements. Disclosures also affected defence motivation against persuasive influence by activating conceptual and attitudinal persuasion knowledge. However, defence motivation did not lead to more negative brand attitudes. On the contrary, findings suggest that disclosures can lead to more positive brand attitudes by activating, and therefore, strengthening already existing favourable brand evaluations. In terms of protection against covert marketing techniques, we conclude that disclosures may be a double-edge sword. Exploring Qualifications for Senior-Level Advertising Agency Positions • Sheryl Oliver, Howard University; Rochelle Ford, Howard University • Using institutional theory to frame this study explores the qualifications talent and diversity professionals in advertising agencies perceive to be necessary to obtain senior-level positions in the advertising industry. Because African Americans and other minority groups are under-represented in mid and senior-level positions, this study explored particular characteristics desired among them. Using qualitative interviews, leadership experience within advertising agencies was the most important quality because they will be able to demonstrate a track record of success, the ability to thrive in a fast-paced environment, a level of toughness, and ability to generate new business. These characteristics will give credibility to candidates and help them motivate their teams. African Americans are expected to give back and mentor others. Results reinforce the need for strong retention programs to help entry-level candidates obtain mid-level managerial agency positions so they can be promoted into senior-level roles. Beyond Exclusivity and Convenience: Real Estate Advertisements and the Singapore Story • Fernando Paragas, Nanyang Technological University; Aaron Tan, Nanyang Technological University; Dennis Kom, Nanyang Technological University; Stacey Anne Rodrigues, Nanyang Technological University; Joyce See, Nanyang Technological University • Using textual analysis, this paper explores the narrative that real estate advertisements depict and nurture in Singapore. Through the stages of identification, construction and deconstruction, the paper explores connections between and among advertising as text, culture as context and discourse as supra-text. It reveals paradoxes within the advertisements that depict not only what developers infer as the aspirational lifestyle in Singapore but also inform the tensions of life in the city-state. The Influence Mechanism of the Advertising and National Economy：the Chinese Experience (1979-2010) • Linsen Su; Mingqian Li • The paper found that GDP and economic openness predicted the advertising positively in China, whereas the Engel coefficient and unemployment had negative effects on the advertising, but the effect of the urbanization on advertising could not be confirmed, basing on the co-integration analysis of the per capita advertising, per capita GDP, urbanization, economic openness, urban unemployment rate, and Engel coefficient. Let’s conserve energy but you recycle! Environmental claim types and responsibility attributions in green ads • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Margaret Duffy, Missouri School of Journalism • This study seeks to test the effects of two elements used in green advertisements—claim type and attribution of responsibility—on ad attitude, attitude toward the company, and purchase intention. An experiment involving 869 participants found that energy and recycling claims were more effective in getting a positive ad attitude than a selling sustainable products claim. The company’s taking responsibility for saving the environment is the most effective strategy to get a positive brand attitude. Health Buzz at School: Evaluations of a Statewide Teen Health Campaign • Ming Wang, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Amy Struthers, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • Drawing upon data from the first two years of a state-wide health communication campaign that employed a peer-to-peer marketing strategy to encourage high school students to adopt healthy behavior, this paper finds that the buzz component increased campaign awareness among students in participating schools compared to those in the comparison schools, but there was no significant difference between their health attitudes. Furthermore, attitude toward the campaign mediated the effect of buzz exposure on health attitudes. Deception by Design? Analyzing native advertising design and disclosure on news websites • Bartosz Wojdynski, University of Georgia; Nathaniel Evans • In the face of evidence that consumers selectively, or even reflexively, avoid many forms of display advertising online, content publishers have sought more subtle ways to deliver viewers’ attention to advertisers’ content. One recent emergence is an increase in the use by online publishers of advertising copy presented in the form of editorial content, often called “native advertising.” Although this practice has analogs in print and broadcast media forms, the present research identified and analyzed recent examples of such native advertising on online editorial content publishing sites (N=28), with a focus on the language, positioning, and size of information that discloses the content as advertising. The findings suggest a lack of standard practice in all three areas. Although a majority of examples offered some disclosure elements positioned before the start of the page content, very few explicitly used any form of the word “advertising” in the disclosure labels. The findings are discussed in the context of the need greater for empirical research into effects of design characteristics in disclosure labeling. A little training goes a long way: Increasing children’s recognition of embedded advertising through education • Eilene Wollslager, Our Lady of the Lake University • This study examined the relationship between media literacy training and elementary students’ (grades 3-4) ability to recognize embedded advertising (advergaming) in a children’s online website. Children could not recognize advergames as advertising at the beginning of the study (0%). Following a brief, 10-minute training session, children’s ability to recognize an advergame as a commercial message increased to 30%. Additionally, there was no indication of a digital divide in student's awareness of advergaming. Rural students outperformed urban counterparts in the recognition of online advertising. Understanding Consumer Animosity in the Politicized Global Market: From the Perspective of Young Transnational Consumers • Qinghua Yang; Katy Snell; Wanhsiu Sunny Tsai, University of Miami • Contextualized in the recent territorial dispute between Japan and China, this research examines consumer animosity from the perspective of transnational Chinese consumers. This study provides a multidimensional model of animosity and tests an integrative model that links cultural identification, antecedents (i.e., patriotism, nationalism, and internationalism), and moderators of consumer animosity (i.e., perceived symbolism and perceived threat). Transnational Chinese consumers’ cultural identification was found to significantly influence the mechanisms underlying their animosity against Japan and Japanese products. Does “green” work? The role of message framing, construal level and environmental concern • Lingling Zhang, Towson University; Hua Chang • Many firms adopt green advertising and put great emphasis on the value of green marketing strategies. However, little research has examined the effectiveness of green appeal in advertisements. Building on message framing and construal level theory, this study conducts two experiments to examine the interaction effect of construal level and gain or loss framed messages on consumers’ attitudes and purchase intention towards advertised product, as well as the moderating role of consumers’ environmental concern in this interaction. The findings demonstrate that a congruency between loss (gain) frame and low (high) level construal leads to more positive outcomes in consumers’ attitudes and purchase intention. Furthermore, this research reveals that the congruency effect is moderated by the level of consumer environmental concern, which has important theoretical and practical implications. Special Topics Papers Connecting Science to Advertising: How John B. Watson Laid the Foundation of Behavioral Targeting • Abigail Bartholomew, University of Nebraska–Lincoln; Frauke Hachtmann, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • Behaviorism as defined in 1913 by John B. Watson was a science that used repeated, observable human activity to develop hypotheses that would eventually predict and control responses. Through repeated experiments, Watson developed a thorough knowledge of what he defined as base human reactions. Stanley Resor, then president of J. Walter Thompson Agency, hired Watson to promote a partnership between advertising and science, and the subsequent 15 years of Watson’s career included some notable scientific contributions. This historical study shows that though these outcomes may not have provided many measurable positive results, they set into motion industry-wide change that continued to develop until the present. The study also argues that though behavioristic principles may not have found solid footing in a mass media environment, the current networked communication state provides much more fertile ground for analyzing message receivers and eliciting desired responses. A Case History of Small Advertising Agency Leadership: An In-Depth Look at Knoxville’s Lavidge & Associates • Daniel Haygood, Elon University • Most of the advertising agency-related articles in the trade press and the research contained in academic journals focus on the large multi-national advertising agencies. This is unfortunate because much innovation, creativity, and resourcefulness are found in the local advertising agency communities. This case history takes an in-depth look at Lavidge & Associates, a small advertising firm located in Knoxville, Tennessee. This advertising agency is in its sixty-third year of business, a journey that has seen the firm begin as a two-person shop, rise to employ fifty to sixty individuals, and then return in the recent decade to a small firm with two full-time business partners. Throughout its long history, the agency has survived by demonstrating leadership in different areas of the business. This quality of leading appears to be the key to its success and survival. Specifically, the firm’s story reveals leadership lessons in management, client service, creative development, and production. It shows that innovation can often come from the smaller firms of the advertising community." Educating the Next-Generation Don Draper • Valerie Jones, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • Technology and the proliferation of data have transformed the advertising industry. Those with digital and analytical skills are now more employable than those with “traditional” advertising skills. At the same time, colleges face increasing emphasis on job placement rates. Are advertising programs providing students with the skills needed to win jobs today? Today’s “next-generation Don Drapers” must not only be fluent in creativity and big ideas, but also be fluent in analysis and big data. "Putting On Campaigns": A History of 70 Years of Advertising Education at X University • Ronald Taylor, University of Tennessee; Joyce Wolburg, Marquette University • Two philosophies of advertising education have existed in American colleges and universities since the early 1900s. This paper traces the two philosophies—a “how to philosophy” vs. a “why philosophy” as they were sequentially implemented across 70 years at a land grant university in the Southeast. Assessing Brand Personality on Social Media: An Analysis of External Perceptions of University Twitter Activity • Brandi Watkins, Virginia Tech; Regina Lewis, The University of Alabama • Universities market to diverse audiences and when combined with a common struggle within many universities for funding, online social media marketing possibilities become an important component of the university brand. This investigates the influence of Twitter activity on perceptions of university branding. Findings indicate that there is little difference in how universities are perceived by external audiences; the study contributes to the current body of literature by applying traditional brand personality scales to non-traditional media. Motivating savings behavior in PSAs: The effect of social norms and the moderating role of financial responsibility • Hye Jin Yoon, Southern Methodist University • Personal savings rates in the United States are low, creating potentially negative consequences. This study conducted two experiments to test the effects of social norms and the moderating role of an individual’s financial responsibility in responses to public service advertisements promoting savings behavior. Across two studies, perception of norm and benefit information varied with financial responsibility. Implications for social norm theory and improving social marketing ad campaigns to promote saving are provided. Teaching Papers Blogging In The Classroom: Using WordPress Blogs With Buddy Press Plugin As A Learning Tool. • Keith Quesenberry, Johns Hopkins University; Dana Saewitz, Temple University; Sheryl Kantrowitz, Temple University • Three professors used WordPress blogs with 130 students one semester in three different advertising courses. Descriptions of how blogs were used to enhance student participation, engagement and skill building are included along with students’ quantitative and qualitative assessments. The use of course blogs led to multiple positive self-reported student learning outcomes. Based on the researchers’ self-evaluation and analysis of students’ survey feedback, this article offers insights for using blogging as a learning tool. Teach Like They Build It: A User Experience Approach to Interactive Media in Advertising Education • Adam Wagler, UNL • The proliferation of interactive media and new technology on college campuses is blending together student academic work and online personal lives. Advertising instructors have unique opportunities to leverage interactive instructional technology to reach more students and give them various ways to engage in learning materials while modeling professional applications of emerging media. User experience (UX), a term normally associated with interactive design, provides a framework for all advertising instructors to effectively integrate interactive media into their teaching. An in-depth review of the literature is provided to bridge the research between cognition, mass communications, and web usability creating a foundation for a UX approach to using interactive media in advertising education. The purpose of this paper is to provide theory-based strategies for advertising instructors to take advantage of interactive technology for student learning while modeling professional uses of interactive media. Student Papers The Moderating Role of Brand Familiarity on Media Synergistic Effect: An Information Processing Perspective • Guanxiong Huang, Michigan State University • Cross-media advertising campaigns have become commonplace in today’s multimedia environment. Drawing from the multiple source effect theorization, this study explores the underlying mechanism of media synergistic effect from an information processing perspective. Brand familiarity is proposed as a moderator of media synergistic effect: people with different level of prior brand-related knowledge tend to process advertisements in diverse cognitive routes. An experiment found that for an unfamiliar brand media synergy outperforms repeated exposures via a solo medium in terms of raising message credibility and generating more positive thoughts, while similar effects were not seen on the familiar brand. A New Perspective on Brand Avoidance Behaviors: Attention to Social Comparison Information matters! • Eunjin (Anna) Kim, University of Missouri; Eunseon Kwon, University of Missouri • Prior research on brand consumption behaviors, especially those that potentially affect a person’s social identity, has mainly focused on approach rather than avoidance motives. We examine brand avoidance behaviors in the context of an individual-difference construct, attention to social comparison information (ATSCI). Our overarching argument is that high ATSCI consumers, being anxious and uncertain about others’ reactions, will seek to keep a low profile in their brand choices—they will prefer to blend in rather than to stand out. In study 1, we show that although high and low ATSCI consumers identify themselves with equally prestigious brands, the former do so with less distinctive brands. In study 2, we find that high ATSCI consumers, unlike their low ATSCI counterparts, avoid conspicuous brand logos even in the case of highly prestigious brands. Perfect Mothers: How Mothers are Presented in Images in Food Advertising • Jinhee Lee; Jimi Hong, University of Texas at Austin • The purpose of study is to explore how food advertising portrays mother images in food advertising and which advertising themes in food advertising. The study selected sample advertisements from three magazines: Parents, Family Fun, and Working Mother. For analyzing data, content analysis was conducted. The study showed that food advertising portrayed traditional mother images and highlighted the traditional meanings of mothering. Theoretical and practical implications were addressed. Anonymous vs. Non-anonymous Online Comments: The effects of Comments’ Visual Anonymity and Valence on Consumers’ Attitude and Purchase Intention • Chen Lou, Michigan State University; Pradnya Joshi; Eunsin Joo • Using the theoretical framework of social identity model of deindividuation (SIDE) and elaboration likelihood model, this study investigated how online commenters’ visual anonymity and comments’ valence (either positive or negative) affect consumers’ attitude and purchase intention toward products sold on social commerce websites. In a 2 (commenters’ visual anonymity: anonymous vs. recognized) x 2 (comments’ valence: positive vs. negative) between-subjects factorial design, participants (n= 157) were exposed to one of the four Groupon webpage selling a printer before being asked to indicate their evaluation and purchase intention toward the printer. Results indicated that online peer comments do have persuasive effects on online users, and such effects are not limited to only anonymous users’ reviews. Also, visually recognized negative comments – compared to anonymous negative comments – seem to be more efficient in persuading users not to buy the product. Findings are discussed in the context of computer-mediated-communication with new technology change in relation to consumer behavior research and social commerce marketing. Playing with the Brand: Exploring the Influence of Advergame Play on Company Evaluations and Recall • Matthew VanDyke, Texas Tech University; Ann Rodriguez, Texas Tech University • This experiment employed a 2 X 2 factorial design to assess the influence of advergame play on evaluations of a company and game-specific information recall. Advergame play did not influence participants’ attitude toward the company or an ambiguous company news event. Participants’ perceptions of the advergame’s interactivity predicted whether the game was perceived as informative and enjoyable. Recall data suggested that regardless of interactivity perceptions, participants tended to recall game-specific information. Mouse Tracking as a Method to Explore Brand Personality Distinctiveness • Zongyuan Wang, University of Missouri at Columbia; Russell Clayton, University of Missouri • Brand personality is an important value for a brand to differentiate itself from other brands and to create unique brand images. This study used mouse tracking as an unobtrusive cognitive indicator measure of brand personality distinctiveness and examined how product involvement and function orientation might jointly influence brand personality distinctiveness. Results showed that brand personality distinctiveness and accessibility was higher for functional brands than for sensory brands and was the lowest for low-involvement sensory brands. Larger, Closer, Brighter: How Advertising Design Influence Advertising Recognition • Zongyuan Wang, University of Missouri at Columbia; Mikkel Christensen, University of Missouri; Andrew Brown, University of Missouri at Columbia; Michelle Reed, University of Missouri at Columbia • Ads on media suffer from competitions of their counterparts, which can be detrimental to ad recognition. Physical properties ad design may influence ad recognition. This study examined how brand name contrast, brand name size, and distance between the brand name and the product image influenced ad recognition. Findings suggest that larger brand name, shorter distance between the brand name and the product image, and higher brand name contrast produced the highest ad recognition. Disgust in Advertising – Social and Gender Implications • Kivy Weeks, University of Connecticut • This exploratory research increases understanding of the implications for disgust in marketing communications. It details an experiment manipulating the amount of disgust in an advertisement depicting a low involvement, brand new product. It evaluates the importance of gender, social variables, as well as state and trait disgust on product attitude. Important findings include a significant interaction between gender and disgust manipulation, such that gender moderates the relationship between disgust advertising and product attitude, with disgust having a greater negative effect on attitude for women than men. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13868 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/comsher-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 12:23:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13871 Expectancies and Motivations to Attend an Informal Lecture Series • Niveen AbiGhannam, University of Texas at Austin; Ming-Ching Liang; Lee Ann Kahlor, UT Austin; Anthony Dudo, University of Texas at Austin • We interviewed the audience of an informal science lecture series at a college campus. We used self-determination theory to understand what motivates audiences to attend the talks and social cognitive theory to determine the outcome expectancies that people hope to get out of attending those talks. Intrinsic motivations were found to be the main drivers for attending the talks. Audiences, however, were also found to also hold outcome and efficacy expectations to attend the talks. “Drunk in Love”: The Portrayal of Risk Behavior in Music Lyrics • Christina Anderson, Coastal Carolina University; Kyle J. Holody, Coastal Carolina University; Mark Flynn, Coastal Carolina University; Clay Craig, Coastal Carolina University • The current study investigates the portrayal of risk behavior in Rap, R&B/Hip Hop, Adult Contemporary, Rock, Country, and Pop lyrics by conducting a content analysis of top 20 Billboard songs from each category from 2009-2013. Using the theoretical framework of the Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 2009), this study discusses normative behaviors of music genres, as well as the potential implications of vicarious learning and modeling for consumers of music lyrics. Findings suggest alcohol consumption and sexual behaviors are the most frequently mentioned risk behaviors in lyrics, particularly within Rap and R&B/Hip-Hop lyrics. Results also suggest risk behavior is often associated with positive emotions and a disregard for consequences. Media literacy for adolescents and young adults, who are the greatest consumers of music, is emphasized as a possible solution. Further investigation into the impact of exposure to risk behavior in music lyrics upon consumers is warranted. Integrating Self-Affirmation into Health-Risk Messages: Effects on Message Response and Behavioral Intent • Laura Arpan, Florida State University; Young Sun Lee, Florida State University; Zihan Wang, Florida State University • The current study tested a new method of using Self-Affirmation Theory to increase adaptive responses to health-risk messages. Participants’ self-concepts were affirmed via text incorporated into messages rather than by more cumbersome, less practical methods used in previous studies. College students (N=342) who reported high or low level of personal relevance of three behaviors (wearing flip-flops, drinking bottled water, or drinking caffeinated beverages) were exposed to either affirming or non-affirming Public Service Announcements about the risky behavior and its health outcomes. Affirmed participants reported more positive attitudes toward the message, greater self-efficacy, and increased behavioral intent to reduce risky behavior than non-affirmed participants, and this effect was stable for participants in both high- and low- relevance groups. However, affirmed participants rated the risk-associated threat as less severe than non-affirmed participants. Perceptions of threat susceptibility were not influenced by affirming vs. non-affirming messages. Predicting employee responses to an energy-saving intervention and descriptive versus moral norms framing of educational messages • Laura Arpan, Florida State University; Prabir Barooah, University of Florida, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Rahul Subramany, Lutron Electronics • This study examined energy savings, air-quality changes, and employee responses associated with an energy-efficiency pilot program in a university building. Effects of two educational message frames (descriptive vs. moral norms cues) were also tested. Employees’ personal moral norm to conserve energy most consistently predicted positive responses. The two message frames had roughly equivalent effects on behavioral responses, although employees who received the descriptive-norms message were somewhat more likely to say they might complain about the program. Resonance of a Media-Based Social Norms Health Campaign to Students in a College Greek System • Erica Austin, Washington State University; Stacey J.T. Hust, The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University; Bruce Pinkleton, Washington State University Murrow Center for Media & Health Promotion; Jason Wheeler, Washington State University; Anna Wheatley, Washington State University • A posttest-only field experiment with randomized assignment to control and treatment groups tested the role of resonance in a media-based campaign for alcohol abuse and risk prevention within a college Greek community. Gender-targeted, descriptive and injunctive norms-based e-zine messages especially resonated among higher-risk students. Resonance predicted efficacy for safer behavior and smaller collective norms misperceptions. The results indicated the intervention strategies successfully reached high-risk students and that beneficial effects depended on receptivity, not just exposure. Stay Active: The Effect of a Social Media Community on Exercise Adherence Motivation • Justin Barnes, University of Idaho; Yong-Chae Rhee, Washington State University • The purpose of this study was to provide information regarding a venue for exercise adherence motivation toward physical activity via social media support. The five themes identified that positively affected participants’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to adhere to exercise through a social media fitness application were: accountability matters; support is crucial for a sedentary population beginning exercise; recognition of gains positively affects motivation; social media creates positive fitness competition; and fitness is a lifestyle. Functions of Family Support in Elderly Chinese Singaporean Women’s Health Behavior • Iccha Basnyat; Leanne Chang, National University of Singapore • This study sought to investigate how family support functions in the lives of elderly Chinese Singaporean woman and how it guides elderly women’s management of day-to-day health and well-being. Thirty-eight semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore elderly women’s understanding of family support in their lives and its influence on their health behavior. Results of thematic analysis show that family support was carried out through intergenerational communication of health information from the past and provision of physical assistance in the present. Together, the intangible information support and the tangible physical support serve a function of encouraging elderly women to engage in positive health behavior rooted in both traditional practices and Western medical treatments. Findings from this study provide insights into how health behavior is communicated, and supported in a local cultural context. Commercial Sex Worker’s Articulations of Agency and Survival: Implications for Health Intervention Strategies • Iccha Basnyat • Lived experiences of female commercial sex workers illustrate that sex work is a manifestation of limited access to education, resources, and jobs due to violence, oppression, and patriarchy. However, Nepalese female commercial sex workers reconstitute sex work as a viable form of work that provides food and shelter for their families and allows fulfillment of their duties as mothers. Through a culture-centered approach to research, which emphasis voices of the marginalized and their own articulations of how marginalized spaces are negotiated, this article offers an entry point to locating commercial sex workers as active participants in their day-to-day living. Thirty-five in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with street-based female commercial sex workers. Thematic analysis revealed the following three themes: (a) surviving through sex work; (b) financial security in sex work; and (c) surviving sex work stigma. These findings have implications for health promotion targeted to this population. Lived experiences illustrate the need to move away from traditional, top-down, linear behavior-change health campaigns to reconstitute health interventions with a participatory bottom-up approach that includes the voices of the cultural participants and are situated within their own needs and context. Predictors of Perceptions of Scientists: Comparing 2001 and 2012 • John Besley, Michigan State University • The 2001 and 2012 National Science Foundation surveys of public attitudes and knowledge about science were used to model perceptions of scientists and explore whether the predictors of such perceptions have changed over time. The available data indicate that the relative impact of the available predictors changed somewhat between the two time periods. Key predictors of views about scientists include age, gender, and scientific knowledge, regardless of time period. Science museum attendance and primary source of science news were also sometimes important. A key limitation of the modeling is that the available predictors do a relatively poor job predicting both positive and negative views about scientists. This may suggest the need for a reconsideration what questions get included in the biennial NSF science and technology survey, particularly when it comes to communication variables. Visual Attention to and Memory for Humorous Versus Threating Advisories • Hannah Sikora; Mary Brooks, Texas Tech University; Zijian Gong, Texas Tech University; Glenn Cummins, Texas Tech University • Based on the looming threat of threat-inducing graphic advisories in cigarette advertising and packaging, advertising researchers have begun to explore the impact of graphic images incorporated in advisory labels as a means of eliciting attention and improving memory. However, some research has shown that such messages can also lead to selective avoidance among smokers. This study used the tenets of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and eye tracking to test the utility of humorous appeals within graphic advisory labels for both smokers and nonsmokers. Compared to threat-inducing graphic advisories, humorous appeals garnered greater attention and unaided recall. However, advisory type had no impact on attitudes toward cigarette advertisements, and these effects were uniform for both smokers and non-smokers. Expert Interviews with Science Communicators: Identifying News Values and Perceptions of Audience Values • Paige Brown, Louisiana State University • Science communicators are a key link between scientists and lay readers, navigating both the values of science and the values of audiences, using professionally shared news factors and ideas about the role of science communication in society to select and produce stories. And yet we know little about the motivations and assumptions of audience values that underlie professionally shared news factors in science communication. Interviews with 14 science communicators in various areas of communication reveal that both their personal motivations and their perceptions of audience values influence whether and how scientific research is translated into story. Opposing ends of the spectrum: Predicting trust in scientific and religious authorities • Michael Cacciatore, University of Georgia; Nicholas Browning, University of Georgia; Dietram Scheufele; Dominique Brossard; Michael Xenos; Elizabeth Corley • Given the ethical questions that surround many emerging technologies, the present study is interested in exploring public trust in two potentially opposing institutions for information about the risks and benefits of science: scientific authorities and religious organizations. We find that Evangelicals are less trusting of scientific institutions and more trusting of religious authorities than their non-Evangelical counterparts and that they use mediated information differently in forming their trust evaluations. Implications of the findings are discussed. Pilot Evaluation of a UV Monitoring-Enhanced Skin Cancer Prevention Among Farm Youth in Rural Virginia • Yvonnes Chen, University of Kansas; Donatus Ohanehi; Kerry Redican; Robert Grisso; John Perumpral; Steve Feldman; J. Dan Swafford; John Burton • Due to higher levels of UV exposure, rural farm youth are at higher risk for skin cancer than non-farm youth. This pilot study assessed how a UV monitoring-enhanced intervention decreased UV exposure among youth. Using a one-group pretest-posttest design, we found participants’ skin cancer knowledge, skin protection attitude and likelihood of engaging in protection practices significantly increased. Participants were satisfied with the functions of the monitoring device. This tailored intervention was effective for rural youth. Sources of information influencing the state-of-the-science gap in hormone therapy usage • Fiona Chew, Syracuse University • "Medical reviews and research comprise a key information source for news media stories on medical therapies and innovations as well as for physicians in updating their practice. The present study examines medical review journal articles, physician surveys and news media coverage of HT to assess the relationship between the three information sources and whether/if they contributed to a state-of-the-science gap (a condition when the evaluation of a medical condition or therapy ascertained by the highest standards of investigation is incongruent with the science-in-practice such as physician recommendations and patient actions). We meta-analyzed 156 randomly sampled medical reviews on hormone therapy (HT) and all surveys of US physicians’ HT recommendations between 2002 and 2009. Next, we content analyzed HT news valence in three major TV networks, newspapers and magazines/internet sites in 2002 and 2009. Medical reviews yielded a mixed picture about HT while most physicians were pro-HT. Newspaper and television coverage reflected a pro and con balance while magazine stories were more positive in 2009. Implications are discussed. Implications are discussed." One Does Not Fit All: Health Audience Segmentation and Prediction of Health Behaviors • myounggi chon; Hyojung Park, Louisiana State University • This study sought to propose a Health Belief Model-based (HBM) approach to segmenting health audiences in order to improve targeting of cancer prevention efforts. The segmentation variables included HBM variables (perceived susceptibility and self-efficacy), information trust, health literacy, perceived determinants of health, and other modifying variables, such as demographics. This study also examined how the identified health segments would differ in cancer prevention behaviors, including diet and exercise. Data from the 3,630 respondents in the mail portion of the 2013 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) were used for health audience segmentation. A cluster analysis resulted in three distinct health audience groups: (a) Health Aware, (b) Health At Risk, and (c) Health In Confidence. MANOVA tests indicate that these segments significantly differ regarding healthy diet and exercise. The findings from this study can help health practitioners to design more effective cancer prevention campaigns and to promote health behaviors among various audiences. Linking Evidentiary Balance, Uncertainty, and Health Attitudes in the Context of Vaccine Risk • Christopher Clarke, George Mason University; Brooke McKeever; Avery Holton, University of Utah; Graham Dixon, Cornell University • This article extends research on using ‘evidentiary balance’ to communicate risk-related uncertainty. Participants (n=181) read news articles with/without evidentiary balance rejecting an autism-vaccine link. The impact of such information on post-exposure certainty that vaccines are safe, effective, and not connected to autism was not contingent on pre-exposure certainty. However, it was associated with positive vaccine attitudes indirectly, via a perceived divide among scientists regarding a link and post-exposure certainty. We discuss theoretical and practical implications. Immersion in Video Games, Creative Self-Efficacy, and Political Participation • Francis Dalisay, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Matthew Kushin, Shepherd University; Jinhee Kim; Clarissa David, University of the Philippines-Diliman; Lilnabeth Somera, University of Guam; Amy Forbes, James Cook University • A survey (N = 801) was conducted in Australia, Guam, the Philippines, South Korea, and the U.S. to explore the relationships between the discovery, role-play, and customization motivations of video game play (Yee, 2006), creative self-efficacy, and political participation. Findings reveal role-play and creative self-efficacy are positively associated with political participation; discovery and role-play are positively associated with creative self-efficacy. Discovery and role-play had small indirect effects on political participation via creative self-efficacy. Representations of the Environment on Television, and Their Effects • James Shanahan; Katherine McComas, Cornell University; Mary Beth Deline, Cornell University • This study revisits research begun in the 1990s, examining representations of the environment on American entertainment television. We collected new data to assess change between 2012 and the 1990s. Using a cultural indicators and cultivation approach, the study finds that: 1) the environment is still rarely represented; and 2) heavier TV viewers are likelier to sublimate their environmental beliefs. These findings have implications for better understanding the social and policy environment where environmental decisions occur." Affective arousal as a mechanism of exemplification effects: An experiment on two-sided message recall and risk perception • Graham Dixon, Cornell University • To test the effect of emotional visuals in two-sided message recall and risk perception, participants (n=516) were randomly assigned to an article presenting conflicting risk arguments with either an image exemplifying an action-risk argument, an image exemplifying an inaction-risk argument, or no image. Significant main effects on recall and risk perception were observed for readers in the action-risk exemplar condition. Negative affect mediated these effects, lending support to the affect heuristic. Scientists’ prioritization of goals for online public communication • Anthony Dudo, University of Texas at Austin; John Besley, Michigan State University • This study examines scientists’ strategic communication sensibilities, specifically in terms of their valuation of five goals for online public communication. These goals include informing the public about science, exciting the public about science, strengthening the public’s trust in science, tailoring messages about science, and defending science from misinformation. We use insights from extant research, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and procedural justice theory to identify likely predictors of scientists' views about these communication goals. Results show that scientists most value communication designed to defend science from misinformation. Regression analyses reveal factors associated with valuing each of these specific communication goals. The Threat, Self- External- and Response- Efficacy Model: Examining Climate Change Coverage in Leading U.S. Newspapers • Lauren Feldman, Rutgers University; P. Sol Hart, University of Michigan; Tijana Milosevic, American University • Drawing from the Extended Parallel Processing Model and political science concepts of efficacy, this study proposes the Threat, Self-, External-, and Response- (TSER) efficacy model for communicating about risks, such as climate change, that have a political component. We applied this model to a content analysis of news and opinion stories about climate change in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, and USA Today between 2006-2011. The results indicate that U.S. newspapers represent the threat of climate change and efficacy for actions to address climate change in ways that are suboptimal for public engagement, and this is particularly true in The Wall Street Journal. Implications for public engagement and ideological polarization are discussed. “It’s natural and healthy, but I don’t want to see it” The impact of entertainment television on breastfeeding attitudes • Katie Foss, Middle Tennessee State University; Ken Blake • This study examined entertainment television’s effect on breastfeeding attitudes. Based on results of a randomized-group experiment involving 364 students, this study finds that while participants generally held positive attitudes, exposing them to clips of prime-time fictional television depictions of breastfeeding negatively affected their attitudes, particularly after viewing an older child breastfeeding. Furthermore, watching a clip in which a breastfeeding woman is harassed in a restaurant seemed to improve comfort with viewing breastfeeding. Qualitative responses indicated that many participants held mixed feelings about the clips ranging from positive reactions to describing the breastfeeding videos as awkward, amusing, or irrelevant to their lives. The study concludes that entertainment television can affect attitudes toward breastfeeding, even in a population with few parents. It also speculates that pro-breastfeeding images in media could help normalize breastfeeding, creating a climate conducive to breastfeeding success. Dr. Joel Fuhrman’s Health Immersion Conference and Its Effects on Diet and Health Behavior Change: An Extension of the Health Belief Model • Desiree Markham, Texas Tech University; Liz Gardner, Texas Tech University • Surveys were conducted with attendees of a Health Immersion Conference to assess effectiveness of this diet-focused intervention and examine Health Belief Model tenets. Surveys assessed how likelihood to change diet practices following the conference, types of intended diet changes, and perceived obstacles to change. Findings illustrate the effectiveness of this health intervention and also consider the influence of benefits promoted via a cue to action and perceived susceptibility in predicting intentions to change health behavior. On Pins and Needles: How Vaccines Are Portrayed on Pinterest • Jeanine Guidry, Virginia Commonwealth University • Vaccination is an effective public health measure that has been instrumental in greatly reducing the morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases. However, increasing numbers of parents question the safety of vaccines or refuse to vaccinate their children outright. The Internet is playing a significant role in this burgeoning anti-vaccination movement, since a growing number of people use the Internet to obtain health information, including information about vaccines. Given the role the Internet and specifically social media play in providing vaccination-related communication, and the fact that limited research that has been done to address this area, this study focused on the social media platform Pinterest and analyzed a total of 800 vaccine-related pins through a quantitative content analysis. The majority of the pins were anti-vaccine, and most were original posts as opposed to repins. Concerns about vaccine safety and side effects were an oft-repeated theme, as was the concept of conspiracy theory. Pro-vaccine pins elicited consistently more engagement than anti-vaccine pins. Health educators and public health organizations should be aware of these dynamics, since a successful health communication campaign should start with an understanding of what and how others communicate about the topic at hand. Framing Climate Change: A Content Analysis of Chinese Mainstream Media from 2005 to 2012 • Jingjing Han, Indiana University; Shaojing Sun, Fudan University • As the largest greenhouse gas emitter and the second-largest economy, China is of great importance in global climate change mitigation. This study investigated the state of affairs of Chinese media coverage on climate change. Focusing on the period from 2005 to 2012, we analyzed a total of 874 news articles from five mainstream Chinese newspapers such as People’ s Daily, Xinhua Daily Telegraph, and Southern Metropolis Daily. In reference to media framing analysis, we identified six major frames that are prominent in reports regarding climate change, including conflict, collaboration, human interest, attribution of responsibility, science, and leadership. Results showed that the frequencies of frame usage varied significantly across the Chinese newspapers. Furthermore, the use of certain frames (e.g. conflict, collaboration) is associated with the employment of different information sources, among which government officials are the most frequently cited. This study also suggested that the Chinese media are more likely to frame climate change from a political perspective, rather than a scientific and environmental one. Extending the impacts of hostile media perceptions: Influences on discussion and opinion polarization. • P. Sol Hart, University of Michigan; Lauren Feldman, Rutgers University; Connie Roser-Renouf, George Mason University; Anthony Leiserowitz, Yale University; Edward Maibach, George Mason University • Researchers recently have begun to examine how hostile media perceptions (HMP) may promote discursive activities aimed at correcting the media’s perceived negative influence. Extending this line of research, we examine how discussion, promoted by HMP, influences ideological polarization on the issue of climate change. Using nationally representative survey data , we test a moderated-mediation model which finds that HMP significantly impact support for climate mitigation policies through the mediator of discussion, and that the link between discussion and policy support is moderated in a three-way interaction with network heterogeneity and political ideology. Specifically, discussion in homogeneous networks increases opinion polarization by intensifying conservatives’ opinions, whereas discussion in heterogeneous networks decreases polarization by moderating liberals’ opinions. HMP also directly influences polarization. The Role of Mass Media Related Risk Factors in Predicting Adolescents’ Risky Sexual Behaviors • Madhurima Sarkar, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital; Gary Heald, Florida State University • Numerous studies have documented the importance of risk factors in predicting adolescents’ sexual behaviors. This study examines the utility of mass media-related risk factors, as well as traditional risk factors, in predicting these behaviors. The integrated model in this study details the role of mass media exposure and perceptions of media messages when predicting both adolescents’ intentions to engage in sexual behaviors and their actual risky sexual behaviors. The Cognitive Mediation Model: Communication, Information Processing, and Public Knowledge about Climate Change • Xianghong Peh, Nanyang Technological University; Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University • This study advances the cognitive mediation model by examining the factors influencing Singaporeans’ knowledge about climate change. Based on a nationwide RDD telephone survey of adult Singaporeans (N = 1,083), results showed that attention to newspapers was positively associated with elaboration but not selective scanning, attention to Internet news was positively associated with elaboration and selective scanning, and attention to television news was not associated with the two information processing strategies. Elaboration, in turn, was positively associated with knowledge but not selective scanning. Interpersonal discussion had a direct negative relationship with knowledge but an indirect positive relationship with knowledge via elaboration. Overall, our results support the model and offer a more nuanced understanding of the learning process in the context of climate change. First-Person Effects of Emotional and Informational Messages in Strategic Environmental Communications Campaigns • Jennifer Hoewe, The Pennsylvania State University; Lee Ahern, Penn State • This study examined the first- and third-person effects of emotional and informational messages, particularly relating to the critical issue areas of energy, the environment, and global warming. Due to intense political polarization on such issues, it also explored the role of political party identification. The results of an experiment indicate that informational messages about the environment produce third-person effects, while environmental advertisements meant to evoke emotion caused first-person effects. Moreover, emotional environmental advertisements appealed more to Republicans and those who did not support a political party. As such, indirect, emotional messages appear to represent an opportunity for strategic environmental communicators to design campaigns that resonate with potentially unreceptive audiences. Developing Effective Alcohol Abuse Prevention Campaign Messages for Fraternity Men and Sorority Women: Gender Differences in the Descriptive and Injunctive Norms Used in Media-Based Health Campaigns • Stacey J.T. Hust, The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University; Erica Austin, Washington State University; Bruce Pinkleton, Washington State University Murrow Center for Media & Health Promotion; Anna Wheatley, Washington State University; Jason Wheeler, Washington State University • An important risk factor for heavy drinking and its consequences within college student populations is involvement in a fraternity or sorority (Bartholow et al., 2003). Fraternity and sorority members drink more frequently, more heavily, and experience more alcohol-related problems during college than their non-Greek peers (e.g. Borsari & Carey, 1999). The current study used a survey to explore fraternity men’s and sorority women’s behaviors and beliefs about alcohol consumption, to help develop appeals used in health-promotion campaigns. It further identifies the degree to which estimations of an in-group reference group is associated with members’ personal behaviors and beliefs associated with alcohol use. Our findings indicate fraternity men and sorority women similarly engage in negative behaviors related to alcohol use, and they are influenced by their perceptions of their peers’ behaviors and beliefs. Given this population is at great risk for alcohol abuse, there is significant need to develop prevention programs that are effective with this community. The impacts of message framing and risk type in skin cancer prevention messages • Moon Lee; Hannah Kang, University of Florida • We explored how the effects of message framing and risk type interact with individuals’ prior experience and compared how these effects are different based on different types of advocated behaviors (i.e. avoiding tanning beds/sunbathing or using sunscreen). Through two experiments, we found three-way interactions among framing, risk type, and prior experience. The effects of message framing and risk type were different based on types of advocated behaviors. The Corporate Medicine Show • Hyosun Kim, University of North Carolina -CH • Pharmaceutical advertising is everywhere and Direct-to-Consumer advertising of prescription drugs perceived as controversial issue in pharmaceutical market, for policy makers and for communication scholars. However, DTC advertising of pharmaceuticals is not a new phenomenon. Drug manufacturers have directly advertised their medications to consumers since the beginning of medicine. The FDA began to regulate drug advertising to protect consumers from misleading promotions, and their role has been expanded with the growth of pharmaceutical market. This study traces the history of pharmaceutical advertising in the 1930s when the 1938 Act expanded the scope of federal regulations and chaos still existed in the market. Benefit claims that drug manufacturers made were puffery and medications were portrayed as breakthrough in the ads. Also, none of the ads analyzed were not present risk information. The pharmaceutical advertisements in 1930 represent the FDA’s concerns in 1930. Factors influencing risk perceptions of science issues: Comparing college students in the U.S. and South Korea • Hwalbin Kim, University of South Carolina; Robert McKeever, University of South Carolina; Jeong-Heon JC Chang, Korea University; Ju-Yong Ha, Inha University • This study examines the role of the media, interpersonal communication, and elaborative processing in shaping participants’ risk perception of nuclear and genetically modified organisms (GMO) technology in the United States and South Korea. The findings indicate that attentions to science television news and elaborative processing are positively related to risk perception of science issues. The effect of newspaper readership on risk perception about scientific issues was moderated by elaborative processing. Attributions of Obesity Stigmas and News Source in Two Leading Newspapers in the United States and South Korea • Hyang-Sook Kim, St. Norbert College; Emily Gear, St. Norbert College; Mun-Young Chung; Hyunjin Kang, Penn State University • The worldwide increase in obesity rates calls for research about a potential contagion of obesity stigmas via newspapers. A content analysis of two leading newspapers in the United States and South Korea found more stories with obesity stigma in the American newspaper than in Korean. Obesity-stigma news included attributions of obesity for both societal and personal levels in both newspapers. Health expert sources cancelled out obesity stigma in news stories in the Korean newspaper only. Barriers to Clinical Trial Participation: Comparing Perceptions and Knowledge of African American and White South Carolinians • Sei-Hill Kim; Andrea Tanner, University of South Carolina; Daniela Friedman; Caroline Foster, College of Charleston; Caroline Bergeron • Analyzing data from a survey of South Carolinians, this study examines how to better promote clinical trial participation specifically among African Americans. Findings revealed that African Americans were significantly less willing than whites to participate in a clinical trial. African Americans also had lower subjective and factual knowledge about clinical trials and perceived greater risk of participating in a clinical trial. Lack of subjective knowledge and perceived risk were significant predictors of African Americans’ willingness to participate. Need for Affect and Cognition as Precursors to Risk Perception, Information Processing, and Behavioral Intent on the Use of Sunscreen with Nanoparticles • Se-Jin Kim, Colorado State University • The use of sunscreen with nanoparticles involves risks that are not yet fully known or verified. More importantly, behavioral attitude/intention of this behavior has not been investigated in the context of any theoretical model that includes personality attributes such as need for affect and need for cognition. This paper introduces and develops a hybrid theoretical model of risk-based behavioral attitude/intention based on the Theory of Reasoned Action, Dual Process Risk Perception, the Heuristic Systematic Model, and need for affect/need for cognition. The hybrid model proposes that personality attributes (need for affect/need for cognition), the Heuristic Systematic Model, Dual Processing Risk Perception (Affective- and Cognitive-Risk Perception) are antecedents to dependent variables from the Theory of Reasoned Action (attitude and behavioral intention towards sunscreen use). This study suggests a series of hypotheses and research questions using the topic of sunscreen with nanoparticles. The findings of the study indicate that the proposed model is adequately fit to what was suggested in the hypotheses and research questions. Social Media, Risk Perception, and the Third Person Effect: The Case of Fukushima Radiation • Ji Won Kim, Syracuse University; Makana Chock, Syracuse University; Myojung Chung; Soyoung Jung, Syracuse University • This study examined the effects of social media context on perceptions of risk message. We investigated how reading news stories of the radioactive risk of Japanese fishes in the social media site would affect risk perception and third-person effect. A 2 (Facebook vs. news site) x 2 (narrative vs. factual) between-subjects experiment (N= 90) was conducted. Results showed that social media context increased personal risk perception and reduced 3PE. Medialization of Science as a Predictor for Scientists’ Participation in Public Engagement • Eun Jeong Koh, Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Linda Pfeiffer, Mass Communication and Environmental Resources, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Sharon Dunwoody, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dominique Brossard; Hans Peter Peters • An international mail survey of biomedical scientists shows that factors previously found to influence scientists’ participation in mediated science communication also are predictors of participation in direct public engagement activities. We analyze perceptions of “medialization of science,” which refers to the increasing orientation towards (and adaptation to) media criteria by scientists (Weingart, 1998). The effect of medialization on scientists’ participation in direct public engagement was significantly greater than on scientists’ participation in mediated communication. Testing an Alternative to False Balance in Media Coverage of Controversial Science • Patrice Kohl; Soo Yun Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Yilang Peng; Sharon Dunwoody, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Eun Jeong Koh, Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Controversy in science news accounts attracts audiences and draws public attention to important science issues. But when competing truth claims are given equal space in a news story despite the likelihood that one claim is more valid than others, this can result in a narrative structure known as “false balance.” Falsely balanced stories may unnecessarily heighten audience perceptions of uncertainty. In this study, we look at whether highlighting the preponderance of evidence bolstering one truth claim over others—a strategy we identify as “weight-of-evidence reporting”—might attenuate this effect. In comparing the impact of a weight-of-evidence narrative with the false balance story, our results suggest weight of evidence can play a role in reducing some of the uncertainty audiences may perceive, while false balance is linked with greater perceived scientific uncertainty. The Perceived Familiarity Gap Hypothesis: Examining How Media Attention and Reflective Integration Relate to Perceived Familiarity of Nanotechnology in Singapore • Edmund Lee; Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University • The original knowledge gap hypothesis posits differential knowledge gains between people in the higher and lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups. This study put forth the notion of “perceived familiarity” as another dimension of knowledge and proposes a complementary model—the “perceived familiarity gap hypothesis”—that examines how media attention and reflective integration are associated with gaps in familiarity between the higher and lower SES groups in the context of nanotechnology in Singapore. Significant three way-and two-way interactions between education, attention to media and reflective integration were found—higher television usage closed the perceived familiarity gap between the higher and lower SES groups and for individuals who engaged in higher elaborative processing and more interpersonal discussion. Newspaper attention on the other hand widened the perceived familiarity gap between the higher and lower SES groups among those who engaged more in elaborative processing. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. Social Influence on Soda Consumption Behaviors among International Students Residing in the United States • Xuan Zhu, University of minnesota; Lauren Gray, University of Minnesota; Jiyoon Lee, University of Minnesota • Despite media propagation of the deleterious health effects of soda consumption, the U.S. still has one of the world’s highest soda consumption rates. Peer modeling and normative behavior theories are used to examine the relationship between soda consumption and student status (U.S. or U.S.-residing international). Our survey-based research reveals differences between the two groups in actual and perceived soda consumption. Perceived norms are shown to contribute to the increase in soda consumption. The Influence of Socio-Cultural Factors on Social Stigma of Suicide • HANNAH LEE, Ewha Womans University • The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of socio-cultural characteristics on stigma of suicide. The results indicated that exposure to suicide prevention information was associated with low level of stigma, while exposure to news coverage of suicidal events was associated with high level of stigma. In particular, cultural characteristics were closely connected to the stigma of suicide. These findings have important implications for suicide prevention and also for developing culturally appropriate interventions. Seeking and Learning: Examining Selective Exposure to Media Coverage of A Controversial Scientific Issue • Xuan Liang; Heather Akin, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study explores the causal relationship between information seeking and knowledge about nanotechnology. Using a two-wave dataset from a nationwide online panel survey, we find reciprocal relationships between information seeking behavior and knowledge. Specifically, we find that seeking counter-attitudinal information conducive to knowledge gain but seeking information consistent with pre-existing attitudes suppresses knowledge levels. Participants with lower levels of knowledge about nanotechnology tend to be more engaged in information seeking. Different media, including the use of television, social media and other online websites, also impact factual knowledge and information seeking behavior. From Education to Communication: Influences on Health • Ming-Ching Liang • Using the 2009 Annenberg National Health Communication Survey (ANHCS 2009) data, the roles of social network, print media use, and health information seeking behavior (HISB) in predicting health were examined. Controlling for education, social network and HISB exhibit positive associations with health status, but negative associations with diet and perceived quality of care (PQC). Print media use is a positive contributor to PQC and health, but has an insignificant relationship with dietary practices. Beyond Gory or Happy Sensation on Facebook: Effects of Emotionality in Anti-drunk Driving PSAs on College Students’ Drunk-driving Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions • Chen Lou, Michigan State University; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University • Driving under the influence of alcohol presents a growing public health concern. With increasing investment in alcohol marketing via social media, the current study uses a 3 (emotional tone: positive vs. negative vs. coactive) x 3 (message repetition) within-subject factorial design to investigate the effects of exposure to anti-drunk driving messages shared via Facebook on drunk driving attitudes and behavioral intentions. More specifically the study investigated how emotional tone affects attitudes toward the PSAs, the issue of drunk driving, and intentions to drive while tipsy and while drunk. Furthermore, the study explored how attitudes (toward the PSA and drunk driving), descriptive and injunctive norms, and past drinking behaviors predict intentions to drive while tipsy and drunk. Results showed that PSAs with negative tone was most effective in eliciting unfavorable attitude toward PSAs and drunk driving, and lowest likelihood to drive while feeling tipsy or drunk in near future. Findings are discussed in relation to behavioral change models in light of anti-drunk-driving social media interventions. Traversing Psychological Distance: Climate Change Framing, Emotions and Support for Policies • Hang Lu, Cornell University • The climate-change-as-distant issue has been of concern for many communicators and policy makers. This study applied the Construal Level Theory of Psychological Distance to examining what types of messages might be more effective in augmenting intentions to adopt pro-environmental behaviors and support climate change mitigation policies. A 2 (Temporal: Distant vs. Proximal) x 2 (Spatial: Distant vs. Proximal) x 2 (Social: Distant vs. Proximal) quasi-experiment was conducted among 483 participants. The results indicate significant interaction effects between temporal and social dimensions on pro-environmental behaviors and significant main effects of temporal dimension on support for mitigation policies. In addition, three discrete emotions, worry, sympathy and anxiety, were found to fully mediate some of these relationships. Limitations and future implications are also discussed. Framing Climate Change in Psychological Distance Terms: A Content Analysis of National and Local U.S. Newspapers • Hang Lu, Cornell University; Naa Amponsah Dodoo, University of Florida • The concern around many Americans' perception that climate change is a distant issue has been soaring in recent years. Although research on media coverage of climate change has been well-documented and varied in a wide range of topics, few studies have tried to look at media coverage of climate change from the perspective of psychological distance. This study employed content analysis as the primary technique to examine the portrayal of climate change in relation to psychological distance dimensions in two national and thirty-six local newspapers over a 13-month period. The results indicate that climate change is most likely to be presented as to pose impacts in a very distant or unspecified future, at the globe-level or unspecified locations, and with high certainty. Temporal, spatial and social dimensions of climate change frames were positively correlated. There was a negative association between changes in climate change frames and changes in public perceptions of climate change. Implications and limitations are also discussed. Evaluating Food Labels and Food Messages: An Experimental Study of the Impact of Message Format and Product Type on Evaluations of Magazine Food Advertisements • Yongick Jeong, Louisiana State University; Lisa Lundy • Using a 2 (gain vs. loss frame) X 3 (organic, non-GMO, and antibiotics free products) mixed-repeated-measures design, this study examines how message format and product type influenced the effectiveness of food labels in magazine food advertisements. Results indicate that product type and food labels were more influential than message format (gain/loss frame). Overall, participants viewed organic foods more favorably than non-GMO or antibiotics free foods. Theoretical and marketing implications are discussed. Tracking a healthy lifestyle: College students’ attitudes toward the adoption of health and fitness mobile applications • Paige Madsen, University of Iowa; Melissa Kampa; Melissa Zimdars • To encourage the development and maintenance of healthy among college students, Student Health Services at a large Midwestern university implemented a health and wellness program that was poorly utilized by students. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the viability and student interest in a health-related mobile phone app that could be used in conjunction with a university Student Health Services program to give students easy access to track their health and fitness goals using their cell phones. This study used intercept interviews to explore current mobile app use, attitudes toward the use and functions of health and fitness apps, perceived barriers to their use, and perceptions a health app sponsored by the university. Results indicated that 80% of the sample used a smart device, and nearly half were using some type of health app. Participants indicated that they were interested in app functions that would allow them to connect directly to the recreation center on campus - to either see fitness class schedules or gym equipment availability. Participants were less interested in apps that would connect them to others via social media or apps intended to help manage mental health. Student concerns included privacy and the cost of apps. This exploratory study suggests that apps are a good option for universities to encourage the adoption of healthy lifestyles among students, and for students to efficiently manage their own health and fitness goals. Setting The Nutritional Agenda: An Analysis of Nutrition Blog Sourcing • Shana Meganck • This research study analyzed the sources of nutrition blog information in order to increase understanding of how our nutritional agenda is set by bloggers. Focusing on 20 nutrition blogs, the study content analyzed 3,156 posts, and conducted in-depth interviews with the bloggers. The findings showed that nutrition bloggers are sourcing half of the time, citing a variety of sources, and finding and choosing sources in various ways. Understanding the Effect of Affective Priming on Health News Processing and Health Information Seeking Intention Over Time • Alexandra Merceron, University of Connecticut; Yi Wang, University of Connecticut; Dana Rogers; Christina DeVoss • This quantitative experiment (N=236) builds on recent research on media priming effects to explore the impact of primed affective responses on reader's assessments of the credibility of health journalism, and subsequent health information seeking intentions and behavior. Potential mediating and moderating factors, such as type of affect elicited from priming (positive or negative), content evaluation (topic interest, prior knowledge, news discussion), and health self-efficacy were also measured to further explain the relationship between affective priming and health information seeking related attitudes and behavior. Framing Climate Change: An Examination of Environmental Agency Websites in Costa Rica, Norway, the United States and China • Jill Capotosto, Elon University; Barbara Miller, Elon University • This study examined the framing of climate change on the environmental agency websites of countries with vastly different environmental performance scores—Costa Rica, Norway, the U.S., and China. The depth with which the sites covered climate change sources varied greatly, as did the level of action (individual, national or international) emphasized to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts. This study sheds light on communication that reflects and/or encourages environmentally progressive agendas. Marketplace advocacy by the fossil fuel industries: Issues of identity and influence in environmental policy • Barbara Miller, Elon University; T. Kenn Gaither, Elon University • Through the lens of the cultural-economic model of public relations, this study used a semiological approach to examine strategic communication by the industry trade groups representing the energy industries of coal (American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity) and petroleum (American Petroleum Institute). The study identified four prominent identities created by mass media advertisements from the ACCCE and API to enhance public support while reducing concern for climate change initiatives. The effects of survivors’ social support on psycho-social adjustment of newly-diagnosed breast cancer patients in an online social support group • TAE JOON MOON, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Woohyun Yoo, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Ming-Yuan Chih, University of Kentucky; Dhavan Shah, University of Wisconsin - Madison; David Gustafson, University of Wisconsin - Madison • This study delineates (1) which types of social support BC survivors provide to newly-diagnosed BC patients in an online social support group and (2) how the survivors’ support is different from that of newly-diagnosed breast cancer patients by using a systematic computer-aided content analysis. The present study further investigates (3) how the survivors' support contributes to a psycho-social adjustment of newly-diagnosed patients. The results indicate that, compared to newly diagnosed patients, BC survivors provided emotional support more frequently. However, there is no difference in provision of information support between survivors and new patients. Survivors’ emotional support contributes to improvement of new patients’ psycho-social outcomes (e.g., BC related concern, perceived social support, depression), whereas both emotional and informational support provided by new patients are not associated with the psycho-social adjustment of newly-diagnosed patients. Hope and the hyperlink: Drivers of message sharing in a Twitter cancer network • Jessica Myrick, Indiana University; Avery Holton, University of Utah; Itai Himelboim, University of Georgia; Brad Love • Social networking sites (SNSs) such as Twitter have become an important part of health communication, providing a means for increased awareness and knowledge for a number of conditions. Cancer ranks among the most salient health topics on Twitter with thousands of individuals and organizations creating accounts, lists, and hashtag communities to share information and provide social support. Yet, research has thus far focused on the use of social media in public discourses and community building surrounding specific forms of cancer rather than support networks set up for cancer more broadly. This study extends such work by examining how users of a general cancer network on Twitter offer social support and link to resources. This study also analyzes how Twitter content might drive message sharing within the cancer network, a key determinant of online community stability and growth. The results indicate that cancer-focused communities on Twitter may foster information sharing and messages of hope, sadness, and encouragement while frequently linking to grassroots efforts, health professionals, news media, and advocacy resources. Social support in the form of hope and the inclusion of hyperlinks to advocacy websites were the greatest drivers of message sharing in the sample studied here. These findings help advance current theoretical considerations pertaining to health communication and social media while also providing critical insights for health and health communication practitioners. The Partisan Brain: How Dissonant Science Messages Lead Conservatives and Liberals to (Dis)trust science • Erik Nisbet; Kathryn Cooper; R. Kelly Garrett • There has been deepening concern about political polarization in public attitudes toward the scientific community. The “intrinsic thesis” attributes this polarization to psychological deficiencies among conservatives as compared to liberals. The “contextual thesis” makes no such claims about inherent psychological differences between conservatives and liberals, but rather points to interacting institutional and psychological factors as the forces driving polarization. We evaluate the evidence for both theses in the context of developing and testing a theoretical model of audience response to dissonant science communication. Conducting a national online experiment (N=1500), we examined audience reactions to both conservative-dissonant and liberal-dissonant science messages and consequences for institutional trust in the scientific community. Our results suggest liberals and conservatives alike react negatively to dissonant science communication with resulting diminished trust in the scientific community. We discuss how our findings link to the larger debate about political polarization of science and implication for science communicators. Causal Attribution of Health Status: Media Trust, Information Seeking, and Optimism • Hyun Jee Oh; Hyehyun Hong • This study employed 2007 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) data to examine antecedents and consequences of causal attribution of health status. Attribution theory was used as a theoretical framework. When applied to health communication, the theory suggests people have a tendency to attribute either internal (individual) or external (social) causes to health status. The study results indicated that personal cancer history and media trust antecede internal attribution of health status. Internal attribution then positively affected optimism about cancer and information-seeking and healthy lifestyle behaviors. Structuring equation modeling showed that all three path models from media trust to attribution to three consequences of attribution (optimism, information-seeking, and healthy behavior) were significant. This shows that media can encourage internal attribution by increasing trust in health information they provide. Providing quality health information that meets public needs and wants is therefore imperative. Other practical and theoretical implications are further discussed. How Fear-Arousing News Messages Affect Risk Perceptions and Intention to Talk about Risk • Hye-Jin Paek, Hanyang University; SANG-HWA OH; Thomas Hove, Hanyang University • Applying the impersonal/differential-impact hypotheses and fear theories, this study demonstrates how fear-arousing media messages about risk can affect personal- and societal level risk perception, as well as intention to talk with family and friends. Analysis of a survey of Korean adults indicates that fear-arousing media messages about carcinogenic hazards and mad cow disease affected both personal- and societal-level risk perceptions and interpersonal communication directly and indirectly through risk perceptions. Informing the Publics during Health Disaster: A Crisis Management Approach to News Media Responses to Flu Pandemic • Po-Lin Pan, Arkansas State University; Juan Meng, University of Georgia • Dividing crisis management process into three macrostages, this content analysis examined how news media responded to health disaster in terms of (1) news frames, (2) mortality subjects, (3) vaccine problems, (4) evaluation approaches to risk magnitudes, and (5) news sources in three crisis management stages. Results showed that news media used various framing strategies to inform the publics in different stages. The frames of health risk, societal problems, political/legal issues, and prevention and health education were more frequently used in the pre-crisis stage, while the medical/scientific frame was regularly used in the post-crisis stage to highlight medical treatment and scientific research in dealing with the health disaster. Evaluation approaches were also employed differently in three stages. Qualitative approach was mostly used in the pre-crisis stage, while quantitative approach and statistical approach were commonly used in the post-crisis stage. Health professionals were widely used as news sources in all stages to increase the publics’ awareness of health crisis severity, while government officials and politicians could repeatedly appear to function strategically toward the achievement of public-institution effectiveness in the pre-crisis stage. Motivating Citizens: An Assessment of Individual Motivation to Share Warning Messages through Social Networking Sites • Mimi Perreault, University of Missouri; Seoyeon Hong, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Grace Park, University of Missouri School of Journalism • The current experiment investigated how individual motivations in psychological process (Self-Determination Theory) and personality tendency (Motivation Activation Measures) predict their likelihood to broadcast warnings through social networking sites during disasters (e.g., natural disasters, or gun shooting). Not only individuals differ in responses to disasters based on their motivational reactivity but also intrinsic motivation and relativism are explaining the variance of warning intentions. Interestingly, level of defensive system activation is associated intrinsic motivation while appetitive system score is associated with extrinsic motivation. Findings of the current study provide meaningful contributions for risk communication researchers and practitioners (e.g., FEMA) who intend to develop targeted campaign messages in disasters. Opinion toward Nuclear Energy Use and Constructions of Health and Environmental Risks in Post-Fukushima News. • David J. Park, FIU-SJMC; Juliet Pinto, FIU-SJMC; Weirui Wang, Florida International University • This paper analyzes constructions of opinion toward nuclear energy use, as well as environmental and health risk in international news coverage of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster between the German Sueddeutsche Zeitung (SZ), the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), and the U.S. New York Times. Our results indicate the German newspapers used more diverse sources including opinionated and anti-nuclear sources than the U.S. paper. In addition, our results also noted that environmental risk was rarely mentioned in either newspaper regardless of the source’s opinion. The lack of sources covering environmental risks may be influenced by journalistic routines, news values and lack of access to information by Japanese officials. Opinion toward nuclear energy made a difference if health risk was mentioned within the New York Times, while the sources’ opinion in the German sample did not influence whether health risk was mentioned. Pro-nuclear energy use sources did not mention health risk compared with sources with other opinions. The variance may also suggest the sources and the newspapers place a hierarchy on human risk versus environmental risk. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for policy outcomes. Defining a Medical Condition: A Qualitative Framing Analysis of Magazine Coverage of Fibromyalgia, 1980-2011 • Joy Rodgers, University of Florida • Recent marketing efforts for fibromyalgia drugs have renewed the debate on the medical classification of the pain condition. Framing studies have shown media coverage of certain topics to affect public attitudes. This study breaks new ground by identifying the dominant framing of fibromyalgia in 30 years of magazine coverage. Little to no shift was found in the framing of fibromyalgia, signaling a need for media and scientists to work together in providing service to patients. Temporal framing and motivated reasoning: Can temporal cues moderate backlash toward worldview-incongruent environmental messages? • Sungjong Roh, Cornell University; Katherine McComas, Cornell University; Laura Rickard, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry; Daniel Decker, Cornell University • This study investigated how temporal distance frames increase or decrease boomerang effects of value-incongruent environmental messages by changing behavioral intentions to engage in conservation. Results from two randomized experiments show that a temporally distal frame for an emerging wildlife could reduce backfire effects on conservation intentions for people low in biocentric values when exposed to messages emphasizing human attribution of responsibility—namely, value-incongruent information—whereas a temporally proximal frame exacerbated a backlash against such messages. Exploring Health Literacy, its Measurement and Predictors among African American College Students • Judith Rosenbaum, Albany State University; Benjamin Johnson, The Ohio State University; Amber Deane, Albany State University • Health literacy is increasingly seen as a solution to health disparities and poor health outcomes, and various instruments have been developed to measure it. In an exploratory pilot study, we tested the most recent and comprehensive measure of health literacy: the HLSI-SF. The results provided interesting insight into media use as a possible predictor of health literacy, but also raised questions about the instrument and how exactly to measure and define health literacy. Cognitive and emotional risk perceptions mediate the association between news media use and food consumption intention: Analyzing food safety outbreaks in East Asia • Minsun Shim, Inha University; Myoungsoon You, Seoul National University • Much research on risk perception and health behavior has examined cognitive dimensions of risk but not emotional dimensions. To address this gap, this study examines both cognitive risk perception (perceived risk of susceptibility and severity) and emotional risk perception (worry) in the context of food safety risks in East Asia. We investigate their roles in independently and jointly predicting intention to consume outbreak-associated food products, as well as mediating the influences of news exposure and attention on intention. Data from a nationwide survey in South Korea (N = 1,500) lent support for our hypotheses in both cases of processed food from China and seafood from Japan. Our findings indicate: (1) both perceived risk and worry were negatively associated with food consumption intention, and the relationship between perceived risk and intention was stronger among those higher in worry; (2) news attention had stronger association with risk perceptions than news exposure, and it moderated the relationship between news exposure and risk perceptions; (3) perceived risk and worry mediated the associations between news media use and food consumption intention. Implications and limitations of the findings are discussed. The power of narratives in health blogs: Identification as an instigator of self-persuasion • Carmen Stavrositu • This study examined the extent to which narrative vs. non-narrative blogs instigate self-persuasion processes and, ultimately, behavioral intentions related to skin cancer prevention. Participants (N = 190) read one of two versions of a blog post about skin cancer that described a blogger’s journey with skin cancer diagnosis and treatment, and included specific recommendations for skin cancer prevention. The post was written in either narrative or non-narrative style. Findings indicate that narrative blog formats reduce counterarguments while increasing pro-attitudinal arguments. These effects were shown to emerge as a result of higher identification with the blogger in the narrative vs. the non-narrative blog condition. Furthermore, the decrease in counterarguments and increase in pro-attitudinal arguments were associated with a stronger behavioral intentions, lending support to the notion that narratives and identification not only inhibit counterarguments, but promote pro-attitudinal arguments, which essentially translate to self-persuasion. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as suggestions for future research, are discussed. Buzz Agents and a Teen Public Health Social Marketing Campaign: Impact on Attitudes and Behaviors • Amy Struthers, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Ming Wang, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • Researchers developed a public health campaign for teens focused on obesity prevention, based on social marketing and buzz marketing principles, to test a series of hypotheses postulating that use of these principles would result in positive attitudes toward the campaign among the most engaged members of the target audience, the buzz agents, leading to positive attitudes as well as positive self-reported behavior changes involving fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity. Results largely support the hypotheses, with the exception of vegetable intake. The researchers propose that the buzz agent concept may provide a model for reaching adolescents most effectively with public health messages. Cueing attitudes and behaviors about climate change: Heuristic processing and social norm cues on YouTube • Leona Yi-Fan Su, Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison; James T. Spartz, Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Normative cues embedded in a new media platform such as YouTube may shape viewers’ perceived importance of the video topic and willingness to seek more information. Study results suggest that the “number of views” cue can have subtle but significant influences on participants’ attitudes and behaviors. Specifically, individuals who indicated heuristically processing the video were likely to assign greater importance to the issue and seek more information under the “high number of views” condition. Headlining energy issues: A content analysis of ethanol headlines in the U.S. elite press • Bruno Takahashi, Michigan State University; Carol Terracina Hartman, Michigan State University; Katheryn Amann, Michigan State University; Mark Meisner, International Environmental Communication Association • Few studies examining media coverage of environmental and science issues have focused on headlines, which are considered relevance optimizers. This study examined the headlines about ethanol in the elite U.S. press. We focused on themes, issue attributes, tone, and actors. Results show a dominance of policy and economic themes, similar to other studies on biofuels. Differences with those studies are found in the presence of actors, where ethanol industry is more prevalent than governmental actors. The Framing of the Child Computer User by Taiwanese Children’s Newspapers • Yue Tan; Ping Shaw • This paper examines the media’s framing of child computer users in Taiwan and its evolution with the Internet diffusion (2000- 2011). Using a content analysis of articles published in the most popular children’s newspaper, we found significant longitudinal changes. Specifically, the construction of children changed from "needy" and "victimized" users to "successful" and "dangerous" users, and the agents of action shifted from children to schools and government, while maintaining an emphasis on the cognitive gains. Dodging the debate and dealing the facts: Using research and community partnerships to promote understanding of the Affordable Care Act • Andrea Tanner, University of South Carolina; Otis Owens, University of South Carolina; Diana Sisson; Vance Kornegay, University of South Carolina; Caroline Bergeron; Daniela Friedman; Megan Weis; Lee Patterson; Teresa Windham • This study reports on an innovative, community-based effort to promote awareness and understanding of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Specifically, this study assesses the current knowledge, perceptions, and communication sources and needs regarding the ACA among adults in one southeastern county in an effort to determine the feasibility of establishing the public library as a trusted and non-partisan source of ACA-related information. Results of formative research are discussed and campaign development activities are chronicled. Truth, Objectivity, and False Balance in Public Health Reporting: Michele Bachmann, HPV, and “Mental Retardation” • Ryan Thomas, Missouri School of Journalism; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Amanda Hinnant, Missouri School of Journalism • This content analysis of media coverage of Michele Bachmann’s erroneous comments that the HPV vaccine causes mental retardation aims to understand the relationship between truth and objectivity in public health reporting. Of 206 articles analyzed, under half provided correction and less than 30% provided a counterpoint. We also found health reporters tended to engage in truth-telling and objectivity more than political reporters. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. Why I seek information: An integrative approach to explore the impact of discrete emotion on information seeking about flood risks • JIUN-YI TSAI, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This present study investigates the relationships between cognitive appraisals and emotion and the impact of emotion (anger) on information seeking behavior with regard to flood risks. We develop and test an integrative model to explore how unique sets of cognitive appraisal patters are associated with anger and how anger relates to key cognitive predictors in the RISP model. Results indicated that cognitive appraisals of responsibility, personal control, certainty and importance significantly predicted emotional reactions of anger. Emotional responses of anger not only directly motivated information seeking behavior but also triggered more need for information. Informational subjective norms, information insufficiency and perceived information gathering capacity continued to serve as positive predictors of risk information seeking. Perceived knowledge and appraisals of importance exerted a direct relationship with effortful information seeking. The sense of being uncertain about what happened in terms of flooding associated with higher information sufficiency threshold. Implications for risk communication theory and practice are discussed. The Influence of Attitudes, Beliefs and Involvement on Environmental Selective Exposure and Subsequent Reinforcement Effects • Melanie Sarge, Texas Tech University; Matthew VanDyke, Texas Tech University • While research suggests predispositions as predictors of selective exposure, empirical investigations utilizing environmental information as the exposure stimuli are limited. The current study collected data in three waves; during the second wave, selective exposure (time spent) with news articles discussing environmental topics was unobtrusively recorded. Results revealed attitude and involvement as significant positive predictors of environmental selective exposure. Additionally, motivations to reinforce self-related attitudes and confirm self-efficacy beliefs through environmental selective exposure are observed. Nationalizing a global phenomenon: A study of how the press portrays climate change in four different countries • Hong Vu • This study investigates the news media coverage of climate change in four different countries. Using the framing approach, this study identifies the connection between several national socioeconomic and environmental traits and the resulting portrayals of climate change. Although global warming/climate change is a global issue, which affects every country in the world, the news coverage of it varies from country to country. Such a variation is related to each country’s level of development, climate performance index ranking, and climate severity. The findings of this research contribute to framing literature by assessing and comparing frame use in a national context, filling in the gap in the application of framing as a communication theoretical framework. "Measles epidemic ... NOT!": A fantasy theme analysis of vaccine critics' online responses to negative media attention • Denise Vultee, Wayne State University • Outbreaks of measles in both California and New York in March 2014 drew increased negative media attention to parents who elect not to vaccinate their children. In response to this heightened scrutiny and criticism, many of these parents and their advocates turned to a variety of online venues to reaffirm their values and defend their choice. This study uses symbolic convergence theory and its associated rhetorical approach, fantasy theme analysis, to examine this discourse for insight into the rhetorical vision shared by vaccine critics in the U.S. It is intended as a step toward providing health communicators with a better understanding of the attitudes, beliefs, and values of this audience as they work to design messages about the risks and benefits of vaccination. News, Health Decisions and the Microwave Society: Female Consumers’ Beliefs about Coverage of Medical Overtreatment • Kim Walsh-Childers, University of Florida; Jordan Neil, University of Florida; Jennifer Braddock; Ginger Blackstone, University of Florida • Health news may influence consumers’ knowledge and perceptions of medical; this may be especially true for women, who pay more attention to health information and tend to play more active roles in health decision-making for themselves and their family members. This study examined female consumers’ beliefs about overtreatment and about the role of news coverage in influencing their own health decisions. Focus group interviews with 20 adult women revealed six themes: overtreatment equals over-use of drugs, tests and specialists; the role of health professionals; the role of patients; the problem of time; costs and profits; and the role of the media. The women complained that health professionals spend too little time with patients, fail to listen to patients’ concerns or adequately answer their questions, and are more concerned about avoiding lawsuits and maximizing incomes than about providing the most efficient and effective care. Patients – most often “other” patients rather than the participants themselves – were seen as contributing to overmedication due to their desire for a “quick fix” to their health problems; however, they tended to see screening tests as useful precautions that enable consumers to be “better safe than sorry.” The women regarded the entire health care system, as well as the media industry, as driven by profits. They viewed health news, in general, with great skepticism and wanted journalists to provide more complete information about medical interventions, including “balanced” information about risks, benefits, the quality of evidence supporting new interventions, and conflicts of interest among doctors and researchers. One Step Forward, Five Steps Back: Changes in News Coverage of Medical Interventions • Kim Walsh-Childers, University of Florida; Jennifer Braddock; Cristina Rabaza, University of Florida College of Journalism; Gary Schwitzer • In an increasingly complicated and demanding health news environment, HealthNewsReview.org offers reviews of the stories produced by major media outlets as a measure by which journalists and the public can assess the success or failure of health coverage across 10 criteria for quality reporting. This study produced an analysis of those reviews from 2005 to 2013, indicating significant declines in key areas. On average, the stories reviewed during 2010-2013 successfully met just less than half of the criteria. Changes over time in meeting the criteria were related to outlet type and story topic, with television and newspapers showing declines on the greatest number of criteria; the largest number of criteria showing statistically significant declines over time were for reviews of stories about medical treatments other than drugs or surgery. The paper discusses possible causes for the declines and the potential implications. Impact of Influential Sources on Their Followers: Investigating Mental Illness Discussion in Chinese Social Media • Weirui Wang, Florida International University; Yu Liu • A content analysis was conducted to examine depression-related discourses by public opinion leaders and elite media in Chinese social media, as well as the impact of these discourses on their followers. The study revealed that stereotypes presented by these influential users often triggered stigma or reduced support among their followers. Environmental and genetic attributions reduced stigma. The recovery and treatment information was found to be a double-edged factor and should be cautiously used. Exploring Latina College Students’ Involvement with Tanning and Skin Cancer Messages • Paula L. Weissman, American University; Susan Allen • This exploratory focus group study used the situational theory of publics (STP) to examine the skin cancer-related attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of Latina college students. The findings reported provide insight into the motivations for tanning behaviors that put these women at risk for skin cancer; highlight how underserved Latinas are by current skin cancer prevention campaigns; identify the need for culturally specific campaigns for this audience group; and suggest numerous directions for future research. Testing Predictors of Physical Activity Among a Sample of Hispanic Adults Using the O-S-O-R Model • John Wirtz, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Supathida Kulpavaropas • This paper presents a test of the O-S-O-R model (Markus & Zajonc, 1985) using data collected from a sample of Hispanic adults (N = 288). Exercise identity and ethnic identity were defined as preorientations (O1); physical activity- and health-related media use were stimuli (S); reflective integration and conversation about physical-activity related media were defined as postorientations (O2); and the outcome was physical activity (R). A path analysis revealed that exercise identity influenced both types of media use, as well as behavior. Health-related media use then predicted reflective integration and conversation, while PA-related media use only influenced conversation. Finally, reflective integration and conversation influenced levels of physical activity. Results of the study suggest that identity may act as a filter for media selection and that conversation serves as a link between media use and behavior. The results also suggest that practitioners should consider using mass media messages that encourage physical activity-related media use and conversation as potential precursors to regular physical activity when targeting Hispanic populations. Does a Cyber Attack Motivate Action? Comparing Perceived Risks By Victims Of A Recent Attack • Ronald Yaros, University of Maryland • Applying temporal and physical distance in construal level theory (Trope & Liberman, 2003) to the risk information seeking and processing model (Griffin & Dunwoody, 2000), this study (N = 350) measured cyber risk perceptions. The “near” sample read an alert about a data breach of their personal information. The “distant” sample read news about future risks. Results suggest risk perceptions, worry, trust, and intentions to take precautionary measures were affected by construal level and age. The Effect of “Headless Fatties” vs. Whole Beings in Obesity Health Campaign Imagery • Rachel Young, University of Iowa; Roma Subramanian, University of Missouri; Amanda Hinnant, Missouri School of Journalism • Recent campaigns with text and images depicting obesity as the effect of individual behaviors sparked concern that an emphasis on individual determinants may lead to stigmatization of overweight or obese people. In this 3 x 2 experiment (n = 252), we sought to determine whether stigmatizing images and text led to differences in antifat attitudes and health-related behavioral intentions, and whether effects were moderated by weight status. We found that stigmatizing images in particular prompted significant differences in negative attitudes toward overweight individuals and also in behavioral intentions to increase healthy behavior or to limit unhealthy behavior. Our results demonstrate that stigmatizing images might be effective at stigmatizing the behaviors that lead to obesity, but an intended consequence of these images is that they also contribute to stigma experienced by overweight people, which results in social and emotional harm. Tweeting flu and setting agenda on Twitter network • Gi Woong Yun, Bowling Green State University; David Morin, Utah Valley University; SangHee Park; Claire Y. Joa; Brett Labbe; Jongsoo Lim; Sooyoung Lee, Sogang University; Dae-Won Hyun • This paper had two main goals. First, to accurately establish the network agenda setters regarding flu information based on the amount of replies and mentions. The twitter accounts were categorized as media, a health related individuals, organizations, government, an individual, in order to test the relationship between centrality measures of the accounts and their categories. The second goal was to examine the relationship between centrality measures and Twitter specific characteristics of each individual account, including the number of tweets and followers as well as the number of accounts followed and tweets favorited. By collecting this type of Twitter data, it is possible to obtain accurate centrality measures, through the social network analysis method, and gain a better understanding of the relationship between account characteristics and centrality measurements. Result indicated if the media and organizational Twitter accounts were present, they did set agenda on the Twitter network. Also, the novel research framework adopted in this research showed some potential. The Efficacy of Chinese News Coverage of Tobacco Control: A Comparison between Media Agenda and Policy Agenda • Di Zhang; Baijing Hu • This study examines Chinese news coverage of tobacco control between 2010 and 2012, which is compared with the China Tobacco Control Program (2012-2015), a recent national policy initiative. The study found that the relative salience of second-level tobacco control issues on media agenda has a positive and moderate influence on policy agenda. The results suggest that media advocacy is a very useful tool for tobacco control practitioners to influence policy agenda in China, but its use has limits because of the obstruction from the tobacco industry, Chinese cultural norms and the way policymakers use media in policymaking process. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13871 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/ctec-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 12:32:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13875 Faculty Papers Multiple uses. Diverse effects? The impact of mobile phone usage on social capital and subjective well-being • Michael Chan, Chinese University of Hong Kong • The number of mobile phone subscriptions worldwide has reached almost 7 billion in 2013. Therefore, the social and psychological consequences of the technology are of great interest to new media scholars and policy makers. Adopting an affordance-based approach, this study examines how different uses of the mobile phone are related to individuals’ subjective well-being and social capital. Findings from a national survey showed that both voice and online communication with the mobile phone is positively related to various indicators of subjective well-being and bonding and bridging capital. Moreover, both bonding and bridging capital mediated the relationship between mobile phone use and subjective well-being. On the other hand, non-communicative uses such as information seeking activities were negatively related to positive affect and passing time activities were positively related to negative affect. Implications of the findings are discussed. The Extended iSelf: The Impact of iPhone Separation on Cognition, Emotion, and Physiology During Cognitive Tasks • Russell Clayton, University of Missouri; Glenn Leshner, University of Missouri • This study uniquely examined the impacts on self, cognition, anxiety, and physiology when iPhone users are unable to answer their iPhone while performing cognitive tasks. A 2 x 2 within-subjects experiment was conducted. Participants (N = 40 iPhone users) completed two word search puzzles. Among the key findings from this study were that when iPhone users were unable to answer their ringing iPhone during a word search puzzle, heart rate and blood pressure increased, self-reported feelings of anxiety and unpleasantness increased, and self-reported extended self and cognition decreased. These findings suggest that negative psychological and physiological outcomes are associated with iPhone separation and the inability to answer one’s ringing iPhone during cognitive tasks. Implications of findings are discussed. Navigating through the Bulls and Bears on the Web: Balancing Information Literacy Skills and Self-Efficacy • Bo Ren Ang; Zhao Yao Lam; Jion Chun Teo; Pamela Ting Jun Chan; Debbie Goh, Nanyang Technological University • Young investors increasingly turn to the Internet for financial information. Through a cross-sectional study of young investors in Singapore, the empirical components of information literacy skills and self-efficacy in information use were analysed and compared on using quality financial information online. The components were examined across demographics, financial literacy, digital skills, and investing experience. This study fills the literature gap by proposing a balance of high information literacy skills with a strong sense of self-efficacy. Building Brand-Consumer Relationships on Facebook: Effects of Socialness in Brand Communication and The Control on Consumer Feedback • Jin Hammick, Flagler College • Grounded in relationship marketing theory and social response theory, this study investigates the potential of Facebook as a brand-consumer relationship channel in two ways: socialness in brand communication and brand's control on consumer feedback. A 2x2 experimental study revealed that socialness and feedback control are essential predictors for consumers' perception on brand trustworthiness, relationship commitment and brand attitude. Interaction effects were found on commitment and brand trust. News Informatics: Engaging Individuals with Data-Rich News Content through Interactivity in Source, Medium, and Message • S. Shyam Sundar, The Pennsylvania State University; Haiyan Jia, The Pennsylvania State University; Saraswathi Bellur; Jeeyun Oh, Robert Morris University; Hyang-Sook Kim, St. Norbert College • This paper introduces the concept of “news informatics” to refer to journalistic presentation of big data in online sites. It argues that for users to be engaged with data-driven public information, sites ought to incorporate interactive tools so that users can extract personally relevant information. Three different kinds of interactivity proposed by Sundar (2007) are empirically tested in a 2 (modality) × 3 (source) × 2 (message) field experiment (N =166) with a data-rich site. Senior Citizens on Facebook: How do they Interact and Why? • Eun-Hwa Jung, The Pennsylvania State University; S. Shyam Sundar, The Pennsylvania State University • This study investigated why senior citizens use Facebook and how they participate in specific activities on Facebook in order to gratify their needs. A survey of 440 seniors revealed four primary motivations: social bonding, social bridging, curiosity, and responding to family-member requests. Regression analyses indicate that social bonding is a major motivation, which leads to more activities on Facebook, greater Facebook use and higher satisfaction with using Facebook. Message-interactivity features lead to greater Facebook use. Mobile Communication for Human Needs: A Comparison of Smartphone Use between the US and Korea • Seok Kang, University of Texas at San Antonio; Jaemin Jung • This study deals with two studies that develop and compare a measure and model of hierarchical needs of smartphone use from U.S. and Korean users. The first study examines the dimensionality of measure by conducting an exploratory factor analysis on 398 U.S. and 331 Korean college students. Results identified five constructs of the smartphone basic needs (SBN) scale from the two samples: physiological, safety, belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization. The second study examines the relationships between the SBN and use behavior, which leads to life satisfaction. The relationship of the constructs was theoretically synthesized and tested. Results indicate that both samples believe that the smartphone fulfills the needs of safety and self-actualization that predict smartphone use and life satisfaction. Theoretical and cross-cultural implications are discussed. Look, Where I am! Examining the Relationship between Motivations of Mobile Check-ins and User Privacy Concerns • Hyang-Sook Kim, St. Norbert College; Nichole Wierzba • Given the popularity of checking in at a location via mobile phone, little research has examined germane motivations tied to check-in as a form of in-group electronic word-of-mouth, and related concern of privacy. A survey with 174 college students found mixed relationships between motivations of location check-in and students’ privacy concerns online. Students’ competence and involvement with mobile phone showed mixed relationships with check-in motivations as well. Details of the findings and implications were discussed. Predicting Retweet Behavior in Breast Cancer Social Networks: Network and Content Characteristics • Eunkyung Kim, University of Georgia; Jiran Hou; Jeong-Yeob Han, University of Georgia; Itai Himelboim, University of Georgia • The study explores how social media, especially Twitter, serves as a viable place for communicating about cancer on Twitter cancer community. Using a two-step analytic method that combines social network analysis and computer-aided content analysis, this study investigates 1) how different types of network structure explain a retweeting behavior, and 2) what type of tweet is retweeted and why some messages attract more interactions among users. The analysis has revealed that messages written by users who have a higher number of followers, a higher level of personal influence over the interaction, and closer relationships and similarities with other users were retweeted. In addition, a tweet message with higher level of positive emotion was retweeted, while a tweet message with higher level of tentative words was not retweeted. When Scientists Talk to the ‘Rest of Us’: Using the Technology Acceptance Model to Explain Scientists’ Use of New Media to Communicate with the Public • Anthony Dudo, University of Texas at Austin; Allison Lazard, University of Texas at Austin; Lee Ann Kahlor, UT Austin; Niveen AbiGhannam, University of Texas at Austin; Ming-Ching Liang • This study provides an examination of scientists’ adoption of new media for public communication. Using a sample of research scientists and the Technology Acceptance Model to specify a structural model that explicates scientists’ online public communication behavior, we found support for 30% of the variance in our dependent variable. Our analysis fills a gap in the science communication literature and provides actionable insights for practitioners seeking to improve scientists’ public communication abilities. Who Put Their Best Face Forward on Facebook? : Positive Self-Presentation in Online Social Networking and the Role of Self-Consciousness, Actual-to-Total Friends Ratio, and Culture • Jong-Eun Roselyn Lee, Ohio State University; Minsun Shim, Inha University; Yeon Kyoung Joo, Stanford University; Sung Gwan Park, Department of Communication, Seoul National University • This study investigated the roles of self-consciousness, actual-to-total Friends ratio, and culture on positive self-presentation on Facebook. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with Facebook users in the U.S. (n = 183) and South Korea (n = 137). The results showed that U.S. participants, compared with South Koreans, engaged in positive self-presentation to a greater extent. The data further demonstrated that culture significantly moderated the effects of public self-consciousness and actual-to-total Friends ratio on positive self-presentation. What Makes Us Click “Like” On Social Media? Examining Psychological, Technological, And Motivational Factors On Virtual Endorsement • Shu-Yueh Lee, Department of Journalism, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh; Sara Steffes Hansen, Department of Journalism, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh; Jin Kyun Lee, Hongik University • This study examines motives for virtually endorsing others on social media, focusing on the Facebook “like” function. Motives are studied in terms of Uses and Gratifications, Theory of Reasoned Action, and personality and technology factors. Data from an online survey of 213 respondents were examined using factor- and hierarchical-regression analyses. Findings showed enjoyment and interpersonal relationship as most salient motives. Two types of user profiles emerged. Those with higher self-esteem, more diligence, more emotional stability, and less subjective norm clicked “like” to express enjoyment. Those with lower self-esteem, less diligence, less emotional stability, and higher subjective norm clicked “like” for pleasing others. Internet Alternative Media Usage and Oppositional Knowledge • Francis L. F. Lee, Chinese University of Hong Kong • The Internet has been regarded as an important platform through which citizens can get informed about politics and public affairs. Different types of websites or content, however, may convey different types of political knowledge. This study focuses on the impact of Internet alternative media on audience’s levels of oppositional knowledge, defined as knowledge about facts and concepts that are instrumental in the formation critical attitudes toward dominant power and generating support or participation in oppositional actions. The empirical analysis examines three types of oppositional knowledge: factual information about oppositional groups and figures, negatively valenced cognitions about dominant power, and understanding of the concept of civil disobedience. Analysis of survey data from Hong Kong shows that Internet alternative media usage relates positively to factual information about movement groups and activists and understanding of civil disobedience, while it has only very limited relationship with traditional and non-oppositional forms of political knowledge. Oppositional knowledge also mediates the impact of Internet alternative media on support for a planned civil disobedience campaign and general protest participation. Participatory Expressions in Blogs and Microblogs: A content analysis of bloggers’ posts in two Chinese news portals • Xigen Li; Jing Xia • Informed by adaptive structuration theory, this study examines to what degree bloggers in China adapt to the new communication structure, and use blog and microblog for participatory expression on public welfare, and social and political issues. The results offer insights into the changes brought by communication technology and the adaptive structuration process of bloggers in their transfer from blog to microblog. The findings highlight the stronger function of microblog in participatory expression compared to blog. Media Doxxing as Invasion of Privacy: An analysis of online comments • Jasmine McNealy • Doxxing is the revelation of personally identifiable information on the Internet. And it is not solely nefarious Internet hackers who disclose information; news organizations, too, have engaged in doxxing. This case study examines the reaction to a media doxxing by conducting a qualitative content analysis of the comments left on the online article. In particular, this study explores whether the comments thought the doxxing was an invasion of privacy. Gaming social capital: Finding civic value in multiplayer video games • Logan Molyneux, University of Texas; Krishnan Vasudevan, The University of Texas at Austin; Homero Gil de Zuniga, University of Vienna • Previous research suggests that social interactions in video games may lead to the development of community bonding and pro-social attitudes. Results from a national survey of U.S. adults finds that gamers who develop ties with a community of fellow gamers possess gaming social capital, a new gaming-related community construct that is shown to be a positive antecedent in predicting both face-to-face social capital and civic participation. Diffusion of Social Media Campaign Effects: Moderating Roles of Social Capital in Anti-Smoking Campaign Communications • Kang Namkoong, University of Kentucky; Seungahn Nah, University of Kentucky; Stephanie Van Stee, University of Missouri – St. Louis; Rachael Record, University of Kentucky • This study examined the effects of a social media campaign on persuasive intentions to encourage others to stop smoking and comply with anti-smoking policy as well as the roles of social trust and community life satisfaction. Our 201 subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental condition: ‘campaign message reception only’ or ‘message reception and expression.’ Social trust and community life satisfaction interacted with treatment condition to positively affect persuasive intentions, but in different ways. The possibilities of proximity: Mobile effects on a traditional news factor • Brett Oppegaard; Michael Rabby, Washington State University • Proximity, or geographical nearness, of the audience to the news event has been a fundamental factor for determining localized media content for generations. Practitioners and scholars generally understand that the closer a person is to the place of the news happening, the more interested that person might be in the information. Mobile technologies, with location- / spatial- / contextual-awareness capabilities, have raised many related issues about the potential for journalism to make better connections to contemporary audiences through the customization of content based on issues of place. In terms of such tailoring, mobile devices allow novel kinds of news connections, based on the nearness to a physical stimulus. To examine these phenomena, an app was developed around The Old Apple Tree, the matriarch of Washington state’s apple industry. The mobile content – providing service-journalism context to connect the tree, the industry, the annual festivities, and the place – then was shared with people in the presence of The Old Apple Tree during the festival, as well as at a holiday festival a half-mile away and a couple of months later. The results show a significant difference in the responses by the audiences, based on proximity. Proximity therefore could be a key consideration in the generation of new forms of mobile news. Explicating Net Diversity in Longitudinal Assessment • Yong Jin Park, Howard University • This study tracks the increasing supply of Internet access and the diversity of Internet use by analyzing data from the three waves of a survey conducted in the U.K. in 2005, 2007, and 2009. Data on Internet access and three dimensions of online use (civic/governmental, economic, and news/information) reveal that Internet offers a promise of diversity, but also presents systematic divides in which the increase in benefits (of Internet capacities and actual consumed) does not uniformly occur, while the impacts of social disparities remain constant over time. Our discussion addresses how characteristics of social backgrounds are salient in harnessing types of Internet use. Online vs. Face-to-Face Self-Disclosure among AA Members • Stephen Perry, Illinois State University; David Jackiewicz, Kellogg Community College • Self-disclosure is an important part of the recovery process articulated in the Alcoholics Anonymous literature. Some studies of online support groups have shown greater social support and propensity for self-disclosure through attendance in online meetings than in face-to-face meetings, a concept that seemed to be supported by hyperpersonal communication theory. This study chose to investigate whether self-disclosure is enacted and perceived differently for AA members based on their predominant type of meeting attendance. Survey findings indicate that participants are more willing to disclose during face-to-face meetings than they are online in both the honesty and depth self-disclosure dimensions. Only reciprocity was statistically unchanged across the meeting types. News Recommendations from Social Media Opinion Leaders: Effects on Media Trust and Information Seeking • Jason Turcotte; Chance York, Louisiana State University; Jacob M. Irving, LSU; Rosanne Scholl, LSU; Ray Pingree, Louisiana State University • In today’s polarized news environment, social media offers a forum for both diverse viewpoints and an exchange of opinions. This experiment found that a recommendation for a news article made by a real-life Facebook friend increased trust of and reliance on the news outlet where the article appeared, but only if the friend was perceived as an opinion leader. The reverse was true for recommendations from poor opinion leaders. Implications for democracy and the news business are discussed. Applying the Theory of Reasoned Action to Student-Teacher Relationships on Facebook • Pavica Sheldon, University of Alabama - Huntsville • The purpose of this study was to investigate professors’ and students’ intentions to add each other as friends on Facebook. Participants were 160 college professors and 249 students from different American universities. Consistent with theory of reasoned action, intention was the strongest predictor of them adding each other as Facebook friends. However, among faculty members, a personal attitude was the most significant predictor of the intention to add students as friends. For students, subjective norm was the most significant predictor of the intention to friend professors. Overall, students had positive beliefs about other people's approval of their Facebook friendships with professors - while faculty had slightly negative beliefs about what others would think of them being Facebook friends with students. Cyberbullying YouTube videos: What makes them different and what makes them viral? • Karen Smreker, Michigan State University; Tegan Smischney, Michigan State University; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University • The phenomenon of cyberbullying is ever growing with the increasing sophistication of information communication technologies. Victims and aggressors have used social media platforms to discuss this issue. The current study analyzed 315 YouTube videos dealing with cyberbullying and explored differences among source attributes and content attributes. Additionally, the study explored how source and content attributes predict the virality of cyberbullying YouTube videos (views, likes, and comments). Findings showed that the number of views, likes, and dislikes differed significantly as a function of the type of source featured in the YouTube videos. Findings are discussed within the framework of advancing our understanding of cyberbullying and in relation to creating more effective campaigns to curb the prevalence and effects of cyberbullying. Is a “sticker” worth a thousand words? The effect of Line character sticker use on relational intimacy • Shaojung Sharon Wang, National Sun Yat-sen University; Cai-Wei Peng, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan • This study investigated how Line character sticker use may contribute to the perception of intimate experience and ultimately enhance relationship satisfaction in both positive and negative emotion situations. A 2 (situation valance: positive emotion, negative emotion)×3 (response style: text, sticker, text, & sticker) ×3(scenario: career, romance, education) factorial experiment was employed. The results revealed significant main effects of situation valance and response type on intimate experience. Specifically, a partner’s supportive response during positive event disclosure can better predict the sense of intimate experience. Findings here suggest that the intimacy model in the FtF situation can still effectively explain how intimacy is fostered in the mobile communication environment. The hyperpersonal model is further extended to the effect of nonverbal cues in creating intimacy. Why do we Pin? New Gratifications explain Unique Activities in Pinterest • Ruoxu Wang, The Pennsylvania State University; Fan Yang; Saijing Zheng; S. Shyam Sundar, The Pennsylvania State University • Pinterest is now the third most popular SNS after Facebook and LinkedIn. An online survey (N=113) was conducted to explore the relationships between 23 affordance-based gratifications derived from MAIN model (Sundar, 2008) and ten different Pinterest behaviors. Our study revealed that a brand new set of gratifications (specific to digital media) predicted a whole lot of user behaviors in Pinterest. As we analyzed the data, four findings were especially interesting: 1) People who felt that they had a higher degree of ownership from their curating activity were more likely to be frequent pinners; 2) Those who perceived Pinterest as being cool were likely to be more frequent browsers; 3) Those who thought that they were the source of Pinterest content were more likely to create boards frequently; and 4) Those inclined to browse freely in Pinterest were less likely to invite others to pin the boards they created. Theoretical and design implications were discussed. Attacks by “Anons”: A Content Analysis of Status Negotiations in Aggressive Posts, Victim Responses, and Bystander Interventions on a Social Media Site • Rachel Young, University of Iowa; Stephanie Miles, University of Iowa • Though the incidence of cyberbullying is far outpaced by incidence of bullying face-to-face, the experience of perceived online victimization is relatively common among adolescents. The affordances of social media sites, such as anonymity and asynchronicity, inform status negotiations among online aggressors, victims, and supportive bystanders. This quantitative content analysis investigates more than 1,000 question-answer dyads from 78 social media profiles to determine which rhetorical strategies are used most frequently and how strategies vary by roles within an online encounter. We found that victims and bystanders as well as aggressors used the anonymity affordance to demonstrate social strength. In addition, most profile owners received at least one supportive comment, and certain responses from victims determined the nature of subsequent comments, be they neutral, supportive, or aggressive. This exploratory research suggests many areas for future study that will inform interventions to encourage effective victim and bystander responses in cyberbullying. Open Competition Understanding Generational Differences in the Relationship Between Online Banking and Online Security • Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University; Shelia Cotten, Michigan State University; Hsin-yi Tsai; Nora Rifon, Michigan State University; Robert LaRose, Michigan State University • Age differences in the use of communication technologies are often noted as barriers to adoption. However, age in itself is not necessarily a barrier when the communication technology in question offers benefits to older adult users and when the associated risks are manageable. The present research integrates online safety and online banking research to examine generational differences in the acceptance of communication technology in the presence of financial risk to the user. Diverse Mechanical Turk samples of Millennial, Baby Boomer, and older (Silent and GI) generation adults were surveyed. Multiple regression analyses of online banking adoption intentions showed that trust in online banking providers and coping self-efficacy were variables that distinguished the generations. I thought you would like to know: Exploring motivations for sharing sports news on Twitter • Jan Boehmer, Michigan State University; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University • The present study explores motivations of content sharing on Twitter in the context of sports news employing a two-step text-based analysis combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. First, a grounded theory approach is used to create a typology of motivations from open ended survey-questions. Categories are then used to classify all responses and compute a regression model predicting individuals’ intentions to share. Main motivations include the informativeness of the tweet and considerations about the perceived audience. Revisiting the Contact Hypothesis in Computer-Mediated Communication: Effects of Different CMC modes and Attitude Strengths on Intergroup Relationships • Bolin CAO; Wan-Ying Lin • This study applies the contact hypothesis in the computer-mediated communication (CMC) situation and examines whether intergroup contacts would facilitate intergroup relationships. The effectiveness of different CMC modes, particularly text-based and video-based, was investigated. Participants (N=60) interacted with a confederate from the conflicting outgroup via either text-based CMC or video-based CMC. The results revealed that video-based CMC exerted more influence in improving participants’ attitudes towards the targeted outgroup member than did text-based CMC. Nevertheless, neither text-based nor video-based CMC helped promote positive attitudes towards the outgroup as a whole. On the other hand, prior attitude strengths significantly predicted individuals’ attitude change towards the outgroup. The role of social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) in intergroup contacts was discussed. Factors Affecting Internet Diffusion in China: A Multivariate Time Series Analysis • Guangchao Feng, Jinan University • Based on previous studies and theories, a framework called EPIC (Economy-Policy-Infrastructure-Content) was proposed and a multivariate time series analysis was performed to examine the relationships between Internet diffusion and these factors. The growth of Internet penetration was found to be mainly driven by Internet access cost and content, and yet GDP per capita and telecommunications infrastructure failed to play roles. The implications were discussed at last. Entertain me now, later and when I want: The Uses and Gratifications of College Students’ Consumption of Current Events on Social Media • Jack Karlis, Buffalo State College • Social media is a dominant news source among the college students. This study examines the “what” or different dimensions of news and the “why” or uses and gratifications that college students use current events on social media. This study adds to the existing body of uses and gratification literature. This study found five gratifications (information seeking, surveillance/guidance, voyeurism and social interaction), including one unique to current events on social media, perpetual entertainment. This study also looked at the predictors of recall and general use from current events on social media by college students. TV takes in Social: Psychological predictors of social TV viewing motivations and audience activity on SNSs • Hongjin Shim; Yeonkyung Lee, University of S. Korea; Hyunjin Song • This paper investigates the relationships between motivations, audience activity, and psychological traits of 442 social TV drama viewers. Audience activity on SNSs were identified as dissemination and reception and, during such activities, the respondents’ motivations for Social TV use were driven by co-viewing, engagement, and passing time. While co-viewing and engagement were relevant to either reception or engagement, passing time was related to both activities. Psychological traits also predicted the motivations: innovativeness and BAS were significantly associated with all motivations but BIS. Results suggest that social TV viewers would attempt to transform conventional ways of audience activity into new practices on new media influenced by their psychological traits reflecting motivations. Old Programs, New Channels: A Uses and Gratifications Approach To Internet Television • Nai-Se Li, Mindshare; Jay Newell, Iowa State University • Television shows once available only on conventional TV in homes on specific days and times are now available via Internet TV in nearly any location, 24 hours a day. While some shows may be the same on conventional TV and Internet TV, the motivations for viewing may be different for each platform. This study employs a uses and gratification approach to compare audience rationales for watching program-length content on conventional TV to watching the same content type on Internet TV. Revisiting group size effects: group size and member participation in an online community • TAE JOON MOON, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Ming-Yuan Chih, University of Kentucky; Dhavan Shah, University of Wisconsin - Madison; David Gustafson, University of Wisconsin - Madison • This study investigates how group size influences the patterns of member participation and attachment in an online community. Reconciling competing views on group size effects, this study suggests that the effects of group size can be understood as a non-linear fashion and adopts a two-step analysis (i.e., multiple-curve estimation procedure and confirmatory hierarchical regression analysis) to determine the optimal models which best explains the relationships between group size and member participation/attachment. By analyzing 236 members’ use behavior in an online support community during 48-month period, the present study found a negative logarithmic relationship between group size and participation; member participation sharply decreased at the initial stage as group size increased, yet the rate of decrease kept decelerating. The relationship between group size and member attachment was best explained by a quadratic curve model; member attachment decreased at the earlier stage until group size reached a certain threshold (around 250 in this study) but turned to increase thereafter as the group grew. Given the observed curvilinear relationships, a desirable group size to alleviate negative effects and increase positive effects of group size is further discussed. Impression formation on social media from the viewer perspectives • Yi Mou; Mike Miller • The question of how impression is formed online – especially on social media – has triggered a lot of research interest. While traditional impression formation literature mainly looks at this issue from the source perspective, little attention is paid from the viewer or audience perspective. As anecdotal evidence and scientific inquiry accumulated, viewer’s identity is called into the question of how and why a certain impression is formed. Under the guideline of self-categorization theory, this study aims to provide some insights on impression formation from a viewer perspective. An online experiment was conducted based on a 2 (microblog post topic: personal vs. professional) X 2 (fans count: few vs. many) between-subjects factorial design. Under each condition, a mock-up microblog page of a fictitious college professor was presented to respondents before they were asked to evaluate this “professor”. The results indicate that teacher respondents and student respondents rate the likability and credibility of this professor differently. Theoretical implications are discussed. Who said that? A persuasion knowledge perspective for understanding the effect of social distance and source expertise on social networking sites (SNS) • Yoon Hi Sung; Chang-Hoan Cho; Young Woong Shin • This study explored the effect of social distance and source expertise on the effectiveness of brand message on social networking sites (SNS) based on persuasion knowledge model. A 2 (social distance: close vs. distant) x 2 (source expertise: expert vs. non-expert) x 2 (product types; search goods vs. experience goods) experimental study was conducted. The structural equation modeling was used. Break it to me gently: Twitter bypasses traditional media for breaking news, but where does it lead people next? • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Erika Johnson, University of Missouri • This study sought to determine the news consumption pattern of college students by asking where respondents get breaking news and where this source leads them next. Guided by the framework of niche theory and theory of relative constancy, we predicted that social media, particularly Twitter, is displacing traditional news media at least for the gratification of learning about the news first. The findings based on an online survey (N=224) supported this general assumption. Issue-Specific Engagement: How Facebook Contributes to Opinion Leadership and Efficacy on Energy and Climate Issues • Emily Vraga, George Mason University; Ashley Anderson, Department of Journalism & Technical Communication; John Kotcher, George Mason University; Edward Maibach, George Mason University • While social media are increasingly studied for their political impact, not enough is known about how distinct forms of Facebook activity – such as general news consumption and expression vs. issue-specific activism – explain attitudes towards a particular issue. Using a Republican sample, we demonstrate that only issue-specific advocacy on Facebook is associated with a greater sense of personal influence on the issue of climate change, suggesting distinguishing between types of Facebook activity is important. Can You See Me? Teenagers’ Self-Disclosure on Social Network Site, Regret of Posting, and Social Capital • Wenjing Xie; Cheeyoun Kang, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • Self-disclosure is popular on social networking site. Using survey data from Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project, this study tries to provide an overall picture of teenagers’ self-disclosure on SNS. We further examine how demographic variables, SNS use, different types of friends, trust, and privacy control behavior influence self-disclosure, regret of posting on SNS, and social capital. We find that though teenagers reveal moderately high level of personal information on SNS, they don’t disclose all types of personal information equally. Hierarchical regression analysis shows that demographic variables and anecdotal factors such as SNS use frequency, network size, SNS friend type, trust, and privacy control behavior are related to self-disclosure on SNS and regret of posting. Self-disclosure and privacy control behavior also predict teenagers’ social capital. How Public Relations Practitioners Perceive Social Media Platforms? A Media Richness Perspective • Ana Isabel Gonzalez Michel, Albertus Magnus College; Thomas E. Ruggiero, The University of Texas at El Paso; Kenneth "C.C." Yang, The University of Texas at El Paso • Prior studies on the use of social media by public relations professionals lacked the theoretical framework to fully evaluate the richness of this emerging communication platform. On the basis of Media Richness Theory, the researchers assessed the perceptions of 162 PR professionals from a national sample to identify emerging media richness dimensions that are not the same as those in the previous media richness theory. This study suggests that social media not simply be compared to traditional media, but demonstrates a unique medium characteristics. Both theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. Take a break: Examining College Students’ Multitasking Activities During a Study- or Work-Related Task • Shupei Yuan, Michigan State University; Anastasia Kononova, Michigan State University • The survey explored how frequently college students engage in multitasking with social media, texting/instant messaging (IM), and music while studying/working and what motivates them to multitask. Checking Facebook, texting/IM, and listening to music were the most popular activities. Five media differed by strongest multitasking motivations. Habit was the dominant motivation predicting frequency of using media during a work- or study-related task. Passing time, escape, socialization, and efficiency predicted the extent of multitasking on different instances. A Review of the Scholarly Literature on the Role of Social Media in Social Capital • Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University; Alan Abitbol • This paper attempts to provide a critical review of the growing empirical literature on the influence of social network sites on social capital (2004-2014). It summarizes the major findings, identifies the thematic patterns of influences of SNSs on social capital in such diverse areas as trust, civic and political participation, bridging and bonding social capital, campaigns and mobilizing and negative outcomes, locates gaps in the current literature, and provides suggestions for future studies. Student Papers Nature and Effectiveness of Online Social Support for Intercultural Adaptation of Mainland Chinese Overseas Students • Liang Chen, Nanyang Technological University; Xiaodong Yang, Nanyang Technological University • Mainland Chinese students have been flocking to universities or colleges in Singapore. Inevitably, these students have encountered difficulty in adapting to their new life. An online social support group called Living in Singapore Group (LSg), a sub-forum of the most popular forum on Chinese overseas study created in April 2000, provides various types of social support messages for Mainland Chinese students in Singapore. This research explores the nature and effectiveness of these messages. A directed qualitative content analysis was applied in Study 1 to analyze 1,736 posted messages collected from July 6, 2012 to February 6, 2013.The results suggest that social support messages can be categorized into subcategories of the three existing main categories, namely, informational, instrumental, and emotional, as well as the new category called network support. In-depth interviews were conducted with 21 LSg members in Study 2. The results demonstrate that social support messages provided by this group have effectively helped Mainland Chinese overseas students in intercultural adaptation, especially in the early cross-cultural adaptive phase. The displacement effect between competing social network services: Examining uses-and-gratifications of WeChat and Weibo in China • Di Cui; Guangsheng Huang • The worldwide proliferation of social network services necessitates a move beyond studying the adoption of any single social network service. However, little research has discussed the competition between different social network services. Taking the uses-and-gratification perspective, this study explores the potential displacement effect between two most popular social network services in China: WeChat and Weibo. Adopting both the media-centric and user-centric approaches, we attempted to explain the displacement effect by examining gratification-opportunities of and gratifications-obtained from WeChat and Weibo respectively. Based on an online survey (N = 395), we found that WeChat was displacing Weibo among young users. The growing preference on WeChat was driven by its instant messaging as gratification opportunity and sociability, entertainment and peer approval as gratifications obtained. Our analysis meanwhile reveals that the user-centered approach is more effective in explaining the displacement between similar social network services in competition. Understanding the Behavior of Abstaining from Contributing to Product Reviews on the Web: Motivational and Attitudinal Approaches • Youngsun Kwak, University at Buffalo; Amanda Damiano, University at Buffalo; Ji Hye Choi, University at Buffalo • There are endless reviews one can read online about products. While many studies have examined a contributor’s side of product reviews, research is limited because only a small number of people write comments about products. This study evaluates those who abstain from contributing to product-reviewing on the web; specifically by employing motivational theories as well as attitudinal theories. Focus group interviews were undertaken as a way to gauge thoughts, opinions, and feelings of non-contributors. It was determined that there may be several reasons why people do not contribute to online product reviews, including lack of autonomy, feelings of having less competence, a weak sense of belonging, as well as a negative attitude toward product reviews in general. These findings serve as an important step in developing a questionnaire for future research. Furthermore, this information serves a practical use in providing the creators of these products with insightful consumer thoughts. How Does the Audience Respond to Cancer Videos? A Content Analysis of YouTube Comments • Jingjing Han, Indiana University • This exploratory study examined how YouTube users respond to cancer knowledge-based videos. Language analysis was applied to understand the audience’s emotions, the way to process information and their most concerned themes. There are 3,453 comments on YouTube were analyzed in sentiment analysis and Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count Analysis (LIWC), while 200 comments were manually categorized into the fourteen themes. Results show that there are four top themes that are salient among the comments, i.e. giving cancer medical/treatment information, giving basic cancer knowledge, asking intelligent support about cancer, and appreciation for others’ support /video content. Furthermore, the audience processes the videos more emotionally than cognitively, and there are more negative responses to the videos. Interestingly, the positive valence of the message is positively correlated with the negative valence. Interpretations and implications were discussed. Who use more emoticons? Who anthropomorphize more?: Cultural and Gender Differences in Emoticons Use on IM • Soyoung Jung, Syracuse University; Joon Kyung Kim, Syracuse University; Li Chen, Syracuse University • An online survey (N=110) examined how IM users use emotions when they are chatting through IM based on cultural and gender differences. Drawing on culture dimension theory and high- versus low-context culture theory, two independent variables were examined; the tendency to individualism/collectivism, and masculinity/femininity. Based on two popular platforms (Facebook Messenger and KakaoTalk), the results showed that there is a correlation between cultural/gender difference and emoticons use satisfaction, especially anthropomorphism tendency toward the emotions. The results showed that there is a correlation between cultural/gender difference and emoticons use satisfaction, especially Anthropomorphism. People who have the tendency towards collectivism showed greater satisfaction than those who have the tendency towards individualism. In addition, people who have the tendency towards femininity exhibited more satisfaction with emoticon use than those who have the tendency towards masculinity. As a result, the findings of this study suggest that individuals’ tendency to individualism/collectivism and masculinity/femininity has the correlation with their satisfaction with emoticon use in IM. Examination of Perception and Evaluation for Smartphone Addiction during a Communication Blackout • Chang Sup Park • The smartphone, through its small size, ease of use, proliferation of free or cheap apps, and constant connectivity, changes our life in a way that goes well beyond what we experienced with previous media. This study examined smartphone users’ self-perception and evaluation for their addictive behaviors during a communication blackout that lasted six hours in recent South Korea. Based on the interview of 20 smartphone users, this study distinguished heavy smartphone users into two groups – people who depend on their smartphone emotionally and people who depend on it functionally. The current study found that the former group was more reluctant in acknowledge negative aspects of the smartphone than the latter group. In addition, functionally-dependent users were more willing to change their addictive behaviors than emotionally-dependent people. Heavy smartphone users, regardless of their type of overdependence, denied that they were addicted to the smartphone. Implications of the study are discussed. Who Sets the News Agenda on Twitter? Journalists’ Posts During the 2013 Government Shutdown • Frank Michael Russell, University of Missouri/Missouri School of Journalism; Marina Hendricks; Heesook Choi; Elizabeth Conner Stephens • This study examines how journalists use Twitter, specifically whether any difference exists in linking and attribution behavior between journalists for traditional and online news organizations. An analysis was conducted of 40 journalists’ tweets during the 2013 government shutdown. When they were not linking to their own news organizations, journalists were more likely to link to traditional than online news sites. They also were found to prefer a politics frame over an impact frame. Predictors of Male Players’ Harassment Behavior in Online Video Games • Wai Yen Tang, Ohio State University; Jesse Fox, Ohio State University • Online video game play affords connectivity and social interaction among players from around the world. This connectivity also brings undesirable behaviors, however, and online harassment is becoming a pervasive issue in the gaming community. In this study, we sought to determine what personality traits and game-related variables predicted harassment behaviors in online video games. Male players of online video games (N = 439) were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey. Similar to previous research on harassment in other domains, social dominance orientation and hostile sexism predicted higher levels of both sexual harassment and general harassment in online games. Game involvement and weekly play time were additional predictors for general harassment. Implications for the social gaming environment are discussed. Journalists and Bloggers. Social media interpretive community in Nicaragua • Emilia Yang • This paper is an analysis of how journalists and bloggers of Nicaragua—a country where independent journalists are constantly harassed for trying to do their work—use social media to develop an interpretive community online. Debates and discussions within the community of journalists and bloggers created a virtual public sphere, and were analyzed through online observation, interviews, and a survey. The key findings are that social media have replaced analog forms of interaction among this community and are gradually creating cohesion among journalists and bloggers in Nicaragua. Respondents cited Twitter as the most useful social media platform for conversations about journalistic practices, common struggles, and other subjects related to the national news agenda. Social media are especially useful for discussing current political topics, most importantly, cases of governmental repression against journalists. The research infers that the online discourse among journalists and bloggers has created a sense of community and solidarity within the group, even creating feelings of a shared responsibility to add content and engage in online debates about current events. The Implications of Social Capital for SNS Use: A New Trend with Moderating Effect of Communication Anxiety • Pei Zheng, University of Texas at Austin; Xiaoqian Li, University of Texas, Austin • This study suggests a new trend of how social capital would actually affect use of social networking sites (SNSs). Using the data from 568 college students in China, regression results show that both bridging and bonding social capital are positively associated with intensity of SNS use after controlling for key demographic factors. Moreover, communication anxiety is found to moderate the effect of social capital (bridging and bonding) on intensity of SNS use. Specifically, for students with lower communication anxiety, the relationships between bonding and bridging social capital and intensity of SNS use are stronger than do those with higher communication anxiety. Taken together, this study contributes to the literature of social capital and SNS use by examining the possible impact of social capital on SNS use. Also, the moderation effect of communication anxiety on the association between social capital and SNS use may be better explained when taking into account the collectivism cultural context of China. Connection and relationship is a central idea in Chinese society, therefore people regard social capital as interdependence even in the online environment. As a consequence, people who are more anxious in communication would be more concerned and careful in managing their online relationship than people who are less communication anxious, which lead to a weakened interaction between social capital and SNS use. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13875 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/ctm-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 12:48:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13879 Open Call Competition How Media Literacy and Personality Predict Skepticism toward Alcohol Advertising • Erica Austin, Washington State University; Adrienne Muldrow, Washington State University Department of Marketing and International Business • To examine media literacy in the context of personality factors, a survey of 472 young adults showed that Need for Cognition and Need for Affect both predicted critical thinking about media sources but explained little variance. Critical thinking about sources mediated effects of personality on critical thinking about messages. The results suggest that media literacy can be taught and that media literacy about media sources is an important precursor to critical thinking about messages. Digital Media and the Perception of Public Opinion: Evidence from Colombia • Matthew Barnidge, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Perceptions of public opinion can influence political expression and behavior. But digital media may have implications for theories of perceived public opinion. Using a representative survey of Colombian adults in urban areas, this paper examines whether and how digital media use is associated with projection and pluralistic ignorance. Results show (a) a consistent relationship between Internet use and perceptions of the public and (b) that self-reference processes interact with network characteristics and information seeking behaviors. Online News Sharing: Examining Opinion Leadership’s Discrete Functions in General and Specific Contexts • Peter Bobkowski, University of Kansas • This study explicated the five functions of generalized opinion leadership (gatekeeping, legitimizing, harmonizing, influencing, advice giving), and assessed these functions’ independent associations with online news sharing. Online users (N = 198) evaluated their visit to a new news-oriented website. The gatekeeping and legitimizing functions were related to news sharing in general and news sharing about the website. The study contributes to the theoretical development of online information sharing and opinion leadership. Presumptions and Predispositions: Integrating Self-Monitoring into the Influence of Presumed Influence Model • D. Jasun Carr, Susquehanna University • The conjoined theories of Third Person Effect and the Influence of Presumed Influence have become firmly established within the realm of persuasive literature. However, little research has explored the personal predispositions that may influence the social aspect of these processes. Using the practice of product placement, the practice of embedding of goods and services within media, this experiment expands the understanding of these theories by incorporating individual levels of self-monitoring. The changes in purchase desire engendered by the product placement stimuli were found to be moderated by our perceptions of our close social group, with individual levels of self-monitoring mediating the influence of the presumed exposure and attitude shifts. By moving the analysis of effects beyond simple persuasion and incorporating theories addressing the role others play in the persuasive process this manuscript provides a more fully described model for understanding the observed effects and explores the wide-ranging implications for researchers and practitioners. The Absence of Women in Media Representations: The Psychological Effects of Symbolic Annihilation of Gender • Charisse L'Pree Corsbie-Massay, Syracuse University; Stephen Read, University of Southern California • Drawing on psychological theories including social exclusion, discrimination, and identity conflict, the current research investigates the effects of gender annihilation from a potential group, Digital Heroes. When watching a video for Digital Heroes featuring all men, women who self-categorize as Digital Heroes provided fewer thoughts, whereas women who did not categorize as Digital Heroes reported more positive thoughts, less negative mood, and better self-concepts. Implications for media effects research and career-based interventions are discussed. Modeling Longitudinal Communication Data with Time Series ARIMA • hanlong fu, Salem State University • Although it is a truism that communication is a process, communication researchers, for years, grappled with analyzing longitudinal data. In recent years, linear models such as multilevel models greatly expand the analytic “toolbox” of communication researchers in dealing with longitudinal observations. However, these models are often limited because they usually assume a linear trend in longitudinal change and simple error structures. When such is the case, time series ARIMA models may be more suitable for the job, because ARIMA models are better at handling data with many time points and complex serial dependency. This article demonstrates how to model longitudinal data with time series ARIMA models. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we first illustrate the properties of ARIMA models with different sample sizes and coefficients. Then we apply the techniques to analyzing a real dataset. We conclude the article by discussing the implications and caveats of using ARIMA models. Disentangling the Impact of Centering on Collinearity in OLS Regression • hanlong fu, Salem State University; David Atkin • This article investigates the impact of centering on collinearity in regression models. Extant literature in social sciences suggests that centering can reduce collinearity in linear models by suppressing correlation between variables. Using both simulated and actual datasets, this article shows that centering could both increase and decrease some collinearity diagnostics in multiplicative models. The impact of centering on collinearity is more cosmetic than commonly thought because point estimates, standard errors, and variance explained stay the same after the centering. This implies that correlation-based diagnostics such as VIF and tolerance are insufficient for identifying collinearity. Therefore, researchers should consult a range of diagnostics to identify the problem. Most importantly, only valid research design and measurement could solve the problem of collinearity. Culture, Power and Political Opinion: A New Model of Media Effects • Matt Guardino • I construct a new conceptual model of how mass media coverage shapes public policy opinions that synthesizes social scientific theories of framing and the survey response, on the one hand, and critical-cultural theories of hegemony, on the other. John Zaller and Stanley Feldman’s psychologically based “question-answering model” is rooted in the ambivalent considerations about public issues that most people hold. Scholars have integrated processes of framing into this theory in order to explain how considerations are activated through communication. I extend these ideas by defining considerations as individual-level manifestations of fragmented popular common sense, as Stuart Hall has developed this concept in his theory of cultural articulation based on the work of Antonio Gramsci. By linking psychological mechanisms of opinion formation to processes of ideological contestation as manifested in media coverage, my framework marries systematic analysis of news content and survey data to theoretically rich critiques of the power relations that shape political communication. I illustrate my model with evidence on U.S. media coverage and public opinion on economic and social welfare issues, and I sketch potential methodological strategies that relax some of the tensions between the divergent approaches to communication and belief formation that my model draws on. My framework speaks to questions that are central to democracy by taking account of how media coverage can enable both elite influence and popular resistance to dominant political understandings. How Television Viewers Use the Second Screens to Engage with Programming: Development and Validation of the Social Engagement Scale • miao guo • This study investigated second-screen television viewing behavior by introducing the social engagement construct and validating its measurement scale. Two online consumer panels of 1,052 second screen users were sampled to complete the three-stage research strategy. Through conceptualization and operationalization of social engagement, this study identified five underlying dimensions in social engagement, i.e., utility, control, interaction, influence, and attention. These five dimensions demonstrate different functionalities delivered by mobile devices such as laptop computers, tablets, and smartphones. The theoretical and practical implications of the social engagement construct are also discussed. Uses & Grats 2.1: Considering Ecosystem In User-Generated Content Gratifications • Michael Humphrey, Colorado State University • Uses & Gratifications has long asked a useful question: “What do people do with media?” (Katz, 1959). Numerous critics, however, have called for a substantive response to digital media's radical change in the way users consume and create content. A new question is in order: “What do mediated people do with their experience?” For the purposes of studying User-Generated Content, this paper builds off Sundar & Limperos “Uses & Grats 2.0” (2013), adding Ecosystem to the MAIN model and concludes with a case for online ethnography. Social Dominance as a Gateway to Racism in Homicide News Processing • Erika Johnson, University of Missouri • This study was a 3 (race: white, black, control) x 3 (role: victim, perpetrator, control) x 3 (multiple messages) mixed factorial design. The study examined whether news stories about violent shooting homicides would impact implicit (measured by the IAT) and explicit attitudes about race and empathy. Social dominance orientation was an additional independent grouping variable explored. The study found that high SDO individuals expressed more overall explicitly reported empathy than low SDO individuals and that high SDO individuals expressed most reported empathy toward Black perpetrators in news stories. However, for high SDO individuals, perpetrator primes led to more explicit negative Black stereotyping than victim stories. These findings indicate that aversive racism may occur in processing of news stories as primes. This has practical implications for journalists in that while news consumers may be capable of understanding crime as a social problem, bias in news coverage may reinforce implicit aversive racism. Strengthening the Core: Examining Interactivity, Credibility, and Reliance as Measures of Media Use • Barb Kaye, University of Tennessee Knoxville; Tom Johnson • This study investigated uses and gratifications of social network sites, blogs, and Twitter for political information, and compared the influence of reliance, credibility, and interactivity on motivations. Reliance and credibility strongly influence motivations for using SNS. Blog motivations are most heavily affected by credibility, and reasons for using Twitter are most heavily influenced by interactivity. This study supports reliance as a measure of media use and suggests that credibility and interactivity are also effective measures. The Allure of Aphrodite: How Gender-Congruent Media Portrayals Impact Adult Women’s Possible Future Selves • Ashley Kennard; Laura Willis; Melissa Kaminski, The Ohio State University; Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick, The Ohio State University • Over five days, a prolonged exposure experiment presented non-college women with magazine portrayals of females in gender-congruent or gender-incongruent social roles. Responses revealed that 3 days after media exposure, only gender-congruent roles remained salient. Exposure to gender-congruent portrayals induced more concerns about possible future selves and produced more positive affective valence compared to gender-incongruent portrayals. Exposure impacts were mediated by the extent to which women linked the magazine portrayals to their own possible future selves. The Effect of Message Framing Intertemporal Choices • kenneth kim, oklahoma state • The current study explores the effect of message framing on intertemporal choices in the context of promoting retirement plans. A plethora of research has reported that people prefer sooner but smaller rewards over later but larger options. Few studies have examined the impact of framing on investment decisions that differ in timing. Experiment 1 examines the framing effect on immediate but small amount of investment vs. delayed but larger amount of investment when the amount of saving outcome is fixed. Experiment 2 explores the framing effect on the same intertemporal choices when the amount of monthly contribution is fixed. Actual or perceived?: Comparing two dimensions of scientific knowledge in the United States and South Korea • Hwalbin Kim, University of South Carolina; Robert McKeever, University of South Carolina; Jeong-Heon JC Chang, Korea University; Ju-Yong Ha, Inha University • This study examines predictors of two key dimensions of scientific knowledge: perceived and factual knowledge about generically modified organisms (GMO) and nuclear energy in the U.S. and South Korea. The findings show that perceived and factual scientific knowledge are conceptually unique across two countries’ samples and not significantly correlated. Most of indicators were not associated with factual knowledge, and attention in newspapers and on the Internet and elaborative processing were related to perceived knowledge. Communicating with key publics in crisis communication: The synthetic approach to the public segmentation in CAPS (Communicative Action in Problem Solving) • Young Kim, Louisiana State University; Andrea Miller, Louisiana State University; myounggi chon • The purpose of this study is to identify and understand key publics (active and aware publics) and their communication behaviors in crisis communication using the public segmentation framework which has been rarely used in crisis communication. In doing so, the study quantitatively tests a new theoretical framework of Communicative Action in Problem Solving (CAPS) classifying eight types of aware and active publics. Through the new framework of public segmentation, the survey results from 1,113 participants substantiate eight types of active and aware publics as well as their communicative characteristics in a crisis situation. The study methodologically and theoretically not only extends the public segmentation research to crisis communication but also creates better understanding of aware or active publics in CAPS by intertwining cross-situational and dynamic or situational approaches. Findings will contribute to practical and theoretical development in crisis communication by helping crisis managers effectively communicate with the key publics. The Role of Fear Appeals in the Tailored Health Messages • Nam Young Kim, Sam Houston State University • When a message is tailored to individuals’ interests, can the message be persuasive regardless of other message attributes, and if not, what media content can differentiate the tailored message effectiveness and how? In the context of an anti-binge drinking health campaign, this study particularly tested how the emotional content (i.e., fear appeals) in tailored messages influences people’s messages processing and their attitudinal/behavioral changes. Using a 2 (regulatory focus: promotion vs. prevention) X 2 (message framing: gain vs. loss) X 2 (level of fear appeals: low vs. high) experimental design, the findings indicate that the influence of tailored messages should be discussed cautiously, because the message’s effectiveness is reduced when combined with a high fear appeal. The findings have theoretical and practical implications on the use of emotional appeals in tailored communication. The Augmented Cognitive Mediation Model: Examining Antecedents of Factual and Structural Breast Cancer Knowledge Among Singaporean Women • Edmund Lee; Min-Cheol Shin; Ariffin Kawaja; Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University • The focus on knowledge acquisition is an important component of health communication. This study tests the Cognitive Mediation Model (CMM) in the breast cancer context in Singapore, where a nationally representative survey data was collected from 802 women between the ages of 30 and 70 through random digit dialing. Results supported the augmented CMM model, which proposed structural knowledge as an added dimension of knowledge. Attention to media was found to have indirect influence on factual and structural knowledge through interpersonal communication and elaboration. Interpersonal communication and elaboration were significantly related to both forms of knowledge and they mediate the influence of attention to media and two forms of knowledge. Risk perception is positively related to attention to media; it also has indirect influence on interpersonal communication and elaboration mediated by media attention. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. Cues about cues in politicians’ social media profiles: Effects of commenters’ attractiveness and claims of cognitive effort • Jayeon Lee, Lehigh University; Ray Pingree, Louisiana State University • Based on the heuristic-systematic model, we argue that consideration of cue applicability and reliability can facilitates effective heuristic processing. Using an experiment, this present study examines how commenters’ attractiveness and their claims of cognitive effort influence the comments effects. The results indicate that vote intention is significantly influenced by the cognitive effort cue whereas attitude is significantly influenced only when the viewer is interested in politics. The attractiveness cue did have a significant influence. Lost in Translation: Social Capital in Communication Research • Chul-joo Lee, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Dongyoung Sohn, Hanyang University • To examine how communication scholars have imported the concept of social capital from other disciplines, we first analyzed the citation patterns among social capital-related journal articles, book chapters, and books. Moreover, we investigated whether and how communication scholars have cited three pioneering scholars in this area, i.e., Robert Putnam, Pierre Bourdieu, and James Coleman, thereby revealing which aspect of social capital has been emphasized whereas which aspect has been ignored. Based on the analyses of 171 journal articles, books, and book chapters extracted from the Communication Abstracts, we found that the translation of social capital concept into communication research has been driven and dominated by a small group of scholars, Wisconsin political communication scientists. The content analysis results demonstrate that the prominent players certainly favored the work of Putnam over those of Bourdieu and Coleman. The implications of these findings for communication research were discussed. The spiral of media addiction in the age of social media • Edmund Lee • The study of pathological media use or media addiction is one topic in the field of communication that has drawn much attention. With the prevalence of social networking sites, scholars in recent years have proposed a case of social media addiction. This paper will review some of the existing paradigms of media addiction research, and argue for a case of social media addiction by looking at the problem of addiction through LaRose’s (2010) social cognitive model. This paper will propose a theoretical synthesis of social cognitive model and Noelle-Neumann’s (1974) spiral of silence—the spiral of media addiction which will take into account how the normalization of the surveillance culture can explain high social media usage. A Quarter-century of Reliability in Communication Content Analyses: Simple Agreement and Chance-corrected Reliability in Three Top Journals • Jennette Lovejoy, University of Portland; Brendan Watson, University of Minnesota; Stephen Lacy, Michigan State University; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Study examines reliability reporting in representative samples of content analysis articles (N=581) in three major communication journals—including level and type of reliability assessment. Data from 1985-2010 show increasing reporting of chance-corrected reliability coefficients and reporting reliability for all variables. Results varied with the percentage of articles reporting both simple agreement and a reliability coefficient. Overall, 9% of articles reported at least one variable with reliability coefficient below the .70 “minimum standard.” Observing the ‘Spiral’ in the Spiral of Silence: A Latent Growth Modeling Approach • Joerg Matthes • Time is of the utmost importance when designing studies to test spiral of silence theory. The theory posits that individuals who feel they are in the majority become more dominant and louder over time while the minority camp becomes increasingly silent. However, few studies have tested the dynamic nature of the theory. Therefore, the aims of this paper are to revisit the role of time in spiral of silence research and to demonstrate how dynamic processes can be modeled with three-wave panel data. Using survey data on the topic of unemployment, the relationship between change in the opinion climate and change in opinion expression is estimated with a latent growth model. Findings confirm the dynamic processes predicted by the theory. Don’t Call It Polarization: Rethinking the Problem in American Politics • Bryan McLaughlin, University of Wisconsin-Madison • By most accounts, polarization is the biggest problem in American politics today. I argue polarization is not the problem, but a symptom of the problem. Using a social identity framework, I propose that “political conflict” more accurately encompasses the range of problems typically mislabeled as polarization. Further, I offer an alternative account of polarization; ideological polarization has increased because political conflict motivates partisans to adopt policy positions that are more distinct from the political outgroup. Testing Multi-Group Measurement Invariance of Public Relations Leadership • Juan Meng, University of Georgia • Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis has been suggested as a reliable approach to assess measurement invariance in advancing theory construction in communication research. In this study, the author applied this approach to a public relations setting: to test the measurement equivalence of scales for public relations leadership across multiple samples. Three sample groups (senior public relations executives, mid-level public relations practitioners, and college students majoring in public relations) were surveyed to test the invariance of the measurement instruments. Findings indicate that the measures of public relations leadership can be equivalent across different groups, although partial measurement invariance has been demonstrated in certain dimensions. Implications of using this method for international and multiple-group sample in communication research are discussed. Better Communications in Crisis Communication • Husain Murad, Howard university • Crisis communication plans were established after the 9/11 attacks and Katrina disaster to help minimize risk factors that come when a disaster occurs. The need of disseminating information accurately and quickly to the public is essential during crisis. The goal of the study is to develop an effective formula for information dissemination to the public during crisis communication. The study develops a crisis communication formula based on the earlier theories of diffusion of information and diffusion of innovation in establishing better communication plans during natural or manmade crisis. The study suggests that a better dissemination of information during crisis can occur when the right innovation or technology is being used toward the right medium choice such as opinion leaders to relay information to the public who vitally depends on the given information. The study proposed a formula aiming toward simplicity. The simpler the message is the more dissemination it gets. The study suggests that natural crisis and man-made crisis create different challenges in dissemination of information. Theorizing the ‘Risks Sphere’: Cultural Theory of Risk, Communication and Public Policy • S. Senyo Ofori-Parku, University of Oregon • Researchers in the multidisciplinary field of risk perception and communication work from different epistemological and methodological frameworks, often seen as incompatible. One of these perspectives is the cultural theory. This paper examines the foundations of the CT and argues that despite the conceptual differences between the cultural theory and psychometric paradigm, both approaches can benefit from a mutually reinforcing alliance. And the SARF offers the framework for this union. Public policy implications are discussed. Emotional and Cognitive Dimensions of Perceived Risk Characteristics, Genre-Specific Media Effects, and Risk Perceptions • SANG-HWA OH; Hye-Jin Paek, Hanyang University; Thomas Hove, Hanyang University • This study examined how cognitive and emotional dimensions of risk characteristics, drawn from the psychometric paradigm of risk, affect the relationship between risk perceptions and either news or entertainment media. Survey data among Korean adults about H1N1 indicated that the emotional but not the cognitive dimension of risk characteristics is positively related to risk perceptions. Exposure to entertainment media affects personal-level risk perceptions—not directly but indirectly through the emotional dimension of risk characteristics. Parody Humor: The Roles of Sympathy and Attribution of Control in Shaping Perceptions of Credibility • Jason Peifer, The Ohio State University • This study explores how impersonation-based parody narratives can generate sympathy for political figures targeted by such humor. It also investigates the implications of feeling sympathy for political figures—as generated by parody humor—pertaining to subsequent impressions of credibility. It is demonstrated that a sympathetic predisposition is positively related to the elicitation of sympathy upon exposure to a parody message. Moreover, attribution of control is shown to interact with sympathy to predict perceptions of goodwill. The Impact of Information about What Majority Scientists Believe in a Dual-Processing World • Yilang Peng; Patrice Kohl; Soo Yun Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Heather Akin, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Eun Jeong Koh, Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Allison Howell, University of Wisconsin; Sharon Dunwoody, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Scholars have long questioned the journalistic practice of “false balance,” which gives disproportionate coverage to perspectives that are often less valid than other claims within the scientific community, and proposed that reporters should provide information about the extent of scientific agreement – where the majority of scientists and evidence lie on the truth claim – when covering contested scientific issues. A field experiment implies that false balance and information about scientific agreement have heterogeneous effects on readers’ perceptions of scientific controversies across different levels of elaboration likelihood. For unmotivated readers who have low interest in science news or low need for cognition, false balance increases their perceived support of the minority view within the scientific community and information that presents a majority scientific agreement acts reversely. For motivated readers, however, a majority agreement within the scientific community drives them to carefully scrutinize the arguments presented by the minority side. Thus, they will support the minority perspective most in the presence of false balance but least when a story does not “balance” contested viewpoints. The pattern surfaces both for perceived scientific opinion as well as personal belief. News as Judge or Stenographer: Partisan Differences in Effects of Adjudicating Factual Disputes • Mingxiao Sui, Louisiana State University; Ray Pingree, Louisiana State University; Newly Paul, Louisiana State University; Isabelle Ding, Louisiana State University • An experiment tested effects of whether a news story adjudicated a factual dispute and whether this adjudication supported factual claims by Democrats or Republicans. Unlike past findings that corrections of partisan beliefs can backfire (Nyhan & Reifler, 2010), factual beliefs moved in the direction of the adjudication regardless of partisanship. Among Democrats but not Republicans, adjudication also increased epistemic political efficacy (EPE), or confidence in one’s own ability to decide which political claims are accurate. Measuring Perceptions of Stewardship Strategies: A Valid and Reliable Instrument • Geah Pressgrove, West Virginia University • Through a survey of nonprofit stakeholders, this research builds on previous studies that have explored the construct of stewardship and advances a valid and reliable scale. Findings provide a new conceptualization of the construct with five dimensions, rather than the previously theorized four-dimension solution. Theoretical, measurement and practical applications are discussed. The Word Outside and the Pictures in our Heads: Contingent Effects of Implicit Frames by Political Ideology • Sungjong Roh, Cornell University; Jeff Niederdeppe • Using data from systematic web image search results and two randomized survey experiments, we analyze how seemingly innocuous alternative word choices (implicit frames) commonly used in public debates about health issues affect public support for health policy reforms. In Study 1, analyses of Bing (N=1,719), Google (N=1,872), and Yahoo Images (N=1,657) search results suggest that the images returned from the search query “sugar-sweetened beverage” are more likely to evoke health-related concepts than images returned from a search query about “soda.” In contrast, “soda” search queries were far more likely to incorporate brand-related concepts than “sugar-sweetened beverage” search queries. In Study 2, participants (N=206) in a controlled web experiment rated their support for policies to reduce consumption of these drinks. As expected, strong liberals had more support for policies designed to reduce the consumption of these drinks when the policies referenced “soda” compared to “sugar-sweetened beverage.” To the contrary, items describing these drinks as “soda” produced lower policy support than items describing them as “sugar-sweetened beverage” among strong conservatives. In Study 3, participants (N=1,000) in a national telephone survey experiment rated their support for a similar set of policies. Results conceptually replicated the previous web-based experiment, such that strong liberals reported greater support for a penny-per-ounce taxation when labeled “soda” versus “sugar-sweetened beverages.” In both Study 2 and 3, more respondents referred to brand-related concepts in response to questions about “sugar-sweetened beverages” compared to “soda.” We conclude with a discussion of theoretical and methodological implications for studying implicit framing effects. Who's afraid of spoilers: Need for cognition, need for affect, and narrative selection and enjoyment • Judith Rosenbaum, Albany State University; Benjamin Johnson, The Ohio State University • In spite of people’s supposed tendency to avoid spoilers, previous experimental studies into the impact spoilers have on enjoyment have produced contradictory findings. The present study investigates whether personality traits moderate this relationship. An experiment (N = 368) found that those low on need for cognition preferred spoiled stories, while individuals with a high need for affect enjoyed unspoiled stories more. In addition, fiction reading frequency was positively related to the enjoyment of unspoiled stories. Uniformity in Framing: An Incomplete Model of Quantitative Equality • Jeremy Saks, Ohio University • The following paper attempts to propose a new way of thinking about framing research. Numerous scholars have highlighted the need for agreement within framing research but little change has been made since those papers were published. This paper highlights relevant research and uses it as the basis for a hypothetical model. That model distinguishes between two concepts: quantitative and qualitative framing. Ultimately, some suggestions are made in an effort to increase dialogue on different ways to increase uniformity within the realm of framing research. Explicit Silence: The Effect of Obviating Media Censorship on the Spiral of Silence • Brett Sherrick, The Pennsylvania State University; Jennifer Hoewe, The Pennsylvania State University • Spiral of silence theory argues that people evaluate whether or not their opinions should be self-censored based on perceptions of public opinion; the current study investigates the effect of a more explicit form of censorship – of online comments at the end of a news site editorial –on spiral of silence variables. This study also advances methodological understanding of spiral of silence research by comparing the traditional willingness-to-share variable to more direct measurements of personal attitude. Combining Modernization and Participation: diffusing innovations through participatory dialogue • Siobahn Stiles, Temple University • Utilizing data gathered from participant observation and in-depth interviews collected from a development project in the southeastern United States, this paper seeks to demonstrate the need to combine modernization theories with participation theories for successful development work. Despite the often binary understandings of the two paradigms, this case study indicates that the two schools of thought within development communication work best in conjunction and may even call for a "better practices" formula as a combined model. The paper uses the theories of Jurgen Habermas and Paulo Freire to inform the practical application of development communication in a program focused on individual recovery for female addicts and former prostitutes. In the months spent as both a participant observer and interviewer, the author found that participatory dialogue was structured through the diffusion of innovations, the latter of which was the foundation of the program. Both modernization and participation as they were infused and combined throughout this program points to the likeliness that the program's high success rate is contingent upon the practical application of both theories. Participatory dialogue informed the change agents on how to improve the diffusion of innovations, and set innovations gave structure to participation. Socialized into using or avoiding news: Family communication, personality, motivations and news exposure among teenagers • Sebastian Valenzuela, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Ingrid Bachmann, Catholic University of Chile; Marcela Aguilar, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile • Adolescence is a key period in the development of individuals’ news habits but little is known about the processes involved in this socialization. This study proposes an integrated model in which the influence of family communication on the motivations and behaviors of adolescents in relation to news consumption occurs through the development of personality traits relating to information processing. Structural modeling of data from a representative survey of 2,273 Chilean adolescents supports the theorized model. Social News Use, Social Talk: Facebook and the Social Mediation Model of Political Participation • Aaron Veenstra, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Benjamin Lyons, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Chang Sup Park; Narayanan Iyer, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Delwar Hossain, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Cheeyoun Kang, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • One of the primary features of social media is its facilitation of users’ expression within their networks via status updates and shared information, which form the core of the content within social network sites. The lack of any barriers to entry and their functional ease of use have made social media technologies invaluable in fostering community participation and discussion by presenting new sources of information and new pathways to political involvement. This study extends the framework of the communication mediation model by investigating the role of Facebook in each stage of the model, resulting in a set of add-on phenomena we call the social mediation model. The study uses general population survey data to test this new model, with results indicating that the use of Facebook for news plays a major indirect role in promoting both expressive and traditional forms of political participation, in part by driving users to traditional news sources. Findings also show that political talk on Facebook provides direct benefits for expressive participation above and beyond the effects of political talk in general. These findings are discussed in the context of the growing use of Facebook as a primary news source, and particularly as one that is socially curated by one’s own friend network. Informal Media Literacy Training and the Processing of Unbiased and Partisan Political Information • Emily Vraga, George Mason University; Melissa Tully, University of Iowa • Partisans are poor judges of news content, rating neutral content as biased against their views and forgiving biased content when it favors their side. This study tests whether a short news media literacy public service announcement appearing before political programming can influence credibility and hostility ratings. Our findings suggest a media literacy PSA can be effective, but its impact depends on the position of the news program and on the political ideology of the audience. An Emotional Opinion Page: Editorial Mood and the Dynamics of Public Opinion • Mike Wagner; Michael Gruszczynski, Austin Peay State University • In this paper, we develop a new measure of editorial mood – defined here as the average emotional tone of the editorial page when discussing a specific issue—across three issues: abortion, taxes, and energy policy. We then examine the factors that influence whether editorial mood becomes more positive or negative over time. In general, we find that general editorial tone is affected by the public mood Persuasive Storytelling in the Interactive Age: A Theoretical Model Explaining Interactivity Effects in Narrative Persuasion • Amanda J. Weed; Alexandra Beauchamp, Ohio University • The authors propose a Narrative Persuasion Interactivity (NPI) model, which posits that interactive narratives will heighten the symbiotic relationship between character and audience member through promotion of character identification and experience taking to “become the character.” By integrating the existing literature with paradigms that include interactivity, we may expand the knowledge of narrative persuasion and its cognitive processes including character identification, experience taking, spiraling reinforcement, and, ultimately, attitude change. Perceived Source Similarity and Processing of Social Media Health Messages: Extending Construal Level Theory to Message Sources • Rachel Young, University of Iowa • Social media and other participatory web platforms provide avenues for mediated interpersonal health communication among members of a social network. This experimental study uses construal level theory of psychological distance to predict how health messages from socially proximal online sources influence health-related cognition and behavioral intention. The study represents an extension of construal level theory to testing how source social distance effects whether messages result in concrete vs. abstract thoughts about a health topic. As predicted by construal level theory, participants who perceived sources of social media health messages as highly similar listed a greater proportion of beliefs about the feasibility of health behaviors, while participants who perceived sources as more dissimilar listed a greater proportion of beliefs about the desirability of health behaviors. Practically, results of the study could be useful in determining how health messages from socially proximal others are likely to be processed and thus how messages from these sources might best be employed in health education and promotion, particularly in encouraging individuals to reach health goals. Content Analysis and Computational Social Science: Rethinking a Method • Rodrigo Zamith; Seth Lewis, University of Minnesota • This article focuses on what the turn toward computational social science means for traditional forms of content analysis. In particular, we consider the traditional way of conducting content analysis in light of the algorithmic coder, assess what is gained and lost in turning to algorithmic solutions, and discuss an alternative approach that leverages traditional and computational approaches in tandem. This approach, we argue, helps keep content analysis relevant in a changing research environment. Decoding "The Code": Reception Theory and Moral Judgment of Dexter • Jason Zenor, SUNY-Oswego; Steve Granelli, Ohio University • Dexter has been a popular television show on the Showtime Network since 2006. It is successful because it uses the narrative devices of classic cop shows, while adding the twist of having the protagonist as an anti-hero who kills people. Consequently, this show requires the audience to question concepts inherent to the genre: justice, morality, and good versus evil. Accordingly, this study examines how moral processes and audience engagement are connected in audience reception of morally ambiguous characters. Using Q-Methodology, this study found four dominant audience perspectives: Vigilante Justice, Psychological Puzzle, Gratuitous Violence and Deviant Escapism. Each perspective coincides with both a mode of audience engagement and a theory of moral reasoning. Consequently, this paper argues that there may be a strong relationship between the audience’s mode of engagement and its moral reasoning of anti-heroes that should be further tested in future studies. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13879 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/ccs-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 12:59:07 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13882 Critically Analyzing Media System Structure: A Comparison of the Origins of U.S. and British Broadcasting, 1927-1935 • Seth Ashley, Boise State University • Media systems require democratic structures in order to serve self-governing citizens. With a goal of explaining divergent policy outcomes that continue to affect media content today, this article takes a comparative historical institutional approach to examining the origins of broadcasting policy structures in the United States and Great Britain. A mix of secondary sources and primary documents is used to explore the capacity of media system structures to serve the needs of democratic life. The Vaporings of Half-Baked Lazy Documentarians: Art, Critical Pedagogy, and Non-Fiction Literacy • Ralph Beliveau, University of Oklahoma • This argument offers three contexts for discussing art and documentary; 1) a historical context concerned mainly with an art exhibit, to see the historical roots of anti-intellectualism; 2) documentary literacy, to counter the kinds of reactions that are discussed in reference to the art exhibition; 3) the work of Banksy, to integrate history and rhetoric to raise suspicion over both the regime of value in art and the rhetoric of truth exhibited in documentary conventions. The Era of the Pseudo-Intellectual: Think tanks, market logic, and ideological rationalism • Jesse Benn • This paper’s main effort is to describe a new era of anti-intellectualism, as it relates to the rise of advocacy-oriented think tanks over the last several decades. Pseudo-intellectuals and knowledge production that stems from a predetermined ideology and the unrelenting logic of the free market characterize this new era of anti-intellectualism. Building off the traditional strains of anti-intellectualism: anti-rationalism, anti-elitism, and unreflective instrumentalism, two new terms are proposed and expounded upon. Miley, CNN and The Onion: When Fake News Becomes Realer Than Real • Dan Berkowitz, University of Iowa; David Schwartz, University of Iowa • Following a twerk-heavy performance by Miley Cyrus on the Video Music Awards program, CNN featured this story on the top of its web site. The Onion – a fake news organization – then ran a satirical column purporting to be by CNN’s web editor explaining this decision. Through textual analysis, this paper demonstrates how a Fifth Estate comprised of bloggers, columnists and fake news organizations worked to relocate mainstream journalism back to within its professional boundaries. Decolonizing Mediated Pro-Native-Mascot Messages at the University of Illinois and Florida State University • Jason Edward Black, The University of Alabama; Vernon Ray Harrison, Central Alabama Community College • This essay considers the overarching ideologies from which pro-Native-mascot discourses work in citizen-media. These ideologies are mostly nineteenth century constructs that involved U.S. colonialism regarding Native American nations. The argument, herein, is that pro-Native-mascot discourses homologically reflect the U.S. government’s ideologies of expansion, territoriality, paternalism, and benevolence enacted during this century. These nineteenth century historical milieus maintained colonization through land grabbing and spatial control over Native Americans; now they can be extended to the mascot controversy as a sort of neocolonialism. This includes, then, the mediated construction, control and use of Native cultures through symbol use – like mascotting. The essay proceeds first by exploring briefly the nineteenth century ideologies, noted above, through the primary discourses of U.S. governmental leaders who helped craft U.S. Indian policies. Next, the essay analyzes pro-Native-mascot rhetoric from the University of Illinois and Florida State University – through mediated university documents, and mediated student and alumni responses – for the ways that they re/enact neo-colonial ideologies. The analysis reveals numerous stark homologies between the bodies of nineteenth century and pro-Native-mascot discourses. Materializing Photographs: Negotiating the Materiality of Photographs in The Editor & Publisher, 1901-1910 • Jonathan Brennen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This historical textual analysis of The Editor & Publisher explores how news workers discussed the materiality of early news photographs between 1901-1910. The analysis finds that the increasing differentiation of photographs from illustrations was grounded in shifting ideas about photography’s special connection to or place in the real world. This study suggests the value in investigating the materialization of journalistic objects and practices, through which they are endowed with specific, historically contingent material characteristics. Real Men Wear Baby Carriers: An Analysis of Media Portrayals of Stay at Home Fathers • Mary Brooks, Texas Tech University • There is a rise in stay at home fathers due to the recession as well as more women seeking to work outside the home or return to school (Petroski & Edley, 2006). Although this shift for a man from a traditional role to a non-traditional role is growing, more research is still required in order to gain an understanding of males as primary caregivers to their children. Through this study, a series of interviews were conducted with stay at home fathers (SAHF) in order to gain more knowledge concerning the role of a stay at home dad along with how media play a part in their daily lives and how media portray fathers. A variety of themes were uncovered including the stigma attached to being a SAHF, the media’s representation of fathers, and the fathers’ desire to see more SAHFs featured in the media. "The King Stay[s] the King:" The Multiple Masculinities of The Wire • Rick Brown, Marquette University • This qualitative study examines the televised police procedural The Wire (2002-2008) through the lens of Connell’s theory of hegemonic masculinity. Employing Fisher’s narrative paradigm, this narrative critique answers the question of how multiple masculinities are constructed in the program. Focusing on The Wire’s first season, the study finds that the program presents a counterhegemonic vision of police procedurals’ traditional hegemonic masculinity, positing it as a corrosive hierarchy that destroys marginalized and subordinated males. Redefining the Advertising-Editorial Divide: Native Advertising Norm Construction and the Meaning of News Content • Matt Carlson • Professional journalism’s normative commitment to autonomy has long dictated the separation of editorial functions from advertising. However, the emergent practice of online native advertising complicates this division, resulting in conflicting visions of how journalistic authority should be established for online news. This paper examines reactions to a controversial Church of Scientology native advertisement on the Atlantic web site to assess how competing processes of norm-making and boundary work shape normative understandings of online journalism. Manliness, Motherhood, and Mêlée: (Re)Articulating Gender in the Balkan Wars Rationale • Christian Vukasovich, Oregon Tech; Catherine Cassara, Bowling Green State University; Tamara Dejanovic-Vukasovich • News and propaganda images were ubiquitous statements in support of the conflicts that tore apart the former Yugoslavia; they rearticulated traditional gender roles that constituted “Balkan patriarchy.” This study explores the gendered nature of war, how a heterogamous nation embraced ethno-nationalist propaganda, and how the re-articulation of the sexual division of labor viewed through the lens of ethno-nationalism creates an inescapable pull toward violence. A post-modern feminist position informs the analysis via grounded theory methodology Measuring the Impact of Globalization on German and U.S. University Students’ Attitudes and News Judgments • Sue Ellen Christian, Western MIchigan University; Robert McNutt, Western Michigan University; Yuanyuan Shao, Western Michigan University • This study explores whether or not journalism and mass communication students at a U.S. university and a German university have adopted their respective national attitudes and whether those attitudes are evident in students’ decisions about the newsworthiness of events. Analyses showed that students generally held the same attitudes as the general adult population of their country and often showed even stronger support for many attitudes. However, student attitudes were not significantly associated with decisions on the newsworthiness of hypothetical scenarios structured to elicit those attitudes. Most notably, German and U.S. students dramatically differed in their estimations of newsworthiness in 28 of 34 news stories. The results have relevance for global journalism curriculum development. The docu-soap formula: multi-layered backstage, performed liminoid and therapeutics of the self • Xi Cui, Dixie State University • This paper assumes a ritual perspective to explicate the generic structure of docu-soaps through textual analysis of the popular reality show Duck Dynasty. The author argues that the claim of reality by this genre lies in its multi-layered backstage and the performed liminoid manifested in production and plot arrangements. The sense of authenticity conveyed through this structure contributes to media’s power to represent and reinforce certain social values such as the sacred and unapologetic self. Communication strategies of post-soviet civic activists • Nino Danelia, University of South Carolina • Internet is essential at the start-up phase of the civic action in Georgia, one of the former Soviet republics. It retains its function as an effective communication and planning tool among civic activists throughout the protest. However, in order to mobilize large amount of public in the countries with low Internet penetration, the traditional media should be used. Employee Gripe Sites and Everyday Life: Macro and Micro Perspectives • Maxine Gesualdi, Temple University • Organizations use websites to promote their brands and interact with customers. Disgruntled parties use websites to disparage companies for perceived ills. Previous research has examined anti-brand websites largely related to consumer interaction. However, equally important information is shared on sites populated by employees as outlets for gripes. This paper applies diverse theories from cultural studies, public relations, organizational systems, and sociology to conceptualize the employee gripe site and analyze sites about Wal-Mart and United Airlines. Professionalism under the threat of violence: journalism, self-reflexivity, and the potential for collective professional autonomy • Celeste Gonzalez de Bustamante, University of Arizona; Jeannine Relly, The University of Arizona • Mexico is one of the most dangerous places in the world for journalists, as more than 100 journalists have been murdered between 2000 and 2014, with most of those killed in the northern states. Through an analysis of in-depth interviews with journalists in northern Mexico, this essay examines how violence has influenced journalists’ self-perceptions about professionalism. Utilizing the concepts of self-reflexivity and collective professional autonomy, the authors explain the complexities and contradictions of professional identity. Alternative Spaces for Feminist Voices: Social Media’s Influence on CNN's Steubenville Rape Coverage • Josh Grimm, Louisiana State University; Jaime Loke, University of Oklahoma; Dustin Harp, The University of Texas at Arlington • In this discourse analysis, we examined CNN coverage of the Steubenville rape case in the spring of 2013. Examination of 56 video news segments reflected a hegemonic struggle for meaning through negotiations of traditional and feminist conceptions of rape. After CNN started moving toward replicating traditional rape myths, the station’s coverage suddenly shifted to supporting (rather than blaming) the victim, which coincided with a social media backlash against the station’s handling of the case. Who lost what?: An analysis of myth, loss, and proximity in news coverage of the Steubenville rape • Erica Salkin, Whitworth University; Robert Gutsche Jr, Florida International University • This paper extends previous research on the application of mythical news narratives in times of great community loss, death, or destruction by taking into account the role of perceived dominant news audiences. This paper analyzes six months of coverage surrounding the 2012 rape of a 16-year-old girl by two teenage boys in Steubenville, Ohio. The paper argues audience proximity to news events contributes to the mythical archetypes used to explain everyday life. Extra Chromosomes and Mama Grizzlies: Sarah Palin Negotiating Down Syndrome as a Political Mother • Kirsten Isgro, State University of New York at Plattsburgh • In 2008, when Republican VP candidate Sarah Palin was introduced to the U.S political scene, there was emphasis on her position as a mother of a child with Down syndrome. Palin received both criticism and praise for bringing her youngest child out into the public arena, making visible his developmental differences. She became a contentious spokesperson for families with special needs, aligning her in uneasy ways with bioethicists, disability rights activists, feminists, and conservative anti-abortionists. The Governmental Discourse on Food and Its Articulation of Koreanness • Jaehyeon Jeong • Drawing on the anthropological notion of food as deep play, this research examined the Korean government's discourses on Korean food and their articulation of the Koreanness, with which people identify themselves as Korean. Through the visual analysis of the organizational magazine of Korean Food Foundation, this study found that national cuisine, as invented tradition, contributes to the (re) construction and perpetuation of the nation-ness, strengthening a boundary between "we" and "they." K-pop Idol Girl Groups: Cultural Genre of Neoliberalism in Confucian Korea • Gooyong Kim, Temple University; Kyun Soo Kim, Chonnam National University • By deploying Raymond Williams’s notion of cultural genre, this paper investigates how post-IMF neoliberal, Confucian Korea as historical specificity has rendered a proliferation of K-pop idol girl groups, which commodify highly sexualized young female bodies, as a formal universality. As a critical reaction to the existing K-pop scholarship, this paper analyzes how the music genre should be examined within the continuum of Korea’s Confucianism and state-developmentalism, and contributes to enriching scholarly examination on the sociocultural phenomenon. Illusion vs. Disillusion: How Chinese Viewers Articulate the Meaning of “House of Cards” • Zhaoxi Liu, Trinity University • Using Stuart Hall’s articulation concept, this paper examines comments posted on the website of “House of Cards” on Sohu Video, a Chinese online streaming service, to see how viewers in mainland China articulate the meaning of the show. The analysis reveals three themes. Some viewers extoll the show as a demonstration of a superb, much better political system featuring democracy, others regard it as proof that American political system is just as dark and evil as the one in China. A third theme expresses people’s discontent over the lack of freedom of speech in China as the show offers a great example of how a dicey and outspoken show like it is not possible to be created in China. The study argues that through examination of articulation, researchers can gain more insight into the tension and struggle in a fast changing Chinese society. U.S. Presidential Discourse about Immigration in an Era of Neoliberalism: Where the Golden Door Leads • Carolyn Nielsen, Western Washington University • In the past 30 years, the U.S. has seen its largest influx of immigrants at the same time it has experienced the growth of neoliberal politics. This study found that neoliberal thought has increasingly dominated presidential discourse about immigration. Presidents from both parties have primarily discussed immigration reform in terms of market solutions and economic growth. These discourses facilitate the creation of a permanent underclass rather than a “golden door” to the American Dream. Orientalism and Objectification in the Evolution of the Singapore Girl, 1972-2013 • Fernando Paragas, Nanyang Technological University; Joshua Hong; Eugene Lee; Rachael Lim; Mai Yun Wong • The Singapore Girl, an icon that personifies Singapore Airlines, has been a locus of discussion on female imagery in branding. This study explores the depiction of the Singapore Girl in four decades of print advertisements that feature her. Using textual analysis, the study finds the limited use of the male gaze and the savvy moderation of orientalism and objectification to harness and downplay the sexualization of the Singapore Girl. The paper shows how advertising depicts the complex paradoxes and tensions in the life of the Singapore Girl and the Asian woman. Psy-zing Up the Mainstreaming of “Gangnam Style”: Embracing Asian Masculinity as Neo-Minstrelsy? • Michael Park, University of Idaho • Through the media mania of “Gangnam Style,” this paper examines the ideological implications of the meme’s appeal and its celebrated reception on mainstream television programs. A critical reading addresses whether the popular reception of “Gangnam Style” offer alternative discourses or reinforce ideological constructions of Asian masculinity. An analysis of Psy’s music video and his mediated public appearances identifies the ideological implications that reflect and reinforce the emasculation discourse that situates Asian masculinity as neo-minstrelsy. Scarlet Letters: Digital Sexual Subjugation of Revenge Pornography • Caitlin PenzeyMoog, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee • Revenge porn is the distribution of sexually graphic images of individuals without their consent. Most revenge adds a twist worthy of the Facebook age: personal information is included, so anyone with an internet connection can view sexually explicit images posted without consent next to the victim’s full name and, depending on the site, home address, phone number, and link to Facebook profile. I analyze revenge porn by first placing it in contextual history of pornography and prostitution. I argue that revenge porn can be viewed as a contemporary phenomenon that is part of a long line of practices used to repress women. Next, I place revenge porn in the context of the industrial capitalist system that allows it to flourish. I then turn to analyzing revenge porn itself, tracingthe life of the images that become revenge porn, highlighting the narrative arcs these images come to represent and their transformation from private sexual representations to public sexual commodities. I analyze the images themselves to understand the value of the “authentic” revenge porn image. The processes of feminization and masculinization of the participants involved. The act of posting revenge porn complements a hegemonic-masculine paradigm, wherein men assert or re-assert a hegemonic masculinity by posting revenge porn images. These images also act as capital, both economically and socially: economically for the owners of the websites, who gain monetary profits through advertising on popular revenge porn sites, and socially, as revenge porn images and stories act as cultural capital for those who post them. Speaking Truth to Sorkin: Interpretive Community and the Critical Response to The Newsroom • Rachel Powers, California State University, Fullerton • This study examines the reactions of 35 television critics to season one of The Newsroom, a drama created and written by Aaron Sorkin and airing on HBO during the summer of 2012. A content analysis of season one reviews from June 2012 and corresponding critic Twitter postings was conducted. Regardless of a critic’s overall rating or assessment of The Newsroom, the critics approach the show as members of an interpretive community by structuring reviews around certain show elements, using a specific language to talk about the show, and relying on the intertextual elements inherent to both their profession and the television drama in order to shape audience opinion. Because of the critics’ unique relationship to the plot and setting of the show, and ability to share opinions through the media, reviews demonstrated a range of personal reactions and continued the larger national dialogue about politics, government, journalism and cable news that the show triggered. Othering in Twenty-First Century Town Meetings: Critically Examining the Dialogic Role of Public Deliberation in AmericaSpeaks’ Kansas City Mental Health Forum • Corey Reutlinger, Kansas State University • This study examines the Kansas City Mental Health Forum for underlying Othering of the Mentally-Ill, exploring Bakhtin’s dialogic “sense-making” discourse between participants in AmericaSpeaks’ 21st Century Town Meetings. Using survey responses, ethnographic notes, and transcribed facilitator interviews from the Institute for Civic Discourse and Democracy, the study finds reinforced cultural stigmatization and dissuasion from continued civic participation in public deliberation. This study’s contributions lie in mathematical and critical solutions to improve deliberative theory and practice. Properly Preggers: Media Representations of Celebrity Mommies and the Social Capital of the Ideal Pregnant Body • Chelsea Reynolds, University of Minnesota • This critical essay uses discourse analysis and historical analysis to understand media constructions of the ideal celebrity pregnancy. It positions coverage of Kim Kardashian’s and Kate Middleton’s pregnancies against mid-20th century coverage of celebrity pregnancies. Analysis shows the ideal pregnant body is guarded by a man, is fashionably accessorized, and is carefully restricted in size and shape. Applying Foucauldian principles of surveillance and examination, I suggest pregnancy coverage constructs pregnant women as ultimate “docile bodies.” All is Wells with My Soul: Analysis of community and conditioned agency via The Defender’s coverage of the construction and opening of the Ida B. Wells Homes • Loren Saxton, Bowie State University; Elli Lester Roushanzamir, University of Georgia • This critical textual analysis explores how people exercise spatial and communicative agency through media, such as the Chicago Defender, and in social and physical space, such as the Wells Homes. The research suggests that the Defender’s coverage of the Wells Homes’ construction is an exemplar of how media practices reinforced restricting structures of race, class and space, while simultaneously providing opportunities for residents and community members to collectively produce sites of social resistance and transformation. Bridging the Neoliberal Capitalist Divide • Nathan Senge, University of Colorado at Boulder • In the spirit of Richard Hoggart’s iconic tripartite scale for assessing public literacy rates, as articulated in The Uses of Literacy, this paper is an examination of the inherent conflict between ‘mass society,’ as defined by C. Wright Mills and which corresponds to Hoggart’s “basic literacy” level, and ‘culture,’ as used in the British Culturalist sense and which corresponds to the “critical” and “cultivated” literacy levels that Hoggart believed were required of a functioning democracy. The Top Executive on "Undercover Boss": The Embodied Corporate Persona and the Valorization of Self-Management • Burton St. John, Old Dominion University • Reality television has customarily been studied as an arena where individuals perform who they are within episodic and often highly-dramatic contexts. This work, however, finds that the program "Undercover Boss" offers a different approach: the corporate persona, embodied through the “undercover” top executive, interacts with front-line workers and, in the process, 1) elicits from employees their own self-managing observations, 2) focuses on employees who appear to be significant role models (for good or ill) and 3) provides rewards to employees who exhibited positive self-governing and/or role modeling. With this approach, "Undercover Boss" offers up the image of a beneficent corporate persona whose vision is consonant with American values and norms. “I Kill Czervenians”: Adolescent Video Game Users as a Commodity Audience for War • Margot Susca, Ph.D., American University • Little research exists about audience interaction with the U.S. Army’s military recruitment video game, America’s Army. Using a political economic lens, this paper hopes to add to the literature about military video games through a critical review of nearly 10,000 comments posted to America’s Army message boards. Jenkins (2006) suggested that gamers are active parts of the online audience and that they can and do negotiate meanings from that participation. The further study of America’s Army audiences can help to broaden our understanding of the moral and political consequences of allowing the U.S. Army to produce a game targeted at youth that has military recruitment as its primary goal. This paper seeks to better understand a heterogeneous audience and how it makes meaning from the game’s messages of violence, war, and U.S. military service. Evidence in these online comments must be understood as a product of structural realities of the corporate systems and government doctrine that make the media possible in the first place. Analysis reveals themes of militarism, violence, recruitment, and sanitized and unrealistic feelings about dying in combat; each related to the U.S. Army’s need to exploit and commodify its adolescent audience during a time of war. Framing “Big Jim”: The CIA, US News Media, and Press Coverage of Jim Garrison’s JFK Assassination Investigation • James Tracy, Florida Atlantic University • Framing research and method are applied to historically situate and analyze US press coverage addressing New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison’s independent investigation of President John F. Kennedy’s assassination (1967-69). A sample of articles from major newsweeklies taken over the inquiry’s two-year span suggests a concerted effort to present the case in negative terms. Three overarching frames are evident in reportage focusing on Garrison’s alleged physical characteristics and personal and professional behavior, alongside the backdrop of New Orleans’ exoticized milieu. Documentation further suggests a working relationship between the Central Intelligence Agency and major news media indicated in coverage of what Agency personnel recognized as a potentially momentous probe. At this juncture the term “conspiracy theory/theorist” emerges in journalistic faire and is imbued with certain aberrant connotations, making it a powerful device that is routinely wielded to direct and shape public discourse and opinion. A Re-conceptualization of Lumpenproletariats: The Collective Organization of Poverty for Social Change via Participatory Media • Cindy Vincent • This paper contributes to critical media theory by challenging Marx’s conception of the lumpenproletariat and analyzing the activist-oriented participatory media processes of those who would be classified as contemporary lumpenproletariats in San Francisco, CA. Based on ethnographic research conducted at POOR Magazine, this paper argues that despite obstacles of disenfranchisement and disindividuation, people living in poverty and homelessness are able to collectively organize for social change via participatory media processes. Obama hands out condoms, hires half-naked people: Individualized and personalized discourse in Echo Chamber 2.0 • Fred Vultee, Wayne State University • This paper expands on Jamieson and Cappella’s (2008) “echo chamber” of right-wing opinion media by expanding it to traditional-styled news as well as a range of opinion and social media sites. It analyzes a discourse of personalization focused on Barack Obama and his associates that resembles the Manichean furor of Hofstadter’s (2008/1964) “paranoid style” of American politics. Though a personalized style of political communication has advantages for candidates and audiences alike, an extreme personalization tilts the scales toward delegitimization and misrepresentation. Reporting Jim Crow Abroad: Press Images and Words for African-American Deployments in World War II • Pamela Walck, E.W. Scripps School of Journalism, Ohio University • "Prior to the civil rights movement, African Americans rarely appeared in mainstream newspapers unless they were glamorous entertainers, tremendous athletes or frightening criminals. Growing scholarship argues that America’s march into World War II marked a turning point toward racial equality in the United States. This paper utilizes semiotics to evaluate images and words used by the mainstream and black press to tell the war story of “others” in Great Britain. A Way of Life at Risk: Taxes, Borders and the Myth of the Country Store • Richard Watts, University of Vermont; Cheryl Morse, University of Vermont • This study explores the relationship between public policy and myth by examining the ritualistic responses to three tax policy proposals in the news discourse. In each proposal, similar arguments are raised immediately—arguments that draw from mythologies of pastoral arcadia and archetypical figures of independent, hard-working country-store owners, a key element in the state’s cultural landscape. The ritualistic display of the “cross-border” narrative obscures the opportunity for more detailed policy analysis. An Analysis of Black and Mainstream Newspaper Coverage of Benjamin Jefferson Davis Junior 1945 -1955 • Prince White, Howard University • This research explores the media frames present in Black and mainstream newspapers' portrayals of Black, Communist Party leader and New York City Councilmen Benjamin Jefferson Davis Junior from 1945 to 1955. The results indicate that the newspapers portray Davis with a variety of media frames prior to his indictment under the Smith Act and the portrayals of coalesce in portraying him as an outsider, an agitator and a puppet of a foreign totalitarian dictatorship. Newsmagazines’ Coverage of the David Petraeus and Paula Broadwell Affair: Textual Analysis of Differences in Portrayals and Descriptions • Tetyana Lokot, University of Maryland; Antonio Prado, University of Maryland; Boya Xu, University of Maryland, College Park • Drawing on a media bias perspective, this study examines the Petraeus/Broadwell scandal coverage in three newsmagazines. It attempts to identify main story themes, agency assigned, and stereotypical content. Results showed considerable discrepancy in journalistic descriptions toward David Petraeus and Paula Broadwell. It is concluded that interpretations of the female party in sex scandal coverage involving men in power remain on a similar level of constructed news frame as coverage of scandals of similar contexts. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13882 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/electronic-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 14:20:52 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13889 The Investigative DNA: An Analysis of the Role of Local Television Investigative Journalists • Jesse Abdenour, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Building off previous studies of journalistic roles, this paper shows evidence that local television investigative reporters are more oriented toward audience appeal and are more adversarial than other journalists. A factor analysis of survey responses (N=165) revealed five functions describing investigative reporters’ perceived roles: Adversarial, Interpretive, Entertainer, Pragmatist, and Mobilizer. Further analyses indicated that ethnicity, amount of investigative work, and an organization’s emphasis on journalism were significant predictors of investigative role. Forces at the Gate: Social Media's Influence on Editorial and Production Decisions in Local Television Newsrooms • Anthony Adornato • This nationwide survey of news directors at network affiliate television stations explores the impact social media is having on editorial and production decisions related to newscasts. The results show popular, or trending, content and topics on social media are a significant factor in choosing stories to cover. The research examines how these stories are treated in newscasts versus those gathered through more traditional sources. The study also reveals that the reliance on social media content has increased the chances that newsrooms will spread misinformation. A third of respondents indicated their stations have reported information from social media that was later found to be false or inaccurate. Despite this, policy has not caught up with practice. One of the more striking findings of this study is, of those newsrooms that have social media policies, nearly 40% said the policy does not include procedures for verifying social media content before it is included in a newscast. Radio and Secondary Orality: A Rhetorical Analysis of Hora 20 • Adriana Angel, Universidad de Manizales • This paper provides some preliminary ideas and exploratory characteristics about the language of radio. After conducting a rhetorical analysis of the talk radio program Hora 20, this manuscript suggests a few levels that allow us to start thinking about the grammar of radio. Specifically, this article suggests three main levels through which the secondary orality of radio manifests in Hora 20: emphatic, grammatical, and dialogic levels. It examines how the use of elements such as interjections, rhythm, tone, flow, spontaneity, genre, enumeration, redundancy, as well as, parallel, pedagogical, collaborative, and confrontational dialogues, define the language of talk radio. Finally, this piece claims all three levels and corresponding sublevels of secondary orality create a particular rhetorical situation of addressivity in which speakers connect with their addressees in particular ways. Just Like Fox News? MSNBC's Prime-Time Coverage of Health Care Reform in August 2009 • Mitchell Bard, Iona College • MSNBC is regularly cited in the literature as an example of a liberal news organization, often presented with Fox News representing its corresponding opposite, conservative news. Yet there have been few studies of MSNBC's content, unlike the robust literature examining Fox News. This article employs a qualitative textual analysis of MSNBC's coverage of health care reform in August 2009 to examine whether the network's programs adhered to the objective journalistic values of fairness and balance and an allegiance to accuracy and the facts, despite MSNBC's perceived ideological predisposition. The study replicates a similar analysis by the author of Fox News' prime-time programs during the same period. The examination revealed that, despite their ideological predispositions, while both "Countdown With Keith Olbermann" and "The Rachel Maddow Show" operated consistent with the objective journalism value of an allegiance to accuracy and the facts, only Maddow's program consistently adhered to the value of balance and fairness. The findings come in contrast to the earlier Fox News study, which revealed that none of the three hosts consistently operated consistent with either of the journalistic values. The impact of MSNBC's practices are discussed in terms of the effect on the public's trust in news. Post-television news: Perceptions of three online forms of news video production • John Beatty, La Salle University; Jon Matos, La Salle University • This exploratory quasi-experimental study tested viewer reaction to three versions of the same news story labelled “Standard,” “YouTube” and “MTV.” Participants were asked to rate the three versions on 13 semantic-differential items, as well as to discuss them in controlled focus groups. Results indicate that video news viewers do have a preference for non-traditional types of news presentations online. Broadcasters and journalism faculty should look at new models of online news, such as Philip DeFranco. Deregulation and Technology Pushes Radio Out of Tune • Adeniyi Bello, Texas Tech University • Depth interviews with six longtime radio professionals reveal some enthusiasm for digital technology but a unanimous dissatisfaction with the results of deregulation. Observations include: “Radio is probably in its most challenged and dangerous period”; “plundering the industry and lopping off heads, just eliminating jobs by the truckloads”; “There’s no longer a farm team in radio.” All attribute the industry’s pathologies to deregulation, aided by technology. Some question the wisdom of maintaining the current free-market oriented regulatory environment after what they describe as a 17-year failed experiment for both an industry and informed democracy. Comparing Flagship News Programs: Women’s Sport Coverage in ESPN’s SportsCenter and FOX Sports 1’s FOX Sports Live • Andrew Billings, University of Alabama; Brittany D. Young, University of Alabama • A total of 118 hours of sports news broadcast programming was subject to gender clock-time analysis, half from ESPN’s SportsCenter and half from 2013 startup network Fox Sports 1’s Fox Sports Live. Results showed that both programs featured women’s sports less than one percent of the time, with only modest gains found in an Olympic month (February 2014) of presumed heavy women’s sports exposure compared to a fall (October/November 2013) coding period. Moreover, both programs featured the same top five sports in nearly identical proportionality and story lengths of women’s spots were consistently 70% of a men’s spot regardless of program. Results indicate that Fox Sports Live is replicating SportsCenter’s programming choices far more than challenging them from a gender perspective. Losing Their ‘Mojo’? Mobile Journalism and the Deprofessionalization of Television News Work • Justin Blankenship, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Mobile Journalism, whereby a single reporter must write, shoot and edit their own news stories, is a rapidly growing trend among local television news stations in the United States. Using sociology of professions literature and a qualitative case study methodology, this study examines the impact of mobile journalism on the “professionalization” of television news reporters. Findings suggest that mobile journalism may have an impact on several aspects of professional orientation, including expert knowledge, autonomy, routinization and encroachment from outside organizations. Facing the Death Penalty While Facing the Cameras: A Case Study of Television Journalism Work Routines • Mary Bock, University of Texas at Austin; Jose Araiza • This case study of a capital murder trial explores the way television journalism work routines shape trial coverage. Based on field observations, textual analysis and open-ended interviews, it examined how TV news routine are translated into the stories that are broadcast and posted to the web. The analysis suggests that video news-gathering routines for trials rely heavily on law-enforcement sources, granting considerable control for the story’s framing to those authorities. Interactive TV News: A Potential Method for Broadcast Television News • Trent Boulter, University of Texas at Austin • This experiment looks at development and use of a delivery system for broadcast television news. An in-home study was conducted for two weeks, allowing people daily access to three local and 5 national newscasts via one interactive newscast. The purpose of the study was to observe when and how they would use the interactive content. The results show that people employed time-delay practices while taking action, on average, every 57 (TV) and 52 seconds (computer). The Lean Newsroom: A Manifesto For Risk • Jonathan Groves, Drury University; Carrie Brown, University of Memphis • This paper integrates concepts from organizational culture and learning literature with strategic and innovation theory and proposes a three-tiered model to guide change efforts at media organizations. Drawing upon examples from original ethnographic research in four newsrooms, it offers news leaders a road map for fostering continuous adaptation to a fast-changing digital landscape. To succeed at creating a sustainable future, leaders must embrace the constant iteration and user focus of successful digital startups and position themselves strategically in the competitive environment. However, none of these efforts will succeed without careful attention to the underlying assumptions in an organization’s culture that can block learning and change. The Effects of Melodramatic Animation in News on News Evaluative Judgment via Presence: A Path Analysis • Benjamin Cheng, College of International Education, Hong Kong Baptist University; Wai Han Lo • An experiment with 187 college students was conducted to investigate the effects of using melodramatic animation in crime-related news reporting on the evaluative judgment of news through presence. The results of a path analysis suggest that presence relates to negative rating of a suspect featured in a news report and audience's confidence in judging the suspect as guilty. However, a diverse result was found for the influence of the use of melodramatic animation in news on presence in different news categories. The practical and ethical issues of using this news format are discussed. Hostile Story or Hostile source: A test of HME in a conservative media environment • Yoon-Jung Choi; Sang Hee Kweon, Sung Kyun Kwan University • Opinionated news in a competitive cable TV news environment seems to be a strategy for attracting audiences not only in the U.S. but also in Korea. In this respect, this paper tested the hostile media effect in the opinionated news context and also examined whether the hostile perception comes from the news story or from the news source. The findings show that opinionated news perceptions vary as a function of political ideology and ideologically consistent source cues. However, the findings suggest that partisans’ perceptions can differ according to the situational precondition of media outlets. Liberals were more sensitive in a conservative media environment. “Boots on the Ground?”: How International News Organizations Integrate User-Generated Content Into Their YouTube Channels • Johanna Cleary; Eisa al Nashmi, Kuwait University; Terry Bloom, University of Miami; Michael North, University of Miami • How is user-generated content (UGC) employed by international news agencies? Through a content analysis of 571 videos posted on the YouTube channels of five international news agencies, this study examines whether UGC is a significant part of today’s international journalism and whether those organizations are actively encouraging interactivity among their viewers. The study includes Al Jazeera English, France 24 English, RT, CNN International, and Al Arabiya. Framing Conflict and Explicit Violence through Images in Arab Media • Michael Bruce, The University of Alabama; Lindsey Conlin, The University of Alabama • This study employed a content analysis in order to examine visual images of conflict and violence in Arab media. Results show that liberal commercial Arab networks displayed more conflict visuals than western-style networks, and that violent imagery was also more explicit on liberal commercial networks. However, most of the visuals displayed on both types of Arab media did not focus on conflict, indicating that fear of a violent Arab media may be an over-reaction. Making Air with a Magic Bullet: The Multimedia Journalist's Impact on News Production • Dean Cummings, Cleveland Convergence • Television news managers view the multimedia journalist as a “magic bullet” to answer economic and production needs. Meanwhile, veteran workers initiate paradigm repair threatening the implementation of the new production model. To make the multimedia journalist successful, managers adjust their supervisory and editorial skills. In the wake of changes, the introduction of young journalists and the steady dismissal of veteran reporters appear to be creating a cultural shift within local television newsrooms. Framing the 2012 Presidential Election on U.S. Television: Candidates, Issues, and Sources • Daniela Dimitrova, Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication • Using media framing as a theoretical base, this study examines the coverage of the 2012 US presidential election on the three leading television news networks--ABC, CBS and NBC. Consistent with previous election news framing research, the content analysis shows that the coverage used strategic game framing at the expense of substantive issue discussion and also tended to be episodic in nature and emphasized conflict. The analysis also demonstrates that domestic politicians dominated the coverage while other sources such as ordinary citizens and experts remained much less visible. The theoretical and practical implications of this type of election news coverage are discussed in the context of journalism practice and democratic governance. Digitally influential: How technology affects construction of news processes • Patrick Ferrucci, Bradley University • This ethnographic study examines the effects of technology on the construction of news processes at a digitally native news nonprofit. Specifically, this asks how technology affects gatekeeping and how technology allows the audience more influence on news production. The study finds that a lack of resources results in less desire for innovation; however, technology does give the audience direct access to journalists and significantly more power concerning content. These findings are then discussed through the lens of gatekeeping theory and their meaning for the immediate future of digital journalism. Audience Perceptions of Quality: A Comparison of Newsgathering Technologies across Viewing Technologies and Generational Cohorts • Charlie Gee, Duquesne University; Zeynep Tanes-Ehle, Duquesne University; Giselle Auger, Duquesne University • This study explores the role of traditional and mobile newsgathering technologies on perceived quality of news stories from the guiding perspective of uses and gratifications theory. In this experimental study, 600 participants evaluated the quality of 58 news stories of various content produced with four different news technologies. Two mobile technologies—iPhone and iPad and two traditional technologies—HD video camera and DSLR were used to produce the stories. Results showed differences in perceived quality of news stories produced with the DLSR as the highest of quality compared to the mobile technologies. The HD camera was found not to be a significant determinant of perceived quality compared to other recording technologies. Social TV and Democracy: How Second Screening During News Relates to Political Participation • Homero Gil de Zuniga, University of Vienna; Victor Garcia, University of Texas at Austin; Shannon McGregor, University of Texas at Austin • The political implications of second screening, a hybrid media process that combines television and a second, web-connected screen, are analyzed here. Based on national, two-wave longitudinal panel data, this study sheds light on the future of social TV by examining the relationship between second screening and online political behaviors. Results show that second screening for news is a significant predictor of online political participation and a key link between TV news and political engagement. Towards Broadcasting 2.0? Interactivity and User-Generated Content in Local Radio and Television Programs • Kevin Grieves, Ohio University; Greg Newton, Ohio University • Newer forms of digital media reflect a fundamental shift from a unidirectional model of communicating with audiences to an interactive one. Local radio and television stations are now able to interact with listeners and viewers more easily via online and social media channels. Little is known, however, about how interactivity and user-generated content impact traditional broadcast program content. Content analysis of local radio and television programs indicates occasional and somewhat marginalized inclusion of such elements. The Role of Political Identity and Media Selection on Perceptions of Hostile Media Bias during the 2012 Presidential Campaign • Mei-Chen Lin; Paul Haridakis; Gary Hanson, Kent State University • We examined predictors of hostile media bias in the 2012 presidential campaign. In the current study, group-based characteristics (i.e., group status, intergroup bias, political ideology) and political cynicism were significant predictors of people’s perceptions of a hostile media bias toward their political party. TV and social networking sites were negative predictors while the use of two other media – radio and video sharing sites – were positive predictors of hostile media bias perceptions. Market Size and Local Television News Use of “Cheap” Video • Mark Harmon, University of Tennessee; Maria Fontenot, University of Tennessee-Knoxville • The researchers used Livestream to gather a stratified local TV news sample of 29 newscasts, 298 stories. The data show that, contrary to prediction, market size did not affect initiative, story topics, manner of presentation, or use of non-original “cheap” video—such as network feeds, security camera footage, viewer submissions, or Google and other web maps. Crime and disaster/accident were the most common topics; voice over and live reporting were the usual story types. Content versus context: The effects of writing style on memory and emotions in local television news • Keren Henderson, LSU • This experiment measures the influence of inverted pyramid and diamond (storytelling) writing styles on news consumers for the sake of discussing the relationship between social responsibility and business decisions in local television news production. The study investigates the differences between the inverted-pyramid writing style and the storytelling (or diamond-shaped writing) style on memory, emotions and brand recognition abilities of local television news viewers. The Rise of Online News Aggregators: Consumption and Competition • Angela M. Lee, University of Texas at Dallas; H. Iris Chyi, University of Texas at Austin • While traditional news firms continue to struggle online, news aggregators (i.e., Yahoo News, Google News and the Huffington Post) have become a major source of news for American audiences. Through a national survey of 1,143 U.S. Internet users, this study (1) offers an in-depth look at the composition of news aggregator users, (2) proposes a theoretical model that examines demographic and psychological predictors of aggregator use, and (3) uncovers non-competitive relationships between three major news aggregators and major TV, print and social media news outlets. Such findings are at odds with industry sentiment, or hostility toward news aggregators and call for a reassessment of the role of news aggregators in today’s media landscape. Working Social: Personal vs. Professional Social Media Use by Local TV Reporters • Suzanne Lysak, Syracuse University; Michael Cremedas; Jean Jadhon, Hollins University, WDBJ-TV • This survey of 405 local TV reporters explored challenges posed by their increasing use of social media: what guidance they are provided as they use social media; how frequently reporters and newsroom managers clash over a reporter’s posts; and how frequently reporters are directed to remove social media posts—whether personal or professional accounts. The information can be helpful to news managers who are creating or revising policy for social media use in their newsrooms. Positive news websites and extroversion: Motives, preferences, and sharing behavior among American and British readers. • Karen McIntyre, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Meghan Sobel, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Personality has been known to influence media choices. This study examined the relationship between American and British respondents’ level of extroversion and their motivations, story preferences, and sharing behavior in regard to consuming positive news on two “good news” websites. A survey of 1,560 positive news consumers was conducted. Results revealed that among American readers, extroversion was more strongly associated with the information-seeking motive whereas extroversion was more strongly associated with social utility among British readers. For both nationalities, extroverts were more likely than introverts to share stories with a wider group of people, although sharing medium was found to be more important than audience size. Finally, both groups of positive news readers were most likely to both view and share the stories they considered to be the happiest. The results of this study cannot be generalized due to a nonrandom sample, as respondents self-selected to take the survey. Still, the results have both theoretical and practical implications. The links found between extroversion and interest in positive news add to the literature on the relationship between personality and media selection. Further, results regarding sharing behavior might benefit both content producers and their audiences in both countries. The Effect of Instant Media Commentary on Perceptions of Political Speakers: A Conventional Case Study • Dylan McLemore, University of Alabama • This study employs an experimental design to measure the effects of post-speech instant media commentary in the context of a single-speaker speech at a party nominating convention. It also seeks to explore differences in effects between favorable and unfavorable commentary to update the area of research for the age of differentiated cable news. It observed benefits of exposure for the political speaker, though instant media commentary did not significantly affect perceptions. Are Young People Abandoning Local Television News? • Jacob Nelson, Northwestern University • When it comes to news, more people turn to local television than anywhere else, including network and online news sources. Almost half of Americans surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2012 report watching local television news regularly. When people turn on their televisions to watch the news, 60% flip to local television news programs. Eight in 10 adults who follow local news closely do so using television weekly. But younger people are increasingly turning away from local television news. What’s more, younger people appear to be turning away from watching television in general. Are younger people abandoning local television news more than older media consumers? If so, are they replacing the news they are not getting from television with news consumption elsewhere? Or, in a media environment with seemingly endless options, are younger people consuming less news? Using regression analysis, this paper will an attempt to answer these questions by comparing American local television news media consumption habits based on results from two Pew surveys taken ten years apart in hopes of determining whether or not a younger generation that grew up using the internet will maintain the television news watching habits of the generation that came before it. Small-Market MMJs: Hoping for Change that May Not Come • Simon Perez, Newhouse School, Syracuse University; Michael Cremedas • The Multi-Media Journalist (hereafter MMJ) newsgathering model requires one person to fill the roles of reporter, videographer and video editor as well as social media and web content producer. This study focuses on the effect the model has on how MMJs view the quality of their work and their future career expectations. The results suggest many small-market reporters are not satisfied with their jobs and are reconsidering whether to continue their careers in television news. Diversity without Inclusion: A Comparative Analysis of Co-owned Spanish and English-language Television Network News • Seaira Christian-Daniels, Ohio University; Mary Rogus, Ohio University • This study is a comparative content analysis of the two Comcast-owned network news programs, Noticiero Telemundo and NBC Nightly News. The study explores whether the news programs cover different stories, and how they cover the same story. It also explores the diversity of talent and sources used by both news programs. It finds that, although the networks are owned by the same company, they share few content characteristics, except a lack of diversity among sources and on-air talent. Differences among News Websites in their Use of Interactive Features • Natalie Stroud; Josh Scacco; Alex Curry • While interactive features, such as comment sections, used to be rare on news websites, they are now the norm. This content analysis of 155 news websites examines the use of social media buttons, lists of hyperlinks, polls, comment sections, and mobile sites. Television news and newspaper websites are compared, as are local and more broadly-targeted news sites. Results reveal many differences in the use of interactive features based on medium and target. Towards a Mission to Inform, Educate, and Entertain: Influences on Story Selection at the British Broadcasting Corporation • Joe Watson, Baker University • This paper explores the influences on story selection at the British Broadcasting Corporation. Through interviews with personnel and observation of routines at BBC News world headquarters in London, the author identifies three themes that contribute to our understanding of how stories are selected and shaped for coverage at the BBC: respect and appreciation of the audience, the needs of individual networks and programs, and awareness of the Royal Charter. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13889 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/history-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 14:29:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13892 Prejudice and the Press Critics: Colonel McCormick’s Assault on the Hutchins Commission • Stephen Bates, University of Nevada, Las Vegas • When the Commission on Freedom of the Press published A Free and Responsible Press in 1947, Chicago Tribune publisher Robert R. McCormick detected a conspiracy to destroy the First Amendment. He underwrote Prejudice and the Press, a 642-page attack on the Commission. The story casts new light on the Commission on Freedom of the Press, Colonel McCormick, the antipathy between newspaper publishers and President Roosevelt, and the evolution of First Amendment doctrine. Sports, scribes and rhymes: Poetry in black newspapers, 1920-1950 • Brian Carroll, Berry College • This paper seeks to recover poetry written and published by black press sportswriters of the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, the period during which these writers crusaded for desegregation and equal opportunity for black athletes in professional baseball and a period coincident with the Harlem Renaissance. Though much attention has been paid poetry appearing in mainstream newspapers by the likes of Grantland Rice and Heywood Broun, virtually ignored is verse written by black press writers, who continued with the form long after it was dropped by the mainstream press. Read today, verse such as Wendell Smith’s well-known snatch about Jackie Robinson’s seat-filling first season in Brooklyn (“Jackie’s nimble, Jackie’s quick, Jackie’s making the turnstiles click”) can be seen as an important source for and contributor to later art forms such as rap and hip hop. In addition, the poetry of black sportswriters has not previously been researched, a silence or omission that highlights how under-appreciated by history these writers have been. Writers in this recovery include Fay Young and Edward A. Neal of the Chicago Defender; from the Pittsburgh Courier, Wendell Smith and Russ J. Cowans; and from the New Amsterdam News, Dan Burley and Romeo Dougherty. Tracking the Blizzard: Justifying Propaganda Leaflet Psyop during the Korean War • Ross Collins, North Dakota State University; Andrew Pritchard, North Dakota State University • During the Korean War the United States built a propaganda operation in an effort to counteract Communist ideology. This required the military to mount a leaflet campaign in Korea. But skeptics demanded evidence that the propaganda was effective; psyop staff responded by gathering documentation. Leaflet campaigns seemed to have had limited effect, however. Authors conclude that psyop staff found it challenging to design leaflets faced with an unclear mission, anti-Asian bias, and weaknesses in measurements. Cat Tales in the New York Times • Matthew Ehrlich, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • Cat stories seem to be everywhere in contemporary media, but they are not a new phenomenon, not even in the staid New York Times. This paper qualitatively analyzes the Times’s cat tales from the nineteenth century to the present. The stories have helped the newspaper adjust to changing journalistic fashions and market itself to a changing readership. They also have displayed running themes depicting cats as heroes, villains, victims, women’s best friends, and urban symbols. The Paternalistic Eye: Edwin Johnson and the Senate Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, 1949-1952 • Jim Foust • This paper examines Edwin Johnson’s tenure as chair of the Senate Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee. Using archival material, contemporary press accounts and government documents, it seeks to show how the senator used the power and prestige of his position to influence the broadcast industry and the FCC. Specifically, this paper examines Johnson’s efforts to fight monopoly control, to speed the lifting of the television “freeze,” and to encourage broadcasters to provide informative, family-friendly programming. Hoyt W. Fuller, Cultural Nationalism, and Black World Magazine, 1970-1973 • Nathaniel Frederick II, Winthrop University • This research is a historical account of Hoyt Fuller’s role as Editor-in-Chief of Black World magazine. Fuller shaped the content of Black World and used the magazine as a platform to promote the Black Arts Movement and African culture. Hampering his efforts were consistent conflicts with the publisher of the magazine, John H. Johnson over economic support. This study entails a textual analysis of Black World and examines its content over a three-year period. Josiah Gregg's Vision of New Mexico: Early Othering about Mexicans in Commerce of the Prairies • Michael Fuhlhage, Wayne State University • Josiah Gregg wrote one of the earliest long-form journalistic descriptions of Mexican people and culture in the nineteenth century. Commerce of the Prairies (1844) remains a classic work of exploration at the boundary of American and Mexican culture. This paper uses social identity theory and framing to assess how Gregg portrayed Mexicans and the interaction between the cultural influences that surrounded him and his way of seeing the people of New Mexico. Gregg's Quaker faith shaped his highly critical view of Mexican Catholicism, which he believed relied too much on sacramental objects and rituals, and its priesthood, which he saw as con men and not as people whose mission was to bring believers closer to God. He found Mexicans' lack of material progress to be evidence of backwardness. However, Gregg did not share other Americans' belief that Mexicans were cowardly soldiers. Listening to pictures: Converging media histories and the multimedia newspaper • Katie Day Good, Northwestern University • In light of recent research on digital newspapers as sites of media “convergence,” this paper revisits the 1920s as a period of forgotten media mixing in newspapers. Comparing a short-lived audiovisual form of journalism—the Radio Photologues of the Chicago Daily News—with contemporary audio slideshows, it argues that newspapers have long been meeting grounds for experimental combinations of old and new media, offering a historical backdrop to contemporary discussions of “convergence” in digital journalism. The Journalist and the Gangster: A Devil's Bargain, Chicago Style • Julien Gorbach, University of Louisiana at Lafayette • Ben Hecht grew to personify the mix of cynicism, sentimentality and mischief of the Chicago newspaper reporter, an historical type that he immortalized in his stage comedy, The Front Page. This study argues that the temptation of the Mephistophelean bargain, the proposition that rules are made to be broken, explains both Hecht’s Romanticist style, emblematic of Chicago journalism, and a fascination with criminals and gangsters that he shared with his fellow newspapermen. The Many Lives of the USP: A History of Advertising’s Famous and Infamous Unique Selling Proposition • Daniel Haygood, Elon University • The Unique Selling Proposition has been one of the most successful but polarizing advertising philosophies in the history of the advertising profession. Created by Rosser Reeves at the Ted Bates agency, the USP focused on generating a unique product characteristic or benefit that consumers would find compelling. USP-based advertising generated sales gains for clients but criticism from agency professionals and consumers for its repetitive claims and support points. This research looks at the volatile story of the USP, including is creation and uneven use and promotion by the Bates agency and tries to identify reasons why this philosophy has endured. Why the Internet Cannot Save Journalism: A Historical Analysis of the Crisis of Credibility & the Development of the Internet • Kristen Heflin, Kennesaw State University • This paper historicizes journalism’s present crisis of credibility and explores how the Internet, as the most compelling solution to this crisis, developed to meet very different needs than those of mainstream journalism organizations. The paper concludes by asserting that the Internet cannot be heralded as the solution to the crisis of credibility, largely because the crisis is not a technical one of information delivery, but an epistemological conflict at the heart of journalism practice. The Past as Persuader in The Great Speckled Bird • Janice Hume, University of Georgia • This study examines journalistic uses of history in the underground newspaper The Great Speckled Bird during its first five years, 1968 to 1972, based on Richard E. Neustadt and Ernest K. May’s categories of the uses of history by political decision makers. The Bird used history for context, nostalgia and analogy, to promote values, and to challenge past assumptions, all to bolster a point of view for its readers, the hippie community in Atlanta, Ga. "Magnetic Current" in the New York Times • Vincent Kiernan, Georgetown University • This paper examines the concerted efforts by William L. Laurence, science writer at The New York Times, to publicize the research of maverick Austrian physicist Felix Ehrenhaft in 1944-45. Laurence wrote multiple sensational articles to counter mainstream physicists’ dismissal of the research, triggering pack news coverage of the researcher, while mainstream scientists criticized the newspaper and blocked grants for Ehrenhaft. The escapade illustrates tensions among journalists, unconventional scientists, and the scientific establishment that persist today. Collective memory of Japanese colonial rule • Hwalbin Kim, University of South Carolina • This study explores how the South Korean television drama “Eye of Daybreak” helped to shape collective memory of Japanese colonial rule. The drama highlighted the experiences of “comfort women,” Korean women forced to provide sex to Japanese soldiers. This study examined how newspapers reported the “comfort women” issue. This study argues that the drama generated greater public awareness of, discussion about, and controversy over the place of “comfort women” in South Korean historical narratives. Senator Joe McCarthy and the Politics of the 1960s • Julie Lane, Boise State University • This study examines four books about Senator Joseph McCarthy published during the 1950s to determine why one of the four – Senator Joe McCarthy by New Yorker Washington correspondent Richard Rovere – prompted the most vociferous reaction. It concludes that the book’s appearance at a critical juncture in the developing ideological divide meant it served as a bridge from the McCarthy era to the new conservatism that shaped national politics in the 1960s. Promulgating the Kingdom: Social Gospel Muckrakers Josiah Strong and Hugh Price Hughes • Christina Littlefield, Pepperdine University • This paper addresses a major gap in journalism history by showcasing how social gospel leaders used the power of the pen to promote social reform. Many social gospel leaders in England and the United States edited newspapers to educate the masses on key social issues in hopes of ushering in the kingdom of God. This paper compares the muckraking efforts of two evangelical leaders: British Methodist Hugh Price Hughes and American Congregationalist Josiah Strong. SOCIALIST MUCKRAKER JOHN KENNETH TURNER: A Journalist/Activist’s Career a Century Ago • Linda Lumsden, U of Arizona • Socialist muckraker John Kenneth Turner not only went undercover to expose oppression of Mexican peasants a century ago but also ran guns for Mexican rebels who invaded Baja California in 1911. This paper argues that questions raised by Turner’s nearly forgotten career are relevant to those posed by today’s digital activism. The paper analyzes several aspects of Turner’s career: as an investigative journalist who covered the 1910s’ labor movement for the popular Socialist weekly Appeal to Reason; as author of the controversial 1909 “Barbarous Mexico” exposé; as an abettor of Mexican revolutionaries in the United States; and as an advocate against U.S. intervention in Mexico throughout the 1920s. The subject is important because advocacy journalism such as Turner practiced—fact-based reportage in support of a cause—is a genre that has expanded along with digital media, citizen journalism, and online social movement media. Activism figures prominently in the current debate on the definition of a journalist. An analysis of Turner’s career may illuminate larger questions about today’s evolving forms of journalism. Further, an examination of Turner’s career in the Southwest borderlands sheds light on the history of American journalism in that region, which remains tumultuous and contested journalistic terrain. His criticisms of the mainstream press remain relevant in light of current debates on the elusive ideal of “objectivity” in journalism. Finally, Turner should be recognized for his contributions to journalism history and his role in U.S.-Mexican relations. The “eloquent Dr. King”: How E. O. Jackson and the Birmingham World Covered Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Bus Boycott • Kimberley Mangun, The University of Utah • This qualitative study analyzes how Emory O. Jackson, editor of the Birmingham (AL) World, covered the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr.’s rise to fame, and the ramifications of court rulings on bus segregation. More than one hundred fifty articles, editorials, and columns published in the biweekly newspaper between December 1, 1955, and December 21, 1956, the duration of the boycott, were studied using historical methods and narrative analysis. Press Freedom in the Enemy’s Language: Government Control of Japanese-Language Newspapers in Japanese American Camps during World War II • Takeya Mizuno, Toyo University • This article examines how the federal government controlled the Japanese-language newspapers in Japanese American “relocation centers” during World War II. Camp officials were facing a dilemma; while they knew Japanese news media would promote effective information dissemination, no one understood the language. As a result, they limited Japanese items to verbatim translations of official English releases. Press freedom inside barbed wire fences was conditional at best; it was even more so in the enemy’s language. Summer for the Scientists? The Scopes Trial and the Pedagogy of Journalism • Perry Parks, Michigan State University • A main goal of supporters of John T. Scopes during his 1925 trial for teaching evolution in Tennessee was to educate the public on evolution science. This paper argues that, though journalists, lawyers, and scholars expected newspaper coverage to make Americans smarter about evolution, little effort was devoted to that aim. Rather, a preference for conflict and an emerging professional objectivity resulted in more confusion than clarity, just as news coverage of evolution does today. The Strange History of the Fairness Doctrine: An Inquiry into Shifting Policy Discourses and Unsettled Normative Foundations • Victor Pickard, University of Pennsylvania • The Fairness Doctrine, one of the most famous and controversial media policies ever debated, suffered a final death-blow in August 2011 when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) permanently struck it from the books. The doctrine continues to be invoked by proponents and detractors alike, suggesting that the policy will live on long past its official death at the hands of liberal policymakers who had hoped to quietly remove it from the nation’s political discourse. The following paper attempts to demystify the Fairness Doctrine by historically contextualizing it while also drawing attention to how it continues to be deployed. Tracing how ideologies and discourses around the Fairness Doctrine have shifted over time serves as an important case study for how political conflict shapes the normative foundations of core media policies. The paper concludes with a discussion of positive freedoms as fundamental principles for American media policy. Southern Values and the 1844 Election in the South Carolina Press • Erika Pribanic-Smith, University of Texas at Arlington • This exploration South Carolina newspapers in the 1844 presidential election demonstrates that most editors assumed a sectional tone when discussing campaign politics. Furthermore, it shows that newspapers actively supported presidential candidates even though the state’s electorate did not vote for president. Finally, this paper argues that the tariff was the primary campaign issue for South Carolinians, contrary to prior historians’ assertions that Polk won the South based on his support for the annexation of Texas. The Sabbath and the ‘Social Demon’: Sunday Newspapers as Vehicles of Modernity • Ronald Rodgers, University of Florida • This paper looks at the decades-long conflict between the traditions of religion and the modern juggernaut that was the Sunday newspaper. Within that discursive elaboration leading to the general acceptance of the Sunday newspaper as a vehicle of modernity were issues surrounding the tension between the secular and the sacred as an armature of the societal struggle between the forces of modernity and those opposed to the destabilizing of traditions. Rhetorical Repertoires of Puerto Rican Anarchist Journalist Luisa Capetillo in the Early 20th Century • Ilia Rodriguez, University of New Mexico; Eleuterio Santiago-Diaz, University of New Mexico • This research focuses on the writings of Puerto Rican feminist and anarchist writer Luisa Capetillo (1873-1922), a journalist for the Spanish-language labor and community newspapers in Puerto Rico and the United States. Capetillo’s texts were selected as a site to explore the structural factors and political climate that shaped the production of anarchist discourse in the United States in the early 20th century. Through a discourse analysis of texts published in 1913 and 1916, the research aims to elucidate thematic structures and particular forms of argumentation through which anarchists editors and writers constructed their contestatory views of the nascent U.S. industrial society. Capetillo’s writing was selected as a rich site in which to examine the discursive practices through which a non-U.S. citizen radical, facing censorship and persecution in the early 1900s, used her writing to contest some of the dominant assumptions about the exceptional character of the U.S. polity. Newspaper Editorials on Marijuana Prohibition During the Early War On Drugs, 1965-1980 • Stephen Siff, Miami University of Ohio • This study examines editorials regarding marijuana law and enforcement in four major U.S. newspapers between 1965 and 1980, a period during which both marijuana use and arrests increased dramatically, and during which time the federal government overhauled both anti-marijuana laws and the approach to combatting drug use more generally. During this time, the New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune and Los Angeles Times published a combined 126 editorials dealing with marijuana, approximately one-third of which called for reduction in criminal penalties for possession of the drug. The calls to reduce penalties for marijuana possession were nearly always explained in strictly pragmatic terms, without addressing the underlying moral or health justifications for the legal prohibition of the drug. Differences in editorial stances between the newspapers are also discussed. The Journalist Who Knew Too Much: John W. White’s Tumultuous Tenure as The New York Times Chief South American Correspondent • Kevin Stoker, Texas Tech University; Mehrnaz Rahimi, Texas Tech University • Few foreign correspondents understood the cultural differences between the United States and Latin America better than John W. White. A former U.S. diplomat to Argentina, White spent more than 15 years living in the country before joining The New York Times. But White was still an American journalist, practicing American journalism and looking out for American interests in Latin America. Though adept at circumventing government censorship, but he could not circumvent controversy. He had a knack for scoops that discomforted South American political leaders, the State Department, and his own publisher. For ten years, his publisher Arthur Sulzberger scolded White and assured him of his confidence in him. But finally Sulzberger betrayed him, telling the State Department to call him home. Wine, Women, and Film: Drinking Femininity in Post-Prohibition American Cinema • Annie Sugar, University of Colorado-Boulder • This textual analysis of female drinking portrayals in four films, Depression-era comedic romps The Thin Man (1934) and The Women (1939) and two World War II tales of duty, dignity, and identity Now, Voyager (1942) and Since You Went Away (1944), demonstrates how post-Prohibition American culture established a drinking femininity for white, affluent American women and how the dominant discourse manipulated that femininity for two generations to suit the nation’s social, political, and economic needs. A Rainbow of Hope - The Black Press's Engagement with Entertainment Culture, 1895-1935 • Carrie Teresa, Temple University • Black press journalists writing in the Jim Crow era viewed entertainment culture as an important component in the lived experience of their readers. Through a narrative analysis of entertainment coverage during the period 1895 through 1935, this paper shows how black journalists framed entertainment culture as a tool in the fight for civil liberties, arguing that the black press used discussions about entertainment to help community members define their own roles as free citizens. The Untold Story of An American Journalism Trailblazer: Carr V. Van Anda’s Methods as Contemporary Guidance • Wafa Unus, ASU • While study and discussion of American journalism is abound with accounts of The New York Times, the emergence of this newspaper as an American institution never has been fully told. Little is known of Carr V. Van Anda, who from a career as a typesetter in Cleveland rose to become The Times pre-eminent managing editor. He served in the post from 1904 to 1932, the newspaper’s formative and most celebrated period. Since his retirement in 1932 and his passing in 1945, Van Anda has been relegated in the literature mostly to footnotes and index entries. Yet even from brief references, it has remained that Van Anda’s contribution was substantial. Of particular interest to contemporary scholars was Van Anda’s role as a harbinger of modern times. Van Anda worked in an era not dissimilar to contemporary times, and an understanding of his methods may serve as guidance for modern journalism. Through study of his reportage, and employing additional original sourcework of his life and career, this study provides the first historical account of Van Anda and his work at The New York Times. That Van Anda’s past contributions are of much contemporary relevance will be seen in the study’s analysis of his coverage of science and technology, as well as his use of technology in reporting. In discussing Van Anda’s contributions, the study concludes with suggestions on how understanding of this input, journalism can further be advanced. Evolve or Die: Early Industrial Catalysts that Transformed Frontier Journalism • David Vergobbi, University of Utah • This study delineates journalism on Idaho’s Coeur d’Alene mining district frontier in 1893 and 1894—after a violent 1892 union versus owner war and subsequent martial law—as ten newspapers dealt with a national economic depression and renewed labor/management tensions. The study provides 1) a key to understanding the complex evolution of Western journalism from pioneering sheets to commercial press and 2) a conceptual framework to ascertain if similar developments existed on other early industrial frontiers. Legitimizing news judgments: The early historical construction of journalism’s gatekeeping role • Tim Vos, University of Missouri; Teri Finneman, University of Missouri • This study analyzes journalistic discourse about news judgment, news selection and newsworthiness in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The intent is to understand how the notions of newsworthiness, news selection or news judgment came to be expressed in normative terms in the journalistic field. The study finds discursive strategies that explained news judgment in terms of a special skill that journalists possessed, that downplayed judgment while shifting focus to the external qualities of events, and that explained news judgment in terms of the social and economic value of the information provided. Newspaper Food Journalism: The History of Food Sections & The Story of Food Editors • Kimberly Voss, University of Central Florida • This paper documents the early years of newspaper food sections from the 1950s and 1960s. This paper also examines what the food editors covered at their annual weeklong meetings where food companies introduced new food products and food news was presented. Approximately 125 women attended these meetings and reported from them daily. A selection of newspapers was used in this study including the Boston Globe, Milwaukee Journal, Miami News, Chicago Tribune, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, and Omaha Evening World-Herald. The “Sound of an ‘Extra’”: Representing Civil War Newsboys by Pen and in Print • Ronald Zboray, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Zboray, University of Pittsburgh • This paper examines the American Civil War-era newsboy, generally overlooked by historians, through comments ordinary citizens penned and the stories newspapers printed about him (or her). It reconstructs his business and leisure activities, analyzes the responses of urban dwellers to the newsboy’s cry, and compares these to newspaper portrayals of newsboys. It is based upon extensive research into over 5,000 Civil War manuscript and published diaries and letters, as well as newspaper databases. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13892 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/intl-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 14:36:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13896 Markham Student Paper Competition Aging: A Comparative Content Analysis of China Daily and The New York Times • Krystin Anderson, University of Florida; Anthony Eseke, University of Florida; Yiqian Ma, University of Florida • This study investigates coverage of population aging and older adults in The New York Times and the China Daily through content analysis of articles from October 1, 2012 through September 30, 2013. From a framing analysis perspective divided into main frame, identification of problem and solution, use of older adult sources, and article and source tone, this study finds a tendency to blame business in the Times, but an emphasis on empty nest concerns, more older adults sources, and a more positive tone in the Daily. Going Global: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of East Asian Brands on Twitter • Krystin Anderson, University of Florida; Linwan Wu; Naa Amponsah Dodoo, University of Florida • This paper used Twitter as a platform to analyze the global branding strategies of nine East Asian brands, focusing especially on the use of cultural referents either to the nation of origin (NOO) or to an English-speaking nation (ESN), and the cultural values of individualism or collectivism. It used content analysis to compare brands originating in three different nations and three different industries and found significant differences in cultural referents along both dimensions. Framing corruption in the Chinese government: A comparison of frames between media, government, and netizens • Simin Michelle Chen; Yadan Zhang • This use of microblogging sites frequently pose a challenge to the party’s ability to manipulate information and control its reputation in the event of malfeasance. This paper uses framing theory and content analysis to compare frames employed by the news media, government, and netizens on Sina Weibo, on the topic of corruption in the Chinese government. Results show partial differences in frames between netizens, government, and news media. The Networked Interpretive Community: Online viewing of American late-night talk shows by young Chinese audience • Di Cui • This study examined how young online viewers in China made sense of American late-night talk shows. I conceptualize online viewers as a “networked interpretive community”, which is buttressed by high Internet connectedness and a relatively homogeneous online culture in China. By analyzing online comments, forum discussions, and interviews, I argue the networked interpretive community offered Chinese viewers two basic sense-making strategies—playfulness and contentiousness—to interpret late-night talk shows contextually. Implications are discussed. Shifting Responsibilities: Women, Development and Video Games • Jolene Fisher • The Half the Sky Movement, aimed at “turning oppression into opportunity for women worldwide,” launched its awareness and fundraising Facebook game in 2013. With the popularity of social media games on the rise, this trend marks a new technological moment in the international development industry—one with interesting implications for how development is carried out, and by whom. This paper analyses the game and its impacts on international development and the role of women. Colombian Journalists on Twitter: Objectivity, Gatekeeping and Transparency • Victor Garcia, University of Texas at Austin • This paper examines how the 100 most-followed Colombian journalists on Twitter move away from their traditional journalistic norms and practices when covering a controversial politician, former president Alvaro Uribe. Through a content analysis, this study shows that journalists negatively evaluate Uribe. They are also willing to openly share their opinion around the politician. It also found that journalists who work for elite-traditional media tend to be more in accord with norms compared with non-elite reporters. Coupling From the Past: Sports Journalism, Collective Memory, and Globalization • Ju Oak Kim, Temple University • This article investigates the ways in which sports journalists make a pair of Major League Baseball players cross time and space in a history-making way. Narrative analysis was employed to examine the connection between two legendary players - Hyun-Jin Ryu and Chan-ho Park, Korean pitchers who played in MLB, and Clayton Kershaw and Sandy Koufax who are considered franchise stars of the LA Dodgers. News coverage of these players indicates how sports writers created the heroic narrative to maintain cultural traditions and social identities. A Journey from Nepal to Exploitation: A Comparative Analysis of Labor Rights Coverage in the Guardian, Gulf Times, and The Kathmandu Post • Elizabeth Lance, Northwestern University in Qatar; Ivana Vasic Chalmers • Employing ethnographic content analysis within the context of media systems, this paper examines labor rights coverage in Qatar in three newspapers: The Guardian (Britain), Gulf Times (Qatar) and The Kathmandu Post (Nepal). By examining the predominant frames, themes and discourse as well as the broader media system in which the coverage was produced, this paper offers a striking illustration of how divergent interests in labor practices of three countries are reflected in their news coverage. Framing #VemPraRua: The 2013 Brazilian Protests on News Websites, Blogs And Twitter • Rachel Reis Mourao, The University of Texas at Austin • In 2013, thousands of Brazilians took to the streets in massive protests encompassing an array of grievances. Drawing on the work of Hertog and McLeod (2001), this paper compares the evolution of media and audience frames online as the protests unfolded. Computerized content analyses of news stories, blog entries and Twitter posts suggest that traditional media outlets predominantly used the “riot” frame, but increasingly adopted legitimizing frames as demands become more generalized and publically popular. Mediating nation-ness: Nationhood and national identity in Indian and Pakistani media, 1947-1997 • Saif Shahin, The University of Texas at Austin; Paromita Pain, The University of Texas at Austin • This paper charts the role of news media in sustaining India and Pakistan as “nations” over a 50-year period since their independence. It develops a theoretical model to study the “mediation of nation-ness”—a complex process that requires both the reification of nationhood and the negotiation of national identities—and provides empirical support for it. It distinguishes different phases of national identity for each nation, illustrating the dialectical relationship between their “mediated” and “material” realities. The Case of Female Genital Cutting: Newspaper Coverage in Ghana, The Gambia, Kenya and the United States • Meghan Sobel, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Media play an important role in explaining female genital cutting (FGC) to the public and policymakers. This quantitative content analysis analyzed 15 years of newspaper coverage of FGC in four countries with varying FGC rates: the U.S., Ghana, The Gambia and Kenya. The study found that coverage is minimal and inconsistent, so if media are to fulfill their watchdog role with regards to FGC, an increase in coverage and wider range of frames are needed. Anti-Corruption Movement on Sina Weibo: Chinese Social Media and Citizen Empowerment • Yin Wu, Syracuse University • This qualitative study examines the role of Sina Weibo in a recent online anti-corruption movement, specifically about how it can empower each participant in civic engagement. Applying social movement theory and textual analysis, this study analyzes over 800 Weibo comments. The ordinary citizens are empowered to express independent opinions. Not very clear about the power of Weibo, they recognize that it facilitates the movement by allowing interactive communications, efficiently connecting them together. Latin America in the Associated Press: A Longitudinal Analysis of Contextual Predictors of Visibility • Rodrigo Zamith • This study investigates the effects of five contextual factors on the visibility of 22 Latin American countries in the Associated Press over 30 years. Only one factor, diplomatic significance, was found to be a strong predictor over the entire timespan. Other factors, such as economic significance and geographic distance, exerted significant effects in some periods, but not others. These findings illustrate that while contextual factors may serve as useful predictors, their predictive capacities are volatile. Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition Covering A Multi-Action Conflict As It Develops: An Examination of the Dynamic Framing of the Jos Crisis in Three Nigerian Newspapers • Ngozi Agwaziam, Southern Illinois University; Li Zeng, Arkansas State University • This study examines the coverage of the Jos crisis in a largely under-studied press, the Nigerian press. Using the theoretical framework of a two-dimensional frame-changing model by Chyi and McCombs (2004) and the three-stage crisis coverage model by Graber (2002), this study focuses on how three influential Nigerian daily newspapers (the Punch, the Guardian and Thisday) portrayed the 2010-2011 Jos crisis during its four-month lifespan. It suggests that an event with multiple action points will produce different frame-changing patterns compared to an event with a single point of action. The findings are also discussed with reference to the unique media landscape in Nigeria. MEDIA AND POLITICS BEYOND POST-COMMUNISM: The impact of structural conditions on journalist-politician relationships in the Western Balkans • Lindita Camaj • This comparative study examines the relationship between journalists and politicians in South-Eastern Europe, emphasizing structural contexts. It is based on sixty in-depth interviews with journalists from Albania, Kosovo, and Montenegro. Journalist-politicians relationship has evolved into a complex two-way communication, marked by cooperation and tensions that derive from media instrumentalization and clientelist relationships. The lack of uniform relationship between journalists and political elites challenges assumptions that media clientelism in Eastern Europe is a stable and predictable system. Paradigm Repair: The Indian News Media’s Response to the “Radia Tapes” Scandal • Kalyani Chadha, University of Maryland; Michael Koliska • In late 2010, a series of tapes containing damaging conversations between thirty Indian journalists and a leading lobbyist for major business interests became public. The tapes revealed how journalists violated fundamental norms of their professional paradigm such as impartiality and objectivity, in conversations where they agreed to act in ways helpful to the lobbyists’ clients. This paper explores how Indian news media responded to these revelations using the concept of paradigm repair through image restoration. Connecting Across Space: Toward a Theory of Media Dispersion • Brian Creech, Temple University • This essay considers the role of space in global media studies, offering the term dispersion as a conceptual category for dealing with the way media products spread that does not limit communication to a process dependent upon global forces. Instead, scholars need a conceptual vocabulary sensitive to scale in media processes that accounts for the conditions under which media practices and processes spread. To illustrate, three brief cases are discussed. “Working with the People:” The Urban-Rural Media Divide in Post-genocide Rwanda • Sally Ann Cruikshank, Auburn University • Following the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, in which the media played a significant role, the government enacted strict media laws that have led to a climate of self-censorship. This study examined the processes of agenda building and frame building from the perspective of Rwandan media professionals. According to respondents, the government strongly influences the media agenda, although differences emerged between rural and urban media outlets. The implications of these findings are discussed at length. Visual Framing of Muslim Women in the Arab Spring • Shugofa Dastgeer, Graduate student at the University of Oklahoma; Peter Gade, Professor at the University of Oklahoma • This content analysis of still images explores how leading media from the U.S. and Middle East (CNN and Al-Jazeera) visually framed Muslim women during the Arab Spring. The findings indicate that both media framed Muslim women as active participants in the political unrest; however, Al-Jazeera portrayed Muslim women as active significantly more than CNN. The results contrast sharply with previous studies of portrayals of Muslim women in Western media, especially in the post 9/11 era. Digital Advantage: Bilingual Arabic English Web Searchers Outperform Monolingual Arabic Speakers • Susan Dun, Northwestern University in Qatar; Hazar Eskandar, Northwestern University in Qatar • Internet users must be digitally literate to successfully utilize Web resources. Age, education, gender, and Web habits are related to digital literacy, but there have been few attempts to explore what difference language proficiency makes for surfing the Web efficiently. We predicted and found that bilingual Arabic English speaking Web searchers were more digitally literate than monolingual Arabic speakers using observational methods, suggesting that bilingualism does improve digital literacy levels among native Arabic speakers. The Art of Visual Parody: African Cartoon Representations of African First Ladies. • Lyombe Eko • African cartoons were active participants in the struggle for freedom of expression and democracy in the post-cold War era. This study analyzed Sub-Saharan African print and online newspaper cartoon representations of African first ladies. The analysis was carried out within the framework of the perspective of gender and power and critical journalistic couching of reality. Cartoons of African first ladies were barbed visual narratives that satirized these powerful women whose lifestyles and high-profile political activities and abuse of power are contrary to that of the generous and nurturing “primordial mothers” that many Africans expected them to be. Facebook Friends and the Perception of a Shrunken World • Michael Elasmar, Boston University • A 2011 study by a group of researchers working with Facebook analyzed connections among Facebook users and concluded that the distances among Facebook user --connections-- were shrinking over time. The present study aims at uncovering how Facebook users perceive global distances in their minds. Self-report measures were designed to capture various aspects of Facebook usage and capture the users' mental representation of distances on planet earth. The measures were administered to approximately 500 undergraduate students. A simple process model best describes the relationships uncovered: The more Facebook friends an individual has, the more likely he/she also has Facebook friends living in other countries. The more Facebook friends from other countries an individual has, the more likely she/he is exposed to information about the lives of these friends shared on Facebook. The more exposed an individual is to information about the lives of Facebook friends from other countries, the more this individual is aware of what is going on in the lives of these friends who live in other countries. And the more aware an individual is of what is going on in the lives of his/her Facebook friends who live in other countries, the shorter are the distances in this individual’s cognitive world map. In effect, these findings strongly suggest that using Facebook can contribute to a shrinking of the world as viewed by the minds of Facebook users. The effect detected is most likely part of a process labeled: Incidental Volume-Driven Modification of Cognitive Structures. One Country, Two Eras: How Three Egyptian Newspapers Framed Two Presidents • Mohamad Elmasry, The University of North Alabama; Mohammed el-Nawawy, Queens University of Charlotte • This content analysis of three elite Egyptian dailies contributes to the ongoing debate about media freedom and performance during Egypt’s one-year Mohamed Morsi era by providing an empirical measure of Morsi era press coverage patterns. The content analysis uses a coding scheme developed by Elmasry (2012), who designed the coding scheme to study the Egyptian press in 2008, late in the Hosni Mubarak era. In an effort to provide a type of direct, before-and-after comparison, this research explicitly compares findings from the 2013 Morsi era to those found by Elmasry (2012) representing the 2008 Mubarak era. Results suggest that there may have been greater degrees of political diversity, openness, and inclusiveness in Egypt in 2013 than in 2008. In 2013, the Morsi administration was covered in a highly critical manner by the independent Al-Masry al-Yom and opposition Al-Wafd. Reportage in both papers tended to be significantly more critical of Morsi in 2013 than of Mubarak in 2008. Also, the government-owned Al-Ahram seemed to abandon – to a considerable extent – the government mouthpiece role it maintained during the Mubarak era. The Framing of China in the Opinion Pages of the New York Times and Wall Street Journal • Guy J. Golan, Syracuse University; Josephine Lukito, Syracuse University • Newspaper editorials and Op-Ed provide an important platform for the debate of salient issues that informs both elites and newspaper readers. The current study examines how two elite American newspapers framed China in their opinion pages. The results of our content analysis of 249 editorials and Op-Eds point to similarities in the overall framing of China in the two ideologically divergent newspapers. Both newspapers focused their discussion of China on the nation’s economy, relations with the United States and internal political issues. The tone of coverage in both newspapers was mostly negative where China was presented as a rival rather than a friend. The results of our analysis are discussed in the context of government-media elite discourse and its potential implications on public opinion. Developing an Analytical Model of Transnational Journalism Culture • Lea Hellmueller • National borders may no longer draw distinctions among journalism cultures, but differences in journalism cultures might be based on cultural, linguistic, and ethnic criteria, which may cross over national borders and affect the way we conceptualize journalism culture. This paper develops an analytical model of transnational journalism, an undertaking much needed to set a theoretical framework to empirically investigate transnational journalism cultures and to understand how globalization has affected the core of journalism—its culture. Exploring the Role of Internet Use on Citizen Attitudes toward Democracy in Six Arabic Countries • Toby Hopp; Jolene Fisher • The current study explored the relationship between Internet use, national Internet penetration rate, and citizen attitudes toward democracy in six Arabic countries. Using a series of multi-level models and representative samples from Algeria, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Yemen, and Palestine (total n = 6,902), the results suggested that individual Internet use is positively related to the development of democratic attitudes but that this relationship diminishes as national Internet penetration rate rises. Borrowing the news and spreading officialdom: the work of the Big Three • Beverly Horvit, University of Missouri; Mikkel Christensen, University of Missouri • A content analysis of a random 28-day sample of Associated Press, Agence France-Presse and Reuters international news stories (N=450) shows that one-third of their reports include news “borrowed” from domestic news organizations. The most borrowed news came from Western Europe. Official sources also led coverage almost regardless of a story’s subject. The Associated Press used significantly more U.S. official sources than its European peers and also domesticated its stories for a U.S. audience significantly more. Social Capital and Relationship Maintenance: Uses of Social Media among the South Asian Diaspora in the U.S. • Delwar Hossain, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Aaron Veenstra, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • This study uses the framework of bridging and bonding social capital to explore how South Asian immigrants to the U.S. negotiate relationships amongst three social groups: their ties in their home country, their ties to Americans, and their ties to other South Asian immigrants living in the U.S. In so doing, it develops a model for immigrant social media use that contributes to an ongoing reassessment of the notion of community. Empowering the Public to Challenge the Status Quo? Online Political Expression, Nationalism, and System Support in China • Ki Deuk Hyun; Jinhee Kim • To illuminate the role of user-generated online communication for social change and control in China, this study investigates how online political expression among Chinese Internet users relates to their nationalistic attitudes and support of the status quo. An analysis of survey data demonstrates that online political expression, facilitated by news consumption, enhances support for the existing sociopolitical system both directly and indirectly through nationalism. The Scramble for African Media: Reuters, Thomson and Britain in the 1960s • John Jenks • In the early post-colonial Africa the British government encouraged and subsidized London-based media to expand in Africa to forestall competitors and preserve British influence in a classic case of media imperialism. The Reuters news agency used a secret subsidy to widen its coverage, add French services, and sign most independent governments as clients. Canadian newspaper millionaire Roy Thomson invested heavily in African media and education in the 1960s as he sought and won a peerage. Effect of Television News Viewing on Risk Perception: Focusing on the Coverage of Mad Cow Disease in South Korea • Eun-Hwa Jung, The Pennsylvania State University; Jinhong Ha, Daegu University • This study examined how watching television news coverage of mad cow disease influenced risk perception of the disease. By employing the uses and gratifications perspective and cultivation theory, a survey revealed that individuals motivated by information seeking perceived more risk toward the mad cow disease. Additionally, the viewing satisfaction and frequency of television news coverage of mad cow disease lead to greater risk perception. The research implications and limitations are discussed for future research. Country Reputation Management: Developing a Scale for Measuring the Reputation of Four African Countries in the United States • Dane Kiambi, College of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Autumn Shafer, Texas Tech University • This study extends the development of country reputation measurement to other cultural contexts, specifically among African countries that have spent millions of dollars in an effort to improve their reputations in the U.S. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted using second-order latent variables, and based on the goodness-of-fit indices, it was established that all the four models of the four countries – Kenya, Ghana, Nigeria, and Angola – met the data fit criteria thus validating the instrument. The Transparency Norm in German Newsrooms • Michael Koliska; Kalyani Chadha, University of Maryland • Transparency as a new norm in journalism is gaining increasingly wider institutional acceptance in particular in the United States. In contrast very little is known how news organizations abroad embrace this new norm. This paper explores how transparency is perceived and implemented in newsrooms in Germany. Interviews with journalists from ten leading news organizations indicate that transparency in Germany has still a long way to go before it can be considered an institutional norm. Role of Elite News Sources in Shaping Coverage of HIV/AIDS • Ammina Kothari, Rochester Institute of Technology • This study examines the role of news sources as gatekeepers in shaping the coverage of HIV/AIDS stories in Tanzania. Interviews with sources most frequently quoted in the stories published by two mainstream newspapers show how organizations use media training opportunities and seminars to recruit a loyal group of journalists. As a result, journalists are turned into advocates for evolving causes via their participation in various seminars and training programs focusing on specific goals of individual organizations. Youth, Digital Literacy & Divides: A U.S. – China Comparative Study • Yunjuan Luo, Texas Tech University; Randy Reddick, Texas Tech University; Sha Li, Texas Tech University • This study compares levels of digital literacy between Americans and Chinese 18-29 years old and explores cross-cultural differences and similarities in how contingent factors (e.g. social demographics, learning source) impact digital literacy. Through national surveys in both countries, the study found that American youth had a higher level of digital literacy than did Chinese youth. Education, home device availability, and self-taught learning were found to positively affect digital literacy in both U.S. and China. Elections as conflict: Framing study of the 2012 Parliamentary Elections in Georgia • Maia Mikashavidze, University of South Carolina; Nino Danelia, University of South Carolina; Sei-Hill Kim • This study analyzes news frames used in the coverage of the 2012 Parliamentary Elections in Georgia by pro-government 24 Saati (n=137) and critical Resonansi (n=225). The newspapers were most likely to frame the elections in a conflict between the government and the opposition, rather than presenting them as strategic game or issue frames. These findings can be explained by the leader-oriented politics and the lack of democratic tradition in the post-Soviet world. Individual or Social? News Framing of Obesity in the United States and Japan • Suman Mishra, Southern Illinois University; Hiromi Maenaka, Akita International University • Japan has an obesity problem of only 3.4% in its populous but has instituted one of the strictest laws on obesity in the world, while in the United States obesity affects nearly 34.3% of the population yet there is still a debate on what policies to implement. This study aims to understand how national context, culture, economics and politics shape news framing of obesity in United States and Japan. It compares obesity-related news reports from United States and Japan to understand similarities and differences in problem definition, causal interpretation, and/or solution. The findings show that culture and political interests shape news reporting on obesity. International Trust and Public Diplomacy • kirsten Mogensen, Roskilde University • "Countries struggle to find ways to be perceived as trustworthy by people around the world because trust is linked to efficiency, business opportunities and political influence. This paper is based on case studies of five Public Diplomacy activities: Iranian President Hassan Rouhani’s letter in The Washington Post (2013); Denmark’s trust-building effort in Pakistan following the so-called “Muhammad crisis” (from 2010); The British Council’s strategy for trust-building in China (2012); Russian President Vladimir Putin’s letter in The New York Times (2013), and the USA’s trust-building effort in Turkey (from 2006). The best results have been obtained where Public Diplomacy has been linked to successful traditional diplomacy at state-level (Iran) or has created a framework for people-to-people relations (Denmark, UK and USA). A backlash was experienced in the case where a foreign state leader patronized the national leader (Russia). In all cases, respect for people in other countries despite differences in culture seems fundamental for a Public Diplomacy initiative to succeed. A central concept in the paper is International Trust as described by Brewer, Gross, Aday and Willnat (2004). Internet wags the world: Understanding web-credibility in the context of citizen journalism, micro-blogs, and the Iranian Green Revolution • Shahira Fahmy, University of Arizona; Rico Neumann, UN mandated University for Peace • The current experiment examines how webpage type (Twitter; Blog) and journalist type (Citizen; Traditional) influence both source and information credibility of a story embedded in a conflict setting: the Iranian election protests (2009-2010). Results indicate that participants could not differentiate between journalist types, providing evidence that the use of the Internet for such news is blurring the line between these types of journalists. The current study found that both source and information credibility were higher in the blog condition, compared to the Twitter condition. Interest in the Iranian Green Revolution was positively associated with source and information credibility. Overall results offer a broader understanding of the intertwined relationship among level of expertise, channel characteristics, and conflict. The current study contributes to the extant web credibility research through the examination of how message characteristics influence source and information credibility within public upheavals and crisis settings. Image of an "Unfriendly" Neighbor: Coverage of China in the Philippine Press • Zengjun Peng, St Cloud State University, Xi'an International Studies University; Yu Chen, Xi'an International Studies University; Wei Li • By content analyzing news stories form two elite Philippine newspapers, this study examined the pattern and characteristics underlying representation of China in the Philippine news media. Results show a dominance of conflict stories and a heavy reliance on Western news agencies in the overall coverage. The tone of coverage was more negative than positive. No significant differences were found between the staff stories and the wire stories. Acceptance of American Values among Croatian Adolescents: A Test of Cognitive-Functional Theory of Television Effects • Iveta Imre, Western Carolina University; Ivanka Pjesivac, University of Georgia, Athens • This survey (N= 487) examined the extent to which Croatian adolescents accepted American cultural values portrayed on television programs. Testing the cognitive-functional theory of media effects, the study found that young Croatians completely internalized five values: enjoyment of wealth, acceptance of change, equality, individualism, and obedience of authority. The study shows influence of American television on acceptance of cultural values, most of which were not previously present in the culture of this Eastern European country. Comparing Metropolitan Journalism: An analysis of news in Toulouse, France and Seattle, Washington • Matthew Powers, University of Washington; Olivier Baisnee; Sandra Vera Zambrano • This paper presents the first stage of a comparative analysis of metropolitan journalism in Toulouse, France and Seattle, Washington. Drawing on interviews and publicly available data, it shows that the nature and extent of the crisis is greatest in Seattle; that enduring national regulatory contexts shape different responses to the financial challenges facing news organizations in both cities; and that national models of “quality” journalism do not correspond to metropolitan visions in either case. Covering Africa (2004-2013): U.S. linkages in New York Times coverage of Nigeria, Ethiopia and Botswana • Meghan Sobel, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This study revisits the role of conflict and U.S. interests in New York Times international coverage, focusing on Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Botswana, three nations with varying levels of economic ties to the U.S. Data demonstrate that country’s economic ties relate to amount of coverage, and that an event’s explicitly reported “linkage” to U.S. interests relates to diverse topics covered. Coverage produced by Times staff was twice as likely as wire services to indicate linkage. Differential Effects of Information-rich and Information-poor Internet Use on Citizens' Demand for Democracy • Elizabeth Stoycheff, Wayne State University; Erik Nisbet; Dmitry Epstein • This study seeks to reconcile the competing perspectives of Internet utopians and dystopians who fundamentally disagree with the role new media plays in the democratic process. Using a comparative survey of Internet users in two nondemocratic Eastern European countries, we classified online behavior as either information-rich or information-poor. Information-rich Internet use had a conditional positive effect on democratic attitudes, while information-poor Internet use lead to more entrenched authoritarian worldviews. Audience Fragmentation On The World Wide Web • harsh taneja • Audience fragmentation is a highly visible outcome of the explosion in media choices. Given the ubiquitous availability of the World Wide Web, fragmentation is now visible on a global scale, but has been rarely studied in a global context. This study addresses the gap by advocating a framework that integrates theories of media choice with theories of global cultural consumption. It analyzes audience traffic between the top 1000 websites globally, using network analysis. The findings suggest that audiences fragment according to language and geography of the websites rather than their content genres. Eyes 1, Brain 0: Securitization in text, image and news topic • Fred Vultee, Wayne State University; Marta Lukacovic, Wayne State University; Ryan Stouffer • This study seeks to extend the connections between securitization theory and the study of media framing. An experiment using news stories addressing international and transnational topics finds a broad overall effect of securitizing discourse on perceptions of threat and urgency. Addressing calls to consider the impact of images as well as language, the study also finds that image choice affects news processing and, depending on the reader’s political orientation, the effectiveness of a mediated securitizing move. Role of information processing sources on knowledge of climate change: A Singapore perspective • Xiaohui Wang, Nanyang Technological University; Sherly Haristya, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication & Information, Nanyang Technological University; Khasfariyati Razikin, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University; Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University • In this paper, we utilize the heuristic-systematic information processing model (HSM) to explain the ways in which Singaporeans obtain information and acquire knowledge on climate change from different sources. The first contribution is to examine the involvement of interpersonal discussion and news for climate change knowledge. The second contribution is to understand the differences between heuristic and systematic processing for climate change. Our analyses showed that there are differences in the way climate change issues are processed. Digital Women Around the World: An Exploration of Their Attitudes Toward Mobile Life • Regina Lewis, The University of Alabama; Brandi Watkins, Virginia Tech • Segmentation is conducted on women aged 18-49 in the United States, China, Japan, Spain and the United Kingdom. Also, this study addresses attitudes held by "digital native" mobile users and "digital immigrant" mobile users (Shade, 2007). Analysis reveals four distinct U.S. clusters of mobile women, and finds that group membership varies widely across countries. The authors[s] also identify mobile aesthetic, social, and stress creation variables, and find distinct attitudinal differences across age groups. Crisis Communication in Context: Cultural influence and institutional impact underpinning Chinese public relations practice • Yi-Hui Huang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Fang Wu; Yang Cheng • This study describes crisis communication in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan by analyzing academic articles published between 1999 and 2012. Crisis communication is studied in these regions in an attempt to see how it interacts with both culture and politics. Findings suggested that governmental crisis communication is paramount, most likely due to the following characteristics of Chinese CCS: governmental authoritarianism suppresses uncertainty and causes unhealthy corporate-government relationships, leading to unique Chinese PR strategies. Framing the crisis by one’s seat: A comparative study of newspaper frames of the Asiana Crash in the U.S., Korea, and China • Yan Yan; Yeojin Kim, University of Alabama; Yuhong Dong • This study compared newspaper frames of the 2013 Asiana Airlines crash in the three countries involved: the U.S., Korea, and China. The results revealed distinct patterns of news coverage under the particular influence of national interests. News frames, sources, story valence, attribution of responsibility, and story emotion were all varied across countries. U.S. and Korean took opposite side against each other, while Chinese newspapers were relatively neutral in news coverage of the crash. The Globalization of Chinese News Programs: Challenges and Opportunities—A Country of Origin Perspective • Kenneth "C.C." Yang, The University of Texas at El Paso; Yowei Kang • This study employed theoretical constructs from country-of-origin and cultural proximity literatures to explain U.S. audience’s perceptions of Chinese news programs and contents. Our study used an online questionnaire survey method to collect data from 236 students in a large public U.S. university. Linear regression analyses found that, cultural proximity was an important predictor. However, perceived animosity was not found to be a significant predictor of U.S. audience’s viewing behaviors of news programs and contents from China. Information control and negotiations: Political impression management of the Chinese Premier’s Press Conference • YAN YI, Department of Politics, East China Normal University • By addressing political impression management according to the two most influential symbolic interactionist viewpoints—the dramaturgical approach and the negotiated order approach, this study seeks to explore those backstage behaviors concerning information control and negotiations between the Chinese government and journalists from different places over the questioning opportunities, to ascertain how the Chinese political images have been managed through the Chinese Premier’s Press Conference (CPPC) over the past 20 years. Given the CPPC’s specific overlapping structural and situational contexts, I argue that some unwritten rules, for example, the countries or regions the journalists come from, the media properties and the personal relationships, play a crucial role in deciding and negotiating “who can ask” and “what to ask” at the press conference. As such, part of the organization of the CPPC could be considered as the result of negotiated order. This leads us to rethink how political power exercises in a special-cultural context through controlling, influencing, and sustaining definitions of a situation, in conformity with which others can only act in the manner prescribed. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13896 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/law-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 14:42:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13899 Open Competition Familiar Airspace: Fixing Privacy Torts to Protect Against Drone Intrusions • Courtney Barclay, Syracuse University; Kearston Wesner, University of Minnesota - Duluth • Unmanned aerial vehicles – drones – promise to revolutionize countless industries, not the least of which is journalism. However, a significant concern regarding the commercial use of drones – and other surveillance technology – is privacy. This article discusses the failures of current privacy paradigms. The authors suggest an overhaul of the "reasonable expectation of privacy" standard to reinvigorate privacy protections, a necessary step for the integration of drones into government and commercial surveillance. Rap Music and the True Threats Quagmire: When Does One Man’s Lyric Become Another’s Crime? • Clay Calvert, University of Florida; Papadelias Sarah, University of Florida; Emma Morehart, University of Florida • This paper examines the complex and unsettled state of the true threats doctrine through the lens of the equally complicated, controversial and multi-faceted musical genre of rap. Rap, although generally protected by the First Amendment, frequently is caught in the crosshairs of criminal prosecutions focusing on whether or not it constitutes a true threat of violence. Ultimately, the paper offers suggestions for how to clarify the doctrinal issues, with rap illustrating and supporting those ideas. Matters of Public Concern and Outrageous Speech: Exploring the Malleable Boundaries of IIED and Free Speech Three Years After Snyder v. Phelps • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • This paper analyzes how the Supreme Court’s Snyder v. Phelps decision in 2011 is now affecting lawsuits brought against media defendants for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Snyder pivoted largely on the Court’s expansive definition of “public concern.” Using four post-Snyder cases as analytical springboards, the paper examines how Snyder and its conception of public concern are being deployed by both courts and media defense attorneys in IIED cases premised upon the publication of allegedly outrageous speech. Private Status, Public Ties: University Foundations and Freedom of Information Laws • Alexa Capeloto, John Jay College of Criminal Justice/CUNY • Auxiliaries and foundations have become an increasingly popular, powerful means of buttressing public institutions of higher education in the face of waning state support. In the last three decades a handful of state legislatures and judiciaries have attempted to delineate the status of university-affiliated foundations vis-à-vis Freedom of Information laws. However this review finds that in nearly two-thirds of the country their status remains undecided, potentially pushing large swaths of university-related funding and functions beyond the reach of public access. Political Culture, Policy Liberalism, Public Opinion and Strength of Journalist's Privilege in the American States • Casey Carmody, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities; David Pritchard, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee • Although the legal environment for newsgathering varies considerably from state to state in the United States, comparative studies of state press law are rare. Focusing on legal protections for source confidentiality – journalist’s privilege – the present study tested three hypotheses. The first posited that a state’s political culture would be a significant predictor of the strength of the state’s journalist privilege. The second posited that a state’s level of policy liberalism would be a significant predictor of the strength of the state’s journalist privilege. The third posited that public support for journalistic confidentiality within the state would be a significant predictor of the strength of the state’s journalist privilege. Data for state political culture came from Daniel Elazar’ and Ira Sharkansky’s classifications. Data for policy liberalism came from the State and Local Public Policies in the United States research project. Data for public opinion was from a national survey by the Pew Center for the People and the Press. Data on journalist’s privilege came from a content analysis of statutes, court decisions, and administrative orders from 48 states. The results did not support the hypothesis about political culture. The hypotheses involving policy liberalism and public opinion, however, were strongly supported. The study contributes to a richer understanding of American press law by concluding that legal standards favoring a freer flow of information are more likely to be found in states with higher levels of policy liberalism and public support for journalistic confidentiality. Rube Goldberg-Like Contrivances and Broadcasting: The Litigation Challenging Aereo • Kevin Delaney, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • The broadcast industry has been abuzz over Aereo, a company that streams broadcast content without a license over the Internet to subscribers. The nation’s broadcasters have sought to enjoin Aereo by arguing that Aereo’s service violates their right under the Copyright Act of 1976 to perform works publicly. This paper explores Aereo’s service in the context of the public performance right and offers an argument for how courts should interpret the public performance right. The Espionage Act, the Obama Administration & Freedom of the Press: Two Case Studies • Ralph Engelman, LIU Brooklyn • The Obama Administration has made unprecedented use of the Espionage Act of 1917 to prosecute government officials who leak classified information pertaining to national security to the press. After placing the Act in historical context, the study examines two such prosecutions initiated in 2010. The two cases have troubling implications for freedom of the press, especially the ability of reporters to access and protect confidential sources. In the first case, Thomas A. Drake, a whistleblower at the National Security Agency (NSA), was indicted under the Espionage Act for his communication with reporter Siobhan Gorman of the Baltimore Sun. He eventually pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor without jail time after the government dropped the most serious charges. In the second case, the Justice Department targeted Stephen Jin-Woo Kim, who worked at the State Department and leaked secret information about North Korea’s nuclear program to reporter James Rosen of Fox News. Kim ultimately pled guilty to one count and received a 13-month prison term. Both cases had significant ramifications. Thomas Drake’s ordeal influenced Edward Snowden’s decision to release NSA documents abroad instead of through domestic channels. The government’s characterization of James Rosen as a possible “co-conspirator” of Kim’s, in a warrant application to access the reporter’s email accounts, prompted a firestorm of criticism by press organizations. The paper concludes that the Drake and Kim cases substantiate calls to replace the Espionage Act with new legislation that will more effectively safeguard both government secrets and press freedom. New Models and Conflicts in the Interconnection and Delivery of Internet-mediated Content • Rob Frieden, Penn State University • This paper examines the dramatic changes in interconnection and compensation and compensation agreements between content providers and carriers resulting from increasing reliance on the Internet for video delivery to consumers. It identifies emerging models, in which Internet Service Providers (“ISPs”) seek to collect payments from both end users and content providers. While supportive of commercially negotiated agreements between concerned parties, the paper recommends that regulators ensure transparent network management practices by disclosing special arrangements with individual content providers. The paper also suggests ways for regulators to prevent retail ISPs, providing the last kilometer of service, from creating a bottleneck as a way to force surcharge payments from upstream carriers and content providers. The paper also will examine existing and likely future interconnection disputes with an eye toward identifying where conflicts will arise and how they can get resolved. The paper supports commercially driven negotiations, like those occurring between television broadcasters and cable television operators. However, regulatory authorities may need to arbitrate and promote settlements when now-essential Internet access becomes blocked or congested. The paper concludes that ISPs should have the opportunity to provide both end users and content sources alternatives to “best efforts” content delivery, but that they should not create artificial congestion as justification for additional compensation. Net Bias and the Treatment of “Mission-Critical” Bits • Rob Frieden, Penn State University • This paper assesses whether and how Internet Service Providers (“ISPS”) can demand paid service enhancements for particular types of traffic and customers without disadvantaging competitors and harming consumers. It will use the recent paid peering agreement between Netflix and Comcast as a case study as well as other instances where parties negotiate carriage of “mission critical” bits and “must see” television. The paper concludes that the Federal Communications Commission lacks jurisdiction to regulate ISP price and quality of service discrimination. However, the paper also concludes that network bias does not always serve anticompetitive goals, nor does it always result in an unlevel competitive playing field. The paper identifies instances where a regulatory referee remains necessary to offer timely resolution of increasingly frequent disputes about what constitutes fair network bias particularly for the carriage of bandwidth intensive video content. Evaluating Intent in True Threats Cases: The Importance of Context to Threatening Internet Messages • Brooks Fuller • Following the Supreme Court's most recent ruling on the true threats doctrine, Virginia v. Black, significant conflict emerged among lower courts. Speakers' use of Internet forums and social networking websites to threaten others raises significant questions regarding the application of the true threats doctrine to modern modes of communication. This paper utilizes legal research methods to examine the problematic relationship between Internet speech and true threats, and the inconsistent application of the true threats doctrine. Does Access to Environmental Information have a Critical Problem?: Interpretation of FOIA’s Exemption 4 after the Critical Mass III Decision • Kylah Hedding, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This paper then analyzes how Exemption 4 cases have been decided in the federal appeals courts since the Critical Mass III decision in 1992. It first provides a background of the FOIA and Exemption 4, including the National Parks and Critical Mass decisions in the District of Columbia Circuit. This is followed by a review of the current scholarship centered around how FOIA requests and Exemption 4 denials are implemented, the confusion surrounding Exemption 4, and recommendations for improvements. Eyes in the Skies: First Amendment Implications of the Domestic Drone Ban as Applied to Newsgathering • Sean Lawson, University of Utah; Cynthia Love; Avery Holton, University of Utah • Unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), commonly referred to as “drones,” have rocketed to public attention in the last decade largely as a result of the U.S. military's use of this technology in the “war on terror.” As UASs are put to a growing number of uses in the domestic airspace, they have become the latest cause of technopanic. As a result, the predominant response from news media and other actors has been fear, legislation, and regulation. In 2007, the FAA attempted to ban the commercial use of UAS. Efforts to enforce this ban have included sending dozens of cease and desist letters, and even one attempt to levy a $10,000 fine. Most often, these UAS operators have been engaging in aerial photography, sometimes for newsgathering purposes. To date, little attention has been paid to the First Amendment implications of the ban. This article argues that aerial photography with drones, whether commercial or not, is protected First Amendment activity. This is particularly the case when the aerial photography is used for newsgathering purposes, as it has been in a number of instances where the FAA has taken enforcement action. As currently formulated, the FAA's blanket ban on commercial use of UAS, which it asserts includes aerial photography and news gathering, constitutes a content-based restriction and a prior restraint on speech that is unconstitutional. The FAA must take First Amendment protected uses of this technology into account as it proceeds with meeting its Congressional mandate to promulgate rules for domestic UASs. The Heckler’s Veto: Applying an on-the-street doctrine to Internet communications • Brett Johnson, University of Minnesota • The term “heckler’s veto” has been used in reference to the power of private intermediaries to stifle speech that audiences vociferously deem too extreme to belong in online discourse. This paper looks at First Amendment theory and doctrine surrounding the term. The paper’s goal is to better understand the benefits and limitations of using this government-specific term in the context of extreme speech in intermediary-driven Internet communications. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for intermediaries and hecklers. “Execute not Pardon”: The Pussy Riot Case, Political Speech and Blasphemy in Russian Law • Volha Kananovich, University of Iowa • This paper explores the issue of freedom of expression in Russia through the lens of the Pussy Riot blasphemy case (2012). By blending legal analysis with historically and culturally informed exploration, this paper examines the reasoning used by Russian law to authorize limitations on freedom of religiously contextualized speech and discusses its implications for expanding the “forbidden ground” for legitimate political debate in contemporary Russia. Antitrust Exemptions, Football, and an (anti)Competitive Marketplace: An Analysis of the Future of the Relationship Between NFL Sunday Ticket and DirecTV • Lauren Anderson, Florida State University; Erin Looney, Florida State University • The NFL’s billion-dollar deal with DirecTV for NFL Sunday Ticket (Sunday Ticket) ends after the 2014 season, and even as subscription prices have fallen, the out-of-market package is still out of reach for many consumers. This paper examines related case law and broadcast regulation and uses competition as a framework for exploring DirecTV and the NFL’s options for providing out-of-market football games to consumers when the existing contract expires. Kicking the Tires of First Amendment Theory: Noncommercial Versus Commercial Falsehood in Supreme Court Opinions • Carmen Maye, University of South Carolina • Criminal sanctions may be on the horizon for deceptive commercial speech. If so, the ability to distinguish deceptive, commercial messages from nondeceptive, noncommercial messages assumes even greater significance at a time when doing so is becoming increasingly difficult. It may be time for a new approach to the regulation of deceptive commercial speech. For perspective, this paper examines the Court’s disparate treatment of deceptive commercial speech and its theoretical influences, as articulated in Court opinions. Child Rearing and the First Amendment • Minch Minchin • This student paper examines the First Amendment right of minors to receive speech within the context of parental rights and the ostensible governmental interest of protecting children from harmful materials. Drawing from judicial precedent, contemporary scholarship and application of free-speech theory, this paper contends that the harms foisted upon free-speech rights of children and parental rights of adults generally outweigh any benefits produced by state attempts to keep minors ignorant about potentially offensive ideas. The “Sovereigns of Cyberspace” and State Action • Jonathan Peters, University of Dayton • This paper contributes to the body of knowledge about online free speech and the ongoing policy discussion about designing a governance structure for a single and global Internet. It explores the state action doctrine in the U.S., examining (1) how it distinguishes the public and private spheres, and (2) whether it forecloses the First Amendment’s application to private Internet companies. This paper also suggests a state action theory suitable for the digital world. "Peculiarly the 'Marketplace of Ideas'": A Case Against Hazelwood in the University • Kristy Roschke • The U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly acknowledged the public university as a “marketplace of ideas,” however lower court decisions have questioned how broad university students’ First Amendment rights should be. At the center of the conflict is the 1988 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, a high school student speech case that increased school officials’ control over school-sponsored speech. This paper argues that by not considering the special characteristics of the university, courts have misapplied Hazelwood in six cases in the past decade, resulting in an erosion of the marketplace of ideas on the university campus. Cause and Effect: The Free Speech Transformation as Scientific Revolution • Joseph Russomanno • Just as the social sciences helped to expose the fallacy of direct, cause-and-effect speech, they also contributed to the recognition that speech-restrictive laws had been written and judged from the standpoint that words may be the explicit cause of undesirable behavior. This paper examines the transformation in free speech doctrine, its parallel track with the emergence of the social sciences and views the change as a paradigm shift within the context of Kuhnian scientific revolution. The Corporation in the Marketplace of Ideas • Matthew Telleen, Elizabethtown College • In 2010, the Supreme Court decided Citizens United v. FEC. In this paper, the framework of law and economics is utilized to analyze the value of corporate political speech to the marketplace of ideas. Tracing the history of Supreme Court decisions dealing with corporate political speech, variables can be isolated that deal with each component of speech in the marketplace, the speech itself (the product), the speaker (the producer), and the audience (the consumers). Broadband Penetration: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) Approach • Hsin-yi Tsai • This study aims to understand what kind of policies/regulations and economic factors are necessary and/or sufficient for having higher broadband penetration rates. By using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), we analyzed the necessary and sufficient conditions that resulted in higher broadband penetration in OECD countries. In order to have higher broadband penetration rates, the main necessary condition was that countries did not include broadband into their universal service objectives. The examination of sufficient conditions revealed that higher population density, higher education, higher income, higher market concentration and reliance on market forces (no inclusion of broadband universal service objectives) were sufficient for higher broadband penetration rates. Lower income, lower population density, and lower education were present in all countries that exhibited lower broadband penetration. However, having lower population density, lower income, and lower education did not necessarily imply lower broadband penetration. This study found that countries characterized by lower income and lower population density would be able to achieve high broadband penetration rates if they had high education, higher market concentration, and policies that require local loop unbundling (LLU) and that support public private partnerships (PPP). Video Games and NCAA Athletes: Resolving a Modern Threat to the First Amendment • Alexander Vlisides, University of Minnesota • A group of current and former NCAA student-athletes recently settled their claims with video game maker Electronic Arts for $40 million. Both the Third and Ninth U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals ruled that the First Amendment did not protect use of the athlete’s likenesses in a football video game. However these cases fail to give a clear answer to a question that has plagued content producers for decades: when does the First Amendment protect the use of a person's likeness against right of publicity claims? This paper answers this question by performing a close reading of the Supreme Court’s one case addressing right of publicity, Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard. The Supreme Court’s analysis identifies the government’s interests in protecting right of publicity by establishing its foundation in the marketplace theory of the First Amendment. Based on this analysis, the paper scrutinizes the three major right of publicity tests used by lower courts, finding that they fail to serve the interests enumerated by the Supreme Court. The tests have led to results inconsistent with the marketplace theory adopted by the Supreme Court and which threaten traditionally protected creative works. The paper thus proposed a two-tiered right of publicity test. The test first distinguishes commercial from noncommercial speech by applying an existing Supreme Court test, and then evaluates noncommercial speech by balancing the marketplace interests identified in Zacchini. Reevaluating the right of publicity doctrine will lead to more consistent results and greater protection for expressive works. The Jamaican Access Law and the Trade Secrets Exemptions: Decisions of the Tribunal • Roxanne Watson, University of South Florida • The Jamaican Access to Information Act, the third access law to be passed in the British Caribbean, was passed in 2002 and implemented in 2004. Because of the infancy of the act, its boundaries have not been fully determined by the court. In the 12 years since this statute has been in operation the Access to Information Tribunal has made a eight decisions touching on the balance between the right to access government held information and the exemption for trade secrets and confidential business information. This paper outlines the Tribunal’s decisions and reasonings relating to the confidential business exemption in order to ascertain the direction of the law as it relates to access in these areas. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13899 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/mag-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 14:49:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13903 Ruth Ebright Finley and The Guidon: The Conservative Feminism of a National Political Women’s Magazine During the Depression • Kathleen Endres, University of Akron • From 1936 to 1938, long-time reporter/editor Ruth Ebright Finley faced a formidable political and journalistic challenge, editing the Women’s National Republican Club’s “political review,” The Guidon. During those years, Finley transformed the quarterly, changing its name, its frequency and its format. But, more importantly, she converted this national women’s political magazine into a voice of conservative feminism. This paper examines a seldom studied and little understood development in American magazine and political history – conservative feminism in the age of the New Deal. Environmentalism in Transition: Defining an Identity in the Pages of Membership Magazines • Suzannah Evans • The American environmental movement was faced with two challenges in the early 1980s: first, from a hostile political environment thanks to the election of Ronald Reagan, and second, from critics who argued that the movement, with its focus on federal policy and upper-middle-class constituents, had become out of touch. This study uses textual analysis of membership magazines from three major environmental organizations to reveal how organizations grappled with these issues during the 1980s. Sisterhood is powerful: A model for how women’s lifestyles magazines foster a distinct intimate relationship • Andrea Hall, University of Florida • Among the top 25 consumer magazines, women’s lifestyles magazines have faired better than most. A model is offered that identifies a series of constructs that explain how women’s lifestyle magazine readers are able to develop an intimate relationship with their magazines, making magazines more attractive to female readers by fostering a sense of belonging. The model proposes that women will be influenced a series of constructs. By identifying how women develop this intimacy with print magazines, this research outlines how this can be successfully translated across magazines as women’s magazines transition to new platforms, including on digital tablets. Public Roles and Private Negotiations: Considering City Magazines’ Public Service and Market Functions • Joy Jenkins, University of Missouri • Editors at city magazines face the same competing loyalties as other local journalists, including sharing information about their cities while considering the interests of their organizations, readers, and advertisers. This study used in-depth interviews with city magazine editors (N = 11) around the country to explore how they navigate public and private interests affecting their work and the implications of these negotiations for their journalistic identity and the perceived functions of their publications in communities. Debating the Mass Communication Graduate Curriculum: Where Can We Study the Magazine Form? • Carolyn Lepre, Marist College • The number of degrees granted from journalism and mass communication undergraduate programs showed modest increases in recent years across the United States and, despite a lagging economy, even larger increases were seen at the graduate level. Despite this growth, U.S. scholars have long debated the make-up of the “ideal” mass communication graduate curriculum. In particular, educators have contemplated the issue of the focus of the mass communication master’s program. For it is a program’s overall emphasis on either professional practice, teaching or research, or both, that guides curricular decisions. These discussions have special meaning for those interested in the magazine form, both from a research perspective and for those in the professoriate who wish to further enhance the study of magazines in the future. This paper seeks to examine the current curricular trends in mass communication graduate education and how the magazine scholar fits into the larger picture. Mass communication graduate education, including the current structure of master’s and doctoral curricula in the United States and what curricular trends might be forthcoming, will be discussed. Through an examination of trends in theory and research, and a discussion of educational trends, suggestions will be made for what students need to learn to be productive researchers on the magazine form. Educational and communication research will also be discussed, and suggestions presented for future research. “Lose the Weight in Half the Time”: Dominant Messages in a Decade of Diet and Weight Loss Magazine Advertisements • Suman Mishra, Southern Illinois University; Rebecca Kern, Manhattan College • Through cultivation and critical theory, this study examines a decade (2001-2011) of diet and weight loss advertising content in ten magazines that reach people of different sex, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientations to provide a broad overview of how different groups are being persuaded to lose weight. Using content analysis, the study finds that weight loss advertising primarily shows white/Caucasian women. Black and Hispanic individuals are underrepresented in the ads even though obesity and weight is a bigger problem among Black and Hispanic men and women. Weight loss among men is promoted more often through active dieting methods (e.g., exercise and exercise equipment), and in women, through passive dieting methods (e.g., drinks, diet food and weight-loss supplements). Diet and weight loss among LGBT groups is promoted through various diet products particularly diet beer. Findings of the study are discussed in terms of dominant messages and ideas about body and weight that circulate in the larger culture. The Women’s Magazine Diet: A Content Analysis of Nutrition and Fitness Articles in Women’s and Women’s Health Magazines • Chelsea Reynolds, University of Minnesota; Susan LoRusso, University of Minnesota • This content analysis quantifies frames, topics, and sources in fitness and nutrition articles (n = 423) published by women’s magazines (Cosmopolitan, Redbook, and Glamour) and women’s health magazines (Health, Shape, and Self) as defined by Standard Rate and Data Service. It also compares frames, topics, and sources against focuses of magazines’ mission statements (health, beauty/fashion, and lifestyle/hybrid). Chi-squares demonstrate there are statistically significant differences in content by magazines’ SRDS genre but not by mission statements. Fashionable Feminism or Feminist Fashion? Women's strife for equality as portrayed in Cosmopolitan and Vogue • Mandy Hagseth, University of South Dakota; Miglena Sternadori • This analysis explored the frames most frequently employed by two women's magazines, Cosmopolitan and Vogue, in referencing feminism in their online content. Four frames emerged: focus on women's agency, anti-demonization, trivialization, and complexity/confusion. Feminism was occasionally appropriated to sell high-end designer fashion, portrayed as a form of female empowerment. The findings are discussed in the context of their practical implications for magazine editors and theoretical implications for feminist scholars. Libelous--But True: Another Look at Butts v. Curtis Publishing • David Sumner • The Saturday Evening Post published “The Story of a College Football Fix” in its March 23, 1963, issue. At the time, Wally Butts was the ex-football coach of the University of Georgia, and Paul “Bear” Bryant was the legendary University of Alabama coach. The story alleged that Butts revealed valuable play strategy details to Bryant in a telephone conversation a week before the September 22, 1962, game. The story’s primary source was an Atlanta insurance salesman who, while dialing a public relations firm, was accidentally cut into and overheard the telephone conversation between Butts and Bryant. Butts sued Curtis Publishing for $10 million in libel damages. Bryant later filed a separate suit. On August 20, 1963, a federal jury in Atlanta returned a libel judgment of $3 million in favor of Butts, which was later reduced to $460,000. In 1967, the Supreme Court upheld the verdict in a narrow 5-to-4 vote. Drawing upon extensive primary source documents, this paper argues that the story itself was true, but the title and sidebar were libelous. Wally Butts intentionally revealed valuable play strategy to Bryant. This paper also frames this story within a wider context of libel law. Nothing in the judges’ ruling in three decisions involving Butts v. Curtis Publishing distinguished between the accuracy of the title and sidebar and the accuracy of the story itself. If they had, the weight of evidence behind the veracity of the content should have prevailed. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13903 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/mcs-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 15:01:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13907 Moeller Student Competition They Don’t Believe What They See: Effects of Crisis Information Form, Source, and Visuals • Julia Daisy Fraustino, University of Maryland • This work reports results of a 2x3x2 between-subjects experiment (N = 590). Using the social-mediated crisis communication model as a theoretical lens, it tested the effects of crisis information source (news media: USA Today vs. organization: University), crisis information form (social media: Twitter vs. social media: Facebook vs. traditional media: website post), and crisis visual (crisis photo vs. no crisis photo) on students’ cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to a campus riot and shooting crisis. "Our program is truth and justice" • Christopher Frear, University of South Carolina; Katherine LaPrad, University of South Carolina School of Journalism and Mass Communications • This study analyzes news framing of racial inequality and discrimination in a Deep South city in the mid-1970s as enduring issues of education, political power, employment, police conduct, and others were covered and contested. A content analysis of two newspapers — the state’s largest daily newspaper and a monthly/weekly black newspaper — shows socially and statistically significant differences in how the newspapers framed events. Researchers use collective action framing theory to interpret the results. An Analysis of News Framing Obamacare Controversy during and after 2013 Government Shutdown • Juan Liu, Wayne State University • This study examines how elite media using official vs. unofficial voices framed Obamacare during and after 2013 government shutdown, and results reveal official voices predominate over unofficial voices in three of elite media except for NYT. Findings also indicate both official and unofficial voices are thematic-orientated frames, which attribute Obamacare controversy to two major political parties. There is consistency and differences among elite media in framing the varying degrees of both official and unofficial voices. Open Competition Media Preferences and Political Knowledge in the 2012 Pre-Primary Period • Mariam Alkazemi, University of Florida; Wayne Wanta, University of Florida • Political knowledge during the pre-primary period in the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign was examined for users of social, online and traditional media. Analysis of survey data collected by the Pew Center showed large differences between viewers of different network newscasts and online media but few differences for other traditional media and social media users. Fox News viewers, both online and through cable, scored highest, perhaps because the knowledge questions involved Republican candidates. Finally, the more online media used, the higher the knowledge level. Reducing Stigmatization Associated with Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency • Michelle Baker, Penn State University • Differences in response to three written narratives designed to reduce stigmatization associated with the genetic condition alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) were examined. Three protagonists were depicted: positive, transitional, and transformational. Positive protagonists, who did not stigmatize a person diagnosed with AATD, showed greater stigmatization reduction than transitional and transformational protagonists. Positive protagonists showed reduced advocacy for individuals to maintain secrecy about their diagnosis or withdraw from others and increased advocacy to educate others about AATD. Exploring the Role of Sensation Seeking, Need for Cognition, and Political Extremity on Use of Online News Forums • Toby Hopp; Benjamin Birkinbine, University of Oregon • This study used a sample of 1,075 online newsreaders to explore the relationship between need for cognition, sensation seeking, and political extremity on use of online news comment forums. The results indicated that political extremity moderated the relationship between sensation seeking and the creation of online news comments. The analysis also found that need for cognition and sensation seeking were positively associated with reading news comments. Is Reality TV a Bad Girls Club? A Content Analysis and Survey of Gendered Aggression • Erica Scharrer, University of Massachusetts; Greg Blackburn, University of Massachusetts • A content analysis of aggression present in reality television programs featuring adults in romantic, friendship-oriented, or familial settings was performed. Results show modest differences among male and female characters in their perpetration of physical, verbal, and social aggression. A survey of 248 U.S. adults indicated correlations between exposure to this subgenre of reality-based programs and physical, verbal and social aggression measures, moderated by gender and the perceived reality of reality television. Online Communities: What do we know? • Porismita Borah; Jared Brickman • Research about the varied facets of online life is exploding in communication research. The question of how people communicate has migrated to a new platform, and the research community is simply trying to keep up, with everything from Tweets to Vines to social networking. A reflection at what has been done so far would be fundamental to help shape the future research agenda for online communities research. The present study conducted a content analysis of the published literature from 66 communication journals. Primary findings show lack of theoretical arguments, and lack of probability sampling. Findings also show higher empirical methodologies and the use of general population as the population of interest. Implications are discussed. Sharing means everything: Friend group perceptions and parenting behaviors on Facebook • Bob Britten, West Virginia University; Jessica Troilo • Individuals draw resources from their networks of institutionalized relationships, a concept known as social capital. At the moment, Facebook is currently the world’s most popular social network, but it is not certain whether or not users consider it a valid source for parenting advice. Social interaction is a main predictor of online use, but research has been mixed as to whether online interactions can harm or bolster one’s social capital. This research project investigated how parents who are Facebook users engaged in a series of online behaviors concerning parenting (sharing information about children, seeking and providing parenting advice, feeling satisfied with the advice received, and feeling understood by one’s Facebook friends) and whether or not these behaviors were associated with perceived congruence with Facebook friends’ values. Trayvon Martin Social Media Messaging: An Analysis of Framing and Media Types in Online Messages by Civil Rights Organizations • Riva Brown, University of Central Arkansas • This content analysis explored framing and media types used by the NAACP, National Urban League, National Action Network, and ColorOfChange.org in social media during the Trayvon Martin case. After George Zimmerman fatally shot Martin and was not charged with murder, these organizations drafted petitions and staged rallies. Chi-square and likelihood ratio results showed some significant differences in frames. Overall, the results suggested that the organizations could have done more to use multimedia and encourage activism. Mobility and the news: Examining the influences of news use patterns and generational differences on mobile news use • Michael Chan, Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study examines the relationships among mobile news use and use of other mediums for accessing the news. Findings from a representative sample found that people are multiplatform users of news, yet subgroup analyses reveal clear differences. Mobile news was negatively related to television use for the 18-34 cohort and to newspaper use for the 35-54 cohort. Results also showed that different gratifications predict mobile hard news and mobile soft news use. Look Who is Talking—and Selling and Steering the Housing Market Policy • Kuang-Kuo Chang, Department of Journalism, Shih Hsin University, Taiwan • The present study content analyzes how Taiwan’s four major newspapers use news sources, notably real estate personnel and construction industry who, in turn, frame the policy. This research is important because it substantiates both theoretical and pragmatic evidence to the existing scarce literature on sourcing patterns in business reporting and its interactive influences on public policy. It carries implications for all stakeholders, particularly news media in terms of its watch-dog roles for a true democracy. Adolescents and Cyber Bullying: The Precaution Adoption Process Model • John Chapin, Pennsylvania State University • A survey of adolescents (N = 1,488) documented Facebook use and experience with cyber bullying. The study found that 84% of adolescents (middle school through college undergraduates) use Facebook, and that most users log on daily. While 30% of the sample reported being cyber bullied, only 12.5% quit using the site, and only 18% told a parent or school official about the abuse. Up to 75% of middle school Facebook users have experienced cyber bullying. The current study was the first to apply the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) to cyber bullying or to test the model with children and adolescents. Results suggest that most adolescents are aware of cyber bullying and acknowledge it as a problem in their school. About half of the adolescents did not progress beyond Stage 2 of the PAPM (aware of the problem, but haven't really thought about it). Adolescents also exhibited optimistic bias, believing they were less likely than peers to become cyber bullied. Implications for prevention education are discussed. Crisis communication strategies at social media and publics’ cognitive and affective responses: A case of Foster Farms salmonella outbreak • Surin Chung, University of Missouri-Columbia; Suman Lee, Iowa State University • This study examined an organization’s crisis communication strategies (crisis response strategy and technical translation strategy) at social media and publics’ cognitive and affective responses. Twenty crisis communication messages from the Foster Farms regarding Salmonella outbreak and 349 public responses were analyzed. The results showed that technical translation strategy generated more acceptances of message and positive emotion than crisis response strategy. Crisis response strategy generated more rejections of message and negative emotion than technical translation strategy. Being a bad, bad man: An experimental study exploring the power of the story on the moral evaluation of immoral characters • Serena Daalmans, Radboud University Nijmegen; Merel van Ommen; Addy Weijers; Michelle van Pinxteren; Rebecca de Leeuw • Research in the affective disposition theory tradition posits that the nature of characters, their intentions and behavioral outcomes influence the perceived realism, transportation, liking (affective dispositions), identification, character perception, perceived character morality and enjoyment. In this study the possibility that the moral nature of the narrative (i.e. ambiguous or closed) influences these ADT-related variables is explored. The study’s main hypothesis is that the morally open condition of a storyline from the existential drama The Sopranos will generate more diverse answers (higher differences in standard deviation), than the morally closed version of the similar storyline, on variables commonly used in ADT-guided research such as character liking, perceived character morality enjoyment and moral evaluation. We conducted an experiment with two types of stories: one with a clear-cut moral closure in the narrative and one in which the last scene is morally ambivalent and offers less moral guidance to the viewers. Using the same storyline from The Sopranos (S03E05, the episode in which Tony gets ticketed for speeding) we created the experimental stimulus by changing the order of the last two scenes. In the open condition, Tony Soprano feels guilt over the immoral actions he has taken, while in the closed version he feels firmly validated in the immoral things he has done. Our results signal the possibility that different prototypical schemas are at play when it comes to the moral evaluation of a morally bad protagonist in contrast with morally good and ambivalent characters. Family Communication Patterns and Problematic Media Use • John Davies, Brigham Young University; Steven Holiday, Brigham Young University; Sean Foster, Brigham Young University; Levi Heperi, Brigham Young University • This study contends that problematic media use is related to family communication patterns. Thirty-five families with 2 to 5 members each (N = 117) completed measures of their family communication patterns and provided information on their media habits. Conformity orientation was positively associated with unregulated television use and beliefs about the mood-managing properties of the medium. Conversation orientation was negatively linked with beliefs about the mood-managing properties of computer / video games. Media Choice as a Function of Prior Affect: An Attempt to Separate Mood from Emotion • Francesca Dillman Carpentier, University of North Carolina; Ryan Rogers; Elise Stevens • Media choices were compared in three studies, observed choices of video games, music, and movie trailers. Participants were placed into one of eight affect conditions using a text introduction + video induction. Four conditions produced states representing emotional responses: elation, contentment, anger, sadness. These conditions featured vignettes and videos describing a situation in which the intended affect was attributed to a specific cause. The remaining conditions produced states representing moods: high-arousal positive, low-arousal positive, high-arousal negative, low-arousal negative. The mood conditions offered no attribution for intended affect. Results indicated few discernible patterns of media choices based on whether a person is experiencing a positive or negative emotion vs. mood. Differences in choices were only pronounced when the experienced affect was of low arousal and not attributable to a specific cause. These differences were seen for music and movie trailers, but not for video games. The Compatibility of Psychological Needs & Talk Show Host Style • Stephanie Edgerly, Northwestern University; Melissa R. Gotlieb, Texas Tech University; Emily Vraga, George Mason University • This study uses an experiment to test the argument that effects of news talk shows are influenced by the compatibility of hosting style (e.g., promoting critical thought vs. humor) and audience needs (e.g., the need for cognition, need for humor). Results indicate strong support for this compatibility argument. When compatibility between host style and audience needs existed, subjects perceived the talk show to be more relevant, which in turn increased cognitive and behavioral involvement. Covering the Colbert Super PAC Initiative — an Exploration of Journalist Perspectives on a Late Night Satirist‘s Entry into Politics • Nathan Gilkerson, Marquette University • Late night humor and satire is playing an increasingly significant role within our culture and political landscape. Recently comedian Stephen Colbert went beyond the role satirists have traditionally played in skewering and making fun of politics; in forming the Colbert Super PAC, Colbert became a prominent participant and activist within the political process itself. This research examines the perceptions and understanding of Colbert’s form of “participatory satire” among those within the journalism community. Effect of verbally aggressive television programming on verbal aggression • Jack Glascock • This study examined the effect of verbally aggressive media on self-reported verbal aggression. Using a theoretical framework provided by social cognitive and priming theories, participants were randomly assigned to watch either a verbally aggressive television show or a neutral show. Participants self-reported verbal aggression was assessed both several weeks before exposure and then again immediately after exposure. A between-subjects analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated males’ verbal aggression increased after exposure to the verbally aggressive media in which the main protagonist was male. Results are discussed within the framework of social cognitive theory and identification with same-sex models. News Content Engagement or News Medium Engagement? A Longitudinal Analysis of News Consumption Since the Rise of Social and Mobile Media 2009-2012 • Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State University; Ying Xu, Bowling Green State University; Chen Yang; Fang Wang, Bowling Green State University, Ohio; Liu Yang; WEIWEI JIANG; Mohammad Abuljadail, Bowling Green State University, Ohio; Xiao Hu, Bowling Green State University; Itay Gabay, Bowling Green State University • This study proposes four levels of news engagement and reports results of a four-year tracking of the general population and the college student population a mid-size Midwest U.S. market to compare how social media and mobile media differed in their effect on consumption time and the number of news media platforms use between the two groups. The analysis shows a steady decline in interest in political news in both general population and students, but total news consumption time remained the same among the general population only. Predictors differ at different levels of news engagement. Facebook as a Brand-Consumer Relationship Tool: The Effect of Socialness in Brand Communication and Brand Image • Jin Hammick, Flagler College • This study extends commitment-trust theory and social response theory to Facebook fan page environments. Using 2x2 posttest only group design, this study manipulated socialness in brand communication and the brand image. The results suggest that socialness in brand communication differently affects customers' perception on brand trustworthiness, relationship commitment and brand attitude depending on the brand image. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed to explore the potential of Facebook as an effective consumer relationship channel. Navigating between Market-Forces and the Public-Service Ideal: Swiss Journalists’ Perception of their Journalistic Role • Lea Hellmueller; Guido Keel • Globalization has increased the amount of soft news and entertainment content in various media systems of the world. Yet Northern European countries with strong public broadcasters are more resistant toward those change. Our representative study of Swiss journalists (N = 2509) reveals that three forces pull journalists toward the market side: if journalists work for private news organization, if journalists cover mostly lifestyle topics, and if journalists belong to the digital native generation. Connecting With Celebrities On Twitter And Facebook: A Narrative Processing Approach • Parul Jain, Ohio University; Amanda J. Weed; Pamela Walck, E.W. Scripps School of Journalism, Ohio University • Using survey methodology and narrative processing approach this study examined the motivations behind connecting with entertainment shows, the characters on these shows, and the actors that play these characters, via two main social networking sites: Facebook and Twitter. As predicted by uses and gratification theory, the results suggest that levels of transportation predict likelihood of connecting with the show on SN platforms. The levels of identification and parasocial interaction experienced during viewing predict the likelihood of following the character and the actor that played that role. Source evaluation of the character mediated the relationship between social attraction and parasocial interaction. Theoretically, this research extends uses and gratification and narrative processing in the area of social networking research. Further theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Do Social Media Amplify Public Attention? Rethinking Agenda Setting with Social Big Data • S. Mo Jang, University of South Carolina; Josh Pasek, University of Michigan • This research reconsiders agenda setting research by examining the key assumption that the carrying capacity of mass mediated news is limited. We investigate the relevance of this premise in a digital era where the production and broadcasting capacity of mass media has been significantly amplified. Evidence from the full stream of Twitter data indicates that the total amount of user-generated information may vary in line with real-world events. These findings challenge the fundamental assumption of agenda setting theory. The Power of the Cover: Symbolic Contests Around the Boston Bombing Suspect’s Rolling Stone Cover • Joy Jenkins, University of Missouri; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University • Rolling Stone ignited a debate in July 2013 when it published a cover featuring alleged Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. The online version of the cover story drew commenters expressing criticism and support of the cover. A qualitative analysis of 7,871 comments posted within the first week of the cover story shed light on the image’s institutional meaning for Rolling Stone and community meaning for readers, ultimately revealing how magazine covers serve as cultural artifacts. A fatal attraction: The effect of TV viewing on smoking initiation in young women • Erika Johnson, University of Missouri; KYUNG JUNG HAN, University of Missouri; Maria Len-Rios, U. of Missouri • This study seeks to establish a connection between TV viewing and smoking intentions and low smoking refusal ability in young adult women, 18-24 (N = 156). Using cultivation and social learning theories as a guide, the researchers found that TV viewing and smoking intentions are correlated and that TV viewing and ability to refuse smoking were negatively correlated. This suggests that TV viewing is positively associated with smoking intentions and inability to overcome peer pressure. Health Reporting and Public Attitudes towards Media and Government Accountability in Five West African Countries • Stephanie Smith, Ohio University; Yusuf Kalyango, Ohio University; Kingsley Antwi-Boasiako, Ohio University • This study examines how citizens of Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Liberia, and Sierra Leone view their relationship with the government and media performance in terms of the reporting on government’s handling of public health services, using the Afrobarometer data. Results show that going without health related necessities significantly predicted how well/badly one perceives the government’s handling of health related issues and also significantly predicted perceptions of the effectiveness of the news media in revealing corruption. Findings also indicated that among the respondents in the five West African countries of Ghana, Sierra Leone, Benin, Cape Verde and Liberia only a small proportion of them held the opinion that government was handling the job of combating HIV/AIDS. On improvement of basic health services and ensuring everyone has enough to eat, very few respondents stated that their governments were handling this “very badly.” The significance of these results are discussed in detail. Attribute Agenda Setting, Attribute Priming, and the Public’s Evaluation of Genetically Modified (GM) Food in South Korea • Soo Yun Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Sei-Hill Kim • The primary purpose of this study was to explore attribute agenda setting and priming effects in South Korea. In order to demonstrate the role of the media in shaping people’s perceptions of Genetically Modified (GM) foods, I first examined the attributes of GM food that have appeared more often than others in Korean news media (attribute agenda setting). Then, I linked the results of the content analysis to survey data and explored whether certain attributes emphasized in the media became salient in people’s minds (attribute priming). Findings support the transmission of issue salience from the media to the public. First, more salient attributes in the news media were more likely to influence people’s evaluation of GM food. Second, the media – public correspondence between the media’s agenda and the public’s agenda of GM food was significantly greater among high media users, especially among high television viewers. With these findings about the attribute agenda setting and attribute priming, Korean news media seem to make certain attributes of an issue more or less salient in people’s minds. Skepticism, Partisan Post-Debate News Use, and Polarization: Examining a Moderated Mediation Model of Debate Attention and Partisan News Use on Polarized Attitudes • Sungsu Kim, University of Arizona; Jay Hmielowski; Myiah Hutchens; Michael Beam, Kent State University • This study attempts to understand the conditions in which skepticism leads to polarized political attitudes. To examine our communication process model, we analyzed data collected during the 2012 presidential election. Our model examined the indirect effects of skepticism on polarization through our mediating variable of attention to presidential debates. We also examined whether these indirect effects varied by attention to partisan post-debate news. Our results showed contributory effects where partisan post-debate news increased the relationship between debate viewing and polarization. These indirect effects were present only at moderate and high levels of attention to post-debate coverage. Did Apollo astronauts land on the moon? The cause and consequence of belief in conspiracy theories • Minchul Kim, Indiana University; Xiaoxia Cao, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee • A two-stage randomized experiment found that exposure to a video promoting the moon landing conspiracy increased belief in the conspiracy. The immediate increase in the belief persisted two weeks after the exposure, and translated into higher levels of distrust in the government. The findings shed light on not only the important role played by media in cultivating belief in conspiracy theories but also the political ramifications of exposure to media messages that promote the theories. Not Living up to Our Ideals: Value-Trait Consistency in News Exposure and Democratic Citizenship • Dam Hee Kim, University of Michigan; Josh Pasek, University of Michigan • Although scholars consider it important for people to seek diverse information, it appears that many people are only exposing themselves to information they already agree with. This study explores a disconnect between ideals and practices to identify 1) whether citizens hold the same ideals as scholars; 2) whether individuals who hold diversity-seeking ideals live up to the ideals; and 3) whether diversity-seeking ideals and practices are emblematic with good democratic citizenship. The effect of e-health literacy and readability of online magazine articles on sexual health knowledge and condom use intentions among 18- to 24-year-old women • Maria Len-Rios, U. of Missouri; KYUNG JUNG HAN, University of Missouri; Erika Johnson, University of Missouri • This is a mixed experimental study using a 2(article readability: 6th grade vs. 12th grade) x 2(health topic: sexually transmitted infections vs. unintended pregnancy) x e-health literacy level design. We investigate the effect of e-health literacy and magazine article readability on sexual health knowledge gain and condom use intentions among females (N=213). Participants with higher e-health literacy scores gained more STI knowledge from reading the articles than did those with lower scores. The Effects of Antismoking Ads on Long-Term Smokers’ Maladaptive Responses and Cessation Intent • Jungsuk Kang; Carolyn Lin • This study examined how message framing and visual-fear appeals in antismoking ads influenced maladaptive responses and cessation intent among Korean males smokers. For smokers who attempted cessation in the previous 12 month, ad exposure increased their fatalism and hopelessness; their wishful thinking was stronger in the gain-frame/no visual-fear condition. For smokers who did not attempt cessation, ad exposure increased their cessation intention; visual fear-appeal generated a greater level of denial, wishful thinking and hopelessness. Psychological Distance, General Self-efficacy, and Third-person Perception Abstract • xudong liu, Macau University of Science and Technology • The study incorporated the construal level theory to investigate how psychological distance influence people’s judgment of media content’s impact on self and others. A survey study demonstrates that when people perceived the event covered by the news stores were likely to occur locally, or viewed as psychologically nearing the viewer, perceived impact on self increases and third person perception decreases. The study also found that self-efficacy and general-efficacy counteract negative information and positively influence third person perception. Ecological and field-level predictors of media decision-making: The case of hyperlocal news • Wilson Lowrey; Eunyoung Kim, University of Alabama • This study examines the influence of population dynamics, a concept from organization ecology research, against traditional predictors from gatekeeping and media sociology research, using the case example of the hyperlocal news website. Traditional “field-level” predictors from media sociology, and population-level predictors from organizational ecology are used to predict frequency and favorability of coverage of local businesses and government organizations. Population-level predictors corresponded significantly with frequency of coverage. However, the professional background of journalists and connection with traditional media organizations were more important in predicting favorability of coverage. Results suggest relevance of population-level factors, which have been mostly missing in previous media sociology and gatekeeping studies. A Look of Horror: Perceptions of Frightening Content Based on Character Expression • Teresa Lynch, Indiana University; Andrew J. Weaver • Two-hundred-seven individuals participated in a 2 (Race) x 2 (Sex) x 2 (Expression) x 4 (Title) experiment examining perceptions of fright in horror video games and selective exposure. Results indicate that character expression is a meaningful cue of a video game’s horror content. We examined identification with a character on perceptions of horror. We discuss results for selective exposure in the context of social identity theory and implications of monadic vs. observation-based identification with characters. Impact of English Social Media on Acculturation to America: A Study of Hong Kong Youth • YANNI MA, Hong Kong Baptist University; Cong Li, University of Miami; Ying Du, Hong Kong Baptist University • With the popularization of digital gadgets among youth all over the world, social media plays an important role in redefining communication and community. In the process of acculturation, social media also has great potential to influence immigrants or sojourners. In this study, we conduct a survey to test whether acculturation to America among people outside of the U.S. in Asia, i.e., in Hong Kong, is affected by social media use. A positive correlation is found between consumption of English social media and assimilation and integration, which means that English social media could facilitate the process of acculturation to America among the youth of Hong Kong. Mobile Media and Democracy: Skill and Political News as Predictors of Participation • Jason Martin, DePaul University • This study explores the emerging role of mobile news in democracy by examining to what extent differential patterns of mobile political news use are based on demographics, socioeconomic indicators, and mobile media skill, and, in turn, how those differences influence political participatory outcomes. A nationally representative random-sample survey (n=2,250) was analyzed to better explain who mobile election news users are, how they compare to non-users, the importance of mobile media skill as a predictor of mobile news use, and the consequences of mobile political news use in the democratic process during the November 2010 general election. Findings extend research on the complicated intersection of demographics, cognitive attributes, and social factors that predict who uses the Internet for political purposes and the benefits they derive from that use by producing results specific to mobile media. Mobile political news use was associated with greater likelihood of electoral participation for some traditionally underprivileged segments of society, especially when analysis focuses on determinants of mobile political news use and the potential importance of mobile news as a political resource for racial minorities. However, while mobile news use clearly held an important role in the election and has the potential to reach atypical political news consumers, analysis also highlights the conditionality of that influence by demonstrating how socioeconomically privileged respondents were more likely to be mobile political news users and how mobile media skill, a variable that could potentially mitigate some of the effects of demographic advantage, was limited as a predictor of political participation. Are we reading the same crisis news? A comparative framing and message strategy analysis of crisis news coverage within different cultural dimensions • Andrea Miller, Louisiana State University; Young Kim, Louisiana State University; myounggi chon • This study explores cultural differences in crisis communication by analyzing and comparing the cross-national framing and crisis messages for the 2013 Asiana Airlines crash, disseminated by South Korean and American news agencies. Using Hofstede’s (1980) five dimensions of culture, a total of 256 news stories (Korean: 133 and American: 123) were analyzed to examine which news sources, news framing, level of responsibility, and crisis message strategies were used by media within different cultures. Peering Over the Ideological Wall: Examining Priming Effects Among Political Partisans • David Morin, Utah Valley University; Gi Woong Yun, Bowling Green State University • Contemporary political priming research attempts to discover the underlying variables that may strengthen or weaken priming effects. In keeping in line with that reasoning, this study examined how political ideology influences priming outcomes along a diverse set of evaluative criteria, among political partisan individuals. The findings suggest that political primes may be able to affect political partisans only if the prime is directly related to the evaluative line. Bull’s-eye: Examining the Influence of Parental Mediation, Empathy and Media Usage in the Cyberbullying of Teens • Cynthia Nichols, Oklahoma State University; Krysta Gilbert • Certain characteristics have emerged in cyberbullying research as indicators of bullies—lack of empathy toward cyberbullying, lack of parental mediation, and high social media use. The following paper looks to explore the relationships between these variables. Data indicated that teens with lower levels of empathy toward cyberbullying had lower levels of parental mediation, admitted to cyberbullying others, have higher social media usage, and had a high level of addiction to social media. Who’s the Bully?: Teaching About Bullies in Situation Comedies • Patrice Oppliger; Chelsea Summers, University of Colorado • Bullying is a significant problem for adolescents in the United States; however, few if any anti-bullying programs address the influence of media on aggression. Studies show the media is a pervasive source of information for adolescents, particularly in regard to violence and aggressive behavior among and between boys and girls. The following content analysis investigates how adolescent bullying is represented in situation comedies. The portrayals of bullying differed significantly by gender, race, target audience, and decade of broadcast. Result showed no link between the strategy the victims adopted (e.g., standing up to the bully, telling an adult) and the outcome of the situation. Do perceptions matter in pornography effects? Examining how use and perceived general acceptance and influence of pornography may impact agreement with sex-role attitudes • Rebecca Ortiz, Texas Tech University; Shawna White, Texas Tech University; Eric Rasmussen, Texas Tech University • The present study was conducted to examine how perceived acceptance and influence of pornography use may play a role in the relationship between pornography consumption and sex-role attitudes. Results revealed that pornography consumption was associated with perceived general acceptance and influence of pornography and agreement with less progressive sex roles. Believing that pornography can have positive effects on most people, however, was negatively associated with agreement with less progressive sex-role attitudes. The Russian diva and the American golden girl in NBC’s 2012 Olympic Gymnastics Coverage • Kelly Poniatowski, Elizabethtown College • Gabby Douglas of the United States and Aliya Mustafina of Russia were two of the top gymnasts at the 2012 Olympics. This paper will use textual analysis to investigate how these two gymnasts were stereotypically portrayed in contrast to one another during NBC’s coverage of the 2012 Olympics. Findings suggest Mustafina was constructed as a diva for not following authority and listening to her coach. Douglas was constructed as hardworking and having made many sacrifices. Emerging adults’ responses to active mediation of pornography during adolescence • Eric Rasmussen, Texas Tech University; Shawna White, Texas Tech University; Rebecca Ortiz, Texas Tech University • This study explored the predictors of negative active mediation of pornography, as well as the relation between negative active mediation of pornography received by adolescents and emerging adults’ pornography use, attitudes about pornography, and self-esteem of those who sexual partner regularly views pornography. The findings revealed that the negative relationship between active mediation of pornography and emerging adults’ pornography use was mediated by negative attitudes about pornography. Environmental orientations and news coverage: Examining the impact of individual differences and narrative news • Fuyuan Shen, Penn State University; Lee Ahern, Penn State; Jiangxue (Ashley) Han, Penn State University • This paper examined the impact of narrative environmental news and the extent to which it might be moderated by individuals’ prior environmental orientations. To do that, we conducted an experiment whereby participants read either narrative or informational news reports on the environmental consequences of shale gas drilling. Individuals’ environmental orientations were measured a week before the experiment. Results indicated significant interaction effects between news formats and individuals’ environmental orientations on transportation, cognitive responses, empathy and issue attitudes. Those who were more concerned about the environment were more affected by narrative news than those less concerned. These findings suggest news narratives had stronger effects when they resonated with individuals’ predispositions. Is “doing well” doing any good? How web analytics and social media are changing journalists’ perceptions of news quality • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Ryan Thomas, Missouri School of Journalism • This study examines how online journalists define a phrase commonly heard in online newsrooms: What does it mean if a story is “doing well?” Through qualitative analysis of survey responses from 210 online editors, this study found five general categories of definition: a) getting a lot of readership; b) getting high audience metrics; c) being shared on social media; d) being talked about by readers; or e) contributing to journalism’s social roles. Using Social Media to Analyze Candidate Performance and Public Opinion During Political Debates • Mark Tremayne, University of Texas at Arlington; Milad Minooie, University of Texas at Arlington • A network analysis of Twitter discussion during the first presidential debate between President Obama and Mitt Romney was used to examine the process of public opinion formation as the debate was occurring. What user characteristics are associated with centrality in this kind of network? What mechanisms drive hub formation? Does sentiment move toward one candidate or the other as the debate progresses? The viability of social networks as a gauge of public opinion is discussed. The ‘weaponization’ of media in the context of war, conflict and Security • Christian Vukasovich, Oregon Tech; Oliver Boyd-Barrett • This article takes a critical analysis of existing perspectives on the role of propaganda in news reporting during times of war and conflict. Emerging from this inquiry is the theory of a weaponization of media that moves beyond the scope of existing propaganda theories and explains to what end propaganda works as well as the ways in which the media system capacitates and enhances processes of propaganda. The Dynamics of Cross-Cutting Exposure and Attitude Change: A Latent Growth Curve Analysis • Sungmin Kang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Mike Wagner • Generally, research examining cross-cutting exposure has relied on cross-sectional data, which necessarily is confined to one point in time. The Latent Growth Curve analysis we employ here is specifically designed to estimate the dynamics of cross-cutting exposure over time. The major contribution we make here is the demonstration that the initial level of cross-cutting exposure reported by respondents before the South Korean election is a predictor for the rate of change in opinion modification. Virality of news tweets and videos about the missing Malaysia Airlines flight: the effects of analytical vs. emotional content, modalities, and interface cues • Yi Wang, University of Connecticut; Jueman Zhang; Yue Wu; XIULI WANG; Ross Buck • This study examine the effects of analytical versus emotional content, modalities, and interface cues on intention to retweet news posts about the missing Malaysia Airlines flight on Weibo, the Chinese Twitter-like microblogging. News posts with analytical content were likely to be retweeted than news posts with information that led to sad emotions. The study also investigated how the weight and order of analytical and emotional content in a video affected attention, arousal, and intention to retweet the video. Videos with largely analytical content were more attention getting than videos with information that led to sad emotions. The former were less arousing than the latter. Persuasion in 140 Characters: Testing Issue Framing, Persuasion and Credibility via Twitter and Online News Articles in the Gun Control Debate • ben wasike, University of Texas at Brownsville • Using a 2x2x4 experimental design, this study examined the framing of the pro and anti-gun control arguments posited after the Sandy Hook shooting and the resultant effect on persuasion and credibility. Overall, pro-gun control frames were more persuasive and more credible than anti-gun control frames. Arguments transmitted via online news articles elicited more persuasion than those transmitted via Twitter. Policy ramifications for the gun debate and overall implications for Twitter are discussed. The Elections in 140 Characters: How Obama and Romney Used Twitter in the 2012 Presidential Race • ben wasike, University of Texas at Brownsville • This study used content analysis to examine how Obama and Romney used Twitter to mobilize their supporters, interact with them and frame other each via direct dialogue during the 2012 elections. Obama had more voter interaction and used Twitter more for mobilization. Overall, Twitter use mirrored that of other campaign tools in terms of mobilization and direct dialogue. This means that Twitter mostly conforms to the normalization thesis, whereby an anticipated revolution borne of new technology fails to change traditional communication patterns. The ramifications are discussed within. Is mobile expanding political participation?: The digital divide and demographic patterns in telephone, web, and mobile-based requests for city services • Brendan Watson, University of Minnesota • This study analyzes demographic patterns in residents’ requests for non-emergency city services made by telephone, online, or via a mobile app, SeeClickFix. The study maps requests’ location and underlying neighborhood demographics, testing whether mobile reports alter political participation patterns. Digital divides suggest that online reports would be less likely in minority neighborhoods. Smartphone penetration, however, is highest among racial minorities. Thus, mobile government services could potentially increase political participation among these traditionally underrepresented demographics. Mourning and grief on Facebook: An examination of motivations for interacting with the deceased • Erin Willis, University of Memphis; Patrick Ferrucci, Bradley University • Facebook has not only changed the way we communicate but the way we mourn and express grief. The social networking site allows users to interact with deceased users’ walls after death. This study used textual analysis to categorize Facebook posts (N=122) on 30 deceased users’ walls according to the uses and gratifications theory. Most posts were found to be motivated by entertainment followed by integration and social interaction. Facebook users posted memories, condolences, and interacted with friends and family members in the deceased user’s network. Implications and future research are discussed. The American Journalist in the Digital Age: How Journalists and the Public Think About U.S. Journalism • Lars Willnat; David Weaver, Indiana University • This paper reports findings from a 2013 survey of 1,080 U.S. journalists and a 2014 survey of the 1,230 U.S. adults, focusing on their views of traditional journalism roles and the performance of U.S. journalism. The study finds significant differences in how journalists and the public evaluate news media performance and journalistic roles. It also finds that news consumption and social media use predict stronger support for traditional journalistic roles among journalists and citizens. Chatting leads to political action? Modeling the relation among discussion motivations, political expression and participation • Pei Zheng, University of Texas at Austin; Fangjing Tu, University of Texas at Austin; Homero Gil de Zuniga, University of Vienna • This study examines (1) the influence of two motivations for discussing politics (civic and social) on political discussion and political expression, (2) the role of political discussion and expression on offline participation, and (3) the pathway from the two motivations to offline participation. Using two-wave national panel survey data, three well-fitted synchronous structural equation models, cross sectional, lagged panel and fixed effects models, are tested to guarantee solid findings. All models show that civic motivations for discussing politics directly link to discussion and offline participation, while social motivations instead encourage more political expression and through this path lead to discussion and participation offline. In other words, we found largely consistent patterns of relationships among these variables regardless of whether we examined associations among individual differences, intra-individual change, or net gains. Results imply that casual chatting would involve political elements which gradually drive individual to engage in political actions. Student Competition From Passive to Active: The Spectrum of Peace Journalism • Jesse Benn • The biggest hurdle facing the field of Peace Journalism (PJ) is its vague definition. This paper proposes defining PJ as it operates on a spectrum, from passive to active. Through a review of extant PJ literature, this paper synthesizes current theory into an overarching, explicit concept, and calls for it to be further adopted and expanded. To conclude it considers potential advantages, drawbacks, and critiques of its proposal. Moral Foundations Theory and U.S. Newspaper Coverage of Mosque Controversies • Brian J. Bowe, Michigan State University • This study proposes improving the measurement of media frames by applying Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) to the operationalization of the moral evaluation frame dimension. Analyzing news articles (n=350) from five newspapers about controversies surrounding the construction of mosques in the U.S. A cluster analysis of moral foundations in this study found two clusters, both of which were strongly rooted in socially binding moral foundations. One was related to the foundation of subversion and the other related to loyalty. The framing implications of these two clusters are discussed. Bringing back the past: New media and archived media content providers • Terry Britt, University of Texas at Austin • This qualitative study examines individuals who acquire, digitize, and upload archival media content (media originally produced before 1990) for public viewing on YouTube and, in some cases, their own websites. The study also looks at challenges to their efforts, primarily copyright issues and deteriorating or vanishing sources of content. These individuals often see themselves as unofficial media archivists or historians, attempting to make unknown or obscure content available to the public. Internet and political participation in Georgia • Nino Danelia, University of South Carolina • The study founds that the Internet plays an important role in predicting youth political participation in Georgia, one of the former republics of the Soviet Union. Attention to online news media increases youth’s political knowledge that in turn, enhances their feeling of self-efficacy and ultimately, political participation. Involvement in online political discussions is among the strongest predictors of participatory behavior in a country with semi-democratic political system, partly free media environment and low penetration of Internet. Intergroup Contact Through News Exposure and the Role of Group-based Emotions • Jiyoung Han, University of Minnesota • This study argues that news exposure substitutes physical or/and interpersonal contacts. I applied this idea to news reports on President Obama’s Trayvon Martin. Consistent with intergroup contact theory and social identity theory, I proposed that news frames (i.e., empathy-framed news and conflict-framed news) may infuse group-based emotions, such as empathy for blacks and anxiety toward blacks, into audiences’ mind and consequently have an impact on their support for President Obama’s Trayvon Martin speech. Two studies showed that people’s support for the speech varied as a function of news frames and group-based emotions played an important role in the given relationships. Interestingly two distinct racial groups (i.e., whites and non-black minorities) showed different responses to the news frames. Study 1 (N =136 white students) demonstrated that exposure to the empathy-framed news increased whites’ support for the speech, whereas exposure to the conflict-frames news reduced whites’ support for the speech. However, neither empathy for blacks nor anxiety toward blacks was identified as a mediator in the given relationships. Study 2 (N = 53 non-black minority students) showed that exposure to the empathy-framed news and even to the conflict-framed news increased empathy for blacks and in turn non-black minorities more strongly supported the speech. Agenda-Setting and Visual Framing in Media Coverage of the Guttenfelder Instagram Photographs from North Korea • Steven Holiday, Brigham Young University; Matthew J. Lewis, Brigham Young University; Rachel Nielsen, Brigham Young University; Harper Anderson, Brigham Young University • In 2013, photojournalist David Guttenfelder became one of the first people granted access to post images of life within North Korea to Instagram in real-time. This quantitative content analysis examines themes portrayed in Guttenfelder’s Instagram photos and whether news sources that featured Guttenfelder’s work proportionately represented the captured themes or perpetuated stereotypical views of North Korean totalitarianism. Results indicate significant differences in some sources’ depictions of totalitarianism. The study discussed potential media and societal implications. User-Generated Rumors on YouTube • Hyosun Kim, University of North Carolina -CH • To expand the idea of SIDE model in CMC, this study content analyzed comments about the Sandy Hook shooting conspiracy video on YouTube. The findings revealed that visual anonymity was related to the way of opinion expression and the style of interaction with other commenters. However, visual anonymity did not significantly relate to the use of obscene language. Rather, the use of obscene language was significantly related to opinion expression, confirming SIDE effect. Reading Peer Sexual Norms: A Study of Online Fan Fiction • Wan Chi Leung, University of South Carolina • Fan fiction is a kind of literary work that makes use of established setting or characters from other original works to create new stories, which is particularly popular among young female. A survey of 639 online fan fiction readers was conducted to examine the indirect effects of sex descriptions in fan fiction on the Internet on readers’ sexual attitudes, focusing on how exposure to the sexual descriptions in fan fiction and its feedback mechanism produce an indirect effect on sexual attitudes, through influencing the perceived peer norms. Results show that exposure to sex descriptions in fan fiction significantly predicted perceived exposure of others, which in turn predicted peer sexual norm. Exposure to other readers’ responses significantly predicted perceived homophily with other readers, which also predicted peer sexual norm. A route of indirect effects of reading fan fiction through perceived peer norms is established. Too good to care: The effect of skill on hostility and aggression following violent video game play • Nicholas Matthews • An experiment tested if higher skilled players would experience diminished aggression related outcomes compared to lower skilled players due to flow state optimization. Specifically, the study observed if higher flow states made narrative-defined game goals more salient, thus reducing focus on the more peripheral violent content. After controlling for the amount, type, and context of violence, higher skilled players experienced lower levels of hostility and aggression related cognitions and greater levels of flow than lower skilled players. Additionally, skill altered players’ perceptions as well, as higher skilled players experienced higher construal levels than lower skilled players. Operations in the Sky: Analysis of Drone Coverage in US Media • Fauzeya Rahman, UT Austin • Pilotless armed aircraft (drones) are here to stay. A significant component of U.S. counterterrorism strategy, drone strikes have been used both in theaters of war and non-combat areas such as Pakistan and Yemen. Historically, the media has taken the administration’s lead and relied on official frames and sources in war coverage. This paper analyzes The New York Times from 2009-2014 to see if coverage of drone strikes reflected realities on the ground. The Antecedents of the Consumption of Community-Oriented Communication Channels • Jing Yan; Yalong JIANG • In this article we focused on the consumption of different community-based communication channels. Based on use and gratification approach and the theory of channel complementary, we argued that 1) “needs observed” and “needs obtained” are associated with the consumption of communication channels respectively. “Needs obtained” could contribute more to the consumption of communication channels; 2) the voluntary organizations can be divided into two types: “old” and “new” organization. The new voluntary organizations adopt the emerging “connective action” which relies heavily on the interactive digital media to distribute the interest-articulations and organize activities. So participating in “new” voluntary organizations would be positively associated with Internet use. Data used in this paper is from the PEW Internet and American’s life project (2010). The results showed that both two types of needs are positively associated with community-based Internet use and face to face communication. Comparing to “needs observed”, “needs obtained” has a larger contribution. Participating in “new” voluntary organizations is positively associated with consumption of the community-based Internet use. The results imply that the “needs observed” as the self-report before media use has less impact on media consumption than the “needs obtained” as evaluation of media use. The results also indicate that the type of organizations is also an impact factor on media consumption. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13907 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/med-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 15:07:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13910 Carol Burnett Award Bringing an Ethics of Care to Reporting on Suicide • Gemma Richardson, University of Western Ontario • This paper provides an overview of the policies in Canadian newsrooms on covering suicide and concludes that reporting on suicide guided by an ethics of care may prove more effective than prescriptive guidelines stating what journalists can and cannot report. An ethics of care in suicide reporting emphasizes compassion, requiring sensitivity for story sources and subjects. This approach may offer a way to open up the dialogue on suicide in an empathetic and respectful manner. Their Eyes are Watching: The Ethics of Facebook’s Graphic Content Policy Regarding Violence and Adolescents • Monique Robinson, University of Kansas • In 2013, a video depicting a woman’s beheading was posted to the social media website Facebook in accordance with its then policy. Concern was expressed about adolescent (ages 13-17) exposure to violent graphic content on the website. The following analysis employs the Western ethical concepts of virtue ethics (Aristotle), utilitarianism (Mill), and duty (Kant) to evaluate Facebook’s graphic content policy regarding violence and contemplate if Facebook has an ethical duty to protect adolescent audiences. Open Competition A Model of Sectarian News Commenting and Self-Disclosure • Krystin Anderson, University of Florida • Due to controversies about the negative aspects of news commenting sections, this paper proposes a model connecting the reading of sectarian comments to a reader’s decision to self-disclose an ideologically based identity. Drawing on cultivation theory, it suggests that identity reinforcement mediates this relationship, with moderators including extremity of sectarianism expressed, perception of risk and utility, initial identity strength, social identity of the self-disclosure recipient, and the reader’s sense of being in the minority or majority. Aristotle, Casuistry, and Global Media Ethics • Sandra L. Borden, Western Michigan University • A number of scholars have been working on the project of developing a global media ethics focused on “transnational publics and global problems” (Ward, 2013, p. 2). A virtue approach to ethical issues raised by globalized media has not gotten much attention, however. Yet virtue theory been diffused throughout the globe in a number of ancient and contemporary traditions, resulting in a robust pluralism founded on the centrality of discernment and discretion (Ess, 2013). Virtues provide a culturally sensitive, but non-relativistic, moral foundation that “transcends borders without being historically detached” (Keenan & Shannon, 1995, p. 228). The main purpose of this paper is to propose casuistry as a method for deliberation that complements a broadly Aristotelian framework for media ethics. Casuistry is contextual and dialectical while proceeding incrementally and modestly to yield probable judgments even when there is no agreement on first principles or on a telos. The principal question addressed in this paper is, what are the advantages of casuistry as a deliberative method for a virtue approach to globalized media? A related secondary question is, what are the implications for building a thick global media ethics from the ground up? Briefly, I will argue that casuistry: 1) zeroes in on particulars and reminds us to be cautious about blowing up the scale of ethical reasoning beyond what the situation demands; 2) conceives of moral agents as situated selves and confirms the value of moral expertise; and 3) presses for closure while resisting codification. Deception by Omission in News Reporting: The Most Harmful Deception in Journalism as an Organizational Behavior • HYUNJEONG CHOI, University of Texas at Austin • Deception in journalism can be defined as any type of verbal or nonverbal practice in journalism that intentionally causes the public to initiate or hold false beliefs. Journalistic deception can be divided into four groups in accordance with acts of commission and omission in two areas of news gathering and news reporting. Among the four types of deception in journalism, I contend that deceptive news reporting by omission is rooted directly in organizational behavior, and it can result in the most serious harm to the public. While three other types of deception are undertaken for the purpose of more convenient access to news sources and journalists’ obligation or their own personal greed such as scoop and promotion, the benefits of deception in news reporting by omission appear to accrue to the organization that hires the journalists rather than to individual journalists who commit the deception. Media companies seek to maximize profits through catering to their partisan audiences by suppressing certain information that is not palatable to their readers/viewers. Selectively omitted information is particularly harmful to society because it can lead to conditions that motivate readers/viewers to initiate or to strengthen biased perspectives disseminated by the media organization that may run counter to the best interests of the audiences. In addition, audiences may be rational and make sense of bias in the media where all the facts are given, but it is virtually impossible for them to fully recover information that is selectively omitted in order to achieve information aggregation. To Post or Not to Post: Ethical Considerations in Using Gun Permit Data Online • David Craig, University of Oklahoma; Stan Ketterer, Oklahoma State University; Mohammad Yousuf, University of Oklahoma • This study investigates the ethical dimensions of data journalism by examining journalists’ discussion of a controversy over publication of gun permit data. Three discussion threads in the listerv of the National Institute of Computer-Assisted Reporting were analyzed. Frames were freedom versus responsibility, consequences, privacy and verification, and alternatives. The findings highlight the benefits of pooling the practical wisdom of participants in an evolving practice. They also suggest recommendations for evaluating the ethics of data journalism. “I dunno about Morals, but I do got rules”: Analyzing the moral evaluations of prisoners, law-enforcement agents and civilians of The Sopranos. • Merel van Ommen; Serena Daalmans, Radboud University Nijmegen; Addy Weijers; Rebecca de Leeuw • The current study is based on qualitative interviews (N = 60), that aimed to provide insight in the grounds of moral evaluations of an existential crime drama with morally ambivalent characters by different moral subcultures (i.e. prisoners, law enforcement agents, and civilians). The results reveal that prisoners and law enforcement agents ground their moral evaluations in their personal and professional opinions, while civilians showcase more nuance and reveal a difference between those who were and were not familiar with the show. ‘His Women Problem’: An analysis of gender on The Newsroom • Chad Painter, Eastern New Mexico University; Patrick Ferrucci, Bradley University • This textual analysis focused on the portrayal of female journalists on Aaron Sorkin’s The Newsroom. The researchers argue that the four main female journalists were depicted as being unprofessional in the workplace, being inadequate at their jobs, and being motherly and weak. The researchers conclude that Sorkin and his creative team failed in their ethical obligation to the audience and society because the portrayals could negatively impact the perceptions of real female journalists. Search Engines and Online Censorship in China: An Ethics Approach • Tao Fu; William Babcock • This paper examines how two search engines in China – Google.com.hk and Baidu.com – are different and attract different audiences, but still are able to fit John Stewart Mill’s utilitarian model. Great use is made of both search engines, and the Chinese government in particular monitors – and censors – one, while the other is generally free of such intervention. Gratification in journalism practice: An assessment of Kuwaiti journalists’ perspective • Uche Onyebadi, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Fawaz Alajmi, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • Media ethics generally recommends journalists avoiding gratification in order to maintain objectivity and professional integrity. This study investigated the application of this ethical injunction in Kuwait. It surveyed and interviewed Kuwaiti journalists on their attitude towards gratification. Results indicate a breach of this ethical recommendation. Reasons for this include lack of media ethics education among journalists and the absence of ethical guidance by media owners. In addition, journalism in Kuwait is largely a part-time job. Media Exemplars and a Model of the Morally Motivated Self • Patrick Plaisance, Colorado State University • Research on journalists and public relations executives known for their ethical leadership has demonstrated a clear moral psychology “profile” of personality traits, moral reasoning abilities and rejection of relativistic thinking. Drawing from this profile, a model of the “morally motivated self” is proposed here to map moral functioning as a way to advance media ethics theorizing. The proposed model comports well with the neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics focus on human flourishing, in contrast with deontological approaches. The Relationship between Organizational Leaders and Advertising Ethics: An Organizational Ethnography • Erin Schauster, Bradley University • Understanding the complexity of advertising ethics mandates an organizational approach to empirical research. This ethnography examines the relationship between aspects of organizational leadership and advertising ethics through the lens of structuration theory. Forty-five days of fieldwork at a full-service advertising agency and 45 one-on-one interviews gathered perceptions of organizational leadership and ethical problems in advertising. Findings suggest that characteristics of leadership enable ethical awareness, while amoral intentions for starting the agency simultaneously constrain awareness. Let’s Agree to Disagree: Advertising Ethics and the Consensus View • Erin Schauster, Bradley University • Organizational culture provides a context-specific look into advertising ethics. Through the lens of organizational culture, as both shared and divided, a full-service advertising agency was observed. Forty-five days of fieldwork and 45 one-on-one interviews were conducted to examine the shared perceptions and divided views of ethical problems in advertising. Findings suggest that members’ ethical perceptions fell along a continuum from moral myopia to acute ethical awareness, which supports a divided view of organizational culture. Out of Bounds: Professional Norms as Boundary Markers • Jane Singer, City University London / University of Iowa • Journalists use norms not only as identity markers of the professional news worker but also as boundary markers between professionals and non-professionals. The distinctions they draw rest on ethical practices such as verification, principles such as independence, and promises such as accountability. After outlining responses to previous “new” media, two still-evolving journalistic forms – social journalism and entrepreneurial journalism – are explored to illustrate how this boundary marking is being enacted today. The Traditional "Pickup" or "Death Knock" Story: Its Role, Its Value(s) and What's at Stake for Communities • romayne smith fullerton, university of western ontario; Margaret Patterson, Duquesne University • The Canadian term, ‘pickup,’ or the British version, called ‘the death knock,’ refers to an assignment that strikes terror into the heart of young reporters or would-be journalists. It refers to the practice of sending a journalist to the home of someone who has died in a newsworthy event to ‘pick up’ a photograph of the deceased person, and to garner an interview with a family member to write a tribute story. Working from insights provided through personal interviews or group discussions with journalists and situating these ideas in the larger field of ethics literature, we argue that this often-maligned practice of the pickup plays a key part in journalism’s community function, pulling against the tide of social division. Done correctly, this narrative serves to bind the community in its common humanity. Done carelessly, it can work to expel wrongdoers and non-conformists in a manner that ill serves the democratic process. Its examination, therefore, should hinge not on whether the pickup should be done but how. Sadly the debate may cease to exist because the practice itself is threatened; newsrooms are under growing financial pressure to do more with less. Technology, specifically social media, is being increasingly relied upon to fill the gap. Crisis Management and Ethics: Moving Beyond the Public-Relations-Person-as-Corporate-Conscience Construct toward Moral Agency • Burton St. John, Old Dominion University; Yvette Pearson, Old Dominion University • When it comes to ethics, public relations scholars have tended to describe the role of the public relations person as the “corporate conscience” of the organization. This paper, however, maintains that such a construct is problematic. Through an examination of two recent crisis case studies, this work offers observations on how the public relations person can reconceptualize the “corporate conscience” construct and focus on the value of promoting the development of moral reasoning skills alongside the acknowledgment of individuals’ fundamental role as moral agents. “Just Doing His Job”: The James Rosen Warrant and the Ethical Implications of Journalists Circling the Wagons • Bastiaan Vanacker • When James Rosen in June 2009 published a story on Foxnews.com on North Korea and its nuclear program, he potentially jeopardized a valuable intelligence operation. However, his actions did not cause uproar among his colleagues. The consequent leak investigation by the government, however, did. This paper argues that by refusing to engage in a public debate about the ethics of using leaked information and using these types of cases instead to solidify its professional status, the journalistic profession lacks accountability. Special Call For Sports Media Ethics The Usage and Consequence of Twitter as a Communication Medium Among Collegiate Student-Athletes • Jacob Dryer; Rocky Dailey • The purpose of this study was to better understand the challenges associated with the social networking site (SNS) Twitter for collegiate student-athletes. Collegiate athletes at South Dakota State University (SDSU) and Central College were surveyed on their Twitter usage, understanding of student-athlete policies regarding SNSs, and their experience with the consequences of a negative Twitter posting. The vast majority of student athletes in this study did not have a Twitter account, and 45% of those with accounts posted daily updates. Only eight percent of respondents indicated getting into trouble for a post, and of those the majority of student-athletes did not feel the punishment was fair. A slight majority of students were unaware of any SNS policy for student athletes at their institution. The results of this study indicate that while student athletes tend to post less on the SNS Twitter than typical college students, there is a need for institutions to create policies regarding SNS posting for student athletes and make certain that those policies are communicated effectively to the students. Dehumanizing Injured Athletes: The ethics of framing player injuries in fantasy football reporting • Brett Johnson, University of Minnesota • This paper conducts an empirical, a priori framing analysis of coverage of NFL player injuries in the fantasy football news service Rotowire during the 2013 NFL season. Following a literature review that involves framing theory and theories from sports media studies and Kant's categorical imperative, frames are constructed a priori based on their ethical nature. Ethical frames treat injured players as ends in themselves. Unethical frames cover injuries in terms of their impact on players’ performance in fantasy football. Dual frames contain elements of both ethical and unethical frames. Neutral frames contain neither element. Statistical tests (Chi-squared, paired-sample t-tests and bivariate regression) test hypotheses regarding potential correlations between the ethical level of frames and key categorical (position, severity of injury, week of injury, whether or not the injury was a concussion) and quantitative (average fantasy points scored per week) independent variables. The paper concludes with a discussion on recommendations for how fantasy sports news services like Rotowire should ethically report on player injuries. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13910 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/mme-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 15:29:25 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13914 What Motivates Online Shoppers to “Like” Brands’ Facebook Fan Pages? • Mohammad Abuljadail, Bowling Green State University, Ohio; Fang Wang, Bowling Green State University, Ohio; Liu Yang • "Brands’ Facebook fan pages have been frequently used as a marketing tool to reach to more individuals; however, Facebook users’ motivations to participate in those fan pages are still unclear. This paper investigates the motives that stimulate online shoppers to “like” brands’ Facebook fan pages. This study is interested in knowing if online shoppers’ proclivity to “like” brands’ Facebook fan pages is based on their hedonic or utilitarian motivations. The authors propose a model based on hedonic and utilitarian motivations and uses and gratifications theoretical framework. An online survey was conducted among college students who shopped online in Northwest Ohio (N=198). The findings show that utilitarian motivations have positive significant relationships with “liking” brands’ Facebook fan pages. Going Public: The role of Public relations in Initial Public Offering (IPO) communication • Jee-Young Chung, Southern Utah University; Eyun-Jung Ki, The University of Alabama • The present study aims to investigate the role of public relations in initial public offering (IPO) communication and the features of IPO disclosure utilizing Impression Management theory. Specifically, the present study examines the public relations practices in IPO process in terms of financial disclosure (i.e., form S-1: registration statements) and the media attention during the Quiet Period. The prospectuses of 248 IPO companies during 2013 were content analyzed based on IM strategies. Media relations efforts of those companies and media attention on companies were analyzed, and whether it relates to investors’ evaluation and attention on IPO companies. The results suggest the practical guidelines for IPO disclosure for public relations practice. Promoting and Branding of News on Twitter: An Examination of CNN International • Michael North, University of Miami; Terry Bloom, University of Miami; Eisa al Nashmi, Kuwait University; Johanna Cleary • This content analysis examines the individual Twitter accounts of three high-profile reporter/anchors, and the corresponding network feed at CNN International, and how they used those tweets for branding and promotion. Specifically, it looks at 1,158 tweets from CNN International reporters/anchors Christiane Amanpour, Becky Anderson, and Richard Quest, and the general Twitter feed for CNNi. The tweets were issued over the course of one month in late 2013. The study confirmed that this important legacy media company often uses its various Twitter feeds to promote and brand their products. Results showed that CNNi’s strategic use of Twitter feeds varied between classifications of feeds (i.e. individual and network-specific). The individual reporter/anchor feeds were more likely to demonstrate branding and promotional messages than was the network feed, while the latter was more likely to concentrate on breaking news and news updates. Overall, CNNi’s Twitter presence offered an opportunity for branding and promoting its various products, programs, and personnel. Media brands as symbolic resources – An audience-centered approach • Kati Förster, University of Vienna; Sabine Baumann, Jade University; Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw • As never before media are expressions of people’s self-concepts for themselves as well as for others. In displaying media use habits or preferences in one’s social environment, media products provide relevant constituents in producing the social self. The aim of this paper is to explore the use of (popular) media brands in everyday media practices, and to uncover their symbolic meanings for identity practices of affiliation with in-groups and distinction towards out-groups. We suggest an audience-centered approach that considers different levels of aggregation and, by that, functions of media brands. At an individual level we investigated everyday media practices using online media diaries (n = 59) over a period of four weeks. Based on these findings we selected twelve genres to explore their symbolic impact within a social group using a projective technique (n = 225). The results show that only six of the selected twelve genres serve as distinctive features when signalling a certain social belonging towards others: News as informative content, comedy shows as performative content and comedy as fictional entertainment are those genres that act as social ‘glue’ in our investigated group. Contrastingly, society formats, scripted documentaries and fantasy/science fiction/horror increase distinction, as they negatively affect likability and the perceived similarity with oneself and/or with friends. Media management education: Challenges, key themes and pedagogies • Kati Förster, University of Vienna; Ulrike Rohn, U of Tartu • "The media sphere has changed significantly as a result of globalization, technology and new modes of media use habits. Scholars in journalism and mass communication thus call on a transformation and reinvention of higher education in the field. The purpose of this article is to investigate how media management is taught across different institutions, and how educators cope with this interdisciplinary, international and dynamic field. In an online-survey we asked educators from fourteen different countries across Europe about the key themes addressed in teaching, the pedagogies applied and the fundamental challenges. Organizational Strategic Decision Processes at U.S. Newspapers: A Study of Mobile Business Model Innovation • Geoffrey Graybeal, Texas Tech University • Using strategic management theories of organizational decision-making and upper echelons as theoretical frameworks, this study addresses the strategic decision processes used by U.S. daily newspapers to address mobile disruption of newspaper business models. Through a nationwide survey of publishers of daily newspapers, the study found that the majority of newspaper publishers do not perceive wireless mobile devices as a disruptive threat to their business, and thus engage in a comprehensive decision-making process. The resilience of journalists who remain: A longitudinal study of technological and economic changes at newspapers and journalists’ perceived identities • Amber Hinsley, Saint Louis University • This longitudinal study used online surveys of newspaper journalists to explore how they believe technological and economic changes affected their job roles in 2010 and 2014. Using social identity theory, the research also investigates whether those changes have impacted newspaper journalists’ connections to their organization (known as organizational identification) and to the profession (professional identification). Implications for managers include the enduring nature of OI and PI in the face of a continually changing industry. Factors Affecting Mobile Application Usage: Exploring the Roles of Gender, Age, and Application Types • Kyung-Ho Hwang, Sungkyunkwan University; Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida; Sang-Hyun Nam, Sungkyunkwan University; Byeng-Hee Chang, Sungkyunkwan University • Adopting the uses and gratifications perspective, this study investigates the effect of mobile apps types, and the moderating effects of gender and age on mobile apps usage through actual user experience, as captured by metered software on a sample of mobile phone users in the United States. The variable of apps usage is examined from both the width (i.e., reach) and depth (i.e., intensity) aspect to capture the multiplicity of mobile apps usage behavior. Structural Changes in Communities and Newspaper Circulation in the Digital Age • SEOK HO LEE, University of Texas at Austin • Despite growing concerns over decline in newspaper circulation, only a few studies have examined determinants of the slump in the digital age, and most of them have limitedly focused on technological factors, such as the effect of the Internet. Present study examines to what extent structural changes in the neighborhood affects newspaper circulation in order to provide holistic understanding of the decline in newspaper circulation. We investigated four important neighborhood attributes, which influence newspaper circulation: penetration of high-speed Internet, median household income, long distance residential mobility, and voter turnout. Evidence presents that the decline in newspaper circulation results from a combination of diverse factors, rather than a single determinant. In particular, the effect of long distance residential mobility and median household income challenges the conventional belief that newspaper circulation has a positive relationship with length of residency and earned income. While there are speculations on imminent demise of printed newspapers, the results suggest that newspapers may survive as did in the rise of the previous technology evolution with radio and television, once the nation recovers from political cynicism and stagnant residential mobility. Is traditional media losing audience? • Qianni Luo, Ohio University • This study sought to determine several variables that may influence people’s choice to shift from old to new media. These included time spent on social activities, the structure of traditional media, the user’s gender, and use of social media. Based on the theory of uses and gratifications, logic of media economics, and time budget theory, all of those variables potentially influence people’s choice of the Internet over traditional media. A secondary data retrieved from Pew Research Center’s 2012 media consumption survey was used in this project. Twelve questions from the questionnaire regarding people’s media usage were mainly analyzed in this article. The results indicate that time spent on social activities, gender and the structure of newspapers influence time spent on the Internet. Mobile News Business Models: Promise or Pitfall? • Logan Molyneux, University of Texas • The narrative surrounding mobile news is one of opportunity, just as optimism characterized early online news ventures. But have newspapers venture into mobile, are they repeating the same mistakes they made online? This study conducts a meta-analysis of industry data to determine what business models newspapers use in mobile markets in order to predict performance in the long run. Results suggest newspapers’ mobile efforts rely on the same old business models that failed them online which, given the additional challenges of mobile, are even less likely to succeed. Faulty assumptions behind this approach and suggested ways forward are discussed. Repeat Consumption of Media Goods: Examining the Factors Affecting Repeat Theatrical Viewing of Movies • Byeng-Hee Chang, Sungkyunkwan University; Sang-Hyun Nam, Sungkyunkwan University; Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida; hun kim • This study explored the factors affecting repeat theatrical viewing of movies. By using a comprehensive framework of four variable groups, content characteristics, audience characteristics, social influence, and availability/competition, the analysis reveals several important findings. A theoretically significant discovery is that the drivers of repeat viewing of media contents might be very different from the first viewing of those contents. This study also discovers differences between first and second repeat viewing of theatrical movies. Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) Strategy and the Financial Health of Internet Media Firms • Huyen Nguyen, Ohio University • Do mergers and acquisitions bring more profits for traditional media firms? The question has long been asked by many scholars in the field of media management and economics (Rizzuto, 2006). However, their answers have never been consistent. Observing the popular use of M&A strategy by Internet media firms, this paper reconsiders this controversial issue. Our selected sample includes 9 public firms: Amazon, AOL, Apple, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Twitter, Yahoo and Zynga. As a result, we found a significant positive linear relationship between the current profit margin and total acquisition costs of these firms. Besides, we also found that these firms tend to acquire firms having the same SIC (Standard Industrial Classication) code, to empower their core assets and competences, as well as get rid of potential competitors. Brand Personalities of Video Game Consoles • Anthony Palomba • As consumers play video game consoles, they become more engaged and formulate a relationship with them. From this, perceived brand personality traits may manifest among consumers. This study created brand personality scales for all seventh generation video game consoles including Nintendo’s Wii, Microsoft’s XBOX 360 and Sony’s PlayStation 3. Principal component factor analyses were conducted to measure each video game console’s brand personality and across all three video game consoles. The AM Radio Conundrum • Ian Punnett, Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication/ASU • Due to radio frequency encroachment from all electronics, AM radio signal quality is deteriorating. As a result, the FCC is offering unprecedented technical assistance. This exploratory study documents the disposition of media managers about the future of the AM band, the recent FCC’s efforts and role of new technologies. Findings show that elite interviewees offered candid and surprising comments on the state of AM radio and the advent of digital delivery. Likes, Shares, and Comments: Examining the Relationship between Social Media Metrics and Brand Equity • Ronen Shay, University of Florida • Structural equation modeling is used to explore the relationship between the engagement metrics produced by social networks and brand equity, when mediated by online reach. Relationships explored include: direct effects of online reach on brand equity; direct effects of platform engagement on online reach; which brands generate high engagement; which brands have high online reach; which social networking platform has the greatest indirect effect on brand equity; and which brands are present on which platforms. Factors Affecting Platform Selection between Offline Television and Online Video • Ronen Shay, University of Florida • This exploratory study provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors that affect platform selection between offline television and online video. The theoretical framework draws from diffusion of innovations theory, the convergence paradigm, brand segmentation research, and layered communication systems to identify a diverse selection of demographics, psychographics, and content selection preferences that act as predictor variables in a multiple discriminant analysis that attempts to classify survey respondents based on their platform preference. Communication trade associations: Increased value under increased competition? • Amy Sindik, Central Michigan University • This study examines the role broadcast and wireless trade associations play in the competitive communications industry, and if the management perspective on the value of trade associations has changed as the two industries engage in increased competition. The study is conducted through in-person interviews with lobbyists employed by broadcast and wireless organizations. The interviews suggest that competition has increased the value of trade associations to organizations, and has also resulted in member organizations becoming more fully committed to industry trade associations, and having less extreme reactions when trade association and organizational policy stances do not align. The interviews also suggest that benefits of trade association membership in a competitive environment include the ability of a trade association to serve as a political shield for a controversial policy stance and to magnify the voice of individual organizations. Stability or Rigidity: Management, Boards of Directors and the Newspaper Industry’s Financial Collapse • John Soloski, U of Georgia • This paper examines the composition of the top management of publicly traded newspaper companies and the make up of their boards of directors before and after the industry experienced the worst financial collapse in its history. Free Newspapers in the United States: Alive and Kicking • James Ian Tennant, Mount Royal University • This study considers the economic health of free newspapers given their heavy reliance on advertising. Do free newspapers face two options?: continue producing free content by relying on advertising (in addition to other revenue sources), or abandon the advertising-based business model. The researcher employed a Web-based survey and in-depth interviews with publishers of four different types of free newspapers. Results show free newspapers are not only viable but in many markets they are thriving. Entrepreneurial Journalism: Shifting Journalistic Capital? • Tim Vos, University of Missouri; Jane Singer, City University London / University of Iowa • This exploratory study culls references to entrepreneurial journalism from a broad range of industry and popular publications and sites from 2000 to the present, examines the journalism field’s textual and discursive construction of entrepreneurial journalism and explores how this discourse raises issues regarding the principles, norms and ethics of the journalism field. The study found entrepreneurial journalism to be loosely defined and generally portrayed positively and largely free of ethical or normative implications. The study considers what this means for the stability of journalism’s cultural capital. The Relationship between Twitter Use and Television Ratings A Content Analysis of Television Networks’ Twitter Sites • Yuan Wang, University of Alabama • Television networks are increasingly using social networking sites to interact with the audiences of their programs. Through a content analysis of the Twitter sites of some popular television programs from three big television networks, this study examined the relationship between Twitter use of television networks and television ratings of specific programs, and how these networks used Twitter. One finding was that overall there might be a significant relationship between Twitter use of television networks and television ratings. In particular, the relationship was positive for CBS’s and FOX’s programs, and also for comedy and drama programs. Besides, the relationships between Twitter use and television ratings varied based on different television networks (CBS, ABC and FOX) and program genres (comedy, reality and drama). Retransmission Consent and Television Blackouts: An Examination of Consumer Reaction • Gillian Wheat • A content analysis examined consumer reaction to a 32-day television blackout that was the result of unsuccessful retransmission consent negotiations between Time Warner Cable and CBS. Comments made on the Facebook pages of Time Warner Cable and CBS during the blackout were analyzed. The findings of the study revealed that the placement of blame for the blackout varied, as did mention of issues such as payment for access to programming and online access to programming. Competition between Mobile News and Traditional News Media: A Longitudinal Analysis from 2010 to 2014 • Mengchieh Jacie Yang • The current study sought to understand the evolving mobile news landscape with two large-scale online surveys conducted in the United States. With one survey conducted in 2010 and the other in 2014, this study provides a longitudinal perspective for both the news industry and the academic community. With a media economics approach, the results showed that both smartphones and tablet computers remain to be viable news media, complementing traditional news media. Important practical and theoretical implications are discussed. Gratification Niches of Blogs and Online Legacy News Media: A Study of Competition and Coexistence • Mohammad Yousuf, University of Oklahoma; Peter Gade, Professor at the University of Oklahoma • A survey of young adults explored the extent to which blogs and online legacy news media compete and coexist. Findings indicate that blogs are cutting into niches that used to be controlled by journalism and professional news organizations, suggesting displacement on three dimensions—surveillance gratifications, gratification opportunities and content gratifications. Results also show that legacy media have higher niche breadth and competitive superiority over blogs. Moderate niche overlap between media exists, indicating competition. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13914 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/mac-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 15:44:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13919 Faculty Research Competition Content Analysis of the Portrayal of White Characters in Black Films Across Two Decades • Omotayo Banjo, University of Cincinnati; Nancy Jennings, University of Cincinnati; Nikole Dorsett, University of Cincinnati; Todd Fraley, East Carolina State University • Whiteness scholars contend, in addition to marginalized groups, Whites are also victims of socio-political constructions of race. Little empirical attention has been given to the portrayals of Whites in ethnic-oriented media, where whiteness is most conspicuous. We conducted a content analysis of 31 Black-oriented films spanning two decades. Such investigations a) position ethnic-oriented media as necessary sites for race scholarship and b) shed insight into how ethnic media creators use film to illustrate racial tensions. Trayvon Martin and the News: An Analysis of Rhetoric in Website Messages by Civil Rights Organizations • Riva Brown, University of Central Arkansas • This qualitative content analysis explored rhetoric used by the NAACP, National Urban League, National Action Network, and ColorOfChange.org in press releases, blog posts, and miscellaneous public relations material during the Trayvon Martin case. It also examined their mainstream print news media coverage. After George Zimmerman fatally shot Martin and was not charged with his murder, these organizations demanded justice. Results suggested they preferred rhetorical strategies and tactics that encouraged supporters to unite against perceived enemies. Richard Sherman Speaks and Almost Breaks the Internet: Race, Media, and Football • Margaret Duffy, Missouri School of Journalism; Janis Teruggi Page, George Washington University; Cynthia Frisby, University of Missouri; Brad Best, Missouri School of Journalism • A controversial interview with football player Richard Sherman was the subject of extensive controversy and enormous reaction in mainstream and social media, especially through Twitter and shared visual memes. Through the lenses of Critical Race Theory, Visual Rhetoric, and Symbolic Convergence Theory, we see the Richard Sherman incident as revelatory of the persistent and interlocking patterns of racism and sexism in contemporary society. Ethnic Identity as a Predictor of Microaggressive Behavior Towards Blacks, Whites, and Hispanic LGBs by Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics • Troy Elias, University of Oregon; Alyssa Jaisle; Cynthia R. Morton Padovano • Racial differences still exist when it comes to attitudes toward homosexuality in the U.S. Blacks hold significantly less favorable attitudes towards LGB than Whites but not Hispanics after controlling for demographics. Despite less favorable attitudes towards the LGB community, Blacks display a significantly lower likelihood of engaging in microaggressions than both Whites and Hispanics. Finally, as Whites' ethnic identity gets stronger, their likelihood of engaging in microaggressions to LGB increases, moreso than Blacks or Hispanics. Examining cultural resonance of health narratives to influence HIV prevention behaviors among young African Americans • Diane Francis; Joan Cates; Adaora Adimora • Concurrent sexual partnerships—sexual partnerships that overlap in time—may contribute to the high rates of HIV among African Americans. Changing attitudes, perceived norms and motivations about concurrency, therefore, could potentially reduce participation in this behavior, which in turn could reduce HIV transmission rates. This study examined African American students’ reactions to HIV prevention messages developed for a health communication campaign to reduce concurrent sexual partnerships. We used radio advertisements to explore whether narrative messages were more effective than non-narrative messages in influencing attitudes and beliefs about sexual concurrency. We also examined whether participants thought the messages were culturally resonant and engaging or transporting. Cultural resonance of messages is important in health communication campaigns. However, few studies have examined the effectiveness of HIV prevention messages in cultural narrative format. A survey of African American students (n=211) found the non-narrative messages to be more culturally resonant (t(196) = 2.92, p<.01) and transporting (t(196) = 1.72, p=.09) than the narrative messages. In qualitative analysis, participants said that the narrative ads were stereotypical and not representative of their culture, both of which could potentially detract from any attempts at persuasion. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups on attitudes, perceived norms or motivations. Given that health stories are increasingly being used to influence HIV-related attitudes, beliefs and motivations among African Americans, it is important to examine factors such as perceived cultural resonance to design more effective culturally appropriate messages. The impact of emotional costs on racial digital divide • Kuo-Ting Huang, Michigan State University; Shelia Cotten, Michigan State University • Computer intervention in the classroom has been proved to increase students’ self-efficacy in previous racial digital divide research. This paper further investigates how African American’s psychological factors impact their patterns of computer usage. The results suggest that students’ emotional cost and computer self-efficacy were mediators of the relationship between home computer usage and information orientation. These findings provide significant implications for bridging the racial digital divide by highlighting the roles of these psychological factors. Racial Attitudes, Egalitarian Values, and Media Use • Tien-Tsung Lee, University of Kansas; Yvonnes Chen, University of Kansas • Most studies on attitudes toward racial equality have focused on one single egalitarian value and a limited number of media variables. A survey of U.S. adults (N=7,025) indicated that support for racial equality is part of three egalitarian dimensions (racial attitudes, gender roles, and attitudes toward sexual minorities), suggesting that egalitarian values apply to supporting equality for multiple social groups. Additionally, the use of traditional and Internet media is associated with racial attitudes. Casting Youth as Information Leaders: Social Media in Latino Families and Implications for Mobilization • Michael McDevitt; Shannon Sindorf, University of Colorado Boulder • Promotion of the DREAM Act during the 2012 campaign presented an opportunity to examine how social media might cast young adults in the role of information leaders in Latino families. Despite widespread use of social media and interest in the DREAM Act, Latinos lagged behind non-Latinos in voting and in discussion about politics with family and friends. We discuss how mobilization efforts in future elections can harness new media by recruiting youth as information leaders. Power, Gender, and Ethnic Spaces: Geographies of Power Shifts in Roma Communities • Adina Schneeweis, Oakland University • This study examines the inextricable (and understudied) link between ethnicity, gender, power, and space. Through the case study of health mediators of Roma ethnicity in Romania, this research bridges spatial theory and feminist scholarship with critical approaches to communication to assess how gender and power relations operate in, and mark, ethnic spaces. Drawing from ethnographic observations and in-depth interviews, I argue that power relations are dependent on space – and mobile across ethnic spaces. Perceptions of the mediators’ power roles change between institutional landscapes (perceived spaces of hegemonic, dominant directives), Romani communities (conceived space where the Romani mediators communicate their knowledge and have symbolic control), and the lived space of resistance and internalized discrimination, which is both an active constituent of, and a challenge to, racism at the same time. Effects of Mediated Exemplars on Implicit Prejudice Toward Hispanics • Alexis Tan, Washington State University; Salah Alghaithi, Washington State University; Christine Curtis; Davi Kallman; Chenwei Liang; Cameron Moody; Somava Pande, Washington State University; Rachel Sauerbier, Washington State University; Kara Stuart, Washington State University; Chun Yang, Washington State University; Sabrina Zearott, Washington State University • This study asked whether a single exposure to a positive Hispanic exemplar in a video clip could reduce implicit prejudice toward U.S. Hispanics. Participants were White and non-White college students at a large U.S. university.Selected to appeal to college students, the video clip portrayed a Hispanic female student who overcame prejudice to excel in college. The video clip was presented in an on-line laboratory experiment.Implicit prejudice was measured by the Hispanic/White Implicit Association test which taps automatic and implicit preference for Whites over Hispanics. Results show that White participants who watched the video clip reported significantly less negative implicit bias toward Hispanics compared to White participants who did not watch the video clip. Non-White participants who watched the video clip reported a slight preference for Hispanics over Whites, while non-White participants who did not watch the video clip reported no preference for Whites over Hispanics. Therefore, the video clip decreased pro-White bias among Whites, and increased pro-Hispanic bias among non-Whites.We explain these results using principles from priming and conversion models of stereotype and prejudice change. We also discuss implications for using positive exemplars in the media to reduce prejudice. The Cultural Capital of Ethnic Immigrant Newspapers in the U.S. • Tim Vos, University of Missouri; Yulia Medvedeva, University of Missouri • This study uses in-depth interviews with representatives of ten ethnic immigrant newspapers to examine the cultural capital of the ethnic press and how that cultural capital compares to the cultural capital of journalism in the U.S. mainstream press. The study finds that ethnic immigrant newspapers, with some notable exceptions, do not appear to hold substantially different cultural capital from the US mainstream press. Politics in the Toybox: Sports reporters, Native American mascots and the roadblocks preventing change • Erin Whiteside, University of Tennessee • Despite increasing pressure from sporting organizations and other key public figures, myriad schools, colleges, Universities and professional sports teams continue to employ Native American mascots. Furthermore, advocates continue to face staunch opposition in defending their position that teams abandon Native American imagery. Sports journalists occupy a unique location within the mascot debate as they regularly cover teams with Native American mascots and it is common practice to refer to the mascots within stories. The visibility sports reporters give to mascots contributes to a desensitizing process in which the public may become alienated from the serious social costs such imagery may incur. In light of this ongoing debate, this research uses a survey to examine sports reporters’ experiences and attitudes toward Native American mascots, and their beliefs about the role sports reporters should take in the public debate. Eyes on the Prize I: Henry Hampton’s pre-production school sessions and the role of the media in the civil rights movement • Kathleen Wickham, University of Mississippi • Eyes on the Prize, the two-part PBS series, is one of the most significant research projects on civil rights activities in the United States. This manuscript focuses on the detailed research process that Hampton employed prior to filming, focusing on the pre-production lectures and talks relating the media and the civil rights movement. 'Return of the King': A Millenial Audience Reception of The Boondocks • Jason Zenor, SUNY-Oswego; David Moody • Critics have raised their eyebrows at the work of Boondocks creator McGruder repeatedly accusing him of making a mockery of the legacies of Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (Associated Press, 2006). They have questioned his insensitivity to the 9-11 attacks and the promotion of misogynistic themes through the voice of his characters. Moreover, his frequent use of the ‘N-word’ has been considered to be offensive. Accordingly, this study examines how a millennial audience, one which came to age in an era of political correctness and in a supposed post-racial society, reads The Boondocks, a text that seems to challenge political correctness and the acceptance of a truly post-racial America. Student Paper A Fusion of Stereotypes? How Fusion Network Handles Hispanic Representation • Brooke Biolo • The recently launched (2013) network, Fusion, is a collaboration of the Spanish-language Univision and ABC/Disney. US television has a long history of reducing Hispanics to stereotypical roles in television and these two networks have opposing backgrounds on this front. This analysis looks at how Fusion handles established stereotypes of Hispanics in media. I argue that Fusion endorses a multicultural world image through an emphasis on universal themes and Hispanic cultural positives in their programming. Don’t Worry, Be Happy: An Examination of Journalist Message Boards • Kortni Alston, University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications; Kevin Hull, University of Florida; Anthony Palomba • This study explored whether or not journalists vented their workplace frustrations on online message boards. A content analysis of the National Association of Black Journalists message board and the TVSpy Watercooler message board was conducted. Results found that symptoms leading to burnout were not frequently discussed, and that NABJ message board was found to be significantly more positive in tone than the TVSpy Watercooler board. Factors including race, anonymity, and sense of community are discussed. Black nerds, Asian activists, & Caucasian dogs: Racialized self-categorization within Facebook Groups • Jenny Korn • Facebook Groups reflect a contemporary way for users to demonstrate membership in cultural groups that are salient to them, including ones based on race. Race continues to serve as a meaningful category for understanding the social world, especially in the United States (Chao, Hong, & Chiu, 2013), so Internet-based displays of racial membership via Facebook Groups reflect the ongoing significance of race. In this paper, I contribute to the “new cultural politics of difference” by focusing on modern, organic representations of race on the Internet (West, 1993). While Facebook has been the site of study for individual behavior (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007), Facebook Group behavior has been understudied (Park, Kee, & Valenzuela, 2009). I update self-categorization theory with its application not to individuals, but to racialized groups online, as examples of cultural markers of identification (Turner & Reynolds, 2011). Facebook Groups are cultural representations of the way that individuals understand their racial group membership (Rockquemore & Arend, 2002). Facebook Groups serve as voluntary communities open to users that desire homophilic relationships. In this study, I focus on race-based Facebook Groups as sites of cultural identification for users. Within Facebook, I examine discourses by racial identity groups that are White/Caucasian, Black/African-American, and Asian/Asian-American. By analyzing digital discourses created by users in racialized Facebook Groups, I conduct a contemporary study on cross-racial variance across online identity groups. The discourses on the politics surrounding culture are changing, forcing Internet representations of race to follow suit. This study explores how race matters online. Pluralistic Ignorance in Sino-Hong Kong Conflicts: The Perception of Chinese Mainland People Living in Hong Kong • Miao Li, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study examined pluralistic ignorance in a local context: conflicts between Hong Kong and Mainland China. Different from past studies mainly focusing on in-group pluralistic ignorance, which examined whether people could correctly perceive the opinions of others who belong to the same social group as they do, this study investigated whether people could correctly perceive the public opinion of a collective to which they do not belong. With two representative samples of Chinese mainland students studying in Hong Kong and Hong Kong local students from three universities in Hong Kong, this study discovered that mainland students overestimated the local public’s unfavorability against Chinese mainlanders and the Chinese government. This overestimation was found to be positively associated with their attention to media content about the Sino-Hong Kong relationship and the extent to which they perceive pertinent media content to be biased toward Hong Kong, but negatively associated with their interpersonal communications with other Hong Kong residents about the Sino-Hong Kong relationship issues. The overestimation of the local public’s unfavorability against Chinese mainlanders and Chinese government reduced mainland students’ willingness to stay in Hong Kong for further study/work and domicile. To extend the pluralistic ignorance research to study how migrants perceive the mainstream opinion in the society to which they migrated was suggested. Coverage of Meskwaki Language in the Des Moines Register • Subin Paul, University of Iowa • The issue of tribal language endangerment receives minimal attention in the mainstream press. This preliminary study looks at the coverage of Meskwaki language, which is spoken by the Meskwaki tribe of Iowa, in the Des Moines Register. Using qualitative textual analysis, the study shows that the newspaper promoted bilingualism involving English and Meskwaki languages and proscribed the solo use of the latter. Different news, distinct views (on immigration): The choice of labels and sources on FoxNews.com and Fox News Latino • Vinicio Sinta, University of Texas at Austin • The recent launch of ethnic-oriented news outlets by mainstream media companies can provide an opening for alternative views on public issues such as immigration. This study compares how Fox News Latino and parent site FoxNews.com used distinctive labels to describe unauthorized immigrants and immigration legislation, and turned to a different mix of sources in their coverage. Results show that despite the shared ownership and brand, Fox News Latino and FoxNews.com provide contrasting perspectives on immigration. Finding the First Lady: The Construction and Negotiation of Michelle Obama's Identity • Leticia Williams, Howard University • Dominant media portrayals of the first lady and Black women have increasingly become the guiding parameter for contemporary understandings of women whose identities and characterizations are contingent on prevalent typologies. Though similar in analysis of identity and representation, these two areas of study have developed in separate lines of research. The purpose of this study is to identify and examine the multiple and fluid identities of First Lady Obama and synthesize studies of gender, race, and presidential spouses. A textual analysis of 22 articles published between January 2009 and January 2012 was used to explore the construction of intersectional identities and strategies to negotiate stereotypes, historical representations, or limited characterizations of the first lady and Black women. Findings showed that magazine portrayals of First Lady Obama’s identity communicated shared understandings of intersectionality (i.e., race, gender, and class) as a social phenomenon, particularly for women. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13919 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/news-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 15:59:32 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13923 Open Competition "And then I just Google it": Evolving online news consumption processes among young adults • Dunja Antunovic; Patrick Parsons, Pennsylvania State University; Tanner Cooke • In the changing news environment, young adult news audiences consume less news than their elders and they increasingly gravitate online for news. This paper explores three distinct yet overlapping news consumption sub-processes: (1) intended and routinized news repertoires, (2) unintended or incidental exposure, and (3) directed in-depth consumption. Employing a mixed-methods approach that integrates surveys, an online activity and focus group interviews, this research seeks to identify and describe news consumption processes among young adults. The effect of correction impact on news perceptions: An analysis of Democratic Theory • Alyssa Appelman, The Pennsylvania State University; Kirstie Hettinga, California Lutheran University • Previous research has categorized news corrections by objectivity and impact. This study seeks to build upon that research by assessing whether these factors affect readers’ perceptions of credibility and importance. A between-subjects experiment (N = 80) found that readers consider objective, high-impact corrections to be more important than other kinds of corrections. Interestingly, correction type did not affect perceptions of credibility. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Racial identity on trial: Breaking the silence in an online reader space • Ann Auman; Kapi‘olani Ching, University of Hawaii • Online reader comments represent a mediated public space that allows participants to construct their narrative of society’s events. This study analyzes the discourses of online reader comments in the Honolulu Star-Advertiser during the trial of a federal agent in the summer of 2013 after he fatally shot a Hawaiian man. It illuminates the complexities underlying social relations, particularly the culture clash theme of locals vs outsiders that is rarely covered in the news media. Bouncing Back from Stress Psychological resiliency among journalism school students • Clyde Bentley, University of Missouri; David Wallace, University of Missouri Counseling Center; Tom Warhover, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Ed Morris, University of Missouri; Jim Koller, University of Missouri Counseling Center; Tina Hoffman, Central Iowa Psychological Services • Using a large set of interviews and a 174-student survey, the study examined the stress level of journalism students at a large Midwestern university. Mental health professionals at the school had found that journalism students sought counseling help more frequently than did students from other departments. The study found that while a large proportion of the journalism students coped well or even sought the stress of newsrooms, others found it debilitating. The study attempted to identify factors of “resiliency,” – the ability to bounce back from stress – that could be encouraged in journalism curriculum. How do U.S. problem states’ local newspapers frame prescription drug abuse? • Rebecca Burton, University of Florida; Kim Walsh-Childers, University of Florida; Calli Breil, University of Florida • Prescription drug addiction has been seen as a U.S. epidemic, particularly in ten states: Florida, West Virginia, Nevada, Kentucky, Alaska, Louisiana, New Mexico, Utah, Pennsylvania and Ohio. This study revealed that local newspaper coverage in the ten problem states framed prescription drug abuse in a way that blamed the problem on politicians, bad doctors or drug traffickers or focused on the ways society suffers from the problem. Although terms like “public health crisis” were frequently used, stories were rarely framed in terms of how the problem could be mitigated, a frame we termed recovery. Health-focused stories were rare. The implications for news influence on public and policy responses to prescription drug addiction are discussed. Disrupted or Misinformed? A Review of U.S. Newspapers’ Technology-Driven Strategy • H. Iris Chyi, University of Texas at Austin • U.S. newspapers’ digital experiment has been going on for two decades, but the performance of their online ventures has fallen short of expectations. Technology, once an opportunity, has turned into an existential challenge for many newspaper firms. Guided by Clay Christensen’s disruptive technology theory, most newspapers take a technology-driven approach, which leads to a largely unsuccessful experiment. This study reviews U.S. newspapers’ digital struggles and examines the prevalent-but-unchecked assumption about an all-digital future for journalism. Relationships Among Reader Commenting Systems and the Credibility of News Messengers and Messages • Lindsey Conlin, The University of Alabama; Chris Roberts, University of Alabama • This study tested whether the type of commenting and moderation systems affected credibility of an online story and/or the traditional local newspaper that published it. An experiment manipulated native and non-native commenting systems, and pre- and post-publication moderation systems, with a story-only control treatment. The presence of comments decreased messenger credibility, and more frequent commenters perceived lower messenger credibility. Results and implications for online news are discussed. Sourcing and Framing the Syrian Crisis: How Elite Newspapers Covered the International Reaction to Syria’s Use of Chemical Weapons • Raluca Cozma, Iowa State University; Claudia Kozman, Indiana University • Drawing on scholarship on framing, sourcing, and war journalism, this content analysis explores how The New York Times and The Washington Post covered the international reaction to Syria’s use of chemical weapons against its own citizens in August 2013. The analysis found that stories in the month following the event focused primarily on diplomacy efforts and stopped paying attention to the ongoing civil war. Despite that, conflict framing was still dominant. The stories were generally thematic and richly sourced. The analysis lends support to the literature on the relationship between sourcing and framing and to the indexing hypothesis. The Arizona Republic and The Indianapolis Star: A Comparative Analysis of Content Changes after Purchase by Gannett • Jeanne Criswell, University of Indianapolis; Robert Gobetz, University of Indianapolis; Frederick May, University of Indianapolis • This study provides quantitative evidence that a local newspaper's quality before an ownership change substantially influences whether a new ownership model will have a positive, negative or neutral effect. In this case, Gannett ownership had a significantly more detrimental impact on The Arizona Republic than on The Indianapolis Star. The two newspapers' similar characteristics, shared ownership history, and simultaneous purchase reduced the influence of variables that could account for inconsistencies in other such studies. Gatekeepers Under Siege: Assessing Factors of Government Public Information Officers' Controls on Journalists • Carolyn Carlson, Kennesaw State University; David Cuillier, University of Arizona School of Journalism • Journalists as gatekeepers of the news have always had a love-hate relationship with government public information officers (PIOs) in setting the public agenda. Today, reporters are increasingly reliant on PIOs because of reduced resources and staff, and anecdotally journalists allege stronger tactics employed by government to manage the message, including monitoring interviews, prohibiting employees from speaking, and blackballing reporters who write critical stories. This study employs three national surveys to investigate the state of PIO control on the traditional gatekeepers of news – journalists. We surveyed journalists who cover federal agencies, journalists who cover primarily local government, and PIOs at all levels of government to examine whether PIO controls are impacting journalists’ ability to do their jobs, and to identify the individual and external factors related to those controls. Newsroom Innovation Continuum: A Model for Understanding Heterophily and Innovation • Larry Dailey, University of NV, Reno; Mary Spillman • This paper proposes The Newsroom Innovation Continuum, a theoretical model that connects literature on partnerships between newspapers and television stations, inter-organizational cooperation and innovation. Through a synthesis of research from all three fields, this model suggests that a news organization’s likelihood of innovation correlates with its ability to harness and manage heterophily. The model provides insight into why partnerships have not previously reached their full potential and how future newsroom collaborations could be improved. Understanding digital media adoption: Analysis of US newspaper coverage of social networks and virtual worlds • Donna Davis; Yan Yang • This content and framing analysis examined the newspaper coverage of social networking sites (Facebook and MySpace) and virtual worlds (Second Life and World of Warcraft) during their burgeoning years. Based on the diffusion of innovation and the hype cycle, this study revealed print media reflected the anticipated adoption curve, yet the coverage was overwhelmingly neutral rather than positive or negative as anticipated. The role of print media in adoption and the hype cycle is discussed. Weibo as news: Credibility judgments in the context of Chinese microblogging • Xue Dong, The Pennsylvania State University; Alyssa Appelman, The Pennsylvania State University; Chun Liu, Southwest Jiaotong University • Weibo, a microblogging platform similar to Twitter, has become a key source of news in China. Because American-based social media platforms are blocked in China, Weibo has become one of the most popular ways for Chinese people to connect and to share information. This study evaluates Weibo news, in terms of its use and perceived credibility. It also evaluates Weibo’s technological affordances, based on Sundar’s MAIN model (2008). A survey (N = 216) suggests that, despite Weibo’s popularity, television news is still thought to be the most powerful news media outlet in China. In addition, Weibo news use was related to the perceived advantages of the platform, rather than the perceived disadvantages. Interestingly, credibility perceptions are based on bandwagon cues, social presence cues, and quality cues. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. Primary differences: How market orientation can affect content • Patrick Ferrucci, Bradley University • Studies have shown that market orientation affects content. However, scant research examines how news organizations with different market orientations covered the same story. This study utilizes textual analysis and long-form interviews to compare coverage of the 2013 St. Louis mayoral race. The study compares the strongly market oriented St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the weakly market oriented St. Louis Beacon. Findings showed major differences in content, especially concerning how the two covered race, periphery candidates and the presentation of campaign issues. These results are interpreted through the lens of gatekeeping theory. Cultural Convergence 10 Years Later: A reexamination of intergroup bias among journalists in the digital media age • Vincent Filak, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh • This study revisits (BLIND CITE)’s 2004 research of print and broadcast journalists to assess whether changes in the field have diminished the levels of intergroup bias for these groups. The findings here demonstrate that print and broadcast journalists (n=191) remained biased against each other, even in the face of obvious outside threats and outgroup benefits. In addition, the journalists were more likely to view convergence efforts negatively when these efforts were perceived to be the work of outgroup members. In comparing the data gathered here to that in the original study, dislike and distrust of each other remain consistent. Finally, the influx of digital media, while viewed as valuable by all participants, has had little impact regarding the levels of bias the journalists espoused. Selling a National Influence: The Coverage of the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the New York Times, 1906-1916 • Ashley D. Furrow, University of Memphis • Using the concept of collective memory, this study explores the coverage of the NCAA by the New York Times from 1906-1916. Close examination reveals the dawning of the NCAA’s evolution into a dominating and powerful regulator of intercollegiate athletics as this newspaper charted the progression of its growing influence. As more institutions joined, the NCAA began its transformation into the most influential governing body intercollegiate sports, and the struggle for control is highlighted throughout this analysis. Mobile Journalism 101: Student Adoption of Mobile Devices in Producing News Content • Dianne Garyantes, Rowan University; Mark Berkey-Gerard, Rowan University • This study examines journalism students’ use of smartphones to produce news content. Survey findings show that students regularly use smartphones for personal use, but most do not employ them when producing content for journalism assignments. Training and technical assistance from journalism faculty, however, positively influenced student use of smartphones to produce news content. These findings provide empirical support for the positive influence of facilitating conditions, a construct identified in models of user acceptance of technology. Social Media in the Newsgathering Process: A Survey of Routines and Practices • Tamara Gillis, Elizabethtown College; Kirsten Johnson, Elizabethtown College • One-hundred-and-twenty-nine Pennsylvania journalists were surveyed regarding social media use. Journalists report using social media in the newsgathering process, but still favor traditional means. Younger journalists favor using social media tools, especially Twitter, over older journalists. Those who work in larger newsrooms also use social media more than those in smaller newsrooms. While previous studies have examined tools reporters are using, this is the first to examine age, newsroom size, and impact on social media use. The Rise of the Dragon? Framing China’s Global Leadership in Elite American Newspapers • Guy J. Golan, Syracuse University; Josephine Lukito, Syracuse University • The current study analyzes the framing of China’s emergence as a global power in the opinion pages of two elite newspapers. Results show that the New York Times framed China as a global power undermined by structural limitations, while the Wall Street Journal framed China as a direct threat to U.S. foreign policy interests. The results of the analysis are discussed in the context of media-government power dynamics. The Adoption of Pinterest by Local Newspapers in the U.S. • Clark Greer, Point Loma Nazarene University; Douglas Ferguson, College of Charleston • Social media are changing the way journalists disseminate news, as well as the way audiences receive and interact with information. This study examined how local newspapers across the US were using the social network Pinterest. Results of a content analysis found that news was the predominant category of themes on pin boards. In addition, the study revealed that the number of pin boards was related to the size of the newspapers’ circulation. However, few newspapers were using the social medium as a tool to promote the paper. America’s front pages: A 30-year update • David L. Morris II, University of Memphis; Matthew Haught, University of Memphis • In the digital media age, clear and effective visual communication strategies are a key component of media. While the printed newspaper has been in decline, editors have turned to design, in part, as a way to make the product competitive in the crowded media market. The results of this push for design has ushered in an new era of front page design, with newspapers of all sizes embracing navigation tools and promotions. This study updates the work of Pasternack and Utt examining newspaper design trends in 1984 and 1995. Using front pages collected from 453 newspapers throughout the United States, this study examines the state of current front page design. Further, it explores the use of design hubs and their effect on page design in newspaper chains. Community Conflict, News Coverage, and Mountaintop Mining in Appalachia: A Content Analysis of Major State and Mining Community Newspapers • Kylah Hedding, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Community conflict theory and its “counter-thesis” about the press’s role are not polar opposites. This is especially true for Appalachian areas dependent on a single industry like coal, where much of the conflict comes down to tradeoffs between environmental effects and economic development. This study examines how these competing interests are addressed in the media, using content analysis of news coverage of mountaintop coal mining in community and state/metro papers in Kentucky and West Virginia. Blog Sites and Blog Cites: Newspaper Journalists' Use of Blogs as News Sources (2004-2013) • Kyle Heim, Seton Hall University • This study analyzed newspaper articles from 2004 to 2013 in which blogs were cited as news sources (N = 802). Results revealed that the blogs generally were not featured prominently within the articles, and the practice of citing blogs as sources has declined since 2010. Although researchers generally have focused on the role of blogs in political coverage, the citing of blogs occurred more frequently in articles about business and technology and in general news items. Can the watchdog ever retire? Reevaluating journalistic roles through their performance • Lea Hellmueller; Lindsey Blumell; Jennifer Huemmer; Claudia mellado • This study examines how journalistic role conception performs as a gatekeeping tool to produce content consistent with the two dominant US journalism models: watchdog and civic-oriented journalism. Our study seeks to expand on the established survey research by measuring role performance through a content analysis of newspaper articles. Our findings indicate a strong relationship between gatekeeping practices and the visibility of journalistic roles in news stories. Journalists and linking: A metajournalistic discourse analysis • Juliette De Maeyer, Université de Montréal, Communication; Avery Holton, University of Utah • Journalists have incorporated hyperlinks (i.e., linking) into their professional practice since the early stages of digital news expansion. Media scholars and professionals championed their use early on, placing an emphasis on the frequency of link occurrence in news content rather than explorations of their functionality. More recent scholarship has observed links may enhance the rapid exchange of information, provide novel levels of transparency, improve trust and social capital, and augment communicative and connective opportunities between journalists and audiences. These studies have drawn largely on data from audiences or limited pools of professional journalists. Less is known about the perceptions and uses of links in journalism on a broader journalistic scale. Drawing on a metajournalistic discourse analysis, this study finds that while journalists and other news media experts may indeed see value in linking, that optimism is balanced by levels of caution and worry, suggesting a need for media scholars, journalists, and news organization to re-evaluate the deployment of links within the news process. Effect of News Tweets on Users’ Liking, Trust, and Intention to Share and Use Information • Brian Houston, University of Missouri; Mitchell McKinney; Esther Thorson; Joshua Hawthorne; David Wolfgang, University of Missouri; Alecia Swasy • Using an experiment, we tested how news tweet (topic, tone, focus) and user (Twitter familiarity, location) characteristics affected attitudes about news tweets with a random sample of Chicago and Los Angeles adults. Results indicated tweet topic and user location affected some tweet attitudes. Also, objective tweets were preferred to subjective, and local tweets were preferred to national. At the same time, local subjective tweets were most appealing. Experience with Twitter was important in understanding effects. The Re-Animation of Literary Journalism as a Digital Genre • Susan Jacobson, Florida International University; Robert Gutsche Jr, Florida International University; Jacqueline Marino, Kent State University • Since The New York Times published Snow Fall in 2012, digital news audiences have seen a growing body of similar work characterized by the purposeful integration of multimedia into longform journalism. Some of these packages also employ techniques from literary journalism, such as scenes and character development. Creators include both established media organizations and startups. Their work is alternately celebrated as the future of digital storytelling and lambasted as a distracting mess of multimedia. Just as the literary journalists of the 1960s attempted to write the nonfiction equivalent of the great American novel, the Web journalists of the 2010s are reviving literary journalism techniques. They are experimenting with multimedia to enhance the literary form and incorporating new digital formats, such as parallax scroll and video loops, to produce a new era of multimedia literary narratives that are character-driven and evocative of time and place. To evaluate whether this emerging genre represents a revival of literary journalism and to what extent it incorporates new techniques of news storytelling, we analyze 50 longform news packages published online in 2012 and 2013. The Objectivity Question: A Q Study of Journalism Students' Perceptions of Objectivity as a Normative Value • Amanda Kehrberg; Christina DeWalt, The University of Oklahoma; Joonil Kim, University of Oklahoma; Peter Gade, Professor at the University of Oklahoma • Objectivity has long been considered a normative value of journalism, one essential to the journalist's claims to both credibility and autonomy (Gans, 2005; Mindich, 1998; Rosen, 1993; Schudson, 2001). Yet while objectivity is continuously cited as the most important guiding norm, research and professional sources suggest that objectivity is often misunderstood by journalists and applied differently in their work. This confusion is amplified by the rise of postmodern skepticism on the existence of observable, stable truth and the proliferation of collaborative digital technology. The purpose of this study is to understand how undergraduate journalism majors, as aspiring professional journalists, process and understand concepts related to objectivity as a guiding professional norm. In this Q-Methodology study, 42 aspiring journalists (undergraduate journalism majors at a major Midwestern university) sorted 44 stimulus statements about dimensions of objectivity in March 2014. The results produced four factors explaining 58% of the variance: The Objective Traditionalists, the Uncertain Scientists, the Human Professionals, and the Digital Participants. The findings show three strongly correlated factors with high support for objectivity as a guiding professional norm, with distinct differences identified in how respondents understand impartiality and the increasing influence of technology. Political Participation and Newspaper Coverage of Municipal Elections In Small-Town America • Esther Thorson; Scott C. Swafford, University of Missouri; Eunjin (Anna) Kim, University of Missouri • Local elections are the bedrock of participatory politics but seldom the focus of studies about news media effects. The present study reports a survey of media use and political knowledge and participation in local elections by people in three small Midwest communities. The literature on how news and interpersonal communication impact political participation via cognitive, affective, and behavioral routes is used to predict how consumption of election news, preferences for different kinds and formats of information, interpersonal political discussion, and exposure to political persuasion messages predict voting in municipal elections, knowledge about municipal government structure, perceived importance of the elections, and other kinds of participation in them. How U.S. Daily Newspapers Decide to Design and Implement Paywalls • Mike Jenner, University of Missouri; Esther Thorson; Eunjin (Anna) Kim, University of Missouri • This study reports a representative survey of 416 publishers of U.S. dailies. The focus was to determine current levels of paywall deployment, and to explore how newspaper management decided to move to paywalls. The study is informed by the New Institutionalism (e.g., Lowrey, 2011), which suggests that newspaper companies perceive themselves as institutions with significant values and responsibilities to fulfill and therefore are less likely to use independent consumer research in making business decisions, and more likely to ask and imitate each other. Although the findings show some independent consumer research, it is at a low level, while asking each other is the most common “research” procedure. There are also clear effects on decision-making of newspaper size and its ownership structure. Anatomy of Front Pages: Comparison between The New York Times and other elite U.S. newspapers • Yung Soo Kim, University of Kentucky, School of Journalism and Telecommunications; Deborah Chung, University of Kentucky • Using a content analysis, this paper compares the front page elements of the New York Times with six elite national newspapers to assess how different news organizations package and present their most important page to the public. Findings reveal that the Times featured more international and national news stories, depended more frequently on its own staff for both stories and images, and employed smaller headlines on its front page compared to the other elite newspapers. Portrayals of Hunger: Priming Effects of Stereotypical News Images on Caucasian and Hispanic Audiences • Meredith Morris, University of Central Florida; William Kinnally, University of Central Florida • This study applies priming and exemplification to examine the ways in which news photos influenced readers’ social judgments. Of particular interest were the perceptions of Caucasian respondents about minorities, and Hispanics’ perceptions of African Americans and other Hispanics regarding the issue of hunger. Participants (506 college students) were randomly assigned to read one of three versions of an online news article about emergency hunger services. One version included photographs of African Americans, another included photos of Hispanics, the last was text-only. All three articles included base-rate statistics of ethnicities using emergency hunger services. Results showed images influence the way Caucasians and Hispanics perceive those people suffering from hunger. Key findings included that Caucasians in the study were susceptible to Hispanic primes, which altered their views on their perceptions about the number of Hispanics receiving emergency food services. However, Caucasians’ perceptions of African Americans did not change. Additionally, Hispanic participants were affected by primes in such a way that limitations on societal advancement were perceived more strongly than those of the Caucasian participants. The difference between Caucasians’ stereotypes regarding African Americans and Hispanics is an interesting development. The role of priming stereotype in relation to social issues is discussed. Going Digital and Social: How a Colorado Newspaper Adopted New Journalistic Strategies • Kris Kodrich, Colorado State University • This study examines how the executive editor of the Fort Collins Coloradoan implemented a digital strategy and how the journalists at the daily newspaper accepted the changes. Utilizing concepts from newsroom sociology and diffusion of innovations to examine the changes, the study concludes that the editor successfully changed the culture of the newsroom in order to better serve the community. The study offers recommendations for newsrooms seeking a similar path. The Evolution of Values: A Case Study of Washington Post Sunday Magazine Editors • Jeff Lemberg, Curry College • How do editors of a weekly newspaper section manage the interplay between editorial values and business values? This case study of The Washington Post Sunday magazine reveals that editors of the magazine routinely sought positive recognition and professional acceptance by the daily newspaper’s most respected journalists, and routinely ignored the business side of publishing. However, findings also show a clear evolution in editors’ attitudes, toward a more balanced approach to news and business values. Since 1984: The Emergence of Journalistic Professionalism of Southern Weekend • Xiaoqin Li, Department of Communication, FSS, University of Macau • Consisting of two rounds in-depth-interviews with the journalists and editors of Southern Weekend, the leading weekly in China, the author aims to investigate how the staff in Southern Weekend, not only break the limitation of the authority, but also meet the market need in spite of paying the price of ‘media deviance’ in the view of the power center. The motivations are found to come from both Chinese tradition and journalistic professionalism. Agenda Rich, Agenda Poor: Exploring Agenda Diversity of Internet events on news coverage in China • Shuning Lu, University of Texas at Austin; Baohua Zhou, Fudan University • With the proliferation of Internet events in China, mainstream journalism reacts to this trend actively. The current study employs agenda diversity as a core concept to systematically examine the ways in which mass media cover Internet events. It reveals that Internet events have been incorporated into news coverage in traditional media in China. However, it exhibits a limited, unstable and fragmented manner of covering Internet events, which largely correspondent to the newspapers’ location and journalistic paradigm. The implications and future research directions are also discussed in the study. Job Satisfaction and Gender at Iowa Newspapers: Findings from a Mixed-Method Study • Tracy Lucht, Iowa State University • This study aims to contribute to the literature on gender and job satisfaction by using a mixed-method approach to learn the perceptions and attitudes of employees at community newspapers in Iowa. A survey (n=139) was used to gather quantitative and qualitative data in order to compare the employment experiences and job satisfaction of male and female employees on measures of job quality, work-life balance, and organizational support. Tweets and Tributes to Fallen Journalists: The Emerging Role of Social Media in Journalism's Hero Mythology • Raymond McCaffrey, University of Arkansas • This study explored the existence of hero myths in tributes by journalists via Twitter after the deaths of correspondents Anthony Shadid and Marie Colvin in February 2012. A qualitative analysis revealed that about 38 percent of the 466 tweets advanced a hero myth. The study concluded that social media has emerged as a powerful agent in spreading a mythology that espouses risk-taking and a form of stoicism that involves ignoring the consequences of dangerous assignments. Framing building in news coverage of school shootings • Michael McCluskey, Tennessee-Chattanooga • Two dimensions of frame building, structural characteristics and social norms, were evaluated to understand the range of problem definitions within news coverage of school shootings. Nine problem definitions were analyzed in the news content (N = 1,326). Although newspapers in Republican and Democratic states did not differ, other audience-oriented structural characteristics varied. Events with the highest degrees of social norm violation emphasized individual-level responsibility. Findings expand understanding of frame building and problem definitions. Do online news comments matter? Anonymity, argument quality and valence • Barbara Miller, Elon University; Qian Xu, Elon University; Brooke Barnett, Elon University • This study involved an experiment examining how attributes of reader comments in response to news stories impacted perceptions of an online news story as well as reader intentions to share the story, a key aspect of public deliberation on a topic. Attributes of both the comment and the commenter impacted reader perceptions of the online journalism as well as reader intentions to learn more about the topic or continue discussing the story in other formats. The Coverage and the Speech: A Case in Collaborative Agenda Setting and Singapore • Fernando Paragas, Nanyang Technological University; Chee Leong Lam, Nanyang Technological University; Premkumar Thanapalan; Eugene Seng • This paper seeks to contribute to this debate on the relationship between media and the government in Singapore by exploring the idea of a collaborative agenda setting in which, in addition to the classical flow from newsmakers to news coverage, the media reflexively nurtures an agenda for and with the government. For its case the study explores the link between the coverage of the Straits Times a year prior to the Prime Minister’s speech on National Day Rally 2013. Education, a major concern in the nationwide discourse initiative Our Singapore Conversation, is the anchor topic. Using quantitative and qualitative textual analytical approaches, this research shows the dynamics of collaborative agenda setting and its implications to Singapore and the relationship between media and the state. When New Media Makes News: Framing Technology and Sexual Assault in the Steubenville Rape Case • Rosemary Pennington, Indiana University School of Journalism; Jessica Birthisel, Bridgewater State University • The 2013 Steubenville rape trial featured a sadly familiar story of juvenile acquaintance rape; what captured national interest in the case, however, was how the rapists and peer witnesses captured video and photos of the assault and disseminated them in social media. This qualitative textual framing analysis explores how national news coverage of the case framed technology in relation to the assault, particularly how technology was framed as witness, galvanizer, and threat. When a change isn’t really a change: Sampling error in coverage of presidential approval ratings • Matthew Reavy, University of Scranton; Kimberly Pavlick, University of Scranton • This study extends research into how journalists handle sampling error within polls by examining coverage of President Obama’s approval ratings in three major newspapers over a five-year period. Results indicate support for hypotheses suggesting that, when confronted with poll results that could be explained by sampling error alone, journalists will instead emphasize those changes or differences. Special attention is given to difficulties involving “records” and results depicted as crossing an arbitrary line. Converging on Quality: Integrating the St. Louis Beacon and St. Louis Public Radio Newsrooms • Frank Michael Russell, University of Missouri/Missouri School of Journalism; Esther Thorson; Margaret Duffy, Missouri School of Journalism; Heesook Choi • This paper reports the first phase of research about the merger of the St. Louis Beacon, a nonprofit online news startup, and St. Louis Public Radio. Based on a semi-structured interview with the editor of St. Louis Public Radio and a content analysis of articles posted on the two organizations’ websites, we conclude that the combined news organization has made initial progress in integrating complementary strengths based on several quantitative indicators of news quality. Controlling The Conversation: The Availability Of Commenting Forums By News Topic In Online Newspapers • Arthur Santana, University of Houston • Reader commenting forums of online newspaper sites allow newsreaders the opportunity to participate in an online conversation about the news topic at hand, furthering the democracy-enabling function of newspapers. The forums, however, are not universally available following all news stories. This research investigates the extent to which some news topics are more likely than others to come with a commenting forum, adding a new dimension to newspapers’ ability to set the public agenda. Graphic Display in News Stories • Frederick Schiff, University of Houston; David Llanos, University of Houston • Two exhaustive models of news coverage predict graphic display in newspaper stories. All the leading theories of news play are incorporated in a three-level Hierarchical Linear Model, specifying story-level, newspaper-level and ownership-level variables. A separate Factor Analysis Model found five “common-sense” story types. OLS analysis produced the most parsimonious set of significant variables from the competing models and theories and yielded an Adjusted R2 of 9.3 percent of the explained variance in predicting graphic display. Journalist’s Perceived Knowledge and Use of Heuristics in Selecting Sources and Story Ideas for Health News Reporting • Heather Shoenberger, University of Missouri; Shelly Rodgers, University of Missouri at Columbia • This study seeks to identify differences between reporters with low versus high perceived knowledge on health reporting. We theorized that reporters with lower perceived knowledge were more likely to rely on official/branded sources (short-cuts) for story ideas than their peers who have higher perceived knowledge. Additionally, we sought to discover whether reporters with higher perceived knowledge delve deeper into the health topic by spending more time researching and relying on more technical scientifically based sources than those with lower perceived knowledge. Implications for health reporting and health literacy are discussed. Get it first, get it fast, get it in fewer than 140 characters: Local vs. regional news microblogging • Amanda Sturgill, Elon University; Dana Gullquist • As traditional news outlets such as newspapers are using microblogging as a way to break news stories, questions about the lack of context and the lack of confirmation prior to publication are arising. One area that has been less examined is the differential effects in newspapers of different sizes. This paper considers the coverage of the shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn., with comparison of the Twitter feed from the local weekly, a regional daily and a state-wide publication via content analysis. All three covered the story on Twitter, but even though the social medium reached a worldwide potential audience, the content of the Tweets were differentiated as if for the audience for the print product. The small weekly was more accurate than the larger dailies were. Take me inside and tell me what's important: What do readers want from journalists they follow on social media • Amanda Sturgill, Elon University; Max Negin, Elon University; Margaret Sloane • As more news consumers are finding their stories on social media, there is increasing pressure on news outlets and journalists to meet and interact with the audience there. However, concerns over social media’s disruption of the established news process and its credibility safeguards, and worries over the financial pressures that have already stressed journalists to an extreme have meant there is not a clear model of how best to use the new tools. This paper looks at one aspect of the issue: audience expectations. Responses (n=422) to an open question about journalists in social media asked on Facebook by a popular newspaper columnist were thematically analyzed. Researchers found that readers wanted journalists on social media to provide auxiliary content and to engage with readers about the process of story development. Implications for journalistic practice are discussed. Why web analytics click: Factors affecting the ways journalists use audience metrics • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University • This study, based on a survey of 210 online editors, proposes a theoretical framework guided by field theory that explains the patterns of how journalists use web analytics in news work. This framework is tested using structural equation modeling and finds that journalists’ perception of competition in the field, and their conceptions of the audience as a particular form of capital, lead them to using web analytics in particular ways. A tale of two newsrooms: How market orientation influences web analytics use • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Patrick Ferrucci, Bradley University • This current study compares a strongly market-oriented newsroom and a weakly market-oriented newsroom in terms of how they used web analytics in news work. Using ethnographic methods, the study finds that web analytics influenced editorial decisions in both newsrooms. However, the two newsrooms differed in the extent to which they used analytics and in their reasons for doing so. These differences are examined using the framework of market theory in news construction. Making Business News: A Production Analysis of The New York Times and The Implications for Accountability Journalism • Nikki Usher, The George Washington University • The 2007-2009 financial crisis and its lingering after-effects have provoked strong reactions about the place of business journalism in creating public interest journalism. Questions often associated with government-journalist relationships have recently been asked of business news, from concerns about sourcing practices to the implications of ownership. To move the discourse about the financial crisis forward, it is important to understand how journalists produce and create business news. This article stems from five months of ethnographic research at The New York Times and aims to offer insight into business news production at the nation’s leading newspaper. From a theoretical perspective, it offers an evaluation of the significance of the values embedded in news creation for understanding the potential for watchdog journalism. The article considers critiques about the political economy of business journalism, but data ultimately suggest that that Gans’ (1979) “responsible capitalism” offers a guiding framework for understanding journalists’ decision-making. This perspective has both strengths and weaknesses for developing accountability journalism. Ultimately, the article argues that journalists, per se, may not be the problem, but the traditional structures of journalistic output may be in part to blame for the limitations of accountability business journalism. Intermedia agenda-setting in a multimedia environment: The case of national elections in Austria • Ramona Vonbun, Institut of University of Vienna, Department of Communication; Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw; Klaus Schoenbach • This paper analyzes the intermedia agenda-setting process of 34 newspapers, online news sites and TV-news in a nationwide setting through automatic content analysis and time series analysis. The findings suggest that the opinion leader role of a medium depends on issue specific characteristics such as obtrusiveness, mediating the intermedia agenda-setting process. Additionally, the traditional role of print media as intermedia agenda-setters may be challenged by online news sites, especially for issues with an online focus. Characteristics of Newspaper Stories For and Against Tobacco Control • Zongyuan Wang, University of Missouri at Columbia; Ginny Chadwick, University of Missouri; Shelly Rodgers, University of Missouri at Columbia • To answer the call for more systematic surveillance and evaluation of newspaper coverage of tobacco, a 7-year content analysis of Missouri newspapers examined characteristics of newspaper stories for and against tobacco control. Results showed that pro-tobacco control themes (i.e., non-smokers' rights, public health) were dominant; however, a considerable number of newspaper stories were against tobacco control. Pro-tobacco control themed stories were less prominent than anti-tobacco control themed stories in terms of story size as well as number of graphics, and less localized in terms of local sources cited, localized sentences, as well as ordinary citizens as authors. In spite of this, stories for control did focus on providing more information related to public health and more resources for references and were more likely to mobilize readers to change their health behavior and their community. This study calls for an increase in prominence and localization of pro-tobacco control news stories. Student Papers Preparatory Journalism: The College Newspaper as a Pedagogical Tool • David Bockino • This study utilizes a national survey of college newspaper advisers to assess the pedagogical benefits of the college newspaper. It finds significant differences between the degree of audience and marketing coupling occurring within college and U.S. daily newspapers as well as differences in student autonomy among college newspapers with varying financial foundations. The results call into question the role of the college newspaper within a changing media environment. Local Press Politics: Transparency and the Lobbying Efforts of Newspaper Associations in the U.S. • Michael Clay Carey, Ohio University • Media companies have a long history of actively lobbying federal and state governments on issues related to freedom of information, as well as policies that affect media revenues. This study examines media lobbying efforts at the state level, where local press associations actively lobby state legislatures on issues that affect daily and weekly newspapers. Using journalistic understandings of transparency as a foundation, the research considers how newspaper associations characterize their efforts to shape public policy through lobbying, what issues they emphasize as priorities on public websites, and how their online statements about public policy compare to actual money spent lobbying on behalf of newspapers. Newspapers and newspaper associations are fierce advocates for transparency in government, but this research suggests that newspaper associations are not especially transparent about their own involvement in the governmental process. Many associations considered in this study provided little information about the money and time spent lobbying the government to make it easier for reporters to do their job and for newspapers to turn a profit. The study argues that, as advocates for government transparency and important actors in democratic societies themselves, newspapers (and, by extension, the press associations they constitute) have a moral obligation to be transparent about such matters. Seeing Through the User’s Eyes: The Role of Journalists’ Audience Perceptions in Their Use of Technology • Mark Coddington, University of Texas at Austin • Using a national survey of U.S. newspaper journalists, this study examines whether journalists’ perceptions of their audience are a significant factor in their implementation of new technologies. Findings indicate that journalists’ perception of audience demand is significantly associated with increased technology use, though perceptions of the audience’s technological use and access are not a significant factor. In addition, the relationship between audience perception and technology use is stronger for smaller newspapers than larger ones. You’ll Never Believe What They Found: Examining Potential Uses of Clickbait in Headlines • Holly Cowart, University of Florida; Jeffrey Riley, University of Florida • This study explores how exposure to clickbait-style headlines influences a reader’s likelihood to read, share, and trust story content based on mere exposure effect. Survey respondents reported their level of new media versus traditional media use. The 172 respondents then selected stories they would read, share, and trust based on headline style. The study found a relationship between reported use of media and level of trust toward clickbait-style headlines. Accessibility-heuristic and changes of media frames • Byung Wook Kim, University of Iowa; Subin Paul, University of Iowa • This study examined changes of the U.S. media frames of the Fukushima disaster, mainly focusing on the frames that discussed in the previous studies as cues inducing individuals’ different decision value regarding safety concerns. We found that “uncertainty” option increased over time with a “loss-frame” being dominant, and the proportion of undesirable consequences in a story decreased. We concluded that frame-changing by the U.S. media has likely invoked public perception of safety in Fukushima positively. What makes "good" news newsworthy? • Karen McIntyre, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • For decades, the media have been criticized for focusing too much on negative news. As a result, news outlets exist that only publish happy, positive stories. A content analysis was conducted to determine the news value of stories published on five online "good" news outlets. Stories were coded for the presence or absence of traditional news values, such as impact, timeliness, etc. Results indicated that stories from "good" news websites were overwhelmingly entertaining and emotional and lacked common news values such as conflict and references to power authority figures. Implications are discussed. News Goes Native: An Examination of Online News Media's Disclosure Practices for Sponsored Content • Joseph Moore, University of Nebraska at Lincoln • Online news publishers are increasingly using sponsored content that assumes the format of the host site's editorial content. This has led to concern among some in the journalism industry that readers will be unable to distinguish advertising from news editorial. A content analysis and an experiment examined how publishers are formatting sponsored content and how readers are processing disclosure information for sponsored content. The results suggest that current labeling and disclosure practices may be inadequate in alerting readers to the commercial nature of sponsored content. The gender gap revisited: Pattern persists of under-representing female candidates in newspapers’ election coverage • Audrey Post, Florida State University • Much has been written over the past 40 years about female political candidates, their efforts to shatter the so-called “glass ceiling,” and the effects of media coverage on women’s candidacies. Despite gains in equity of coverage and the prominence of female candidates in the 2008 presidential election, an analysis of newspaper coverage of the 2010 election for Florida governor revealed the gender gap persists, even when a woman is a major-party nominee. The News Agenda Online: Hyperlinks on Traditional Prestige Media and Internet-Only Websites • Frank Michael Russell, University of Missouri/Missouri School of Journalism • This study examines the use of hyperlinks in articles on traditional prestige and online-only news websites in the context of agenda building, intermedia agenda-setting, and gatekeeping theories. Evidence is found that news organizations use hyperlinks primarily for the gatekeeping function of sending readers to content elsewhere on their websites. However, hyperlinks also show to varying extents that news organizations are influenced by other news media more than official or expert sources. Transformation of the Print: Examining the Diminishing News Orientation of Leading American Newspapers • Miki Tanikawa, University of Texas at Austin • Over the last several decades, newspapers have shed their news orientation in favor of features and analytical news stories in large part to differentiate themselves from their on-line rivals which have a clear speed advantage. Content analyses of leading American newspapers found that today only 35 percent of the front page articles are traditional, event centered news articles, down from 69 percent 25 years ago. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13923 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/pr-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 16:03:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13926 Open Competition Patterns of paper productivity and thematic content in the Public Relations Division of AEJMC 2003-2012 • Giselle Auger • Research papers are an indicator of the work being done in academia and often reflect important social changes. Results of this investigation identified thematic differences between the content of top student papers and top faculty papers in the public relations division of AEJMC including differences in the number of nonprofit, relationship management, and corporate social responsibility studies. Moreover, 2009 appears to have been a watershed year as social media appeared for the first time and general research on the Internet peaked. The presence of an ‘invisible college’ of research and influence is also identified. Perceived sincerity in CSR activities: The contribution of CSR fit, modality interactivity, and message interactivity • Eun Go, Penn State University; Denise Bortree, Penn State University • This study explored how CSR communication in social media can build message credibility and improve organizational attitudes. In particular the study investigated the role of CSR fit, modality interactivity, and message interactivity through a 2 x 2 x 3 experimental design (N=299). The results suggest that promoting good-fit CSR activities improves credibility and attitude. Additional analysis suggests an interaction between CSR fit and message interactivity that makes fit critical in low-interactivity settings. Implications are discussed. You Know Me Well: A Coorientation Study of Public Relations Professionals’ Relationship with Bloggers • Justin Walden, College at Brockport, SUNY; Denise Bortree, Penn State University; Marcia DiStaso, Penn State University • Drawing from the coorientation framework, this study reports survey findings from two groups: bloggers and public relations professionals. Blogger attitudes toward the quality of their relationship with public relations professionals are compared to the attitudes about the organization-blogger relationship that are held by public relations professionals. Although considerable attention in the literature has been placed on the journalist/public relations professional relationship, scholars have yet to fully investigate the blogger/public relations professional relationship. Implications are discussed. “Is Apology the Best Policy?” An Experimental Examination of the Effectiveness of Image Repair Strategies during Criminal and Non-Criminal Athlete Transgressions • Kenon Brown, The University of Alabama • Through the use of a 2 X 3 factorial experiment, the researcher examined the effects of response strategies on an athlete’s perceived image after they provide a response when faced with a criminal or a non-criminal transgression. Results showed that the attacking the accuser strategy was just as effective as the mortification strategy in the repair of the athlete’s image overall, as well as when the athlete is faced with a criminal transgression; The bolstering strategy was also the least effective strategy, regardless of the type of transgression. Implications for the empirical examination of response strategies and for strategic communication practitioners are provided. The interactive role of political ideology and media preference in building trust: A PR perspective • Michael Cacciatore, University of Georgia; Juan Meng, University of Georgia; Alan VanderMolen, Edelman; Bryan Reber • Using survey data, this paper looks at predictors of business trust in the top five countries based on GDP ranking – the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and France. Demographics emerged as significant predictors of trust across countries, while political ideology was a key driver of trust in the U.S. Political ideology also interacted with preferred media choice in predicting trust. Theoretical and practical implications for the field of public relations and public practitioners are offered. Communicating CSR on social media: Strategies, main actors, and public engagement on corporate Facebook • Moonhee Cho, University of Tennessee; Tiffany Schweickart, University of Florida; Lauren Darm, University of Florida • Based on content analysis of 46 corporate Facebook pages for a one-year period, this study found that corporations communicate non-CSR messages more frequently than CSR messages on social media. When communicating CSR activities, corporations employed the informing strategy more than the interacting strategy and included more internal publics’ activities than that of external publics. This study also found that publics engage more with non-CSR messages than CSR messages, which reflects public cynicism of CSR messages. Renegade Girl Scouts or a Merit Badge for Spin: (Re)articulating Activism and Public Relations • Pat Curtin, University of Oregon • This paper answers Dozier and Lauzen’s (2000) call for critical theoretical examinations of activism and public relations to provide new perspectives and avoid the paradox inherent in organizational-level analyses. It also fills a literature gap by examining a case of internal activism, thus blurring organizational boundaries and rejecting Us/Other dichotomies. Articulation theory’s role within the cultural-economic model (Curtin & Gaither, 2005, 2007) is expanded to provide a more nuanced understanding of the public relations/activism relationship. The Role Of Public Relations In Ethnic Advocacy And Activism: A Proposed Research Agenda • Maria De Moya, DePaul University; Vanessa Bravo, Elon University • This essay proposes a research agenda for exploring public relations’ role in ethnic advocacy and activism, as a way to build the field’s knowledge of ethnic public relations. To highlight the potential contribution of public relations to ethnic organizations, the use of media relations and public information tactics by Latino organizations in the U.S., is explored, and the use of public relations by two Latino organizations conducting advocacy efforts in favor of immigration reform are described. Additionally, the authors propose an agenda for exploring how public relations is used by ethnic organizations to advance their goals. Identifying strategic disconnect: Social media use by banks and its impact on trust • Marcia DiStaso, Penn State University; Chelsea Amaral • This study explored the adoption and use of social media by banks and identified if it corresponds with what the public wants in social media from banks. The results show that social media adoption by the top banks is strong, but that the content is contrary to what the public wants. Connecting with a bank on social media was found to result in slightly higher perceptions of trust. Communicating Ethical Corporate Social Responsibility: A Case Study • Heidi Hatfield Edwards, Florida Institute of Technology • Corporate philanthropy receives mixed reviews among supporters and critics of corporate giving. With a societal push for corporations to give back to their communities, supporters cite the importance of corporate social responsibility. Critics argue some companies use their giving to mask suspect financial dealings or to buy the public’s good will and counter damage caused by their products or practices. This paper identifies three competing views regarding the ethics of corporate philanthropy, and discusses a framework from which to examine a company’s communication about its social responsibility efforts. Using that framework, this paper examines the ethics of corporate giving using a case study to identify if and how a multinational company (Harris Corporation) communicates ethical principles of corporate philanthropy through its website and annual report, and how philanthropy fits in the corporate priorities. Refining the Social-Mediated Crisis Communication Model: Expanding Understanding of Cognitive and Affective Disaster Responses • Julia Daisy Fraustino, University of Maryland; Brooke Liu, University of Maryland; Yan Jin, University of Georgia • This study details an experiment using a random, nationally representative sample of 2,015 U.S. adults. Refining the social-mediated crisis communication model, a 3 (disaster information form: Twitter vs. Facebook vs. static web post) x 4 (disaster information source: local government vs. national government vs. local news media vs. national news media) between-subjects design investigated effects of information form and source and impacts of demographics on publics’ cognitive and affective responses to a hypothetical terrorist attack. Using the Riverside Situational Q-Sort (RSQ) to Construct an Expert Model of a Crisis • Karen Freberg, University of Louisville; Kristin Saling, United States Army; Laura Freberg, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo • Behavior in response to a crisis will result from a combination of individual and situational variables. However, the Riverside Situational Q-sort (RSQ; Funder et al., 2012; Sherman, Nave, & Funder, 2010) provides a method for quantifying and comparing subjective impressions to create an expert crisis and layperson model with their personal definition of a “crisis.” Differences in their perceptions illustrate how crises managers and their intended audiences perceive same situations in very different ways. Can Ghost Blogging Disclosure Help an Organization? A Test of Radical Transparency • Toby Hopp; Tiffany Gallicano, University of Oregon • Advocates of radical transparency believe that organizations may benefit from a “radical” approach to sharing increased levels of information about their organizational practices. To test one application of radical transparency, this study experimentally explored the effect of disclosing CEO ghost blogging practices on reader attitudes. The results of this study provide preliminary support for the notion that radical transparency does not hurt reader attitudes toward a CEO or brand in the context of ghost blogging. Public Relations and Digital Social Advocacy in the Justice for Trayvon Campaign • Linda Hon, University of Florida • This study examined the digital media ecosystem that developed during the Justice for Trayvon campaign prior to George Zimmerman’s arrest. Research literature in public relations, social advocacy, and digital communication as well as content relevant to the campaign in Lexis/Nexis and on Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube were used to develop a theoretical model of digital social advocacy within the context of public relations. Activist Message Discrepancy and Value-Involvement • Seoyeon Hong, Webster University; Rosie Jahng, Hope College • This study examined whether publics evaluate activists differently when they perceive discrepancy in their promoted causes (public relations statement) and their actions (news coverage of activists) in the lens of social judgment theory. In addition, the role of value- involvement in how publics evaluate activists is examined. Results found that the higher the level of message discrepancy between the public relations statement and news coverage of activists, the more negative participants’ attitude toward activists and the less donation intention participants were. Even though participants with high involvement with issues showed more positive attitude and greater donation intention to activists than low involvement participants for all level of message discrepancy, there was no moderation effect detected. The findings and theoretical implications are discussed in terms of how activists can maintain and promote further relationships with general public and public with high value-involvement. Leading in the Digital Age: A Study of How Social Media are Transforming the Work of Public Relations Leaders • Hua Jiang, Syracuse University; Yi Luo, Montclair State University; Owen Kulemeka • This study took one of the first steps to examine how public relations leaders’ understanding of social media’s strategic role relates to their active social media use and how strategic social media management may lead to the development of public relations leadership abilities. By analyzing data from a national survey of public relations leaders (n = 461), we found that (1) leaders’ years of professional experience, organizational type and size, size of communication staff, and leaders’ primary role as managers vs. front-line social media professionals significantly impacted the way social media were used in public relations work; (2) public relations leaders’ strategic vision of social media predicted their use of Facebook, RSS Feeds, Blogging, YouTube, and their active social media use in media relations and environmental scanning; and (3) social media use ultimately resulted in the advancement of public relations leadership abilities. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings and suggestions for future research were discussed. Mediation of Employee Engagement on Symmetrical Internal Communication, Relationship Management, Employee Communication Behaviors, and Retention • Minjeong Kang, Indiana University; Minjung Sung, Chung-Ang University • The purpose of this study is to examine the mediation effects of employee engagement between employee management efforts (i.e., symmetrical internal communication and employee relationship management) and employee communication behaviors and employee retention. For this purpose, this study collected the data from a survey of 438 randomly selected employees working for a corporation in South Korea. The findings of this research clearly demonstrate: (1) employee/internal communication management is linked with employee engagement; (2) employee engagement enhances supportive employee communication behaviors as well as employee retention. Implications and suggestions for future studies are discussed. Trust, Distrust, Symmetrical Communication, Public Engagement, and WOM • Minjeong Kang, Indiana University; Young Eun Park, Indiana University • The purpose of this study is to examine how public engagement mediates the relationships across organizations’ symmetrical communication efforts, public trust and distrust toward organizations, and publics’ positive and negative WOM (word-of-mouth) behaviors. This study analyzed the data from a survey (N = 704) of a randomly selected sample of U. S. consumers. The results showed strong links between symmetrical communication and trust/distrust and between symmetrical communication and public engagement. Also, this study found that public engagement strongly mediated of the effects of symmetrical communication efforts and trust on publics’ positive WOM. Implications and suggestions for future studies were discussed. Relationship management in networked public diplomacy • Leysan Khakimova • The purpose of this study was to explore relationship management in networked public diplomacy. The network view of public diplomacy emphasized relationships as important links between organizations, governments, publics. Data included 32 in-depth qualitative interviews with 31 communication officers in governments and organizations. Results reflected limited use of relationship cultivation strategies, both online and offline. In addition, findings suggested a new offline relationship cultivation strategy, i.e. communicated long-term commitment. Message strategies and public engagement in corporate Facebook pages • Cheonsoo Kim, Indiana University; Sung Un Yang, Indiana University • By employing the six-segment message strategy and hierarchical categorizations of public engagement on social media, this study investigated the link between message strategies and the levels of Facebook engagement. Content analysis of posts (N = 600) was conducted on Facebook pages of 20 companies sampled. Findings showed different message strategies led to different levels of public engagement (i.e., like, comment, share) on Facebook. The theortical and practical implications of the study are discussed. Testing the buffering and boomerang effects of CSR practices on corporate reputation during a crisis: An experimental study in the context of an obesity campaign by a soft drink company • Hark-Shin Kim; Sun-Young Lee, Individual Purchaser • The present study seeks to explore the effects of CSR practices on corporate reputation and consumers’ degree of supportive intention toward the corporation, and also to examine whether CSR practices produce buffering effects (help to reduce reputational damage) or boomerang effects (increase reputational damage). The results suggest that CSR activities might be more effective in improving people’s favorable attitudes toward the corporation, even the perceived image of CSR activities and the supportive intention as expressed in word-of-mouth referrals or purchasing its products. Second, the results supported the marginal evidence of a boomerang effect. Moreover, this study examined the effects of a crisis on consumers’ emotions under different conditions in order to explore consumers’ cognitive processes and shed light on why consumers respond to a crisis differently in different situations. How do we perceive crisis responsibility differently? An analysis of different publics’ perceptions of crisis responsibility through news framing in crisis communication • Young Kim, Louisiana State University; Andrea Miller, Louisiana State University; myounggi chon • This study explores the dynamics of crisis communication by examining how publics differently perceive crisis responsibility through different crisis news framing. The study aims to identify and analyze the relationship between public segmentation, news framing, and perceived crisis responsibility. In spite of the importance of an interwoven relationship, there is a lack of such systematic analysis of perceived crisis responsibility based on public segmentation and news framing in crisis communication. An online experiment with 1,113 participants found that their perceptions of crisis responsibility were in consistent with the news framing they read; those who read a news story framed as a preventable crisis perceived high levels of responsibility to the organization, and others who read a news story framed by accidental crisis perceived a low level of crisis responsibility to the organization. Moreover, different publics perceived crisis responsibility differently as latent publics were more susceptible to crisis news framing. Thus, the results shed light on how news framing affects publics’ perceptions of crisis responsibility which could lead to varying crisis response strategies of an organization. Theoretical and practical implications for future research and practices are discussed. A Content Analysis Of Facebook Responses To Abercrombie And Fitch’s Post-Crisis Message • Emily Faulkner, Saint Louis University; Vallory Leaders; Hyunmin Lee, Saint Louis University • Guided by the Situation Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) and emotions literature, this paper content analyzed Facebook users’ responses to Abercrombie and Fitch’s (A&F) post-crisis response message. The findings showed that the majority of Facebook commenters attributed crisis responsibility to A&F, expressed negative emotions, and expressed nonsupport towards the organization. Additionally, there were significant differences between the type of expressed crisis attribute and behavioral intention, expressed emotions type and expressed behavioral intention, and expressed emotions type and crisis attribution. How to win foreign publics’ support? Invisible battle over history and politics and the role of public diplomacy • Hyun-Ji Lim, University of Miami • The use of soft power and the support of the foreign public are increasingly important in this age of public diplomacy and global public relations. When a country faces a historical and political conflict with another country, this invisible battle needs a strategy from within this context. Through the employment of a 2 x 2, between-subjects experimental research method, this study aims to examine a causal relationship by analyzing the influence of participants’ perception of the reputation of the involved country and the level of involvement they feel toward the issue on their attitude and behavioral intentions on behalf of the country involved. Implications for global public relations practice and theory are discussed. Communicating Compassion: A Narrative Analysis of Compassion International’s Blogger Engagement Program • Lisa Lundy • A narrative analysis of Compassion International’s blogger engagement program reveals lessons for nonprofits seeking to partner with bloggers. Compassion went beyond just reaching new sponsors through blogger engagement, but also sought to retain and educate existing sponsors, equipping them as ambassadors for the organization. Compassion’s blogger engagement program demonstrates the social capital to be garnered for nonprofit organizations when they partner with likeminded bloggers who can help tell their story. Infusing social media with humanity: The impact of corporate character on public engagement and relational outcomes on social networking sites • Rita Linjuan Men, Southern Methodist University; Wanhsiu Sunny Tsai, University of Miami • This study links the factors central to social media communications, including perceived corporate character, parasocial interaction, and community identification, to public engagement and organization–public relationships. Based on American users’ engagement behaviors on corporate Facebook pages, the study underscores the effectiveness of a personification approach in social media communication to construct an agreeable corporate character for enhancing public engagement and inducing intimate, interpersonal interactions and community identification, which in turn improves organization-public relationships. Engaging Employees in the Social Era in China: Effects of Communication Channels, Transparency, and Authenticity • Rita Linjuan Men, Southern Methodist University; Flora Hung-Baesecke, Hong Kong Baptist University • This study examines the internal communication landscape in the social era in China and investigates how organizations’ use of various communication channels fosters organizational transparency and authenticity, which in turn drives employee engagement. Surveying 407 working adults via the web, this study showed that face-to-face and social media channels are most effective in building organizational transparency, authenticity, and engaging employees. Organizational transparency and authenticity perceived by employees demonstrated strong positive effects on employee engagement. Filner and Ford, a tale of two mayors: A case study of sex, drugs and scandal • patrick merle, Florida State University; Nicole Lee, Texas Tech University • In 2013, Toronto Mayor Rob Ford and former San Diego Mayor Bob Filner each faced a public crisis, scandals deemed preventable based on human errors, use of illegal drugs for the former and sex misconduct for the latter. Reviewed through the traditional Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) lens, this comparative case study examined the appropriateness of response strategies used by each political figure. Future research directions and practical implications are presented. 15 Years of Ethics in Peer Reviewed Public Relations Journals: A Content Analysis • Michael Mitrook, University of South Florida • Content analysis concerning the nature of ethical discussion in peer reviewed public relations journals was performed on a total of 1405 articles from four scholarly journals covering the period 1998-2012. Of the 1405 articles, 134 mentioned ethics in some substantive way and were further analyzed in four categories: appeal to a normative ethical theory; mention of a code of ethics; mention of metaethical issues; and relating ethics to a particular public relations theory. Social media use during natural disasters: Using Q Methodology to identify millennials’ surveillance preferences • Kristen Meadows, CARAT USA; Jensen Moore, Louisiana State University • Due to the inevitable occurrence of natural disasters and their ability to affect millions of people, it is increasingly important to understand how individuals prefer to gather information regarding potential harms or threats. Approached from the hardwired for news hypothesis, developed by Shoemaker (1996), this research examined how millennials preferred to gather information during natural disasters thereby fulfilling surveillance needs. The use of Q-Methodology allowed for surveillance types to emerge among millennials based on attitudes toward use of traditional and social media during natural disasters. Reevaluating Propaganda in PR History: An Analysis of Propaganda in the Press 1810 to 1918 • Cayce Myers, Virginia Tech • Analysis of U.S. press coverage of propaganda indicates that the term propaganda had a largely negative connotation in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Propaganda’s association with religious, political, and grassroots organizations are identified and discussed. This analysis concludes that Edward Bernays’s assertion that propaganda was a neutral term for PR practice prior to 1918 is inaccurate. Implications for PR historiography are discussed. Who is Responsible for What? Examining Strategic Roles in Social Media Management • Marlene Neill, Baylor University; Mia Moody-Ramirez, Baylor University • This study examines the strategic roles associated with social media management through the lens of role theory. By analyzing the responses from participants in two focus groups and a survey of public relations and human resources practitioners, we identified nine strategic roles and the associated responsibilities including policy maker, internal collaborator, technology tester, communications organizer, issues manager, relationship analyzer, master of metrics, policing, and employee recruiter. Public relations leads most of these activities, but human resources is a close collaborator. Study findings also provide specific insights into online reputation management processes, exact content of social media policies, and the most common metrics used for social media channels. Navigating the Leadership Challenge: Inside the Indian Public Relations Industry • Padmini Patwardhan, Winthrop University • This study examined public relations leadership in India as perceived by practitioners. Both Western concepts and Indian approaches are explored. 140 respondents took an industry survey; 13 experienced professionals participated in depth interviews. Importance of Meng and Berger’s excellent leadership model was endorsed in India. Culture-specific leadership roles such as nurturer, seer, and mentor along with practices such as “the personal touch” were also observed. Strengthening soft skills was considered important to developing future PR leaders. Integrated Influence? Exploring Public Relations Power in Integrated Marketing Communication • Katie Place, Saint Louis University; Brian Smith; Hyunmin Lee, Saint Louis University • Public relations and marketing experience turf wars to determine ownership of new communication frontiers, including digital and social media (Delaria, Kane, Porter, & Strong, 2010; Kiley, 2011). Integrated marketing communication (IMC) prescribes that effective communication hinges on building consistent messaging around stakeholder needs through collaboration between functions (Kliatchko, 2008). Few, if any, other studies have identified the supposed power imbalance in IMC, or the influence of IMC on public relations power. This pilot study builds on the exploratory research by Delaria, et al. (2010) and Smith and Place (2013) to evaluate public relations power in IMC, and the mediating effect of social media expertise on that power. An online survey was distributed to 391 public relations professionals, ultimately surveying 21 public relations professionals in IMC environments. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to analyze if the responses grouped into different types of perceived roles. Additional descriptive statistics and regression analysis were implemented to test the hypotheses and research questions. Results of this pilot study suggest that public relations' influence in IMC is situated at the nexus of structural power and influence-based power, drawing upon manager versus technician typologies of public relations' roles. Findings imply that individuals associated with social media expertise hold more "technician" roles and responsibilities, and therefore, do not have the legitimate, coercive or reward power associated with "management" roles. These findings contradict previous studies (i.e. Diga and Kelleher, 2009) that found a positive association between social media use and prestige power, structural power, and expert power. Trust, Transparency, and Power: Forces to be Reckoned with in Internal Strategic Communication • Mandy Oscarson; Kenneth Plowman, Brigham Young University • In 2011, internal strategic communication was not improving as quickly as one might hope in one office of the Department of Defense. The literature supported the need for improved internal strategic communication, but during the lead author’s summer internship, she noted that the communication team struggled to make this happen. Why were these communication professionals not successful? What was hindering their success? Earlier research showed that trust and transparency were connected to internal strategic communication—either positively or negatively. But one new theme arose from the current study: power. The authors took a closer look at why power may play a role in understanding why internal communication was not improving very quickly in this one office. To do this, the authors asked current and former members of the strategic communication team for their opinions through open-ended survey questions about their experiences. This study illustrates that a lack of trust, transparency, and empowerment—and the inappropriate use of power—are all factors in the success or failure of internal strategic communication. The relationship between personal technology use and the donor/volunteer: A parasocial approach • Geah Pressgrove, West Virginia University; Carol Pardun, University of South Carolina • An online questionnaire completed by 660 nonprofit stakeholders supported the idea that having a social media based personal connection to the nonprofit, resembling a parasocial friendship, had a significant impact on the stakeholder’s intentions to support the organization in the offline community (e.g. volunteer, donate). Findings also indicate that when a stakeholder has a higher level of social connections and time spent online, there is a decrease in the intention to behaviorally support the organization. Nonprofit Relationship Management: Extending OPR to Loyalty and Behaviors • Geah Pressgrove, West Virginia University; Brooke McKeever • Through a survey of organizational stakeholders (N=660), this study contributes to our understanding of nonprofit public relations in three key areas. First, a new five-factor scale to measure perceptions of the relationship cultivation strategies of stewardship was tested. Second, group differences between organization stakeholder types were explored. Third, a new working model that extends previous OPR models to include variables of loyalty and behavioral intentions was advanced. Findings revealed theoretical, measurement and practical applications. Addressing the Under-Representation of Hispanics in Public Relations: An Exploratory Quantitative Study • David Radanovich, High Point University • While the Hispanic population in the United States has grown dramatically, the number of Hispanics in public relations has not kept pace. This exploratory quantitative study surveyed Latino public relations professionals to quantify perceived barriers to entry and evaluated ideas for increasing interest in pursuing public relations as a career among Hispanics. The research identified opportunities for educators, professional organizations, public relations agencies, nonprofits and businesses to work together to help address this under-representation. Skepticism toward CSR: Developing and Testing a Measurement • Hyejoon Rim, University of Minnesota; Sora Kim, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • The study attempts to develop a measurement of CSR skepticism and identify a strongest predictor among the refined CSR skepticism constructs by testing the relationships between skepticism constructs and public responses. Through testing competing models, this study concludes that four factors should be considered to measure CSR skepticism: 1) skepticism toward a CSR communication’s informativeness, 2) skepticism regarding discrepancy: CSR communication motives and CSR motives, 3) skepticism toward a company’s altruism (sincerity), and 4) skepticism regarding image promotion. Skepticism toward a company’s altruism is identified as the strongest predictor in determining negative public response to CSR, whereas cynicism, in contrast to past research, does not have much predictive power to explain public attitude toward CSR. Time-lag Analysis of Agenda Building between White House Public Relations and Congressional Policymaking Activity • Tiffany Schweickart, University of Florida; Jordan Neil, University of Florida; Ji Young Kim; Spiro Kiousis, University of Florida • This study examined the agenda building process between White House political public relations messages and Congressional policymaking activity during the first six months of the Obama administration's second term. Using a time-lag design, this study explored three levels of agenda building for issues, issue frames, and the co-occurrence of issues with eight information subsidy types. Theoretical and practical implications for the three levels of agenda-building and advancing the study of political public relations are discussed. Relationships as Strategic Issues Management: An Activist Network Strategy Model • Erich Sommerfeldt, University of Maryland; Aimei Yang, University of Southern California • This paper argues that activist relationship building is likely to be influenced by the nature of the issue for which a group advocates and the stage of that issues’ development. Informed by issues management perspectives as well as theories of framing and institutionalization, this paper proposes a model of activist networking strategies that explains and prescribes the nature of network relationships an activist group maintains at different stages of an issues development. Does social media use affect journalists’ perceptions of source credibility? • Dustin Supa, Boston University; Lynn Zoch, Radford University; Jessica Scanlon, Boston University • Changes in the media landscape have put social media in the forefront of interpersonal and organizational communication. This study investigates whether the same is true of the journalists’ relationship with media relations practitioners. A nation-wide survey of journalists (n=535) found that although journalists use social media to generate story ideas, they rarely use them to communicate with practitioners, and perceived greater source credibility in practitioners with whom they had a face-to-face rather than online relationship. Joining the Movement?: Investigating Standardization of Measurement and Evaluation Within Public Relations • Kjerstin Thorson, University of Southern California; Emily Gee, University of Southern California; Jun Jiang, USC; Zijun Lu, University of Southern California; Grace Luan, University of Southern California; David Michaelson, Teneo Strategy; Sha-Lene Pung, University of Southern California; Yihan Qin, usc; Kaylee Weatherly, University of Southern California; Jing Xu • This paper draws on a new survey of public relations professionals to explore (1) the extent to which respondents report adopting standardized measures recommended by professional organizations; (2) predictors of measurement standardization; and (3) links among measurement practices and self-reported influence of public relations within the broader organization. Survivor-to-Survivor Communication Model: How Organizations can use Post-Disaster Interviewing to Facilitate Grassroots Crisis Communication • Jennifer Vardeman-Winter, University of Houston; Robyn Lyn; Rakhee Sharma • Public relations and crisis communication research focuses largely on post-crisis communication from the organizational standpoint. Problems arise like jurisdictional conflicts, miscommunications because of cultural differences, and inefficiencies in crisis recovery because national groups don’t have intimate knowledge of the disaster site like local groups do. Thus, it is important to theorize and practice public relations with the knowledge of the publics’ standpoint. In this essay, we look to a recent post-crisis anthropological project conducted with survivors of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita to highlight the important of local, grassroots efforts of recovery. We suggest that public relations practitioners can facilitate some of the concepts used in this process, such as survivor-to-survivor interviewing and sharing narratives. We provide a roadmap that moves our field from a traditional organizational-based post-crisis model to a survivor-to-survivor communication model to be utilized by organizational communicators. Creating Social Change with Public Relations: Strategically Using Twitter to Turn Supporters into Vocal Advocates • Jeanine Guidry, Virginia Commonwealth University; Richard Waters, University of San Francisco; Gregory D. Saxton, SUNY-Buffalo • Communication scholarship has shown that peer-to-peer communication has the most influence on individuals. Organizations must learn how to engage audiences and facilitate discussions between individuals about organizational messages on social media platforms. Through a content analysis of 3,415 nonprofit Twitter updates, this study identifies message types that are more likely to be retweeted, archived, and discussed. Through these stakeholder behaviors, public relations practitioners have stronger influence as it transitions from organizational to interpersonal messaging. Dialogic communication and organizational websites: An analysis of existing literature and recommendations for theory development • John Wirtz, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Thais Menezes Zimbres • This paper presents the results of a systematic analysis of studies applying Kent and Taylor’s (1998; 2002) dialogic theory of public relations to organizational websites and social media presence. We identified 34 studies that applied the five-fold dialogic communication framework to organizational websites and an additional 12 studies that applied the framework to some aspect of social media (e.g., blogs, Facebook, Twitter). We then analyzed the papers, paying particular attention to common themes in Methods, Results, and theory testing and development. In general, we found a consistent emphasis on the role of websites and social media as facilitators of dialogic communication and as useful tools for managing organizational-public relationships. However, we found a relatively low degree of consistency across the studies in how dialogic communication was measured, as less than half of the studies (41%) used the same measures. We also found a relatively narrow range of fields represented, with most papers focusing on nonprofit (74%) or government (14.7%) websites. Finally, a surprisingly high proportion of the studies (28%) did not include any research questions or hypotheses, while only 26% of the studies tested a relation between some aspect of the dialogic communication framework and another variable (e.g., responsiveness to inquiry, corporate performance). The paper concludes with recommended areas of future research and theory testing. An Analysis of How Social Media Use is Being Measured in Public Relations Practice • Don Wright, Boston University; Michelle Hinson, University of Florida • This paper reports on a six-year, longitudinal analysis exploring if and how social and other new media use is being measured in public relations practice. With more than three thousand respondents (n=3,009) – an average of more than 500 per year – the study found fewer than half of the public relations practitioners surveyed work with organizations or have clients that have conducted research measuring what is being communicated about them via social media, blogs and other emerging media. The percentage of organizations conducting these measures grew from 38.6% in 2009 to 45.9% in 2014. Results indicate those who work in public relations strongly support the idea of conducting new media research and measurement. However, most of the research actually taking place involves basic measures of communication outputs and content analysis rather than communication outcomes studies exploring the impact this communication might be having on opinion leaders and other influential people or its role influencing attitude, opinion and behavior formation, reinforcement and change. The Internet in Public Relations Research: An Analysis and Critique of Its Temporal Development • Yi-Hui Huang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Fang Wu; Qing HUANG, School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study develops a holistic and up-to-date description of Internet public relations research by analyzing 123 academic journal articles published between 2008 and 2013. Three developmental stages of Internet public relations research are identified: the Budding Stage (1992-2003), the Diversification Stage (2004-2008), and the Advancement Stage (2009 to present). Comparisons among the three different stages are made. Major findings include: 1) research has been expanding and diversifying; 2) recent theoretical development makes a shift from description to theorization; 3) dialogic theory, excellence theory, interactivity, and dialogicity have been the most frequently studied theories and characteristics; 4) asymmetrical research agenda exists in terms of its lack of diversity in locality, perspective, and cultural sensitivity. Improvements can and should be made by moving toward a research agenda that is more methodologically diverse, culturally sensitive, and symmetrical. Reflections, critiques, and suggestions for how to advance Internet public relations research are offered. Effects of source credibility and virality on evaluations of company response via Facebook: An experiment in online crisis communication • Shupei Yuan, Michigan State University; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University • Social networking sites have become important tools to communicate with publics during crises. This study investigated the how source credibility predicted attitudes toward the apology response and the company in crisis as a function of source type and number of likes. Findings showed that the strength of association between trustworthiness and attitudes varied as a function of source type and virality. Findings are discussed within the persuasion models, crisis response typologies, and new communication technologies. Chinese Milk Companies And The 2008 Chinese Milk Scandal: An Analysis Of Crisis Communication Strategies In A Non-Western Setting • Lijie Zhou, Arkansas State University; Li Zeng, Arkansas State University; Gilbert Fowler • Study analyzed how four major Chinese companies (Sanlu, Mengniu, Yili, and Bright Group) used press releases to respond to the 2008 Chinese Milk Scandal. Analyzed in stages, findings show during pre-crisis, all displayed similarities -- keeping silent / covering-up. In crisis, strategies varied dramatically as companies became involved -- looking for government protection and apologizing. In post-crisis, survivors adopted bolstering strategy. Study suggests Chinese companies employed western crisis communication strategies, although with distinct Chinese characteristics. Student Examining the Influence of Public Relations Message Strategy Use on Student Attitude Through Facebook • Alan Abitbol • Experimental methods were used to examine the influence of public relations strategies, derived from Hazleton and Long’s (1988) public relation process model, disseminated over Facebook on student attitude. Results revealed that negative messages posted on Facebook had the most significant effect on participant attitude, and that using Facebook as a medium did not affect attitude significantly. These findings indicate that the message content is especially important since the platform itself does not impact attitude. Framing for the cure: An examination of self and media imposed frames of Susan G. Komen • Caitrin Cardosi, Kent State University • The following study examines the frames created about Susan G. Komen for the Cure® both by the foundation itself and by major national news outlets. A qualitative analysis, grounded in framing theory, identified frames around the foundation formed by the media both in 2008 and during the months of January, February, and March of 2012. Then, it compared those frames with frames that emerged from press releases published by the foundation during the same times. The study found that brand strength is a key component to influencing media framing, as is grounding messaging in issues larger than the individual organization. Future research could examine the relationship between national headquarters of nonprofits and media outlets in comparison with the relationship between local chapters and media outlets. Global Networks, Social Media and the Iceland Ash Cloud: A Crisis Communication Case • Maxine Gesualdi, Temple University • The Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull erupted in April 2010 causing a large cloud of ash, which moved across Europe created a crisis situation for many stakeholders including airlines, nation-state governments, and individual consumers. The ash could was a non-deadly natural disaster that had no human cause, responsible party, or recovery effort. This study explores the Iceland ash cloud as a networked global communication crisis and reveals implications for management of crises via social media. Comprehending CSR Message Effects: An Application of the Elaboration Likelihood Model • Osenkor Gogo, University of Georgia; Nicholas Browning, University of Georgia; Marvin Kimmel, University of Georgia • Although CSR initiatives generally elicit positive consumer reactions, a recent study showed that most people find CSR messages confusing. This experiment examined the information processing dynamics at play in the relationship between CSR messages and consumer perceptions of corporate reputation. Based on ELM, the results indicated that CSR’s influence on reputation is unaffected by message complexity. This effect is, however, intensified by involvement, information processing ability, and brand familiarity. The implications are discussed. Internet-Mediated Relationship Management in Local Nonprofit Fundraising • Yi Ji • While organizing Pedal 4 Kids charity bike ride, Ronald McDonald House Charities of South Florida primarily adopted online communication to manage relationships with its stakeholders. However, neither recruitment nor fundraising goals were achieved. In-depth interviews with event participants revealed integrated application of message interactivity and functional interactivity would enhance public engagement in local charity event. Findings provide theoretical and practical implications in local nonprofit public relations management through fundraising event in a new media context. "Culturing" Generic/Specific Theory: Relocating Culture in Generic/Specific Public Relations • Amanda Kennedy, University of Maryland • This study asked how culture in generic/specific theory (GST) (traditionally applied to international public relations) can be reconceived, and whether GST can also apply to domestic public relations to inform culturally reflective and effective national campaigns. I conducted seven in-depth interviews and thematic analysis to explore how national CDC campaigns were adapted to local publics by community organizations, finding that deeper theories of culture can enhance GST and makes GST useful for domestic public relations. The More Informative, The Better: The Effect of Message Interactivity on Product Attitudes and Purchase Intentions • Holly Ott, The Pennsylvania State University; Sushma Kumble, The Pennsylvania State University; Michail Vafeiadis, The Pennsylvania State University; Thomas Waddell • Social media increasingly allows consumers to interact with businesses, although the effects of this novel technology in the context of public relations is under-examined. The present study conducted a 2x3 experiment to examine the effect of message interactivity and source authority on consumers’ ad attitudes, brand attitudes, and purchase intentions. Message interactivity had a positive effect on ad effectiveness via the indirect pathway of perceived informativeness. Theoretical and practical implications of study results are discussed. Set It and Forget It: The One-Way Use of Social Media by Government Science Agencies • Nicole Lee, Texas Tech University; Matthew VanDyke, Texas Tech University • Research suggests that one-way message dissemination is not an adequate means of improving knowledge or changing attitudes about science. Informed by public relations literature on the use of social media for dialogic communication, the current study examined how United States federal government science agencies communicate about science and the strategies they enact on social media. Findings suggest they underutilize social media’s potential for dialogue and treat new media platforms as broadcast media. Publics’ Preference-Consistent and -Inconsistent Judgments of Crisis Response: A Preliminary Examination of Expectancy Contrast Theories in Crisis Management • Xiaochen Zhang, University of Florida • This study attempted to use expectancy contrast theories to explain and predict publics’ response to organizational crisis response strategies in an experiment. It tested the effects of prior attitude valence (positive, negative) and crisis response strategies (denial, bolster, combined) on publics’ attitudes and blame. An interaction effect was found on attitude but not on blame. Bolstering was found to be more effective for positive condition but less effective for negative condition than denial and combined. How do Leading Companies in Greater China Communicate Their CSR Practices through Corporate Websites? A Comparative Study of Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: 2008-2013 • Mengmeng Zhao, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study explores how corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices are presented and communicated on corporate websites of 204 top companies in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan during 2008-2013. The analytical focuses of content analysis include presence, prominence and extent of communication, as well as CSR issues and modes reported on the websites. The results indicate that CSR communication has gained great attention in the Greater China area, as nearly two-thirds of top companies communicated CSR on their corporate websites. However, significant discrepancies exist among three regions in terms of CSR perception, perceived importance of CSR issues, and the adoption of CSR modes. Specifically, more than one-third of Hong Kong companies use term “Sustainability”, a more advanced form of CSR, as the section title to refer to responsible behavior. Whereas the majority of companies in Mainland China and Taiwan still use “CSR” or “Social Responsibility”. Furthermore, as for CSR issues and modes, Mainland Chinese companies put much efforts on poverty and disaster relief as well as philanthropic act, while Hong Kong companies attach great importance to community’s sustainable development and implement CSR activities through more institutionalized ways such as volunteering, sponsorship and partnerships, and Taiwan companies embrace humanist spirit, as their CSR projects involve more in arts and culture, health and safety of workers, and employee engagement. This study represents the first comparative study of CSR communication amongst businesses in Greater China, providing a preliminary observation of the status of CSR implementation and communication in these three convergent-and-divergent societies. Limitations and implications for future research were also discussed. Teaching “Can every class be a Twitter chat?”: Teaching social media via cross-institutional experiential learning • Julia Daisy Fraustino, University of Maryland; Rowena Briones, Virginia Commonwealth University; Melissa Janoske, University of Maryland • Using the framework of experiential learning theory, instructors of social media strategy classes at three universities implemented Twitter chats as a way to build students’ social media and public relations knowledge. Creating topical case studies and discussing them during the chats, students applied course theories and concepts, built professional networks, and broadened understanding of how to communicate using a new tool in a unique digital culture. Best practices for teaching using similar assignments are offered. Considering Certification?: An Analysis of Universities' Communication Certificates and Feedback from Public Relations Professionals • Julie O'Neil, Texas Christian University; Jacqueline Lambiase • Working professionals may need post-baccalaureate education, but finding time and resources to do so may be difficult. An analysis of 75 university master’s programs in public relations found 22 related programs offering communication certificates. A web audit of these programs, plus a survey and depth interviews, indicated professionals are interested in earning certificates, particularly in social and digital media strategy and measurement. Professionals want to attend certificate programs that combine online and face-to-face instruction. In Their Own Words: A Thematic Analysis of Students’ Self-Perceptions of Writing Skills in Mass Communication Programs • Scott Kuehn, Clarion University; Andrew Lingwall, Clarion University • This study explored student self-perceptions of writing skills in mass communication programs at thirteen public state universities in the Mid-Atlantic region. Responses to three open-ended questions revealed heavy student concern with their basic skills, a desire for extensive faculty contact and feedback, and for many respondents, an immaturity or naiveté regarding professional standards. This study addresses implications for faculty members who wish to better understand their students in order to devise more effective writing instruction. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13926 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/schol-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 16:10:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13929 Boobies Are Not Hooters: New Tests for Student Speech Rights • Genelle Belmas, Univ. of Kansas • The Supreme Court in 2014 declined to hear an appeal of the Third Circuit en banc decision in the “I ♥ Boobies!” case, B.H. v. Easton Area School District. However, the decision provided an innovative approach to future student speech cases with some interesting judicial interpretations. This paper examines this case and suggests that courts adopt one of several revised tests when faced with student speech issues that skirt the line between appropriate and inappropriate. Diversity and journalism pedagogy: Exploring news media representation of disability • Shawn Burns, University of Wollongong • This paper explores diversity studies in broadcast journalism education and seeks to help answer a question faced by teachers: Does the material discussed in class make a difference in their lives? This research is a case study of university broadcast journalism students who took part in classes that explored the representation of people with disability (PWD) in the media. The research sought to explore whether diversity studies resonated in the post-university lives of journalism students. Comparing National Scholastic Press Association Pacemaker Finalists to the Average School with Student Media • Sarah Cavanah, University of Minnesota • This paper explores the differences between National Scholastic Press Association members, Pacemaker finalists, and different types of awardees to assess how much the organization and its awards represent school diversity among schools with student media opportunities. Logistic regression models show that the awards may be signaling to the general population of schools that scholastic media excellence is found in schools with fewer African American and Hispanic students, as well as schools located in metropolitan regions. Why be a journalist? Students’ motivations and role conceptions in the new age of journalism • Renita Coleman, University of Texas-Austin; Joon Yea Lee, Department of Communications University of North Alabama; Carolyn Yaschur, Department of Communication Studies Augustana College; Aimee Meader, Mass Communications Winthrop University; Kathleen McElroy, School of Journalism University of Texas- Austin • This study of the motivations and role conceptions of today’s journalists has shown many similarities among students today and yesterday, but significant differences between students and professionals. A new motivation appeared, marked by having experience with journalism at an early age. The students’ ranking of the importance of journalists’ roles compared to professionals showed no significant correlation. Both ranked the Investigative/Interpretive as most important, but professionals ranked the Adversarial role as second while students ranked it last. Competency-Based Education: Is it the Future of Journalism? • Rocky Dailey • This study examined the concept of competency-based education (CBE) and considered the practicality of its application in journalism education. Programs accredited by the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC) were asked to participated in the study. The majority of respondents were familiar with CBE, yet did not believe such an approach would work within the ACEJMC standards. Issues with internal compliance, professional acceptance, and traditional higher education structure were also explored. Influences of Prior Review in the High School Newspaper • Joseph Dennis, The University of Georgia; Carolyn Crist, The University of Georgia • Although not recommended by scholastic press advocates, administrative prior review is a common practice among many high school newspapers. A survey of 158 journalism advisers across the country finds that certain school and newspaper characteristics have no effect on the presence of prior review. However, statistically significant results found prior review more likely to occur among younger advisers, newer advisers, and advisers who believe an adult should have the final say in a newspaper’s publication. From Print to Digital: Project-Based Learning Framework for Fostering Multimedia Competencies in Journalism Education • Debbie Goh, Nanyang Technological University; Ugur Kale, West Virginia University • This paper examines how project-based learning (PBL) facilitated print journalism students’ transition into producing multimedia news in an iBook. Findings show technological considerations and PBL elements – need to know, driving question, choice, 21st Century skills, inquiry and innovation, feedback and presentation – enhanced multimedia competencies and consciousness. Students met learning objectives when they perceived relevance and had clear driving questions. Choices cultivated ownership and accountability, collaboration and critical thinking. Weaker students expressed need for structured pedagogy. Quantifying Control: Scholastic Media, Prior Review and Censorship • Mark Goodman; Shelley Blundell, Kent State University; Margaret Cogar, Kent State University • For decades advocates have engaged in an ongoing debate about the threat posed by censorship of high school student media. Yet over those years there have been few attempts to quantify the censorship experienced by these student journalists by asking the students themselves. This paper presents the results of surveys of student media advisers and student journalists at a national high school journalism convention relating to their experiences with prior review and external and self-censorship. Effectiveness of Pretest/Posttest as an Assessment of Learning Outcome(s) in a Mass Communication Research Course • Jeffrey Hedrick, Jacksonville State University • This research explores longitudinal assessment as a valid indicator of student learning in an undergraduate capstone research course. Pretest/posttest results were gathered from juniors and seniors (N=134) over six semesters, accumulating evidence for compliance with ACEJMC Standard 9 to be included in an accreditation self-study report. The course-embedded assessment focused on three learning objectives: research, statistics, and diversity. The mean results indicated greater improvement in research than statistics, with statistics portion showing more consistent gains. Exploring the use of corrections on college newspapers’ websites • Kirstie Hettinga, California Lutheran University; Rosemary Clark, The Annenberg School for Communication at University of Pennsylvania • A previous study indicated that college newspapers tend to enjoy perceived levels of credibility on par with their professional, local counterparts, but suggested that quality could be assessed through other means, such as “story accuracy.” This research sought to explore the use of corrections on college newspapers’ websites. Corrections are a mechanism used to amend the record. Previous research has documented the potential for corrections to increase readers’ perceptions of newspaper quality. In a content analysis of College Media Association members’ websites (N = 419), the researchers found that nearly half of the newspapers had no corrections that could be located through search functions. Additionally, the researchers found that the more professional a college publication is—based on frequency of publication, the presence of language regarding accuracy or ethics on its website, and the presence of corrections link—the more likely it was to have corrections on its website. The iPad as a Pedagogical Tool: Effective or not? • Amanda McClain, Holy Family University • Through two focus groups, this study examines the efficacy of tablets as in-classroom pedagogical tools for a college-level communication course. It finds journalism and communication programs would benefit from providing students with iPads, or a similar Internet-enabled tablet. iPads diminish a potential digital divide; they open up a world of information, help organize students’ lives, and permit convenient participation and learning anywhere. Students participate in the public sphere, putting communication theory into action. A Collaborative Approach to Experiential Learning in Journalism Newswriting and Editing Classes: A Case Study • Perry Parks, Michigan State University • This case study examines a creative approach by two journalism professors to enhance experiential learning in separate skills-based newswriting and editing courses by collaborating to produce a live online news report from campus each week under a four-hour deadline. The study seeks to build on previous findings that innovative classroom structures and projects that engage students in practical, published journalistic work can have a powerful positive effect for students. Who are you in the classroom? Avatars for learning and education • Ryan Rogers • Based on recent research concerning avatars, this paper examines how avatars can be used to enhance students’ performance on education related tasks, specifically in journalism classrooms. Study 1 shows that avatar assignment impacts task performance (on reading skill) via perceived difficulty. Study 2 focuses on journalism specific course objectives and shows that avatar assignment can influence perceptions of progress on education tasks. These two experiments show practical tactics for improving performance on educational tasks and also show ways that content producers, like news producers, can enhance audience engagement with content. Unnamed and at risk? Examining anonymous student speech in the college/university environment • Erica Salkin, Whitworth University; Lindsie Trego, Whitworth University; Kathleen Vincent, Whitworth University • Like many forms of protected speech, anonymous speech does not enjoy the same First Amendment protection when occurring in an academic environment. This paper examines the legal status of anonymous university student speech from a legal as well as practical perspective, exploring both the guidance of common law as well as the level of risk generated by a common forum for anonymous student speech today: Facebook “confessions” sites. Personal Memory and the Formation of Journalistic Authority: Scholastic Media Coverage of Sandy Hook • David Schwartz, University of Iowa • Drawing on the concepts of journalistic authority, collective memory, and media memory, this study examined the way high school journalists covered the Sandy Hook killings as a means of establishing journalistic authority. Through a textual analysis, this study found that scholastic media used the event to redraw journalistic boundaries to include emotional, autobiographical articles that advocated on behalf of their readers. This study aims to improve understanding of scholastic media during nationally mediated tragedies. An Online Learning Approach to Community Building among Asian Journalists • Violet Valdez, Ateneo de Manila University • This paper describes a master’s program in journalism designed for professional Asian journalists which has drawn students from 13 Asian countries and is run by faculty members from five countries. The program uses blended learning methods combining synchronous, asynchronous and classroom-based approaches. An exploratory study was conducted to describe the strategies used by the students and teachers to build a community of learners (Garrison, Anderson & Archer, 2000) and hence achieve the program’s learning goals. The study took into consideration cultural differences, in particular, those referring to educational experiences. Results show that the respondents tended to use the strategies of social presence, cognitive presence and teaching presence that were appropriate to their respective class roles and that these strategies tended to reflect dominant cultural traits in Asia. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13929 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/viscom-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 16:13:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13931 Unwitting Investigators: Documentary Filmmakers as Investigative Journalists • Jesse Abdenour, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill • This paper makes a case for documentaries as a new form of investigative journalism. If investigative journalism is declining, as some critics charge, documentaries could be “filling the gap.” Based on inductive analysis of qualitative interviews with documentary filmmakers, this study found that although documentarians do not see themselves as investigative journalists, they approach their work in a similar fashion and often use similar storytelling techniques. Watchdog, voyeur, or censure? An eye-tracking research study of graphic photographs in the news media • Nicole Dahmen, University of Oregon • One of the longest-running ethical debates in visual journalism is the extent to which graphic and/or violent photos should be present in our news media. The research uses a 2 (level of graphicness) x 3 (story topic) experimental design to test for media effects of graphic photos. The research also integrates eye-tracking data—a unique approach to understanding the effects of graphic photos on participants. Picturing Kennedy: Photographic framing in the 50-year commemorative coverage of the assassination of JFK • Nicole Dahmen, University of Oregon; Hannah McLain, LSU • As we remembered Kennedy 50 years later, this study sought to understand how commemorative journalism visually framed our collective remembrance, through photographs deemed both iconic and untraditional. Analysis of 905 photos found that iconic photos played a critical role, but they did not represent the entirety of the coverage. The photographic framing covered all aspects of the story, but it emphasized the media’s role in the telling--and subsequent shaping of public understanding--of the assassination. Sticking it to Obamacare: The visual rhetoric of Affordable Care Act advertising in social media • Janis Teruggi Page, George Washington University; Margaret Duffy, Missouri School of Journalism; Greg Perreault, Missouri School of Journalism • In 2013, video ads attacking and supporting the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) appeared. Through the lens of Symbolic Convergence Theory and Visual Rhetoric, this study found visual narratives using cultural appropriation, incongruity, and dark humor that propelled anti-Obamacare ads to social media sharing. The analysis points to the potential consequences of powerful and well-funded individuals and groups skillfully manipulating social media with visual rhetoric that benefits their causes and beliefs. Graphic deception: Individuals’ reaction to deceptive information graphics • Nicholas Geidner, University of Tennessee; Jaclyn Cameron, University of Tennessee • This study examines individuals’ understanding and judgment of news information graphics designed in a purposefully deceptive manner. An experimental design was utilized to examine the effects of deceptive design practices on the amount of time the user spent on the graphic, information recall, and perceptions of credibility. Further, we examined these effects in the context of two types of news stories (i.e., general and political news). Using a student sample (N = 239), it was found that recalled more information from the bias graphic and found it less credible than the non-bias graphic. The implications of these findings for both academic researchers and working journalists are discussed. 30-Second Political Strategy: Videostyle of Political Television Spots • Sang Chon Kim, University of Oklahoma; Doyle Yoon, University of Oklahoma; Joonil Kim, University of Oklahoma • By content-analyzing political television spots for the 2008 and 2012 U.S. presidential campaign, the current study examined and compared verbal, nonverbal, and production styles (1) between incumbent and challenger ads and (2) between Democratic and Republican ads. A total of 259 political television spots for the three candidates—Obama, McCain, and Romney—were analyzed. Significant differences were found in videostyles between the 2008 and 2012 Obama ads and between Democratic and Republican ads. These analyses help not only to identify dominant trends in recent political campaigns (i.e., recent political advertising), but also to ascertain how different campaign strategies reflect different political positions (i.e., Obama campaigned as a challenger in 2008 and as an incumbent in 2012). More implications are discussed. Understanding Digital and Participatory Communication by Social Media and Prosumption Practices via Video Ethnography • Sunny S. K. LAM, The School of Arts & Social Sciences, The Open University of Hong Kong; Jo Yung, Ipsos Hong Kong Limited • The new media system/environment is a result of collective knowledge by the wisdom of crowds and Web 2.0 participatory cultures, and a result of convergence of media, communication and content production/consumption (prosumption) by mediation, remediation and mediatization. User-generated media by prosumption activities provide new sources of online information by consumers/prosumers who are actively educating each other about branding and imaging, products and services, lifestyles and personalities, and social and political issues via interactive conversations. The resulting electronic word-of-mouth and viral propagation of the Internet-based social media reveals a new concept and phenomenon in digital communication and marketing of important implications to both marketers and academic scholars. This article explores social media and digital communication within the prosumption dynamics in the transmedia age, and exemplifies an innovative methodological collision of academic and market research to study prosumption behaviors on social media via video ethnography. The effects of online news package structure on attitude, attention, and comprehension • Karen McIntyre, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Spencer Barnes, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Laura Ruel, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This study examined two online news package designs and their effects on users’ attitudes, comprehension, and attention. Results revealed that different aspects of comprehension (recognition and inference) were influenced by the interaction between website design and attention. Users who spent at least 10 minutes browsing were better able to recognize facts after looking at a single-page, scroll-through site, whereas those same users showed a deeper understanding of content after looking at a multiple-page, click-through site. Photos of the Day Galleries: Representing a More Nuanced World • Jennifer Midberry, Temple University • This content analysis of images from Photos of the Day online galleries from The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, and the Washington Post investigates whether such galleries present the world outside of the U.S. as negatively as the wining images of the Pulitzer Prize and POYi contests do. The results indicate that Photos of the Day galleries are a rare space in U.S. photojournalism where international news is presented in a nuanced manner. The Wedding Video as Personal Interaction: Extending Dramaturgy to the Social Media World • Michael O'Donnell, University of St. Thomas • Erving Goffman first proposed using the theater as an analogy to explore human interaction in 1959. Since Goffman’s ideas were published, dramaturgical social analysis has been applied to the study of the work place, prisons, schools, churches and politics. Goffman applied the structure and terminology of the theater to “face-to-face” interactions, each interaction “roughly defined as the reciprocal influence of individuals upon one another’s actions when in one another’s immediate physical presence.” Much has changed since 1959 in the way we interact with one another, most notably in how social media has become an important, if not primary, means if personal interaction for millions of people. This study explores one particular niche of social media, the video sites of YouTube and Vimeo, and one particular type of personal expression, the wedding video. These videos represent a shift in how many of us express one of the most intimate and sacred life events, marriage. Goffman’s idea of theater as an analogy for interaction has been turned on its head. Today’s wedding videos demonstrate how the theater, or more broadly, the world of entertainment, has become a template for behavior, not just a useful analogy. Even beyond that, personal interaction through social media is calculated not just to mimic theater but also to be theater — to entertain. In this regard, the ideal performance, or ceremony, of the traditional wedding has been sublimated to producing a theatrical video that will impress others with the couple’s creativity, talent and “hipness.” Picturing Health and Community: A Visual Perspective of Photovoice Missouri • Tatsiana Karaliova; Heesook Choi; Mikkel Christensen, University of Missouri; Frank Michael Russell, University of Missouri/Missouri School of Journalism; Ryan Thomas, Missouri School of Journalism • This study examined 434 photographs and captions from 207 participants of the Photovoice Missouri project in urban, suburban, and rural communities. A qualitative textual analysis revealed the potential of photovoice to accumulate social capital as resources that can lead to positive behaviors. The participants expressed concerns about health risks, access to fresh food, and conditions in the communities discouraging physical activities. Considerable differences in concerns and priorities were found between the different types of communities. Consumer Mood, Thinking Style and Creative Metaphor Techniques in Advertising • Jun Myers; Sela Sar, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • An experiment was conducted to examine the effect mood and thinking style on the effectiveness of creative metaphor ads. Results demonstrated that overall positive mood state induced higher ad evaluations of creative messages. In addition, consumers’ chronic thinking style (holistic vs. analytical) also significantly interacted with the use of metaphor techniques in the ad with consumers’ mood state to affect their evaluation of the advertisement. The results showed that three predicted hypotheses received partial support. Specifically, the results for ad evaluation were statistically significant. However, the results for purchase intention did not reach statistically significant. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed. Darkness Visible; Blindness and Borders/Memories and Movies • David Staton, University of Oregon • Memory is so informed by the visual it’s hard to imagine having recollections without the sense of sight. To be sure, other senses are involved in memory making, but vision is privileged in such inordinate fashion that the noted neuroscientist António Damásio (1999) has written “one might argue that images are the currency of our mind...even the feelings that make up the backdrop of each mental instant are images.” In "In Search of Lost Time" (or "Remembrances of Things Past") Proust wrote of sensory impressions and lived experience as memoire involontaire; certain actions or particular sensations can awaken these recollections. However, a forced recalling of such moments, in his view, result in a different bringing forth, the memoire voluntaire. Benjamin’s subsequent dissection of Proust’s notions offers a framework to examine notions of looking, learning, living. Imagine, then, if this process of seeing and remembering might be radically interrupted. What becomes of memory if that primal sense is removed from embodied experience, extracted from our stories and language? To further problematize this scenario, imagine the Herculean task of attempting to give visual voice to the memories of a sightless narrator. In short, what might internalized memories of a blind person look like externalized for others to share—how is such a narrative performed? Three films of recent vintage—”Notes on Blindness” (2014), “The Diving Bell and the Butterfly” (2007), and “Blue” (1993)—take on this challenge. A textual analysis of key scenes from each of the films will investigate how the filmmakers articulated this (re)vision as well as point toward thematic linkings between the projects. What Are Shaping the Ethical Standard? Examining Factors Influencing Public Acceptance of News Photo Alteration • Q. J. Yao, Lamar University; Zhaoxi Liu, Trinity University; David Perlmutter • Public acceptance is gradually established as the ethical standard of news photo editing. It is therefore critical to study what factors impact public acceptance. This paper identifies the perceived prevalence of photo alteration, media credibility, and Photoshop use and knowledge as the major influencers. The study implies the necessity of intervention from scholars, media professionals, and ethical activists, as mere relying on public acceptance may continuously lower the ethical standard for news photo alternation. When a picture is combined with a thousand words: Effects of visual and verbal arguments in advertisements on audience persuasion • Shuhua Zhou; Cui Zhang; Yeojin Kim, University of Alabama; Lin Yang • Visual arguments have been largely studied in the rhetorical and interpretive literature. In spite of the power of visuals in advertising, visual argument has never been studied along with verbal arguments in advertising. Thorough an experimental study, this study seeks to provide empirical evidence that visual and verbal arguments can both be potent factors affecting users’ perception of and valence toward the ads and the brands, as well as purchase intention. Results largely supported these hypotheses. Implications for future studies are discussed. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13931 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/comjig-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 16:23:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13935 “You ARE Talking to the Man”: Female Newspaper Editors’ Career Paths in Appalachia • Candace Nelson; Bob Britten, West Virginia University • Although women continue to make gains in journalism, they remain a rarity at top editorial levels. In some rural areas, such as West Virginia, women are on par with the national average for such placement, despite the state tending to lag in other areas. Using grounded theory, this research investigates the influences of rural Appalachian culture among top-level female editors. It identifies a distinct understanding of Community in Appalachia and presents a model for explaining the boosts and barriers they experience. Follow the leader: How leadership can affect the future of community journalism • Patrick Ferrucci, Bradley University • This ethnographic study examines the effect leadership can have on newsroom culture and, ultimately, how news is produced. Lowery and Gade (2011) argued that the future of community journalism will happen online, and Kaye and Quinn (2010) noted that the Internet allows for different funding models of journalism. Together, this means online community journalism will take many different forms over the next decade. This study examines one popular form of community journalism: the digitally native news nonprofit. The study illustrates that when a journalist, and not a business executive or executives, controls the entire news operation, the community journalism organization focuses on quality journalism more so than profits. The CxP Typology: A New Understanding of Normative Deviance, Gatekeeping, and American Community Journalism • Marcus Funk, Sam Houston State University • Abstract: Structured interviews with community newspaper editors and publishers complicate current theoretical understandings of normative deviance and gatekeeping theory. Editors and publishers expressed a great deal of audience interaction and a clear emphasis on news about “regular people and routine events,” which offers a topical rebuttal to gatekeeping theory’s assertion that journalists are attracted to news about conflict and celebrity due to a lack of dialogue with media consumers. A deeper reading of the text, however, demonstrates that “regular people” and “routine events” remain rooted in conflict and celebrity. This study suggests a theoretical broadening of normative deviance and the adoption of a “CxP Typology” to comprehensively categorize normative deviance. Building community through dialogue at NPR member stations • Joseph Kasko, University of South Carolina • This research is composed of 20 in-depth, qualitative interviews with managers at NPR member stations to examine how they are attempting to build community through the use of dialogue. The stations came from various market sizes and from different regions across the United States. The managers reported they are using many types of dialogue, including face-to-face, formal written and electronic communication, to engage their listeners. The findings suggest the stations are working to build a presence in the community through personal relationships, regular contact with listeners and by inviting regular feedback. Seeing Community Journalism in Online News: Examining status conferral processes in digital media organizations • Myles Ethan Lascity, Drexel University • Many scholars have hailed blogs and citizens journalists as a means of upending the traditional journalistic structure, however, users appear to prefer to channel their input through established media outlets. Few have attended to the question of why audiences – citizen journalists or causal readers – share news with established organizations when they could easily distribute the information themselves. This paper will argue that the same processes at the heart of community journal can help explain why individuals choose to align themselves with organizations rather than strike out on their own. Getting Engaged: Public Engagement on Online Community News Sites Has Tenuous Connection to Civic Engagement • Jack Rosenberry, St. John Fisher College • A content analysis of online community news sites was used to determine that activities to promote public engagement with the site was have a slight association with civic engagement activities such as voting and participation in community activities. This result shows weak support for the idea that engagement with the news sites is an articulation of cyber-democratic engagement. Perceptions About Posting: A Survey of Community Journalists About Social Media Postings • Leigh Wright, Murray State University • Journalists long have been the gatekeepers of content for traditional media, but now with social media, does that role still stand? Although studies have focused on larger circulation newspapers, the literature suggests a gap among community newspapers’ judgment of news values and gatekeeping as applied to social media postings. A survey of 108 journalists working at newspapers with a circulation of 30,000 or less revealed insights into how reporters and editors perceive the traditional news values of timeliness, proximity, prominence, unusual nature, helpfulness, impact, conflict and entertainment/celebrity when posting to the social media sites Facebook and Twitter. The survey revealed that 60 percent of journalists said they strongly agreed that helpfulness is a news value when posting information to Facebook, and 66 percent ranked timeliness as the most important news value for posting stories to Twitter. Local vs. Hyperlocal newspaper: Community actor perception, readership, and advertising effects • Gi Woong Yun, Bowling Green State University; SangHee Park; Claire Y. Joa; Jing Jiang; Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State University; David Morin, Utah Valley University; Jongsoo Lim • This paper aimed to examine the dynamics of local and hyperlocal newspapers from a business and civic engagement perspective. To do so, we looked at the competitive and complementary relationship between local and hyperlocal newspapers in readership, the relationship of community engagement activities and newspapers readership, the perception of local and hyperlocal newspapers as community actors, and the perception on advertising effects of local and hyperlocal newspapers. Results indicated that the relationship between local and hyperlocal newspapers was complementary and the community actor perception of newspapers influenced readership. In the local and hyperlocal newspaper regression models, newspaper community actor perception predicted advertising effects. Respondents who were actively engaged in their local communities were more likely to purchase or visit businesses that ran advertisements in the newspapers. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13935 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/esig-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 16:27:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13938 Da Ali G Show: A Critique on Identity in Times of Satiric Infotainment • Paul Alonso, Georgia Tech • This article explores how British comedian Baron Cohen used the journalistic and marginalized configuration of his characters (Ali G, a white, wannabe gangster from the middle-class London suburb of Staines who hosted a TV show; Bruno, an exhibitionist, gay Austrian fashion reporter obsessed with celebrity culture; and Borat, an anti-Semitic, sexist correspondent from Kazakhstan who violated social taboos with his outrageous viewpoints and behavior) to develop a postmodern structural critique on media spectacle, mediated-reality and identity in today’s western societies. This article goes beyond the notion of “satiric infotainment” as “fake news” to show how the “journalistic” component of Baron Cohen’s characters becomes an initial (but essential) departure to develop a complex, multilayered social critique. Emotional Responses to Savior Films: Concealing Privilege or Appealing to our Better Selves? • Erin Ash, Clemson University • This research explores the effects of “White savior” films, best described as films in which a White character displays extraordinary acts of kindness and selflessness towards one or more minority characters. The study employed an experimental design (N = 149) to test which of two competing perspectives best explains how exposure to White savior narratives influences racial attitudes and perceptions of racial inequality. Specifically, it proposes a set of hypotheses that reflect critical arguments in which savior films produce negative effects by representing Black communities as morally deficient and by implying a state of racial harmony in our society. By contrast, a set of hypotheses representing the perspective of moral psychologists in which elevation elicits prosocial outcomes that may counter racism is tested. Finally, this study compares films portraying White saviors to those that feature Black saviors to explore (a) whether White privilege can be maintained even in the absence of White characters, and (b) how responses to these films may differ. The Myth and Ritual of "The Room": The birth of a cult classic • Jesse Benn • This paper traces the history of the film “The Room,” in an effort to understand how cult classics and movies that draw communal ritual participation come to be a part of pop culture. After this history, from its initial failure to its current status as a cult classic, an autoethnographic observation of the author’s attendance of a participatory ritualistic viewing of the film is presented. Finally, the film is considered in light of digital bullying. How body, heterosexuality and patriarchal entanglements mark non-human characters as male in CGI-animated children’s films • Jessica Birthisel, Bridgewater State University • The lead characters in the CGI-animated children’s films produced by Pixar and DreamWorks Animation are overwhelming male, and more often than not, they are not human. This simultaneously reflects a long history of anthropomorphization in animated storytelling and a breakaway from Disney’s princess-centric female focus. Given these characters’ non-human status, how do animators map biological maleness and masculine gender norms onto these characters? This qualitative textual analysis of the studios’ films produced between roughly 2000 – 2010 suggests that these anthropomorphized characters were constructed as male and masculine through three simultaneous textual strategies: codes of bodily masculinity, sexual masculinity and social masculinity. The project considers the implication of these constructions of hegemonic masculinity for audiences of children, building on the premise that major global companies such as Pixar, Disney, and DreamWorks are “teaching machines” (Giroux, 1996) and “agents of socialization” that teach children the “right” way to conceptualize the self and others (Lugo-Lugo & Bloodsworth-Lugo, 2009). The Princess: Heterosexism in Animated Films • Nichole Bogarosh, Whitworth University • Women are othered in current animated films in such a way that exhibits a sort of backlash or counter-narrative to gains made by the women’s liberation movement of the 1960s to early 1980s. Instead, a retro ideology is presented while non-substantiated nods to feminism are present. This paper explores the patriarchal ideology regarding the heterosexual romance-marriage-family priority for women that is presented in a sampling of the top-grossing animated films from 2000 to 2012 and how these messages work to continue the subordination and oppression of women. Scandal and Sharknado Are Not Alike: Individual Factors Differentiating Social Media Opinion Sharers • Joseph Cabosky • Entertainment research has attempted to predict consumer behavior from the volume and sentiment of social media activity. Yet, real world examples imply that not all sharers are alike. After surveying four large Southeastern Universities (N= 3,079), this study found significant differences in sharing habits when considering valence, gender, race, platform, and relationship to an entertainment product, indicating a need for more nuanced measures that take individual and community factors into account. Binge-Watching: Transportation into Narrative TV Content • Lindsey Conlin, The University of Alabama; Adam Sharples, The University of Alabama • The relatively new ability of viewers to choose to continuously consume episodes of TV shows changes the experience of watching TV narratives. The act of watching several consecutive episodes of a TV show is known as binge-watching, and the current study sought to investigate how binge-watching affected viewers. Using transportation theory, this study demonstrated that binge-watching increased transportation into a narrative; increased transportation results in increased enjoyment. Additionally, results indicate that different methods of watching a TV show also affects transportation, as viewers who binge-watched to catch up on old episodes of a TV show before watching new episodes week-by-week experienced more transportation than any other kind of TV watching experience. Sand Dunes, Sajats, and CBS: Analysis of The Amazing Race in the Middle East • Tanner Cooke • This paper analyzes the popular factual entertainment television show The Amazing Race. Through a textual analysis of episodes that took place in the Middle East and North Africa, this study highlights problems of representation within the factual entertainment genre of television production. While previous publications have extolled the program for its ability to represent local people authentically, this paper argues that the Middle East and North Africa fall into the classic Orientalist tropes of representation through a supposed non-scripted reality television portrayal. Thus, this paper uses a framework of postcolonial studies and mimics previous research by Muspratt and Steeves (2012), which addresses issues of representation through the categories of erasure, agency, and hybrid encounters, and concludes with findings contradictory to the previous authors and attempts to argue that The Amazing Race problematically represents the Middle Eastern and North African regions, cultures, and peoples. The Need to Achieve: Players’ Perceptions and Uses of Meta-Game Rewards for Video Game Consoles • Carlos Cruz; Michael Hanus; Jesse Fox, Ohio State University • Microsoft’s Xbox and Sony’s PlayStation overlay meta-game reward systems on their video games. Little research has examined how players use these systems. Gamers participated in focus groups to discuss meta-game reward systems. Participants indicated meta-game reward systems succeed in giving positive feedback about game play and boosting self-esteem and social status. Though some research (e.g., self-determination theory) suggests that extrinsic rewards weaken players’ intrinsic motivation, our findings suggest players see these systems as intrinsically motivating. What’s love got to do with it? Analyzing moral evaluations about love and relationships in Gossip Girl • Merel van Ommen; Serena Daalmans, Radboud University Nijmegen; Addy Weijers; Rebecca de Leeuw • The current study is based on qualitative interviews (N = 48), that aimed to provide insight in the grounds of moral evaluations of various types of mediated romantic relationships in an episode of Gossip Girl. The results demonstrate that the romantic ideal, even though almost all viewers formulated critical nuances, proved to be the most appealing for the majority of the viewers, regardless if their moral evaluation was primarily text driven or driven by personal characteristics. Political Culture, Critique and the Girl Reporter in Netflix’s House of Cards • Trevor Diehl, The University of Texas at Austin • Netflix’s adaption of Michael Dobb’s political thriller, House of Cards (HOC) represents a contemporary incarnation of the paranoid-conspiracy style of politics in film. This paper shows how the fictional relationship between female political reporter Zoe Barnes and Congressman Francis Underwood appeals to the audience’s cynicism and distrust of politics and the news media. Through a narrative analysis of key settings, characters and themes, this paper finds that while HOC offers a dramatic critique of the political culture in Washington DC, its use of Hollywood cliché undermines any serious critique of the role of the press in politics. The series also offers a post-feminist orientation toward the role of women in journalism. Media Genre Preferences Predicted by Current Mood and Salient Media Uses • Elise Stevens; Francesca Dillman Carpentier, University of North Carolina • This study combines the hedonic motivations argued in mood management theory with the needs-oriented motivations argued in uses-and-gratifications approaches to explain self-reported media genre preferences. A survey of young adults (N=216) reported their current mood, their motivations for using media, and their liking of various media genres. People in depressed moods indicated little affinity for action/adventure. People feeling hostile were particularly favorable toward animation; liking animation also related to using media as a means of escape. People in positive moods indicated a liking of drama, as well as sports. Liking of comedy was related to using media for entertainment and relaxation, irrespective of mood state. Using media for social interaction was positively related to liking romance. Using media for arousal was related to liking sports. Findings are discussed in terms of preference formation, experience with media in fulfilling needs, and methodological considerations regarding bias in self-reports due to activation of current affect. Market matters: How market-driven is The Newsroom? • Patrick Ferrucci, Bradley University; Chad Painter, Eastern New Mexico University • This study examines whether the news show depicted on HBO’s award-winning The Newsroom practices what McManus defined as market-driven journalism. McManus posited that organizations practicing market-driven journalism compete in the four markets he describes in his market theory for news production. This study found that The Newsroom depicts an organization that does indeed practice market-driven journalism, but journalists constantly fight to stop. These results are then interpreted through the lens of market theory for news production. Postmodern Hybrid Identities: A Longitudinal Content Analysis of U.S. Top-Chart Hip-Hop Song Lyrics, 1980–2013 • Shawn Gadley, University of North Texas; Koji Fuse, University of North Texas • A longitudinal content analysis of top-chart hip-hop songs’ lyrics produced between 1980 and 2013 was conducted to investigate the degree and progression of the paradoxical juxtaposition, or postmodern hybridity, of oppositional modernist identities in terms of race/ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, sexuality, and economic lifestyle. Although hybrid oppositional identities related to race/ethnicity and gender did not increase over time, those of sexual orientation, sexuality, and economic lifestyle increased over time. In addition, materialist identities positively affected the hybridity of identities related to sexual orientation and sexuality, but not that of gender- and race/ethnicity-related identities. Overall, the present research found increasing sexualization of hip-hop songs along with intensified materialism. Increasingly Violent but Still Sexy: An Analysis of Female Protagonists in U.S. and Hindi Films • Jannath Ghaznavi; Katherine Grasso • The present study examined the depiction of female protagonists in promotional posters and trailers from top-grossing U.S. and Hindi films from 2004-2013, focusing on stereotypes, sexualization, and aggressive behavior. Hindi film protagonists tended to be more sexualized, physically fit, and less prominently featured compared to protagonists in U.S. films with no systematic changes in stereotypical portrayals over time. Female protagonists were similar in their roles as attractive love interests and increasingly aggressive behavior over time. The Professional Fan Fiction of Chuck • Timothy R. Gleason, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh • Chuck was an action-comedy show with science fiction influences and the product of a Generation X upbringing that represents media influences and social conditions. Movies like Tron, WarGames, Weird Science and Gotcha serve as the foundation for Chuck’s cool geek/spy main character. Influenced by the work of James W. Carey and Henry Jenkins, this study uses the concepts of ritual communication from American Studies and participatory fan culture of cultural studies to explain these influences. Binge Watching Alone Together?: An exploratory study of college students’ motivations for marathon TV viewing • Geoffrey Graybeal, Texas Tech University; Nicholas Doherty, University of Hartford; Lynne Kelly, University of Hartford • This exploratory study, grounded in the Uses and Gratifications perspective, conducted focus groups with college communication students about binge viewing. We examined individual motivations for binge viewing, their binge viewing practices, and how they affectively experience binge viewing. Findings indicate binge viewing fulfills several key gratifications for college students, that genre and mechanism play important roles in determining what and how to binge watch, and that subjects engaged in binge viewing have mixed emotions. ‘Time Ladies’ and female fandom: User-Generated Content in the Doctor Who Universe • Jin Kim; Megan Readey • Over this past half-century, Doctor Who, a BBC’s hit drama has grown from a small, family oriented television series to an industry of its own. The most amazing aspect of this show however, is the fandom. While the show went through a 16-year hiatus, it was User-Generated Content (UGC) created by the fans that kept the stories and interest in Doctor Who alive. With the 2005 reboot of the show, it is the first time since 1963 that lifelong members of the fandom hold power as show runners, writers, and characters. This study aims to develop theoretical concerns in fandom study by exploring historical-cultural meanings of Doctor Who from contemporary cultural contexts. More specifically, with a survey of more than 100 Doctor Who fans and a textual analysis of UGC by the fans, we explore how seemingly marginalized fan group, women are participating and self-expressing in Doctor Who fandom. Political Cynicism and the Shows around the News: Examining News Satire and Partisan Talk and their Relationship to Political Cynicism • Kate Renner, University of Central Florida; Rene Naranjo, University of Central Florida; Joseph Raditch, University of Central Florida; Jessica Hoffman, University of Central Florida; William Kinnally, University of Central Florida • During the past decade, researchers have been exploring the effects of political satire on the attitudes of viewers in the U.S. The purpose of this study was to use the theory of cultivation as a framework for comparing exposure to satirical news shows like The Daily Show with exposure to cable opinion (partisan) talk shows like The O’Reilly Factor and examine their relationships to political affiliation, political cynicism, and attitudes toward government and media. This survey-based project involved a convenience sample of 404 college students who completed measures of media exposure, attitudes toward the federal government, perceptions of media credibility, and political cynicism. Results suggest that exposure to satirical news programs like The Daily Show were not related to negative attitudes toward the federal government or political cynicism. However, they were negatively correlated to perceptions of national media credibility. Conservative partisan talk program exposure was associated with negative attitudes toward the federal government but not media credibility or political cynicism. Independents were observed to report greater political cynicism than Democrats or Republicans. Implications are discussed. The dual role of morally ambiguous characters: Examining the effect of morality salience on narrative responses • K. Maja Krakowiak, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs; Mina Tsay-Vogel, Boston University • Using social comparison theory as a framework, two 2x2 experiments examined the effects of a person’s self-perception on responses to characters with varying levels of morality. Study 1 found that individuals whose vices were made salient felt more positive affect and enjoyment after reading a narrative featuring a morally ambiguous character (MAC) than one featuring a bad character. Study 2 found that individuals whose virtues were made salient felt more positive affect and enjoyment after reading a narrative featuring a good character than one featuring a MAC. Findings thus indicate that morality salience is an important factor determining responses to different character types. Avenues for future research and theoretical implications of the dual role of MACs are discussed. Active Viewing: Chinese Audiences’ Interpretation of American Television Dramas • Yang Liu • The cross-border flow of television programs has enriched audience reception research with integrating the active audience paradigm, which believes that the audience has the capability of interpreting foreign media contents in an active way. Two main theoretical approaches have been utilized by television studies of active audience paradigm. Audience-privileging approach focuses on television viewing through placing audience on the center. Text-centered approach pays attention to semiotic analysis of television texts. With more and more American television dramas having been introduced to China, Chinese audiences have initiated their active reception and interpretation of these exotic cultural products. Focusing on this phenomenon, this study explored Chinese audiences’ interpretation of American television dramas based on Roland Barthes’ elaboration on myth-making. An analysis of femininity: How popular female characters in the media portray contemporary womanhood • Stephanie Roussell, Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center; Lisa Lundy • The impact of the media on adolescent girls has received greater theoretical, legal and societal focus over the last few decades. Several studies link the development of female gender identities, healthy sexual activity and self-efficacy to how the media portray women. Restrictive or unrealistic themes of womanhood or femininity in the media can impact a young girl’s social construction of identity and provide limited examples of what it means to be a woman in today’s society. This study qualitatively examines femininity in contemporary media by analyzing—via textual analysis—how popular female characters embody, portray and promote different conceptualizations of femininity. Do these characters portray more traditional styles of femininity? Or do they embrace the gains of Third Wave feminism and promote more contemporary versions of femininity? Results suggest a shift toward contemporary femininity, but also reveal lingering stereotypes in a character’s emotional and cultural behaviors. Man without a country: How character complexity primes racial stereotypes • Ben Miller, University of Minnesota • This study examined the role character complexity plays in racial attitudes of television viewers. Previous research suggests that stereotypes and counter-stereotypes play vastly different roles in how people process information. Stereotypes act as automatic cues that call up pre-made judgments upon exposure to them. Meanwhile, counter-stereotypes actually work on a conscious processing level, forcing viewers to think more deeply about individuals when presented with them, skipping the automatic recall mechanism all together. By layering counter-stereotypes and stereotypes together in the same stimulus, this study examined whether the existence of there would be an appreciable difference between viewers exposed to solely stereotypes or both using both implicit and explicit measures. To investigate the relationships between character complexity and racial attitudes, this study used a 2 x 2 factorial experimental design featuring 99 students and the data was analyzed using factorial ANOVAs. In addition to the character complexity variable, an additional exposure variable measured differences between single or repeated exposures of the stimulus videos. This experiment used an Implicit Association Test, a Positive Attitudes Towards Blacks scale and a Black Stereotypes scale to measure racial attitudes. Findings show there was no difference in positive, negative or implicit attitudes between the two complexity conditions. And furthermore, there was also no demonstrated difference between the single- and repeated-exposure conditions. First Listen: Discovering New Music through Online Social Networks • Adam Monk, The Ohio State University; John Dimmick, The Ohio State University • This study examines the diffusion of new music through online social networks. Given the lack of theoretical research involving diffusion theory applied to online social networks, a research study was designed. A 32-question survey was administered to 460 undergraduate students enrolled in Communication courses at a large, Midwestern university. Results from data analysis provided evidence that individuals scoring higher on a new music opinion leadership scale will be more likely to listen to new music, discover new music, use electronic recommendation agents, acquire new music that is evaluated positively after sampling and give recommendations about new music. The Caste of the Cast: The South Asian "Model Minority" on Broadcast Television Sitcoms • Jane O'Boyle, University of South Carolina • In the world of television entertainment, Americans of African, Hispanic and East Asian heritage have endured decades of representations that were marginalized or nonexistent. While minority characters are in overall decline on American broadcast networks, the South Asian immigrant from India is emerging as the most visible ethnic culture in television shows, at the expense of Hispanics, African Americans, and other Asian immigrants. There has been an increase in the number of South Asian characters on situation comedies, such The Office, Parks and Recreation, The Big Bang Theory, The New Girl and How I Met Your Mother. These representations provide new racist material for American entertainment purposes. This study examines the shift in minority characters in prime time television through textual analysis of three characters in current highly rated network comedy programs. These characters are well-educated and hard-working, but their "otherness" still keeps them from attaining the levels of class afforded white characters in these shows. These elements combine to make South Asians in the United States the "model minority:" successful enough to poke fun at their culture, but sufficiently alien to use these qualities against their achieving class parity. The way we frame this ethnic group may also deepen perspectives of all minorities in our society, as entertainment media is a prime source of information about other cultures and has proved to have effects on racist stereotypes in the real world. He Said, She Laughed: Sex Differences in Joke Telling and Humor Appreciation • Patrice Oppliger • Past research has shown shifting trends in gender differences in the creation and appreciation of humor. We revisited the issue in light of women’s advancement in society and changes in the culture of female comedy. We conducted an experiment in which we manipulated the sex of the joke teller and in some cases the joke target. Overall, outcomes of the data analysis were much nuanced, rather than demonstrating straight forward sex differences. The content of the jokes (e.g., sexual tone, aggression level, and sexist stereotyping) appeared to have the most influence in terms of sex differences in humor appreciation. While males still prefer aggressive and disgust joke more than females, it appears in some cases, female comedians have gained ground on being rewarded for telling jokes beyond clever stories or self-disparaging jokes. Getting My “V” Fix: Developing PSRs with HBO’s “True Blood” through Emerging Social Media Platforms • Harkeet Pannu; Lance Porter • Through this study, we attempt to discover how social media platforms increase parasocial interactions – a one-way interaction characterized by non-reciprocation of interactions – among viewers and television show characters. Specifically, we examined Twitter usage and the intensity of parasocial relationships between the viewer and characters of HBO’s vampire drama “True Blood.” A total of 169 social media users, predominantly females between the ages 18 and 32, answered questions through an online survey discussing their Twitter and viewing habits, the outlets with which these viewers engage to discuss the television show and how they feel about the show itself. The results show that those viewers who do engage in discussions online tend to have more intense parasocial relationships with the show and characters than those who use viewers who use Twitter less. Law & Disorder: The Portrayal of Mental Illness in American Crime Dramas • M. Scott Parrott, The University of Alabama; Caroline Titcomb Parrott, The University of Alabama • A quantitative content analysis examined stereotypes and counter-stereotypes concerning mental illness in fictional crime-based dramas that aired on American television between 2010 and 2013. Reinforcing stereotypes, characters labeled mentally ill were significantly more likely to be perpetrators of crime and of violence toward themselves or others. Nevertheless, the analysis also found evidence of counter-stereotypes concerning physical appearance, socioeconomic status, and general behavior. Dissolving the Other: Orientalism, consumption, and Katy Perry’s insatiable “Dark Horse” • Rosemary Pennington, Indiana University School of Journalism • Pop star Katy Perry is increasingly under fire for performance choices she makes. Most recently Perry stirred up controversy when she destroyed a necklace with “Allah” – the Arabic word for god – on it in her “Dark Horse” video. What received less attention was her destruction of Orientalized men of color. This qualitative textual analysis examines how Orientalism manifests in Katy Perry’s “Dark Horse” video as well as what kind of imaginary Perry attempts to create. A Cosmic Flop Revisited: Battlestar Galactica 1978 • Camille Reyes • In 1978, the original Battlestar Galactica was the most expensive show ever produced for television. It only lasted one season on ABC. This essay offers some explanations for its failure through cultural and industrial histories of American television. Using popular and trade publications of the period, the author first argues that an ill-timed business decision, coupled with the departure of programming legend Fred Silverman from the network, resulted in serious problems for the nascent series. The author critiques the executive decisions around special effects. Various narrative and genre expectations are also addressed. The essay also explores the tensions between censors and the networks, tracing influences on television content during the period. Television failures are common, yet this particular story has enjoyed a rich life after cancellation. In a self-reflexive passage, the author presents a portrait of the show’s popularity with children and offers cultural and economic reasons why the newly re-imagined series, airing from 2004 – 2009, fared so much better than the original. Kaun Banega Crorepati: The Indian Gameshow and its Glocalization • Enakshi Roy, Ohio University • The game show Kaun Banega Crorepati (KBC) changed the entertainment scene in India. Using Textual Analysis in the context of “glocalization,” the study examines how cultural signifiers were used to localize the British gameshow Who Wants To Be a Millionaire? for India. Analyzing a sample of episodes through four seasons, the study identifies specific cultural references such as cricket, Bollywood, Indian history and mythology or religion; presence of famous movie stars as hosts, focus on contestants’ stories, and preaching, and examines how each of these elements made the show uniquely Indian. Collaborative Starvation and the Invisible Podium: Using Twitter as a “How To” Guide to Eating Disorders • Stephanie Hovis, Kennesaw State University; Erin Ryan, Kennesaw State University • This thematic analysis is an exploration of one anonymous Twitter user's documentation of her struggles with eating disorder(s) over the course of eight months. Examining the language and images in @Anaforlife55’s tweets, as well as her interactions with other anonymous Twitter users also battling food demons, the goal of this paper is to determine whether the notion that eating disorders can be considered a contagious disease has merit. Whereas eating disorders are not developed quickly through a sharing of germs in the classical sense of contagion, the ways in which the media, communication scholars, and the infected discuss the “whys” and, more importantly, the “hows” can spread just as easily. This paper examines the romanticized and competitive, yet simultaneously tight-knit, support system that encourages and enables eating disordered brothers and sisters to feed their disease via social media. @Anaforlife55 is quickly approaching her tenth year with an eating disorder, but this eight-month snapshot of her journey before and after entering rehabilitation provides support for the “contagious disease” argument. Themes are discussed in terms of language, relationships, and visual elements such as photos of various body parts. Demographic Congruency, Advertisement, and Television Shows: The Effect of Advertisement Viewing on Television Show Evaluation • Jeremy Saks, Ohio University • This thesis examines demographic congruency between television shows and advertisements and the effects that it has on program evaluation. Two groups of college- aged participants watched the same popular television show for their age group but some saw commercials targeted at them while others saw advertisements for products and services for elderly people. Theoretically based on Mandler’s discrepancy/evaluation theory, results showed that individuals exposed to demographically incongruent advertisements explicitly evaluated the television show less favorably than those that saw congruent commercials. Additionally, an implicit associations test found marginally significant and contrasting results where the demographically incongruent advertisements led to a higher liking among those who viewed them along with the show. The results, as well as potential explanations, are discussed. Is Grey’s Anatomy on the Wave? A Feminist Textual Analysis of Meredith Grey and Cristina Yang • Lauren Wilks, Trinity University • The traditional portrayal of women in the media concerns feminist scholars because of the repeated sexualization, subordination, and underrepresentation of females (Collins, 2011). This feminist textual analysis seeks to determine whether Grey’s Anatomy portrays female characters with more complex gender roles than those typically portrayed in media. This study finds that while there were more instances of third wave feminism overall, in crisis situations a post-feminist reversion to traditional feminine roles sometimes occurred. Exploring the Interplay of Flow, Psychological Transportation and Presence in Narrative Advergaming • Lu Zheng • As one of the fastest-growing formats of branded entertainment, advergaming has been increasingly embraced by international marketers in their brand building endeavors. The current study seeks to simultaneously gauge the impacts of flow, narrative transportation and presence on one’s game attitude, brand attitude, and purchase intention in the narrative advergaming context. The findings indicated that among the three psychological processes, transportation tends to play a decisive role in determining one’s affective and conative responses. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13938 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/glbt-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 16:31:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13941 Saying Goodbye to Men: Southern Feminists Publishing News While Challenging Patriarchy • Jose Araiza • In 1975, a lesbian separatist newsletter named Goodbye to All That (GTAT) was published in Austin, Texas, to challenge patriarchy in the left. This textual analysis guided by standpoint feminist theory analyzed how the women struggled to define feminism for themselves. While GTAT was similar to lesbian publications of the same era, GTAT covered the topics of sex, dyke separatism, and motherhood in a unique fashion that could be partially attributed to their Southern heritage. “Look at Keelin and Caster Now!”: The Olympic Body In Resistance to Hegemonic Norms • Sim Butler, University of Alabama; Kim Bissell • Disability scholars (Lindemann, 2010; Longmore, 2003; Garland-Thompson, 2011; McRuer & Mollow, 2012) argue that the cultural articulation of which bodies are “normal” segregates, regulates, and demeans people whose bodies are deemed disabled, while elevating other bodies as most enviable. Keelin Godsey, a transgendered hammer thrower, and Caster Semenya, a sprinter whose identity as a female was officially and publically scrutinized, represent a pair of non-normative bodies with Olympic aspirations. The qualification process of Godsey and Semenya during the 2012 London Summer Olympic Games (LSOG) highlights one of the many challenges created in the construction, mediation, and reaction to athlete’s bodies and to society’s perceptions of able-bodiedness. This project seeks to examine the role of athletic competition as a means of resistance to normative constructions of the body through a critical/cultural rhetorical analysis of the qualification process of Caster Semenya and Keelin Godsey. Continuing the connections made by West (2010) and McRuer and Mollow (2012), we ask how narratives of non-normative body constructions might resist or maintain hegemonic constructions of athletic bodies within sport. Given that athletic competition stands as a public measure of ability, situations like those embedded in the 2012 LSOG could create spaces to call into question the social construction of able-bodiedness in a number of ways and is part of the impetus for the current project. These and other implications are considered. Sport Journalists' Framing of Gay NBA Player Jason Collins • Edward Kian, Oklahoma State University; Danny Shipka, Oklahoma State University • A textual analysis examined popular U.S. newspapers and websites' framing of Jason Collins' coming out as the first 'active' gay athlete in a popular U.S. professional men's teamsport. Journalists framed Collins' outing as historic and those criticizing Collins as antiquated outliers. Whereas Collins was praised as a hero, journalists noted he might never play again, mitigating his impact. Overall, media framed sport as an inclusive institution for gays, countering most scholarship on homosexuality in sport. Incidental contact with same-sex couples in non-traditional news content: An examination of exemplification and parasocial contact effects • Jessica Myrick, Indiana University; Rhonda Gibson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • A news report about the lack of insurance availability for non-married couples, presented in news blog format, was manipulated to create versions differing in exemplar type (straight unmarried couple, same-sex unmarried couple) and story perspective (first person, third person). Readers evaluated the quality of the news article and estimated the number of American companies that offer health insurance benefits to domestic partners and the percentage of the population that identifies as gay, lesbian or bisexual. Respondents also completed measures of intergroup anxiety, empathy, social distance, and attitudes toward GLBT individuals, in addition to measures of behavioral intentions related to support for changes in health insurance public policy. Exemplification effects on estimates of the prevalence of sexual minorities were not found; however, those viewing same-sex exemplars were more likely to indicate willingness to take action to support changes in health insurance policy for domestic partners than were those viewing straight exemplars. Stories using straight exemplars and presented in the third person and those using same-sex exemplars and presented in the first person elicited higher levels of empathy than did third-person stories with same-sex exemplars and first-person stories with straight exemplars. Implications for journalists and public policy message creators are discussed. Moral Panic in a Pandemic: A Historical Analysis of HIV Coverage and the America Responds to AIDS Campaign in 1987 • Chelsea Reynolds, University of Minnesota • This article presents a historical media analysis of the Reagan administration’s HIV/AIDS prevention efforts during 1987. It positions Reagan’s reticence surrounding HIV education within cultural, political, and mediated contexts using Cohen’s 1972 definition of moral panic as the driving framework. This paper argues that despite health authorities’ push for media to integrate risk behaviors into HIV prevention messages, Reagan and the CDC focused on scapegoat populations rather than on behavioral interventions. Framing Same-sex Marriage in Taiwan: The Persuasive Appeal Frame • Mengchieh Jacie Yang; JhuCin Jhang, University of Texas at Austin • The current study focuses on how news media coverage same-sex marriage issues in Taiwan. With a framing perspective and news articles collected from Yahoo News Taiwan, the study found that international news stories significantly outnumbered those of the local news. Local news articles on same-sex marriage usually started with an episodic frame, but were supported by thematic quotes that rely heavily on several gender equality advocacy groups. The dominant frame the authors found in most news articles covering same-sex marriage in Taiwan was the Persuasive Appeal Frame. The Persuasive Appeal Frame includes three appeals based on Aristotle’s (Rhetoric) framework: the authoritative appeal, reasoning appeal, and emotional appeal. Implications and suggestions are also discussed. Framing Gay Marriage in Leading U.S. Newspapers and TV Networks • Yue Zheng, University of South Carolina • Using a quantitatively analysis of 410 news stories from six newspapers and three TV networks from 2004 to 2013, this study explored how Mass media organized the gay marriage stories, what issue attributes they presented to support/oppose gay marriage, and what story tone it was. The study also examined the different visibility of the news frame between newspaper and television, between liberal and conservative newspapers, as well as across time period. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13941 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/grad-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 16:37:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13946 Evaluating Stakeholders’ Interpretations of Corporate Sustainability Communications • Lauren Bayliss, University of Florida • As organizations turn their attention to improving sustainable practices, it becomes increasingly important to communicate those practices with stakeholders. However, in a diverse society, stakeholder perceptions of corporate sustainability communications may vary widely. Therefore, this study explores how stakeholders’ personal values influence their assessments of organizational values and reputation in the context of corporate sustainability communications. Using literature regarding corporate reputation, selective perception, and values theory, a framework is proposed for understanding the relationship among these constructs. It is proposed that stakeholder evaluations of reputation are influenced by the similarity or dissimilarity of organizational values to stakeholder values. Furthermore, in the case when values are not clearly identified in communications, it is proposed that stakeholders’ selective perception of an organization’s values will be influenced by the stakeholders’ own values. To explore this framework, a study was conducted in a controlled setting. Participants first reported their own values using the Short Schwartz's Value Survey (Lindeman & Verkasalo, 2005). Then, after viewing corporate sustainability communication materials for fictitious companies, participants responded to surveys regarding the companies’ reputations and perceived values. The results were analyzed using a series of dependent samples t-tests and correlations. Several relationships were uncovered, including indications that participants may, in some cases, selectively perceive a company’s value priorities to be opposite to their own. Furthermore, certain reputations scale items were found to be related to particular values. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed. Ego, Engagement, and Exchange of Information: A Narcissistic Social Media Culture Can Save Watchdog Journalism • Ginger Blackstone, University of Florida • Utilizing social learning theory, this study presents a conceptual model with eight propositions that connects a narcissistic social media culture to the consumption of watchdog journalism through the mediator of online community building. Self-presentation and need to belong are moderators between the narcissistic social media culture and online community building; and affective appeal, internal locus of control, and civic engagement are the moderators between online community building and the consumption of watchdog journalism. Molly Vs. Goliath: Studying the Relationship Between Social & Mass Media in Contemporary Social Activism • Kyle Brown, McMaster University • Historically, one of the greatest challenges facing social and political activists is the ability to deliver their message to the public. Due to constraints, such as a limited newshole and reliance on official sources in mass media, activist voices often fall on deaf ears. This study examines Molly Matchpole’s use of social media in a campaign against Bank of America, leveraging public support and mainstream media coverage, as she successfully halted the bank’s unfair fees. Missing from the News: Local Coverage of Missing Persons’ Stories • Lindsey Conlin, The University of Alabama • News coverage of missing people has consistently focused on stories of young, attractive, upper-to-middle-class white women, known as Missing White Woman Syndrome. Research on this topic has generally compared the cases of missing white women to missing black women, leaving the literature lacking on how stories about all types of missing people are covered by journalists. The current study proposes sociological reasons for how stories about missing people are covered, and employs a content analysis to examine a large sample of local newspaper stories. Results show that journalists perceive stories about missing white women to be deviant, and that journalists integrate writing about missing people into their news routines. Implications for news coverage are discussed. How The “Like Us On Facebook” Brand Strategy Fosters A Goal-Specific Virtual Identity: A Model • Naa Amponsah Dodoo, University of Florida • In total, the top five brands on Facebook have more than 500 million fans through the “like” Facebook button feature and yet research shows that about only 1% engage with the top brands on Facebook. This suggests that individuals have other underlying reasons for liking brands’ Facebook pages. To address the question of the latent motivations for liking brands on Facebook, a conceptual model that presents latent constructs of why individuals like the brand’s Facebook page either through the like button on Facebook or on the brand’s website is developed and described. This is termed in this paper as the “Like us on Facebook” brand strategy which refers to the use of the like button feature of Facebook by brands seeking to establish a social presence on Facebook. The proposed conceptual model is derived from and explained by literature sourced from social influence, socio-economic status, brand personality, self-congruity, self-disclosure and social identity to suggest that the “Like us on Facebook” brand strategy fosters a goal- specific virtual identity. In addition a typology of goal-specific virtual identity categorized into self-presentation, belonging and enlightened self-interest is explicated. Propositions testable through future research and implications of the model are offered. Journalists as News Consumers: An Analysis of National Coverage of the Kermit Gosnell Trial • Thomas Gallagher, Temple University • This paper examines the changing relationship between producers of news and consumers of news. Employing a textual analysis of US national media coverage of the Kermit Gosnell trial in 2013, this paper reveals how social media provides opportunities for consumers of news to directly critique news coverage and how producers of news learn of stories to cover. Issues of political bias, moral decency and censorship, and race and class division also arise to influence unique coverage of the trial. Traitor or a whistleblower: How newspapers in the United States, the United Kingdom and Russia framed Edward Snowden? • Nisha Garud, Ohio University • This study examined three newspapers — The New York Times, The Guardian and The Moscow Times — in the United States, the United Kingdom and Russia respectively to study how these newspapers framed Snowden. The study analyzed the content for frequency of news stories, story position, page position and frames. It was found that The New York Times used neutral descriptors for Snowden but framed him negatively in its stories. The Guardian framed Snowden positively, and The Moscow Times framed Snowden neutrally. Snowden was mostly called as a whistleblower or an NSA employee. The Phantom of Walter Lippmann, and Walter Lippmann's Phantom: Understanding Responses to Present Crises Facing Journalism • Nicholas Gilewicz, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania • This article comprises a critical review essay of a dozen books published about crises facing journalism from 2007 to the present. Reviewing these texts reveals the liminal position of journalists in the U.S. political economy—media observers appeal to the quasi-scientific expertise journalists claim, while also explicating journalists' position as representing the voice of a wider public. This cognitive dissonance echoes the so-called "Lippmann-Dewey debates," even as, a century on, "the public" has radically evolved. Cultivating and Sustaining a Business’s Community of Practice: How Content Influences Responses on Facebook Pages • Ren-Whei Harn, University of Kansas • Content analysis was applied to examine wall posts themes on a business’s Facebook page and analyze the relationship between the theme and response type. Other characteristics such as visual content and acquisition of content were also recorded and analyzed in terms of frequency and effect on response type. This research took an interdisciplinary approach to understand interaction between a brand and its followers from the perspective of understanding the online user as a lifelong learner. Nostalgic Advertising and Self-Regard • ILYOUNG JU • Viewers’ past memories and experiences are important indicators for generating positive self-regard. Issues relating to self-verification, loneliness, autobiographic memory, wistful attitude, psychological comfort, self-enhancement, and meaning in a life are addressed. The model offers propositions for the future research of nostalgic advertising. The present study will provide insightful implications for advertisers and marketers by analyzing people’s psychological process and intrinsic values rather than their extrinsic goals. Motivated Exposure to Counter-attitudinal Information in an Online Political Forum • Sungmin Kang, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Does the structure of diverse information automatically expose Internet users to counter-attitudinal information? Are all Internet users embedded in the same structure compelled to receive attitude-inconsistent contents at the same level? A review of research on cross-cutting exposure aroused these critical questions. Using data collected from 341 participants in an online political forum, this study explored motivations for using online political forums and investigated the relationship between motivations and cross-cutting exposure. The first set of results employed Principle Component Analysis in order to identify factors for using online forum and identified four motivations: self-enhancing information seeking, comprehensive information seeking, pass time, and interpersonal interaction. By using those four motivations, the second set of results used hierarchical regression analysis that revealed comprehensive information seeking and interpersonal interaction were positively associated with cross-cutting exposure. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. Exploring Motivations for Social Media Use and their Antecedents • Timothy Macafee • Social media allows individuals to engage in a variety of activities, some more laborious than others. People can seek and share information and they can communication with others. Examining the motivations for engaging in these behaviors is useful to uncover the utility of these sites. In addition, examining what factors drive motivations for using social media may uncover additional patterns to explain why people visit these sites. Using a two-study approach, including a convenience pilot study and a U.S. representative sample survey, the study suggests individuals’ motivations revolve around conversation and information exchange, and several demographic and attention to information factors relate to these motivations. The study is a preliminary look at the current state of motivations for using social media and antecedents to these motivations. Framing cyberbullying in US mainstream media • Tijana Milosevic, American University • This study relies on content analysis of US mainstream print and TV coverage to explore how cyberbullying has been framed from 2006-2013, primarily in terms of who and what causes cyberbullying (causal responsibility) and which individuals, institutions and policies are responsible for taking care of the issue (treatment responsibility). Despite the rising frequency of this phenomenon, a comprehensive content-analysis of this kind has not yet been conducted. Based on research on episodic and thematic framing, this study finds that TV coverage is more episodic in nature- triggered by individual cyberbullying incidents- than the print coverage. Episodic frames focus attention on individuals rather than institutions or broader social forces, which are typically present in thematic frames. This finding has important implications for cyberbullying prevention: when issues are framed episodically audiences tend to attribute causal and treatment responsibility for issues to individuals involved in these incidents and not to institutions and society. Hero, Traitor, Whistle Blower or Criminal? A Cross-Cultural Framing Analysis of the Edward Snowden Controversy • Michael Mirer, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Catasha Davis, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Alberto Orellana-Campos, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Hsun-Chih Huang; TZU-YU CHANG, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Edward Snowden’s leaks about the United States’ data collection efforts were a worldwide story in 2013. Newspapers around the world followed the story, but hardly spoke with one voice. Though some have argued for the emergence of global frames in media, this content analysis of coverage in six countries finds differences across a variety of dimensions. We argue that though information travels easily, meaning construction is still a localized process. Media Portrayals of Hashtag Activism: A Framing Analysis of Canada's #IdleNoMore Movement • Derek Moscato, University of Oregon • The confluence of activism and social media – legitimized by efforts such as the Arab Spring and Occupy Movements – represents a growing area of mainstream media focus. The ability of social media tools (such as Twitter's hashtags) to diffuse and amplify information and ideas has afforded new media outreach opportunities for activists and advocates of various movements. The growing legitimacy of such movements invites more scrutiny of portrayals of these online causes by traditional media, and in particular the media framing of such movements. Using Canada’s recent #IdleNoMore movement as a case, this study uses framing theory to better understand how traditional media are representing activism born of social media such as Twitter. #IdleNoMore is an activist movement that launched in November 2012, focused on raising awareness of political, economic, social and environmental issues specific to Indigenous populations in Canada and internationally . A qualitative framing analysis is used to identify frames present in media reporting of #IdleNoMore during its first two months by two prominent Canadian publications, Maclean's magazine and the Globe and Mail newspaper. While these frames often serve the purpose of a media outlet’s mandate -- to report, to mediate, to debate, to entertain or to take a political or economic position -- they can also leverage the efforts of activists by providing history and context while also widening perspectives. Motivations for Instagram Use: A Q-Method Analysis • Rachel Nielsen, Brigham Young University; Mindy Weston • As a relatively new medium, Instagram has been neglected in the scholarly realm. This exploratory research seeks to understand what types of people use Instagram and what these users perceive as their motivations for Instagram use. A Q-method analysis revealed four archetypal Instagram users and perceived motivations for Instagram use that include fulfilling social needs, seeking out entertainment, finding or sharing information, and engaging in a user-friendly format and a positive social environment. The Antecedents of Interactive Loyalty through a Structural Equation Model • Anthony Palomba • Consumers engage in video game consoles by playing video games or accessing alternative entertainment options through them. Brand loyalty towards video game consoles may have several antecedents. Gender, genre of video games and network externality may impact brand loyalty, mediated by perceptions of video game console brand personalities. This study investigated these relationships by conducting a principal component factor analysis and testing a structural equation model. Factors affecting CSR evaluation: Type of CSR and Consumer Characteristics • Young Eun Park, Indiana University; Hyunsang Son, University of Texas • This study, employing survey method with actual U.S. consumers rather than student samples, investigates the relationship between specific types of CSR activities (human rights, environment, labor conditions, anti-corruption) and consumers’ demographic (age, gender, and income) and psychological (involvement, need for uniqueness, and innovativeness) traits to anticipate consumers’ evaluation of CSR and behavioral intention (intention to subscribe telecommunication service). Results indicate involvement and need for uniqueness are positively related to CSR evaluation and subscription intention. Added in Translation: Adapting Hollywood Movies to Bollywood • Enakshi Roy, Ohio University • This study uses the theoretical framework of Glocalization to compare three popular Hollywood movies Mrs. Doubtfire, Fatal Attraction and Patch Adams to their adapted versions which were made in Bollywood. The study uses textual analysis to examine the movies. It was found that family structure, emotions, religion, construction of a normative narrative and songs were used as cultural signifiers and were inserted in the storyline to make the movies acceptable to the Indian audiences. Moreover, within the familial set-up, an authoritarian patriarchal character was introduced to make the movies relatable to the Indian context. Journalistic Values, A Concept Explication: Personal and Professional Norms, Entrepreneurship, and Media Innovation • Frank Michael Russell, University of Missouri/Missouri School of Journalism • Digital distribution has allowed entrepreneurs and innovators to capture revenues that traditionally supported journalism. In response, scholars have argued that journalists must become entrepreneurs. This paper offers an explication of “journalistic values.” A definition of journalistic values is offered as those ideal behaviors and beliefs that are commonly held by individual journalists in a culture. This proposed definition is discussed in the context of implications for research involving entrepreneurial journalism and media innovation. Silicon Valley and Hollywood: Newspaper Coverage of Regional Business Clusters • Frank Michael Russell, University of Missouri/Missouri School of Journalism • This study examined coverage of Silicon Valley technology companies and Hollywood entertainment companies in the San Jose Mercury News, Los Angeles Times, and Chicago Tribune. It found support for a connection between the presence of a strong regional industrial agglomeration such as Silicon Valley or Hollywood and business news content—and for an interest regardless of location in covering large technology companies, particularly Apple, Google, and Facebook, that are known as experienced frame-makers. Tweeting Through the Good and the Bad: An Examination of the Spiral of Silence in the Age of Twitter • Annelie Schmittel, University of Florida; Kevin Hull, University of Florida • Researchers have examined how fan reactions change based on team success, but updated literature is lacking in the age of social media. This paper addresses how fans used Twitter during a rivalry game, and if the spiral of silence remains an appropriate framework when fans are online. Results demonstrate that fans do not go silent if their team is losing, and that traditionally recognized methods of celebration and disappointment are not occurring on Twitter. Geoengineering: The Fate of the World or Humankind? A Framing Analysis • Yulia A. Strekalova; Angela Colonna • This study is a qualitative framing analysis that assessed the dominant frames of geoengineering in major U.S. newspapers then compared these frames to dominant U.K. frames found in a past study. A total of 48 articles were analyzed from a database of major American newspapers. The study found four dominant U.S. frames on geoengineering, and an overlap of the U.S. frames with the U.K. frames with subtle but distinct differences. Stigmatizing Content and Missing Messages in Anti-Stigma PSAs on Mental Illness • Roma Subramanian, University of Missouri • Guided by the conceptual framework of stigma, a textual analysis of anti-mental illness stigma PSAs produced by prominent mental health organizations in this country over the past decade was conducted. It was found that the PSAs focused on changing individual- level attitudes toward stigma and ignored issues of structural stigma. The study raises questions about how the different forms of stigma interact, which in turn has implications for the design of anti-stigma interventions. Mobile Health Apps Use: The Role of Ownership, Health Efficacy and Motivation • Yen-I Lee, Bowling Green State University; Dinah Tetteh, Bowling Green State University • This study explored motivation, health efficacy, mobile phone ownership, and demographic elements as factors to help predict use of mobile health apps among college students and the general population. Surveying participants from the Midwest United States, we found that ownership of mobile devices was not a predictor of health app use for both populations and that health efficacy was a predictor of health app use for the general population but not for the student population. Melted: Iceland's Failed Experiment with Radical Transparency • A.Jay Wagner • As information continues to digitize, governments are rethinking their information policies, from intellectual property to transparency. These reconsiderations are closely related to Appadurai’s notion that the strength of the nation-state is diminishing in the globalized world, with cultures moving to a more influential position. In the wake of a catastrophic financial collapse, Iceland adopted a slate of progressive media laws set to invert traditional ideas of government accountability. The laws taken together act as the reification of digital libertarian principles as proselytized by digital pioneer John Perry Barlow. The digital libertarian movement evolved out of the 60s U.S. counterculture as a response to the mass society of their parents’ generation. Closely tied with the tenets of Stewart Brand, his Whole Earth Catalog, and the Bay Area hippie scene, the nascent movement stressed finding personal fulfillment through independence. The following generation shared a distrust in authority, but also a skepticism of the counterculture’s idealism. Instead of fearing uniformity, they saw mass surveillance as their primary threat, and they looked to establish accountable measures to ward off increased state obstruction. This past spring, playing on a slow to rebound króna, the centrist Progressive Party would sweep into government and begin unraveling the populist gains. This paper explores Iceland’s experimentation with digital libertarianism, the concept’s cultural path, and its ultimate failure, while considering the political manipulation that assured that neither IMMI nor the populist constitution would ever be fully ratified, but instead used as another device of placation. The Cognitive and Affective Effects of Country-of-Origin: How Consumers Process Country-of-Assembly and Country-of-Design for High and Low Involvement Products • Linwan Wu; ILYOUNG JU • A study was conducted to investigate how COA and COD information is processed by consumers for high and low involvement products. Results indicated that COA was more likely to be processed cognitively, while COD tended to be processed affectively. For high involvement products, the only presentation of COD with a positive image elicited the most favorable affective product evaluation. For low involvement products, no difference of cognitive product evaluation was detected. To Approve or to Protest: The Influence of Internet Use on the Valence of Political Participation in Authoritarian China • Jun Xiang, The Univeristy of Arizona • Advances in technology have changed the way citizens participate in politics. Using latest data as part of the Asian Barometer, this paper explores the influence of the Internet use on the valence of political participation in authoritarian China. Specifically, this research explores whether use of the Internet correlates with lower levels of election participation as a way to approve, and higher levels of activism participation as a way to protest. This research also examines whether there are indirect effects of Internet use through trust in the Chinese government on the valence of political participation. Finally, the study examines whether these indirect effects vary by levels of satisfaction with democracy in current China. Results show indirect effects of Internet use through trust in government in both election participation and activism participation. This paper also shows that satisfaction with democracy moderated the indirect effects of Internet use. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13946 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/icig-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 16:40:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13949 Punctuation professionals: A historical analysis of newsroom copy editing • Alyssa Appelman, The Pennsylvania State University • This analysis explores the profession of newsroom copy editing. Through historical descriptive analysis, it presents an overview of the 120-year history of the profession of newsroom copy editing in the context of four themes: changes in newsroom technologies, changes in newsroom business models, changes in attitudes toward the profession, and changes in advice for future copy editors. It concludes with a discussion of the profession’s current struggles. BP in ICIG: Three levels of assessment • John Chapin, Pennsylvania State University • The internship should be among the most valuable experiences of a college career. In addition to proper advising and guidance in finding, selecting, and procuring the right internship, assessment plays a key role in maintaining quality control within the program and gauging student success. This poster illustrates three levels of assessment (evaluation of the student, evaluation of the site, and evaluation of the program). Using Klout to Teach Online Influence and Social Networking Skills to PR, Advertising and New Media Majors • Mia Moody-Ramirez, Baylor University; Sydney Garcia, Baylor • This essay uses a constructivist approach to offer suggestions for using the social media aggregator, Klout, to help PR, advertising and new media majors build their online influence. First, it explains the social media platform, and then it offers strategies for incorporating Klout into course curriculum, student resumes and digital portfolios. With the rise of Web 2.0, a multitude of new possibilities for how to use online technologies for active learning has interested academics. Evolving technologies and high employer expectations in a narrowing job market require innovation and adaptation of journalism/public relations and advertising teaching materials. Professors may use applications such as Klout to enliven and augment college curriculum and to help prepare students for the tightening job market. A career in journalism or just a job: An examination of job satisfaction and professionalism • Greg Pitts, University of North Alabama; Blythe Steelman, University of North Alabama • We are living in a world of digital content but journalists still have jobs and they like what they do. This quantitative survey found job satisfaction and professionalism among the news workers in Chicago. Students (and faculty) may wonder about the suitability of a journalism career but journalists are satisfied with the freedom afforded by the job, the satisfaction they are doing something worthwhile and even the treatment they receive in the workplace. Taking it one game at a time: Prevalence of temporary work in North Carolinian newspapers' sports departments • Sada Reed, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Shrinking newsrooms have led to a variety of concerns for industry professionals and academics. Though a shrinking full-time staff and a growing temporary, freelance workforce has been blamed for slipping journalistic standards, little research has been done on the actual prevalence of precarious work in local sports departments. The following paper is a pilot study that explores the prevalence of precarious work in sports departments at North Carolinian newspapers. In this study, 25 department heads hailing from North Carolinian newspapers participated in a survey that examined whether North Carolinian sports departments have lost full-time employees in the last year; if they have gained unpaid or temporary workers to “replace” these full-time employees; and for sports departments that have lost employees, how many departments plan to replace the full-time employees they lost with “new” full-time employees. The Value of the College Internship: Acquiring Cultural Capital through a well-managed collegiate program • Mary Beth Ray, Temple University; Dana Saewitz, Temple University • In response to the recent flurry of lawsuits regarding the exploitation of interns and the negative press regarding internships, this mixed method study addresses a number of timely questions: Are undergraduate internships valuable or exploitive? Do they actually lead to jobs and careers? Are they essential to break in to certain fields? Do they adhere to current labor laws? Are they illegal? Our key findings indicate that most college graduates who engaged in undergraduate internships, even if they were unpaid, felt that the internship was valuable. Internships inherently help students develop necessary cultural capital such as mode of dress, professional speech and language patterns, posture and personal grooming, appropriate eye contact, behavior in meetings, and written behaviors, which are all part of the professional code that students must learn. In addition, our findings indicate that most internships do not lead directly to employment at the internship site, although they are widely perceived by college graduates as helpful in career preparation. Finally, almost half of internships violate current labor laws and many students feel exploited by unpaid internships. To address these issues, this study presents recommendations for internship program best practices and recommends that universities band together and follow the lead of Conde Nast publications, which has banned all unpaid internships. Perceptions, Experiences, and News Routines of Entry-level Journalists in Local Television News • Andrea Tanner, University of South Carolina; Elena Faria; Jenni Knight; Yue Zheng, University of South Carolina • This study qualitatively explores the perceptions, experiences, and news routines of entry-level journalists working in local television news in the United States. Seventeen in-depth telephone interviews were conducted with entry-level journalists from varying geographical regions and media markets. Journalists were often influenced by their news managers and the need to cover stories that could be produced under deadline across multiple media. Findings have implications for students, journalism educators, and news managers who work alongside millennials. Connecting Theory with Practice: Strategies for Improving Academic Rigor in Internships • Bob Trumpbour, Penn State Altoona • This poster will attempt to convey successful strategies for enhancing the academic rigor as it relates to the college internship experience. The poster will explore ways that XXXX University faculty have connected classroom work and assigned readings to an internship experience as a mechanism to improve the degree of professional exhibited by internship applicants. The poster will offer strategies for implementing academic rigor into the overall planning process, while offering tangible strategies that have worked for us at XXXXX University. Our program has had numerous students working in locations such as New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, Nashville, and Pittsburgh, with some settings sufficiently impractical to allow for face-to-face meetings as the internship process unfolds. As a result, the poster will also offer ideas for implementing these strategies for internship recipients who may be working at distant locations. We will attempt to tease out tangible examples, while pointing out ways that our strategies have worked. We will also lay out potential challenges and possible issues that may be faced when implementing our strategies and ideas. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13949 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/pcig-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 16:45:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13952 The moderating role of discussion in the relationship between SNS network heterogeneity and political participation • Hyon Jin Ahn, Indiana University; Jae Kook Lee, Indiana University • This study explores the links between network heterogeneity in Social Network Services (SNSs), types of discussion (in SNSs and offline), and political participation (in SNSs and offline). The study focuses on whether network heterogeneity in SNSs has a positive relationship with both online and offline political participation, and whether there is any interaction between network heterogeneity in SNSs and political discussion in both online and face-to-face settings. The data are collected using an online survey of 1,032 respondents in the United States in May, 2012. Findings suggest that network heterogeneity in SNSs affects only offline political participation. In addition, political discussion in SNSs and offline are significantly related to both online and offline political participation. When it comes to the moderating role of political discussion, only offline political discussion moderates the relationship between network heterogeneity in SNSs and offline political participation. That is, the relationship between network heterogeneity in SNSs and offline political participation is stronger for people who talk to a variety of others more frequently about politics than for people who do not. The current study provides meaningful findings for understanding the role of offline political discussion could act as a facilitator in order to connect to the offline political participatory behaviors in a heterogeneous SNS environment. Who Leaks Unauthorized Information to the Press in Washington? • Kara Alaimo, Hofstra University as of September 2014 and The Graduate Center, CUNY • Who leaks unauthorized information to reporters in Washington? Presidents of the United States have accused civil servants of attempting to undermine them. However, journalists have suggested that the president’s own political appointees leak more. This study reports on the results of interviews conducted in 2013 with political appointees and civil servants who served as spokespeople in the administrations of Presidents Barack Obama and George W. Bush, to determine which group leaked more. For independent corroboration, reporters who interacted with the officials frequently were also interviewed. Can we all just get along?: incivility, impoliteness and inappropriateness in (anti)Tea Party pages • Danielle Brown, University of Texas-Austin • Political discussion within social media conversations include varying amounts of incivility and impoliteness characteristics. Sometimes this language is a characteristic of heated debate, while other times it demonstrates destructive language. Using content analysis, this study examines comments within the Tea Party Facebook Page and an oppositional Tea Party page for variations of uncivil, impolite and inappropriate language. Results find both pages use inappropriate language, but target their aggressions at varying subjects. Framing Themselves Out of Relevance? An Analysis of Newspapers withdrawing from Presidential Endorsements • Kenneth Campbell, University of South Carolina; Ernest L. Wiggins, University of South Carolina • The study conducts a qualitative analysis of frames used by newspaper editorialists to justify the increasing trend of withdrawing from making presidential endorsements. It is found that editorialists use three Professional Values Frames (Civic Responsibility, Consequence, and Credibility) expressed through two Professional Practice Frames (Informing and Influencing) to explain their function, but fail to see the need to continue political endorsements at the presidential level. The study interprets these results in the context of journalistic and advocacy frames, suggesting why the practice of withdrawing from presidential endorsements might need to be reconsidered by the newspapers. The question is raised whether editorialists who have chosen not to endorse would make the same decision if they understood the practice of endorsing through the lens of advocacy frames rather than journalistic frames. Beyond the echo chamber? Media platforms, selective exposure and the mode of political participation among young citizens • Wenhong Chen; Kye-Hyoung Lee; Kang Hui Baek • This paper breaks new ground by offering a layered analysis of the patterns of multiplatform and selective news exposures and their implications for political participation within and across the virtual and real space: online, offline, and hybrid. Result shows that the relationship varied by media platform and participation mode. The overall news exposure was only positively related to the hybrid mode of political participation. Print, online news sites, and social media news exposure were positively but mobile news exposure was negatively associated with the hybrid mode of political participation. There is no evidence that partisan news exposure increased political participation. Indeed, liberals with greater partisan news exposure had lower levels of offline political participation. Thus, it is possible that the implications of partisan selective exposure would be different for the types and modes of political participation. Social Networking Sites and Offline Political Communication Inequality • Jaeho Cho, University of California, Davis; Heejo Keum, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, Sungkyunkwan University; Eun Young Choi, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, Sungkyukwan University • Building on a resource theory, this study investigates (a) how individuals’ socio-economic status is related to political communication in offline face-to-face situations and on social networking sites and (b) whether political expression on SNS improves socio-economic stratification in face-to-face political discussion. Analyses of a national survey demonstrate that the impact of individuals’ socio-economic status is much weaker on political expression via SNS than on face-to-face political discussion. It is also found that the political use of SNS reduces the strength of the link between individuals’ SES, especially education, and face-to-face political discussion. That is, using SNS for political expression helps narrow the education-based gap in offline political discussion. Implications of these findings for the Internet and political inequality are discussed. Fiddling While the Fiscal Fire Burns: An Analysis of Agenda Building and the Partisan Framing of the Fiscal Cliff • Asya Cooley, Mississippi State University; Skye Cooley, Mississippi State University • As an important player in a political process, news media is often the main source for public to learn about legislative debates. Specifically, this investigation explores one U.S. budgetary situation, the fiscal cliff. A comparison of legislative hearings and news media coverage was completed. In examining legislative discourse and news media coverage of the fiscal cliff, the paper found key findings that support the agenda building theory, but within a larger context of partisan-ism. The Politically Demoblizing and Disaffecting Potential of Conflict Avoidance: Online Political Participation, Cynicism, Apathy, and Skepticism • Francis Dalisay, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Matthew Kushin, Shepherd University; Masahiro Yamamoto • Data from a survey of young adult college students conducted prior to the 2012 U.S. presidential election indicated that higher levels of conflict avoidance were related to lower levels of traditional online political participation, online political expression, and mobile political expression. Findings were mixed regarding the disaffecting potential of conflict avoidance. While conflict avoidance was associated with lower levels of skepticism, it was not associated with apathy and cynicism. Implications are discussed. It Might Not Help, but it (Probably) Won’t Hurt: When Viewers Choose Infotainment over News • Morgan Ellithorpe, Ohio State University; Lance Holbert • The present study examines infotainment use as it compares to traditional TV news and non-political entertainment. Results suggest that the level of choice available within a media environment plays a huge role in media selection. In addition, news and entertainment both have direct effects on successful completion of a democratically-relevant task, with news helping and entertainment hindering. Infotainment affects outcomes only when people perceive high surveillance gratifications or a mix of surveillance and entertainment gratifications. Exercising Soft Power: Cosmopolitanism, Western Media, and Anti-Americanism in Arab Nations • Emma Fete, The Ohio State University; Golnoosh Behrouzian, The Ohio State University • In the global game of soft power, we examine the relationship between entertainment media on the theoretically most persuadable audience of the young and cosmopolitan. Testing our model against anti-Americanism in six Arab nations, our findings suggest that cosmopolitan western entertainment viewers are predictive of a low anti-American sentiment, but age may have a more complex relationship. Theoretical implications for soft power influence and cosmopolitan orientation are discussed. Tracking Inappropriate Leader Displays: A Visual Analysis of the 2012 Presidential Debates • Zijian Gong, Texas Tech University; Erik Bucy • This study employs an experimental design to examine the consequence of inappropriate leader displays. First, we discuss the importance of nonverbal presentation style in political competition. Theoretical explanations about the evaluative consequences of inappropriate leader displays are described in light of expectancy violations theory. Extending this line of inquiry, an eye-tracking experiment is conducted to examine whether inappropriate displays increase attention on the source of violation and result in critical scrutiny and negative evaluation. For Values, Community, or Show: Connecting Motivations for "Going Green" to Media Use and Participation • Melissa R. Gotlieb, Texas Tech University; Kjerstin Thorson, University of Southern California • This study uses national survey data collected from U.S. adults 18-29 to explore the processes by which motivations to “go green” shape the participation repertoires of young citizens. Particular attention is paid to the intervening role of media behaviors in the construction of paths from values, social-identification, and social-approval needs to online and offline forms of participation. Results suggest the conditions under which political consumerism may complement or “crowd out” participation in conventional activities. A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Campaign Tweets in the 2012 U.S. and South Korean Presidential Elections • Yeojin Kim, University of Alabama; Dylan McLemore, University of Alabama; Jennifer Greer, The University of Alabama; Justin Blankenship, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; AH RAM LEE, University of Alabama • In light of relaxed election laws and a prediction that political campaigns in South Korea might become more Americanized, this study compares the Twitter discourse of candidates in the 2012 U.S. and South Korean presidential elections. Through a content analysis of 4,531 tweets by four leading candidates in each country, the study examines message topics, including the issue/image dichotomy, engagement in negative campaigning, and use of individualistic and collective language. The U.S. feeds were more likely to be focused on issue-oriented topics whereas South Korean feeds focused more on campaign events. U.S. candidates were more likely to use tweets to build image than were South Korean candidates. Attack language was present in about 1 in 5 tweets overall, with the U.S. feeds more likely to use attack than South Korean feeds. Attacks were most common in issue-oriented tweets in both countries. Finally, U.S. feeds used more first- and second-person address than did the South Korean feeds, which used third-person messages more than three-fourths of the time. The analyses indicate clear differences but also show surprising similarities in the communication patterns from candidates in two democratic countries with very different campaign traditions, laws, and cultures. These findings lend some support to those predicting the Americanization of South Korean campaign discourse in the Twitterverse. Social Pressure on Social Media: Increasing Voter Turnout Using Facebook and Email • Katherine Haenschen, University of Texas • Research has demonstrated the ability of “social pressure” experiments to increase voter turnout. This project applies social pressure on Facebook through direct communication to friends, and also via email messages and Facebook advertisements. Social pressure increased turnout substantially when applied peer-to-peer. Reminder emails and Facebook advertisements also produced increased voter turnout. This research demonstrates that digital media can be effectively harnessed to increase voter participation when the messages contain a social pressure component. Developing a System for the Automated Coding of Protest Event Data • Alexander Hanna, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Scholars and policy makers recognize the need for better and timelier data about contentious collective action, both the peaceful protests that are understood as part of democracy and the violent events that are threats to it. News media provide the only consistent source of information available outside government intelligence agencies and are thus the focus of all scholarly efforts to improve collective action data. Human coding of news sources is time-consuming and thus can never be timely and is necessarily limited to a small number of sources, a small time interval, or a limited set of protest “issues” as captured by particular keywords. There have been a number of attempts to address this need through machine coding of electronic versions of news media, but approaches so far remain less than optimal. The goal of this paper is to outline the steps needed build, test and validate an open-source system for coding protest events from any electronically available news source using advances from natural language processing and machine learning. Such a system should have the effect of increasing the speed and reducing the labor costs associated with identifying and coding collective actions in news sources, thus increasing the timeliness of protest data and reducing biases due to excessive reliance on too few news sources. The system will also be open, available for replication, and extendable by future social movement researchers, and social and computational scientists. Engaged or Disengaged? Examining the Relationship between Ambivalence and Indicators of Political Engagement • Jay Hmielowski; Sungsu Kim, University of Arizona; Myiah Hutchens; Michael Beam, Kent State University • Scholars have become interested in going beyond the traditional measures of attitudes to assess the extent to which people hold both positive and negative attitudes toward objects. With this expansion has come a focus on whether complex attitudes are indicative of an engaged or disengaged citizenry. This study adds to this line of inquiry by examining the relationship between ambivalence and four political belief variables: efficacy, skepticism, apathy, and cynicism. We propose that if ambivalence is a characteristic of an engaged citizenry it should be associated with higher levels of efficacy and skepticism, and lower levels of apathy and cynicism. By contrast, if ambivalence is a characteristic of a disengaged citizenry, then it should be associated with lower levels of efficacy and skepticism, and higher levels of apathy and cynicism. Our results suggest that ambivalence is characteristic of a disengaged citizenry. Indeed, ambivalence correlates with lower levels of efficacy and higher levels of apathy. Moreover, we found indirect effects of ambivalence on information-seeking through efficacy. Specifically, ambivalence led to lower levels of information-seeking through lower levels of efficacy. The news about public opinion: Using political journalists’ definitions of public opinion and journalistic roles to predict perceived importance of source use • Jennifer Hoewe, The Pennsylvania State University • This study examined political journalists’ intended use of public opinion and its influence on the structure of political news stories. After considering prior conceptualizations, a scale of two distinct public opinion definitions was formed. Using a survey of U.S. political journalists, these definitions were found unrelated to journalistic roles. However, public opinion definitions and journalistic roles predicted the perceived importance of using particular sources in political new stories. Importantly, the two definitions of public opinion had opposite influences on the perceived importance of using opinion polls, shedding light on the discrepancy in the use of poll results in political news. Spatial Effects in Determining the Banning of the Publication of Pre-election Poll Results • Seong Choul Hong, Kyonggi University; Jeong Take Kim, SungKyunKwan University; Sang Hee Kweon, SungKyunKwan University • This article primarily explores whether the banning of the publication of pre-election poll results is affected by spatial dependence. It also attempts to examine other social and political contexts as determinants of the regulation of the publication of election polls during election campaigns. The main finding of the study is that a country’s regulation of the publication of polls is strongly associated with practices of neighboring countries. Consideration of spatial dependence tends to decrease the contribution of other social and political variables. The implication of these findings is that banning the pre-election publication of poll results may be understood as a matter of policy diffusion. That is, policies in geographically and culturally neighboring countries become important references. Does political advertising lead to online information seeking? A real-world test using Google search data. • Elizabeth Housholder, University of Minnesota; Brendan Watson, University of Minnesota; Susan LoRusso, University of Minnesota; Jordan Dolbin, University of Minnesota; Shaurav Raj Adhikari, University of Minnesota • Though the political advertising literature has documented the effects of political advertising on political attitudes and voting behavior, less attention has been paid to the role of political advertising in stimulating information search. This study seeks to examine the impact of political advertising on real world information-seeking using CMAG data from the Wisconsin Ad Project combined with Google Trends search data. Results suggest that increased advertising volume is associated with increased online information-seeking by voters. When a Gaffe is not a Gaffe: Media Coverage of Political Gaffes in Presidential Campaigns • Lindsey Conlin, The University of Alabama; Yeojin Kim, University of Alabama; Shuhua Zhou • Political gaffes are covered and scrutinized more and more in today’s omnipresent media. This paper explicates what constitutes a gaffe and its ramifications in the political process from the perspectives of deviance, political image and expectancy violation. A content analysis was conducted on newspaper articles covering the last four presidential elections in the U.S. to look at the prevalence of gaffe types in media coverage and how they correlate with party affiliations and candidate status. Results indicated that narrative gaffes and Kinsley gaffes were the most common. However, media type, candidate status, party affiliation and congruency had interesting correlations with media coverage. Implications are discussed. Partisan Consequences of Partisan News Media • Minchul Kim, Indiana University • This study found that participants’ interpretation of political news was affected by ideological (in)congruency between news sources and newsreaders. Specifically, when reading news from a like-minded source, newsreaders exhibited in-group favoring attribution bias. Perceived ideological slant of news media, not the actual tone of news, substantially color newsreaders’ interpretation of political news. Partisan news media and their imagined bias may widen partisan gap across the party lines, and harden the establishment of common grounds. North Korea’s Image Depicted in Political Cartoons: South Korea vs. the U.S. • Joonil Kim, University of Oklahoma; Sang Chon Kim, University of Oklahoma; Seunghyun Kim, University of Oklahoma; Doyle Yoon, University of Oklahoma • The current study examined how U.S and South Korean political cartoons have recently portrayed the nature of North Korea. In particular, this study evaluated how differently North Korea’s image is represented in both countries’ cartoons. A content analysis of visual artifacts and main theme comprised the major elements of this study. A total of 361political cartoons (165 of South Korea and 196 of the U.S) were analyzed. The result showed that U.S political cartoons overwhelmingly used negative frames in depicting North Korea and the leader Kim Jong-Un, while those of South Korea portrayed it as neutral more often than the U.S. cartoons. Kim Jong-Un was mainly depicted as a baby or kid who likes to play with military weapon, and as a lunatic who wants to be paid attention by the world. In terms of cartoon’s agenda, while the U.S cartoons concentrated on the character of Kim Jong-Un, South Korea cartoons focused on his dictatorship and the relationship with South Korea. South Korea cartoons’ depiction of North Korea showed the polarized pattern according to their own ideological stand. They also utilized North Korean image to criticize the absurdity of South Korea. The Social Cognitive Approach to Understanding the link between Social Media and Political Participation • Hyuksoo Kim; Yeojin Kim, University of Alabama • This study aimed to extend research on social cognitive theory (SCT) to explain the link between the use of social media and citizens’ political participation. In the current study, the SCT framework assumed that citizens’ political participation was a socio-cognitive process that involves major cognitive factors such as self-efficacy and outcome expectation. This study argued that the use of social media plays a role of vicarious experience and verbal persuasion of SCT. Overall, the results supported the proposed model. First, the use of social media positively influenced self-efficacy. Second, self-efficacy was shown to directly and indirectly influence citizens’ political participation. Third, outcome expectations were found to be important predictors for political participation. Thus, the current results verified that SCT can contribute to understanding the link between the use of social media and political participation. Theoretical implications were further discussed. Willingness to Communicate About Politics (WTCAP): A Novel Measure of Interpersonal Political Discussion • Steven Kleinman, Indiana University of Pennsylvania • This paper lays out a theoretical argument for a novel survey measure; willingness to communicate about politics (WTCAP). WTCAP is defined as a state-based variable referring to a person’s likelihood or propensity to actively engage in an informal political discussion in a specific situation. This measure captures unique variation in interpersonal political discussion not currently explored in the literature. Complete data from 291 participants were used to test and validate this novel measure. Ultimately a six-item survey measure was found to load on a single factor. Can Social Media Change Your Mind? SNS Use, Cross-cutting Exposure and Discussion, and Political View Change • Jayeon Lee, Lehigh University • With deliberation theories as a framework, the present study proposes the multiple-mediation model in which SNS use is significantly related to political view change or more issue involvement through users’ information-seeking needs, cross-cutting exposure, and cross-cutting discussion. Analysis of a national data indicates that the frequent use of social media has significant implications for deliberative democracy only if users have information-seeking needs and willingly engages in discussion with others across lines of difference. President 2.0: A Content Analysis of Barack Obama’s Use of Twitter During His Reelection Campaign • Megan Mallicoat, University of Florida; Mariana De Maio, University of Florida; Erica Newport, University of Florida • Social media networks have evolved into influential communication vehicles, and this study examines how President Barack Obama used Twitter to present himself as a presidential candidate in the 2012 election. Moreover, a considerable shift in political communication has resulted from social media, challenging the role of traditional mainstream press and demonstrating that even short media messages have the ability to drive campaign agendas between communication platforms. Thus, through a content analysis of tweets and newspaper articles, this study explores the presence of first- and second-level agenda-setting effects from Obama’s Twitter posts to the coverage of four newspapers published in Florida and Ohio. It expands current mass communication research to broaden the understanding of how campaign issues and cognitive attributes, or personal characteristics, develop within Twitter posts and, ultimately, influence other mass media vehicles. Campaigning Subtle Exclusionism: The Effects of Right-Wing Populist Positive Ads on Attitudes toward Foreigners • Franziska Marquart, University of Vienna; Joerg Matthes • While most right-wing populist parties use negative ads openly attacking foreigners, some have begun to frame their campaigns more positively. This study examines the positive “love your neighbor” campaign by the Austrian FPÖ, which preaches love only to fellow countrymen, excluding foreign citizens. A quota-based experiment reveals that this campaign does not yield the intended effects: Party opponents reacted with more negative campaign evaluations and less patriotic feelings. This, in turn, strengthened positive attitudes toward foreigners. The Effects of Right Wing Populist Ads on Implicit and Explicit Attitudes: A Moderated Mediation Model • Joerg Matthes; Desirée Schmuck, U of Vienna • Across Europe, the use of negative portrayals of immigrants in populist political advertising has dramatically increased. An experimental study tested the underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions for the effects of such ads on explicit and implicit attitudes toward foreigners. Findings revealed that populist ads strengthened intergroup anxiety and negative stereotypes for voters with lower educational degrees. This, in turn, led to more negative explicit attitudes. However, we observed stronger effects of populist ads on implicit attitudes for individuals with higher educational degrees. The necessity of including explicit as well as implicit measures in political communication research is discussed. Political discourse, framing and source usage: Evaluation of gun issues in the news • Michael McCluskey, Tennessee-Chattanooga • School shootings have triggered news attention into ongoing U.S. political debate over firearms. Analysis of news coverage following 11 school shootings that identified guns as a major focus were analyzed for voice, tone and framing. Dominant voices were pro-gun advocacy groups and Democratic presidents. The tone of the coverage was anti-gun, although pro-gun advocacy groups and Republicans were pro-gun. Qualitative analysis revealed 11 dominant frames in the news coverage, four invoking rights and values language. Press and Public on Twitter: Shared Space, Disparate Discussion • Shannon McGregor, University of Texas at Austin • Few communication scholars have compared the ways in which journalists and the public use Twitter. This study compares the frames utilized by the press and the public and uses computerized content analysis to categorize tweets about Wendy Davis’ filibuster of a restrictive abortion bill in the Texas State Senate. This paper also contributes to framing literature by demonstrating a disconnect between frames used by journalists and the public within a shared computer-mediated space. Paradise Lost: Using Political Polarization to Uphold American Exceptionalism • Bryan McLaughlin, University of Wisconsin-Madison • In this paper I examine political polarization as a discursive phenomenon. Specifically, I analyze how political actors compete to define the boundaries of partisan and American identity by performing a grounded theory analysis of political speeches. The results led to the following hypothesis: when American exceptionalism is threatened by real life circumstances, politicians attempt to protect an idealized image of America by blaming the other party for failing to uphold the true essence of America. Heuristic-Systematic processing and politics: Investigating the effects of verbal vs. visual characteristics in gubernatorial debates • Nicole Racadag, West Virginia University; Jensen Moore, Louisiana State University • This study investigated the effects of the verbal and visual characteristics of gubernatorial on attitudes and voting intentions. Guided by the Heuristic-Systematic Model, the hypotheses predicted effects of participants’ involvement with the topics discussed, the attractiveness of the speaker (visual) and their speaking abilities (verbal) with their attitudes (positive or negative) toward the candidates, as well as their intentions to vote for them. A 2 (Topic Involvement: Low/High) x 2 (Visual; Low/High) x 2 (Verbal: Low/High) x 4 (repetition) experimental design was used. Findings indicated that both low and high involvement with the topic resulted in participants stating they would vote for low verbal (poor speaking) high visual (physically attractive) candidates. However, participants with low topic involvement noted more positive attitudes toward high verbal/low visual candidates while participants with high topic involvement noted more positive attitudes toward low visual/low verbal candidates. This may suggest that overall attitudes may not influence voting behaviors. In addition, it suggests that when it comes to voting intentions participants relied heavily upon heuristic cues. Come a Little Closer: Examining Spillover Media Effects from a Priming Perspective • David Morin, Utah Valley University • The political priming hypothesis has received ample empirical support. Few researchers, however, have attempted to explore indirect or “spillover” priming effects using tie strength as a variable. This study examined spillover priming effects related to the perceived link between a fictional and little-known political official and his link to President Obama. Limited spillover priming effects were found; however, tie strength was a significant factor when participants judged the relatively unknown political actor. Examining How Ideological Homogeneity, Importance of SNSs for News and Political Discussions Influence Political Involvement • Rachel Neo, The Ohio State University • Given the rapid proliferation of social networking sites (SNSs) as channels for political activity, this paper evaluates competing theoretical perspectives on whether importance of SNS political discussions and ideological agreement mediate or moderate the relationship between importance of SNSs for news and political participation. Findings show that the perceived importance of SNSs as a platform for having political discussions partially mediates the relationship between SNS news use and political participation. Also, the relationship between SNS news use and political participation was strongest among those who were in online discussion networks consisting of others with whom they share a high level of political agreement. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Of Encountering and Dealing With Disagreement on SNSs: Selective Avoidance or Withholding One’s Opinions? • Rachel Neo, The Ohio State University • With the rapid proliferation of social media and scholars contending that online platforms facilitate the avoidance of political disagreement, this study uses nationally representative population survey data from the Pew Research Center to examine how encountering disagreement on social media (SNSs) influences the likelihood of avoidance of politically disagreeable sources, and tests perceived importance of SNSs and ideological strength as moderators of the relationship between encountering disagreement and avoidance of politically disagreeable sources. Results showed that people use SNSs to avoid politically disagreeable sources by blocking political disagreeable others and withholding frank political opinions when the opinion climate is hostile. People who regarded SNSs as unimportant political news sources were most likely to block politically disagreeable sources in hostile opinion climates. Those with no ideological leanings were most likely to withhold frank political opinions on SNSs when faced with a hostile opinion climate. Implications of these findings are discussed. Super PAC vs. Candidate Ads: The Influence of Sponsorship and Involvement on Candidate Affect • David Painter, Full Sail University • This investigation uses a two- (candidate vs. super PAC sponsorship) by three- (Republicans, Democrats, Independents) experimental design (n = 554) to parse the influence of ad sponsorship and enduring involvement on viewers’ changes in affect toward Obama and Romney. The results suggest Independents’ changes in affect toward both candidates were greater after viewing the Super PAC ads, but partisans’ changes in affect toward the opposition party’s nominee were greater after viewing the candidate sponsored ads. Ad Tone and Political Talk in Campaign 2012: Information Efficacy and the Election’s Salience • David Painter, Full Sail University • This investigation uses a three- (positive, negative, or combination) by two- (surveillance vs. expression) experimental design (n = 436) to parse the influence of ad tone and political talk on information efficacy and the salience of the 2012 election. The findings indicate the greatest gains in information efficacy and the election’ salience occur among those viewing a combination of positive and negative ads who engage in political expression after viewing the ads. There to ‘say no’?: A study of collective action in real-time at Singapore’s Speakers’ Corner • Natalie Pang; Debbie Goh, Nanyang Technological University • Building on studies examining the role of social media in contemporary forms of social movements, we report a study of 220 participants at a protest against overpopulation in Singapore. Social media was instrumental for disseminating information about the protest, and reflecting perceived personal relevance for specific issues. We found mixed motivations for attending the protest, significantly shaped by factors such as social proximity to organizers, education, personal relevance and sharing behaviour before the protest. I approve this message: An examination of endorsements in political advertisements • Newly Paul, Louisiana State University; Chance York, Louisiana State University • Antecedent contextual and strategic factors that influence endorsements in political advertisements represent an underexplored area of the scholarly literature, resulting in a gap between the art and science of campaigning and the advertising effects literature. This paper uses a “big dataset” from the 2008 Wisconsin Ad Project and analyzes ads aired during the 2008 election cycle. Findings indicate that endorsements are primarily used in competitive races, are used more often by women candidates, and appear early in the campaign. Setting a Non-Agenda: Effects of Empty Agendas in News or Social Media on Political Complacency • Ray Pingree, Louisiana State University; Elizabeth Stoycheff, Wayne State University; Mingxiao Sui, Louisiana State University; Jason Peifer, The Ohio State University • An experiment tested effects of a media agenda lacking in substantive problems on political complacency, the belief that problems facing the nation aren’t very important. The perceived media agenda was manipulated using reports said to summarize the previous week’s most-covered topics in the news or on twitter. A superficial news agenda increased complacency, but the same agenda on twitter decreased complacency. Complacency was also among the strongest predictors of two indicators of political participation. I love Big Bird: How Journalists Tweeted Humor during the 2012 Presidential Debates • Rachel Reis Mourao, The University of Texas at Austin; Trevor Diehl, The University of Texas at Austin; Krishnan Vasudevan, The University of Texas at Austin • This paper examined how political journalists used humor on Twitter during the first 2012 presidential election debate. This study found evidence of widespread use of humor by journalists on the platform. Results suggest that journalists target political figures in their jokes, whereas satirical comments tended to target debate processes and the media at large. The paper discusses the role of humor in politics, the nature of reporting on Twitter, and areas of potential future research. News You Can’t Use: A Content Analysis of the Daily Show’s Media Criticism • Edo Steinberg, Department of Telecommunications, Indiana University; Julia Fox • Against the backdrop of dramatic continuing decreases in public trust of media, this content analysis examines changes in The Daily Show with Jon Stewart’s critiques of the media during the 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012 presidential elections. Findings show an increase in the number of critiques, consistent characterizations of Fox News as biased, as well as an emphasis on cable news and a shift from character flaws to criticism of professional practices. Implications are discussed. Connecting Facebook content flows to political knowledge and participation • Chris Wells; Kjerstin Thorson, University of Southern California • This paper employs a novel methodology—combining a collection of the content of individuals’ Facebook news feeds with a more traditional survey approach—to explore the antecedents and effects of exposure to news and politics content on the site. We compare intentional exposure to such content (via pages “liked” by respondents) to incidental exposure (which occurs when friends post about the news). Some of My Best Friends are Poor? Income Misperceptions and Policy Attitudes • Emily Thorson, George Washington University • Many Americans condemn inequality in general but oppose specific redistributive policies. This paper presents evidence that this disconnect is driven partly by misperceptions: Americans systematically overestimate the salaries of people in low-wage jobs. Experimental results show that when people learn accurate information and connect it to people they know, support for redistributive policies increases—especially among conservatives. These findings have implications for (1) interpersonal discussion of earnings and (2) media coverage of inequality. How (Not) to Talk on Twitter: Effects of Politicians’ Tweets on the Whole Twitter Environment • Aaron Veenstra, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Benjamin Lyons, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • The ways in which politicians use Twitter can vary considerably. While Twitter presents the possibility for interaction and discussion among users, it does not require it, and it can easily be used as a one-way broadcast platform not unlike a web site’s RSS feed. The nature of Twitter as a series of short-burst messages, which any given reader may not see all of, adds more variety when considering potential effects of Twitter messages on evaluation of candidates and political issues. A politician seen by one Twitter user as interacting and engaged with the public through their tweets may be seen by another user as using the platform only to post links to press releases, potentially leading to different evaluations of the politician, the ongoing discussion, or even Twitter itself. This study uses an experiment to test the effects of different engagement and framing styles in politician tweets on evaluations of the politician, other discussants, and Twitter itself. Findings suggest that politicians who use Twitter to broadcast, rather than engage with other users, not only receive worse evaluations themselves, but that the negative evaluation carries over to other users discussing the same topics, as well as to evaluations of the utility of Twitter as an information source. Cognitive Benefits for Senders: Antecedents and Effects of Political Expression on Social Media • Sung Woo Yoo, University of Texas at Austin; Jiwon Kim, University of Texas at Austin; Homero Gil de Zuniga, University of Vienna • Using panel data, this article examines the democratic benefits of expressing political messages on social media, by looking into the sender effect of information processing. Results based on U.S. survey data suggest people who post textual and visual contents on social media tend to elaborate upon political information before or during that activity. Political expression on social media was significantly associated with persuasive discussion motivation. Furthermore, the relationship between persuasive discussion motivation and political expression on social media was mediated by information seeking behaviors through traditional and social media platforms. Combining these findings, this study proposes a theoretical model that depicts a virtuous cycle for information flow on social media sphere. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13952 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/rmig-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 16:51:32 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13954 Us and Them: A meta-analysis of research on media representation of Muslims and Islam from 2000 to 2013 • Saifuddin Ahmed, Nanyang Technological University; Joerg Matthes • This meta-analytical study provides an overview of the academic research on the portrayals of Muslims and Islam in the media worldwide from 2000 - 2013. Through an analysis of 207 studies we identify research patterns involving geographical focus, methods, theories, authorship, citations, media types, and time frame of studies. Based on our systematic evaluation we classify and discuss eight common themes explored when this topic is researched. Findings point to key directions for future research. Just Add a Verse from the Quran: Effects of Religious Rhetoric in Gain- and Loss-Framed Anti-Alcohol Messages with a Palestinian Sample • Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University; Nasser Almutairi, Michigan State University; Mohammed Abu Rub, Birzeit University • An experiment investigated the effects of message frame (gain vs. loss) and religious rhetoric (religious vs. non-religious) on the expression of anti-alcohol civic intentions with a sample (N = 80) of Palestinian young adults. Results showed that the main effects of message frame (gain > loss) and religious rhetoric (non-religious > religious) on anti-alcohol civic intentions were significant. Furthermore, the study showed that viral behavioral intentions were strongly and significantly associated with expressing anti-alcohol civic intentions, with larger explanatory power for gain-framed messages that used a religious rhetoric. Findings are discussed within the framework of persuasion models. Does Inner Peace Correlate with Giving a Piece of Your Mind? Religiosity, Media Exposure and Tolerance for Disagreement about Religion • Mariam Alkazemi, University of Florida • The current study applies the spiral of silence effect to explore the role of media exposure on tolerance for disagreement about religion. Survey data were collected from students at a large Southeastern university in February 2014. Participants self-reported data that were used to measure religiosity, media exposure and tolerance for disagreement about religion. The results show there are three underlying measures in the tolerance for disagreement about religion scale, which relate to comfort, escalation and intellect. Further, the results suggest that exposure to internet correlates negatively with the intellectual component of tolerance for disagreement about religion, while exposure to radio correlates positively with the escalation component of tolerance for disagreement about religion. Night and day: An illustration of framing using moral foundations to examine public opinion about the 2010 Oklahoma sharia ban • Brian J. Bowe, Michigan State University; Jennifer Hoewe, The Pennsylvania State University • This study examines the moral foundations identifiable through the lens of framing theory with particular regard to illustrations of public opinion in the news media. Using Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) to discern one component of the framing process – moral evaluations – this paper examines the discourse present in letters to the editor in two Oklahoma newspapers during the 2010 debate over a constitutional amendment to ban the Islamic moral code often called “sharia law” in the state constitution. This study used cluster and content analysis to identify three frames in the discourse, which emphasized themes of patriotism, heritage, and the golden rule. Each of these frames was related to the moral foundations identified by MFT, particularly as they are predicted to align with political ideology. Moreover, an examination of the moral foundations as 10 distinct items rather than as five continuums based on semantic differential pairs revealed the individual items function differently when allowed to independently vary. Facebook and revival in Appalachia: Some quantitative analyses of attitudes toward serpent-handling • Julia Duin, University of Memphis • Serpent-handling among Appalachian Pentecostals has undergone a media blitz. From The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post to Buzzfeed.com, reporters have dissected the movement more than any other time in its 104-year-old history. This paper researches how the use of Facebook, with its many personal anecdotes, posts and photos of serpent handlers, has humanized the practice. The author’s recent surveys show how Facebook has led to much softening of public attitudes towards snake handling. Newspaper Coverage of Christianity in South Korea, 1996-2005 • Taisik Hwang, University of Georgia • This study content analyzes a sample of 2,614 news articles dealing with religions published in Chosun Ilbo from 1996 to 2005, focusing on how this major newspaper covered Christianity in terms of its tone and frames. The results show that this religion was portrayed in a neutral or positive manner, and that both Protestants and megachurches were mostly considered providers of social work services. These findings have implications for academic, media, and religious sectors. Magazine Iconography: Portrayals of Religion on Magazine Covers • Joy Jenkins, University of Missouri; Mimi Perreault, University of Missouri; Gregory Perreault • Religious themes have continually been popular topics for magazines. These topics are occasionally referenced explicitly on magazine covers, but more often, they are depicted implicitly through the use of religious imagery. Imagery may take the form of well-known narratives from religious texts or the use of religious symbols or icons. This study applied narrative theory to assess religious imagery present on magazine covers from the last 48 years as selected and recognized by the American Society of Magazine Editors. Using fantasy theme analysis, the study revealed three themes evident among the covers: the use of religious symbols to address technological anxiety, particularly the influence of Apple products; ironic or subverted presentations of female religious figures to address contemporary lifestyle topics; and the use of religion to make meaning from crises or disasters. The findings showed that religious imagery fulfilled strategic aims for magazines, highlighting implicit and explicit religious narratives through which magazines could sell products or enhance the salience of topics. These Will Not Inherit the Kingdom of Reality TV: Media Elites’ Views on Religion and the Paradigm of Corporate Media • Rick Moore, Boise State University • This study examines the controversy surrounding religious comments made by Phil Robertson, a key figure in the reality television show Duck Dynasty. Scholars have long argued that journalism has a paradigm for determining how the profession should operate . Given the conflict resulting from Robertson’s views, the intent was to understand how journalists proposed this newer genre might deal with issues related to religion and tolerance. In studying how editorial writers and columnists wrestled with the issues of the imbroglio, I found that the elites from the papers had several complaints about Robertson and reality TV, and only a few recommendations on how the genre might deal with similar clashes in the future. Bishop Richard R. Wright Jr., The Christian Recorder and Social Responsibility • Robbie Morganfield, University of Maryland • Many of America’s first black newspapers were edited by Christian ministers who practiced principles that came to be associated with social responsibility theory. However, their work is overlooked in histories and discussions about the theory’s development. This paper questions that pattern and examines some of the work of the African Methodist Episcopal Church’s Christian Recorder, the nation’s oldest continuously published black newspaper, and Bishop Richard Robert Wright Jr., its longest serving editor. Pop Music and the Search for the Numinous: Exploring The Emergence of the “Secular Hymn” In Post-Modern Culture • Steve Thomsen; Quint Randle, BYU; Matthew J. Lewis, Brigham Young University • A growing body of research suggests traditional religious institutions are failing to meet the spiritual needs of their adherents, who are now in search of new gods and new religious myths. This paper defines and explores the phenomenon of the “secular hymn.” While non-religious in nature or intent, the secular hymn is a pop song that allows the listener to experience the numinous by creating an affective state that parallels a spiritual or religious state of mind. This paper outlines the phenomenon of the secular hymn in pop culture, defines its characteristics and then tests several pop songs against these criteria. And while some secular hymns may be used in some church settings, the overall trend may exemplify the continuing erosion of traditional religion and the use of explicitly religious music in both public and private settings. The New Scroll: Digital Devices in Bible Study and Worship • Kathy Richardson, Berry College; Carol Pardun, University of South Carolina • This study, using data collected from an online survey of 234 respondents, investigated the prevalence of digital tools for Bible study, religious reading and corporate and individual worship among those who described themselves as “religious” or “very religious.” Respondents were older than previous studies (59.4% over the age of 50). They were also more new technology savvy than previous research has indicated. Nearly two-thirds of the respondents used newer technology to read their Bibles at home and while traveling. Bible study and Sunday school teachers were more inclined to use newer technologies to study and for corporate church worship than were non-teachers. Mediatization of Religion: How the Indonesian Muslim Diasporas Mediatized Islamic Practices • Yearry Setianto, Ohio University • This study explores the process of mediatization of religion in the context of how Indonesian Muslim diasporas in the United States are using media to mediatize Islamic practices. Using ethnographic observation of the Indonesia Muslim Society in America (IMSA) and their media activities, this study found Islamic practices are mediatized to deal with physical boundaries. Dependency on media for religious practice does not turn this community into secular, but makes them more religious. The Religious and Moral Beliefs of University Leaders and the Beginnings of American Journalism Education • Jeffery Smith, University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee • Journalism education programs began appearing in the United States from the Gilded Age through the Progressive Era. Administrators who launched formal instruction in the field were responding to criticism of the press and, in many cases, were evidently motivated by personal religious and moral convictions. They sought to improve the profession with spiritual perspectives at both private and public institutions. Do You Want to Feel the Love of Christ? There’s an App For That: Understanding Tablet Media as the New Electronic Church • Jim Trammell, High Point University • As mass media evolves from broadcasting to digital media, so is the electronic church evolving from religious programs to religious apps. This manuscript addresses how mass media technologies affect Christian programming. Informed by technological determinist and mediatization frameworks, it analyzes how broadcast technologies influenced Christian broadcasting in the 1970s and 1980s, and explores how tablet medium generates new themes in the electronic church. The manuscript also considers how these themes influence twentieth-century American Christianity. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13954 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/spig-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 16:55:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13960 Pedagogical Approaches to Student Run Firms Using Experiential Learning: A Case Study for Small Programs • Carolyn Kim, Biola University • Experiential learning in public relations programs often come through the launching of a public relations student-run agency. This study focuses on a strong example of a student-run PR agency that was launched in a small program on a private university campus in Southern California. Findings from this case study suggest that student-run agencies can effectively be launched, even with limited resources, to strategically meet program learning outcomes. Additionally, benefits of student-run agencies include increased prominence of the program within the community, which can provide more internship and networking opportunities for students, as well as strong pre-professional preparation for students who participate in student-run agencies. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13960 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/sports-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 16:58:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13963 Sports Draped in the American Flag: Impact of the 2014 Winter Olympic Telecast on Nationalized Attitudes • Andrew Billings, University of Alabama; Kenon Brown, The University of Alabama; Natalie Brown, University of Alabama • A total of 525 U.S. respondents participated in a survey of nationalized attitudes surrounding four qualities (patriotism, nationalism, internationalism, and smugness) and their relationship to Olympic media consumption. Four data collection points were used: three months prior to the Sochi Games, immediately before the Opening Ceremonies, immediately after the Closing Ceremonies, and one month after the Sochi Games. Results indicated that the amount of Olympic media consumption significantly heightened responses on all four qualities, but that these qualities were higher before the Sochi Olympics than after. Conclusions are offered regarding the potential mitigating role of Olympic success as it relates to the bolstering of national pride through consumption of international mediated sporting events. I know you, therefore I share: Parasocial disclosures and sharing of sport news on Twitter • Jan Boehmer, Michigan State University • The present study investigates the effects of sports journalists’ self-disclosures on Twitter. More specifically, an online experiment was conducted examining whether being exposed to self disclosures posted on Twitter influenced the audiences’ perceptions of likability and credibility, as well as the desire to interact with the sports journalist. Results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) show that self-disclosure had a positive effect on a personal dimension of likability, as predicted by Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT). Contrary to predictions, however, self-disclosure did not affect the professional dimension of likability or credibility. In addition, the results of the present study show that the development of a stronger parasocial relationship between the sports journalist and his audience, as well as professional likability are the best predictors of participants’ intentions to share the encountered content. Making Sports Exciting: Moment-to-Moment Analysis of Crowd Noise on Audience Perception of Play • Glenn Cummins, Texas Tech University; Zijian Gong, Texas Tech University • Despite its ubiquitous presence in mediated sports, the influence of mediated crowd response on at-home spectators has escaped inquiry. Considerable evidence from both within and beyond the context of sports suggests that a co-spectator’s behavior can generate “intra-audience effects.” In this experiment, mediated spectator response was systematically altered across game play while participants provided moment-to-moment evaluations of game play. Results demonstrate mediated intra-audience effects that yield inflated perceptions of the exiting nature of play as well as a sense of spatial immersion in the mediated environment. The effect was most pronounced when game events were not intrinsically exciting. Opening the sports closet: Media coverage of the self-outings of Jason Collins and Britney Griner • Tracy Everbach, University of North Texas; Lori Dann, Eastfield College • This study examines coverage of the coming-out revelations of two professional athletes in major sports media. When Brittney Griner of the WNBA and Jason Collins of the NBA made their announcements within two weeks of each other in April 2013, sports media embraced both athletes by praising their courage and calling for tolerance. However, the media coverage adhered to the theory of masculine hegemony by treating Collins’ revelation as big news and Griner’s as routine. Other findings are that Collins’ announcement, which was a first for an active athlete in men’s professional team sports, was controversial to some who oppose homosexuality. Griner joined several high-profile female athletes who had come out as lesbian since the 1970s, and her announcement was given minimal coverage. Griner went on to a promising career in the WNBA while Collins went unsigned for the first four months of the NBA season before being picked up by the Brooklyn Nets on Feb. 23, 2014 and retained for the remainder of the season. Despite these gender-based differences, the study found there has been a significant shift in recent years in the amount and type of media coverage given to gay athletes. Foul Ball: Audience-held stereotypes of baseball players • Patrick Ferrucci, Bradley University; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Chad Painter, Eastern New Mexico University; David Wolfgang, University of Missouri • This study experimentally tested whether participants held and/or applied stereotypes of baseball players. Participants were asked to rate White, Black and Latino baseball players based on stereotypes consistently identified in previous literature. Participants saw a photo of a player and an anonymous paragraph from a newspaper that highlighted a particular stereotype. They were then asked to rate the author’s credibility. Black players were rated as higher in physical strength and natural ability, consistent with previous literature concerning how athletes were described. However, White and Latin players were not stereotyped. But, participants rated White-consistent descriptions as credible and Latin-consistent descriptions as less credible. These results are interpreted through the prism of social identity theory. “The Ghost of Len Bias”: Race, Memory, Narrative, and Basketball • Justin Hudson, University of Maryland, College Park • The death of Maryland basketball star Len Bias in June 1986 from a cocaine overdose would quickly become a seminal moment both in the war on drugs and the fight to reform college athletics. This paper demonstrates that even two decades after his death, Bias was deployed in the media as an obstacle on the road to Maryland’s first national championship and as a cautionary tale to justify the continued policing of black athletes. Marketing a Lemon: Student-Fan Attendance at Home Games of a Losing College Basketball Team • L. Paul Husselbee, Southern Utah University; Whitney Baum, Southern Utah University • Research has identified winning as the most significant factor motivating attendance at collegiate and professional sports events. This study employed factor analysis to identify four significant components — Optimistic Leisure, Shared Experience with Friends, Basketball Enthusiasm, and Team Spirit — that contribute to student-fans’ decisions to attend home games of a college basketball team that had lost 26 consecutive games and was widely considered the worst NCAA Division I team in the nation during the 2013-14 season. It recommends an integrated-marketing campaign using a “Big Idea” with emphasis on social media to reach the target audience. Promoting sports networks’ interests through hybrid messages: A study of Sportscenter and Fox Sports Live • Richard Johnson, Arizona State University; Miles Romney • In sports broadcasting, a dichotomy exists between a network’s financial interests and its journalism responsibilities. Many sports networks spend billions of dollars for the rights to broadcast live sporting events as part of their network programming. Typically, these live events produce high ratings and generate significant profit for the networks. However, this conflict between a sports network’s business and journalistic affairs raises a compelling ethical debate. Working under the theoretical model of hybrid messages—the assumption that news networks include promotional themes in their journalism programming that aren’t easily recognizable to the viewer—this introductory study analyzed 2,015 news packages from the two most prominent nightly sports news programs, SportsCenter and FOX Sports Live, to examine whether sports networks more heavily promote leagues with which they are contractually affiliated. The study found that sports networks self-promote by showing more in-depth coverage of games and leagues with which they have a financial interest while also filling a significant portion of the news program’s most prominent block with programming that serves their interests. However, the relationship that exists between sports networks and sports leagues makes it difficult to ascertain whether the sports networks are employing hybrid messages in their journalism programming or simply following journalistic practices. The Use of Twitter in Sports Image Repair: A Case Study of Ex-Heisman Reggie Bush • Hannah Mason; Mia Moody-Ramirez, Baylor University • Broadening the application of Benoit’s image repair theory, this case study looks at the image repair tactics of NFL athlete Reggie Bush in three phases following the NCAA sanctions in which he lost the Heisman Trophy. This textual analysis adds a new perspective to IRT literature by analyzing how the athlete presented himself through his Twitter feed and how traditional newspaper articles framed the case. Findings indicate Bush used a variety of image repair tactics in his Twitter posts; however, his scatter-shot approach was ineffective as he rallied back and forth between positive and negative content and perhaps waited too long to demonstrate mortification. Newspaper articles did not mention Bush’s Twitter content. However, self-presentation through social media eliminated the need for a mainstream outlet to cover his preferred themes as he was able disseminate his own messages. Findings indicate Twitter provides a viable platform for athletes to repair a tarnished image; however, they must use positive image repair tactics in a consistent manner. Going to WAR: Online Sports Media’s Treatment of the Sabermetric Argument in the Race for 2012 American League Most Valuable Player • Joshua Murphy, The University of Iowa • Sabermetric analysis has existed since the 1970s but has recently gained widespread attention in baseball. Despite the empirical process of sabermetrics, several media sources ignore it in favor of traditional methods. This paper uses the Gramscian model of hegemony and Barthes’ work on myth to analyze sports media discussion of the 2012 American League Most Valuable Player race to evaluate the process by which new methods gain media attention and legitimacy against the status quo. Who is to blame? An examination of American sports journalists’ Lance Armstrong Hero narrative and post-doping confession paradigm repair • Sada Reed, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • When journalism routines, like the practice of covering subjects “objectively” and not becoming personally involved with sources, result in erroneous reporting, journalists often engage in paradigm repair (Berkowitz, 1997). This is done by demonstrating that the written and unwritten rules of the paradigm really are reliable, but because of a particular reason or person, the paradigm’s rules were violated (Berkowitz, 1997). But does paradigm repair happen in the same way in sports journalism, a genre of journalism that traditionally has dual roles as watchdogs and “myth-makers”? This study examines this question in two parts: A content analysis was conducted in order to gather descriptive statistics confirming sports journalists’ reluctance to interrupt Armstrong’s Hero narrative. This analysis was done by examining the number of stories about Armstrong, published in the United States between July 25, 1999, when Armstrong first won the Tour de France, and Jan. 17, 2013, when Armstrong’s televised interview with Oprah aired, that also mention doping. The second part of this study explores the presence or absence of paradigm repair. Ethnographic content analysis was used to examine American sports journalists’ columns and editorials from Oct. 9, 2012, to Jan. 31, 2013, in order to assess how sports journalists responded to Armstrong’s “fall from grace.” Twitter in the press box: How a new technology affects the gameday routines of print-focused sports journalists • Chris Roberts, University of Alabama; Betsy Emmons, Samford University • Sports journalists’ use of Twitter to cover live events raises questions related to institutional practices, branding of journalists, and the work patterns and work products of journalists on a gameday. Researchers analyzed 2,600 tweets sent by 51 print-focused journalists covering 11 college football games, and interviewed 10 journalists, to discern how beat writers and columnists use Twitter for gameday coverage. Results include a more opinion-based use of Twitter during live reporting. “I hate you man!”: Exploring Maladaptive Parasocial Interaction Expressions to College Athletes via Twitter • Jimmy Sanderson, Clemson University; Carrie Truax, Clemson University • There has been an increasing trend of fans attacking college athletes via Twitter after athletic contests. These messages from fans often encompass hostile and vitriolic language that in many cases makes news headlines. The present study explored this behavior through the lens of maladaptive parasocial interaction (Kassing & Sanderson, in press) by investigating tweets sent to University of Alabama placekicker Cade Foster after Alabama lost their rivalry game against Auburn University on November 30, 2013. Using Radian6 software, a total of 939 tweets sent to Foster were analyzed. Analysis revealed that maladaptive parasocial interaction manifested in the following ways: (a) belittling; (b) blaming; (c) mocking; (d) sarcasm; and (e) threats. Interestingly and unexpectedly, a host of supportive comments were expressed to Foster as well. The results suggest that athletic department personnel must provide resources and education for college athletes on coping with these messages to mitigate potentially negative psychological effects. Additionally, the results also reveal that Twitter functions as a venue where fans discuss what it means to be a “true” fan with respect to directing abrasive comments at college athletes. “Shit got cray cray #mybad”: An Examination of the Image Repair Discourse of Richie Incognito during the Miami Dolphins’ Bullying Scandal • Annelie Schmittel, University of Florida; Kevin Hull, University of Florida • This study examines the image repair discourse of Richie Incognito during the Miami Dolphins’ bullying scandal. Incognito conducted image repair utilizing Twitter and a traditional media outlet. Incognito’s tweets sent throughout the crisis, along with his television interview, were examined using mixed methods content analysis guided by Benoit’s image repair theory. Findings suggest Incognito used competing image repair strategies on the two platforms. We propose three new image repair strategies: blasting critics, context and self-deprecation. Ignored by Traditional Media, Women Seek Sports Information via Social Media: A Uses and Gratification Analysis • Mary Sheffer, University of Southern Mississippi; Brad Schultz, University of Mississippi • As a follow-up to previous research, this study took a uses and gratification approach to more clearly define sports media consumption patterns among women. Based on survey data from more than 2,500 respondents nationwide, it was found that women use social media differently than men in regards to sports. Specifically, women more often use social media for information-seeking, personal/social reasons, and to access content not available in traditional media. Implications include the need for new approaches to reach a traditionally underserved audience. Enjoyment in 140 Characters: Examining the Impact of Twitter on the Enjoyment of Football • Lauren Smith, Auburn University; Sally Ann Cruikshank, Auburn University • As sports fans increasingly turn to Twitter to experience events and receive commentary, it is imperative to understand not only why they do, but the effects that come from using social media. Using the theoretical grounding of disposition theory, this study employed a survey of sports fans who use Twitter to measure how the microblogging site influenced their enjoyment of viewing college and professional football, both on television and in person. Results found that the use of Twitter had more of an impact on fans’ enjoyment when watching a game on television than when watching in person. Additionally, variables such as age, gender, and level of Twitter use were found to have an impact on enjoyment levels. Practical and theoretical implications of the study are discussed at length. I’m going to Instagram it!: An analysis of athlete self-presentation on Instagram • Lauren Smith, Auburn University; Jimmy Sanderson, Clemson University • Using Goffman’s notions of self-presentation and gender displays, the following study examines the Instagram feeds of 27 professional athletes to determine how athletes are using the visual social media site for self-presentation. A mixed methods approach examined the photographs and captions to determine what behaviors and themes emerged. Through content analysis, the self-presentation styles of athletes of both genders, as well as the main differences between them were examined, and significant differences emerged that confirmed the previously established gender norms. Through textual analysis, findings with respect to captions align with previous research on athlete self-presentation on social media. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as directions for future research are discussed. Tensions in the Press Box: Understanding Relationships between Journalists and Communications Professionals in Intercollegiate Athletics • Welch Suggs, University of Georgia • Recent events suggest that relationships between media organizations and the entities they cover are changing, particularly in the context of sports. This study proposes a neoinstitutional framework for understanding these relationships and tests resulting hypotheses among reporters and communications professionals in American intercollegiate athletics. Media Industries and the Sport Scandal: Deadspin, Sports Illustrated, ESPN and the Manti Te'o Hoax • Travis Vogan, University of Iowa; Benjamin Burroughs, University of Iowa • The increasing body of scholarship on the sport scandal focuses principally on how media cover these incidents, how scandalized parties disrupt constructed expectations and work to repair their images, and the circumstances under which punishment and forgiveness are doled out. Building upon this work, this essay uses the hoax surrounding former Notre Dame University football player Manti Te’o to consider the institutional and industrial priorities that inform media coverage of sport scandals. Focusing on the website Deadspin, the legacy magazine Sports Illustrated, and the multiplatform sports media outlet ESPN, it argues that media outlets use sport scandals to craft their institutional identities, critique their competition, and to vie for market share. This approach to analyzing media coverage of the sport scandal, we argue, demonstrates the intimate relationship between the cultural meanings media representations of sport create and the institutional and industrial factors that govern the organizations that manufacture these powerful depictions. Building Relationships with Fans: How Sports Organizations Use Social Media • Yuan Wang, University of Alabama; Shuhua Zhou; Yonghwan Kim, University of Alabama • Social media have been increasingly used by sports organizations to establish relationships with the public. This study explored the Twitter using practices of NBA clubs (N = 30) in the United States in building relationships with their publics. Specifically, it focused on how these clubs used Twitter as a communication tool to build professional, personal, and community relationships through a content analysis of 5561 tweets on their official Twitter sites. The results demonstrated that sports organizations tended to use social media to develop professional relationships with fans via sharing information and promoting products. They utilized several communication tools such as retweets, public messages, hyperlinks, and hashtags, among which hashtags were most frequently used. There was a significant relationship between relationship dimensions and the use of communication tools. The Star-Ledger vs. Julie Hermann? Examining the Power of Media Campaigning • Amy Wu, University of Maryland; Pallavi Guha, Philip Merrill College of Journalism, University of Maryland; Jenny Glick, University of Maryland; Carole Lee, University of Maryland; Linda Steiner, University of Maryland • This study examines the impact of coverage by a major newspaper of Rutgers University’s hiring of Julie Hermann as athletic director in the spring of 2013. After the bullying charges surfaced against Julie Hermann, the prospective Athletic Director of Rutgers, The Star-Ledger took the initiative to lead the coverage demanding Hermann’s dismissal. A textual analysis of print and online news articles, editorials and columns, placed in the theoretical context of framing, suggested that the newspaper’s editorial team shifted its target from Hermann at initial stages to the university and the power brokers within the university. A time-analysis revealed that Hermann was only part of the larger target in the later stages of coverage. The Not-So Neutral Zone: ESPN, Agenda Setting, and the National Hockey League • Jeremy Saks, Ohio University; Molly Yanity, Quinnipiac University • Given the lucrative partnerships involved with securing the rights to televise live events, ESPN is ripe for conflicts of interest as it has the potential to set the news agenda by showcasing highlights and reporting to emphasize the events for which it has exclusive deals. This is important because ESPN can determine what are considered the “most important games, athletes, and highlights for ESPN viewers” and it can use “its gate-keeping function to codify what historic achievements, displays of brilliance, and athletic renown are worthy of consideration” (Gamache, 2010, p. 166). This study will use the agenda-setting theory to explore ESPN’s gate-keeping measures in regards to the National Hockey League. A content analysis will be performed to explore if and how ESPN ranks highlights from the NHL within the “Top 10 Plays” segment in comparison to other major sports leagues. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13963 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/csw-2014-abstracts/ Wed, 11 Jun 2014 17:01:45 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13966 Good Green Mothers: First Time Expectant Mothers’ Views on Environmental Consumption Pre- and Post- Partum • Niveen AbiGhannam, University of Texas at Austin; Lucy Atkinson • Our interest in this study is exploring the experience of women who opt for environmentally conscious approaches to pregnancy. The study will focus on how these non-conforming mothers navigate environmental risk, and how they balance dominant mothering discourses with their own sense of what it means to be a mother and the kind of pregnancy and delivery they seek. These relationships are examined in the context of information seeking and sharing communication theories. Victimized on plain sites: Social and alternative media’s impact on the Steubenville rape case • Cory Armstrong; Kevin Hull, University of Florida; Lynsey Saunders, University of Florida • This study employs a content analysis of the Steubenville (Ohio) sexual assault case to explore the mainstream media characterization of the victim and perpetrators. Researchers examined articles from local news agencies (n= 422) and national news agencies (n= 156) to answer the overall research question centering on how new technology is being employed as sources by traditional media sources. The results outline implications for scholars and practitioners as it relates social media sources shaping the narrative characterizing the victim and perpetrators. No Woman, No Cry: Gender and Emotional Management in U.S. Electoral Politics • Ingrid Bachmann, Catholic University of Chile • The role of a political leader often is associated with the emotional attributes of a man. This discourse analysis examines the media constructions of Hillary Clinton’s emotionality during her bid for the 2008 Democratic nomination. Clinton was described mainly as a cold and unsympathetic contender, an unwomanly woman with too much ambition, and either as fake or frail when being more emotionally open. The media thus favored determined understandings regarding women, politics and emotions. The Everlasting Damsel in Distress?: Analyzing the evolution of the female Disney character over time • Lisa van Kessel, Radboud University Nijmegen; Serena Daalmans, Radboud University Nijmegen • The current study analyzes the evolution of female Disney characters over time, from Disney’s Snow White from 1937 to Disney/Pixar’s Brave from 2012. Gender role representations of the characters from twenty-three features (that included a human female lead or secondary character) were examined in a qualitative content analysis focused on the manifest level (representation of behaviors, goals) as well as a latent level (gender related norms and values). Results suggest that on a manifest level significant changes have occurred in how female characters have been presented over time, i.e. female characters have grown to have more agency and are less preoccupied with love as a primary goal, though these changes are not linear. Results on a latent level suggest that more stereotyped gendered norms and values have not disappeared but are now incorporated in the narrative in secondary rather than primary characters. Overall, results do seem to indicate that Disney’s representation of female (lead) characters are slowly becoming less stereotyped, most prominently so in the case of Brave’s Merida. “Wendy and the Boys:” Having it All on the Texas Campaign Trail • Shugofa Dastgeer, Graduate student at the University of Oklahoma; Desiree Hill, University of Oklahoma • This study content analyzed news headlines on the Texas female candidate for governor, Wendy Davis, in the 2014 elections. The results demonstrate more than half of the news headlines had a neutral tone toward Davis, and less than one-fourth of the headlines were negative and positive each. While a large number of neutral headlines shows progress for female candidates, a significant number of the headlines treat Davis as a celebrity. Creative women in Swedish advertising and the case for systemic scarcity • Jean Grow, Marquette University • This research explores the experiences of ten Swedish advertising creative directors. In-depth interviews are framed by Csikszentmihalyi’s systems model of creativity. Findings suggest that gender-neutral Swedish cultural norms and values have limited influence on the culture within advertising creative. Data highlight provocative insights about systemic power and constraints women face, suggesting that female creatives across the world most likely face roadblocks to advancement that are far more systemically embedded than may have been previously understood. Walk like a man: A content analysis of anti-sexual assault websites for men • Leslie Howerton, University of Oregon • This study examines four websites that target men with anti-sexual assault messages. The theoretical framework used for this research is rape myth acceptance theory and the Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression scale (AMMSA). Content analysis was conducted on two websites that use traditionally masculine approaches and two websites that use androgyny advocacy approaches. All four websites contained gender stereotypes, rape myths and sexual concepts consistent with rape myth acceptance theory. The messages on these sites may explicitly endorse an anti-sexual assault agenda, but the text and images contain gender stereotypes and rape myth functions that undermine the websites’ purpose and perpetuate rape myth acceptance. Attention to Heterosexual Scripts in Magazines: Factors associated with Intentions to Sexually Coerce or Intervene • Stacey J.T. Hust, The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University; Kathleen Rodgers, Human Development, Washington State University; Stephanie Ebreo, Washington State University; Whitney Stefani, Washington State University • Sexual coercion has gained researchers’ attention as an underreported form of sexual abuse or harm (Adams-Curtis & Forbes, 2004). The percentage of male and female college students who reported engaging in sexual coercion was as high as 82% for verbally coercive behaviors over the course of a year (Shook, Gerrity, Jurich, & Segrist, 2000). Guided by heterosexual scripting theory and the Integrated Model of Behavioral Prediction, we examine young college students’ beliefs about rape myth acceptance, perceived norms related to perpetration and intervention of sexual coercion, dating violence efficacy, and then exposure to men’s and women’s magazines in relation to intention to use coercive tactics in dating relationships, and intentions to intervene with friends who use coercive tactics in dating relationships. Results indicate rape myth acceptance, as predicted, was positively associated with intentions to sexually coerce, and negatively associated with intentions to intervene. Dating violence efficacy was negatively associated with intentions to sexually coerce, and positively associated with intentions to intervene. Exposure to the heterosexual scripts in men’s magazines, which connect sexual prowess to masculinity, was associated with intentions to sexually coerce. Overall, an understanding of the independent contribution of these factors toward sexual coercion has implications for dating violence prevention programming. Beyond ‘the Bump’: How media portrayals of celebrity pregnancies perpetuate fertility goddess cultural norms • Nicki Karimipour, University of Florida • Modern-day pregnant celebrities share many similarities to fertility goddesses of prehistoric and ancient times: they occupy a powerful place in society; they are revered and even worshipped; average women view them as role models; and they possess comparable physical traits. The way in which the media represents pregnant celebrities (and by explicitly or implicitly portraying them as fertility goddesses) can result in the establishment of social and cultural norms. The purpose of this study is to introduce a conceptual model for evaluating the way in which media portrayals of pregnant celebrities perpetuate fertility goddess cultural norms. Variables and antecedent conditions associated with the conceptual model have been outlined within. #ThighGap and #BikiniBridge: The New ‘Thinspo’(s)?: Examining the role of social media and dissemination of new body shape thin ideals • Nicki Karimipour, University of Florida; Kéran Billaud, University of Florida • Mass-mediated thin ideals have been a media staple for many years, but recently, two body shape trends have gone viral in mainstream and social media. The purpose of this study is to examine content being disseminated on Twitter about the thigh gap and the bikini bridge from December 1, 2013 to March 1, 2014 using a quantitative content analysis. Applications of social comparison and identity demarginalization theory are used to explain the online behavior of these users. Feminist theory is used to buttress the argument that social media interactions about the thigh gap and bikini bridge perpetuate potentially harmful aspirations and behaviors among young women. Domestic violence as entertainment: Gender, role congruity and reality television • Carol Liebler, Syracuse University; Azeta Hatef, Syracuse University; Greg Munno, Syracuse University • This study examines how young adults react to domestic violence in reality TV, with particular attention to how gender factors into perceptions of acceptability. Data were collected via eight sessions that included pre and post-viewing questionnaires, rating an edited 24-minute video of content from three reality TV programs, and focus group discussions. Findings indicate that consistent with role congruity theory, acceptability of televised domestic violence varies contextually and with gender. Television’s “Mean World” for Women: The Portrayal of Gender and Race on American Crime Dramas • M. Scott Parrott, The University of Alabama; Caroline Titcomb Parrott, The University of Alabama • A quantitative content analysis examined gender and racial stereotypes in fictional crime-based television programs that aired in the United States during a three-year period. Women were underrepresented. While black women were relatively non-existent, white women were victimized more often than male characters. Compared to men, white women stood a greater chance of being raped or sexually assaulted, suffering serious harm at the hands of an assailant, and being attacked by strangers. Effects of Women’s Social Media Use in fostering Social Capital and Civic Participation • Maria Gomez y Patino, Universidad de Zaragoza; Magdalena Saldaña, The University of Texas at Austin; Trevor Diehl, The University of Texas at Austin; Homero Gil de Zuniga, University of Vienna • Observing women as benchmark, this article examined how social media activities impact social capital and civic participation. Scholars concerned with the role of women in democracies have long noted a gender gap in participatory behaviors. However, social media might offer an alternative route to community engagement for women. Analyzing original US-survey-data, results (n=831) found strong statistical evidence that social media use for community involvement and news is associated with social capital and civic participation offline. The Disney Princess Films: 72 Years of Idealized Beauty and Love • Jennifer Hecht, San Jose State University; Diana Stover Tillinghast, San Jose State University • Portrayals of dependency, confidence, rescue, and romantic love have slowly changed in the past seven decades in the nine Disney princess films examined in this study. However, the depiction of beauty has remained much the same although many of the princesses are no longer only Caucasian. Princesses have become less dependent and more confident. Love has become more realistic with fewer romantic illusions. Suitors rescued princesses and, in the newer films, princesses rescued their suitors. Black Womanhood, Desire, and Single-doom in Television News • Timeka Tounsel, University of Michigan • Amidst shifting tides in America’s ethnic landscape, racial uplift ideology urges black women to pursue marriage as a means of demonstrating African American’s adherence to hegemonic social values. Yet, data from Hannah Brueckner at the Yale Center for Research on Inequalities and the Life Course and the U.S. Census Bureau (2010) suggest that 45 percent of black women over 15-years-old have never been married, and that this rate is even higher for women with post-graduate degrees. Thus, professional black women are perceived as having failed to fulfill dominant gender expectations. The consequential construction of a crisis focused on increased academic achievement, and low marriage rates offers an example of how American culture manages this supposed gender deviance. In this essay, I point to salient examples—specifically in traditional news outlets such as ABC Nightline and CNN—within a contemporary cultural environment that restrict professional black women to a distinct narrative arc. Beginning at the professional peak of black women, the arc climaxes in a black gender war, and ends with a disciplining of black women’s life desires. By burdening black women with racial uplift, this narrative neglects a rational discussion of black men, evades the impact of structural inequality, and elevates independence and autonomy as inappropriate desires for black women. Empowerment messages with women from underserved communities: Expanding a theory of women’s communication about health • Jennifer Vardeman-Winter, University of Houston • As women’s health has received significant political and media attention recently, I proposed an expanded theory of women’s communication about health. Public relations and community health work literature framed this study. I interviewed 15 communicators and community health workers from grassroots organizations focused on women’s health. Findings suggest that women face structural, cognitive, cultural, political, and emotional/spiritual barriers to communicating about health. Participants also discussed the importance of messages of empowerment and resilience with women. An Indian Abroad: Postulating post-colonial feminisms via Priyanka Chopra’s globality • Roshni Verghese • Priyanka Chopra’s prolific career has taken her from being the belle of Bollywood to a global celebrity as she enters Western popular culture, symbolically representing India and Indians. This paper uses visual analysis of her English music videos, select interviews with American and Indian media and other print media texts to identify how she invokes themes of globality; using sexual exoticism, racial ambiguity and cultural hybridity to successfully promote a new prototype of Indian women. Stigmatized Presentation of Single Women: A Content Analysis of News Coverage on Single Women and Single Men in China • Gong Wanqi, City University of Hong Kong; Caixie Tu; Jiang Li • This study explored the stigmatize presentation of single women in news reports by content analyzing the news coverage of Chinese single women and single men from 2008 to 2013 in Mainland China. Among the three prevalent news frames (conflict, attribution of responsibility, and human interest), results showed that the news reports commonly employ human interest frame and concentrate on the single women’s family conflicts . News stories also unduly attributed the responsibility of the ‘single’ issue to the single women themselves. Moreover, the media tend to utilize positive tone to portray single men rather than single women. The biased standpoint in reporting single women reflect and further shape the stereotype of single women. As an exploratory study, our research shed light on the public perception of single women. Theoretical and practical implications were provided. Mitigating the Engendered Digital Divide: Women as Active Learners in Developing Countries • Jessica Wendorf, University of Miami • Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become part of modern life, but sadly developing countries are unable to benefit from this technological advancement. Consequently, the knowledge gap between information-rich and information-poor has intensified. Today, it is not the lack of physical access, but in fact, the intellectual access limitations confounded by the omitting of ethnic, racial, and cultural individualism that most affect ICT interventions focused on minority females. Are Men from Mars and Women from Venus in Terms of Twitter and Facebook Use? And How about Whites and Non-Whites – Are They on Different Planets? • Geri Alumit Zeldes, Michigan State University; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University; Elizabeth Quilliam, Michigan State University • Indeed. Men are from Mars, and Women are from Venus, when it comes to the intensity in which they used Facebook and Twitter. Using Uses and Gratifications theory and Liu, Cheng & Lee’s (2010) 19-item scale to measure motivations, this study found that women are significantly more intense in their use of the two social media platforms especially when it comes to several motivations – entertainment, escapism, and medium appeal. In terms of race, Whites and Non-Whites are also on different planets. The study indicated a greater intensity to use Facebook and Twitter than their Non-White counterparts, out intensifying their Non-White counterparts in their use of Facebook except in the motivations of self-documentation and commercial interaction. The researchers recommend a replication of this study using a much more diverse population than that of students in a mass communication school at a large Midwestern university. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13966 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/06/pjig-2014-abstracts/ Thu, 12 Jun 2014 19:23:32 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13988 Clarifying Journalism’s Quantitative Turn: A Typology for Evaluating Data Journalism, Computational Journalism, and Computer-Assisted Reporting • Mark Coddington, University of Texas at Austin • As quantitative forms have become more prevalent in professional journalism, it has become increasingly important to classify and distinguish between them. This paper defines and compares three quantitative forms of journalism — computer-assisted reporting, data journalism, and computational journalism — and introduces a four-part typology to evaluate their epistemological and professional dimensions. The three practices are characterized as related but distinct approaches to integrating the values of open-source culture and social science with those of professional journalism. Gender, social cue and interactivity in social media: Investigation of journalists’ social media use and credibility • Rosie Jahng, Hope College; Jeremy Littau, Lehigh University • This study examined the effect of social cues and interactivity in social media on journalists’ credibility based on literature of journalists’ credibility, social information processing theory (SIPT) and social presence theory. Results from a mixed-design experiment showed participants rated highly interactive journalists to be more credible than those who are less interactive in social media. Also, participants showed higher intention to engage and more positive attitude toward highly interactive journalists than less interactive journalists. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical implications for journalists’ credibility in social media, and practical applications for journalists seeking to utilize social media to engage with their audiences. Exploring the Role of Political Discussion in Political Participation: Online versus Offline • Soo Yun Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Widespread use of the Internet have lead to new forms of interpersonal communication, with a vast potential to reach young and geographically dispersed citizens; expanding earlier citizen communication habits that may not be reflected in the traditional media; and create new opportunities for citizens to form networks and take action to address many issues directly. Citizens now indeed have the advantage of technical proficiency in the online environments to facilitate their engagements with online political discussion and civic activities. Given that the dynamic nature of interpersonal political discussion as mobilizing force in politics is explicitly demonstrated in previous studies, this study takes a step further by exploring each of political participation activities one by one instead of using political participation as a single index. In addition, this study explores which of political discussion setting (i.e., offline vs. online) strongly predict political participation (i.e., offline and SNS). This study found that both online and offline political discussion was significant predictor for offline political participation and SNS political participation respectively. Working together: Sharing as an emergent newsroom norm • Magda Konieczna • The economic crisis in news media has deepened and the internet has enabled greater interaction between producers of information. At the same time, the United States in particular has experienced dramatic growth of nonprofit news organizations, many of which base their newsroom processes on collaboration. This article uses participant observation to examine collaborative behaviors at three nonprofit news organizations. I use the data to illustrate three observations: 1) Collaboration actually breaks into four different types of behavior. 2) Collaborative behaviors, while differentiating nonprofits from commercial journalism from which they arose, also tie them into that same commercial structure. 3) Finally, I show how the type of collaboration imprints the collaborating organization. These results suggest that collaborative behaviors between nonprofits and the commercial media are an extension of past but frequently unacknowledged collaborative behaviors between traditional news organizations. And, finally, they suggest that editors have become increasingly comfortable with news coming from a broad range of sources. Reciprocity and the News: The role of personal and social media reciprocity in news creation and consumption • Avery Holton, University of Utah; Mark Coddington, University of Texas at Austin; Seth Lewis, University of Minnesota; Homero Gil de Zuniga, University of Vienna • This study asks: As journalists and audiences increasingly interact via social spaces online, what role might reciprocity, as a key driver within online communities, play in stimulating audiences’ consumption and creation of content, including news content? A national survey finds that, while personal beliefs in reciprocity predict news consumption, it is reciprocity on social media that is associated not only with news consumption, but also with content creation, both for news and in general. What's in a Name? Making a Case for Collaborative Journalism • Shawn McIntosh, Columbia University • Definitions of terms such as participatory journalism and other variants reflect a need to clarify conceptually what some of the underlying transformational dynamics are in journalism today. I argue that the term collaborative journalism is best equipped to reframe the debate, avoiding the conceptual blind spots shared by these other terms, and will help us better understand changing journalistic norms and practices that can lead to a more active citizenry in the networked public sphere. Democratic Mobilization through #Gosnell: Twitter as Public Sphere and Realm of the FIfth Estate • Michael Jezewak, Loyola Marymount University; Gwyneth Mellinger, Xavier University • The national news media’s initial failure to cover the criminal case of Philadelphia abortion doctor Kermit Gosnell triggered an activist response on Twitter. Using the hashtag #Gosnell, pro-life and pro-choice advocates debated the newsworthiness of the case and drew the national media’s attention to the trial. In addition to resetting the media agenda, #Gosnell constructed a Habermasian public sphere and, per Hallin’s theory, redefined an issue of deviance as a matter of legitimate controversy. The Social News System: Examining the Relationship between Psychological Sense of Community, Social Network Site Use, and News Sharing Behaviors • Natalie Olsen, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities • News has long been understood as central to community functioning and a healthy democratic society. As community and news engagement transition to online venues, research must examine this relationship within social media. This study proposes and tests a new theoretical model that enables us to identify the roles that overall news consumption, SNS perceptions and behaviors, and PSOC play (both directly and indirectly) in encouraging audience members to share news stories on social network sites. Framing citizen activism: A comparative study of the CGNET Swara and Mobile Voices projects • Paromita Pain, The University of Texas at Austin • The CGNET Swara (India) and Mobile Voices (United States) demonstrate that dedicated citizen journalism outlets can effectively combine journalism and activism to mobilize communities for positive social impact. Few studies have compared citizen journalism effects in the area of mobilization across countries, in multi-cultural settings, especially in the developed and developing world. This paper compares and contrasts conceptual frames employed and approaches pursued in fundamentally different settings to examine how citizen media works for progressive change. reddit and the Boston Bombings: The Entextualization of a Witch-Hunt • Noah Springer, University of Colorado, Boulder • The social news website www.reddit.com played an instrumental role in the release of the suspects of the bombings during the Boston Marathon in April, 2012. This paper provides a linguistic analysis of how reddit identified the wrong suspects in the case, and examines how redditors “entextualized” this content in order to determine the meaning of how reddit users identified and prosecuted an innocent man. Specifically, this paper first examines various understandings of digital media, including Marshall McLuhan's "global village," Donna Haraway's "cyborg," and Jürgen Habermas's "public sphere." I then explore the various "entextualizations" of the Boston bombing case within reddit, specifically looking at how the decontextualization and recontextualization of the tragedy created room for a performative self-critique within the site. I conclude with a brief discussion of how the discourse surrounding the events in Boston show how reddit functions and fails to function as a global village, cyborg and public sphere. Hyperlocal with a mission; Motivation, strategy, and civic function • Marco Van Kerkhoven, Utrecht, School of Journalism; Klaus Schoenbach; Piet Bakker, Utrecht School of Journalism • Independent online news start-ups seem to gain ground in local news ecosystems. To what extend they demonstrate to be a sustainable asset remains to be seen. Based on content analyses of 123 local news websites and 74 interviews with owners of these so-called hyperlocals in the Netherlands, we explored their motivation, their editorial and organisational strategy, and how hyperlocals effectuate their civic function in the community. Results indicate that the motivation to start a local online news website is for the better part grounded in the perception of a local news gap. But we also found sites predominantly motivated by commercial objectives. In all cases a common business strategy, however, is owners operating the service on a “no-staff, no-budget” basis. Most sites rely on banner advertising. Crowd funding has been tried on a small scale. In terms of strategy and claimed civic role there are only few differences between ideologically non-profit hyperlocals and commercial chains. But many sites underperform in terms of efficient use of resources, attracting readers and advertisers and the way they connect with sources and audiences. The sustainability of local news websites, therefore, is far from secured. Self-Governance on Trial: A Public Sphere Analysis of News Website Forum Comments • David Wolfgang, University of Missouri • The online public sphere offers an opportunity to pursue self-governance through rational-critical discourse. This article studies two online news forums and the types of content produced based on the structure of the forum. Ultimately, forums allowing pseudonyms led to comments with more reasoned positions and use of supporting facts. However, neither the pseudonymous nor identified forums included constructive dialogue. News forums might need to restructure in order to promote consensus building and constructive dialogue. 2014 Abstracts]]> 13988 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/07/montreal-best-programming/ Mon, 28 Jul 2014 17:36:25 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=14092 Montreal: The Best Programming on Teaching at an AEJMC Conference By Linda Aldoory AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Director, Horowitz Center for Health Literacy Associate Professor, Behavioral & Community Health School of Public Health University of Maryland Laldoory@umd.edu (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, July 2014 issue) When I was in graduate school at the University of Texas at Austin, I started a newsletter for the graduate students in the College of Communication, and one of my first articles listed what I thought was the top five steps to better teaching. That was 1990, and I feel I have come full circle as I write this article describing what I think will be the top five teaching programs at AEJMC’s Conference this year in August in Montreal, Canada. Starting with number five... (5) Pre-conference workshops! As custom dictates, the pre-conference options include several teaching topics, and this year, these collaborative workshops drill down into specific and current challenges. For example, a special workshop on Advertising Teaching by Sheri Broyles addresses the impact that technology and everyday culture has had on consumer buying behavior, and how to teach in order to “invite...interact...and engage” with consumers in today’s highly interactive and user generated online world. Another workshop is a “Teach-In” for school journalism educators and advisors. This will be an all-day event for secondary school and post-secondary journalism educators in the AEJMC conference host’s region. The workshop will be coordinated and hosted by the Scholastic Journalism Division, area professionals and professors from the host university (Concordia). Topics include student press freedom, diversity of story platforms and multimedia production. A unique pre-conference workshop will be focused on the effective use of adjuncts by journalism and mass communication programs to teach skills classes. Topics will include “how to guide adjuncts in syllabi development, grading and classroom management as well as how to hire, monitor and evaluate adjunct faculty to ensure high standards.” (4) Wednesday’s highlighting of the “traditional” forms of communication! One panel called, “Using Television and Movies to Teach Students about Multicultural Connections and Diversity,” addresses race, gender, ethnicity and class issues in teaching. With television programming continually featuring stereotypes, the need to teach students about diversity and multiculturalism continues to grow. “Such instruction can be the catalyst for continued lifelong dialogue about discrimination, diversity and inclusion that hopefully will promote greater understanding,” according to panel organizers. (3) Thursday’s cultural understandings for teaching race, gender, ethnicity and cultural diversity! For example, the panel titled, “International Engagement: Projects and Partnerships that Globalize Education,” will explore projects and strategic partnerships that allow educators to incorporate globalization and diversity that fosters cultural engagement. There will also be a special session honoring the 60th anniversary of “Brown v. Board of Education - Its Meaning: Yesterday, Today and in the Future.” According to planners, “While some have a very narrow definition of the historic 1954 Supreme Court decision, its reach is broad and not limited to K-12 schools. The decision overturned the Separate but Equal Doctrine established in 1896 by Plessy v. Ferguson, which by extension, makes Brown’s subtext justice and equality throughout the academy. This panel will explore the meaning of Brown, the status of African Americans in higher education, continued threats to Brown‘s essence and the future of AEJMC’s commitment to diversity.” (2) Friday’s teaching innovations programming! The early morning session on “Teaching Innovations” reflects the framework for the day and showcases a panel of academic leaders who share their “inventive approaches to teaching journalism and mass communication in an age characterized by ever-changing technology, increasingly diverse classrooms and global publics.” A later session of the day, “A Year Through Glass: How We Used Google’s Newest Gadget in the Classroom,” features professors who were selected to test Google Glass during its beta phase. And the Number One Choice in AEJMC Programming in Teaching... (1) Teaching Plenary Session! Thursday, 10 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.   Are you one who resists or embraces online teaching? Regardless of your answer, online teaching is touted as the future of journalism and mass communication education, and this plenary offers understandings from national leadership and field experiences. The session, “The E-Learning Transformation: Promise and Challenge for Our Times,” features keynote speaker Larry Ragan, co-director for the Center for Online Innovation in Learning at Penn State University. Since 2008, Ragan has lead the design and development of Academic Outreach Faculty Development, which offers a range of professional development programming for World Campus and Penn State faculty preparing for online and continuing education teaching success. Ragan has also served as the co-director of the Institute for Emerging Leadership in Online Learning, and as co-director and faculty of the EDUCAUSE Learning Technology Leadership program. The session will address issues such as increased access from students to the online classroom, systems that adapt to the learner, global enrollments, learning experiences delivered through mobile devices, defining the role of faculty in the blended and online classroom, controlling the development and delivery costs, and quality. Following Ragan’s remarks are panelists from the field—Sharon Bramlett-Solomon, Rosental Alves and James Hamilton—who will offer lessons learned and best practices for online learning within journalism and mass communication.   <<Teaching Corner]]> 14092 0 0 0 http://youtu.be/BNwCMppP5z8?list=UUPZZJ0_P-qhlVsLEg8JI-NQ Tue, 19 Aug 2014 17:39:00 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=14180 ]]> 14180 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/08/pac-082714/ Wed, 27 Aug 2014 16:50:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=14207 CONTACT: PAULA POINDEXTER, Texas-Austin, 2013-14 President of AEJMC • August 27, 2014 As the shooting death of an unarmed black teenager by a white police officer moved from a crime scene in the middle of a Ferguson, Mo., street to a secret grand jury comprised of nine whites and three blacks who will determine if the police officer will stand trial, the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) commends the press for performing its watchdog role, condemns the Ferguson, Mo., police for abusing the press’ First Amendment freedoms and reminds everyone, regardless of color, education, age, gender, status or political affiliation, that the First Amendment safeguards the press’ right to report and citizens’ right to access news they should know. The fatal shooting of 18-year-old Michael Brown by Officer Darren Wilson was one of the biggest stories of summer 2014, certainly in terms of sustained 24/7 news coverage and social media postings. Those who followed the news witnessed events as they unfolded, from images of Brown’s body lying for hours in the street to peaceful protests that erupted into violence and vandalism, to local police wearing gas masks and pointing assault weapons as they sat atop armored vehicles that one might expect to see in news reports about war-torn areas—not middle-America suburbia. And, among the many disturbing words and images from Ferguson were reports of police arresting, confining and threatening journalists for doing their jobs. After the first arrests of journalists from the Washington Post and Huffington Post, CNN’s media critic and host of “Reliable Sources” reported that Ferguson police had arrested 11 journalists. When police officers in Ferguson arrested journalists, they were not just interfering with journalists’ First Amendment rights, they were also interfering with what the authors of The Elements of Journalism described as information citizens need to be “free and self-governing.” Only because of journalists could the tragic events in a poor and mostly African American St. Louis suburb, population 21,000, command the attention of the nation, the president, and the attorney general. That’s the power of the First Amendment and why it should never be obstructed by law enforcement or other government officials. The First Amendment both protects journalists’ freedom to report and makes it possible for citizens to have access to news from multiple sources. Even when the news is about tragic events like the shooting death of 18-year-old Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo., the news is ultimately empowering because it is information citizens living in a democracy need to be “free and self-governing.” For more information regarding this AEJMC Presidential Statement, please contact Paula Poindexter, President of AEJMC, at paula.poindexter@austin.utexas.edu. AEJMC (The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication) is a nonprofit, educational association of journalism and mass communication educators, students and media professionals. The Association's mission is to advance education, foster scholarly research, cultivate better professional practice and promote the free flow of communication. To find out more about AEJMC, visit www.AEJMC.org. <<PACS]]> 14207 0 0 0 http://www.newsengagement.org/engagement-in-action/ Tue, 02 Sep 2014 15:39:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=14236 14236 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/09/enroll-in-online-courses/ Thu, 04 Sep 2014 18:23:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=14305 Enroll in Online Courses to Improve Teaching Skills By Leslie-Jean Thornton AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Associate Professor Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication Arizona State University Leslie-Jean.Thornton@asu.edu   (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, September 2014 issue) Class had begun when I’d clicked the “play” arrow a while earlier. The professor, an esteemed and personable scholar at a top-tier university, was making a complex and considered argument about an intriguing subject. Her words, though, were slipping by. I stopped the video several times, went back a few sentences, replayed, then replayed again. I took notes to focus my attention, but… No. Not happening. I had to figure something out before her points stood a chance of sticking, and it wasn’t an abstruse point that needed clarification. It was something painfully mundane, in fact. Was her blouse buttoned incorrectly? Was the collar poorly constructed or was it supposed to look that way? Maybe the crookedness was an optical illusion? Fortunately, I could pause and ponder: chalk one up for recorded pedagogy. But first I did the equivalent of passing a note in class: I took a screenshot of the professor and her odd blouse and sent it to a friend. Although I’m a professor and happily so, last semester I completed four MOOCs – Massive Open Online Courses – as a student and I’m enrolled in three more. It’s safe to say I’m impressed and, perhaps, addicted. Much of what I’m learning, however, has less to do with mastering subjects than gaining insight into how I react as a student. By extension, I’m learning things to do and not do as a teacher. For starters, in my professor role, I’ve vowed never to wear puzzling clothes to class. The anonymity of the MOOC plays to my dual-agenda advantage, freeing me to relate to the course simply as me, not as someone responsible for keeping up a public persona. In me-to-monitor sessions, unobserved, I am allowed degrees of focus that would be freaky in person. As a result, I can become intensely aware of my professors and the settings in which they are teaching. I’m free to acknowledge frustrations and distractions – to say “Argh!” out loud when needed. In the public forum “discussions” with fellow enrollees, a feature of many MOOCs, I can lurk as well as participate to get an idea of how the course is being received. Is my cohort on track or splintered into la-la land? I saw both, and I saw reasons for both. I’ve gained a greater respect for students’ need for recognition. Over the years, as grading and feedback fatigue takes its toll, individual notice can recede – it takes concerted time and effort. As a MOOC student, I found myself yearning for attention, and that need awakened the professor side of me. If I had the choice now between making more assignments, thereby lessening the chance of feedback, or going for fewer and paying more attention, I’d go for the latter. I’m going to increase the number of “extra credit” assignments, too. Here are some of the other top lessons I’ve learned from being in MOOCs: Be highly aware of distractions. What’s written on the board or projected on the screen behind you? Are there hallway dramas visible from the class? Is the sun pouring in and hampering students’ ability to read your face as you speak? Is someone smacking gum? Don’t be so intent on your presentation that you allow such things to highjack or hamper your students’ progress. Attention cycles matter. Timing matters. Emphasis matters. I was lucky to take a “bootcamp” in pedagogy when I began teaching at Arizona State. Ten years later, I remember what an instructor told us: after 45 minutes of listening nonstop to a lecture, learning goes in reverse. Alas, after one of my MOOCs, I truly believe. Take breaks. Diversify delivery. Emphasize points with something other than your voice – write on a board, hold something up, change where you stand. Take breaks, and encourage students to do the same. At home, plugged into my computer, I was nevertheless free to walk around while listening and set my own breaks. This helped me absorb the material. See what you can do to give your students absorption time, too. Make-work assignments are deadly. Sure, they can reinforce a lesson point, but they build in resentment and demonstrate a lack of respect for the students’ time and effort. If a solid review of the material is necessary to bring a point or a skill home, or if simple practice is needed, at least say that. Better yet, try to incorporate that work into a meaningful assignment. Once a bond breaks, it’s not easy to get it back. Attend to momentum. The best classes made me eager for the next ones by showing me I’d learned something and would soon be building on that knowledge. Connecting the classes is as important as connecting students to the classes. I don’t know how yet, but I’m going to be super attentive to what I teach just before and just after Thanksgiving break this year. No need to lose them in the home stretch. It pays to switch perspectives. I recommend enrolling in a MOOC or two; you don’t have to finish… and you might discover a newfound appreciation for useful handouts, accessible material and inspirational professors. Oh, yes – and you might find inspiration itself. Teaching Corner]]> 14305 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/09/2011-12-project-winners/ Fri, 19 Sep 2014 16:18:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=14338 Knight News Challenge Bridge Grants

Adopting Ushahidi for Crowdsourcing and Data Visualization: New paths for Event-mapping in Chile

This project will train journalism students into crowdsourcing and data visualization techniques and increase user engagement by adapting the Ushahidi platform into Km Cero, Chile’s most important non-profit, college-produced news web site. Run entirely by students and faculty members at Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile’s School of Journalism, Km Cero strives to produce high-quality online journalism geared towards young people by employing innovative news formats and content. The Ushahidi platform, thus, would allow our news outlet to reach those goals by enabling citizens and journalists to report and map important news events that take place in Chile, including street protests, natural catastrophes and crime. We seek funding to train students in the use of Ushahidi, customize the platform into Km Cero, and develop new journalistic projects based on the this Knight News Challenge project. Ingrid Bachmann and Sebastian Valenzuela | Universidad Catolica de Chile

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Kansan.com High School News Feed

The proposed project will establish a high school news and advertising feed on Kansan.com, the University Daily Kansan (UDK) website. The news feed will use Printcasting and FeedBrewer, which were developed with Knight New Challenge funding. The feed will: Provide Kansan.com readers with niche local, youth-oriented coverage from around the state; Broaden high school journalists’ audience and exposure; Stimulate mentoring relationships between UDK student and professional staff, and high school journalism programs; Generate ad revenue for participating high school journalism programs; and Provide Kansan.com with valuable audience data. Peter Bobkowski, Assistant Professor | University of Kansas

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CityCircles Light Rail Job Classifieds

This intention of the student collaborative project is to create a hyperlocal model that will support the future sustainability of the CityCircles mobile app. Arizona State University students have often expressed to educators that they must find a job along the light rail due to transportation constraints. Phoenix is geographically spread out, which creates challenges for people dependent upon public transportation. Thus, an app that focuses on job classifieds along the light rail will serve as information service and a potential future revenue stream for CityCircles. Serena Carpenter and Nancie Dodge, | Arizona State University

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Reporting from the Storm

We will use Ushadidi’s software platform as the end distribution tool for students covering the Oklahoma 2012 tornado season. This is a classroom -- centered initiative that has the potential to spread into Oklahoma’s communities, weather institutions, and mass media outlets. Three journalism courses will be involved: Advanced multimedia journalism, community journalism, and a special topics course on mobile reporting. However, the purpose of the grant will target the development, implementation, and pedagogical support needed to bring Ushadidi into the advanced multimedia class. Community journalism students will develop the sources among Oklahoma communities and the storm chaser network already established in the state. This will provide the foundation of crowdsourcing that will make this effort meaningful to Oklahoma citizens. The advanced multimedia class will bring this information into our news website Oklahoma Routes. The mobile reporting class will provide news reports throughout the semester that will be presented within the website using the Ushadidi software. Julie Jones, Associate Professor and John Schmeltzer, Engleman/Livermore Professor in Community Journalism | University of Oklahoma

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OpenBlock Campus

OpenBlock Campus will bring hyperlocal news resources to Kent State University college campus. The OpenBlock software will be adapted to the main campus of Kent State University. Because Kent State is a public university, we will obtain much data in addition to the local information seen on OpenBlock. We plan to develop scrapers unique to the campus, ones that can find news articles and blogs mentioning Kent State, as well as data linked to campus classrooms and offices, such as professor schedules, curriculum vitae and course evaluations. Jacqueline Marino, Assistant Professor | Kent State University

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In-depth Reporting of Methamphetamine Production and Abuse in Oklahoma

The School of Media and Strategic Communications at Oklahoma State University would like to allow students a new, in-depth reporting platform that should greatly enhance their learning experience. We would like to use DocumentCloud to help students produce a series of stories on Oklahoma’s longtime, growing problem with methamphetamine production and abuse. We plan to work in conjunction with Oklahoma Watch, a nonprofit organization that does in-depth reporting. It has board members from across the state, and Jaclyn Cosgrove, one of its leading reporters, is a recent OSU graduate. OSU’s faculty also has strong ties to the Tulsa World and The Oklahoman, the state’s largest newspapers that also are involved with Oklahoma Watch. Ray Murray, Associate Professor | Oklahoma State University

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Telling Stories with Data: Life at a Hispanic Serving Institution

This project will develop a platform to support an ongoing course that focuses on data storytelling and visualizations based on the Knight-funded VIDI project. The initial project during its first semester would focus on the changing nature of the enrollment of Texas State University and it's status as a Hispanic Serving Institution. Cindy Royal, Associate Professor, and Jacie Yang, Assistant Professor | Texas State University

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LarryvilleKU: Web and Mobile Application of OpenBlock to The Kansan

LarryvilleKU iTunes App | LarryvilleKU Google play Android App This project utilizes OpenBlock, a hyper-local news and data platform developed through the Knight News Challenge. The purpose of this project is three-fold. First, the investigators propose to develop innovative ways of applying OpenBlock to The University Daily Kansan (the Kansan), a self-supporting, independent, student-run media operation at the University of Kansas. Second, the investigators aim to help other campus media that might be interested in incorporating OpenBlock to their sites by sharing via GitHub final computer code developed under this grant. Lastly, the investigators will develop a theoretical model identifying factors predictive of people’s participation in OpenBlock as well as an evaluation matrix to assess the application of OpenBlock to campus media. Thus the practical application of OpenBlock to the Kansan will generate scholarly papers on OpenBlock for campus media operations. This research team is well positioned to cover both practical and research aspects of the topic, as it includes a journalism professor whose research focuses on social and digital media and the General Manager and News Adviser, Sales and Marketing Adviser, and Web Editor of the Kansan. Hyunjin Seo, Assistant Professor | The University of Kansas

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Photojournalism and Social Engagement Tablet App

The College of Journalism and Mass Communications at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (CoJMC) has just started a planning process to create a mobile tablet app to display its work, particularly its photojournalism. The college has an endowment to send students around the world to photograph the stories of people in need. The app will make these stories be more than photo stories; it will be information that prompts viewer action and engagement, using the capabilities of tablet applications. The app will be used to teach viewers about the problems of people in need around the world, and then help them engage with one another and with legislators who could help the people depicted. The app will enable the user to find Congressmen whose voting records show they want to help the people who are the subject of the photo stories. The online photo and story layouts will then be turned into an ebook and a premium print book. Adam Wagler | University of Nebraska-Lincoln

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@SDSU - Where’s the news? Mobile Application for Mapping Civic and Public Service Issues on Campus and Beyond

AzteCast iTunes App | AzteCast Website Tips for Educators from AzteCast -- Here are some tips for making it work on your campus >> The @SDSU (http://at.sdsu.edu) mobile news application is an innovative way of bringing civic and public service issues to a university campus and its surrounding neighborhoods. The application focuses on the importance of mapping the information of what is happening on campus to a specific geographic location. Specifically the information is focused on items that are important to a campus community (e.g. traffic, weather, crime, power outages, crises, violence, health pandemic, public safety, food safety, campus elections, campus events, etc.). The @SDSU mobile news application will be built off of the Knight News Challenge Ushahidi platform. The power of the Ushahidi platform is its ability to allow people to mobilize during a crisis using a mobile channel to provide information and map it to a specific area. The @SDSU mobile news application will use the Ushahidi platform to provide important information to students, faculty, staff and citizens living in nearby neighborhoods adjacent to the campus. Journalism students will use this tool for newsgathering and reporting of campus events but more importantly, use this as a tool to verify the information that is coming through the mobile application. A university safety committee (already in place) and journalism students will verify the information that is submitted into the system. Amy Schmitz Weiss, Assistant Professor | San Diego State University   Bridge Grants]]> 14338 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/09/2012-13-project-winners/ Fri, 19 Sep 2014 19:08:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=14343 Knight News Challenge Bridge Grants

Using Spot.Us to Develop the Next Generation of Public Records Journalists

Craig Freeman | Louisiana State University (Spot.Us)

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OpenBlock Campus technology with SeedSpeak

Kristin Gilger | Arizona State University (OpenBlock)

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Telling the Story of Our Community: SGFwiki.org

Jonathan Groves | Drury University (LocalWiki)

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Distributive Journalism – a project using DocumentCloud

Sarah Maben | Tarleton State University (DocumentCloud)

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@iPadJournos: Preparing the Next Generation of Mobile Multimedia Reporters via Stroome

Marcus Messner | Virginia Commonwealth University (Stroome)

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NewsCloud software/platform developed to develop and sustain an interactive Website for campus and surrounding community

Anthony Moretti | Robert Morris University (NewsCloud)

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Houston Eats: An Online Platform Mapping the Rich Culture and History of Food in the Nation’s Most Diverse City

Temple Northup | University of Houston (DocumentCloud)

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Bobcats@SXSW

Cindy Royal | Texas State University (Ushahidi)

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Capstone Students Using Ushahidi and Mobile Media Toolkit to Train New Generation of Black Press

Ingrid Sturgis | Howard University (Ushahidi)   Bridge Grants]]> 14343 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/09/2014-15-project-winners/ Fri, 19 Sep 2014 19:12:25 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=14344 Knight News Challenge Bridge Grants

Feed Alabama

Using Knight-supported Ushahidi, a mapping tool. Chip Brantley and Scott Parrott | University of Alabama

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Incorporating Public Lab into JMC Classroom Environmental Reporting: Applying Open-Source Tools to the Crooked River Project

Using tools from the Knight-funded Public Laboratory for Open Technology and Science. Susan Kirkman Zake | Kent State University   Bridge Grants]]> 14344 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/09/2014-mini-workshop/ Fri, 19 Sep 2014 19:20:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=14352 Knight News Challenge Bridge Grants

Bringing the Knight News Challenge into Your Classroom (AEJMC Montréal Conference)

Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication and the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation Moderating/Presiding: Jennifer H. McGill, executive director, AEJMC This mini-workshop, held Thursday, August 7, 2014, provided tools and tips for using Knight News Challenge products in your classroom. Click on links below.

Reporting from the Storm: Mobile Weather Reporting

Julie Jones | University of Oklahoma

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Inside the @iPadJournos Newsroom: Mobile and Social Media Reporting in a Capstone Course

Jeanine Guidry and Marcus Messner | Virginia Commonwealth University

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The Crooked River and Public Lab: Exploring Open Source Investigative Tools

Susan Zake | Kent State University

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Using Mapping Apps to Tell Interactive Stories about Health Issues

Scott Parrott | University of Alabama

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AzteCast: Developing a University-wide Website

Extras: 15 Tips for J-Educators: Building a Mobile App, Lessons Learned from AzteCast [PDF] Amy Schmitz Weiss | San Diego State   Bridge Grants]]> 14352 0 0 0 http://youtu.be/YxS9H1GDkM0 Thu, 25 Sep 2014 18:30:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=14378 14378 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2014/11/research-improve-teaching/ Wed, 05 Nov 2014 14:50:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=14525 Using Research to improve Teaching Skills By Catherine Cassara AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Associate Professor School of Media & Communication Bowling Green State University ccassar@bgsu.edu   (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, November 2014 issue) Some of the most telling lessons I have learned about teaching have come from the findings of other scholars’ research listening to students. I am thinking about these studies particularly now because I was reminded how reluctant we are to listen to our students as members of my university faculty learning community were brainstorming topics for the year. Our community’s focus is learning technologies and I suggested we might get student input. By the time all the topics were listed on the board, mine was not because “we have grad students in the learning community,” the facilitator said. We do have graduate students and they are very nice people who are already in the classroom our side of the student/teacher divide when it comes to discovering how students view what succeeds or fails in the classroom. Since teaching “assessment measures”—however they are envisioned—can only be operationalized according to our teacherly understandings of how class dynamics work, they cannot measure things if we do not we address things we do not comprehend. We cannot listen to students or find out what’s there unless we are asking if other researchers have already taken it on. Two particular threads of research have rocked my world. The first showed up as a reading assignment in a faculty learning community I participated in several years ago. Another study showed up when a graduate student brought in an article about grading writing as part of a weekly assignment in a media & communication pedagogy course I teach. I will tackle them in this order. The Project Information Literacy surveys of undergrads on 200 campuses are always insightful, but the one that had the most impact on me was the 2009 report, where students told researchers they found library research “daunting.” They reported that because they did not understand the assignment and did not know where to start, they put off their work until the night before the paper was due. (In addition to surveying the students, the researchers review the assignments they received, but that’s another story.) “Many students reported that they often had little or no idea how to choose, define, and limit the scope of a topic found in the library,” the PLI researchers recounted. As a result, students reported that Wikipedia served as a unique and indispensable source because it helped them obtain both the big picture on their topics and the vocabulary they needed just to begin a keyword search. At first I relaxed, thinking that my students were better off because I always make sure they have a training session with a librarian. But, unfortunately, the students told the PLI researchers that going to the library for research training was helpful, but by the time they needed to use the information they could not remember what they had learned. In one of the later studies, when researchers met with students in focus groups, the students revealed another reason they delayed completing the assignment until the last minute— something that would never have occurred to me. They delay deliberately in order to increase their own interest in and motivation to complete the work. A looming deadline makes an assignment much more interesting. The research article the doctoral student shared was Still and Koerber’s 2010 article from the Journal of Business and Technical Communication that studied student reactions to an instructor’s comments on written work. In a state-of-the-art lab, the researchers watched, listened to and recorded their student research subjects as they attempted to follow the corrections on a graded assignment in return for a possible better grade. The students are frustrated by the comments telling them a section is awkward, or marks and lines on the paper that signify something that is not clear; given their frustration, they move on to work on the easier corrections of spelling, grammar and mechanics where it is easy for them to identify what the problem is and fix it. The students were willing to correct what they understood to be the most serious problems with their work; they just did not understand what the instructor wanted. I encountered that article several years ago. A friend had already told me that students don’t read comments so she taped comments, but given that I grade writing, that did not seem possible. When I grade on paper — AP quizzes, etc. — I try to be neat. For stories and papers, however, I do not grade on paper. I have started grading in Word — using comments, etc. — and I have started using simple rubrics that allow me to write individualized comments. I expect that there is still frustration on the other end, but I hope the typing is an improvement on the scrawl my handwriting turns into when I am tired. Of course, I had to be careful the first few times I used Word’s track changes function, because if I made the changes students had the option of just accepting everything except what I put in comment boxes. But since I always download all the stories or papers just to have them before I start, I knew where they started and what if anything they had done themselves to rewrite which is the point of the rewrite option. Teaching Corner]]> 14525 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/02/success-student-evaluations/ Wed, 25 Feb 2015 17:26:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=14888 Finding Success with Student Evaluations By Natalie T. J. Tindall, Ph.D., APR AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Associate Professor Department of Communication Georgia State University drnatalietjtindall@gmail.com (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, March 2015 issue) If I had 100 professors and graduate students in a room and asked, “How many people enjoy reading student evaluations?” I doubt that even 10 hands would shoot into the air. Student evaluations are a necessary evil (or delight, depending on your mood or stance) of the academic life. The National Communication Association’s biennial survey of communication chairs found that student evaluations of teaching were the most recognized and important factor in promotion and tenure evaluations. Beyond the surface of the evaluations lie some serious concerns of bias toward certain faculty members and toward the instructors of particular classes. Scholars have noted a gender gap in teaching evaluations, biases against professors of color and deflated scores for those professors with accents. Professors teaching large lecture classes often receive lower scores and negative feedback than those who are teaching smaller courses. These structural issues regarding student evaluations cannot be ignored or glossed over. However, we have to contend with the micro level evaluation and implementation of these evaluations. Student evaluations—the good, the bad, and the ugly words and scores assigned to your course—can cause even the best teachers to gnash their teeth, lament their futures and start looking at the want ads for another line of work. What can a professor do to deal successfully with the scrutiny? What can instructors learn from the feedback? Here are a few tips: Find a time and location where you can digest the evaluations without interruptions. Understand the teaching expectations for your department and your university. Did you fall below or land above those numbers? Pay attention to the comments. “Student comments provide valuable data about the students’ experiences,” wrote Phillip Stark in a blog post. Review the qualitative comments thematically. Search for common themes among the responses. Alan Goodboy points out several potential themes for negative feedback: unfair testing/assignments, unfair grading, classroom policies, violating the syllabus, lack of expectation and structure for group work or teams. If you see clumps of these emerge in the student feedback, a change in approach may be necessary. Know that you aren’t alone if you get bad feedback. Every professor does not receive glowing recommendations and comments from every student. Consider the context of the semester. Consider what else was happening in your professional and personal life this semester. Are you starting a new job on a new campus? Was this the first time teaching the course? Is this your first time teaching? Analyze your own experiences and determine if these may have had an influence on the class. Separate personal attacks from honest concerns about the course content. I once had a teaching evaluation that claimed “my feet were too big for my body.” Thanks, anonymous student, but I can’t do much about genetics. That feedback was not useful at all, but it was one personal attack buried in a plethora of thoughtful, nuanced comments from students who wanted the class to be better. Comments from students about the order and flow of the class may sting and feel personal, but they are not. Many of these things can be adjusted the next semester. Shoe size, alas, cannot. (Note: If you receive any racist, sexist, abusive, and threatening student feedback, report those to appropriate university officials.) Take control of the evaluation process. As professors, we have the agency to collect insight from students along key points in the semester. Do not wait until the end of the year to hear what your students think. Gather this at key semester points. During your next semester, try one or all of the following. ● Explain the intention, purpose and importance of the end-of-class evaluations. ● Ask a trusted colleague to observe your class and provide constructive feedback. Slate’s Rebecca Schuman offers an important caveat regarding peer teaching evaluations: “‘[get a] peer who actually cares about teaching in the first place—or doesn’t want to sabotage you.” ● Use your college’s teaching and learning center resources. ● Ask your students about their teaching pet peeves. Pass out index cards to students on the first day of classes and ask each student to write down any complaints regarding teaching behaviors. This anonymous feedback can be shared with professors to pinpoint pedagogical issues, not particular faculty members. This insight may help you modify and change the class, your delivery style or homework assignments. (This is based on Perlman and McCann’s article.) ● Build ongoing evaluations into the class structure to check the pulse of the class. These evaluations can be informal minute papers where students capture the one “big idea” from the lecture and address any questions they have or a “muddy points” exercise, where students write (without names) what topics in the class lecture or discussion were not clear. After reading these tips, most people would still fail to raise their hands if asked if they are looking forward to student evaluations with joy and enthusiasm. But as Natscha Chtena noted in a ProfHacker post on evaluations, “Whether you’re for or against them, evaluations do matter, and it’s important to keep an eye on them.” Citations: Goodboy, A. K. (2011). Making Sense of Students’ Complaints, Criticisms, and Protests. Communication Currents. Retrieved from http://www.natcom.org/CommCurrentsArticle.aspx?id=1042 Perlman, B. & McCann, L.I. (1998). Students' pet peeves about teaching. Teaching of Psychology, 25, 201-202. Schuman, R. (2014). Needs assessment. Slate. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2014/04/student_evaluations_of_college_professors_are_biased_and_worthless.html Stark, P. (2013). Do student evaluations measure teaching effectiveness? Retrieved from http://blogs.berkeley.edu/2013/10/14/do-student-evaluations-measure-teaching-effectiveness/ Teaching Corner]]> 14888 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/04/paper-presenter-faqs/ Mon, 13 Apr 2015 14:39:43 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15203 To help guide you through the paper presenting process and to create a more valuable experience, please find below a few of our most frequently asked questions.

1. When will I know if my paper has been accepted for presentation at the conference?
2. Do I have to attend the AEJMC conference if my paper is accepted?
3. How will I know what my presentation time slot is at the conference?
4. How do I get my paper to my moderator and/or discussant?
5. My Paper Chair has told me that I will be in a Poster Session (Scholar-to-Scholar Session) or a High Density Session to present my paper. What is that?
6. Does AEJMC provide the materials for my presentation?
7. As a presenter, who pays for my AEJMC conference expenses?
8. I will be participating in a Paper Presentation session. What is that?

  If you should have a question not answered below, please Email your question to Felicia Greenlee Brown with “AEJMC Paper Presenter Question” in the subject line.   1. When will I know if my paper has been accepted for presentation at the conference? If your paper has been accepted for presentation at the AEJMC conference, your division or interest group Paper Chair should notify you of your paper status by May 15. If your paper has been accepted, you will then receive copies of the hotel and conference registration forms from your Paper Chair. Questions about paper acceptance must be directed to your Paper Chair. The AEJMC Central Office may not have this information available until July — when it is printed in the association newsletter. The Central Office will not be able to answer questions about papers that were not accepted for the conference. Contact your Paper Chair with all related questions. 2. Do I have to attend the AEJMC conference if my paper is accepted? Yes. If your paper is accepted, at least one of your paper’s authors must attend the conference. If there isn’t anyone available to present the paper at the conference, then the paper must be withdrawn. You should contact your Paper Chair about withdrawing papers from the conference before the end of May. Graduate Students unable to attend may get any faculty member to present a paper on their behalf. 3. How will I know what my presentation time slot is at the conference? Your Paper Chair will tell you the day and time of your paper presentation at the conference. When you are given your conference program onsite, you may search the name index (in the back of the Program) to find out where you will be presenting the paper at the Convention. 4. How do I get my paper to my moderator and/or discussant? You are responsible for sending your paper to your moderator and/or discussant prior to the conference. Should you need contact information for your moderator/discussant, please contact Janet Harley. 5. My Paper Chair has told me that I will be in a Poster Session (Scholar-to-Scholar Session) or a High Density Session to present my paper. What is that? There are three types of sessions for paper presentation. Your Paper Chair will tell you the type of session for your presentation. You will be informed of this some time in May. You may be selected to present your paper in a REGULAR SESSION. Learn about a the other two types of special sessions by clicking on the session names below:

• About Poster Sessions (By Sheri Broyles)
• Poster board example (PDF)
• “Poster Child? Not Bad” (By Jack Rosenberry)
• About High Density Sessions (By Chuck Lubbers)

6. Does AEJMC provide the materials for my presentation? No. Each presenter is responsible for purchasing and bringing their own materials (such as the material to go on the scholar-to-scholar bulletin board, push pins, transparencies etc.) for their paper presentations. 7. As a presenter, who pays for my AEJMC conference expenses? Generally, the expenses for attending the conference (including conference registration fees, hotel fees, food and travel) are the presenter’s responsibility. *Non-member conference registration fees include AEJMC membership for one year. 8. I will be participating in a Paper Presentation session. What is that? The Paper Session format is similar to panel sessions. The presentations should concisely report the results of personal research efforts. Presenters should demonstrate skill in communicating to the audience the research problem, the approach to solving the problem, and the research results. Timing: Oral presentation of research should not exceed 10 minutes. A session moderator will aid the presenter in maintaining this schedule and in fielding questions from the audience. Following the presentation, the session moderator will ask for audience questions. The moderator may entertain questions while the exchange appears interesting and relevant. The speaker should repeat a question before answering so the audience may understand the entire dialogue. Suggestions to Prepare for the Oral Presentations: Remember, you are the expert. No one in the audience knows as much about your research as you. Therefore, remember to explain your research in enough detail so the audience will understand what you did, how you did it, and what you learned. Whenever possible, avoid jargon or unnecessary terminology. If it is essential to use specialized terms, remember to explain the specialized terms briefly. Give your audience enough time to understand what you are trying to convey. Graphs, tables and other representation help explain your results. Keep them simple and uncluttered. Focus on important information; for example, remember to name the variables on both axes of a graph, and state the significance of the position and shape of the graph line. Deliver your presentation at a comfortable pace: It helps to practice your presentation before a non-specialized audience. Practice will help perfect the presentation and the timing. Do listen to the advice of your non-specialized audience but also get help from a teacher or other advisors as needed.]]> 15203 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/04/discussants-prevent-discussion/ Mon, 13 Apr 2015 15:33:17 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15222 By Herbert Jack Rotfeld, Department of Marketing, Auburn University, Alabama Anyone whose ever attended an academic conference is familiar with the basic format: a session chair introduces three research papers and an additional person designated as a discussant. While actual attendance at our session was a bit sparse, my comments as a discussant for research papers at a recent conference generated comments among several people for the next couple days. This is what I said. . . A discussant is a person who, while not having written a paper, has a forum to make a speech. While I will not be an exception, my speech will not be typical. For many in my position, the presentations could validly be titled, “The Arrogant Twit You Failed to Properly Cite Might Be Your Discussant.” And, in the past, I have been guilty of that. But today, I will take two minutes to discuss discussants. I read the papers for this session before the conference. (I wasn’t too happy having to read one because something by Tolstoy would have been shorter. I wanted to wait for the movie version). I wrote extensive notes on what I would say and I even prepared transparencies. But after attending numerous research sessions all day and listening to the discussants, I am bothered. I wonder why anyone should be a discussant, or if they are really serving a useful purpose anymore beyond giving additional people a basis to request travel money. Originally -- apparently before the fall of the Second Temple by the memory of some people -- discussants would summarize the paper presentations, try to find a common thread for the session, and briefly give a prod and focus for questions. In other words, they would start the ball rolling for audience questions and open discussion. Granted, this would be difficult when the papers lack any clear connection or relationship (as is the case with the second paper listed in your program for this session). At this conference, we have an additional problem since each paper is scheduled to have its own discussant, so overlapping material becomes almost a distraction. Regardless, discussants now fill time that could have been used for questions and stifle points that people in the audience might wish to raise. Instead of stimulating discussion, the discussants are now critics, searching for bad things to say. When they are done, the session’s scheduled time is exhausted and the meeting period is over. Of course, we have all seen discussants that are more interesting than the papers, but they are not meant to be the main attraction of a session. And sometimes the discussants are just plain mean, winning the Jerry Springer collegiality award. But notwithstanding academic ego, mine included, no discussant is all knowing. And discussants are not necessarily the top expert in the sessions’ topics. At the social gathering the first night, two people told me they were assigned as discussants for papers on which they know nothing. I might know more about this research subject than many of you. I might know less about it than some others. And we have all attended sessions where the discussant did not allow ignorance of the subject or total misunderstanding of the paper to get in the way of making negative comments. Besides, every paper already had blind reviews to get accepted for presentation at the conference. Is there really a need for yet another, though now public, critique? It might be different if the presentations gave clashing opinions, followed by replies and rebuttals, but that is not the case here. Each session has research presented, then critiqued by the discussant, at which point the session often ends. As is typical, our research presentations leave out a large amount of material from the written papers. The details might eventually be available in the proceedings, but many papers (including these three) are expected to be abstracted for the proceedings to allow for later journal submission. This means that, except for the reviewers, the session chair and me, none of you will read these papers until they are revised, altered and published in a journal. I don’t think you need to hear my review of a paper you might never get a chance to read. I could easily give a detailed presentation rivaling that of the research papers in total verbiage. I could explain how I would have done their research, or tell them how to improve their analysis of current theories. But I don’t want to take up your time with that. At earlier sessions, I heard some papers that could have generated a lively and interesting discussion. But by the time the discussants were done, the session was out of time and over. I’d rather participate in a discussion. That’s why I come to conferences. I can always read a paper, or call people for information or opinions on research, and I don’t need to travel just to hear other people read to me. My comments today might not lead to an end of discussants, though it probably will mean this is the last time anyone will ask me to do the job. But I want your discussion. And having said that, I think I’m done here.]]> 15222 0 0 0 http://www.aejmcsantiago.cl/ Wed, 15 Apr 2015 17:49:58 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15234 15234 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 22:16:05 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15357 Divisions:

• Advertising
• Communicating Science, Health, Environment, and Risk (ComSHER)
• Communication Technology (CTEC)
• Communication Theory and Methodology
• Cultural and Critical Studies
• Electronic News
• History
• International Communication
• Law and Policy
• Magazine
• Mass Communication and Society
• Media Ethics
• Media Management and Economics
• Minorities and Communication (MAC)
• Newspaper and Online News
• Public Relations
• Scholastic Journalism
• Visual Communication (VisCom)

Interest Groups:

• Community Journalism
• Entertainment Studies
• Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender
• Graduate Student (formerly Graduate Education)
• Internships and Careers
• Participatory Journalism
• Political Communication
• Religion and Media
• Small Programs (SPIG)
• Sports Communication (SPORTS)

Commissions:

• Status of Women

<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 15357 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/adv-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 22:18:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15360 Research Papers On Facebook, sex does not sell! Effects of sex appeal and model gender on effectiveness of Facebook ads for healthy and unhealthy food products • Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University; Mengyan Ma, Michigan State University; Wan Wang, Michigan State University • The current study uses a 2 (sex appeal) x 2 (model gender) x 2 (product healthfulness) x 3 (message repetition) mixed factorial design to investigate the effects of sex appeal and model gender on attitudes toward the ads, attitudes toward the brand, viral behavioral intentions, and purchase intentions for healthy and unhealthy food products. Participants (N = 316) were randomly assigned to see Facebook ads for healthy and unhealthy products featuring male or female models with low or high sex appeal. Findings showed that ads and brands in ads with low sex appeal were rated more favorably than those with high sex appeal. Results also showed that the effects of two-way interaction between sex appeal and model gender on attitudes toward the ad and the brand were significant. Additionally, the study used Hayes (2013) PROCESS to test for a series of serial mediation models with regard to the effect of sex appeal on purchase intention through the serial ordering of attitudes toward the ad, attitude toward the brand, and viral behavioral intentions. Findings are discussed in relation to health-related policy, advertising effectiveness models, and persuasion models. Opening the Advertising Crayon Box: Applying Kobayashi’s Color Theory to Advertising Effectiveness • Nasser Almutairi, Michigan State University; Carie Cunningham, Michigan State University; Kirstyn Shiner, Michigan State University; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University • While advertising creativity remains largely a subjective practice of art directors and graphic designers, the current study systematically tested the effectiveness of different color combinations as they pertain to ad and brand evaluations, as well as online and offline behavioral intentions. Using a 13 (color combinations) x 3 (message repetition) mixed factorial design, participants (N = 322) were exposed to three ads that varied in the color combinations used in the ad design in accordance with Kobayashi’s (1990) color theory. Findings showed that the effect of color combinations was significant only for attitudes toward the ads and brands, yet did not affect viral behavioral intentions and purchase intentions. The study’s findings are discussed within the context of extending traditional advertising models to bring about a systematic understanding of the psychological effects of color in relation to attitude and behavior change. Children's Understanding of Social Media Advergames • Soontae An, Ewha Womans University • This study examined children’s understanding of social media advergames and the effects of cognitive and attitudinal advertising literacy on children’s susceptibility to advertising. Results of a survey of 556 children aged 7 to 11 showed that half of the children could correctly identify the social media advergame as a type of advertising, while the other half could not. Comparisons revealed that older students were more capable of identifying advertising. Regression results showed that grade, gender, and Internet usage were factors positively associated with children’s intention of visiting the site featured in the advergame. Students that were of a lower grade, female, or had high Internet usage were more likely to want to visit the store advertised. After controlling for demographics and media usage, children’s cognitive and attitudinal advertising literacy and the interaction term were all statistically significant. The significant interaction effect demonstrated that those who were able to identify advertising and possessed positive views towards ads showed the highest inclination of visiting the featured site, while those who identified advertising with negative views toward ads displayed the lowest intention. The moderating role of attitudinal literacy indicates the importance of combining both cognitive and attitudinal advertising literacy. Effects of Various Cause-Related Marketing (CRM) Campaign Types on Consumers' Visual Attention, Perceptions, and Purchase Intentions • Mikyeung Bae, Michigan State University; Patricia Huddleston, Michigan State University • The goal of this study was to identify whether types of cause-related marketing (CRM) campaign appeal (functional/ emotional/ a combination of the two) influenced consumer visual attention and perceptions of the campaign, thus leading to purchase intention. Guided by the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), this study investigated which components of CRM campaign appeals contributed most to effectiveness in capturing consumers’ visual attention under high versus low involvement with a social cause. The results showed that participants who were more involved with social causes paid more attention to the body text that provided an overview of the company’s socially responsible behavior as demonstrated through total visit duration (TVD). The results of the partial least squares structural modeling analysis revealed that perceived corporate credibility played an important role in influencing attitude toward a CRM campaign regardless of the type of appeal. The findings demonstrated here allow marketers to evaluate which type of appeal is more appropriate for a given CRM campaign and product. The Effect of Message Valence on Recall and Recognition of Prescription Drug Ad Information • Jennifer Ball, University of Minnesota; Taemin Kim, University of Minnesota • Consumer-directed prescription drug ads (DTCA) are required to present drug benefits and risks in a balanced manner. There is concern, though, that benefits are often conveyed through emotional appeals that interfere with comprehension of risk information in the message. However, there remains a lack of empirical work investigating this claim. Applying limited capacity theory, results of an experiment indicated recall and recognition of ad information was best for an ad with a neutral tone and weakest for a negative tone while the positive tone results differed between recognition and recall. Advertising LGBT-themed films to mainstream and niche audiences: variations in portrayal of intimacy and stereotypes • Joseph Cabosky, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Research of LGBT-content in advertisements remains limited. While most products are not inherently queer in nature, this content analysis analyzed advertisements for LGBT-themed films to explore whether there was variation in the portrayal of LGBT-content in ads depending on the distribution width of the product and its date of release. Findings indicated that ad content varied greatly based on the width of release but not when measuring time, countering findings from other media forms. Adolescents' responses to food and beverage advertising in China • Kara Chan, Hong Kong Baptist University; Tommy Tse, University of Hong Kong; Daisy Tam, Hong Kong Baptist University; Anqi Huang, Hong Kong Baptist University • Both global and local food marketers have been marketing actively with children and youths in China. Adolescents are important targets for healthy eating as they are being more independent in making food decisions. Social marketers and health educators need to learn from food marketers effective strategies that can communicate creatively with this target segment. Four focus-group interviews were conducted with twenty-four grade 7 students aged 12 to 13 in Changsha, a second-tier city in China. Participants were asked to report their favorite food and beverage commercials, and explain why they liked the advertisements. Altogether 21 commercials were reported as favorite commercials. Results indicated that entertainment value, presenting food as tasty, adopting celebrities as endorsers, memorable jingles/slogans, as well as aesthetically pleasing were main attributes of the advertisements that won the participants’ hearts. Comparison of the results with attributes of likable commercials among Hong Kong adolescents was made. Taste and Nutrition: The Uses and Effectiveness of Different Advertising Claims in Women’s Magazine Food Advertisements • Yang Feng, The University of Virginia's College at Wise; Jiwoo Park, Northwood University • A multi-method study was conducted to examine the use of different advertising claims in current food advertising and then determine the effectiveness of different advertising claims on females’ evaluative judgments of food advertisement. Content analysis results of 678 women’s magazine food ads indicated a substantial use of taste and nutrient content claims paired with specific nutrition appeals. Functional food ads appeared to adopt nutrition appeals or a combined use of nutrition appeals and taste claims, whereas hedonic food ads tended to use taste claims without nutrition appeals. Nevertheless, these current practices of food advertising were called into question by the results of two experiments and one focus group, which showed the combined use of nutrition appeals and taste claims was the most effective strategy for both hedonic and functional foods. However, for hedonic foods, each single nutrition appeal should neither be extremely incongruent to the nature of hedonic food product nor extremely contradictory to the taste claims in the same ad. A Content Analysis of Green Advertising: What Has Changed in Twenty Years • Sigal Segev, Florida International University; Juliana Fernandes, University of Miami; Cheng Hong, University of Miami • This paper reassesses the changes in green advertising since the first content analysis on the topic was conducted. A total of 433 unique ads from 18 magazines published in 2009 and 2010 was employed. Results show that greenwashing is still prevalent 20 years later compared to Carlson et al.’s (1993) study. However, the change lies on the type of claims: product-oriented claims were more misleading while image-enhancing claims were deemed more acceptable, opposite to previous findings. Still funny? The effect of humor in ethically violating advertising • Kati Foerster, U of Vienna; Cornelia Brantner, U of Vienna • This study aims to better understand the masking effect of humor in advertising. The paper focuses on the question: Are ethically violating advertisements perceived as less unethically by advertising councilors if they contain humor? Our results indicate that humor and decision are only spuriously associated and that the masking effect disappears when depicted sexism is included. Moreover, gender affects the decisions, but does not moderate the effects of humor and sexism. Factors Influencing Intention to Use Location-Based Mobile Advertising among Young Mobile User Segments • Jun Heo, Louisiana State University; Chen-Wei Chang, University of Southern Mississippi • The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to examine determinants of intention to use location-based advertising (LBA) and 2) to explore possible mobile user segments among college students. The results suggest that the determinants may differently influence two mobile user segments: innovative believers and conventional skeptics and that marketers need to approach them differently in order to increase the opt-in intention of LBA. Implications and suggestions for future studies are discussed. The activation of social identities through advertising: How brand loyalty is influenced by out-group perceptions related to political identity • Jennifer Hoewe, University of Alabama; Peter K. Hatemi, Penn State University • This study merges literatures utilizing social identity theory in reference to brand loyalty and political identity to determine how advertisements can activate these identities and influence product selection. Using an experimental design, it tests the inclusion of a perceived out-group in an advertisement for a well-established brand to determine if political identity interacts with the advertisement’s content to predict consumption of that product. The results indicate that an advertisement’s activation of one’s political identity can either change or reinforce brand loyalty. Specifically, more conservative individuals responded to the presence of Muslim and Arab individuals in a Coca-Cola advertisement by selecting Pepsi products; whereas, more liberal individuals responded to this advertisement by maintaining their initial brand loyalty for Coca-Cola products. Skepticism toward Over-the-Counter Drug Advertising (OTCA): A Comparison of Older and Younger Consumers • Jisu Huh, University of Minnesota; Denise DeLorme, University of Central Florida; Leonard Reid, University of Georgia / Virginia Commonwealth University • This study examined age-related differences in consumers’ skepticism toward over-the-counter drug advertising (OTCA) as a type of consumer persuasion knowledge. The results from a U.S. nationally-representative survey indicate that older consumers are less skeptical of OTCA than are younger consumers. This study also shows some interesting differences between the two age groups in terms of predictors of ad skepticism and the relationship between ad skepticism and ad outcomes. The Effects of Mixed Emotional Appeals: Construal Level Theory Perspective • Wonseok (Eric) Jang, University of Florida; Jon D. Morris, University of Florida; Yong Jae Ko, University of Florida; Robyn J Goodman, University of Florida • By using construal level theory as a theoretical framework, the current study proposes that the psychological distance that people create toward advertised products would determine the effectiveness of mixed emotional appeal. The results of experiment 1 indicated that, when people formed a close psychological distance toward an advertised product, the mixed emotion appeal decreased the effectiveness of the advertisements. Meanwhile, when people formed a far psychological distance toward an advertised product, the effect of mixed emotional appeal was significantly enhanced compared to a close psychological distance condition. Furthermore, the results of experiment 2 indicated that the effects of different sequences of mixed emotion appeals (improving vs. declining view) are also moderated by the psychological distance people formed with the advertised object. When people formed a close psychological distance, an improving sequence was more effective in creating overall perceptions than a declining sequence. In contrast, when people formed a far psychological distance, both improving and declining sequences were equally effective in creating overall positive perceptions of mixed emotional appeals and advertised events. The Effectiveness of Warning Labels and Ecolabels in Different Contexts • YONGICK JEONG, Louisiana State University • This research conducted two studies to investigate the effectiveness of different label messages in different context formats (Ad/PSA, study 1) and in different context-induced moods (Positive/Negative, Study 2). The findings indicate that attitude toward labels and behavioral change intention are higher in PSAs than ads, and health warning labels are generally more effective than ecolabels. The interactions between label types and context formats as well as label types and context-induced moods are also discussed. Factors Influencing OOH Advertising Effects: A Prediction Model for Billboard Advertising • Yong Seok CHEON; Jong Woo JUN, Dankook University; Hyun PARK, Dankook University • This study was conducted to develop indicators for out-of-home (OOH) fundraising advertising and establish a prediction model accordingly. Fundraising OOH advertising has a special purpose and is run by the government to support international events. These advertisements are installed around expressways in Korea in spots not legally available to other advertisements. The fact these are the only advertisements that can be legally installed and managed in these locations makes this advertising distinct. Moreover, this advertising has standardized specifications, format, installation spots, and methods, and thus the advertising effects are easier to measure compared to other OOH advertising. Variables that influenced these advertising effects included form, design, and text size among the visual characteristics, and driving speed, visual clutter, visibility range, separation distance, installation height, and installation position among physical characteristics. These results were used to present the attention rate prediction model. Moreover, this study verified variables that influenced the attention rate according to individuals in the vehicle. For drivers, the influential variables were the same as those affecting total attention rate, whereas for passengers, the influence of driving speed was not statistically significant; however, the amount of text turned out to influence the attention rate of passengers. Differential Responses of Loyal versus Habitual Consumers Towards Mobile Site Personalization on Privacy Management • Hyunjin Kang, George Washington University; Wonsun Shin, Nanyang Technological University; Leona Tam, University of Wollongong • We examine how two different underlying mechanisms of behavioral loyalty to a brand—attitudinal loyalty and habit—impact smartphone users’ privacy management when they browse personalized vs. non-personalized mobile websites. The study finds different responses of attitudinal loyalty and habit towards personalization in significant three-way interactions between personalization, attitudinal loyalty, and habit on privacy disclosure and protection behaviors. When interacting with a personalized website, highly habitual consumers without high level of attitudinal loyalty disclosed the most personal information on a personalized mobile site, and displayed the least intention of protecting their privacy on their smartphones, whereas consumers with high levels of both habit and attitudinal loyalty reported the highest tendency of privacy protection behavior. However, habit and personalization do not have a significant effect on disclosure behaviors when users have high attitudinal loyalty to a brand. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. A Mutualist Theory of Processing PSAs and Ethically Problematic Commercials • Esther Thorson, Missouri School of Journalism; Margaret Duffy, Missouri School of Journalism; Eunjin (Anna) Kim, Southern Methodist University; Heesook Choi; Tatsiana Karaliova, Missouri School of Journalism; Eunseon (Penny) Kwon • The paper combines qualitative descriptions of people’s response to PSAs and ethically problematic commercials (dangerous and sexual appeals), with their quantitative scoring of attitudes toward the commercials, and their experience affect and arousal while watching. The qualitative responses are coded into five categories of dominant meaning: Descriptive/Neutral, Deconstructing/Rejecting, Positive/Connect, Positive/Aspiration/Identify, and Persuasion Identification. The dominant meanings predict the quantitative responses well. The perceived meanings demonstrate that some respondents are sensitive to the ethical problems in dangerous and sexual appeals. Effects of Online Video Advertising Message and Placement Strategies on Ad Avoidance and Attitudinal Outcomes • Soojung Kim, University of Minnesota; Jisu Huh, University of Minnesota • This study examined effects of ad-video similarity and ad location on online video ad avoidance and attitudinal outcomes, and tested the mediating roles of perceived relevance and psychological reactance. Experimental results showed a similar (vs. dissimilar) ad was perceived more relevant and generated more positive attitudes and lower ad avoidance, while the effect of ad-location was more limited. Perceived relevance mediated the effects of ad-video similarity on attitudinal outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. The Effect of Time Restriction and Explicit Deadline on Purchase Intention: Moderating Role of Construal Level • Hyuksoo Kim, Ball State University; Jee Young Chung; Michael Lee • Applying construal level theory as a theoretical framework, this study investigated how consumers process the time restricted promotional offer. Also, the study employed the type of deadline of the promotional offer (explicit vs. implicit). The conditions include time restriction (Yes vs. No), construal level (high vs. low), and types of deadline (implicit vs. explicit). Online experimental data from 217 college students revealed that time restriction and explicit deadline influenced purchase intention positively. The findings also found the moderating effects of individual differences in construal level in explaining the effect of time restriction and types of deadline on purchase intention. Theoretical and managerial implications were discussed for researchers and practitioners. The Effect of Advertisement Customization on Internet Users’ Perceptions of Forced Exposure and Persuasion • Nam Young Kim, Sam Houston State University (SHSU); S. Shyam Sundar, Penn State University • In the context of forced ad interruption during Internet use, this research tested how ad customization influences users’ perceptions of the ad as well as attitudes toward the ad and the website in different advertising loading sequences. A 2 (ad customization vs. non-ad customization) X 3 (pre-rolls vs. middle-rolls vs. post-rolls) factorial experiment revealed that offering ad self-selection through customization tends to induce users’ positive attitudes toward forced exposure to the ad as well as toward the website that hosts the ad. Moreover, users’ perceived control plays an important underlying mechanism in this relationship, particularly in regard to the impact of ad customization on persuasion. The findings have theoretical and practical implications on the use of online advertising interruptions. Examining Gender Stereotypes in Advertisements Broadcast During the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympic Games • Lance Kinney, University of Alabama; Brittany Galloway; Sara Lavender; Se Na Lim, University of Alabama • Olympics telecasts are scrutinized for stereotypical portrayals of male and female competitors, but ads broadcast during the Olympics are seldom analyzed. This research details content analysis of 270 ads from NBC’s coverage of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics. The ads were less stereotypical than ads in other types of programming. Primary characters are likely to be male or female, most of the advertised products are for suitable for use by males or females, and female athletes are frequently observed in the ads. Some stereotypes, including male voiceovers and males dominance of electronic/communication categories were observed. Creating Brand Personality through Brand Placement and Media Characters –The Role of Parasocial Interaction and Brand Familiarity • Johannes Knoll; Holger Schramm; Christiana Schallhorn • Brand placements seem to be an especially effective way of communicating brand personality as they are frequently associated with media characters encouraging consumers to make direct connections between a brand and a character’s personality. Following theoretical developments in research on parasocial interactions (PSI), consumers are assumed to derive brand personalities from their PSI with associated media characters and not directly from the characters’ personalities themselves. In addition, brand familiarity is assumed to moderate this mediating influence of PSI since information pertaining to media characters can be connected more easily to preexisting brand schemas following schema theory. Testing this assumptions a 1 x 2 between-subject experiment was conducted. Results confirmed the mediating role of PSI and the moderating role of brand familiarity. Theoretical as well as practical implications for creating brand personality through brand placements are discussed. Advertising in Social Media: A Review of Empirical Evidence • Johannes Knoll • This article presents an up-to-date review of academic and empirical research on advertising in social media. Two international databases from business and communication studies were searched, identifying 43 relevant studies. The findings of the identified studies were organized by seven emerging themes: advertising occurrence, attitudes about and exposure to advertising, targeting, user-generated content in advertising, electronic word-of-mouth in advertising, consumer-generated advertising, and further advertising effects. Although many studies have investigated attitudes toward advertising in social media and consumer-generated advertising, few have explored targeting and advertising effects in general. In addition, advertisers and researchers are missing a general overview of what is advertised in social media and how advertising is done in this context. Seven avenues for future research are discussed. Do Ethnicity of Consumers and Featured Models Matter in CSR Messages? A Comparison of Asian and White Americans • Yoon-Joo Lee, Washington State University; Sora Kim • This study explains, based on motivated reasoning and self-referencing information processing mechanisms, why a mismatch between target consumers and featured model race might work better among some ethnic groups, especially Asian Americans, in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR) ads. Through an experiment design, the study revealed that for both Asian and white Americans, perception toward money as status can have a significant effect on consumers’ perceptions toward an advertiser’s motive as genuine, purchase intention, and attitude toward the CSR ads through a moderated mediator, self-referencing. Further, Asian Americans who have a high level of perception toward money as status were more likely to evaluate corporate social responsibility ad messages featuring a white model positively than the ads with an Asian model. However, white Americans did not vary their perception of CSR ads based on model’s race. The managerial implications are discussed further. The Effectiveness of Consumer Characteristics in Cause-related Marketing: The Role of Involvement in a Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Model • Jaejin Lee, Florida State University • The purpose of this study is to explore the effectiveness of consumer characteristics (attitudes, social norms, perceived consumer characteristics, and cause involvement) in cause-related marketing by employing a Revised Theory of Planned Behavior Model. The results shows a statistically significant effect of attitude toward the cause-related product consumption, social norms (injunctive, descriptive, and moral norms), perceived consumer effectiveness on purchase intentions. Especially, moral norms shows a strongest effect among these variables while injunctive and descriptive norms were negatively affect. Also, there is an effectiveness of level of cause involvement in the extended TPB model. Implications and limitations are discussed. The Effects of Message Framing and Reference Points of PSAs on Bystander Intervention in Binge-Drinking • Kang Li; Nora Rifon • This study investigates the effectiveness of anti-binge-drinking PSAs from the angle of encouraging bystander intervention behaviors among college students through an online experiment. The results indicate that loss framing is more effective than gain framing in leading to a stronger intervention intention in binge drinking; and self-other referencing is more effective than other referencing. Moreover, involvement with ads mediates the interaction effects between message framing and reference points on ad attitudes, which in turn influences intervention intentions. In addition, women have higher involvement with ads and stronger intention to intervene in binge drinking situations than men. Following Brands on Social Media Apps: The Effect of Intent to Continue Receiving Branded Posts on Attitudes toward Brands that Post • Kelty Logan, University of Colorado Boulder • This study proposes a direct, causal relationship among beliefs, attitudes and satisfaction regarding receiving branded posts on mobile social media. Furthermore, in accordance with the expectation-confirmation theoretical framework, satisfaction with the experience of receiving branded posts is causally related to the decision to continue following brands on mobile social media. This study extends the ECT model to explain how continuance generates positive brand attitudes, providing a theoretically based rationale to support the notion that branded posts on mobile social media can, in fact, build brand equity. How Product Type and Sexual Orientation Schema Affect Consumer Response to Gay and Lesbian Imagery • Kathrynn Pounders, The University of Texas at Austin; Amanda Mabry, The University of Texas at Austin • Gay and lesbian consumers are increasingly recognized as a lucrative target market. Advertisements more frequently incorporate images of people who are gay and lesbian; however, more research is needed to understand mainstream (heterosexual) consumer response to these ads. Two studies were conducted to explore how sexual orientation, product type, and model-product fit influence consumer reactions to ads with gay and lesbian imagery. Findings suggest product type moderates the effect of sexual orientation on attitude toward the ad and word-of-mouth and that positive evaluations of an ad may occur when gay and lesbian imagery “fits” within a consumers’ existing schemas. This work offers implications for advertisers and brand managers. Tablets and TV advertising: Understanding the viewing experience • Stephen McCreery, Appalachian State University; Dean Krugman, University of Georgia, The Grady College • A paucity of work exists regarding how advertising fares on the growing technology of tablets. This study examines the processes and attitudes toward advertising while streaming TV and movie content on tablets, using the predictors of advertising avoidance, irritation, and skepticism. A survey of adult iPad users in the U.S. reveals that while ad avoidance did not differ between the iPad and television, ad irritation was significantly higher on the iPad. Further, whereas both ad skepticism and irritation were correlated with avoidance, it was irritation that was the predictor, not skepticism. Implications for the future of TV advertising on the iPad are discussed. Personalized Advertising on Smartphones • Saraphine Pang, SK Planet; Sejung Marina Choi • Smartphones have changed our lifestyles in many ways, allowing us to live ‘smarter’ lives. Smart devices lead to smart content, through which, smart advertising – personalized ads that are tailored to the consumer – have also found their place in the ‘smart’ world. The main idea of smart ads is the ability to personalize advertising content to the consumer. In other words, smart ads are personalized ads on smartphones. Personalized ads make use of consumer data to target ads according to individual preferences. However, while personalization could lead to favorable responses due to its relevancy to the consumer, privacy issues may lead to avoidance as personal information is used to target specific ads to the consumer. Past studies on personalized ads have mostly been conducted in non-mobile environments and focused only on one type of personalization. The increasing reliance on smartphones calls for research on this highly personalized medium. Therefore, the aim of this study was to look at the three facets of personalization – time, location and identity – and their combined effects on perceived personalization. Implications and future studies are discussed. Effects of Platform Credibility in Political Advertising • Chang Sup Park, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania • This research examined how partisan media as a campaign ad platform affect voters, focusing on the presence of partisanship and perceived platform credibility. In a 3 (conservative party supporters, liberal party supporters, nonpartisans) x 2 (contrasting platforms) x 2 (platform credibility) factorial design, participants saw a campaign ad surrounded by either a conserva-tive medium or a liberal medium. The results illustrate the contrasting ad platforms exerted different influence depending on the presence of partisanship. An additional analysis finds that nonpartisan voters’ perceived credibility for an ad platform makes a measurable differ-ence in the evaluation of the ad and the recall of the ad messages. The findings suggest that nonpartisans process political ad messages along the central route when they perceive the ad platform to be credible. The Impact of Distraction on Spotting Deceptive Reviews • Sann Ryu, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Patrick Vargas, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • We investigated how individual differences, such as personality traits and media multitasking habits, interact with distraction to affect people’s ability to detect deceptive product (hotel) reviews. The results showed no main effect of musical distraction on people’s deception detection ability. However, we found interactive effects of musical distraction with personality traits on, and positive correlations of media multitasking level with the ability to spot fake reviews. Gender and the effectiveness of using sexual appeals in advertising • Lelia Samson • This study empirically investigates the effectiveness of using sexual appeals in advertising on men and women. It examines memory for the commercials activated by sexual versus nonsexual appeals. A mixed-factorial experiment was conducted. Recognition and free recall measures were recorded in 151 participants. The results indicate that sexual appeals enhance memory for the ads themselves. But they distract from processing brand-related information. Male participants encoded and recalled less brand-related information from ads with sexual appeals. #AirbrushingREJECTED: Testing millennials’ perceptions of retouched and unretouched images in advertising campaigns • Heather Shoenberger, University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication; Nicole Dahmen, University of Oregon • While digital retouching of images has become the relative norm in the context of advertising, we are beginning to see a shift in that trend. The millennial generation is calling for “truth” in images, and brands are taking note. This study uses a between subjects quasi experimental design with two levels of the manipulated independent variable to provide empirical evidence regarding the perceptions of image manipulation on perceptions of truth in advertising, the alignment with peer and self-ethical values, and social media and peer-to-peer engagement. Narratives in Political Advertising: An Analysis of the Ads in the 2014 Midterm Elections • Michail Vafeiadis; Ruobing Li; Fuyuan Shen • This study examined the use of narratives in the political advertisements during the 2014 midterm American elections. A content analysis of 243 ads indicates that generally issue-related narratives are preferred to character ones. However, differences exist in relation to their use by party affiliation since Democrats prefer character testimonials, whereas Republicans issue testimonials. The results reveal that attack ads are mostly used by candidates who lost the election. Our findings also shed light on the nonverbal cues contained in narrative ads as winners more frequently employed autobiographical spots and had family members as primary speakers as opposed to losers who mostly relied on anonymous announcers. Overall, these findings suggest that narratives in political ads are playing an increasingly important role during elections. Implications for the effective use of narratives in political campaigns are discussed. Information Source Evaluation Strategies that Individuals use in eWOM on Social Media • Veranika Varabyova; Michelle Nelson, UIUC • The abundance of information sources in the online environment forces individuals to choose sources they trust. Previously, researchers mostly examined sources of information separately in experimental settings. Using in-depth interviews, we examine how individuals gauge trustworthiness of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) information sources in social media. Findings show that individuals use five distinct strategies (popularity, source expertise on the subject, opinion multiplicity, likable group influence and unbiased opinion) to evaluate sources. Consequences for advertising are discussed. Empowerment: The Overlooked Dimension of Emotional Response • Jing (Taylor) Wen, University of Florida; Jon D. Morris, University of Florida • Emotional responses toward advertising have substantial effects on consumers’ attitudinal evaluation and behavioral intentions. These responses were organized in three distinctive dimensions, Appeal, Engagement, and Empowerment. Previous research either failed to find the independent effect of Empowerment or only focused on the other two dimensions. This study manipulated the level of Empowerment (high vs. low) and controlled for Appeal and Engagement to examine the effects of Empowerment on behavioral intentions. Results showed that subjects perceived a significantly higher level Empowerment when exposed to anger appeals verses to fear appeals. Further, high Empowerment triggers stronger behavioral intentions to approach the issues than low Empowerment. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. Emotional responses to cause-related advertisements • Jay Hyunjae Yu; Gapyeon Jeong • Purpose - This study aims to investigate consumers’ multi-level information processing of cause-related advertisements that are representative of corporate cause-related marketing. In particular, this study considers consumers’ information processing as a unidirectional linear process. It examines the course of the effects of consumers’ empathy and sympathy generated during the process on each step of the process, ranging from advertisement attitudes, corporate social responsibility activity, and corporate image, to brand attitude. Design/methodology/approach - The main survey was conducted with consumers who resided in Seoul between November 1 and 14, 2013. A total of 250 questionnaires were distributed and 246 were collected. Following the exclusion of six incomplete or unanswered questionnaires, a total of 240 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. Data processing was performed using the SPSS ver. 15.0 and AMOS 7.0 programs. Findings - The results showed that there were positive relationships between all of the variables involved in the processing. Consumers’ emotional response to cause-related advertisement is the best starting point for consumers’ information processing regarding brand attitude. Research limitations/implications - The results of this study confirm that a positive relationship exists among every variable in consumers’ information processing. Originality/value – This study informs researchers and companies that caused-related advertisements can improve the consumer’s emotional response and can be an effective alternative to high cost, but low efficiency, brand advertisements. Forget the brand mentioned by actor: The attention and memory effect of product placement in TV episodes. • Wan-Yun Yu, Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University; Jie-Li Tsai, Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University; Chen-Chao Tao, Department of Communication and Technology, National Chiao Tung University • There is no consensus regarding the effectiveness of product placement in TV episodes. Our study aims to reconcile this discrepancy by examining the audio utterance with the view of situated comprehension. An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of utterance and plot on attention and memory. Results showed that mentioning the object of product placement within the scene attracted more attention while had worse memory after exposure. Theoretical and practical implications will be discussed. Trumping Mood: Transportation and its Effects on Brand Outcomes • Lu Zheng, University of Florida; Shuhua Zhou, University of Alabama • This study examines narrative transportation effects in an adverting context by also considering mood and modality. A 2 (mood) X 2 (modality) experiment was conducted to isolate the effects of transportation on brand outcomes. Results indicate that transportation trumped mood to affect all outcome variables, regardless of modality, further confirming that transported individuals may not follow the scripted path of central/peripheral in ELM or the systematic/heuristic routes in HSM in persuasion. Implications are discussed. Teaching Papers The Effects of Integrating Advertising Ethics into Course Instruction • Michelle Amazeen, Rider University • Ambivalence toward incorporating ethics instruction into advertising curricula has been linked to concerns that ethical discussions will discourage student entry into the profession (Drumwright & Murphy, 2009). Contrary to this assertion, this study offers experimental evidence that students who received systematic ethics instruction were more likely to want to work in advertising than those who only received limited ethics instruction. Thus, failure to educate students in the ethical practice of advertising is not only a disservice to students, but a disservice to the profession overall. An examination of the impact of faculty mentorship in a student-run advertising agency • Dustin Supa, Boston University; Tobe Berkovitz, Boston University • This study examines the impact of faculty adviser mentoring in a student-run advertising agency, and the long-term implications for that mentoring on student leaders as they enter the professional field. It finds that a high level of mentoring at the undergraduate level did lead to an increased likelihood of mentoring early in the alumni careers. The implications for faculty advisers of student agencies are discussed, as well as ideas for future research. A systematic analysis of peer-reviewed research about advertising teaching effectiveness and pedagogy • John Wirtz, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Thais Menezes Zimbres, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Eun Kyoung Lee, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • This paper presents a systematic analysis of articles (N = 147) published in the Journal of Advertising Education between 2004 and 2014. Findings include that the most common study design was case study (39%). More than half of research articles (59%) did not provide a research question or hypothesis, and only 10% tested a hypothesis. The results indicate a range of topics were researched but also an over-reliance on small samples and case studies. Professional Freedom & Responsibility (PF&R) Papers Seeing Unwanted Appetizers: The Impact of Long-term and Short-term Physiological States on Webpage Ads Processing • Shili Xiong, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Jiachen Yao; Zongyuan Wang, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Brittany Duff, University of Illinois- Urbana Champaign • Many nutrition researchers believe that the flooding of food-related cues (e.g. food ads) in today’s food-rich environment is one of the origins of obesity issue. There have been calls for reducing the food ad exposure in the hope that it will help lower obesity rates. While it seems unlikely to completely stop food ad exposure, it is also in question whether the decrease of food ad exposure would truly work to successfully reduce obesity. The current study examines how physiological factors influenced affective and cognitive processing of food and nonfood webpage ads. In particular, we were interested in assessing how body weight (BMI) and hunger level interacts with motivational relevance (food vs. nonfood) and medium task-orientation (webpage task vs. browse). An experiment was conducted online via Amazon M-Turk. We found that individual body mass index (BMI) was negatively associated with food ad evaluation and positively associated with food ad recognition. Hunger level was positively associated with food ad recognition, and indirectly influenced non-food ad evaluation. Implications for researchers are also discussed. Female Representation In The Communication Arts Advertising Annual • Karen Mallia, University of South Carolina; Kasey Windels, Louisiana State University • Females are underrepresented in advertising agencies by a ratio of 2.3 to 1. This study examined issues of the Communication Arts Advertising Annual in 1984, 1994, 2004 and 2014 to determine whether women have made increases in representation among the upper echelons of the field, award winners. Findings showed that while women have made some gains as creative directors since 1984, women represent only 9 percent of those credited for creative work, and their presence has declined since 1994. Overall, the results suggest women have not made much progress toward equity in the past 40 years. This has implications for the types of advertisements that get made, the culture of the agency creative department, and the career prospects of advertising students. Advertising's Responsibility to the Future: A proposal to address our role in climate change • Deborah Morrison, University of Oregon • This essay proposes that the advertising industry helped cause the tragedy of climate change, while also recognizing the industry’s creative leadership and ability to solve problems. Connections are suggested between increased advertising expenditures over the last fifty years and increased scientific findings that human behaviors such as consumption directly affect the rate of climate change the planet is experiencing. Six strategies to leverage the creative and innovative talents of the advertising industry and its ecosystem of educational programs, professional organizations, and trade publications are offered with the purpose of suggesting a professional movement to address and mitigate climate change realities. Special Topics Papers Would I go? US citizens react to a Cuban tourism campaign • Alice Kendrick, Southern Methodist University; Sheri Broyles, University of North Texas; Jami Fullerton, Oklahoma State University • Before the announcement of the easing of a decades-long US embargo, this study captured US citizen interest in traveling to Cuba before and after exposure to a Cuban tourism television commercial. Online measures of attitudes toward travel to Cuba and toward the Cuban government and people were taken. Results showed Americans’ travel interest improved significantly and also showed improved attitudes toward both the Cuban government and its people, demonstrating the “bleedover effect” of tourism advertising. The Effect of Ad Self-Selection on Different Levels of Forced Exposure to Advertising • Nam Young Kim, Sam Houston State University (SHSU) • What aspects of online advertising induce Internet users ad avoidance tendency? Is it because of a degree of forced exposure or because of users’ limited power to filter personally irrelevant content? With advances in new technology, various formats of online advertising (e.g., in-stream video advertising) often force Internet users to watch the advertisement before their choice of media content plays, and this often makes them feel intruded upon and irritated. To reduce such negative reactions toward involuntary advertising exposures, this study examines whether offering users the ability to select advertising content can influence their attitudes toward the ad as well as the website in the different degrees of forced exposure circumstance. A 2 (advertising–customization: customization option vs. non-customization option) X 2 (level of forced exposure–a pre-roll vs. a rich media banner) factorial experiment reveals that advertising choice features tend to induce users’ positive attitudes toward the advertising regardless of the degree of forced advertising exposure. Particularly, the findings show that the function of customization tends to generate a greater sense of relevance and increased advertising memory, which in turn lead to more positive attitudes toward the ads. Fierce Competition While Playing Nice in the Sandbox: Trends in Advertising & Public Relations Agencies • Marlene Neill, Baylor University; Erin Schauster, University of Colorado Boulder • Advertising and public relations agencies have never been more in direct competition as public relations agencies begin offering paid media strategies and advertising agencies begin assuming roles in online community management and social listening. Through in-depth interviews with 28 advertising and public relations agency executives, this study provides new insights on the trends impacting both professions. Executives defined paid, earned, owned and social media strategies and discussed how these areas are blurring, how responsibilities are being mandated by clients, and how the associated financial challenges affect an agency’s ability to retain employees. Finally, the executives discussed how clients and agencies are pursuing collaborative work that draws from the strengths of both professions. “Wow! I want to share this with my twitter followers”: Influencing Factors on Intention to Retweet of Branded Tweet • Nazmul Rony, University of Oklahoma; Doyle Yoon, University of Oklahoma; Seunghyun Kim, University of Oklahoma; Rahnuma Ahmed, University of Oklahoma • Currently, marketers are using Twitter as a strong advertising platform. Retweeting is a powerful method of spreading the brand message to a large group of potential customers with a minimum effort. However, brand followers’ underlying motivation for retweeting a brand message is still unclear to the advertisers. An experimental study revealed that brand familiarity has strong influence on users’ retweet motivation. It has been also found that intrinsic motivation has mediating effect on retweet intention. Corporate advertising and crises: Understanding the effects of advertisements before and after crises on stakeholders' perceptions of the organization • Benjamin Ho, Nanyang Technological University; Wonsun Shin, Nanyang Technological University; Augustine Pang • While corporate advertising has been widely studied as a promotional tool, few studies examine its effects in a corporate crisis. By integrating insights from both advertising and crisis management literature, this study develops a crisis corporate advertising (CCA) framework examining the comprehensive use of corporate advertising in crises. The CCA framework discusses inoculation, reactance, and halo effects of pre-crisis advertising and how post-crisis advertising can be evaluated based on the image repair theory. A Large Scale Analysis of Primetime Diets in USA, China and Singapore • Su Lin Yeo, Singapore Management University; Wonsun Shin, Nanyang Technological University; May Lwin; Jerome Williams, Rutgers Business School - Newark and New Brunswick • Given the prevalence of obesity and chronic diseases in developed and developing countries, this study examined the types of food advertised on primetime television in the US, China and Singapore and their congruence with dietary guidelines offered by health authorities. Three popular television channels in each country were selected and four hours of primetime television per channel were recorded daily over 28 days, resulting in the collection of 1008 television hours. Findings from content analyses found that food promoted across the three countries do not correspond to the types recommended for a healthy diet. The majority of the food belonged to the unhealthy categories. The study also found that national development seems to negatively parallel the exposure to healthy food advertisements on television. Implications on government regulations and recommendations for communication initiatives to better balance the interests of commercial advertisers and at the same time, safeguard the health of the public are discussed. Student Papers Examining Receptiveness to Personalized Advertising Through Perceived Utility and Privacy Concerns • Nancy Brinson, University of Texas at Austin • As advertisers increasingly rely on “big data” to target their promotional messages to consumers, perceptions regarding the collection and use of such data becomes of great interest to scholars and practitioners. Consumers choosing to ignore or avoid messages intended to inform or persuade them could have potentially negative implications not only for marketers, but also for public policy, education, health care, and public safety advocates. Rooted in a cross-disciplinary theoretical approach of uses & gratifications and communication privacy management, the present study utilized a qualitative survey to examine the circumstances by which personalized advertising is perceived to be “helpful” or “uncomfortable” in a variety of contexts. Findings indicate that concerns about trust, perceived control and unauthorized access to personal information have a negative influence on consumers’ attitudes about personalized advertising. As such, the present study broadens understanding of the gratifications sought by today’s online media consumers as well as accounts for interpersonal considerations that drive users’ attitudes about information sharing and processing. What's in the Ad? A Content Analysis of Holistic-Analytic Cognitive Processes Found in Television Commercials • Christina Jimenez Najera • Culture has been studied to discover how its presence influences the realm of communications in countries around the world. This study focuses on exploring manifestations of cultural values and tendencies in the domain of advertising. Using Nisbett’s and Hall and Hall’s research as benchmark, the study hypothesized that advertisements would reflect Western and Eastern cultural manifestations respectively. The results showed evidence that point to manifestations of holistic-analytic cognitive orientation in television commercial advertisements. Do Sex Appeals Matter on News Website? Effect of Sexual Web Advertisements on News Perception • Jinyoung Kim, Pennsylvania State University • We observe an increasing number of sexual web advertising on various web sites, including online news pages. However, little is known about how sexually suggestive web advertisements influence readers’ perception of serious social issues, such as sexual assault. This study examined whether sexual advertisements on news web site exerted any negative effects on perception of and attitudes toward rape. Results showed that sexual web advertising significantly perverted readers’ attitudes toward the sexual assault that excuses the actions of rapists and justify the plight upon victim. Social Motives to Interact with a Brand on Social Networking sites: Focus on Social Identify and Network Externality • Okhyun Kim, University of Minnesota; Taemin Kim, University of Minnesota • This study investigated the effects of social motivations on brand engagement on social networking sites. Social motivations are based on social identity theory and network externality perspective. The method included two hierarchical levels: social identity as individual traits and perceived network externality as channel characteristics. The result showed the powerful impact of network externality. Social identity has explanatory power to predict behaviors following brand fan-pages on social media. Friend's Tagging You on Facebook: Examining How Individual Traits Affect Consumers’ Reaction to Electronic-Word-of-Mouth and Social Media Metrics • Wonkyung Kim; Chen Lou, Michigan State University • This paper investigates how consumers’ individual characteristics affect their evaluation of product reviews on social media. In particular, this experimental study explored the effects of the consumer’s ‘need for cognition’ and ‘need for belonging’ on their responses (i.e., attitude toward the review, attitude toward the product, and purchase intention) to product review posts on a Facebook review page. Results of two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that: 1) Subjects with low need for cognition showed more favorable attitude and purchase intention to a Facebook review post with high number of likes/comments than subject with high need for cognition and 2) Subjects with low need for belonging showed less favorable attitude and purchase intention to a Facebook review post which had commenters’ referral to their friends via tagging. On the managerial front, findings of this study explicated the mechanism of how consumer characteristics could play a role in electronic-Word-Of-Mouth (eWOM) contents’ effect on social media, which provided useful strategic insights to both marketers and researchers. The Moderating Role of Sport Involvement between Sponsor-event Congruence and Consumer Responses • Jakeun Koo, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Soyoung Joo, University of Massachusetts, Amherst • The current study examines the moderating effect of sport involvement between sponsor-event congruence and consumer responses. The experiment results indicate sport involvement moderates the effectiveness of sponsor-event congruence on sponsor credibility, subsequently influencing sponsor attitudes and purchase intention. The moderating effects were supported in both functional- and image-based congruence settings. The research findings imply sponsor-event congruence may improve sponsorship campaigns’ abilities to deliver product-relevant messages to consumers highly involved in sports via a central cue. Do you see what I see? Exploring the effects of sponsorship of a sporting event on the image of the sponsoring brand. • Eunseon (Penny) Kwon; Eunjin (Anna) Kim, Southern Methodist University • Does brand sponsorship of sporting events lead to congruence in consumers’ images of sponsoring brands and sponsored sporting events? If so, what factors affect the degree of image congruence? Statistics show that sponsorship of sporting events is one of the fastest growing business around the globe. However, the importance of this marketing strategy is not reflected in the amount attention it has received in the advertising literature. This study focuses on the effects of sponsorship of a sporting event on the image of the sponsoring brand. Specially, drawing on the literature on the match-up effects of celebrity endorsement, the results from a non-student population confirm that brand sponsorship leads to image congruence. Advertising message strategies on automobile brands’ Facebook fan page • Joong Suk Lee, University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa; Tie Nie • Recognizing the rising value that social media provides for consumer engagement on brand, this study specifically explored the advertising strategies employed among four car brands’ (i.e., Ford, Chevrolet, Toyota and Honda) Facebook fan pages to persuade consumers on social media networks. By applying Taylor’s (1999) six-segment message strategy wheel and combining the eWOM engagement of these advertisements, this study demonstrated that those ads with both informational and emotional appealing elements attracted the most attention, providing further evidence to better understand the marketing effectiveness adopted by these respective companies. Implications and future research suggestions are also offered, considering the wide range of content (e.g., photos, videos, anecdotes) produced on brand groups, which sheds light on the marketers’ efforts to heighten involvement between brands and customers. Communicating ALS to the Public: The Message Effectiveness of Social-Media-Based Health Campaign • Jing (Taylor) Wen, University of Florida; Linwan Wu, University of Florida • Celebrity endorsement has been proved to be a very powerful tool in health campaigns. This study examined how celebrity-issue matchup presented in utilitarian and hedonic appeals influences evaluation of video, issue attitude and behavioral intentions in the context of ALS communication. The findings showed that celebrity-issue matchup condition outperformed non-matchup condition in generating positive issue attitude and behavioral intentions. The results also indicated that utilitarian appeal with matchup condition triggered significantly greater information sharing intention than that with non-matchup condition. However, no difference was found in hedonic appeal between matchup and non-matchup conditions. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15360 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/comsher-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 22:25:24 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15365 Embodying Nature’s Experiences: Taking the Perspective of Nature with Immersive Virtual Environments to Promote Connectedness With Nature • Sun Joo (Grace) Ahn, University of Georgia; Jeremy Bailenson, Stanford University; Elise Ogle, Stanford University; Joshua Bostick, Stanford University • Immersive virtual environments (IVEs) use digital devices to simulate experiential sensory information, producing simulations that closely mimic real-life. Two experiments tested the efficacy of IVEs in promoting feelings of connectedness with nature by virtually taking the perspective of animals threatened by climate change. Experiment 1 found that embodying the sensory rich experiences of a cow in IVE led to greater spatial presence, body transfer, and ultimately more connectedness with nature than watching the experience on video. Experiment 2 extended these findings and confirmed that embodying the experiences of coral in an acidifying virtual ocean led to greater spatial presence than watching it on video, increasing the perceived imminence of the risk immediately following experimental treatments. The heightened imminence of risk resulted in greater connectedness with nature one week following experimental treatments. Theoretical implications on extending the concept of perspective taking from interpersonal to human-animal relationships with IVEs are discussed. How Advertising Taught Us How to Consume Fruits and Vegetables in the Early Twentieth Century • Michelle Nelson, UIUC; Susmita Das, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Regina Ahn, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • Fruit and vegetable consumption helps prevent diseases, and the World Health Organization recommends increased daily intakes; 100+ years ago advertisers begin selling these healthier foods. Analysis of print advertisements from the early twentieth century reveals the ways that advertisers informed the public about how and why to consume fruits and vegetables. National advertisers presented them as ‘tonics’ while prescribing daily doses. Competition among fruits and vegetables resulted in mixed messages for consumers about fresh produce. Public Attitudes on Synthetic Biology: Mapping Landscapes and Processes • Heather Akin; Kathleen M. Rose; Dietram Scheufele; Molly J. Simis; Dominique Brossard; Michael A. Xenos; Elizabeth A. Corley • This research provides one of the first representative overviews to date of U.S. public attitudes towards synthetic biology. We first outline descriptive results from a 2014 survey of U.S. adults to contextualize individuals’ awareness, personal importance, and knowledge of synthetic biology and compare these to responses about other science issues. We assess respondents’ attitudes toward relevant policies, risk-benefit perceptions, and overall support for synthetic biology. We then analyze how these characteristics impact individuals’ support for the use of this emerging science and assess how values and predispositions, including religiosity, deference to scientific authority, and trust in scientists, might interact to influence support. Our descriptive results suggest that many respondents do not feel informed about synthetic biology or believe it is personally important, which is comparable to responses about nanotechnology. However, on average, individuals express more reservations and more concern for the moral downside of synthetic biology than other issues. Our multivariate analyses show that education, religiosity, deference to science, knowledge, net risk-benefit perceptions, and trust in scientists affect support for synthetic biology. We also find significant interactions between deference to science and trust in scientists and deference to science and religiosity. We argue that deference may be more instrumental in influencing attitudes about scientific issues than other dispositions, so we should be less concerned with the impacts of short-term political or event-based influences, and more concerned with building longer-term deference and belief in the scientific enterprise. Biological Imperatives and Food Marketing: Food Cues Alter Trajectories of Processing, Behavior and Choice • Rachel Bailey, Washington State University • This study examines how food presentation and packaging alters the time course of information processing, response and food choice. Participants were asked to categorize images of food that varied in the directness of their food cues (information about taste in terms of color, glossiness, texture, etc) before and after being exposed to a set of advertisements that also varied in the directness of their available food cues. Heart rate data also were used to access the motivational value of food cues. In general, direct food cue products enhanced motivational processes, especially if they were also advertised with direct food cues. Food products that had the least direct food cues did the opposite. Individuals also chose to eat products that were packaged with more direct food cues available compared to opaque packages. Implications and future research are discussed. 'We just can’t talk about mental health:' Analysis of African American urban community leader interviews • Jeannette Porter; Tim Bajkiewicz, Virginia Commonwealth University • This study conducts in-depth interviews with eleven female African American community leaders in a low-income area of a medium-sized US southeastern city asked about their perceptions of African American patterns of communication on mental health issues in their community. Findings include terms like crazy and hustle, when rarely discussed. Participants say more training is needed for professionals (including law enforcement) and children, as well as a reduction in medication use to treat mental illness. Framing climate change: Understanding behavior intention using a moderated-mediation model • porismita borah, Washington State University • The study conducted an experiment of a national sample of adults to understand the influence of four frames on environmental behavior intention. The study uses a moderated mediated model to test the moderating role of political ideology and mediating role of self-efficacy. Findings show that positive frames such as progress and problem-solving frames increase individuals’ environmental behavior intention. The positive frames increase individuals’ self-efficacy, which leads to increased environmental behavior intention, moderated by political ideology. The Changing Opinion Dynamics Around Global Climate Change: Exploring Shifts in Framing Effects on Public Attitudes • Michael Cacciatore and LaShonda Eaddy, ADPR • In light of recent shifts in attitudes concerning global climate change, we assess several key predictors of American attitudes toward the subject. We begin by exploring the demographic characteristics that predict attitudes toward the causes and timing of the phenomenon before investigating the role that subtle terminology differences have on perceptions of the phenomenon. While this is not the first paper to explore how question wording impacts public response to global warming/climate change, the results that we report here represent a substantial departure from previous investigations of the topic and suggest large-scale shifts in how the American public makes sense of this politically contentious issue. Most notably, we found that terminology impacts differed based on a respondent’s political party affiliation, although in a manner that was somewhat unexpected given previous work on this issue. Unlike previous work, we found there was no statistically significant difference in how Republicans responded to the terms global warming and climate change. Rather, it was the Democrats who varied in their perceptions based on the wording manipulation with use of the term global warming prompting Democrats to respond much more strongly that the phenomenon was being caused by human activity and use of the term climate change resulting in an overall lower probability of believing that to be the case. Third-person effect, message framing and drunken driving: Examining the causes and preventions of drunken-driving behavior • Kuang-Kuo Chang, Shih Hsin University • This study applies the third-person effect hypothesis and messages framing to examine the drunken-driving issue that has plagued Taiwan society. Statistical analyses support all (12) but three hypotheses. News attentiveness and campaign messages lead to a first-person effect at both perceptual and behavioral levels; drinking capacity and risk create a perceptual third-person effect. Gain-framed messages are more appealing than loss-framed messages. Findings provide valuable strategies for policymaking, coverage and campaigns in preventing this anti-social behavior. Examining the impact of a health literacy and media literacy intervention on adults’ sugar-sweetened beverage media literacy skills • Yvonnes Chen; Kathleen Porter; Jamie Zoellner; Paul Estabrooks • Overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) has led to a number of adverse health consequences. Interventions for adults, however, rarely incorporate media and health literacy education. We evaluated a single, SSB-focused media literacy (ML) lesson embedded in a large randomized-controlled trial in rural Southwest Virginia. We found that low and high health literacy participants benefited differently from the intervention. Also, adults’ overall SSB ML skills and understanding of the representation nature of SSB messages were improved. A Smoking Cessation Campaign on Twitter: Understanding the Use of Twitter and Identifying Major Players in a Health Campaign • Jae Eun Chung, Communication • The current study examined the usage of online social media for a health campaign. Collecting tweets (N = 1,790) about the most recent Former Smoker’s Campaign, a smoking cessation promotion by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the current study investigated the dissemination of health campaign messages on Twitter, paying particular attention to answering questions from the process evaluation of health campaigns: who tweets about the campaign, who plays central roles in disseminating health campaign messages, and how various features of Twitter are used for sharing of campaign messages. Results show that individuals and nonprofit organizations posted frequently about the campaign: Individuals and nonprofit organizations posted about 40% and 30% of campaign-related tweets, respectively. The culture of retweeting demonstrated its particular usefulness for the dissemination of campaign messages. Despite the expectation that the use of social media would expand opportunities for engagement, actual two-way interactions were few or minimal. In the current study the data analysis tool NodeXL showed its utility in collecting data and identifying major influencers in health campaigns. Drawn from the results, practical suggestions on how to strategize the use of Twitter for future health campaigns are discussed. Weight-of-Evidence Risk Messages about Genetically Modified (GM) Foods: Persuasive Effects and Motivated Reasoning • Beatriz Vianna; Chris Clarke, George Mason University • This article extends research on conveying weight-of-evidence in risk contexts. We focus on a contentious risk topic; novel persuasive outcomes; and political ideology as a moderator of message effects. A news message experiment revealed that weight-of-evidence information emphasizing the safety of genetically modified foods for human consumption heightened participants’ perceptions of safety and affected strength of conviction, depending on prior safety beliefs. Political ideology did not moderate these effects. We discuss risk communication implications. Environmental documentaries: How Gasland and Fracknation shape risk perceptions and policy preferences about hydraulic fracturing • Kathryn Cooper, The Ohio State University • Mass media messages are a powerful means by which to influence risk perceptions and policy preferences about controversial environmental issues. This paper presents the results of a study designed to test how the impact of the documentaries Gasland and Fracknation (which present anti- and pro-hydraulic fracturing viewpoints, respectively) varies by viewer ideology. Results indicate that Fracknation was effective across ideological groups while Gasland had limited effectiveness and only influence risk perceptions for liberals and moderates. Compulsive Creativity: Virtual Worlds, Disability, and New Selfhoods Online • Donna Davis, University of Oregon; Tom Boellstorff • This study examines the intersection of disability and the digital through an ethnographic exploration of compulsive creativity experienced by persons living with Parkinson’s (PD) disease engaged in the virtual world, Second Life. Among this community of individuals with PD, a number of them report experiencing new forms of identity, place and making, simultaneous to alleviating symptoms of the disease. This raises questions central to current debates in media studies, health communication, anthropology and beyond. How Caregivers Cope: The Effect of Media Appraisals and Information Behaviors on Coping Efficacy • Jae Seon Jeong; Lindsey DiTirro; Jeong-Nam Kim • This article contributes to the study of communication and coping in health contexts by exploring information appraisal and information behaviors. Drawing on theoretical perspectives, we argue that information behaviors are communicative responses that can serve as a means to increase, decrease, or maintain the efficiency of coping. Therefore, the current study examines the appraisals of health information found in the media and how they relate to caregivers' information behaviors and coping efficacy. The Twitter Network of the Top 50 Scientists • Elliot Fenech, University of Utah • As main stream media moves away from traditional outlets, such as television and newspaper, online social media outlets are growing in popularity. Twitter is one social media outlet where users post messages for others to read and review. This paper examines the top 50 scientists on Twitter in order to gain an understanding of how the community of scientists are using Twitter to communicate with each other beyond geographical and disciplinary divides. We examine the structure of the mention network among these scientists in terms of whether they form a Twitter community, how connected they are, and what subgroups, if any, there may be. Our data showed that a majority of these scientists formed a conversational community, in which there were a few more cohesive clusters but these clusters were not due to homophily based on areas of expertise. Future research should expand on our findings and establish a clearer understanding of how the scientific community is using Twitter to collaborate with each other and communicate with the public. Framing News Coverage of National Parks: The Environment, Social Issues, and Recreation • Bruce Garrison, University of Miami; Zongchao Li, University of Miami • This study investigated coverage of America’s national parks, based on an analysis of 1,456 stories in 15 daily newspapers during 2000-12. Amusements, such as recreation, were the leading news frame, but social issues and environment were also commonly used. While there were no significant differences in framing approaches over time, the study found differences in how stories were framed by region and stories using amusements frames were longer, more positive, and used images more often. Exploring the Mediating Roles of Fatalistic Beliefs and Self-Efficacy on the Relation Between Cancer Information-seeking on the Internet and Cancer-Preventative Behaviors • Eun Go; Kyung Han You, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies • This study explores the relationship between cancer-related information seeking on the Internet and cancer-preventative behaviors, with a focus on the mediating effects of fatalistic beliefs and self-efficacy. Using the structural equation modeling method (N=2,896), the present study demonstrates that while information seeking about cancer on the Internet does not exert a decrease of users’ levels of fatalistic beliefs, it does elevate users’ levels of self-efficacy. Moreover, the findings show that although information seeking about cancer on the Internet does not directly enhance users’ engagement in cancer-preventative behaviors, it has indirect effect on cancer-preventive behaviors via health-related self-efficacy. The findings also indicate that individuals’ levels of self-efficacy significantly mediate the association between fatalistic beliefs and cancer-preventative behaviors. This result demonstrates the need for consideration of such cognitive mediators in explaining the influence of cancer-related information-seeking on the Internet on cancer-preventative behaviors. Further implications of the study are also discussed. The Framing of Marcellus Shale Drilling in Pennsylvania Newspapers • Elise Brown; Michel Haigh, Penn State; John Ewing, Penn State • This study examined how print media in Pennsylvania framed the discussion about Marcellus Shale gas drilling and development from 2008 – 2012. A content analysis (N = 783) found the most common frame employed was the environmental concerns frame, followed by the political strategy frame, scientific background frame, and public engagement frame. The scientific background frame was included more often in articles published by the agricultural media. The political strategies frame was used more often in mainstream media articles. Frames also varied over the four-year period, as well as the topics discussed. Public Attention to Science and Political News and Support for Climate Change Mitigation • P. Sol Hart, University of Michigan; Erik Nisbet, The Ohio State University; Teresa Myers, George Mason University • We examine how attention to science and political news may influence public knowledge, perceived harm, and support for climate mitigation policies. Previous research examining these relationships has not fully accounted for how political ideology shapes the mental processes through which the public interprets media discourses about climate change. We incorporate political ideology and the concept of motivated cognition into our analysis to compare and contrast two prominent models of opinion formation, the scientific literacy model, which posits that disseminating scientific information will move public opinion towards the scientific consensus, and the motivated reasoning model, which posits that individuals will interpret information in a biased manner. Our analysis finds support for both models of opinion formation with key differences across ideological groups. Attention to science news was associated with greater perceptions of harm and knowledge for conservatives, but only additional knowledge for liberals. Supporting the literacy model, greater knowledge was associated with more support for climate mitigation for liberals. In contrast, consistent with motivated reasoning, more knowledgeable conservatives were less supportive of mitigation policy. In addition, attention to political news had a negative association with perceived harm for conservatives but not for liberals. Consent is Sexy: An evaluation of a campus mass media campaign to increase sexual communication • Nathan Silver, The Ohio State University; Shelly Hovick, The Ohio State University; Michelle Bangen, The Ohio State University • Increased national focus on campus sexual violence has intensified the need for applied interventions. This study employed a cross-sectional online survey to evaluate a mass-mediated campus sexual violence campaign using provocative messages and images to persuade students that consent is sexy. Results show those exposed to the campaign had more positive attitudes towards consent, greater consent-related perceived behavioral control (PBC) and decreased rape myth acceptance (p<.05). PBC was also associated with increased dyadic sexual communication. Emotional Appeals and the Environment: A Content Analysis of Greenpeace China’s Weibo Posts and Audience Responses • Qihao Ji, Florida State University; Summer Harlow, Florida State University; Di Cui, Florida State University; Zihan Wang, Florida State University • Previous studies show emotional reactions to be a precursor to behavioral change. Thus, drawing on environmental psychology and framing scholarship, this content analysis of a year’s worth of Greenpeace China’s Weibo posts and user comments explores how a post’s topic and frame influenced users’ likes, reposts, and emotional reactions via the creation of a social media emotional reaction index. Consequence, conflict, and morality frames generated the strongest emotional reactions for posts about food and agriculture. The Effects of Framing and Attribution on Individuals’ Responses to Depression Coverage • Yan Jin, University of Georgia; Yuan Zhang; YEN-I LEE, University of Georgia; Ernest Martin; Joshua Smith • Through a 2 (episodic vs. thematic framing) x 2 (individual vs. societal attribution) between-subjects experiment of 125 college students, this study provides insights that can inform future depression news coverage aimed at addressing barriers in communicating with young adults about the risk of depression and the importance of providing social support to depressed individuals: 1) Significant main effects of news framing and attribution were detected, with episodic framing and societal responsibility attribution evoking more sympathy among participants; 2) Regardless of the type of framing and attribution, participants’ sympathy toward depressed individuals were found to be significantly associated with health issue involvement and self-efficacy in detecting depression symptoms; and 3) Male participants reported higher expectations of the social support outcomes. These findings also call for further health news framing theories by integrating the key role supportive public sentiment and positive emotions play in mediating the effects of framing and attribution on cognitive and behavior outcomes. The National Science Foundation’s Science and Technology Survey Module and Support for Science, 2006-2012 • Besley John • The current study investigates how well the main science and technology-focused variables included in the General Social Survey (2006-2012) by the National Science Foundation do in predicting support for science funding. These questions form the primary basis of part of a biannual report to federal lawmakers and it is therefore important to consider whether the appropriate variables are included in the survey. The results suggest that, while there are some bivariate relationships between funding support and demographics, use of science communication channels, science knowledge, and attitudes about science and scientists, the overall predictive ability of the available variables appear to be relatively small. Suggestions for a potential path forward are made. I am Willing to Pay More for Green Products: An Application of Extended Norm Activation Model • Ilwoo Ju, Saint Louis University; Jinhee Lee • With the ever-increasing attention to the environment, the current study examines the influences of consumers’ perceived environmental norms regarding major social agents (individuals, companies, and governments) on their willingness to pay more for green products. The analysis of the Simmons National Consumer Study data provides insight by revealing the path in which such effects are shaped through consumers’ general green purchase intention. Theoretical, managerial, and social implications are discussed. The impact of message framing and evidence type in anti-binge drinking messages • Hannah Kang, University of Kansas; Moon Lee • We examined the impacts of message framing and evidence type in anti-binge drinking messages, based on Prospect Theory and Exemplification Theory. The experiment was a 2 (message framing: loss-framed message/gain-framed message) X 2 (evidence type: statistical/narrative) between-subjects factorial design with a control group. A total of 156 undergraduates participated. We found the participants in the loss-framed message condition exhibited a higher level of intention to avoid binge drinking in the near future than those who did not see any persuasive messages in the control group. We also found, regardless of evidence type, those who were exposed to the messages exhibited a higher level of intention to avoid binge drinking than those in the control group. In addition, the main effects of message framing and evidence type on attitude toward the message and the main effect of message framing on attitude toward drinking were found. Cognitive Motivations and the Evaluation of Risk: The Role of Need for Affect and Cognition in How Individuals Act on Electronic Cigarettes • Se-Jin Kim, Colorado State University • This paper introduces a hybrid theoretical model of risk-based behavioral attitudes and intentions using the Theory of Reasoned Action, Dual Processing Risk Perception, the Heuristic Systematic Model, and Need for Affect and Need for Cognition. The model proposes that personality attributes, such as need for affect and need for cognition, information processing styles, and affective and cognitive risk perceptions are antecedents to attitudes and intentions. This study examines this model in the context of electronic cigarette consumption, and finds support for the overall model. Specifically, need for cognition, the need for thinking deeply, positively predicts systematic processing – a more effortful cognitive processing style, attitudes toward consuming electronic cigarettes, and behavioral intention toward consuming electronic cigarettes. Need for affect, the need for either adopting or avoiding strong emotions, negatively predicts heuristic processing – a more peripheral cognitive processing style, and subsequently social norms, attitudes about consuming and behavioral intentions toward electronic cigarettes. Ties to the Local Community and South Carolinian Newspapers' Coverage of Smoke-Free Policies • Sei-Hill Kim; James Thrasher, University of South Carolina; India Rose, ICF International - Public Health and Survey Research Division; Mary-Kathryn Craft, SC Tobacco-Free Collaborative Board of Directors; Hwalbin Kim, University of South Carolina • In this quantitative content analysis, we assess how smoke-free policies are presented in the South Carolinian newspapers. In particular, this study examines the extent to which newspapers’ coverage of smoke free-policies has represented the interests of their local communities. We compare newspapers in the communities whose economy relies heavily on the tourism and hospitality industry (The Post & Courier in Charleston and The Sun News in Myrtle Beach) and newspapers elsewhere (The State in Columbia and The Greenville News in Greenville), and see if there are meaningful differences between the newspapers in the way they portray smoke-free policies, particularly in terms of their selective uses of news sources and key arguments. Our findings indicated that South Carolinian newspapers portrayed smoke-free policies largely as a political issue. Many political reasons to either support or oppose the policies were found in almost two out of three articles. We also found that The Post & Courier and The Sun News were more likely than The State and The Greenville News to make arguments against smoke-free policies, and this was particularly so when they were talking about economic impacts of the policies. Implications of the findings are discussed in detail. Does Stigma against Smokers Really Motivate Cessation? A Moderated Mediation Effect of Anti-smoking Campaign • Jinyoung Kim, Pennsylvania State University; Xiaoxia Cao, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Eric Meczkowski • Anti-smoking campaigns frequently use stigmatizing messages to promote cessation. Qualitative researchers have raised concerns over the unintended consequences of broadcasting stigmatizing messages to low socioeconomic status populations. Our study seeks to empirically test this concern through an experiment that examines socioeconomic and emotional determinants of stigmatizing message effectiveness. Results indicate that stigmatizing messages are less effective for low SES populations and SES moderates the relationship between exposure to stigmatizing messages, shame, and cessation intention. Segmenting Exergame Users Based on Perceptions on Playing Exergames Among College Students • Youjeong Kim, new york institute of technology; Hyang-Sook Kim, Towson University • To promote physical fitness by means of exergames and maintain adherence of exergame effects, it is imperative to understand when and why exergame users (dis)continue to play. Given two separate conceptualizations tied to exergames—as a type of video game or an exercise tool—a self-instructed online survey with 158 college students showed that non-regular exercisers perceived exergames as an exercise tool more strongly and showed more positive attitudes toward exergames as an exercise tool and intention to play than regular exercisers. No difference was found among any of the group specifications (regular vs. non-regular exercisers and exergame players vs. non-players) for the perception of exergames as a type of video game. However, the exergame player group showed a more positive attitude toward exergames as video games and greater intention to play than the non-player group. Implications for exergame business and health professionals were further discussed. Who is Responsible for Climate Change? • Sei-Hill Kim; Jeong-Heon Chang, Korea University; Jea Chul Shim, Korea University; Hwalbin Kim, University of South Carolina • Analyzing data from a survey of South Koreans’ perceptions of climate change, this study examines whether the way people attribute responsibility can affect their perceived risks. We hypothesize that those who believe that the government or large corporations – as opposed to average citizens like themselves – are highly responsible for the negative consequences of climate change will perceive a greater risk because the risk is perceived to be beyond their own control and determined largely by another entity (i.e., the government or corporations). This study then examines the role of the media in shaping the audiences’ perceptions of who is responsible. More specifically, we investigate whether individuals’ use of news media for science information is associated with the extent to which they attribute responsibility for climate change. Attributing greater responsibility to the government was positively and significantly associated with perceptions of greater risks to self, to others, and to the next generation. Attributing responsibility to large corporations also had positive associations with perceived risks. Television news viewing was negatively and significantly associated with attributing responsibility to the government and to large corporations. On the contrary, uses of online bulletin boards and blogs were positively associated with blaming the government and corporations. Implications of the findings are discussed in detail. Cultural Effects on Cancer Prevention Behaviors: Fatalistic Cancer Beliefs and Optimism Among East Asians • HyeKyung Kay Kim; May Lwin • Culture has been recognized as an important factor that influences health beliefs and health-related behaviors. This study examines culturally influenced beliefs about cancer risk and prevention, and their impact on the performance of four cancer prevention behaviors including regular exercise, avoid smoking, fruit and vegetable intake, and sunscreen use. To make cross-cultural comparisons, we used data from national surveys of European American (HINTS 4, Cycle3; N = 1,139) and East Asians in Singapore (N = 1,200). Compared to European Americans, East Asians were significantly less likely to engage in prevention behaviors, except avoiding smoking. East Asians appear to be more optimistic about their cancer risk and to hold stronger fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention, which in turn partially explained cultural disparities in adherence to cancer prevention behaviors. Our findings underscore the need for developing culturally tailored interventions in communicating cancer causes and prevention. We discuss practical and theoretical implications of our findings. Crowdfunding: Engaging the public in scientific research • Eun Jeong Koh, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Linda Pfeiffer, UW-Madison • Recent studies increasingly find that the medialization phenomenon is at work among scientists. We explore scientists’ medialization behaviors that attempt to increase public visibility in new media environments. Through content analysis of an online platform for crowdfunding, we observed medialization behaviors among the scientists who seek research funding through crowdfunding. Some of their strategies were positively associated with the amount of funding they received as pledges and the number of donors who supported their projects. Healthy Concern for the Environment: How health framing can better engage audiences with news coverage of environmental issues. • Patrice Kohl • Social scientists suggest framing environmental stories to emphasize human health consequences could help build support for addressing environmental issues by eliciting attitudes and emotions favorable toward addressing environmental issues. Early empirical evidence supports this conclusion. This study contributes to this research with the finding that health framing can also increase reader interest in environmental stories. It also extends this body of research, which has so far focused on climate change, to an alternative environmental issue. The Effects of Message Framing and Anthropomorphism on Empathy, Implicit and Explicit Green Attitudes • Sushma Kumble; Lee Ahern; Jose Aviles; Minhee Lee • Anthropomorphizing nature is common in many cultures--Earth is often and fondly referred to as ‘Mother Earth’ and nature as ‘Mother nature’. But does making nature more ‘human’ change perceptions and attitudes toward it? The current work examined the extent to which anthropomorphism and message framing help in formation of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors by employing a 2x2 between subject factorial design. One novel aspect of the study was that it measures impacts on implicit, automatic green attitudes, as well as on explicit attitudes. Results indicated that while anthropomorphism did not have a significant main effect, gain-framed messages led to more positive green implicit and explicit attitude. Along with that, it was also seen that empathy mediated this relationship. Window Dressing or Public Education? How Oil Companies’ Websites Address Public Concerns About Hydraulic Fracturing • Sun Young Lee, Texas Tech University; Hyo Jin Kim; Kristi Gilmore, Texas Tech University • We examined the petroleum industry’s communication efforts in regard to water issues surrounding the controversial process of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking. Using textual analysis, we examined the websites of the top 10 U.S. oil and gas companies to see whether and how the corporations addressed the issues that the public are concerned about. Results showed that all eight companies that have adopted fracking addressed water issues relating to fracking, but the way they presented the information was not friendly to the public. We discuss the implications of the findings and suggest directions for future study. Communal Risk Information Sharing: Motivations Behind Voluntary Information Sharing of Late Blight Infection in U.S. Agricultural Communities • Wang Liao, Cornell University; Connie Yuan, Cornell University; Katherine McComas, Cornell University • The paper presents a study of a national sample of tomato and potato growers in the United States (N = 452). This study focused on motivations behind voluntary information sharing of late blight, a devastating communal risk for agricultural economics. We examined three categories of motivations, ranging from personal concerns for immediate, extrinsic payoffs (i.e., economic costs and spending time/effort), to concerns for long-term or intrinsic benefits (i.e., reciprocity and altruistic enjoyment), and to community-based concerns (i.e., shared responsibility and community cohesiveness). The trustworthiness of risk information receiver was also examined. We found growers were motivated to share or not share information of late blight infection in their own farms by (a) economic concerns for business loss, (b) cooperative concerns for reciprocation and information receiver’s trustworthiness, and (c) normative concerns derived from a sense of shared responsibility, reciprocity, and community cohesiveness. We argued that more attention should be paid to risk information sharing, especially for communal risks, in addition to risk information seeking and processing. Frame and Seek? Do Media Frame Combinations of Celebrity Health Disclosures Effect Health Information Seeking? • Susan LoRusso, University of Minnesota; Weijia Shi, University of Minnesota • This framing effects experimental study tests whether news stories reporting on a celebrity public health disclosure using disparate media frame combinations impact online health information seeking behavior and participant’s queried search terms. Nearly half of all participants participated in online information seeking, but there were no differences between conditions. Further results show a large effect size between media frame conditions and participants’ queried search terms when seeking online information. The Effectiveness of Anti-drug Public Service Announcements on Cognitive Processing and Behavioral Intention: A Systematic Review of Current Research • Chen Lou, Michigan State University • This systematic review examined anti-drug public service announcements (PSAs)’ effectiveness among target audience. Six databases (PsychInfo, Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Communication and Mass Media Complete, and Web of Science) and forward citation lists were used to locate peer-reviewed published journal articles in English through September 2014. Studies that used randomized controlled trials (RCT) to examine anti-drug PSAs persuasive effects or mediators/moderators of their effects were included. Fifteen studies were identified after two rounds of search. Included studies’ characteristics (such as, sample size, sample age, gender, intervention type, intensity of intervention, mediator/moderators), key measures, and main results were extracted. All of the included studies were appraised based on the risk of bias criteria. Only three studies claimed PSAs’ effectiveness compared to the control messages. Four studies provided evidence that some anti-drug PSAs presented in certain contexts may have deleterious effects on their target populations. There were no conclusive arguments made on the mediators/moderators’ (e.g., gender, ethnicity, prior drug use, sensation seeking, message sensation value) effects on PSAs’ effectiveness. Moms and media: Exploring the effects of online communication on infant feeding practices • Robert McKeever, University of South Carolina; Brooke McKeever, University of South Carolina • Using a survey of mothers with young children (N = 455), this study applies Fishbein and Ajzen’s (2011) Reasoned Action Approach (RAA) to examine the relationship between online communication and infant feeding practices. Contrary to expectations, attitudes, perceived normative pressure, and perceived behavioral control did not fully mediate the relationship between time spent online and behavioral intentions. Our findings indicate a significant, direct, negative association between time online and breastfeeding intentions. The silent majority: Childhood vaccinations and antecedents for communicative action • Brooke McKeever, University of South Carolina; Robert McKeever, University of South Carolina; Avery Holton, University of Utah; Jo-Yun Queenie Li • The topic of childhood vaccinations has received much media attention recently, prompting scholars to examine how the public has responded. This study examines why individuals may involve themselves in communication about vaccinations. Drawing on several communication theories and using a survey of mothers (N = 455) this study finds that while affective and cognitive involvement may help drive communicative action, individuals who personally support vaccinations may be less likely to voice their opinions. Implications are discussed. The Mediating Role of Media Use in an Elementary School Health Intervention Program • Dylan McLemore, Univ of Alabama; Lindsey Conlin, The University of Southern Mississippi; Xueying Zhang; Bijie Bie; Kim Bissell, University of Alabama; Scott Parrott • Media use – television in particular – has long been considered a risk factor for obesity in children. This study considered whether children’s media use mediated the success of an elementary school obesity intervention program. The intervention significantly increased children’s nutritional knowledge. Existing media use had no effect on the intervention, nor did it correlate with BMI or pre-existing knowledge or attitudes about exercise and nutrition. Findings are discussed within the context of media effects theory and health intervention practice. Disease outbreaks on Twitter: An analysis of tweets during the #Ebola and #measles crises • Jeanine Guidry, Virginia Commonwealth University; Shana Meganck; Marcus Messner, Virginia Commonwealth University; EunHae (Grace) Park, Virginia Commonwealth University; Kellie Carlyle, Virginia Commonwealth University; Osita Iroegbu, Virginia Commonwealth University; Jerome Niyirora, SUNY Polytechnic Institute • Recent Ebola and measles outbreaks have brought both diseases to the forefront of public debate, and social media is one of the main places people are turning to learn more about the diseases, find like-minded individuals, and express opinions. Yet little is known about these conversations, and what can be learned from them. The goal of this study was to analyze the public’s engagement on social media as the two disease outbreaks turned into online crises. This study analyzed 2,000 tweets – 1,000 Ebola-focused tweets and 1,000 measles-focused tweets – with each sample collected at the height of each disease outbreak. Tweets were analyzed using the Risk Perception Model and the Health Belief Model. The results indicate that while Ebola-focused tweets elicited significantly more engagement than measles-focused tweets, both conversations displayed a high level of perceived severity of the diseases as well as a significant presence of risk perception variables. While Ebola tweets more often refer to identifiable victims, measles tweets, and especially those that already mention a fear of the MMR vaccine, more often speak of concern and fear and of peceived deception by medical authorities. Physician Use and Policy Awareness of Open Access to Research and Their Views on Journalists’ Reporting of Research • Laura Moorhead, Stanford University • Through funding agency and publisher policies, an increasing proportion of the health sciences literature is being made open access. Such access raises questions about the awareness and utilization of this literature by physicians, as well as the role journalists may play in physicians’ need of journal articles. A sample of physicians (N=336) was provided with access to the research for one year; a subset of physicians (n=38) was interviewed about research use and perceived impact of journalists in creating a need for immediate access to embargoed research. The physicians in this study reported mixed feelings about the work of journalists. On one hand, they relied on journalists for publicly shared information, as they often had access to press releases from academic publishers. On the other hand, physicians were regularly frustrated by what they perceived as journalists’ inadequate or flawed coverage of health and medical matters through the misreporting of research. An opportunity exists for a partnership between physicians and journalists, particularly on the local level. Additionally, physicians and journalists face a similar need for immediate access to research as a way to better inform the public about issues of health care. College Students' Beverage Consumption Behaviors and the Path to Obesity • Cynthia Morton, University of Floridq; Naa Amponsah Dodoo, University of Florida • Research has established that high soft drink consumption, including carbonated beverages, fruit juices, and other sugar-based beverages are correlated with increased risk of obesity. College students are an urgent priority to curbing the path toward obesity since research suggests the college stage of life is where habits are solidified and weight gain occurs most quickly. The purpose of this research is to build on previous studies that have also explored college students’ food consumption habits by providing a closer examination of college students’ knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors. Survey research examined three the relationship between knowledge, beliefs, and beverage consumption behaviors. The findings and implications for health communication practitioners present an opportunity to identify message directions that speak to the college student segment in terms important to them. No Pain, Lotta Gain: Risk-benefit information on cosmetic surgeons’ websites • SangHee Park, Bowling Green State University; Sung-Yeon Park, School of Media and Communication, Bowling Green State University • This study analyzed the website homepages of 250 cosmetic surgeons to investigate how cosmetic surgeons’ websites provide information about the risks and benefits of cosmetic surgery. This study found that although cosmetic surgeons’ website homages emphasized psychological benefits of having the cosmetic surgery, they minimized psychological and physical risks of the surgery. They also addresses time and cost to increase perceived control over cosmetic surgery. Implications of these findings are discussed. What Health Risk?   Constructions of Definitional Power and Complex Science in Policy News • Linda Pfeiffer, UW-Madison • This research explores whether news constructions of complex science meet the critical information needs of the public when powerful actors work vigorously to define the dominant policy narrative. A mixed-methods frame analysis reveals that NGOs appear to be emergent as key health communicators. NGOs and citizen journalists prioritize issues of health, sustainability, and procedural justice. Comparatively, traditional media constructions predominantly reflect diversionary economic and deregulatory frames, with public-relations science confusion counter-framing overshadowing health risk narratives. Gender and Race Representations of Scientists in Highlights for Children: A Content Analysis • Kathy Previs, Eastern Kentucky University • Researchers have found that girls lose interest in science by age nine (Steinke 2005; Rosser and Potter 1990) and have attributed this finding to misrepresentations of female scientists in the media (McIntosh 2014). While television, film, the Internet and textbooks have been analyzed for such representations, this study examines the extent to which females and minorities are portrayed over time in areas of science in a popular children’s magazine, Highlights for Children. The results indicate that, while males and whites have outnumbered females and minorities in depictions of science, Highlights has consistently exceeded the number of females and minorities actually employed in scientific fields. The Effectiveness of Entertainment Education in Obesity Prevention • Weina Ran • The purpose of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of entertainment education (EE) and explicate its underlying persuasive mechanisms. Data from a longitudinal experiment show that compared to an explicit persuasive appeal, EE is more effective in preventing junk food consumption. Results also show that identification with media characters predicts less junk food consumption indirectly through self-efficacy. Implications are discussed for EE-oriented health interventions. Message Frames on How Individuals Contract HIV and How Individuals Live with HIV in Combination Have Different Impacts on HIV Stigma • Chunbo Ren, Central Michigan University; Ming Lei, Cameron University • HIV stigma has become one of the most pressing concerns in global HIV response, and media are a key factor in HIV stigmatization. Given the salience of media framing of how individuals contract HIV and the framing of how individuals live with HIV, the current study explored the effects of the two media frames in tandem on HIV stigma to help inform the practice of reducing stigma toward people living with HIV (PLHIV). The study was a two (pretest-posttest) by two (HIV onset controllability framing) by two (living with HIV framing) mixed model experiment with a control group. The results of the current study suggest that HIV onset controllability remains a significant factor in HIV stigma. Media framing on how individuals live with HIV can influence people’s stigmatizing attitudes toward PLHIV, intentions of social distancing from PLHIV, and intentions to support coercive measures against PLHIV. The influence, however, must be interpreted with media framing on the onset controllability of HIV. Positive portrayals of living with HIV can reduce people’s intentions of social distancing from PLHIV but only when the positive portrayals are in combination with portrayals that PLHIV have contracted HIV due to less controllable behaviors. When the negative portrayals of living with HIV are combined with the portrayals that PLHIV have contracted HIV via controllable behaviors, the results can be drastic, as they increase people’s intentions to support coercive measures against PLHIV. Vaccine-hesitant Justifications: From Narrative Transportation to the Conflation of Expertise • Nathan Rodriguez, University of Kansas • Vaccine-preventable diseases have re-emerged as more individuals have strayed from the recommended inoculation schedule. Previous work on vaccine hesitancy is generally limited to content analyses. Using grounded theory, this project examines vaccine debates on a prominent discussion board over a period of five years. Individuals tended to justify opposition or hesitancy toward vaccines through personal experience and/or research, and narrative transportation and the conflation of expertise help describe the most prominent characteristics of such discourse. Framing the problem of childhood obesity in White House press releases: 2010 to 2014 • Jennifer Schwartz • This article outlines how the White House framed childhood obesity as a problem in White House press releases and official documents after First Lady Michelle Obama launched Feb. 9, 2010, the Let’s Move campaign, which was a federal campaign to define childhood obesity as a public health problem and offer solutions for reducing childhood obesity. This study found a decrease in attention to childhood obesity over time and an emphasis on defining childhood obesity as a problem and suggesting system-level solutions, such as changes to the food served in schools and improving the information environment in communities. Seeking Treatment, Helping Others: Thematic Differences in Media Narratives between Traditional and New Media Content • Sarah Smith-Frigerio, University of Missouri; Cynthia Frisby, University of Missouri; Joseph Moore, University of Missouri; Abigail Gray; Miranda Craig, University of Missouri • One in five Americans deal with mental illness (NIMH, 2010), yet misrepresentation and stigma prevail in traditional media narratives. While scholars have called for changes in media narratives concerning mental illness, traditional media have been slow to adapt, and research of narratives in new media is limited. This study demonstrates thematic differences in narratives of mental illness in new media, and discusses how future research may further understanding about the construction of mental illness narratives. Escapism in Exergames: Presence, enjoyment, and mood experience in predicting children’s attitudes towards Exergames • Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University; Jeremy Sng, Nanyang Technological University; Andrew Z. H. Yee; Woan Shin Tan; Ai Sian Ng; Victor Y. C. Yen; May Lwin • Obesity is a problem faced by countries all over the world today. Unhealthy eating habits and sedentary lifestyles have contributed to the growth in obesity among children in particular. Exergaming has been discussed as a possible way to encourage children to engage in physical activity. In this paper, we report on a survey which explores presence as a mechanism through which exergames may be associated with positive mood experiences and game enjoyment. The results (n = 345) revealed that presence was positively associated with mood experience and game enjoyment, game enjoyment and mood experience were positively correlated with attitudes towards exergaming, and attitudes towards exergaming were positively correlated with preference for future gameplay. In addition, mood experience was found to be a partial mediator of the relationship between presence and game enjoyment. Conclusions regarding the impact of exergames on adolescents, and practical implications for digital health interventions and exergame design are discussed. Information and engagement: How scientific organizations are using social media in science public relations • Leona Yi-Fan Su; Dietram Scheufele; Dominique Brossard; Michael A. Xenos • This study examines the public relations practice of 250 scientific organizations through looking into their social media uses between 2010 and 2014. We found that they have increased the use of Twitter but decreased the use of Facebook. In particular, a majority of the messages comprises public information was shared in a one-way manner. A closer examination reveals that 92% of the discussions originated from the scientific organizations, suggesting a low level of public engagement. Revisiting environmental citizenship: The role of information capital and media use • Bruno Takahashi, Michigan State University School of Journalism; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Anthony Van Witsen, Michigan State University; Ran Duan, Michigan State University • We propose, from an across-national perspective, a model of environmental citizenship that includes predictors at the individual and contextual levels. The model is based on multiple theoretical considerations from environmental sociology, media studies and economics. The study found that at the individual level, media use, environmental concern, and post-materialism positively predict environmental citizenship. However, the data also allowed us to test whether the effects of these variables vary depending on social and environmental contexts. Aware, yet ignorant: The influences of funding and conflicts of interests in research among early career researchers • Meghnaa Tallapragada, Cornell University; Gina Eosco, Eastern Research Group; Katherine McComas, Cornell University • This study investigates the level of awareness about funding influences and potential conflicts of interests (COI) in research among early career researchers. The sample for this study included early career researchers who used one or more of the 14 U.S. laboratories associated with the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network. Results indicate that while early career researchers are aware of potential funding and COI influences, they remain ignorant on their role in addressing or managing these issues. Toward a nuanced typology of media discourse of climate change, impact, and adaptation: An analysis of West African online news and social media • Jiun-Yi (Jenny) Tsai, Arizona State University • This study develops a nuanced typology to investigate how online news and social media (twitter) in West Africa frame climate change as a collective action problem, its impacts, and adaption efforts. Specifically, we distinguish four classes of framing discourse – cause, threat, solution and motivation. Content analysis of 1,344 English news articles shows dominance of threat frame and solution frame. Threats of climate change to food security, human health conditions, and environmental systems are prevalent. Within the solution frame, discourse largely emphasizes creation and implementation of policy and programs proposed by international governments or NGOs to tackle climate challenge, build local farmers’ capacity, and thereby enhance resilience. In stark contrast to discourse in the West, few articles debate its causes, focusing more on blaming human activity than on scientific uncertainty. Motivational frames are very uncommon. Theoretical contribution and implication are discussed. The Entanglement of Sex, Culture, and Media in Genderizing Disease • Irene van Driel; Jessica Myrick, Indiana University; Rachelle Pavelko, Indiana University; Maria Grabe; Paul Hendriks Vettehen; Mariska Kleemans; Gabi Schaap • This cross-national survey tested how biological sex, culture, and media factors cultivate gender-based susceptibility to diseases. Data were collected from 1,299 Millennials in two countries (US and the Netherlands), shown to differ in gender role socialization. Sex, national and individual gender role perceptions, and media use variables were entered into hierarchical regression models to predict genderization of 48 diseases. Results indicate that aside from sex and culture, medical media contribute to genderization of diseases. How to Promote Green Social Capital?: Investigating Communication Influences on Environmental Issue Participation • Matthew S. VanDyke, Texas Tech University; Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University • The study proposes issue-specific measures of participation, which have been lacking from previous social capital scholarship. It examines how reliance on various communication channels influences environmental issue participation. Findings from an Internet survey suggest that perceived importance of environmental issues, reliance on print media, websites, and weblogs positively predict environmental civic and political participation. Reliance on social networking sites predicts civic but not political participation. A Missed Opportunity?: NOAA’s Use of Social Media to Communicate Climate Science • Nicole Lee, Texas Tech University; Matthew S. VanDyke, Texas Tech University; R. Glenn Cummins, Texas Tech University • The current study examined how the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) utilizes social media to engage publics. Results suggest NOAA doesn’t fully utilize the dialogic potential of social media and seems to be missing an opportunity to enhance science literacy and trust in science regarding climate change specifically. This study informs how public relations theory may complement science communication theory and practice as deficit model-thinking transitions to contemporary approaches for public engagement with science. The porn effect (?): Links between college men's exposure to sexually explicit online materials and risky sexual health behaviors & attitudes • Ashley McLain; Kim Walsh-Childers, residential • A sample of 85 undergraduate males completed an online survey to determine if their use of sexually explicit Internet material (SEIM) was associated with sexual health behaviors and attitudes toward pornography and condom use. The study, based on Social Cognitive Theory, investigated whether frequency of exposure to SEIM was associated with more negative attitudes toward condom use, decreased condom use, less partner communication about sex and greater likelihood of engaging in sexual risk behaviors. SEIM exposure was a statistically significant predictor of risky sexual health behaviors for men of all racial groups and of condom use among men who listed their race as other. SEIM was not a predictor of partner communication. For black males, a positive attitude toward pornography was a predictor of less positive condom use attitudes. Post-hoc analyses revealed that, controlling for race, sexual risk behavior increased as positive attitudes toward pornography increased. Further research is needed to determine if the associations exist among other populations and to further investigate the role that race and sensation seeking may have on these associations. Health narratives effectiveness: Examining the moderating role of persuasive intention • Weirui Wang, Florida International University; Fuyuan Shen • Prior research has indicated that narratives are more effective than non-narrative messages. One of the reasons is that narratives’ intention to persuade is often not explicit, and as a result, stories are less likely to be disputed. The goal of the present research is to examine the moderating role of persuasive intention in narrative persuasion. To do so, a 2 (Message format: narrative vs. non-narrative message) X 2 (Persuasive intention: intention vs. no intention) experiment with a factorial design was conducted among a total of 205 participants on the effects of health narrative messages. Results indicated that persuasive intention undermined the effects of narratives on persuasion through reducing believability and increasing reactance. Both believability and reactance were found to partially mediate the effects of narrative messages on attitudes and behavioral intention. Motivated Processing of Fear Appeal Messages in Obesity Prevention Videos • Tianjiao Wang, Washington State University; Rachel Bailey, Washington State University • This study examined young adults’ physiological and cognitive responses to fear appeal obesity prevention messages that vary in emotional valence and intensity. Results suggested that valence of these messages impacted individuals’ attention and memory as a function of intensity. Coactive high intensity messages received the most attention, though visual recognition suggests these messages were more difficult to encode. Zombie Fiction as Narrative Persuasion: Comparing Narrative Engagement in Text-Only and Visual Entertainment Education • Amanda J. Weed, Ohio University • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched a multimedia awareness campaign in 2011 to promote emergency preparedness to young audiences. At the heart of the campaign was Preparedness 101: Zombie Apocalypse, an example of narrative persuasion implemented as a comic book. The core persuasive message of the campaign was preparation for a zombie apocalypse through development of a personal emergency plan and creation of an emergency preparedness kit. As a form of narrative persuasion, comic books possibly go a step further than text-only stories by providing rich storytelling combined with vivid visual images. The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of presentation mode (text-only or comic book) on key outcomes of narrative persuasion and engagement including: a) strength of belief for the persuasive messages embedded in Preparedness 101: Zombie Apocalypse, b) participant’s perceived relevance of the story, c) character identification and experience taking, and d) counter-arguments to the persuasive messages. Communicating to Young Chinese about HPV Vaccination: Examining the Impact of Message Framing and Temporal Distance • Nainan Wen; Fuyuan Shen • This research investigated the influence of message framing (gain or loss) and temporal distance (present or future) on the intention of HPV vaccination. A total of 156 Chinese undergraduates participated in a controlled experiment in Macau, a Special Administrative Region of China. Results showed that message framing and temporal distance interacted to impact the intention of HPV vaccination. Particularly, among participants who had no prior knowledge of HPV vaccine, the gain-present and loss-future framed messages resulted in more positive attitudes toward the message, higher degree of perceived severity of HPV infection, and more likelihood to get HPV vaccination. Implications of the findings were discussed. Up in vapor: Exploring the health messages of e-cigarette advertisements • Erin Willis, University of Memphis; Matthew Haught, University of Memphis; David Morris II, University of Memphis • Electronic cigarettes have gained popularity in the United States, and marketers are using advertising to recruit new users to their products. Despite outright bans on traditional cigarette advertisements, electronic cigarettes have no specific regulations. This study uses framing theory to explore the themes in e-cigarette advertisements. Practical implications are discussed for both public health practitioners and health communicators. The case of Ebola: Risk information communicated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention using Twitter • Erin Willis, University of Memphis; Rosie Jahng, Hope College • The outbreak of Ebola in West Africa last year caused the U.S. to be on high alert. Tweets disseminated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during this time are examined with a focus on health literacy and health frames used to inform publics about the spread of Ebola. While the CDC has social media guidelines specifically for Twitter, the current research discusses practical implications when communicating risk information about a public health issue. Climate Change in the Changing Climate of News Media: How Newspapers and Blogs Portray Climate Change in the United States • Lei Xie, Fairfield University • This study examines how major U.S. newspapers and grass-root blogs portrayed climate change by analyzing a combination of issue-independent and issue-specific frames: skepticism toward climate change, micro-issue salience, audience-based frames, and attribution of responsibility. Results from 372 stories show contrasting cross-media representation in terms of skepticism and other frames that inform public perception of the issue. Moreover, they provide important clues to understanding the discrepancy between the less skeptical news media and the indifferent American public and offer insights into the intricate relationship between mainstream media and grass-root blogs. Theoretical and methodological implications of this study call for a more systematic approach to frame analysis of climate change communication. Mapping Science Communication Scholarship in China: Content Analysis on Breadth, Depth and Agenda of Published Research • Linjia Xu; Biaowen Huang; YUANYUAN DONG • This study presents data from a content analysis of published research with the keyword science communication (科学传播) in title or in key words, including academic paper published on journals and dissertations from the database China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). 572 articles were coded using categories that identified science topics, theory, authorship and methods used in each study to examine the breadth and depth that Science Communication has achieved since its inception in China. We could see the history and scope of science communication, and juxtapose this historical overview in the backdrop of the current scholarship that appears. The depth and width of Chinese Science Communication researches are developing rapidly in the past 30 years. The focus of research topics are changing from the concepts and theories to sources and contents of communication. HPS (History and Philosophy of Science) scholars are the originator and dominance of this field rather than communication scholars. We also identified some notable trends and issues in research for the future development. Chipping away the Stigma toward People Living with HIV: New Insights from Matching Frames of HIV Onset Controllability with Attitudinal Ambivalence • Changmin Yan, West Virginia University; Chunbo Ren, Central Michigan University • In a pre-post 2 (controllability framing: high or low) by 2 (attitudinal ambivalence: high or low) experimental design, this study investigated if stigma toward people living with HIV (PLHIV) can be reduced by matching HIV onset controllability framed stories with people’s levels of attitudinal ambivalence toward PLHIV. First, a controllability framing main effect was reported in a just-world attribution bias such that individuals in the low HIV onset controllability framing condition expressed less stigma toward PLHIV than those in the high HIV onset controllability condition. Second, an attitudinal ambivalence main effect was also observed such that people with a high level of ambivalence toward PLHIV reported less stigma toward PLHIV than the low-ambivalence individuals. Third, results also supported controllability framing by attitudinal ambivalence interaction effects. Specifically, a significant reduction in stigma toward PLHIV was recorded among people with a high level of ambivalence toward PLHIV when they read high HIV onset controllability-framed stories. Moreover, among the two high HIV onset controllability framing conditions, high-ambivalence individuals reported a significantly smaller increase of stigma than their low-ambivalence counterparts. In sum, the current study has demonstrated that stigma toward PLHIV could be temporarily reduced by matching low onset controllability stories with individuals who feel highly ambivalent toward PLHIV and that even the hard-to-change bias toward high onset controllability PLHIV can be situationally softened among the high-ambivalence individuals. The Framing of GMOs in China's Online Media After Golden Rice Scandal • Jinjie Yang • This study examines the framing of GMOs in Chinese news reports after the golden rice scandal using quantitative and qualitative approaches. Ninety news reports selected from related news articles published in 2013 showed five major frames: GMOs as a market issue, as a mature and reliable technology, as scientific progress, as technology that should be regulated, and as a disastrous invention. Analysis of the social factors behind each frame revealed gaps that pose challenges to risk communication. Altruism during Ebola: Risk perception, issue salience, cultural cognition, and information processing • Zheng Yang, University at Buffalo • This study investigates how risk perception, issue salience, cultural cognition, and dual-process information processing influence individuals’ altruistic behavioral intentions. Data were collected through a nationally representative sample of 1,046 U.S. adults, who were randomly assigned to two experimental conditions that triggered different degrees of risk perception related to the Ebola outbreak. Results indicate that only in the high-risk condition, issue salience and deliberate processing increased individuals’ intentions to support families and friends to go to West Africa as Ebola responders. However, cultural cognition worldview and negative emotions such as sadness and anger were significantly related to altruistic behavioral intentions regardless of the experimental conditions. These findings suggest that affective responses diverge from cognitive processes in influencing risk-related decisions. Practically, as the U.S. continues to send experts to the affected countries in West Africa, results from this study suggest meaningful pathways to improve risk communication intended to encourage more altruistic and pro-social behaviors. Motives and Underlying Desires of Hookup Apps Use and Risky Sexual Behaviors among Young Men who have Sex with Men in Hong Kong • Tien Ee Dominic Yeo, Department of Communication Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University; Yu Leung Ng, School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University • This study examines the role of motivation in the association between gay hookup apps use and risky sexual behaviors among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in Hong Kong. Results indicate five motives for using gay hookup apps: surveillance, relationship, diversion, sex, and identity. Sexual sensation seeking moderated the relationship between sex motive and sexual encounters via apps. Romantic motivations moderated the relationship between surveillance motive and sexual encounters via apps. Predicting Changes in Giving and Receiving Emotional Support within a Smartphone-Based Alcoholism Support Group • Woohyun Yoo, Dongguk University; Ming-Yuan Chih; Dhavan Shah; David Gustafson • This study explores how giving and receiving emotional support in a smartphone-based alcoholism support group change over time, and what factors predict the changing patterns. Data were collected as part of a randomized clinical trial of testing a smartphone-based relapse prevention system for people with alcohol use disorder. Giving and receiving emotional support were assessed by tracking and coding the 2,746 messages that 153 patients either wrote or read in a smartphone-based alcoholism support group during the 12-month study period. The final data used in the analysis were created by merging (1) computer-aided content analysis of emotional support messages, (2) action log data analysis of group usage, and (3) multiple waves of survey data. Findings suggest that giving and receiving emotional support in a smartphone-based alcoholism support group tend to decline over time. In addition, the initial value and growth rate of giving and receiving emotional support vary depending on the group participants’ characteristics. These features should be considered in building strategies for the design and implementation of smartphone-based support groups for people with alcohol use disorder. Using Humor to Increase Persuasion of Shameful Health Issue Advertising: Testing the Effects of Individual’s Health Worry Levels • Hye Jin Yoon • Some health issues are strongly associated with shame, prompting individuals to withdraw from and avoid the issue. Using humor to communicate such issues can help buffer negative emotions and help reframe negative assessments. In testing the humor effects in shameful health issue advertising, an audience factor, a person’s general health worry level, is considered as a potential moderating variable. Three experiments found humor to benefit low health worry individuals in low shame conditions and high health worry individuals in high shame conditions. Theoretical and practical implications are given. Social Representation of Cyberbullying and Adolescent Suicide: A Mixed-Method Analysis of News Stories • Rachel Young; Roma Subramanian; Stephanie Miles; Amanda Hinnant, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Julie Andsager, University of Tennessee • Cyberbullying has provoked public concern after well-publicized suicides of adolescents. This mixed-methods study investigates the social representation of these suicides. A content analysis of 189 U.S. newspaper articles found that nearly all articles suggest that bullying led to suicide. Few adhere to guidelines shown to protect against behavioral contagion. Thematic analysis found that individual suicides were used as cautionary tales to prompt attention to cyberbullying. Facts, Not Fear: Negotiating Uncertainty on Social Media During the 2014 Ebola Crisis • Rachel Young; Melissa Tully, University of Iowa; Kajsa Dalrymple, University of Iowa • The recent Ebola outbreak posed communication challenges for the CDC. In a thematic analysis of more than 1,000 tweets as well as engagement with the public in Twitter chats, we found that the CDC emphasized organizational competence, extant protocol, and facts about transmission to manage public fear. An emphasis on certainty in a situation defined by uncertainty left the CDC vulnerable to charges of unpreparedness or obfuscation. Implications for future research are discussed. Attitudes toward Antismoking Public Service Announcements: • Jay Hyunjae Yu; Changhyun Han, Sogang University • The smoking rate of younger adults (aged 18–24 years) has not changed much since 1997, even though much effort has been made by a range of organizations to encourage this group either to not initiate or to quit smoking. Among such efforts, public service announcements have been one of the major tools used to accomplish this goal. This experimental study (3 × 3 design) investigated the possible effects of using different types of endorsers (celebrities, professionals, peer groups) and different message framing styles (gain framing, loss framing, and neutral) to create better content for antismoking public service announcements. The results showed that there were not only main effects of different message framing styles, but also interaction effects of different endorsers and different message framing styles. More specifically, an antismoking public service announcement using celebrities and positively framed messages (i.e., talking about the positive consequences of quitting smoking) caused participants to show a better attitude toward the advertisement. The implications are provided for communication researchers and practitioners responsible for planning specific content for antismoking public service announcements. The Effects of Self-Efficacy and Message Framing on Flu Vaccination Message Persuasiveness among College Students • Xuan Zhu; Jiyoon Lee; Lauren Duffy • In the present study, the authors investigated the potential interaction between self-efficacy and gain and loss message framing on the effectiveness of flu vaccination health messages in the college setting. Results from an experiment with 149 college student subjects showed that individuals with high self-efficacy exhibited greater intention to receive flu vaccination regardless of framing condition. In addition, an interaction between self-efficacy and perceived threat was evident on attitude. Implications for health intervention were discussed. The Role of Efficacy Appraisal and Emotions on the Health Message Framing Effects • Xuan Zhu; Heewon Im, University of Minnesota • This study investigated the moderating role of efficacy appraisal (i.e., self-efficacy and response efficacy) on the message framing effects. Emotions were proposed to mediate message framing effects and the interaction between message framing and efficacy appraisal. Results from an experiment showed that efficacy appraisal moderated the message framing effects on attitude toward performing disease prevention behaviors. Happy and anger mediated message framing effects, but no supporting evidence was found for the mediated moderation effects. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15365 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/ctec-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 22:29:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15368 Open Competition The Social Correlates of Attitudes toward Online Emotional and Sexual Satisfaction • Cassandra Alexopoulos, University of California Davis; Bernard Schissel • This study examines gender, age, and relationship-status differences in online infidelity within romantic relationships. Previous research of this nature has rather narrowly focused on jealousy, particularly of offline behaviors. Online infidelity deserves more research attention because of the ubiquity of online interaction, because Internet dating has become so popular, and because cultural conceptions of infidelity in relation to online communication are largely unexplored. The study uses Young et al.’s (2000) ACE Model of anonymity, convenience, and escape to determine which aspects of online relationships are most appealing to men and women and the degree to which such acts are considered acceptable. Three hundred and ninety-eight students completed an online survey to define cheating behaviors and reasons for seeking an online partner. The results indicate that there is a significant difference between how men and women define cheating and how they evaluate the morality of online infidelity although there is a general appreciation for the Internet as a vehicle for developing a relationship. How much is your Facebook account worth? The monetary value of Facebook as a function of its uses and gratifications using the second-price auction technique • Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University; Sean Cash; Carie Cunningham, Michigan State University; Chen Lou, Michigan State University • With 1.32 billion users, Facebook is the most popular social networking site (SNS, Facebook.com, 2014). The exponential growth in the number of users, time spent on the site, and functionality make it important to investigate its value to its users. This is also important in light of Facebook’s holding of its initial public offering (IPO) in mid 2012. The current study applies the second-price auction approach to determine the monetary value of Facebook. Three cross-sectional surveys were conducted using a student sample, a community sample, and a sample of U.S.-based Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) workers was conducted to explore the way individuals attach monetary value to non-materialistic telecommunication goods; namely their Facebook account. The study also explored the ways in which the motivations to use Facebook and its uses can predict the monetary value respondents attached to their Facebook accounts. Results showed that none of the Facebook motivations predicted Facebook monetary value, while information sharing, self-expression, medium appeal, and convenience predicted the value of Facebook for the community sample, and entertainment and passing time significantly predicted the Facebook value for the MTurk sample. As for the Facebook use measures, Findings showed that for students, the number of actual friends that they have on Facebook mattered in terms of predicting the value of Facebook, while the intensity of using Facebook was a significant predictor of Facebook’s value for the MTurk sample respondents. Private Searchers: Factors that Affect Search Engine Privacy Concerns • Nicole Schwegman; Valerie Barker, SDSU; David Dozier • An online survey (N = 816) investigated antecedents to privacy concerns among search engine users: search engine credibility, search engine self-efficacy, and key demographics. Findings indicated that search engine credibility negatively predicted privacy concerns. Search engine credibility also acted as a moderator -- when perceived credibility is low, self-efficacy predicts higher privacy concerns. These findings are discussed in light of other research that emphasizes users’ privacy concerns, but also simultaneous acceptance of endemic privacy invasions. Increasing Individualism in Youth Created Music Videos on YouTube (2007-2013) • Steven Kendrat; Charisse L'Pree Corsbie-Massay, Syracuse University • Since its launch in 2005, YouTube has provided a unique venue for anyone to share content and comment on the content of others, resulting in more user generated content (UGC), especially among teens. The current longitudinal trend study analyzes demographic, production, and narrative trends in the emerging genre of youth created music videos using a sample of 100 videos uploaded to YouTube in 2007 and 2013. Compared to videos posted in 2007, youth created music videos posted in 2013 featured younger and less diverse casts, and more complicated editing techniques; they were also more likely to feature single actors and celebrate the self, mimicking the recent emergence of selfie culture. These findings are discussed with respect to YouTube’s role in reducing barriers to entry and providing a virtual space for youth oriented content communities that thrive on engagement and social networking as strategies of identity development. Big Data and Political Social Networks: Introducing Audience Diversity and Communication Connector Bridging Measures in Social Network Theory • Axel Maireder; Brian Weeks, University of Vienna, Department of Communication; Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Vienna; Stephan Schlögl • Social media have changed the way citizens, journalists, institutions, and activists communicate about social and political issues. However, questions remain about how information is diffused through these networks and the degree to which each of these actors are influential in communicating information. In this study we introduce two novel social network measures of connection and information diffusion that help shed light on patterns of political communication online. The Audience Diversity Score assesses the diversity of a particular actor’s followers and identifies which actors reach different publics with their messages. The Communication Connector Bridging Score highlights the most influential actors in the network who are potentially able to connect different spheres of communication through their information diffusion. We apply and discuss these measures using Twitter data from the discussion regarding The Transatlantic Trade Investment Partnership (TTIP) in Europe. Our results provide unique insights into the role various actors play in diffusing political information in online social networks. Reliable Recommenders and Untrustworthy Authors? The Varying Effects of Crowd as Source on Perceptions of Online Health Information • Yan Huang, The Pennsylvania State University; Haiyan Jia, The Pennsylvania State University • Users may play two distinct roles as the source of a crowdsourcing website: recommenders and authors. Correspondingly, number of voters and co-authors as two interface cues highlight the different ways and levels of user participation in content generation. In a health context, this study aims to understand the varying effects of the two interface cues on users’ content and website perceptions. Findings from a 2 (Number of voters: low vs. high) × 2 (Number of co- authors: low vs. high) × 2 (scientific vs. non-scientific message) between-subjects online experiment (N = 177) showed that while number of voters elicited perception of content credibility and behavioral intentions toward the message, the effect of number of co-authors was moderated by message style. Moreover, while the effect of number of voters was explained by bandwagon perception, the interaction effect between number of co-authors and message style was mediated by perceived controversy. In addition, number of voters predicted website perceptions, whereas number of co-authors did not. Digital Subscribers' Engagement with a Legacy Newspaper Company's Mobile Content • Jacqueline Incollingo, Rider University • Online survey results (n=632) demonstrate a critical nexus between mobility and enhanced user engagement and enjoyment: digital news subscribers who rely on tablets or smartphones for news had statistically significant higher levels of both engagement and enjoyment, in comparison to digital subscribers who primarily use desktop or laptops computers for news. In addition, participants most at ease with technology tended to prefer mobile devices for news, and reported statistically significant higher levels of both engagement and enjoyment. Opportunities for interactivity, on the other hand, did not increase engagement with the digital news content offered by a metropolitan, legacy media organization. Generational Differences in Online Safety Perceptions, Knowledge and Practices • Mengtian Jiang, Michigan State University; Hsin-yi Sandy Tsai; Shelia R. Cotten, Michigan State University; Nora Rifon; Robert LaRose, Michigan State University; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University • The percentage of adults going online has stabilized around 87%. Greater attention is needed as to how different generational groups perceive and maintain their online safety and privacy. Using data from generation specific focus groups, we compare and contrast how three generational groups perceive and practice online safety and privacy protections: SGI (born 1945 or earlier), older baby boomers (1946 – 1954), and Millennials (1977 – 1992). Results and tailored approaches are discussed to reach different generations. It’s all about Relatedness: Social Media Engagement— A Self Determination Framework • M. Laeeq Khan, American University of Ras al Khaimah • Individuals are likely to engage on social media when they feel self-determined to do so based on three key factors: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Through a survey of students at a large Midwestern university (n=745) this study found that: social media self-efficacy positively predicts customer engagement in the form of sharing on Facebook brand pages, and customer relationship with the brand and community predict symbolic customer engagement in terms of liking, commenting and sharing. Editing the self on Facebook: Relationship motivation, network characteristics, and perception of others’ self-presentations • Cheonsoo Kim; Emily Metzgar • Although many people use social networking services (SNS) for relationship management, little is known about the role of user’s relationship motivation in self-presentation on SNS. This study aims to fill the gap in our knowledge about online self-presentation with particular attention to relationship motivation for SNS use. Drawing on original national survey data from the United States, this study investigated reasons for the difference between online and offline self on Facebook, using relationship motivation, network characteristics, and perception of others’ self-presentations as predictors. Findings showed that the larger the size of a Facebook user’s network, the less difference there was between online and offline self. The number of close friends in users’ networks was positively, albeit marginally, related to the difference between selves. The stronger one’s belief in the honesty of others’ self-presentations, the greater the difference between one’s online and offline self. Interestingly, users’ belief in the honesty of others’ self-presentations led to a greater difference between selves for Facebook users without relationship motivation, but it had almost no effects for those with relationship motivation. The implications of the study are discussed. Engaging users in online news participation: The role of normative social cues in social media • Jiyoun Kim • Using the controversial issue of nuclear energy as a case study, this study demonstrates what motivates media users to participate in the process of engagement with news content (i.e., sharing and endorsing online news about a specific issue) in online space. Based on my findings, normative social cues play a significant role in online news content engagement intention, but that this influence can differ depending on personal traits. Media Substitution or Complementarity between TV and the Internet: A Comparison of Niche Breadth, Overlap, and Superiority Using Metered Data • Su Jung Kim, Iowa State University; Lijing Gao; Jay Newell, Iowa State University • Previous research on media substitution between television and the Internet has produced inconsistent results. This study examines this topic from the functional displacement approach and the niche theory. Using Nielsen Korea’s TV-Internet Convergence Panel data that provide electronically recorded media use measures and the same respondents’ information from a survey, this study analyzes the perceptions of niche breadth, niche overlap, and superiority between television and the Internet and their influence on Internet’s substation of television. The findings reveal that television and the Internet are seen as a functional equivalent, but the Internet has not become a complete substitute of television. This study also touches upon the issue of simultaneous media use, which provides an alternative explanation to media substitution. Facebook Paradox: A Social Network Service That Reduces Perceived Social Support? • Eun-Ju Lee, Seoul National University; Eugene Cho • A web-based survey (N = 316) examined how other-directed Facebook use, characterized by the sensitivity to external evaluations as well as the desire for social validation, affects users’ perceived social support. As predicted, those with higher fear of isolation were more likely to engage in other-directed Facebook use, regulating their self-expression to garner social approval (i.e., impression management) and closely monitoring others’ activities for self-evaluation (i.e., social comparison). Impression management, in turn, lowered perceived social support among heavy Facebook users, with no corresponding effect for light users. By contrast, social comparison had no significant effect on social support, highlighting the difference between message construction and message consumption. Results suggest that other-centered self-presentation on a friend-making site driven by the desire for social connection may paradoxically diminish perceived social support among intense Facebook users. @JunckerEU vs. @MartinSchulz: How leading candidates in the 2014 European Parliament Elections campaigned on Twitter • Marcus Messner, Virginia Commonwealth University; Jeanine Guidry, Virginia Commonwealth University; Shana Meganck; Vivian Medina-Messner, Virginia Commonwealth University • Twitter has become a valuable tool both for politicians trying to monitor conversations and communicate with constituents as well as for publics interested in discussing and engaging on political matters. This is the first study to research Twitter use during the 2014 European Parliament Elections. Twitter posts by the two main candidates in the elections, Jean-Claude Juncker and Martin Schulz, were comparatively analyzed with specific emphasis on frequency of Twitter use, content of tweets and interaction levels. Results showed that unlike previous research studies on Twitter use by politicians, the candidate that used Twitter less often and used the interactive characteristics of Twitter less frequently won the election. However, the winning candidate focused significantly more on specific topics and functions of relevance to European voters, such as immigration and the targeting of specific EU countries. User Ratings of Yelp Reviews: A Big Data Analysis Approach • Hyunjin Seo, University of Kansas; Fengjun Li; Jeongsub Lim; Roseann Pluretti, The University of Kansas; Sreenivas Vekapu; Hao Xue • Online customer review platforms are among the most significant examples illustrating how peer-to-peer generated online information affects consumer behaviors and purchasing decisions in this networked information age. To examine effects of review content and reviewer characteristics on consumer evaluations of online reviews, this study analyzed 29,199 reviews of restaurants on Yelp.com collected through our specialized web crawler. Theories of information processing and attribution provided conceptual frameworks for our analysis. Results show that content specificity and content engagement influence consumer assessment of reviews even after controlling for measured reviewer characteristics. In addition, reviewer activeness was strongly associated with content specificity, content engagement, and consumer evaluation of the review. Our findings suggest that consumers may focus more on peripheral cues than central cues in assessing usefulness of online reviews. The current study suggests scholarly and policy implications related to social review systems by providing theoretically informed empirical analyses of consumer perceptions of online reviews. Understanding Online Safety Behavior: The Influence of Prior Experience on Online Safety Motivation • Ruth Shillair, Michigan State University; Robert LaRose, Michigan State University; Mengtian Jiang, Michigan State University; Nora Rifon; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University; Shelia R. Cotten, Michigan State University • Protecting computers and their users from attack is a growing problem that requires action on the part of the average user. Extending Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), the effects of previous experience with online security threats and the role of habitual protections were incorporated into a causal model that included both protection motivation intentions and current safety behaviors. A survey of 988 MTurk workers found that previous experience with moderate security threats increased threat vulnerability and response efficacy but reduced threat severity. Habits were stronger predictors of both intentions and protective behaviors than conventional PMT variables. These findings contribute to an understanding of the motivations of average users to protect themselves online as well as communication principles for PMT based solutions in the computer safety domain. Drawing the Line: Effects Theories and Journalism Studies in a Digital Era • Jane B. Singer, City University London • In a digital age, the nature of mediated communication challenges the explanatory power of media effects theories. As essentially linear conceptualizations that rely on identification and measurement of discrete communication components, these 20th century theories are not inherently well-suited to contemporary journalistic structures and forms. This essay adds to a growing call for a more richly theorized concept of relationship effects suitable to an immersive, iterative, and interconnected environment of news producers and products. Hashtags and Information Virality in Networked Social Movement: Examining Hashtag Co-Occurrence Patterns during the OWS • Rong Wang, University of Southern California; Wenlin Liu, University of Southern California; Shuyang Gao • The ability to disseminate information through networked social media platforms has become increasingly central as evidenced by recent social movements. Using the virality framework, this paper conceptualizes Twitter hashtags as a mechanism to enhance the visibility and symbolic power of a social movement and analyzes hashtag use patterns based on data from the Occupy Wall Street Movement. By identifying popular hashtag types and examining the hashtag co-occurrence networks during two movement days (a regular day versus a day with the outbreak of the UC Davis Pepper Spray event), this study examines how characteristics of hashtag drive information virality during OWS. It also provides a comparative analysis of how major types of viral hashtags may play different roles in influencing the structure of the movement across different movement cycles. Implications on how event dynamics may shape hashtags’ co-occurrence patterns were provided (words: 140). Privacy Concerns and Impacts on Collegiate Student-Athletes’ Usage Behaviors on Twitter: A Communication Privacy Management Perspective • Amanda Jo Pulido, NCAA; KENNETH C.C. YANG, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO; YOWEI KANG, KAINAN UNIVERISITY • This study examined collegiate student-athletes’ privacy concerns and impacts on their Twitter usage. The study empirically tested the predictive power of privacy management variables on Twitter usage behaviors. This study employed an online questionnaire method to survey student-athletes from a large public university in the U.S. Regression analyses concluded that perceived control, permeability rules, and linkage rules of private information on Twitter significantly predict the frequency of checking Twitter accounts. However, only perceived control of privacy information on Twitter was found to predict student-athletes’ daily usage. This study expands Communication Privacy Management (CPM) theory to the collegiate sports context. Faculty Papers Sexual Intensity of Adolescents’ Online Self-Presentations: Joint Contribution of Identity and Media Consumption • Peter Bobkowski, University of Kansas; Autumn Shafer, Texas Tech University; Rebecca Ortiz, Texas Tech University • Adolescents produce and distribute a vast quantity of digital media content, and some of this content is sexual. Within the context of a fictitious social media platform, an online survey (N = 265) of 13- to 15-year-olds found that the sexual intensity of self-presentation is a product sexual self-concept, partially mediated by sexual media diet, and moderated by extraversion. This study bridges emerging research on sexual self-presentation with established literature on adolescents’ sexual media uses and effects. Social Television Engagement: An Integrated Model of Social-Relational and Content-Relational Factors • Jiyoung Cha, San Francisco State University • This study aims to understand how to boost viewers' intention to engage in social TV by detecting antecedents influencing social TV engagement. Thus, this study develops a conceptual model that integrates social-relational factors and content-relational factors to predict intention to engage in social TV. Results suggest that individuals’ relations with the contacts on a SNS, relations with the SNS, and relations with television programs predict engagement in social TV. Effects of content type in a company’s Social Networking Site on users’ willingness to subscribe the page and Word-of-Mouth intentions • Jung Won Chun, University of Florida; Moon Lee • In this study, we explored the effect of content type (utilitarian vs. hedonic) in SNSs on situational involvement with a company’s Facebook page and intentions to subscribe and promote the Facebook page in accordance with enduring involvement with a company. For highly involved people, the effect of utilitarian content is greater than hedonic content, as expected. Hedonic content increased individuals’ situational involvement with a company’s Facebook page more than utilitarian content among low-involved people. Both situational and enduring involvements influenced intention to subscribe to and continuously promote the company’s Facebook page. Show Me the Money!: Importance of Crowdfunding Factors on Decisions to Financially Support Kickstarter Campaigns • Kevin Duvall; Rita Colistra • This research explores which factors are most influential in backers' decisions to financially support Kickstarter projects, using an online survey. Findings suggest that Kickstarter has several distinct benefits for those who support its projects and offers them an experience that traditional production channels cannot. This study improves our understanding of the attitudes that drive Kickstarter, and it helps project creators know what aspects of their campaigns prospective supporters find most important. Gamification of Rock the Vote: Effects on Perceived Modality, Agency, Interactivity, Navigability, And Political Participation • Francis Dalisay, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Patricia Buskirk, University of Hawaii-Manoa; Chamil Rathnayake, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Joanne Loos; Wayne Buente, University of Hawaii-Manoa • This experiment analyzed the effects of the gamification of a Rock the Vote PSA. Results revealed a gamified video version of the PSA triggered higher perceived modality, agency, interactivity, and navigability than a text version. While the gamified video’s perceived coolness, novelty, and enhancement did not differ from those of the non-gamified video, the game was perceived as more active and playful/fun than the non-gamified video. The three versions’ effects on political participation did not differ. Exploring the uses and gratifications of Hispanic and White Facebook and Twitter users • Michael Radlick, American University; Joseph Erba, University of Kansas • Very little is known about the uses and gratifications of Hispanic Facebook and Twitter users. This manuscript presents the results of a pilot cross-sectional survey of Hispanic and White participants (N = 255). Findings address the different gratifications Hispanic and White users seek from Facebook and Twitter, and explore two types of gratifications that have been overlooked in previous studies, advocacy and identity exploration. Implications for communicating to Hispanic audiences and future research are discussed. The role of cues in perceptions of online discussion • Joseph Erba, University of Kansas; Joseph Graf, American University; Ren-Whei Harn • An experiment was conducted (N = 528) to determine the role of a variety of cues on participants’ perceptions of online comments and commenters, and their interest in the online discussion. The experiment relied on theories of social presence, social information processing, and social identity. Findings revealed that politeness of comments, participants’ ethnicity and, to a lesser extent, gender and ethnicity of commenters, affected participants’ overall perceptions of the content of the online discussion. Perpetuating Online Sexism Offline: Anonymity, Interactivity, and the Effects of Sexist Hashtags on Social Media • Jesse Fox, The Ohio State University; Carlos Cruz, The Ohio State University; Ji Young Lee, The Ohio State University • This study examined effects of online sexism. In this experiment, participants (N = 172) used an anonymous or personally identifying Twitter account. They shared (i.e., retweeted) or wrote posts incorporating a sexist hashtag and then evaluated male and female job candidates. Anonymous participants reported more sexism after tweeting than identified participants. Participants who composed sexist tweets reported more hostile sexism and ranked female candidates as less competent than those who retweeted. Social Media, Selective Exposure & the Spiral of Silence, Oh my! • Sherice Gearhart, UNO; Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University • Social media and selective exposure brought forth fundamental challenges to mass communication theories such as the spiral of silence. Despite these changes it has been theorized that the spiral of silence theory may still be alive and well in the social media environment. An Internet survey using a nationwide sample tests Facebook users’ willingness to opine. Results support the influence of online selective exposure and psychological factors on speaking out. Classifying Twitter Topic-Networks Using Social Network Analysis • Itai Himelboim, University of Georgia; Marc Smith, Connected Action Consulting Group; Lee Rainie, Pew Internet and American Life; Ben Shneiderman, University of Maryland; Camila Espina, University of Georgia • As users interact in social media systems like Twitter they form connections that emerge into complex social network structures, forming channels of information flow. Social media networks can be characterized by metrics including density, modularity, centralization and the fraction of isolated users. These network measures can usefully categorize social media networks based on their pattern of connections, revealing six distinct structures of information flow. Divided, unified, fragmented, clustered, in and out hub-and-spoke networks are common structures in these social media networks. We demonstrate the value of these network structures by segmenting Twitter social media network datasets to illustrate six distinct patterns of collective connections. We discuss conceptual and practical implications for each structure in terms of patterns of information flow. A Social Networks Approach to Political Discourse • Taisik Hwang, University of Georgia; Itai Himelboim, University of Georgia; Soo Young Shin • This study examined how Twitter users engaged in the political discourse on the Sewol ferry accident that took place in April 2014 in South Korea by combining a social networks approach with content analysis. A comparison of the number of links across politically homogeneous clusters with the number of links across heterogeneous clusters revealed that selective exposure occurred on the Twitter topic network. Findings also showed the influence of independent journalists in disseminating information on the social network site as well as the dependence of public sentiment on political orientations. The implications of these findings for the relevant research communities were discussed. Predictors of Smartphone Addiction • Se-Hoon Jeong, Korea University; Yoori Hwang, Myongji University • This research examined the user characteristics and media content types that can lead to addiction to smartphones. With regard to user characteristics, results showed that self-control was a negative predictor, whereas stress was a positive predictor of smartphone addiction. For media content types, SNS use, game use, and entertainment-related use were positive predictors of smartphone addiction, whereas study-related use was not. More importantly, SNS use was a stronger predictor of smartphone addiction than game use. Conceptualizing private governance in a networked society: An analysis of scholarship on content governance • Brett Johnson, University of Missouri • This paper reviews scholarship on the ability of digital intermediaries (such as Facebook and Twitter) to enhance individual communicative agency, as well as the power of those intermediaries to control individuals’ speech. The paper incorporates so-called affirmative theories of the First Amendment into the analysis to connect the concepts discussed in this paper to a major scholarly tradition that addresses the implications of private institutions controlling public discourse through their control over communication technologies. Do smartphone ‘power users’ protect mobile privacy better than non-power users? Exploring power usage as a factor in mobile privacy protection • Hyunjin Kang, George Washington University; Wonsun Shin, Nanyang Technological University • This study examines how smartphone users' competency of usage (i.e., power usage) impacts their privacy protection behaviors. An online survey of 1,133 smartphone users in Singapore finds that both privacy concerns and trust in mobile marketers mediate the relationship between power usage and privacy protection. When privacy concerns are included, power usage has a positive indirect effect on protection behaviors, yet when trust is included, power usage has an adverse effect on efforts to protect one’s online privacy. An APPetite for Political Information? Characteristics and Media Habits of Mobile News App Users • Barbara Kaye, University of Tennessee - Knoxville; Tom Johnson • The ubiquity of mobile devices has triggered questions about who uses them, and whether their presence affects political participation and time spent with traditional media. Individuals who rely heavily on mobile news apps for political information are more politically active and heavier users of broadcast and cable television, newspapers, news magazines and radio news than those who rarely/never rely on apps. Moreover, reliance on news apps complements the amount of time spent using traditional media. College Students’ Digital Media Use and Social Engagement: How Social Media Use and Smartphone Use Influence College Students’ Social Activities • Yonghwan Kim, University of Alabama; Yuan Wang, University of Alabama; Jeyoung Oh • Social media and mobile phones have emerged as important platforms for college students’ social engagement. This study examined whether and how college students’ use of social media and smartphones influence their social engagement motivated by need to belong. A survey was administered to 446 college students. Findings revealed that students’ need to belong was positively related with their use of social media and smartphones, which could further facilitate their social engagement. Moreover, the relationship between the need to belong and social engagement was mediated by college students’ digital media use. This study offers empirical evidence of the positive effects of digital media on social behaviors and contributed to further understanding about the mechanisms by which need to belong leads to social engagement through digital media use. Why Do People Post Selfies? Investigating Psychological Predictors of Selfie Behaviors • Ji Won Kim; Tamara Makana Chock • This study examined the psychological predictors of selfie behaviors. An online survey (N = 260) explored the associations between personality traits and needs and selfie posting and editing. Results showed that extraversion, narcissism, and need for popularity were positively correlated with selfie posting and editing. Controlling for age and social media use, narcissism and need for popularity predicted selfie posting, but not editing behavior. A Functional and Structural Diagnosis of Online Health Communities for Sustainability with a Focus on Resource Richness and Site Design Features • Hyang-Sook Kim, Towson University; Amy Mrotek, St. Norbert College; Quincy Kissack • The reality of online communities’ under-contribution issues has often been clouded with theoretical rather than real-world insight. The present study aims to neutralize this disparity, focusing through content analysis on 196 health websites and communities to systematically evaluate their functional and structural interfaces–the ingredients for a thriving online environment. Particularly attention will be paid to what variables equate to successful site traffic and impressions, ultimately providing suggestions to facilitate and optimize user contribution. The effects of argument quality, multitasking with Facebook, and polychronicity on health-protective behavioral intentions • Anastasia Kononova; Shupei Yuan, Michigan State University; Eunsin Joo; Sangji Rhee • As people increasingly seek medical information and advice online, studying factors that affect health information processing and health-protective behaviors becomes especially important. The present research explored the effects of argument quality, media multitasking, and polychronicity on health-protective behavioral intentions. Participants (N=121) read an online article about influenza that included suggestions to engage in flu-preventive behaviors in the form of strong and weak arguments. In one condition, participants read the article and checked Facebook, while in another condition they were only exposed to the article. Polychronicity, or preference for multitasking, was included in the study as a moderator. Strong arguments were found to elicit more positive behavioral intentions than weak arguments. Participants also expressed greater health-protective behavioral intentions in the media multitasking condition compared with the control condition. Compared with low polychronics, moderate and high polychronics showed greater behavioral intentions when they read the article in the multitasking condition. The difference in intentions to follow suggestions presented as strong and weak arguments decreased for moderate and high polychronics. The results are discussed with the application of Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion. Swearing Effects on Audience Comments Online: A Large-Scale Comparison of Political vs. Non-Political News Topics • K. Hazel Kwon, Arizona State University; Daegon Cho, POSTECH - South Korea • Swearing, the use of taboo languages tagged with a high level of emotional arousal, has become commonplace in contemporary media culture. The current study attempts to understand the ways in which swearing influences news audience commenting culture online. Based on a large corpus of the two-month audience comments from 26 news websites in South Korea, the study examines swearing effects as well as its interplay with anonymity on garnering public attention and shaping other audiences’ perceptions of the comments. Findings suggest that swearing generally has a positive effect on increasing public attention to the comments as well as gaining other audiences’ approvals. Comparisons between political and non-political news topics further suggest that swearing effect on gaining public attention is particularly prominent for political news comments. In contrast, the magnitude of change towards positive valence in public perception to comments is much greater for non-political topics than for politics. From the findings, we conclude that an acceptable degree of swearing norms in news audiences’ commenting culture online vary across news topical arenas. The results also lead to discussions about the possibility of likeminded exposure to political comments as a default condition for online news discussions. Finally, the study highlights the role of high-arousal emotions in shaping audience participation in contemporary networked socio-digital environment. Online collective action as group identity performance: Extending the strategic side of SIDE • Yu-Hao Lee, University of Florida; Robert Wells, University of Florida • Low-cost online collective action facilitated by social media has been both praised as empowering to groups with less power to mobilize, but also criticized as feel-good slacktivism that has no actual impact. Based on the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE), we examined online collective action as a group identity performance to one’s in-group and towards the target out-group. A 2 (visibility) x 2 (out-group strength) experiment was conducted to investigate when people will strategically partake in an initial online action and a subsequent action. The findings indicated that group identity predicted participating in online collective action. While the actual cost of performing the initial action was low. Visibility and out-group strength communicated different symbolic weight and affected people’s efforts in a subsequent action. The findings has theoretical implication by expanding the strategic side of SIDE. The study also has practical implications for organizations or campaigns that seek to take advantage of social media platforms. Hooked on Facebook: The Role of Social Anxiety and Need for Social Assurance in Facebook Addiction • Roselyn J. Lee-Won, The Ohio State University; Sung Gwan Park, Seoul National University • Building on the social skill deficits model of problematic Internet use, this research examined the role of need for social assurance as a possible moderator for the relationship between social anxiety and Facebook addiction. A cross-sectional online survey, conducted with a college-student Facebook users in the United States (N=243), showed that the positive association between social anxiety and Facebook addiction was significant only among those with high levels of need for social assurance. Contextual and Normative Influence on Willingness to Express Minority Views Online and in Offline Settings • Xigen Li, City University of Hong Kong • This study explores contextual and normative factors influencing willingness to express minority views on the Internet and in offline settings. The findings show that perceived receptiveness to diverse opinions positively predicts the willingness to express minority views both online and offline. The effect of fear of isolation on willingness to express minority views do not differ significantly from that of perceived risk of expressing minority views. Perceived social norm has no effect on the willingness to express minority views on the Internet and in offline settings, while deviance to social norm positively predicts the willingness to express minority views in both settings. Belief strength is found to be a positive predictor of the willingness to express minority views on the Internet, but not in offline settings. Backchannel Communication Motives for Viewing Televised Olympic Games: Implications for the Future of Sports Broadcasting • Joon Soo Lim, Syracuse University; YoungChan Hwang • We conducted an online survey with 500 randomly selected social TV users in South Korea right after the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics. Employing structural equation modeling, each motivational factor of backchannel communication was used to predict respondents’ social presence and sports channel commitment. The results showed that social interaction, information and excitement motives of social TV positively related to social presence, while it was convenience and information motives that predicted sports channel commitment. Determinants of SNS discussion disagreement: The effects of political interest, SNS news use, and weak ties • Yanqin Lu, Indiana University; Jae Kook Lee • Drawing on a national probability survey, this study explores the predictors of discussion disagreement on SNSs. The results reveal that both political interest and news-related activities on SNSs are negatively associated with discussion disagreement. Both of these two negative relationships are particularly stronger among those who have a small proportion of weak ties in their social media networks. Implications are discussed for the impacts of SNS use on deliberative democracy. A study of audience reactions to a celebrity’s announcement of cancer via social media: The roles of audience involvement, emotion, and gender • Jessica Myrick, Indiana University; Rachelle Pavelko, Indiana University; Roshni Verghese, Indiana University; Joe Bob Hester • The present study employed a content analysis of users’ Facebook responses (N = 3,953) to actor Hugh Jackman’s 2013 post announcing his skin cancer diagnosis. The aim of the study was to explore connections between audience involvement, emotional reactions to cancer news, gender of social media users, and the resulting social-media based public discussions of cancer-related prevention and detection. Findings highlight how the affordances of social media can foster close mediated relationships with public figures. Upvotes Guarding the Gate: Analyzing thematic clues and news element in Reddit’s role as a social link aggregation site • Jeffrey Riley, Florida Gulf Coast University • This study was a quantitative content analysis looking at Reddit, a popular social link sharing website. Specifically, it looked at the /r/news subpage, which boasts 4 million subscribers. Reddit allows all users to submit links to content and then democratically vote up or down on the content. The order content appears in on the page itself is determined partially by that democratic voting process. The study, using gatekeeping theory, examines ownership, topic, theme, and elements of newsworthiness in the top submissions to /r/news over a 20-day period. The study found that Reddit, despite being an open-ended system that allows submissions from all types content, relies heavily on both legacy media and traditional media frames. The results of the study suggests that Reddit acts almost more as a perpetuation of legacy ideals within the news media as opposed to a revolutionary force in and of itself. Always Connected or Always Distracted? ADHD and Social Assurance Explain Problematic Use of Mobile Phone and Multicommunicating • mihye seo; Junghyun Kim; Prabu David • Multicommunicating with mobile phone during face-to-face encounters with family and friends was examined with data from an online survey of 432 adults in the U.S. Multicommunicating was positively associated with problematic use of mobile phone (PUMP) and explained by two different processes, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a social need to belong. We found that those with ADHD symptoms were more likely to engage in PUMP and frequent multicommunicating. In addition, strong need for social assurance, which involves an always-on and connected lifestyle, explained PUMP and multicommunicating. Further, the role of social connectedness was more salient in females than males. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed. TV Becomes Social Again : An Analysis of Motivations, Psychological Traits and Social-Interaction Behaviors of Two-screen Viewing • Hongjin Shim; Euikyung Shin; Sohei Lim • This study investigates the moderation effect of peer-group pressure in the context of groups chat on mobile instant messengers (MIMs). Why do adolescents engage in bullying behaviors on MIMs in opposition to their attitude toward bullying? Generally, previous research has explored modest associations between attitude toward cyberbullying and cyberbullying behaviors. However, this study focuses on the moderating role played by peer-group pressure in MIM group chats. An interaction effect between peer-group pressure and negative attitude toward MIM bullying is hypothesized and demonstrated based on data (N = 424) gathered via a survey conducted in July 2014 of randomly selected students from South Korean high schools and junior high schools in South Korea. The findings support the effect of interaction between the attitude and peer-group pressure. Adolescents with a highly negative attitude toward MIM bullying tended not to engage in MIM bullying regardless of the level of peer-group pressure to which they perceived themselves to be subject. However, adolescents with a neutral or positive attitude toward MIM bullying who perceived a high level of peer-group pressure engaged more in MIM bulling behaviors than did those with a similarly neutral or positive attitude who perceived a low level of PGP. It was concluded that self-justification or self-persuasion on the part of adolescents possibly resulting from the logic of cognitive dissonance can bring about engagement in MIM bullying behaviors even against adolescents’ attitudes toward MIM bullying. Up, Periscope: Live streaming apps, the right to record, and the gaps in privacy law • Daxton Stewart, TCU; Jeremy Littau, Lehigh University • Meerkat and Periscope, mobile applications that allow users to provide live streaming video to their followers, quickly became popular among citizens and journalists upon their launch earlier this year. As the next wave of communication technologies permitting the instantaneous sharing of information, these live-streaming apps have the potential to reshape the way people think about any right to privacy they may have in public places, as well as the rights of people to record in public places under the First Amendment. Additionally, journalists are already using these tools in ways that may have a significant impact on coverage of politics and culture in the very near future. Using legal research methodology, this article examines the privacy law implications of mobile, live-streaming apps, uncovering a gap in traditional conceptualizations of privacy law that may need to be resolved to ensure a balance between a person's reasonable expectation of privacy and a person's right to record in public. Social Media Brands: Toward a More Generalizable Field • Elizabeth Stoycheff; Juan Liu; Kunto Wibowo; Dominic Nanni • Social media are evolving pervasively. And scholars have noticed. This study explores interdisciplinary social media research over the past decade and identifies trends in language, types of social media sites, thematic content areas, and geographic contexts in which this research is situated. Gaps in the literature and areas of study worthy of future examination are discussed. This News is brought to you by a Drone: User Reactions to Machine Agency in News Gathering • Akshaya Sreenivasan, The Pennsylvania State University; S. Shyam Sundar, Penn State University • A seven-condition, between-subjects experiment (N=274) was conducted to explore the relative effects of three human (reporter, citizen journalist, crowd) and three machine sources (drone, robot, webcam) used in newsgathering, against a control. While viewers perceive news attributed to machines like drones and robots as entertaining and enjoyable, machine sources tended to undermine the perceived credibility of the story. Traditional sources scored highest on trust, a critical mediator of credibility. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Using an Eye Tracker to Investigate Attentional Capture of Animated Display Advertisements: A Cognitive Control Account • Chen-Chao Tao, Department of Communication and Technology, National Chiao Tung University • Whether animated display ads can capture attention and enhance memory are still contentious. This study redefines animation in terms of dynamic structural features and argues that animation appearing as a unique event will capture attention (unique event hypothesis). An eye-tracking experiment using authentic news webpages with one ad on the right was conducted to compare the effects of 2D animated ads (oscillation, movement, or flash) and static ads. Generalized estimating equations showed that animation grabbed the eyes, suggesting the occurrence of implicit attentional capture. Memory for ads is determined by the joint influence of the amount of attention allocated to ads and the structural complexity of ads. Oscillation ads had the highest score, followed by movement ads. It is concluded that animation as a unique event in the visual field will capture attention, and banner blindness is a phenomenon of inattentional blindness. Feeling Happy or Being Immersed? Advertising Effects of Game-Product Congruity in Different Game App Environments • Shaojung Sharon Wang, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan; Hsuan-Yi Chou, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan • Mobile games have become one of the most profitable digital platforms for game publishers and developers alike, driven by the widespread adoption of smart devices. Among three important sources of mobile game revenues (downloads of games, in-game purchases, and advertising), ad revenues have experienced the fastest growth. This study explored the effects of congruity between the products in the interstitial ads and game app environment on consumers’ responses to the ads. The moderation of happiness types experienced during gameplay and game immersion of the consumers on advertising effects of game-product congruity was also examined. Experimental results revealed that (1) as game-product congruity increased, advertising effects were improved; (2) happiness types of gameplay environments had a direct impact on consumers’ responses toward embedded ads. When playing the calm-happiness game (vs. excited-happiness), consumers were more favorable toward embedded ads and had higher click and purchase intentions; (3) game happiness types moderated the effects of game-product congruity. When consumers played the calm-happiness game, game-product congruity positively affected advertising effects. However, when consumers played the excited-happiness game, moderate congruity generated higher purchase intention than high and low congruity; (4) the positive advertising effects resulting from game-product congruity were more salient when consumers were less immersed in the game. Theoretical implications on app advertising research, schema theory, happiness, and immersion, as well as practical suggestions are discussed. How does Parallax Scrolling influence User Experience? A Test of TIME (Theory of Interactive Media Effects) • Ruoxu Wang, Penn State University; S. Shyam Sundar, Penn State University • Parallax scrolling is a popular technique used widely in website design. Depth (or dimension) and scrolling come together to create a 3D effect, but it is unclear how this technique affects user experience. A controlled experiment (N = 133) deploying parallax scrolling in the context of product presentation reveals that perceived vividness and perceived coolness of this technique serve to engage users, with positive effects on attitude and behavior toward the website as well as the featured product. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. The Effects of Online Consumer Reviews on Brand Evaluation, Attitude and Purchase Intent • Tai-Yee Wu, University of Connecticut; Carolyn Lin, University of Connecticut • This study proposes an integrated conceptual model to investigate how user-generated online consumer product reviews (or eWOM) influence reader attitude and purchase intent toward an electronic product. The results generated by 508 participants suggest that perceived trustworthiness, usefulness and message valence of online product reviews as well as user experience with eWOM and gender play either a direct or indirect role in influencing reader attitude toward the product and product purchase intent. Skepticism as a Political Orientation Factor: A Moderated Mediation Model of Online Opinion Expression • Masahiro Yamamoto, University of Wisconsin-La crosse; Jay Hmielowski, Washington State University; Michael Beam, Kent State University; Myiah Hutchens, Washington State University • This study examines skepticism as an orienting factor that fosters active news media use and online opinion expression. Data from a national online panel of participants matching national population characteristics show that skepticism is related to increases in news media use, which in turn positively predicts online opinion expression. Data further indicate that this indirect link between skepticism and online opinion expression via news media use differed by age, such that this mediation effect is stronger for younger respondents in the current sample. Implications are discussed for the role of skepticism in producing an engaged citizen. Student Papers Examining Users' Continued Intention Toward Facebook Use: An Integrated Model • Chen-Wei Chang, University of Southern Mississippi • This study applies three theories (i.e., the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2, social contract theory, and technology continuance theory) to develop a new model for users' continued intention toward Facebook use. An online survey based on random sampling (N = 450) was conducted in 2014. Data analysis employing structural equation modeling shows that the proposed model explains 65% of the variance for users' continued intention. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. The Influence of News Overload on News Consumption • Victoria Chen, University of Texas at Austin • This exploratory study examined how news overload influences news consumption behavior and how news consumption behavior influences news overload. The results revealed that the more people felt news overloaded by the news, the less likely they were to watch TV. In contrast, the more people experience news overloaded, the more likely they were to use a search engine for news. The results also reveal that online news consumption does not contribute to a feeling of news overload. Wikipedia: Remembering in the digital age • Michelle Chen • Collective memories are usually sanctioned by ruling elites, who determine the types of memory that should be remembered along with how they should be remembered. As an open-source website, Wikipedia has the potential to broaden the range of memories accessible on a global platform, memories that may or may not be sanctioned by elites. This paper examined the ways Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989 was remembered on a global platform such as Wikipedia, and the implications of having that borderless public space for the representation and remembrance of events. Using textual analysis, this paper first examined the ways in which the New York Times and Xinhua News Agency reported on and interpreted the Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989, and how the protests were subsequently remembered in both presses in the 21st century. This paper then compared the official memory of the protests in the two presses with its public memory, as represented by the ways in which contributors on Wikipedia remembered the protests. Findings point to Wikipedia as a site of struggle over the hierarchy of memories. The dynamics between alternative and opposing memories on Wikipedia both reveal and are affected by the differences in how the protests were framed and made meaningful only to those who belong to certain cultural groups. Findings call into question the possibility of having a wider range of memories that encompasses the un-reported and under-reported collective memory of an iconic event in the digital age. Who do you trust? Social endorsements effects on news evaluation • Myojung Chung, Syracuse University • Using a 2 x 3 between-subjects experiment (N = 297), this study examines how media source credibility and the level of social endorsements affect news evaluation. Results suggest that (a) there are main effects of media source credibility and social endorsements level on the way people perceive and evaluate online news content, and (b) other readers' endorsements moderates the impact of media source credibility on news evaluation. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Does Social Media Usage Reduce Information Asymmetry Among Investors? Evidence From Consumer Product Recall • Soo Jeong Hong, Michigan State University; Kwangjin Lee, Michigan State University; Hyunsang Son, The University of Texas at Austin • This study examines the impact of social media usage on the capital market consequences of firms’ disclosure. The study has the following findings: (a) the additional dissemination of recall information via social media is associated with more negative abnormal stock return; (b) social media usage tend to exacerbate negative market reactions only in the case of passive recall announcements; and (c) comprehensive social media usage data may provide more accurate results. Do We Trust Crowd or System? Effects of Personalization and Bandwagon Cues on User Perception • Jinyoung Kim, Pennsylvania State University; Andrew Gambino; Xiaoye Zhou • This study examined the effects of personalization and bandwagon cues (e.g., star ratings, reviews) in a restaurant recommendation web site. An online experiment was conducted measuring participants’ perceptions and intentions towards the restaurants and the web site. Results showed that personalization and bandwagon cues increased positive perceptions and intentions toward both restaurant and web site. Theoretical and practical implications for future research on the effect of web site interface cues on user’ perceptions are provided. Elderly’s uses and gratifications of social media: Key to improving social support and social involvement • Gordon Lee, School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Jessica Fuk Yin KONG • This study attempts to build a bridge between the existing factor and impact research on senior citizens’ use of social media. A random sample of 392 senior citizens was surveyed to understanding their reasons for and the potential effects of using social media on one’s perceived social support and social involvement. The result demonstrates that social media help senior citizens gain more social support and social involvement. Seen but No Reply. Hmmm? Messaging Platforms’ Message Read Receipts and their Psychological Impact on Users • Yee Man (Margaret) Ng, The University of Texas at Austin School of Journalism • Message read receipts have become a common feature on messaging platforms such as Facebook Messenger and WhatsApp, but they are not always welcome. In many instances, these receipts create social pressure. This study explores negative psychosocial impacts of message read receipts on users. Results of a national online survey (N = 247) reveal a discrepancy between senders’ and receivers’ perceptions towards message read receipts. In addition, the responsiveness to reply messages and the level of negative emotions of not replying depend on (1) receivers’ social distance with senders, and (2) whether the message is sent to an individual or a group of receivers. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on the use and psychological effects of instant messaging platforms. The Allure of Self-Expression or the Desire for Privacy? Exploring Users’ Motivations for Temporary, Photograph-Based Communication • T. Franklin Waddell, Penn State University • Although visually-mediated short message applications are increasingly popular, the gratifications that users obtain from the visual affordances these services provide has been relatively underexplored. Informed by the MAIN model, the current study conducted interviews with 21 young adults to explore the motivations associated with the visually-mediated mobile application, Snapchat. Findings reveal that privacy maintenance and enhanced self-expression are common gratifications that users derive from temporary, photograph-based communication services. The implications of these results for theory and practice are discussed. Smartphones as Social Actors? Dispositional factors that make anthropomorphism in communication technology different • Wenhuan Wang, University of Oregon • Smartphones are the most personalized communication technology and in the meantime the most personified in our society. Existing studies on anthropomorphism in computing technology focus on how to implement and elicit positive anthropomorphic effects but fail to address the motivations and dispositional factors. Through an online survey that incorporates well-tested psychological scales, this study provides empirical evidences that smartphone users’ social dispositions including chronic loneliness and attachment style are associated with their acceptance and awareness of anthropomorphism. Findings in this study suggest that Computers as Social Actors studies are limited to method of choice and overlooked how people adapt to communication technologies differently in real life settings. Anthropomorphic design in communication technology and anthropomorphized message in advertising strategies need further examination when targeting a diversified or specified demographic. Understanding the Appeal of Social Q&A Sites: Gratifications, Personality Traits, and Quality Judgment as Predictors • Renwen Zhang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Chen Gan • This study examines the roles of gratifications, personalities, and quality judgment in predicting social Q&A sites use. Results from a sample of 426 college students indicate that gratifications, including social/affection needs, cognitive needs, fashion-status, and entertainment, were the most salient predictors of social Q&A sites use. However, although personalities and quality judgment were strong predictors of gratifications, they had no direct predictive power toward social Q&A sites use. Patients like me: Exploring Empathetic Interactions about Pain in an Online Health Community • Xuan Zhu • This study explored empathetic interactions within an online health community PatientsLikeMe. Texture analysis of 200 discussion postings from group forums related to chronic pain was used to determine how empathetic interactions are constructed in a virtual social setting through textual communication. The results revealed six components of online empathy concerning two roles within empathetic communication: the empathizer and the empathy receiver. Commonalities and differences between components of online and offline empathy were discussed. 2015 Abstracts  ]]> 15368 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/ctm-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 22:31:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15371 Open Call Competition Fear of Social Isolation, Perceived Opinion Congruence, and Opinion Expression: Toward an Implicit Cognition Approach • Florian Arendt, Universität München (LMU) • This paper presents a test of the spiral of silence theory using an implicit cognition approach. Opinion expression is conceptualized as the correlation between inner (i.e., implicit) and overtly expressed (i.e., explicit) attitudes. It was hypothesized that fear of social isolation predicts opinion expression, but only in individuals who perceive public opinion to be hostile. A study using a cross-sectional survey with a quota-based sample (N = 832) supports this hypothesis. An implicit cognition approach can be seen as a supplement to traditional approaches because it does not rely on self-reported behavioral intentions or hypothetical scenarios to measure opinion expression. Attitude-Based Selective Exposure: Implicit and Explicit Attitudes as Predictors of Media Choice • Florian Arendt, Universität München (LMU) • The attitude-based selective exposure hypothesis predicts that media users craft a message diet that tends to reflect their attitudinal predispositions. Previous research has relied almost exclusively on overtly expressed evaluations (explicit attitudes) as predictors of media choice. We present a web-based study (N = 519) testing whether automatically activated evaluations (implicit attitudes) can add predictive value. The use of implicit attitudes as a supplement to explicit attitudes was based on the assumption that media users are typically not aware of processes governing media choice decisions and that very little cognitive elaboration takes place most of the time. The explanatory power of implicit attitudes is assumed to be stronger in such low-cost situations compared to high-cost situations. The present study revealed that both implicit and explicit attitudes displayed incremental validity, with each attitudinal construct predicting media choice variance beyond that predicted by the other. Connective Social Media: A Catalyst for LGBT Political Consumerism Among Members of a Networked Public • Amy Becker, Loyola University Maryland; Lauren Copeland, John Carroll University • Although research shows that social media use is associated with political consumerism, it is not clear which online activities encourage boycotting and buycotting. In this paper, we theorize that when people use social media to meet other people or discuss politics, social media use has the potential to create networked publics or imagined communities that can mobilize people to action. This means that how people use social media matters more than whether they use social media at all. To test our expectation, we analyze data from a 2013 nationally representative survey of LGBT adults (N = 1,197). We find that those who use social media for connective activities such as meeting new LGBT friends or discussing LGBT issues are significantly more likely to engage in boycotts or buycotts to promote equal rights. We also find significant interactions between connective media use and political interest. Specifically, connective forms of social media use mobilizes people with low levels of political interest to participate, and reinforces the likelihood that people with high levels of political interest will participate. These findings increase our understanding of how specific types of digital media use have the potential to mobilize issue publics. They also demonstrate that the relationship between social media use and political interest is more complex than previously assumed. Making Them Count: Socializing on Facebook to Optimize the Accumulation of Social Capital • Brandon Bouchillon, UNC Asheville; Melissa R. Gotlieb, Texas Tech University • This study uses national survey data from U.S. adults to explore social media’s role in revitalizing social capital for a rapidly diversifying society. Results support our contention that individuals who use Facebook to expand and diversify their personal networks experience greater gains from weak-tie interactions for diversifying civic engagements and generalizing trust to the average person. Findings suggest the potential for social media to reduce perceived threat from diversity and combat the “hunker down” effect. The scale development practices in communication research journals: 2003-2013 • Serena Carpenter, MSU • Previous content analyses of journal articles show that authors use inappropriate statistics when creating scales. This study’s purpose was to replicate previous research examining the scale development and reporting practices of scholars. The results of the quantitative content analysis of four journalism and mass communication journals indicate that scholars primarily used principal components analysis, orthogonal rotation, and the eigenvalues greater than one rule to assess their theoretical models. In addition, this research adds to the literature by summarizing how scholars created and gauged items for their new measures. The findings reveal that they rarely used qualitative research to generate items. When everyone's watching. A motivations-based account of selective expression and exposure • David Coppini, University of Wisconsin Madison; Megan Duncan, University of Wisconsin-Madison; David Wise, UW-Madison; Douglas McLeod; Kristen Bialik, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Yin Wu • This study integrates theories of selective exposure with an updated version of uses and gratifications to account for partisans’ motivations for consuming and sharing ideologically consistent information. Manipulating the visibility of an individual’s media choices, we investigate differences between selection of news choices when these are public and when they are private. Based on a sample of college students (N=192), our results yield two important insights. First, our findings suggest that conservatives are more likely to engage in political motivated selectivity in the public condition. Second, motivations related to identity and opinion management are more likely to be activated when news choices are public. Extending the RISP model in online contexts: Online comments and novel methodological approaches • Graham Dixon, WSU; Kit Kaiser • This paper introduces theoretical propositions aimed at extending the prominent, but methodologically under-researched, risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model within the context of a timely issue, online comment effects. In particular, we offer propositions that expand the RISP model by (1) incorporating a specific information seeking behavior (e.g., online comment reading), (2) operationalizing antecedent variables as manipulated, momentary reactions to stimuli, rather than long term traits, and (3) examining how manipulated RISP model variables indirectly influence the effect of online user comments. Doing so not only fills theoretical gaps in mass media and information seeking, but also can prompt informed discussions regarding the ethics of using (and banning) online comment sections. Over-Friended: Facebook Intensity, Social Anxiety, and Role Conflict • Lee Farquhar, Samford University; Theresa Davidson, Samford University • This study examines the potential for a social structure – the polyopticon – to occur on Facebook. Individuals in vast networks must perform amongst several social subgroups. The polyopticon recognizes that multiple sets of rules govern Facebook (based on social norms). Individual musts follow all of the rules simultaneously. Our survey of college students supports the concept of the polyopticon in that increased Facebook friends and involvement relate to higher levels of role conflict and anxiety. Blowing Embers: An Exploration of the Agenda-Setting Role of Books • Michael Fuhlhage, Wayne State University; Don Shaw, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Lynette Holman, Appalachian State University; Sun Young Lee, Texas Tech University; Jason Moldoff • Books have long been credited with social and cultural influence, but the evidence for this is largely anecdotal and fragmentary. This study proposes a model for testing the influence of books by wedding the methods of cultural studies, communication studies, and book history with the theoretical frameworks of media agenda setting to assess the relationship between four best sellers and policy and cultural changes that previously had been uncritically attributed to them: The Jungle, Fast Food Nation, Backlash, and All the King’s Men. Testing Links Among Uncertainty, Affect and Attitude Toward a Health Behavior in a Risky Setting • Timothy Fung, Hong Kong Baptist University; Robert Griffin, Marquette University; Sharon Dunwoody, University of Wisconsin-Madison • The relationship between uncertainty and emotional reactions to risk has been explored in only a cursory fashion to date. This study seeks to remedy that by examining linkages between uncertainty judgment and such affective reactions as worry and anger within the context of an environmental health risk. It uses data from a longitudinal study of people’s reactions to the risks of eating contaminated fish from the Great Lakes, which employed the Risk Information Seeking and Processing model proposed by Griffin, Dunwoody and Neuwirth (1999) and, in the process, seeks to test the expanded model, which includes behavioral intentions. Findings supported the expanded model and indicated both that uncertainty judgment has a strong influence on worry and anger and that anger has a positive impact on attitude toward fish avoidance. Advancing distinctive effects of political discussion and expression on political participation: The moderating role of online and social media privacy concerns • Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Vienna; Brian Weeks, University of Vienna, Department of Communication; Trevor Diehl, University of Vienna • Online and social media engagement, such as news use and political discussion, have been found to bolster political participation. However, the idea that online political expression is a precursor to other pro-democratic behaviors is underdeveloped. This study first addresses this gap in the literature by introducing a model in which political discussion mediates the relationship between online political expression and offline participation. This paper next explores the possible moderating effect of citizens’ online privacy concerns on this process. The study empirically addresses whether, and if so how, fears of government surveillance and other privacy concerns might have an adverse effect on offline political activity. Based on two-wave-panel US data, results indicate political discussion mediates the positive relationship between online and social media political expression and participation. Furthermore, individuals’ privacy concerns moderate the relationship between political discussion and participation, while it has no effect on the connection between expression and participation. The “News Finds Me” Effect in Communication • Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Vienna; Brian Weeks, University of Vienna, Department of Communication; Alberto Ardèvol-Abreu, University of Vienna • With social media at the forefront of today’s media context, citizens may believe they do not need to actively seek the news because they will eventually be exposed to such important information through their peers and social networks: the “news finds me effect.” This effect may carry significant implications for communication and social behaviors. First, it may alter individuals’ news consumption patterns. Second, it may also relate to people’s levels of political knowledge. Based on two-wave panel survey data collected in the United States (W¹=1,816; W2=1,024), we find that individuals who believe the news will find them are less likely to use traditional sources of news like television news and newspapers and are less knowledgeable about political and civic affairs. Although the news finds me belief is positively associated with exposure to news on social media, news from these sites does not directly or indirectly facilitate political learning. Our findings illustrate that news continues to enhance political knowledge best when it is actively sought. Media Dependency and Parental Mediation • August Grant, University of South Carolina; Larry Webster, University of South Carolina; Yicheng Zhu, University of South Carolina • A national survey of 398 parents explored relationships among parental mediation of television viewing and individual media dependency. Two new dimensions of individual media dependency are proposed: reliance of the individual upon the media system to control an individual’s environment (personal control) and the environment of others (social control). These measures proved to be significantly related to both level of parental mediation and usage of V-Chip technology, as well as to traditional television dependency measures. The Role of Political Homophily of News Reception and Political Discussion via Social Media for Political Participation • Ki Deuk Hyun • This study investigates mobilizing function of political homophily in SNS-mediated communication. Survey data analyses found that reception of news consistent with one’s political orientations through social media was positively associated with political participation whereas reception of counter-attitudinal news was not related. Similarly, SNS-based discussion with politically likeminded others predicted political participation while discussion with non-likeminded people did not contribute to participation. Moreover, homogenous news reception and homogenous discussion had an interactive influence on political participation. “I’m a news junkie. … I like being informed...” Uses & Gratifications and Mobile News Users • Jacqueline Incollingo, Rider University • A mixed methods research project combining quantitative survey results (n=632) with semi-structured interview data (n=30) explored how digital subscribers engage with mobile news, under the uses and gratifications framework. Themes of continuity indicate that motivations in traditional newspaper use remain salient in mobile news: information-seeking, the pleasure of reading, and powerful daily habits surrounding news use. Additional gratification concepts specific to tablet and smartphone news use, including mobility and the value of scaffolding, are suggested. The community of practice model: A new approach to social media use in crisis communication • Melissa Janoske, University of Memphis • Building community in a crisis situation offers individuals a chance to not just survive, but potentially thrive through a disaster. This project applies the community of practice model to understand online communities’ crisis communication. Two qualitative case studies of crises (a natural disaster and a violent act, as discussed on Facebook and Twitter) are offered as exemplars of the model, and as support for the expansion of the model to improve crisis communication and recovery. Boundary Expansion of a Threatened Self: Entertainment as Relief • Benjamin Johnson, VU University Amsterdam; Michael Slater, The Ohio State University; Nathan Silver, The Ohio State University; David Ewoldsen, The Ohio State University • The temporarily expanding boundaries of the self (TEBOTS) model identifies challenges faced by the self as an impetus for engagement with narratives. To test how everyday threats to the self-concept drive enjoyment, appreciation, and immersion into narrative worlds, self-affirmation was used to experimentally alleviate those threats. Self-affirmed people experienced less narrative entertainment and immersion. Additionally, a scale was developed to measure boundary expansion processes. Furthermore, search for meaning in life was found to moderate effects. The perception of media community among NPR listeners • Joseph Kasko, University of South Carolina • This research examines the role of community in generating support for public radio. NPR listeners were surveyed to learn if they perceive they are part of a community of listeners and if that perception influences support. This work introduces the concept of the “media community” and the scales used to measure it. It also concludes that a sense of media community can positively influence support through listening and donating financially. Replicating and Extending Cognitive Bridging: Connecting the Action of Recycling to the Goal of Environmental Conservation • Sherri Jean Katz, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities • Cognitive bridging refers to the connection between abstract goals and the means to achieve them - high and low construal level concerns, respectively. A 2 (bridging message/ non-bridging message) x 2 (action cue/ no action cue) experiment (n = 209), extends previous research on cognitive bridging by adding a predictor (action cue) and two dependent variables (complexity and positive affect) into the experimental design. Findings replicate previous research on cognitive bridging and offer theoretical extensions. Theoretical and Methodological Trends of Agenda Setting Theory: A Thematic Meta-Analysis of the Last Four Decades • Yeojin Kim; Youngju Kim, The University of Alabama; Shuhua Zhou, University of Alabama • Through a thematic meta-analysis, the current study examined theoretical, topical, and methodological trends of agenda setting research over time from 1972 through 2012. Research trends, topics, media, methods, and utilization of other theories in agenda setting studies were discussed along with the evolution of the theoretical map of agenda setting studies. Findings indicated that the number of agenda setting research has been increasing over time, along with the expansion of research topics, media, methods, and use of other theories. This study provided a general overview of agenda setting studies as well as new insights for future research trends and directions. An Attention-Cycle Analysis of the Media and Twitter Agendas of Attributes of the Nuclear Issue • Jisu Kim; Young Min • "This study examined the effect of network agenda-setting (NAS) along Downs’ issue attention cycle. To overcome limitations of traditional agenda-setting research that typically explored the hierarchical prominence among issues or attributes, this study primarily examined the transfer of relations among attributes from the media to the public network agenda using diverse social network concepts such as degree centrality and cliques. In this study “degree centrality” represented the salience of each attribute while the number and size of “cliques” showed the extent to which the network agenda contains different subgroups of attributes. As a case study we examined the nuclear issue in South Korea from March 28, 2014, to April 28, 2014. We divided the above period into three stages based on Downs’ issue attention cycle: Developing interest, Declining interest, and an Equilibrium level. Although there were not many differences among attributes that show a high degree centrality across the stages, the sum of degrees changed according to the media and the public’s interest in the issue. The degree of fragmentation was higher on the public network agendas compared to the media network agendas, which was the highest when the public’s interest was increasing. In terms of the media network agenda, the degree of fragmentation was the highest at an equilibrium level stage. Several Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) analyses revealed that the network agenda-setting effect existed consistently across the stages." Talking about School Bullying • Sei-Hill Kim; Matthew Telleen, Elizabethtown College; Hwalbin Kim, University of South Carolina • Analyzing newspaper articles and television news transcripts, this study offers a comprehensive examination of how American news media presented the issue of school bullying. More specifically, we analyze how the media presented the questions of who is responsible for causing and solving the problem and why school of bullying is a significant social problem. We identified the presence of considerable victim blaming in news coverage of the causes. Among potential causes examined, victims and their families were mentioned most often as a cause of school bullying. When talking about how to solve the problem, the media were focusing heavily on schools and teachers, while bullies and their families – the direct source of the bullying problem – were mentioned least often as the primary target to which problem-solving effort should be applied. Finally, findings indicate that suicide was the most frequently-mentioned negative consequence of school bullying in news coverage. Implications of the findings are discussed in detail. Disentangling Confirmation Biases in Selective Exposure to Political Online Information • Axel Westerwick; Benjamin Johnson, VU University Amsterdam; Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick, The Ohio State University • An experiment presented online messages on four controversial political topics as associated with neutral or slanted sources to 120 participants while software tracked selective exposure. Attitude measures were collected before and after the selective exposure task and 2 days later. Further, information processing styles were assessed. Results yielded a confirmation bias and a preference for neutral sources. These patterns depended on processing styles. Selective exposure reinforced attitudes even days later. Confirmation Bias, Ingroup Bias, and Negativity Bias in Selective Exposure to Political Information • Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick, The Ohio State University; Cornelia Mothes; Nick Polavin • Selective reading of political online information was examined based on cognitive dissonance, social identity, and news values frameworks. Online reports, varied by political stance and either positive or negative regarding American policies, were displayed to 156 Americans while selective exposure was tracked. Results revealed confirmation and negativity biases, per cognitive dissonance and news values. Greater cognitive reflection, greater need-for-cognition, and worse mood fostered the confirmation bias; stronger social comparison tendency reduced the negativity bias. The Impact of Suspense in Political News • Kristen Landreville, University of Wyoming; Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick, The Ohio State University • The current study applies entertainment concepts (i.e., suspense) and interpersonal communication concepts (i.e., uncertainty reduction) to examine the consumption of news stories that feature politicians as protagonists. This study takes advantage of the political context, with its innate affective orientations toward liked-groups, disliked-groups, and uncertainty, in order to determine how suspense impacts the behavioral outcome of discursive activities (e.g., communicating about politics, information-seeking about politics). In doing so, the current study blends multiple concepts from different subfields of communication. Additionally, political party identification is examined as a predictor of feelings of suspense and discursive activities in stories that feature politicians of the same and opposite political party. Results show that more suspense is aroused when there is a political party match between the reader and the politician the news story. Moreover, suspense produced a desire to communicate about the news stories. Media Framing of Same-Sex Marriage and Attitude Change: A Time-Series Analysis • Dominic Lasorsa; Jiyoun Suk; Deepa Fadnis • In an attempt to advance understanding of media framing effects, this paper examined how two ideologically different New York daily newspapers framed the issue of same-sex marriage over 17 years. Changes in media framing then were compared to changes in public attitudes toward same-sex marriage over the same time as reported by Pew, Gallup and Time/CNN national polls. A random sample of articles about same-sex marriage published in the years 1998-2014 in the ideologically conservative New York Post and the ideologically liberal New York Times were analyzed (N = 474 articles). Time-series analyses revealed that changes in media framing of same-sex marriage in terms of equality and morality preceded subsequent changes in support for and opposition to same-sex marriage. These correlation and time-order findings support the argument that media frames have the potential to influence public attitudes. The implications of these findings for the advancement of media framing theory are discussed. How User-Generated Comments Prime News Processing: Activation and Refutation of Regional Stereotypes • Eun-Ju Lee, Seoul National University; Hyun Suk Kim, University of Pennsylvania; Jaeho Cho, University of California, Davis • This study examined how user-generated comments on a crime news article, which attribute the crime to local residents’ predispositions, affect individuals’ news processing. Stereotype-activating comments heightened perceived crime prevalence in the featured region, compared to stereotype-irrelevant and stereotype-counterbalancing comments, especially for participants with a stronger regional self-identity. Participants better recalled the regions in both the focal and unrelated articles and attributed greater responsibility to news coverage for regionalism, after reading stereotype-related (vs. stereotype-irrelevant) comments. Is the Protest Paradigm Relevant? Nuisance in the Age of Occupy and the Tea Party • Kyle Lorenzano • Protest is ubiquitous in American, yet the Protest Paradigm alleges that the news portrays protestors as radical and deviant. The Public Nuisance Paradigm argues that protest movements are portrayed in the media as inherently bothersome and ineffective. Using newspaper coverage of Occupy Wall Street and Tea Party protests, this study compares these paradigms to determine which is more relevant today. The results of a content analysis ultimately show that neither paradigm is entirely irrelevant. Being More Attractive or Outgoing on Facebook?: Modeling How Self-presentation and Personality on Facebook Affect Social Capital • Chen Lou, Michigan State University; Kang Li • Technological affordances in the computer-medicated-communication enable people to promote more favorable online self-presentations on social network sites (SNSs). This survey-based study (N=300) examined how Facebook users’ self-images and personalities on Facebook may predict their bridging and bonding social capital. The results showed that more attractive self-images on Facebook did not contribute to any increase in either bridging or bonding capital, but being more extroverted on Facebook facilitated an increase in bridging capital. Facebook use intensity and Facebook friend number are also important predictors of bridging capital. However, none of those variables predict bonding capital. Findings not only vetoed propositions of some current Computer-Mediated-Communication (CMC) theories, such as the hyperpersonal model and self-enhancement theory in the social media context, but also provided meaningful evidence and implications to future theory building and testing. Political talks on social networking sites: Investigating the effects of SNS discussion disagreement and internal efficacy on political participation • Yanqin Lu, Indiana University; Kyle Heatherly; Jae Kook Lee • Drawing on a national probability survey, this study explores the relationship between SNS discussion and political participation by focusing on the intervening effects of discussion disagreement on SNSs and internal efficacy. The results revealed that political discussion on SNSs contributes to off- and online political participation, and this relationship is partially mediated by SNS discussion disagreement. Furthermore, internal efficacy is found to moderate the association between discussion disagreement and political participation. The implications are discussed. Cognition under Simultaneous Exposure to Competing Heuristic Cues • Tao Ma, University of Connecticut • Integrating theory of limited capacity of message processing and the heuristic view of persuasion, this paper examined the influence of competing heuristic cues on the cognitive and affective information process and behavior intention. The competing heuristic cues conditions were tested by the interaction of two major types of heuristics cues--consensus cue and credibility cue. Participants in an online survey were randomly assigned to one of four competing heuristic cue conditions in the context of online movie review. The conditions were displayed by the combinations of either high or low consensus cues of a movie review from the movie critics and peers audiences. Participants’ perception (i.e. trust of the movie), affective response (i.e. anxiety), and behavior intention (i.e. watch the movie in the future) were measured after the exposure. Path modeling and multiple regressions were used to analyze the hypotheses and research questions. The results of the investigation showed that high consensuses from both movie critics and peers reviewers led to increased trust of the movie from the participants. The crossed condition, where the critics’ consensus was high while peer’s consensus was low, led to high trust to the move. Both trust to the movie and anxiety led to the intention of watching the movie in the future. The findings implied a persuasion effect through processing of the competing heuristic cues-- credibility and consensus. The ghosts in the machine: Toward a theory of social media mourning • Jensen Moore, Manship School of Mass Communication, LSU; Sara Magee, Loyola University-Maryland; Ellada Gamreklidze • This article uses grounded theory methodology to analyze in-depth interviews conducted with mourners who used social networking sites (SNS) during bereavement. The social media mourning model outlines how SNS are used to grieve using one or more of the following: 1) one-way communication, 2) two-way communication, and/or 3) immortality communication. The model indicates causal conditions of social media mourning: 1) sharing information with family/friends and (sometimes) begin a dialogue, 2) discussing death with others mourning, 3) discussing death with a broader mourning community, and 4) commemorating and continuing connection to the deceased. The article includes actions and consequences associated with social media mourning and suggests several ways in which social media mourning changes or influences the bereavement process. Who Actually Expresses Opinions Online, and When? : Comparing Evidence from Scenario-based and Website-based Experiments • Yu Won Oh, University of Michigan • This study examined the structural conditions as well as individual characteristics that facilitate opinion expression online. Two experimental methods – thought and true experiments – were implemented to measure individuals’ actual behavior of speaking out on a discussion forum. Findings from both experiments consistently revealed that race, issue involvement, issue knowledge, and the revelation of identity were crucial factors in predicting speaking out online. Yet, age and trait fear of isolation worked differently in thought and true experiments. Perceived News Media Importance: Developing and Validating a Tool for Clarifying Dynamics of Media Trust • Jason Peifer, The Ohio State University • This study features the development and validation of a multidimensional scale for Perceived News Media Importance (PNMI). The explication and operationalization of the PNMI concept is designed, in part, to provide a tool for bringing greater clarity to patterns of public trust in the news media, as based on individual valuations of various normative news media functions. Employing survey data provided by a convenience sample (N=403) and a nationally representative sample (N=510), a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) indicates that the theorized PNMI measurement model fits the data well. Moreover, the proposed 12-item scale also exhibits appropriate convergent (political interest) and discriminant (negative content media image; ideology) validity. Finally, while demonstrated to be distinct from media trust, PNMI is also shown to meaningfully predict perceptions of the news media’s trustworthiness, above and beyond all other variables in a hierarchical multiple regression model. Implications and research directions are discussed. The Reciprocal Relationship Between Hostile Media Perception and Presumed Media Influence • Mallory Perryman, University of Wisconsin • Is media perceived as biased when it could influence others? Or is it considered influential when it’s perceived as biased? This experimental study (n=80) suggests the answer to both questions is — yes. Respondents told a story was undesirably biased saw more influence on others, and those who were told a story was unfavorably influential saw more hostile bias. The reciprocal relationship between two media phenomena, the hostile media perception and presumed media influence, is revealed. Media's influence on judgments of truth. Why people trust in bad rather than good news • Christina Peter, University of Munich; Thomas Koch, University of Munich • Valence framing affects message credibility: Negatively framed statements receive higher truth ratings than positively framed statements that are formally equivalent. The current work examines this negativity credibility bias (NCB) in the contexts of news coverage and persuasion. By conducting three experiments, we discovered that the NCB also affects source trustworthiness and examined possible reasons for this. The results indicate that one reason the NCB occurs is that recipients have learned connections between negativity and news, and between positivity and persuasive communication. Consequently, we find that a positive framing of statements can lead readers to feel that the source is trying to persuade them, which triggers reactance and consequently reduces the perceived credibility of both the message and the source. Agenda Sharing is Caring: Relationship between Shared Agendas of Traditional and Digital Native Media • Magdalena Saldana, The University of Texas at Austin; Tom Johnson; Maxwell McCombs, The University of Texas at Austin • By comparing the agendas of traditional and digital native publications, this study provides an empirical analysis of how online news content is being shared on Facebook and Twitter. We empirically examine a new concept, agenda sharing, which poses the audience and the media work together to shape the news agenda in online contexts. Results found a significant match between the agendas of traditional and digital native media, while traditional media agenda is setting the public agenda on both Facebook and Twitter. Getting the Facts from Journalistic Adjudication: Polarization and Partisanship Don’t Matter • Rosanne Scholl, Louisiana State University; Raymond J. Pingree; Kathleen Searles • This experiment demonstrated that journalistic adjudication works: consumers adopt correct factual beliefs, even when their party’s leaders are declared wrong. No backfire effect existed in tests on two issue contexts. Democrats are more react more strongly than Republicans to adjudication in favor of their own side. Neither the presence of agenda reasons nor the presence of bipartisanship cues enhances the effects of adjudication on partisan’s adoption of adjudicated facts. Comparing Flow and Narrative Engagement Scales in the Context of a Casual Health Game • Brett Sherrick, Penn State • The psychological states of flow and transportation or narrative engagement are conceptually similar. Both are described as immersive, emotional states that lead to enjoyment, persuasion, and loss of self-awareness. Despite similarities between flow and narrative engagement, limited research examines their empirical relationship. This project evaluated the viability of measuring flow and narrative engagement simultaneously, with results suggesting that the concepts may not be statistically distinct, as they were nearly perfectly correlated in two game-based experiments. Better Environment for Better Quality? In Search of Reason-centered Discussion on Social Media in China • Mingxiao Sui; Raymond J. Pingree; Rosanne Scholl, Louisiana State University; Boni Cui • Reason-centered discussion of politics is an important route toward improving the quality of public opinion. New media have created new spaces for political discussion and not only in established democracies. Political discussion, whether in old or new spaces, may not always be reason-centered. This study examines predictors of reason-centered online political discussion in China. It explored the effects of the use of a debate format with two sides displayed as opposing columns, and the effects of various characteristics of the post used to initiate the discussion. A content analysis was conducted to examine 6360 reply posts within 291 threaded discussions on Sina Weibo, one of China’s most popular venues for online discussion. Results showed that the debate format would greatly improve the overall reasoning level, with opinion presence and multiple viewpoints included in the initiating post playing a role as well. Moreover, the debate format can elicit differences in the effects of initiating post on the overall reasoning level of a threaded discussion. Eyes Don't Lie: Validating Self-Reported Measures of Attention on Social Media • Emily Vraga, George Mason University; Leticia Bode, Georgetown University; Sonya Troller-Renfree • Scholars often rely on self-reported behaviors to gauge interest in Facebook content, but we have reason to be skeptical of these self-reports. Using an eye-tracking study design, we demonstrate that young adults’ self-reported topic engagement for social, news, and political posts is driven more by general interest and favorability towards the topic than actual attention, with a possible exception for political posts. Implications for theory building and methodological choices regarding social media are discussed. Bandwagon Effects of Social Media Commentary during TV Viewing: Do Valence, Viewer Traits and Contextual Factors Make a Difference? • T. Franklin Waddell, Penn State University; S. Shyam Sundar, Penn State University • Are we influenced by the social media commentary that accompanies TV programs? Does it matter if these comments appear at the beginning or toward the end of the show? We conducted a 2 (positive vs. negative tweets) x 2 (beginning vs. end of program) factorial experiment with an additional control condition (N = 186) to answer these questions. Results show the powerful effect of negative bandwagon cues, which appears to override contextual and trait moderators. Toward a theory of modality interactivity and online consumer behavior • Ruoxu Wang, Penn State University • A model named Modality interactivity and online consumer behavior has been constructed to depict the relationship between online consumer behavior and modality interactivity. The model was constructed based on technology acceptance model and interactivity effects model. The model contains four phases: modality interactivity, interface assessment, user engagement, and attitude and behavioral outcomes. Interface assessment contains four criteria: perceived vividness, perceived coolness, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness. Process of constructing the model was presented throughout the paper. Limitations and potential empirical study based on the model were also discussed. The significant other: A longitudinal analysis of significant samples in journalism research, 2000 – 2014 • ben wasike • This study examined the methodological and research patterns journalism scholars have used when studying significant samples, or “those persons who have attained an unusually pervasive and lasting reputation, regardless of whether that reputation be great or small, positive or negative” (Simonton, 1999, p. 426 – 427). Using Dean K. Simonton’s work as the theoretical guide, the study content analyzed a census of all articles published in 10 major journalism-oriented journals from 2000 – 2014. A total of 248 articles examined these subjects. The results show that the typical journalism study examining significant samples is psychometric and will also be quantitative, nomothetic, longitudinal, singularly focused and exploratory. Additionally, it will use macro-units and will observe the subject indirectly. The study also found similarities between the study of significant samples and extant work in terms of the preponderance of quantitative methods and the use of content analysis as a data collection method. The ramifications for future research are discussed within Effects of Media Exemplars on the Perception of Social Issues with Pre-existing Beliefs • Yan Yan; Liu Jun • Exemplification studies usually reported the significant influence of media exemplars on people’s perceptions of fictional or controversial issues, but neglected the fact that people often have a certain degree of established beliefs toward social events in real life. The present research used a 3X3 experimental design to examine the effects of media exemplars on people’s perceptions of Chengguan-vendor conflicts, a social issue with established strong prior beliefs in China. The typical between-group exemplification effects were not evident in the present study. Instead, a relative, within-group exemplification effect was found, that is, the degree of change between the immediate and the initial perception was strongly influenced by the media exemplars, and the direction of change was consistent with the exemplar distribution. In addition, an on-going decaying of exemplification effects was found. Perceptions toward different variables showed an overall pattern consisting of a prolonged exemplification effect, an on-going decaying effected, and a completed delay effect. What Comes After First Click?: A New Way to Look at Selective Exposure • JungHwan Yang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; David Wise, UW-Madison; Albert Gunther, University of Wisconsin-Madison • In this study we experimentally test the effects of news exposure to pro-attitudinal, counter-attitudinal and mixed news content on subsequent information seeking behaviors in the context of the relationship between science and religion. Using a sample drawn from two large organizations that focus on issues of religion and science, and a nationally representative sample from an online panel, we tested and compared different measure of selective exposure. Our research aims to advance knowledge in the area of selective exposure by further examining factors that may encourage or reduce selective exposure, by extending research about it into a new topical domain, and by examining measurement issues within this line of research. Our findings suggest that there is a tendency of attitude-consistent exposure when people select the first article to read, but people also search for counter-attitudinal information in subsequent information seeking. Our novel use of graphical measure of selective exposure questions the robustness of selective exposure phenomenon. Deciphering 'Most Viewed' Lists: An analysis of the comparability of the lists of popular items • Rodrigo Zamith, University of Massachusetts Amherst • This study focuses on deciphering what data are represented by 'most viewed' lists and how comparable those lists are across news organizations. The homepages of the 50 largest U.S. newspapers were analyzed to assess the prevalence of those lists and the lists of 21 organizations were then analyzed over two months. The findings point to potential sampling biases and indicate that it is unwise to assume the lists are comparable just because they appear similar. The Affective Dimension of the Network Agenda-Setting Model (NAS) • XIAOQUN ZHANG, University of North Texas • Based on the second level of agenda-setting theory and the network agenda-setting model (NAS), this study proposed a new model called the affective dimension of the NAS model. This model argues that the valence of an attribute of an object in the media coverage influences the public’s emotional perceptions of its corresponding attribute and those of other attributes of that object, and the valences of multiple attributes of an object in the media coverage influence the public’s emotional perceptions of one attribute of that object. The empirical examination of this model was conducted in the business news setting. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15371 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/ccs-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 22:37:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15377 Desiring Biracial Whites: Daniel Henney and Cosmopolitan Whiteness in Contemporary Korean Media • Ji-Hyun Ahn, University of Washington Tacoma • Contextualizing the rise of white mixed-race celebrities and foreign entertainers from the perspective of the globalization of Korean popular culture, this article aims to look at how Korean media appropriates whiteness as a marker of global Koreanness. Specifically, the article utilizes Daniel Henney, a white mixed-race actor and celebrity who was born to a Korean adoptee mother and an Irish-American father, as an anchoring text. Analyzing how Henney’s image as upper-class, intelligent, and cosmopolitan constructs what whiteness means to Koreans, the study asserts that Henney’s (cosmopolitan) whiteness is not a mere marker of race, but a neoliberal articulation of a particular mode of Koreanness. This study not only participates in a dialogue with the current scholarship of mixed-race studies in media/communication but also links the recent racial politics in contemporary Korean media to the much larger historical and ideological implications of racial globalization. Academic Revanchism at Century’s End: Communication Studies at the Ohio State University, 1990 - 1996 • Vicente Berdayes, Barry University; Linda Berdayes, Barry University • This paper describes the dissolution of Ohio State University’s Department of Communication in the mid-1990s, which ended an ambitious attempt to define a distinctive presence for critical communication research at the end of the 20th century. This episode is analyzed in terms of the confluence of changes forced upon communication studies in light of the neoliberal reorganization of higher education and the episteme of empiricist social science, which redefined inquiry across the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences. The Role of the Producer in Unboxing Videos • Christopher Bingham, University of Oklahoma • On YouTube exist thousands of unboxing videos (UBVs), in which a producer opens a product for the first time and critiques the package’s contents. Due to their prevalence, UBVs require more scholarly attention. This paper presents a multimodal content analysis of UBVs in order to define the role of the UBV producer. Data suggest that producers seek to emulate sensory experiences, provide helpful expertise, establish community with audience members, and share a sense of exploration. Filmic Narrative and Authority in the Cop Watching Movement • Mary Angela Bock, University of Texas at Austin • Police accountability groups in the U.S are proliferating thanks to smartphone penetration and online social networks. This qualitative project theoretically situates cop-watching and its videos. Using the basic foundation of Foucault’s ideas about the negotiation of truth, it examines the discursive struggles over the evidentiary value of police accountability activism and its challenges to conventional narratives about police work. This exploration finds that police accountability activists employ the technical but not discursive routines of journalism. Good Gay, Bad Queer: Heteronormtive Shaming and Homonormative Love in Network Television Situational Comedies • Robert Byrd, University of Memphis • This analysis of primetime situational comedies that feature LGBTQ characters argues that through heteronormative and homonormative constructions of sexuality many LGBTQ people are rendered invisible in the mainstream. Through discourse analysis, the study examines how these television programs work to normalize gay and lesbian identity, which then resembles the dominant heterosexuality, by shaming queer sexual practices and excluding all alternatives to the prescribed homonormative construct of love. This research is important in understanding the Americans’ most recent shifts in public opinion on issues of marriage equality and moral acceptance, but also in understanding what groups of LGBTQ people may be further marginalized from the mainstream. Further, it is important to examine the underlying ideology of these programs to extract meanings that have the potential to further subvert queer notions of sex and sexual politics, which only work to advance the marginalization of those who do not fit the dominant mold. #IfTheyGunnedMeDown: Postmodern Media Criticism in a “Post-Racial” World • Christopher P. Campbell, The University of Southern Mississippi, School of Mass Communication and Journalism • Abstract: This paper examines social media postings that surfaced in the wake of the 2014 fatal shooting of Michael Brown, an African American, by a white Ferguson, Missouri police officer. It argues that the postings reflect keen insight into the notion of media representation; that is, the young African Americans who posted the photos perceptively and concisely identified the problems with journalistic representations of black people as pathological criminals, representations that have been identified as enormously problematic by cultural studies scholars. The paper asks if the social media postings and other elements of contemporary media could significantly advance the discussion about race in America. Telling Us What We Already Know: Decoding the Absence of Poverty News in Appalachian Community Media • Michael Clay Carey, Samford University • This study examines the ways audiences in rural Appalachian communities can interpret a lack of local news coverage about local poverty and related issues. Community media in the communities under study provided little coverage of local poverty. Using Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding model as a theoretical framework, this study examines readers’ notions about the motives for that lack of coverage, and how those ideas influenced their views of local news outlets as voices for the community. Framing English: The reproduction of linguistic power in Korea’s locally-based English language press • John C Carpenter; Frank Durham • This study analyzes the framing process generated by Korea’s English language press about the implementation of an English-only instruction policy at the elite Korean science university, KAIST, in 2007. It focuses on Korean language ideology to conceptualize the adoption of English in Korea. In its textual analysis of related news coverage, the study shows that the English-language press employed frames of “necessitation”, “externalization”, and “self-deprecation” to variously position English as hegemonic in Korea. "It's Biology, Bitch!": Hit Girl, the Kick-Ass Franchise, and the Hollywood Superheroine • Phil Chidester, Illinois State University • The general critical response to Kick-Ass (2010), the widely popular comic-book send-up, has been a condemnation of the film for its abusive representations of its core female protagonist, 11-year-old Hit Girl. Yet as I argue in this essay, the film and its sequel, 2013’s Kick-Ass 2, are better understood as a broader treatise on gender and difference in a contemporary America. Through their depictions of Hit Girl’s struggle to choose between an essential femininity and an essential heroism, the texts embody Americans’ blunt refusal to embrace what is perhaps the most radical and threatening of all depictions of the feminine: that of woman as true superhero. In doing so, the films also serve as touchstone moments in the culture’s ongoing politics of gender. Televisuality, Movement, and the Market on CNBC's The Closing Bell • Diane Cormany, University of Minnesota • The Closing Bell communicates affect through cable news’ endemic graphic style and television’s characteristic motion and liveness. Real-time graphic updates show the second by second change in stock prices, usually accompanied by line graphs that are designed to indicate movement over time. Likewise a digital clock displayed in the lower right of the screen counts down the seconds until the market close and calls viewers to action. Movement is both literal, through the changing second count, and figurative by communicating that action is required. This article demonstrates how The Closing Bell goes beyond representation to actually embody market movement through the affective impact of its aesthetics. The ups and downs of the securities market are actually tied to perceptions of its movement, which are communicated through financial news media. The Closing Bell therefore participates in market movement by mobilizing affect through its use of televisuality--the graphics and movement-intensive style that characterizes cable news. The New Columbia Heights: How Gentrification Has Transformed a Local Washington, D.C. Community • Christian Dotson-Pierson; Ashley Lewis • "In 2012, the Fordham Institute cited Columbia Heights, a historic neighborhood in Ward 1 of Washington, D.C., as 14 out of 25 of the fastest gentrifying neighborhoods in the United States. Gentrification or “revitalization” is a phenomenon in urban planning which often displaces poorer residents while also transforming neighborhoods demographically and socially. This study includes interviews from 15 Columbia Heights residents about their preferred news sources for obtaining information about gentrification in their neighborhood." The “Public” and the Press: Lippmann, the Interchurch World Movement, and the 1919-20 Steel Strike • Frank Durham • This historically situated rhetorical analysis examines Walter Lippmann’s understanding of the Interchurch World Movement (hereafter, “Interchurch”), which was a short-lived, but prominent, Progressive ecumenical organization that investigated the Great Steel Strike from 1919-1920. The Interchurch’s Progressive, social science-based study of anti-labor coverage by the Pittsburgh press informed Lippmann’s concept of such organizations, because he felt they could monitor journalistic practices from their positions outside of the field. Citizens of the Margin: Youth and resistance in a Moroccan YouTube web-series • Mohamed El Marzouki, Indiana University • This paper examines a user-generated YouTube web-series, Tales of Bouzebal, as a performance of marginality and a social critique of state hegemonic institutions in the post-Arab Spring Morocco. Using a combined method of textual and discourse analyses, the paper argues that the new media practices of producing and consuming user-generated content among North African youth are best understood as practices of cultural citizenship that facilitate change through the production counter-discursive political subjectivities among youth in MENA. Print vs. digital: How medium matters on House of Cards • Patrick Ferrucci, University of Colorado-Boulder; Chad Painter, Eastern New Mexico University • This study utilizes textual analysis to analyze how journalists are depicted on the Netflix drama House of Cards. Through the lens of orientalism and cultivation, researchers examine how depictions of print and digital journalism would lead viewers to see digital journalists as less ethical and driven by self gain, while also viewing technology as an impediment to quality journalism. These findings are then discussed as a means for understanding how these depictions could affect society. Pornography, Feminist Questions, and New Conceptualizations of “Serious Value” in Sexual Media • Brooks Fuller, UNC-Chapel Hill • During the 1980s, anti-pornography advocates waged a litigious, regulatory war against perceived social ills caused by pornography. A cultural dialogue persisted, questioning the social value of pornography. Proposed criminal regulations of pornography ultimately stalled in American Booksellers v. Hudnut (1985). This paper analyzes post-Hudnut cases under legal and qualitative methodological frameworks and finds that although courts generally assume pornography’s direct media effects, several recent cases reflect pro-pornography feminist conceptualizations of social value. Image Control: The Visual Rhetoric of President Obama • Timothy Roy Gleason, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh; Sara Hansen, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh • President Barack Obama was elected upon a wave of change he described as “hope.” Journalists have found the Obama administration offers little hope in providing greater access to information than that offered by the previous administration, exemplified by the exclusion of photojournalists from a number of events. Using Althusser’s Ideological State Apparatus and branding, this critical analysis examines the process of image control and interprets the resulting photographs to argue against current White House practices. Digital Exclusion in an Information Society: How ISP Competition Affects the American (information) Consumer • Jenna Grzeslo, Penn State University • Using political economy, this paper explores competition amongst the largest Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in the United States. Specifically, this analysis asks how do the conditions created by ISP competition affect digital exclusion? The goal of this paper is to illustrate the state of digital exclusion in the United States providing evidence of a racial, cultural, and class divide between those who have home Internet access and those who do not. Behold the Monster: Mythical explanations of deviance and evil in news of the Amish school shooting • Erica Salkin, Whitworth University; Robert Gutsche, Jr, Florida International University • In October 2006, Charles Carl Roberts IV walked into an Amish schoolhouse in Pennsylvania and killed five female students. Through an analysis of 215 news articles published in 10 local, regional, and national newspapers in 2006 and 2007, this paper examines news characterizations of Roberts that cast him as a ‘Monster,’ an archetype missing in studies on ‘news myth.’ This paper expands how to examine the nature of evil in loss in news myth scholarship. How the American News Media Address the n-Word • Frank Harris, Southern Connecticut State University • This study surveyed American newspapers, television and radio stations on how they address the word “nigger” or “nigga” in today’s news stories. It found the overwhelming majority have encountered the words in some part of the news process. While most do not have a formal policy for addressing the words, they nearly all apply euphemistic words, phrases and editorial approaches to keep the explicit words from being seen, read or heard by the public. Digital Mobilities as Dispersed Agencies: An Analysis of Google Glass, Microsoft Kinect and Siri • Matthew Corn; Kristen Heflin, Kennesaw State University • This study proposes a conception of digital mobility as a contemporary assemblage of forms and practices that pose contradictions for ideas about agency. By doing so, the focus of scholarly inquiry moves from individuals, particular devices or institutions, to the assemblages through which they are constituted and practiced. This study presents analyses of digital mobility exerted across three discernible assemblages enabled by Google Glass, Microsoft Kinect and Siri as part of various Apple products. Speaking Out: Networked Authoritarianism and the Virtual Testimonios of Chinese Cyberpetitioners • Vincent Guangsheng Huang • In this study, the online narratives created by Chinese cyberpetitioners were identified as “virtual testimonios.” Critical narrative analysis was used to explore the ways in which virtual testimonios both challenge and are shaped by networked authoritarianism. The cyberpetitioners were found to construct “local testimonios” to expose the institutional root causes of social injustice and mobilize the public against injustice. To evade censorship, they structured their plots and characters according to a central-local binary opposition that allowed them to criticize local government authority without compromising their expression of loyalty to the central government. The cyberpetitioners were also shown to use the narrative strategy of “central intertextuality” to construct and occupy the collective subject positions of “citizens” and “the people,” thereby justifying their cyberpetitioning activities. The Gendered Frames of the Sexy Revolutionary: U.S. Media Coverage of Camila Vallejo • Bimbisar Irom, Edward R. Murrow College of Communication • The paper analyzes news stories pertaining to Camila Vallejo, the Chilean student leader famously dubbed as “the world’s most glamorous revolutionary”, to examine the kind of frames used to represent female activists. What role does cultural distance play in media frames? How are female activists outside of the electoral process framed differently than female politicians who practice a more ‘legitimate’ form of politics? What media frames for representing female radicals persist over historical time? The 90s, the Most Stunning Days of Our Lives: Cultural Politics of Retro Music in Contemporary Neoliberal Korea • Gooyong Kim, Temple University • This paper critically interrogates socio-cultural implications of the recent resurgence of 90s popular music in Korea, which was epitomized by the unprecedented success of MBC's Infinite Challenge: “Saturday, Saturday is Singers.” The program staged special reunion performances of the decade’s most iconic popular musicians. Focusing on how the program re-constitutes a cultural memory of the decade, this paper examines the cultural politics of retro music in contemporary neoliberal Korea. Dialectics of book burning: Technological reproducibility, aura and rebirth in Fahrenheit 451. • Shannon Mish; Jin Kim • Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 provides productive debating points in media studies, such as memory, information and technological reproduction. This paper aims to examine such repetitive motifs as library, book and phoenix from Bradbury’s book through Benjamin’s theoretical lenses of aura, technological reproducibility and collection. We found dialectics of media in the Bradbury’s book: technologies threaten but embrace aura, which is unique but historical, and phoenix symbolizes death as well as birth of knowledge. Authorship, Performance and Narrative: A Framework for Studying Cultural Production on YouTube • Mark Lashley, La Salle University • This paper presents a framework for textual analysis of YouTube videos. First, it conceptualizes the collective output of video bloggers (“vloggers”) as forms of cultural production. Second, it breaks these cultural productions/cultural practices into three component parts that can be used for analysis: the role of authorship in the YouTube space, the nature of the performances that can be read as textual analysis, and the narrative that is presented through an individual’s YouTube creations. Friday Night Disability: The Portrayal of Parent-Child Interactions on Television's Friday Night Lights • Ewa McGrail, Georgia State University; J. Patrick McGrail, Jacksonville State University; Alicja Rieger, Valdosta State University; Amy Fraser, Georgia State University • Studies of television portrayals of parent/child relationships where the child has a disability are rare. Using the social relational theory perspective, this study examines interactions between parents and a young man with a disability as portrayed in the acclaimed contemporary television series, Friday Night Lights. We found a nuanced relationship between the portrayed teen and his parents and a powerful influence of the community on the parent-child relations and family life. Journosplaining: A case of "Linsanity" • Carolyn Nielsen, Western Washington University • This study explores the idea of “journosplaining” using the case of news coverage about pro-basketball star Jeremy Lin’s meteoric rise to fame. Journosplaining is the way in which journalists use their privilege as mass communicators to report the issues of the day by relying on stereotypes as shorthand explanations, thus perpetuating them. News coverage of Lin focused on his Asian-Americaness as primary to his identity as an athlete. “Linsanity” coverage drew on Asian-related puns and “jokes” about Asian Americans, conveying that this type of humor was acceptable. This essay connects Asian American studies scholarship with mass media scholarship to show how journosplaining perpetuates racialized stereotypes. Transnational and domestic networks and institutional change: A study investigating the collective action response to violence against journalists in Mexico • Jeannine Relly, The University of Arizona; Celeste Gonzalez de Bustamante, The University of Arizona • As the number of journalists killed and disappeared in Mexico has climbed past 125 lives lost and the culture of impunity has persisted in a period anticipated as the country’s democratic transition, a host of organizations have worked together to press the Mexican government toward institutional change. Utilizing the framework of collective action in its broadest sense, we applied Risse and Sikkink’s spiral model of institutional change in this exploratory qualitative study. Our interviews with 33 organization representatives examined the activity related to organizational mobilization, funding, transnational and domestic engagement, normative appeals, information dissemination, coordination, lobbying, and institutional change in governmental response to violence against journalists in Mexico. David Foster Wallace: Testing the Commencement Speech Genre • Nathan Rodriguez, University of Kansas • David Foster Wallace delivered the commencement address at Kenyon College in 2005, in what would be his only public speech. The writer's 23-minute speech, which went through nine distinct drafts, eschewed the standard offering of vague platitudes. Rather, Wallace discusses the "boredom, routine, and petty frustration" that await the graduates, and in doing so, tests and reaffirms both the value of a liberal arts education and the commencement speech genre itself. “The Best Minute and a Half of Audio”: Boundary Disputes and the Palin Family Brawl • David Schwartz, University of Iowa; Dan Berkowitz, University of Iowa • In an introduction to an audio recording of Bristol Palin describing her family’s involvement in an Alaska house-party brawl, CNN anchor Carol Costello commented: “This is quite possibly the best minute and a half of audio we’ve ever come across.” Through textual analysis of news items and blogs, this situation illustrates the challenge of conducting media boundary work—and the role strain that results—when the subject occupies space within both entertainment and news. Buyer Beware: Stigma and the online murderabilia market • Karen Sichler • When eBay issues value-laden judgment on what may or may not be sold on the site, it sends a very definite and definitive message as to what is and what is not a culturally acceptable product for the site. Using Erving Goffman’s theory of stigma, this work traces the virtual migration of murderabilia, collectables which have their value due to their connection with violent criminals, from eBay to stand alone, specialized virtual storefronts Public Relations and Sense-Making; the Standard Oiler and the Affirmation of Self-Government, 1950-52 • Burton St. John, Old Dominion University • Corporations may attempt to co-create meaning by pursuing what Heath (2006, p. 87) calls a “courtship of identification.” However, exploring the Standard Oiler through the lens of the concept of self-government, this work offers that public relations sense-making may strike a more nuanced mode by offering a courtship of affirmation—an approach that attempts to leverage apparent existing areas of consonance between a public relations client and particular audiences. Knowledge Workers, Identities, and Communication Practices: Understanding Code Farmers in China • Ping Sun, School of Journalism and Communication, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Michelangelo Magasic, Curtin University • Extending the concept of “knowledge workers”, this paper studies the identity dynamics of IT programmers in China. Through the discursive analysis of programmer's personal memoirs (collected via personal interview and online ethnography), four themes of identity dynamics emerge: IT programmers demonstrate identification to professionalism and technology; they naturalize the high mobility and internal precarity of their work via discourses of self, and social, improvement; the term “manong” (“coding monkeys” or “code farmers” in English) is used to support a sense of selfhood amidst high pressure schedules and “panopticon control”; the disparaging term “diaosi” (“loser” in English) is appropriated in order to activate a sense of self expression and collective resistance regarding the programmers’ working and living conditions. These four themes are integrated into: 1) hegemonic discourses of economic development and technical innovation in modern China; and 2) the processes of individualization among IT programmers on a global scale. Our findings suggest that being a knowledge worker means not only providing professional expertise like communication, creativity and knowledge, it also interrogates questions of survival, struggle, and solidarity. A Critical Legal Study of Minors’ Sex and Violence Media Access Rights Five Decades After Ginsberg v. New York • Margot Susca, American University • In the United States, it would be illegal for a merchant to sell “girlie” magazines to a minor, according to the landmark 1968 Supreme Court Ginsberg v. New York case that ruled laws limiting minors’ access to sexual media do nothing to impact adult access to the same material. Although California lawmakers in 2005 applied that legal philosophy—known as “variable obscenity” as a framework for controlling minors’ access to violent video game content, the law never took effect. The Supreme Court in the 2011 Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association ruled that California law unconstitutional, stating the government overstepped its authority in trying to control minors’ access to violent games. This paper hopes to add to the literature on violent video game law through a critical legal studies analysis of the Ginsberg and Brown cases. Conclusions address the continued power of industry over parents in media decision making and access, and societal concerns about sex outweighing those about violence despite medical warnings. The Misinterpreted Grin: The Development of Discursive Knowledge About Race Through Public Memory of Louis Armstrong • Carrie Teresa • This project explores how expressions of public memory that engage with Louis Armstrong reflect the “tensions and contestations” (Zelizer, 1995, p. 217) in the study of memory generally and consideration of his legacy specifically. Expressions of public memory as they relate to Armstrong reflect a lack of understanding of the black community’s struggle for freedom. Armstrong has been posited as a “racial figure” and as such race itself has been diluted to understanding only binary conceptions of “Tomming” and militant activism. Where public memory has missed the mark in properly commemorating Armstrong’s legacy has been its reticence to engage with the dynamic nature of Armstrong’s life as reflective of the plurality of the black community itself over the course of the 20th century. Pleasantly Deceptive: The Myth of Main Street and Reverse Mortgage Lending • Willie Tubbs, University of Southern Mississippi • Reverse mortgage commercials appear throughout local and cable television programming. Multiple companies use various commercial appeals in an attempt to convince citizens aged 62 and older who own their homes to accept a loan based on the equity in their homes. Among the more common appeals, both verbal and visual, is a connection between accepting this type of often-costly debt and the sanctity of small-town or suburban living. Yet, the Main Street of the American psyche exists primarily in myth, making this advertising tactic particularly troubling. In this paper, an American Advisors Group (AAG) commercial is unpacked and examined via a critical cultural lens of lifespan studies. Using Hall’s three levels of reading, the author suggests multiple interpretations of this commercial, which is titled “Too Good to Be True.” This commercial, indeed many of the shows during which it has been broadcast, bolsters the myth of Main Street and suggests unrealistic and potentially damaging misrepresentations of reality. Media Representations in Travel Programming: Satire, Self, and Other in An Idiot Abroad • Zachary Vaughn, Indiana University • This paper focuses on two episodes from the first season of An Idiot Abroad to explore media representations of the self and the other. The principal focus of An Idiot Abroad is between the host’s conceptions and interactions of other cultures and people with his own British cultural framework. Deploying humor, Ricky Gervais, Stephen Merchant, and Karl Pilkington satirize traditional English and Western concepts of often exoticized cultures in order to critique dominant Western ideology. The Discursive Construction of Journalistic Transparency • Tim Vos, University of Missouri; Stephanie Craft, University of Illinois • This study culls references to journalistic transparency from a broad range of journalism trade publications from more than a decade in order to examine the discursive construction of transparency within the journalistic field, paying. Drawing on Bourdieu’s field theory, the study explores how journalistic doxa and cultural capital come to be discursively formed. The analysis focuses on how transparency is defined by members of the journalistic field and how transparency is or is not legitimized. Neo-Nazi Celebration and Fascist Critique in the Mainstream Music of the Former Yugoslavia • Christian Vukasovich, Oregon Tech • Following the Balkan civil wars ethno-nationalism continues to impact identity both in the former Yugoslav republics and abroad among the diaspora. In this paper the author examines how two popular rock groups (Thompson and Laibach) rearticulate fascist symbolism through their polarizing concert events. More specifically, the author conducts a rhetorical analysis of both groups’ music, images, pageantry and lyrics in order to interrogate the celebrations of fascism in their performances. The author examines the tensions reproduction and representation, as well as how the concerts discursively construct history, culture, nationhood, religion and belonging in two radically divergent ways – on the one hand endorsing and reproducing a violence-endorsing neo Nazi fascist identity, and on the other hand undermining contemporary ideologies of fascism through extreme performance and deconstruction. Sabotage in Palestine, terrorists busy: Historical roots of securitization framing in the press • Fred Vultee, Wayne State University • The role of mass media in securitization – broadly, the public construction of a state of existential threat to a cherished political or cultural institution, requiring the imposition of extraordinary measures for an indefinite time – has drawn increasing attention in security studies from both normative and empirical perspectives. Little attention has yet been paid, though, to security discourse earlier in the era of mass media. This paper tries to close that gap by looking at press accounts of the anti-British revolt in the late days of the Palestine mandate. In the light of the heavily securitized political response to the rise of the Islamic State organization in 2014, this paper addresses how and whether anti-British political violence was cast as an existential threat or as a political challenge to be addressed by existing political and security institutions. The Naked Truth: Post-Feminism in Media Discourse in Response to the Kardashians’ Nude Magazine Images • Joy Jenkins, University of Missouri; David Wolfgang, University of Missouri • In November 2014, Kim Kardashian appeared nude on the cover of Paper magazine. The next month, a pregnant Kourtney Kardashian posed for a partially nude photo shoot in online magazine DuJour. Media outlets quickly responded to both, publishing articles critiquing the photos and Kim and Kourtney’s motivations. This study assessed the presence of typical media gender representations in these articles as well as facets of post-feminism, including more nuanced representations of power and feminist solutions. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15377 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/electronic-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 22:40:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15380 “Erosion” of Television City Hall Reporting? Perceptions of Reporters on the 2014 Beat • Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; Jesse Abdenour, University of Oregon • Mail survey (N=112) of lead city government reporters at randomly selected stations in the 210 local DMAs replicates a 1997 study. The 2014 reporters had a more pessimistic view of station commitment to and valuing of city government reporting than in 1997 study. Among 2014 respondents, older reporters were more pessimistic while smaller market reporters were more optimistic, and a majority believes media commitment to covering city government remains generally strong. A Survey of Social Media Policies in U.S. Television Newsrooms • Anthony Adornato, Ithaca College; Suzanne Lysak • The use of social media by journalists raises new ethical and professional dilemmas. As a result, news outlets are implementing policies addressing what is and what is not permitted on social media platforms. Through a nationwide survey of local television news directors, this study examines the prevalence of social media policies in TV newsrooms, the source of those policies, and how they are implemented. This study also investigates if and how the policies address emerging matters related to five specific areas: personal and professional social media activity of reporters, social media sourcing and content, audience complaints on social media, use of social media while reporting in the field, and ownership of social media accounts. User-generated Content and Television News Stations • Eva Buchman; Rita Colistra; Kevin Duvall • With the technological growth our society has experienced over the last several years, user-generated content has become a popular way for television stations to gather news. This relationship was investigated through a national online survey of news directors/executive producers at television stations. This study explores news directors’ perceptions of user-generated content, and how those perceptions shape policies regarding this type of content. By understanding if, or how, television stations incorporate user-generated content into their newscasts, it will help to define and to understand how perceptions shape newsroom policies regarding this type of content’s use. This study investigates how user-generated content is integrated into a television broadcast as well as what types are most often used. This research also seeks to learn if there is a standard policy that is used by television stations, and how and why this type of content is integrated into television news broadcasts. Medium Matters – Examining Television, Newspaper and Online News Definitions on Facebook and Twitter • Jennifer Cox • More news organizations have begun to emphasize social media as a means of distributing news. Television, newspaper, and online-only organizations have traditionally defined news differently from one another, yet little research has addressed whether those differences have carried over to their social media offerings. A content analysis of 1,232 Facebook and Twitter posts revealed differences among the three organization types, indicating those publications are continuing to differ their content from one another on social media. Microblogging the news: Who sets the agenda? • Dmitri Diakov, Graduate Student; Valerie Barker, SDSU • A content analysis was conducted on a sample (N = 600) of reddit front-page posts; in an attempt to determine how frequently mainstream news media uses it as a source. Reddit's unique voting structure and abundance of UGC and citizen journalism, makes it a great starting point for a glimpse at the reverse agenda setting concept. The findings indicate that there is indeed a relationship between reddit news and mainstream media news. Media personality Projection in the Digital Age: Revisiting Parasocial Interaction and Local Television News • Ashley Gimbal, Arizona State University • "Parasocial interaction has been widely studied since its development in the 1950s, but little has been investigated in recent years. With the immense changes local television news has gone through in recent years, there is a vital importance to understanding the role of the on-camera persona (anchor) in relation to the impact they may have on viewers. Here, a telephone survey in the Phoenix Metropolitan area was conducted to measure parasocial interactions among local television news viewers. The parasocial framework developed by Rubin (1985) was used to measure viewer responses. Findings of the study indicate a decrease in measurable levels of parasocial interaction from previous studies, but also found strong correlation between news ratings and parasocial interaction." "Good B-Roll for the Scissor Makers Museum" • Desiree Hill, University of Oklahoma • In a time when anyone with a camera phone can become a video content creator, the concept of storytelling takes on a meaning that goes beyond the purview of professional video workers. This study is a textual analysis of how professional videographers in a Facebook group discuss the meaning of story. The videographers use a widely-viewed video as a common element for their discussion. Bormann’s (1972) symbolic convergence theory is used to understand how individuals create and share stories together. Common themes emerge from the video workers about what is required for video storytelling: character, feeling/emotion, and story construction. The storytellers reveal that story is not about the quality of the video, nor the quality of the topic at hand. It is what occurs by the hand of the storyteller. Citizen Journalists' Views on Traditional Notions of Journalism, Story Sourcing, and Relationship Building • Kirsten Johnson, Elizabethtown College; Burton St. John, Old Dominion University • This study examines whether citizen journalists adhere to traditional journalistic norms when reporting. A nationwide survey of U.S. citizen journalists showed they do consider norms such as objectivity, gatekeeping, and balance to be important. This study also found that citizen journalists who have previous traditional newsroom experience don’t adhere any more tightly to traditional journalistic norms when reporting, than those citizen journalists who have no prior traditional newsroom experience. How Arousing Features Affect TV News Preferences and Recognition among Young Viewers • Mariska Kleemans; Paul Hendriks Vettehen; Rob Eisinga; Hans Beentjes; Luuk Janssen • This study experimentally investigates whether content (arousing versus non-arousing) and packaging (tabloid versus standard) of television news stories influence preferences for and recognition of these stories among young viewers, varying in educational level. Results showed that the use of arousing news features may help news producers to provide young viewers with news. However, this holds for content but not for packaging. In addition, arousing content improved recognition, but only among higher educated young viewers. Polarized or parallel? Partisan news, cable news, and broadcast news agendas • Patrick Meirick, University of Oklahoma; Jill A. Edy, University of Oklahoma; Jacqueline Eckstein • Data on news content collected by Pew (2007-2012) reveals the issue agendas of broadcast news networks are indistinguishable from each other. While cable news agendas are more distinctive, their overlap with broadcast news agendas and each other is considerable, although cable news is less diverse and does not increase the television news agenda’s overall diversity. Results suggest political polarization occurs within a broadly shared issue agenda and thus is less fundamental than it might be. Second Screen Outcomes: Social Capital Affinity and Flow as Knowledge Gain Predictors Among Multiscreening Audiences • Rebecca Nee, San Diego State University; Valerie Barker, SDSU; David Dozier • Complementary simultaneous media use occurs when television viewers use another screen to seek information or communicate about television content. This online survey (N = 645) assessed social capital affinity and flow as potential mediators in the relationships between social vs. information-seeking motives for second screen use and focused and incidental knowledge gain. Findings confirm that social capital affinity and flow act as mediators, with flow being the more potent of the two in this multiplatform context. Local Television Newsgathering Models: Are Two Heads Better than One? • Simon Perez; Michael Cremedas • This research focuses on whether the trend toward using one person (MMJ) to report, shoot and edit the news versus the traditional method using a two-person crew affects the quality of television journalism. The study’s results suggest, in some instances, two-person crews are far superior to MMJs; in other areas, MMJs seem capable of approximating the quality of the work done by two-person crews. Evaluating Issue-Oriented Video Journalism Techniques • Richard Schaefer, Univ. of New Mexico; Natalia Jácquez, Univ. of New Mexico • Measures of cognitive retention and evoked empathy were tested across three video journalism stories dealing with trend data conveyed by continuity, thematic montage, and infographic visual treatments. The infographic and montage techniques proved more effective for communicating the complex dimensions of the trend data, with infographics creating the most self-reported empathy in viewers. The results suggest that graphic visualizations, which are easily produced with digital programs, could best communicate complex social trends. Staying Alive: T.V. News Facebook Posts, Perceived Credibility and Engagement Intent • Kate Keib, University of Georgia; Bartosz Wojdynski, University of Georgia • The public’s perceptions of media credibility have long been rooted in notions of trust, believability and expertise. With news coming at audiences not only through intentional browsing, but also via social media, and with the array of digital news sources growing ever broader, understanding how users make decisions about the credibility of media sources is relevant to both academic researchers and media organizations. This study examines how characteristics of Facebook posts promoting television news stories trigger heuristic cues previously shown to help online content consumers make decisions about credibility. A 2 (likes, shares and comments: low vs. high) x 2 (sponsorship: liked brand vs suggested post) x 3 (post source: peer vs. brand vs. journalist) online experiment was conducted to see how participants judged the credibility of Facebook posts with various manipulations of cues. Participants were US adults (mean age 35.7) who use Facebook. Results indicate that user’s actions do not always match the assumed actions traditional heuristic cues would predict. Results can be used by scholars studying credibility and by news brands and journalists to increase credibility and engage audiences on Facebook. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15380 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/history-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 22:41:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15384 Point-Counterpoint: The Debate that Embodied a Decade • Elizabeth Atwood, Hood College • Point-Counterpoint, 60 Minutes’ much-parodied debate between Shana Alexander and James Jackson Kilpatrick, became a cultural icon, not because of the arguments presented but because the two commentators embodied the battle of the sexes that was at the forefront of social thought in the 1970s. The unlikely creative force behind the segment was Kilpatrick, the print journalism veteran, who possessed an innate understanding of the entertainment quality of television news. Assault on the Ivory Tower: Anti-Intellectualism in Coverage of the Hutchins Commission • Stephen Bates • When thirteen intellectuals criticized its performance in 1947, the American press on the whole responded ungraciously. Journalists derided the Commission on Freedom of the Press, commonly called the Hutchins Commission, as an assemblage of professors whose analysis was tainted by self-dealing, irresponsibility, elitism, and impracticality. At a broad level, critics charged that the Commission’s work was shaped by its members’ status as professors. By weighing the news coverage against the Commission’s unpublished documents, this paper finds significant validity in the media’s broad contention: An ivory tower world view ran through the Commission’s proceedings and recommendations. Yabba Dabba Don’t Forget Your Audience: What The Simpsons Learned from The Flintstones’ Third Season • Jared Browsh, University of Colorado-Boulder • The Simpsons and The Flintstones are irrevocably linked in television history as two of the first successful primetime animated programs. However, after their initial successes, both programs reached a crossroads after the second season concerning the direction of each series. This paper examines the third season of each program to better understand how decisions made by creators, and the networks broadcasting the shows, led to very different outcomes for these two historically significant programs. Bubbling Motor of Money: Calvin Jacox, the Norfolk Pilot & Guide, and the integration of Tidewater baseball • Brian Carroll, Berry College • This paper seeks to reveal, examine, and understand the role of black sportswriter Cal Jacox in chronicling and promoting baseball’s integration in the Tidewater (Va.) region in the 1950s. For a quarter-century the sports editor for the Norfolk Journal & Guide, Jacox proved a crusader in the fight against discrimination, writing about and helping to foster Black sports and athletes before, during and after integration, to quote his plaque at the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame & Museum. Frances Buss, Television’s Playgirl: The Groundbreaking Career and Divergent Receptions of Television’s First Female Director • Mike Conway, Indiana University; Alexandra B. Hitchcock • American television’s first female director, Frances Buss, received considerable attention during the medium’s chaotic early years. First portrayed as the pretty girl behind the camera, Buss later became a symbol for pushing through failure and forging her own path in the male dominated world of television technology. Buss’s career provides texture and illumination into the overall image of Rosie the Riveter and the changing work environment for women before, during, and after World War II. El Gringo, Travel Writing, and Colonization of the Southwest: W. W. H. Davis' Journalism in New Mexico • Michael Fuhlhage, Wayne State University • This paper reveals the ways Doylestown Democrat correspondent W. W. H. Davis portrayed the newly conquered people of New Mexico for readers in the Eastern United States in his newspaper correspondence and book El Gringo. The study juxtaposes published journalistic travel writing in the early 1850s with his private, confidential writing in letters and journals to assess the interaction between Davis’ social identity, intentions, and journalistic products. Framing Mexicans in Great Depression Editorials: Riff-Raff to Heroes • Melita Garza, Texas Christian University, Bob Schieffer College of Communication, School of Journalism • This research explores the way three competing daily newspapers in San Antonio, Texas, opined about immigrants during the deep financial crisis of the early Depression years. San Antonio’s independent English-language Express; the Hearst-owned, Light; and the immigrant-owned Spanish-language La Prensa, offered widely divergent conceptions of the American newcomer. Using framing theory, the author identified how early 1930s San Antonio newspapers defined immigration in ways that persist in the national imagination. Being the Newspaper: Ontological Metaphors and Metonymy at the End of the Newspaper, 1974-1998 • Nicholas Gilewicz, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania • This article analyzes final editions of ten newspapers that closed between 1974 and 1998, during the early phase of ongoing crises facing the newspaper industry. Journalists at these newspapers used the same set of nested metaphors and symbolic metonymy to discuss social and historical roles of their newspapers. Such consistency reinforced newspaper journalists' tight discursive community and highlighted journalists' self-proclaimed role as courageous representatives of their communities while hiding the industrial apparatus of the newspaper. The defeat is a total one!: East German Press Coverage of America’s Space Setbacks • Kevin Grieves, Whitworth University • The Cold War found dramatic expression in the U.S.-Soviet Space Race. The Cold War ideological struggle also played out primarily via the mass media, in particular when journalists covered the successes and setbacks of space missions. This study examines East German press coverage of prominent American space failures from 1957 to 1986, drawing on newly digitized archival holdings. Citing specific cases, the analysis illuminates patterns of propaganda approaches and journalistic techniques. A short history of the journalistic profile • Grant Hannis • Despite profiles’ contemporary popularity, there has been little scholarly analysis of their historical development. This paper seeks to address this, offering a critical review of a selection of profiles beginning from the earliest days of print journalism. Many of the early profiles give us no sense of actually meeting the person profiled, but throughout history nearly all profiles judge those profiled. We can see in many profiles how reporters create a reality to serve their journalistic needs. Now We Move to Further Action: The Story of the Notre Dame Sunday Morning Replays • Daniel Haygood, Elon University • From 1959 through 1984, Notre Dame football enjoyed a unique national television presence in college sports. The NCAA limited the amount of games broadcast live and had exclusive rights to negotiations with the television networks. But Notre Dame found a loophole for delayed broadcasts. This research reveals the story behind these Sunday morning replays, the key individuals involved, the elaborate production process, and why they were eventually were taken off the air after 26 years. The Fish Sticks Logo: The Doomed Rebranding of the New York Islanders • Nicholas Hirshon, Ohio University • Sophisticated conversations about sports logos began in the 1990s. A notable example is the ill-fated rebranding of the National Hockey League’s New York Islanders in 1995. The Islanders unveiled one of the most vilified logos in sports history, depicting a cartoon fisherman clutching a hockey stick. This paper reveals the thought process behind the rebranding campaign through a review of period newspaper articles and oral history interviews with the logo’s designers and former Islanders executives. Illinois Governor Otto Kerner: A Well-liked, Respected Media Critic • Thomas Hrach, University of Memphis • Illinois Governor Otto Kerner is best known in history as chair of the 1968 National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, which was better known as the Kerner Commission. The commission’s report focused on the riots of the mid-1960s, but it was an important document in journalism history for its pointed criticism of the news media. While much of the recommendations in the Kerner Report were dismissed and never implemented, the chapter on the news media was the exception. It became a catalyst for change in journalism by encouraging the increased coverage of African-Americans in the news media and prodding the news business to hire more minorities to report the news. The Kerner Reports media criticism was taken seriously by the journalism community because Kerner was such a well-liked and respected person with the news media. Kerner actively cultivated the news media and kept them informed about his activities and the activities of the commission. Even after his conviction and prison sentence on corruption charges while governor, Kerner remained a respected person with the news media until the day he died. Editor, Booster, Citizen, Socialist: Victor L. Berger and His Milwaukee Leader • James Kates, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater • From 1911 to 1929, Victor Berger edited the Milwaukee Leader, a Socialist daily newspaper. Berger advocated a peaceful transition to socialism via the ballot box. When the Leader opposed World War I, it lost its mailing privileges and Berger faced prison. This paper examines the daily operations of the Leader and Berger’s belief that a free press was crucial in fostering socialism. It argues that Berger’s temperament and his booster ethos were unsuited to the capital-intensive world of daily newspapering in the 1920s. Clearing a Path for Television News: The First Long-Form Newscast at Sacramento’s KCRA • Madeleine Liseblad, Arizona State University • The advent of long-form television news was a turning point for television. Starting in the 1970s, scholars have associated long-form television news with the first half-hour network newscasts. However, long-format news was driven by local television stations, not the networks. This paper examines in-depth the previously virtually ignored first long-form newscast in the nation – KCRA’s Channel 3 Reports – launched in Sacramento on February 20, 1961 at 6 p.m Exploring The Hero Archetype and Frontier Myth in the Ad Council’s Peace Corps Campaign, 1961 - 1970 • Wendy Melillo, American University • The hero archetype and frontier myth are embedded in the Ad Council’s Peace Corps Campaign. Advertisers use stories with universal appeal to sell products and services. The Ad Council, under the guise of public service, helped the U.S. government fight Communism with messages that encouraged Americans to join the Foreign Service and defend America’s democratic values in a glorious adventure in the Third World. The Lee Family and Freedom of the Press in Virginia • Roger Mellen, New Mexico State University • The free press clause in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is considered a unique and important part of our American democracy. While the origins of this right are a key to current legal interpretations, there is much misunderstanding about its genesis. This research uses eighteenth-century personal correspondence, published articles, and other archival evidence to demonstrate new connections between the Lee family of Virginia and the constitutional right to a free press. Saving the Republic: An Editor's Crusade against Integration • Gwyneth Mellinger, Xavier University • Abstract: Thomas Waring Jr., editor of The News and Courier in Charleston, S.C., offers a case study for segregationist fears of integration and communism in the late 1950s. This paper explores Waring’s campaign, in both editorials and news reporting, against Highlander Folk School and his alma mater, the University of the South, and in defense of a segregationist conception of white democracy. The Artist as Reporter: Drawing National Identity During the U.S. Civil War • Jennifer Moore, University of Maine • The illustrated press reached a highpoint during the U.S. Civil War. Artists hired as illustrators sketched battles scenes and other war-related imagery for a public eager for news and information. In doing so, pictorial news communicated information that words alone could not. This study interprets pictorials reports on the war vis-à-vis a paradigm shift that reflected more realistic reporting practices. Findings describe how illustrations communicated certain ideologies about nationalism and national identity through flag iconography. Charles Siepmann: A Forgotten Pioneer of Critical Media Policy Research • Victor Pickard • The contributions of Charles Siepmann (1899-1985), a British-born, American-naturalized media scholar and progressive policy advocate should figure centrally within any revisionist history of the field of communication. Siepmann is a prime example of an early critical thread of communication research: overtly political in his scholarship and frequently engaged with media policy interventions. He was a seminal figure in the early days of the BBC, the primary author of the controversial FCC Blue Book, and also the founding director of one of the United States’ first graduate-level communication programs in 1946 where he taught for over two decades. Siepmann mentored a number of leading broadcast historians and practitioners and authored several influential books, but he was first and foremost a public intellectual of a social democratic orientation, engaging with important policy debates across three countries. Given his historical significance, Siepmann’s legacy deserves closer scholarly attention—as does his continued relevance, particularly within debates about the future of public media. Drawing from Siepmann’s writings, archival materials, and interviews with his former students, this paper situates his scholarship within historical and contemporary contexts by examining his role during the early years of communication scholarship and his participation in significant media policy debates. The Platform: How Pullman Porters Used Railways to Engage in Networked Journalism • Allissa Richardson, Graduate Student & Lecturer • This essay re-frames the early 20th-century news partnerships of Pullman porters and African-American newspapers as an example of networked journalism that functioned efficiently for decades, well before the Information Age. The Pullman porters and African-American newspapers used the railways as an antecedent to computerized social networks to achieve modern notions of information crowdsourcing and collaborative news editing, which helped shape and convey black political thought after World War I. Nineteenth Century Women's Dress Reform: Representations of the Bloomer Costume in North Carolina Newspaper Coverage • Natalee Seely • The bloomer costume came to represent the women’s rights movement in the nineteenth century. Despite claims from North Carolina newspapers that the state was open to dress reform, a textual analysis of North Carolina newspaper coverage found the bloomer dress was typically portrayed negatively for a variety of reasons. Some voices endorsed the bloomer dress for its practicality and comfort, and the outfit was sometimes explicitly linked to the principles of the women’s rights movement. Here we go again: Seven Decades of Debate But Still No Agreement Over How to Define Violence • Margot Susca, American University • Over the last seven decades, researchers, politicians, and parents have struggled with how to study, regulate, and monitor media violence. Thousands of articles devoted to media violence have been published, the Supreme Court has heard arguments on the constitutionality of laws banning violent material, and legislators and government regulatory agencies have attempted to quantify media effects while weighing how—if at all—to regulate media violence. But what is media violence? The lack of a standard definition leaves in its wake major contemporary issues related to media ratings, local governance, and regulatory policy yet little academic research has studied the history of the debate or its implications for policymakers, parents, researchers. This paper provides a historical analysis of social science and governmental definitions of media violence to help better understand the current issues impacting regulators attempting to find a standardized definition. A Riot ‘Never Out of Control’: World War II Press, Bamber Bridge, and Collective Memory • Pamela Walck, Ohio University • What began with American GIs trying to get more drinks at Ye Olde Hob Inn, escalated into a racial firefight between white and African American troops on the streets of Bamber Bridge, a small British village in Northwest England. The incident, just a few days after the race riots in Detroit, made headlines in the British and American press, while U.S. military officials attempted to control the story narrative. Along the way, the Battle for Bamber Bridge has forged itself into the collective memory of the village and the region's citizens even decades later. This paper examines media reports of the riot, government documents, and oral histories to understand how media influence collective memory. A Strong Sense of Outrage: Stan Strachan, The National Thrift News and The Savings and Loan Crisis • Rob Wells, University of Maryland • This paper examines how a small mortgage industry newspaper, the National Thrift News, defied the trade press norms and served as an aggressive industry watchdog. It first reported on the 1987 Keating Five scandal, an iconic political money story where five U.S. Senators pressured regulators to go easy on a wealthy campaign contributor. The National Thrift News excelled at a time when mainstream media offered lackluster coverage of the savings and loan financial crisis. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15384 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/intl-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 22:45:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15388 Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition The Promise to the Arab World: Attribute Agenda Setting and Diversity of Attributes about U.S. President Obama in Arabic-Language Tweets • Mariam Alkazemi; Shahira Fahmy; Wayne Wanta, University of Florida; Ahmedabad Abdelzaheer Mahmoud Farghali, University of Arizona • In 2009 U.S. President Barak Obama travelled to Cairo promising a new beginning between the US government and the Arab world that has been angry about the two US led wars in two Muslim nations and its perceived favoritism toward Israel (Kuttab, 2013; Wilson, 2012). Five years later, we analyzed Arabic-language twitter messages involving President Obama to examine cognitive and affective attributes. Results show that tweets by members of the media differed greatly from tweets by members of the public. The public was much more negative towards the U.S. President. Members of the public also were more likely to link the President to a wider range of countries, suggesting a greater diversity of attributes. The location of the source of the tweets showed a wide range, though dominated by the Middle East. The New York Times and Washington Post: Misleading the Public about U.S. Drone Strikes • Jeff Bachman, American University's School of International Service • This paper examines The New York Times’ and Washington Post’s coverage of U.S. drone strikes in Yemen and Pakistan to determine whether they have accurately reported on the number of civilians killed in drone strikes and the overall civilian impact, as well as whether they have placed drone strikes within their proper legal context. The author concludes that both newspapers have failed to accurately report the number of civilian casualties and have underemphasized the civilian impact of drone strikes, while also excluding international legal issues from their coverage. Experiencing sexism: Responses by Indian women journalists to sexism and sexual harassment • Kalyani Chadha; Pallavi Guha; Linda Steiner, University of Maryland, College Park • This paper examines the everyday sexism and workplace sex discrimination experienced by women journalists in India. Nearly all attention to Indian women focuses on high profile cases of sexual assault. Our interviews with Indian women journalists, however, indicate that the problem is everyday sexism and workplace discrimination. Moreover, women say laws designed to protect women are ineffective and largely unenforced. We highlight the impact of the casualization of journalists labor, resulting from global market forces. Integrating Self-Construal in Theory of Reasoned Action: Examining How Self-Construal, Social Norms, and Attitude Relate to Healthy Lifestyle Intention in Singapore • Soo Fei Chuah, Nanyang Technological University; Xiaodong Yang, Nanyang Technological University; Liang Chen, Nanyang Technological University; Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University • This study would like to investigate Singaporeans’ intention to adopt healthy lifestyle by integrating the concept of self-construal into the Theory of Reasoned Action. The results revealed that attitudes toward healthy lifestyle and subjective norms are associated with healthy lifestyle behavioral intentions. Besides, interdependent self-construal is associated with individuals’ attitude and subjective norm. The study also found that there is an indirect relationship between subjective norms and behavioral intention through individuals’ attitude. We Choose to Tweet: Twitter Users’ Take on Rwanda Day 2014 • Sally Ann Cruikshank, Auburn University; Jeremy Saks, Ohio University • This study centers on the usage of Twitter related to Rwanda Day 2014 in Atlanta, Georgia. The event allowed Rwandan diaspora to gather to celebrate Rwandan culture and included a speech by President Paul Kagame. A content analysis of two hashtags related to the event, #RwandaDay and #Twahisemo, was performed. Utilizing social identity theory, the researchers explored how various groups tweeted about Rwanda Day 2014 and President Kagame. Findings and implications are discussed at length. Testing the effect of message framing and valence on national image • Ming Dai, Southeastern Oklahoma State University • Using the episodic and thematic framing concepts, the study was designed to understand the influence of message format and its interaction with message valence in influencing perceptions of foreign countries, policy attitudes and policy choice. The experimental study examined young Americans’ responses to news articles about the US’s policy toward China to change the human rights conditions in the country. The findings indicated that episodically framed message was more interesting to read. The episodically framed positive article improved perceptions of China’s human rights conditions, but it did not worsen the perceptions. The episodically framed negative article was not the most powerful influence on the perceptions, policy attitudes and policy choice. Thematic frame was more powerful than episodic frame on policy attitude in both positive and negative stories. Implications for national image promotion through media are discussed. Fighting for recognition: online abuse of political women bloggers in Germany, Switzerland, the UK and US • Stine Eckert • This study finds that women in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States who blog about politics or are feminists face great risks of online abuse. In-depth interviews with 109 bloggers who write about women, family, and/or maternity politics revealed that 73.4 percent had negative experiences. Using theoretical approaches that emphasize how offline hierarchies migrate online, this study calls for more empirical work on and global recognition of online harassment as punishable crimes. Ironic Encounters: Constructing Humanitarianism through Slum Tourist Media • Brian Ekdale, University of Iowa; David Tuwei, University of Iowa • Following Steeves (2008) and Chouliaraki (2013), we argue that slum tourist media signify an ironic encounter, one in which tourists construct a humanitarian Self in contrast to an impoverished Other. Our analysis focuses on three-high profile texts produced by tourists of Kibera, a densely populated low-income community in Nairobi, Kenya: the BBC’s reality television special Famous, Rich and in the Slums, the book Megaslumming: A Journey Through sub-Saharan Africa’s Largest Shantytown, and a White House slideshow about Jill Biden’s tour of Kibera. In these ironic encounters, slum tourism is justified as necessary for coveted experiential knowledge, as a platform for tourists to share their newfound expertise on global poverty, and as a source of encouragement and enlightenment for slum residents. The Signs of Sisi Mania: A Semiotic and Discourse Analysis of Abdelfattah Al-Sisi’s Egyptian Presidential Campaign • Mohammed el-Nawawy; Mohamad Elmasry • This study employed semiotic analysis to examine the sign system in two of Abdelfattah Al-Sisi’s 2014 Egyptian presidential campaign posters, and discourse analysis to uncover dominant discourses in Al-Sisi’s most prominent campaign video. The semiotic analysis showed that the campaign presented Al-Sisi as a familiar, yet transcendent, figure, while the discourse analysis suggested that the video producers discursively constructed Al-Sisi as the ultimate patriot and a strongman with immense leadership abilities. Exploring the relationship between Myanmar consumers’ social identity, attitudes towards globalization, and consumer preferences • Alana Rudkin, American University; Joseph Erba, University of Kansas • Myanmar is transitioning to an open market economy, but very little is known about Myanmar consumers and their attitudes towards globalization. Using Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and social identity theory, this exploratory study aimed to shed light on the role Myanmar consumers’ cultural values and social identity play in consumer preferences. Results from a cross-sectional survey of Myanmar consumers (N = 268) provide insights into Myanmar culture and how to effectively communicate with Myanmar consumers. Food and Society: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Food Advertising Claims in the U.S. and China • Yang Feng, The University of Virginia's College at Wise; Lingda Li, Communication University of China • This study explored the socio-economic (food safety issues and regulations) and cultural factors affecting the use of advertising claims across two countries: the U.S. and China. Results from the content analyses of 324 U.S. and 81 Chinese food advertisements indicated that quality claims, health claims, nutrient content claims, and structure/function claims were more often used in Chinese food advertisements than in the U.S. food advertisements, whereas taste claims were more frequently adopted in the U.S. food advertisements than their Chinese counterparts. Moreover, while Chinese food advertisements tended to include more healthy foods than their U.S. counterparts, the U.S. food advertisements were inclined to contain more unhealthy foods than their Chinese counterparts. Overall, results suggested that the use of food advertising claims reflected the local market’s socio-economic situations and cultural values. Implications and limitations were discussed. To Share or Not to Share: The Influence of News Values and Topics on Popular Social Media Content in the U.S., Brazil, and Argentina • Victor Garcia, University of Texas at Austin; Ramón Salaverría, School of Communication, University of Navarra; Danielle Kilgo; Summer Harlow, Florida State University • As news organizations strive to create news for the digital environment, audiences play an increasingly important role in evaluating content. This comparative study of the U.S., Argentina, and Brazil explores values and topics present in news content and the variances in audience interaction on social media. Findings suggest values of timeliness and conflict/controversy and government/politics topics trigger more audience responses. Articles in the Brazilian media prompted more interactivity than those in the U.S. or Argentina. Journalists in peril: In-depth interviews with Iraqi journalists covering everyday violence • Goran Ghafour, The university of Kansas; Barbara Barnett, The University of Kansas • After the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in 2003, Iraqi journalists enjoyed an unprecedented free press—albeit short-lived. With the emergence of ISIS, Iraqi journalists have witnessed a harsher wave of violence. Based on in-depth interviews with nine Iraqi journalists, this study found that journalists not only covered violence but perceived violence as a government tool used to control them. In spite of threats to their lives, journalists said they were committed to their jobs. Advocating Social Stability and Territorial Integrity: The China Daily’s Framing of the Arab Spring • Jae Sik Ha, Univ Of Illinois-Springfield; Dong-Hee Shin • This study examines how The China Daily, China’s authoritative English newspaper, framed the Arab Spring, a social movement in the Middle East. Specifically, it compares news stories appearing in The China Daily from Chinese reporters with those obtained from Western wire services. The study found that the Chinese journalists attempted to accuse the West, including the U.S. government, of being responsible for the chaos and violence occurring in the Arab world. The Chinese journalists also stressed China’s national interests and concerns (i.e. social stability, national unity, and territorial integrity) in their coverage. They relied on Chinese government officials and experts as news sources, whereas Western journalists quoted those involved in the protests more often. China’s national interests primarily shaped the news within The China Daily; the paper has served as a useful tool for the Chinese government in its public diplomacy efforts, which seek to present China as a harmonious, stable, and reliable nation. Depiction of Chinese in New Zealand journalism • Grant Hannis • Media depictions of Chinese in Western countries often rely on the Yellow Peril and model minority stereotypes. This paper considers the nature of coverage of Chinese in New Zealand print journalism to determine whether it uses these stereotypes. Although the rampant Yellow Peril hysteria of early 20th-century coverage had largely disappeared 100 years later, there continued to be a significant amount of negatively toned coverage – primarily crime – rather than use of the model minority stereotype. Liberation Technology? Understanding a Community Radio Station’s Social Media Use in El Salvador • Summer Harlow, Florida State University • This ethnographic study of the Salvadoran community station Radio Victoria explores how the radio used Facebook to encourage citizen participation and action, despite the digital divide. Analysis showed who participated and how they participated changed because of Facebook. This study contributes to scholarship by including technology as fundamental to the study of alternative media and by expanding our conceptualization of the digital divide to include whether social media are used in frivolous or liberating ways. Predicting international news flow from Reuters: Money makes the world go round • Beverly Horvit, University of Missouri; Peter Gade, University of Oklahoma; Yulia Medvedeva, University of Missouri; Anthony Roth, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Michael Phinney, University of Missouri • This content analysis surveyed more than 13,000 news stories to identify the factors that predict the amount of business and non-business coverage allocated to world countries by Reuters newswire in 2006 and 2014. Findings revealed that country’s world-system status ratio suggested by Gunaratne serves as the most reliable predictor of the volume of coverage. U.S. firms’ investments in a country and the number of significant events serve as additional reliable predictors of country’s news visibility. Learning how to do things right: Lessons from the digital transition in Bulgaria • Elza Ibroscheva, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville; Maria Raicheva-Stover, Washburn University • The paper examines the latest developments in the digital switchover in Bulgaria, focusing on the specific the challenges that this new EU member faces. Exploring the digitization efforts of a novice EU policy actor such as Bulgaria is critical as it demonstrates the complex processes that nations in transition undergo as they build a Western-type democracy and navigate the complexities of media policies attached to such transitional adjustments. By offering an in-depth media analysis of the current developments, the players in the process of digital conversion in Bulgaria and its political prominence, might reveal the obstacles and challenges that other transitional democracies might face when media developments are caught at a crossroad— at the international level, the EU call for a free market competition and transparency of capital, and at the local level, continuous attempts to obscure the source of capital and thus, protect powerful local players that wield enormous power and control over public opinion, thus, single-highhandedly steering the processes of democratization and media transformation they foster. Determining the Factors Influencing the News Values of International Disasters in the U.S. News Media • YONGICK JEONG, Louisiana State University; Sun Young Lee, Texas Tech University • We explore various factors that influence the news value of international disasters in 10 representative U.S. news outlets over a four-week period. Our findings suggest that internal disaster factors are most consistent and significant in covering international disasters in the U.S. When disaster coverage is extended over a longer period, other external factors, such as trade relations with the U.S., distance from the U.S., GDP, military expenditure, and political rights, come into play as well. Military Intervention or Not?: A Textual Analysis of the Coverage on Syria in Foreign Affairs and China Daily • Cristina Mislan; Haiyan Jia, The Pennsylvania State University • A growing public conversation about the United States’ pivot toward the Asian continent has highlighted the tense relations between the United States and China. While convergence of each country’s foreign policy interests has become of great concern for the United, US influence throughout the Middle East demonstrates the United States’ inability to disengage from the Middle East. This paper contributes to historical conversations about the lifespan of foreign policy by comparing US and Chinese foreign policy through an analysis of both countries’ national media coverage. The authors conducted a discourse analysis of the coverage on intervention in the Syrian civil war in Foreign Affairs and China Daily between April and September 2013. Findings illustrate three themes addressing the intervention strategies and underlying approaches adopted in each media source, their representations of the international structure, and the perceptions of each country regarding China’s international presence in the twenty-first century. Social Network Discussion, Life Satisfaction and Quality of life • Chang Won Jung; Hernando Rojas • The study explores the relationship between the cross-cutting discussion and two aspects of satisfaction: life satisfaction (individual) and quality of life (societal). This research suggests how individuals’ media use, SNSs, social network discussion, heterogeneous discussion, and associational membership contribute to satisfaction based on a Colombia national sample, N=1031 (2012). The finding suggests that heterogeneous discussion negatively predicts life satisfaction, yet positively predicts quality of life. The use of SNSs only positively predicts quality of life. Influence of Facebook on Body Image and Disordered Eating in Kazakhstan and USA • Karlyga N. Myssayeva, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University; Stephanie Smith, Ohio University; Yusuf Kalyango Jr., Ohio University; Ayupova Zaure Karimovna, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University • Women in the United States of America (USA) are ranked fourth heaviest in the world, while women in Kazakhstan are generally thin. This difference in average female weight leads to interesting questions regarding perceptions of beauty. Is there less negative body image in Kazakhstan given that, on average, Kazakh women are slimmer compared to American women? The thin ideal is pervasive in all genres of mass media and has been linked to negative body image, which in turn is a risk factor for eating disorders, and a significant predictor of low self-esteem, depression, and obesity. Young women spend an increasing amount of time with social media both in Kazakhstan and the USA, but the relationship between this growing exposure and body image is not fully understood. This study uses objectification to examine the relationship between time spent on Facebook and body image among Kazakh and American college women. Time on Facebook predicted BSQ and EAT-26© scores in Kazakhstan but did not in the USA, suggesting Facebook may have a more subtle effect in the USA. Time on Facebook predicted attention to appearance and negative feelings in both countries. Practical and theoretical implications are detailed. Dirty Politics in New Zealand: How newspaper reporters and online bloggers constructed the professional values of journalism at a time of crisis • Linda Jean Kenix • This research explores how different facets of the New Zealand media system conceptualized journalism and their own perceived role within journalistic practice at a particular moment of crisis. This study found a recurrent reflexive protectionism displayed by journalists while bloggers readily explored the extent of journalism doxa, albeit through a politicized lens. If journalism is measured, in part, by the values on display in written text, then bloggers emerged from this controversy as professional journalists. A Theoretical Approach to Understanding China’s Consumption of the Korean Wave • Sojung Kim, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Qijun He, the Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study investigates how globalism, proximity, and modernity influence China’s motivation to consume the Korean wave and its subsequent consumption of Korean TV programs. The findings suggest that the motivation to consume the Korean wave is positively related to globalism and proximity. Modernity, however, is found to have a negative influence on the motivation. The study also finds that the motivation to consume the Korean wave has a significant impact on the consumption of Korean TV programs. In the revised model, the study suggests that proximity, followed by globalism, has the strongest positive relationship with the motivation. Such a finding suggests that proximity approach could serve as a better theoretical perspective to explain the phenomenon of the Korean wave in China. Soft Power and Development Efforts: An Analysis of Foreign Development Efforts As Covered in 28 Senegalese Dailies • Jeslyn Lemke, University of Oregon, School of Journalism and Communication • This study is a quantitative content analysis that explores the connection between foreign development initiatives in Senegal and the rate of coverage these foreign initiatives receive, using a sample of 28 editions of five major Senegalese daily newspapers. The purpose of this study is to explore the connection between J. Nye’s soft power, Western imperialism and the related influence of Western organizations intervening into the Senegalese economy and civilian life, as measured in these newspapers. Migrant Worker of News vs. Superman: Why Local Journalists in China and the U.S. Perceive Different Self-Image • Zhaoxi Liu, Trinity University • Conversations with local journalists in China and the U.S. reveal quite different self-image as journalists. Whereas Chinese journalists label themselves migrant workers of news, American journalists generally hold the notion that journalists inform the public to maintain democracy and even act like superman to make a change. To better understand such differences, the article argues, one has to examine journalists as interpretive communities situated in specific social environment. Beyond Cultural Imperialism to Postcolonial Global Discourses: Korean Wave (Hallyu) and its Fans in Qatar • Saadia Malik, Qarar University • This paper aims to understand K-pop culture and its fans in Qatar through asking the question: How audiences/fans of K-pop culture in Qatar interact, negotiate and define themselves as audiences/fans of Korean pop-culture. To answer this question, the papers adopts postcolonial discourses on globalization as a theoretical approach that advocates multi-flow of culture and globalization and places fans of K-pop culture in Qatar within the framework of transnational fandom of non-western hybrid popular culture. Moreover, the theoretical framework advocates audience’s (fans) agency in negotiating and consuming K-pop cultural products. Group interviews were conducted with some young Arab women who define themselves as fans of K-pop culture in order to bring their views and opinions as K-pop fans to the center of analysis in this paper. The Young Arab women I interacted with through this research have created their own non-institutionalized voluntary fan ‘community’ (subculture) as K-pop fans. This ‘community’ or cultural ‘ecumene' stands as an ‘identity space’ through which they can express their cultural identity as fans of K-pop culture bonded by Korean language and by shared expressed cultural symbols from K-pop culture itself. He is a Looker Not a Doer: New Masculinity in Men’s Magazine In India • Suman Mishra • After 2005, several transnational men’s magazines have been introduced in India because of changes in Indian government’s policy. However, little is known about how these magazines are shaping masculine ideals of urban Indian men. Through an examination of magazine advertising content, this study finds a focus on aesthetic metrosexuality. This form of masculinity sits comfortably at the global-local nexus and serves to assimilate upper class Indian men into a global consumer class. Asian Crisis Communications: Perspectives from the MH370 Disappearance and Sewol Ferry Disaster • Jeremy Chan; Bohoon Choi; Adrian Seah; Wan Ling Tan; Fernando Paragas • This paper examines two national addresses by the leaders of South Korea and Malaysia in response to pivotal crises in their respective countries. Using Critical Discourse Analysis, our findings show both speeches employed crisis communication strategies aligned with the Situational Crisis Communications Theory. However, key differences in how these strategies have been used in either speech precludes a prescription of a uniform Asian crisis communication response given the diversity of national cultures in the continent. Idiocentrism versus Allocentrism and Illegal Downloading Intention between the United States and South Korea • Namkee Park, Yonsei University, South Korea; Hyun Sook Oh, Pyeongtaek University, South Korea; Naewon Kang, Dankook University, South Korea; Seohee Sohn, Yonsei University, South Korea • This study employed the personality dimension of idiocentrism and allocentrism to examine the difference in illegal downloading intention between the U.S college students and South Korean ones. The study uncovered that South Korean students had a higher intention of illegal downloading than the U.S. counterparts. The study also found that, for the U.S. students, idiocentrics exhibited a higher intention of illegal downloading than allocentrics. For South Korean students, allocentrics showed a higher intention than idiocentrics. Cultural Capital at its Best: Factors Influencing Consumption of American Television Programs among Young Croatians • Ivanka Pjesivac, University of Georgia; Iveta Imre, Western Carolina University • This study examined factors that influence the consumption of American television programs among young Croatians, by conducting a paper and pencil survey (N=487). The results indicate that young Croatians are avid consumers of American dramas and sitcoms, and that a set of cultural capital variables is a significant predictor of the consumption of American TV. Knowledge of English language, of U.S. lifestyle, consumption of American movies and American press all had a significant unique contribution to the model. Do Demographics Matter? Individual Differences in Perceived News Media Corruption in Serbia • Ivanka Pjesivac, University of Georgia • This study examined individual differences in perceived news media corruption (PNMC), by conducting a face-to-face survey on a representative sample of the Serbian population (N=544). Extremely high levels of PNMC were found, as well as significant differences in PNMC scores for gender, education level, socioeconomic status, political affiliation, and membership in majority ethnic and religious groups. Corruption perception persona types are created and results are discussed in terms of importance of societal integration for PNMC. Charities in Chile: Trust and Commitment in the Formation of Donor’s Behavioral Loyalty • Cristobal Barra; Geah Pressgrove, West Virginia University; Eduardo Torres-Moraga • This study explores the ways in which trust and commitment lead to loyalty in the Latin American organization-donor context. Findings support a multi-dimension sequentially ordered conceptualization of loyalty that starts with cognitive loyalty, followed by affective loyalty and with behavioral loyalty as the penultimate outcome. Further, findings indicate that neither trust nor commitment affects behavioral loyalty directly; rather, the effects of these variables are present in earlier stages of the formation of loyalty Thatcherism and the Eurozone crisis: A social systems-level analysis of British, Greek, and German news coverage of Margaret Thatcher's death • Sada Reed, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Yioryos Nardis, Unaffiliated; Emily Ogilvie; Daniel Riffe • The following study examines British, Greek, and German newspapers’ coverage of former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher’s death in order to argue that proximity as a news value is not limited to media routines, but is part of nations’ social systems. Results suggest that journalists interpreted the meaning of Thatcher’s legacy and death more in proximity to their respective nation’s weathering of the European economic storm than through the lens of their newspaper’s political leaning. An Exploratory Study on Journalistic Professionalism and Journalism Education in Contemporary China • Baohui Shao; qingwenn dong Dong, university of the pacific • Journalism education plays an important role to cultivate future professional journalists. Chinese journalism education has boomed up in recent decades, however, journalism graduates are not welcomed by media organizations. Through in-depth interviews with professional journalists and journalism educationalists, this paper finds that their perception of journalistic professionalism is focusing on journalistic expertise, commitment, and responsibility but eschewing journalistic autonomy deliberately and Chinese journalism education concentrates on rigid journalism knowledge without profession or practical ability. Sex Trafficking in Thai Media: A content analysis of issue framing • Meghan Sobel, Regis University • Understanding how news media frame sex trafficking in Thailand, a country with high levels of trafficking and an understudied media landscape, has strong implications for how the public and policymakers understand and respond to the issue. This quantitative content analysis analyzed 15 years of trafficking coverage in five English-language Thai newspapers and found a focus on female victims, international aspects of trafficking and official sources with a lack of discussion of risk factors and solutions. Reimagining Internet Geographies: A User-Centric Ethnological Mapping of the World Wide Web • Angela Xiao Wu, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Harsh Taneja, University of Missouri, School of Journalism • Existing imageries of the WWW prioritize media infrastructure and content dissemination. We propose a new imagery foregrounding local usage and it’s shaping by local cultural identity and political economy. We develop granular measures and construct ethnological maps of WWW usage through a network analysis of shared global traffic between top 1000 websites in 2009, 2011 and 2013. Our results reveal the significant growth and thickening of online regional cultures associated with the global South. Producing Communities and Commodities: Safaricom and Commercial Nationalism in Kenya • David Tuwei, University of Iowa; Melissa Tully, University of Iowa • This research analyzes Safaricom, one of the most established mobile operators in Kenya. Alongside the provision of mobile services, Safaricom has closely engaged with the government of Kenya, even getting involved in the nation’s politics. This study specifically examines Safaricom’s marketing, which reflects a commitment to promoting the country and its products through discourses of commercial nationalism. These discourses link Kenyan identity, pride, and distinctiveness to commercial success, profit, upward mobility, and development. The dependency gap: Story types and source selection in coverage of an international health crisis • Fred Vultee, Wayne State University; Fatima Barakji, Wayne State University; Lee Wilkins • The growing interactivity of news, and the growing number of ways in which it can get around traditional barriers of news practice or social/legal constraint, underscores the value of revisiting theory as a guide to analysis and practice. This paper adds to media systems dependency theory by reinterpreting its emphasis on the individual actor to incorporate both audience members and journalists themselves as well as the political context in which news accounts are created and recounted. It then tests these revised theoretical notions in a cross-national content analysis of coverage of an emerging disease in the Arabian Gulf. Results suggest that predictable patterns of sourcing and topic selection hold in some circumstances and are challenged in others. Africa rising: An analysis of emergent mass communication scholarship in Africa from 2004 - 2014. • ben wasike • In the first comprehensive and longitudinal analysis of Africa-based mass communication research since David Edeani’s (1995) study of the same, this study analyzed a census of Africa-based mass communication research published worldwide between years 2004 – 2014. Results show that Africa-based scholarship uniquely differs from mainstream and other emergent research in terms of analyzing newspapers content over television and the heavy use of case studies. Confluence with other research spheres includes being atheoretical, qualitative and non-empirical. Examining global journalism: how global news networks frame the ISIS threat • Xu Zhang, Texas Tech University; lea hellmueller, Texas Tech University • The results of a quantitative content analysis of 393 news reports on the ISIS threat from CNN and Al-Jazeera English suggests that in time of globalization different transnational news outlets share common features in their news coverage of global challenges, while important differences still co-exist. On the contrary to the concept of global journalism, reporting the global event from a global perspective is far from conclusion, even for those transnational news outlets. Markham Student Paper Competition Source Nationality, Authority and Credibility: A Multi-National Experiment using the Diaoyu/Senkaku Island Dispute • Krystin Anderson, University of Florida; Xiaochen Zhang, University of Florida; Shintaro Sato, University of Florida; Hideo Matsumoto, Tokai University • This study investigates the relationship between source authority type and source nationality on credibility and peace message reception in context of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Island dispute. Through three separate experiments conducted in the U.S., China and Japan, it finds a significant relationship between source nationality and credibility and an interaction between nationality and authority type. The study offers implications for peace journalism, suggesting that source choice is an important factor in reporting peace initiatives. What's in a name? The renewal of development journalism in the 21st century • Kendal Blust • Development journalism has been dismissed as a form of government controlled media but continues to interest scholars and practitioners alike. A new form of development journalism is being used in which international development issues are reported from the outside in. The Guardian’s Global Development site is explored through ethnographic content analysis as a model for development journalism from the outside and a comparison with previous definitions. Young wife from Sikkim allegedly raped: Understanding the framing of rape reportage in Indian media • DHIMAN CHATTOPADHYAY, Bowling Green State University • This paper explores the framing of rape reportage in India’s English language media, conducting a mixed method content analysis of how 25 Indian newspapers, magazines and television channels reported the same incident of rape on their respective websites. The results showed that the victim’s credibility was often doubted and both victim and accused were otherized. Also attributes such as marital status, age, profession and ethnicity were considered vital information to be conveyed to audiences. This study hopes to contribute to the nascent but growing body of academic work that has started to look at the growing incidents of rape in India and how the media frames and communicates incidents of rapes and rape culture in general to its audiences Permission to Narrate? Palestinian Perspectives in U.S. Media Coverage of Operation Cast Lead • Britain Eakin, University of Arizona • This study explores the presence of Palestinian narratives in U.S. media coverage in the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times during Operation Cast Lead, the 22-day long Israeli military operation in Gaza, which lasted from late December 2008 through January 22, 2009. Utilizing a postcolonial framework this study examines the coverage as part of the Orientalist legacy that shapes American perceptions of Palestinians, and how those perceptions might manifest themselves in relation to the presence of or lack of Palestinian narratives in media coverage of Operation Cast Lead. This study finds that to a limited extent, Palestinian narratives are present in the reporting, however lack of context overshadowed their legitimacy. MH17 Tragedy: An Analysis of Cold War and Post-Cold War Media Framing of Airline Disasters • Abu Daud Isa, West Virginia University • This paper builds on similar studies that examined newspaper coverage of airline disasters during the Cold War in the 1980s. It explores new Cold War frames in The New York Times and The Moscow Times coverage of Malaysian Airlines Flight MH17, which was shot down over Ukraine in 2014. The research reveals an absence of hostile Cold War assertions, but found frames were consistent with the respective U.S. and Russian diplomatic positions. Journalists Jailed and Muzzled: Government and Government-inspired Censorship in Turkey during AKP Rule • Duygu Kanver, Michigan State University • During Justice and Development Party (AKP) rule, politics have been overly influential on news media in Turkey. The AKP government’s connections with highly politicized media owners have led to a politically-oriented, polarized media landscape where journalists cannot report freely and objectively. This study explores limitations on freedom of the press, which include ongoing censorship due to direct and indirect involvement of the government, and hundreds of journalist imprisonments between 2008 and 2013. Burma/Myanmar’s Exile Media in Transition: Exploring the Relationship between Alternative Media, Market Forces & Public Sphere Formation • Brett Labbe, Bowling Green State University • This study examines the historical development of Myanmar/Burma’s independent exile media alongside their recent integration into the country and ongoing financial reconfigurations. Employing documentary research, observation of Burma/Myanmar’s current media landscape, and interviews with senior editors of the country’s former exile media, this investigation explores these organizations’ changing institutional practices and relationships to the nation’s political and public spheres in order to examine reigning conceptualizations of ‘alternative media’ and its relationship to market forces and public sphere formation. This study found that the country’s exile media’s transition into the country has provided new avenues of journalistic ‘space,’ yet not necessarily conductive to these organizations’ traditional alternative media values. Spotlight on Qatar: A framing analysis of labor rights issues in the news blog Doha News • Elizabeth Lance, Northwestern University in Qatar; Ivana Vasic, Independent; Rhytha Zahid Hejaze • This study examines coverage of labor rights issues in the online-only news blog Doha News (Qatar) to identify the prominent frames used. Additionally, this study compares those prominent frames with those found in the English-language daily Gulf Times (Qatar), identifying several differences. This study is useful in understanding how an online-only news blog covers a controversial issue in a restrictive press environment. Digitally enabled citizen empowerment in East and Southeast Asia • SHIN HAENG LEE, University of Washington • This study assessed the impact of new information technologies on citizen empowerment in Asian political communication systems as the emerging digital network market. The World Values Survey provided cross-national data, gathered during the two periods: 2005–2007 (Wave 5) and 2010–2013 (Wave 6). The results showed that online information seeking had mobilizing effects on political participation in both WVS waves. This relationship was nevertheless conditional on the existing information gap. Linguistic Abstractness as a Discursive Microframe: LCM Framing in International Reporting by American News • Josephine Lukito, Syracuse University • This study examined whether American news coverage of a country would be framed differently based on the country’s proximity or interactions with the United States. The Linguistic Category Model was used to code for language abstractness. Seven proximity and interaction variables were studied. Results suggest that countries with little proximity or with weak ties to the U.S. were framed abstractly. Implications are discussed, and the LCM frame is identified as a discursive microframe (DMF). Online networking and protest behaviors in Latin America • Rachel Mourao, The University of Texas at Austin; Shannon McGregor, University of Texas - Austin; Magdalena Saldana, The University of Texas at Austin • The relationship between online networking and protest participation is a focal point of scholarly attention, yet few studies address it in the context of Latin American democracies. Using data from the 2012 Americas-Barometer public opinion survey, we assess how online networking affects protest behavior in the region. Findings suggest that online networking leads to moderate protest behaviors. Results indicate protest participation has been normalized in the region, a sign of the strength of democratic states. Twitter Diplomacy between India and the United States: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Tweets during Presidential State Visits • Jane O'Boyle, University of South Carolina • India’s economic and political influence is growing, and its expansion of Twitter users provides more opportunity for international agenda-building. This qualitative analysis studies Twitter comments from the U.S. and India (N=11,532) during reciprocal state visits by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Barack Obama, when the most retweets in both countries were from the White House and Times of India, reflecting agenda-building effects. American comments were more negative about Obama than about Modi. Analysis addresses implications for agenda-building global public diplomacy. Jokes in Public: The Ethical Implications of Radio Prank Calls • Subin Paul, University of Iowa; John C Carpenter • The use of prank calls is becoming increasingly common among radio hosts in the international arena. This study examines the ethics behind the practice of radio prank calls and their implications for mainstream journalism through Systematic Moral Analysis and Kantianism. It shows that while radio prank calls can contribute to the public sphere, they can also have unintended negative consequences that reflect badly not only on radio hosts, but also on mainstream journalists. Reporting in Latin America: Issues and perspectives on investigative journalism in the region • Magdalena Saldana, The University of Texas at Austin; Rachel Mourao, The University of Texas at Austin • Despite its importance in fostering transparent democracies, watchdog journalism is not exempt from external influences. This study investigates the challenges faced by investigative journalism in Latin America. Guided by the Hierarchy of Influences model, we analyzed answers from 1,453 journalists in the region. Results reveal that more than two decades after the liberalization of media systems, journalists still face constraints related to clientelistic practices and personal security as the main challenges to investigative reporting. Protesting the Paradigm: A Comparative Study of News Coverage of Protests in Brazil, China, and India • Saif Shahin, The University of Texas at Austin; Pei Zheng, The University of Texas at Austin; Heloisa Aruth Sturm, University of Texas at Austin; Deepa Fadnis • This study examines the coverage of Brazilian, Chinese, and Indian protests in their domestic news media to clarify the scope and applicability of the protest paradigm—a theory based primarily on U.S. media coverage of social movements. Using comparative analysis, it shows that the paradigm does not squarely apply in foreign contexts, but also identifies those aspects of it which are relevant for international research. Broader implications and ideas for future studies are discussed. Trust in the media and its predictors in three Latin American countries • Vinicio Sinta, University of Texas at Austin; Victor Garcia, University of Texas at Austin; Ji won Kim • Declining public trust in the news media continues to be a matter of concern for scholars of mass communication and politics. In Latin America, the historically close links between media and political elites present an opportunity to obtain new insights about how trust in the news media relates to trust in other social institutions. In addition to these relationships, this study explores how demographic variables, media use and perceptions of public issues shape confidence in the news media in three Latin American countries: Chile, Colombia and Mexico. The results support previous findings about how the consumption of online news relates to a decline in trust in legacy news media. Additionally, favorable perceptions of economic performance and increased trust in other social institutions were also positive predictors of media trust in certain contexts. Seeking Cultural Relevance : Use of Culture Peg and Culture Link in International Newsreporting • Miki Tanikawa, University of Texas • This study describes the prevalence of culturally oriented writing techniques found in international news coverage of major American newspapers, through a concept explication and content analysis. These techniques, which I call culture peg and culture link, are content choices that journalists make to enhance the material’s appeal to their home audience. A content analysis found that such cultural strategies were employed in 72 percent of international news articles in the New York Times. Reporting War in 140 Characters: How Journalists Used Twitter during the 2014 Gaza-Israel Conflict • Ori Tenenboim, School of Journalism, the University of Texas at Austin • This study examines how journalists used Twitter during the 2014 Gaza war, while comparing Israeli journalists with reporters who work for international news outlets. The results show that the two groups differed in their choice of topics, the sources they cited, and the use of Twitter affordances – retweeting and replying. The study contributes to a better understanding of gatekeeping on social media in a time of war, which poses unique dilemmas and concerns for journalists. How Do They Think Differently? A Social Media Advertising Attitude Survey on Chinese Students in China and Chinese Students in America • Anan Wan, University of South Carolina • This study explored whether Chinese students in both China and in America had different attitudes toward social media advertising, and how those attitudes were different, through a survey (N=300) of Chinese students in these two countries. The survey determined how they used social media, their attitudes and whether they trust social media advertising. It also tested the relationships between the students’ the Social Media Diets (amount, frequency, and duration) and attitude toward social media advertising. Marketing of Separatist Groups: Classification on Separatist Movement Categories • Dwiyatna Widinugraha • Many articles and studies discussed ISIS as a separatist group from its home country. However when we looked at other separatist cases, such as the Scottish Independence (SI) case, problems occurred when we tried to classified ISIS and SI in the same groups of separatists. This study uses comparative analysis on separatist groups marketing activities to draw classifications on the 21st century separatist groups categories: the ethnic group, the political group and the terrorist group. Riot Bias: A Textual Analysis of Pussy Riot’s Coverage in Russian and American Media • Kari Williams, SIUE/TH Media • This study uses framing theory and textual analysis to investigate how American and Russian media portrayed Russian punk band Pussy Riot’s 2012 protest act in a Moscow cathedral, the trial and sentencing and subsequent newsworthy events. Coverage from Russia’s Pravda and the United States’ The New York Times – beginning with this particular protest act (February 2012) and ending with the protest at the Sochi Olympics (February 2014) –shows how each country’s media portrayed the band. Inter-media agenda-setting across borders: Examining newspaper coverage of MH370 incident by media in the U.S., China, and Hong Kong • Fang Wu, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Di Cui, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Focusing on the media coverage of the mysterious disappearance of Flight MH370 by major newspapers in the U.S., China, and Hong Kong, this study explored the inter-media agenda-setting effect in transnational settings. A content analysis of related news articles revealed a two-step agenda-setting effect among the selected news media. The findings suggested the national power (under which news media operate) played an important role in shaping the agenda of the coverage of global media events. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15388 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/law-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 22:47:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15391 Open Competition The Right to be Forgotten and Global Googling: A More Private Exchange of Information? • Burton Bridges • The lack of privacy regulation remains a concern in the United States and abroad. With the European Union’s introduction of the Right to be Forgotten, people are requesting to hide data and search engines are being forced to comply. This paper will explore how the unregulated flow of information is being balanced with the innate desire for individual discretion. Additionally, the implications of the EU’s law will be contrasted and theoretically applied to the U.S. Difficulties and Dilemmas Regarding Defamatory Meaning in Ethnic Micro-Communities: Accusations of Communism, Then and Now • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • This paper examines the complicated issues of community and defamatory meaning that arise in libel law when plaintiffs allege reputational harm within ethnic and geographically-bound micro-communities. The paper uses three recent cases involving false accusations of communism targeting Vietnamese war refugees residing in the United States as analytical springboards for tackling this issue. Although some scholars seemingly presumed libel-by-communism to be a relic of the Cold War era, the issue is very much alive and well in ethnic enclaves. The paper also contrasts the public policy concerns of libel-by-communism cases with the ones that animate the defamation-by-homosexuality disputes that are garnering significantly more scholarly attention. Begging the Question of Content-Based Confusion: Examining Problems With a Key First Amendment Doctrine Through the Lens of Anti-Begging Statutes • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • This paper examines numerous problems now plaguing the fundamental dichotomy in First Amendment jurisprudence between content-based and content-neutral speech regulations. The troubles were highlighted by the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2014 divided decision in McCullen v. Coakley. Building from McCullen, this paper uses a quartet of federal court rulings from 2014 and 2013 involving anti-begging ordinances affecting the homeless as analytical springboards for examining these issues in depth. Ultimately, the paper proposes a three-step framework for mitigating the muddle and calls on the nation’s high court to take action to clarify the proper test for distinguishing between content-based and content-neutral regulations. Calling Them Out: An Exploration of Whether Newsgathering May Be Punished As Criminal Harassment • Erin Coyle, Louisiana State University; Eric Robinson, Louisiana State University • Newsgathering requires repeated telephone calls, aggressive questions, and investigation of matters that can cause emotional distress. Some sources threaten to file or file harassment charges on the basis of such actions. This study explored whether state criminal harassment laws may be applied to punish newsgathering. This study found that the wording of most harassment laws should prevent their application to newsgathering. Nonetheless, journalists have been threatened to be charged or charged with harassment for newsgathering. To Pray or Not to Pray: Sectarian Prayer in Legislative Meetings • Mallory Drummond, High Point University • The purpose of this research paper is to explore the Supreme Court’s seemingly inconsistent application of the First Amendment to sectarian prayer at legislative meetings. Recently, the Supreme Court reacted to prayer practices in Forsyth County, North Carolina and the Town of Greece, New York in what appears to be contradictory ways. This paper attempts to reconcile these decisions and offer suggestions to guide future decisions by local governments. A First Amendment Right to Know For the Disabled: Internet Accessibility Under the ADA • Victoria Ekstrand, UNC - Chapel Hill • The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) will celebrate its 25th anniversary in 2015. Enacted by Congress and signed into law by President George H.W. Bush, the ADA was designed to ensure that people with disabilities are given independence, freedom of choice, control of their lives, the opportunity to blend fully and equally into the rich mosaic of the American mainstream. Title III of the ADA defines what kinds of public and private spaces must provide access and accommodations to the disabled. Missing from that list, because of the ADA’s timing, is the Internet, effectively shutting the disabled out of the rich marketplace of ideas online. This paper examines both the case law surrounding this omission and the foot-dragging of the executive and legislative branches in extending Title III to the Internet. It argues that extending Title III to the Internet may be bolstered by First Amendment right to know principles. Network Neutrality and Consumer Demand for Better Than Best Efforts Traffic Management • Rob Frieden, Penn State University • This paper assesses whether and how Internet Service Providers (ISPs) can offer service enhancements for video traffic while still fully complying the new rules and regulations established by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in March, 2015. The paper concludes that the FCC exacerbated regulatory uncertainty by failing to identify whether and how ISPs can provide higher quality of service treatment for high speed, bandwidth intensive video traffic.  The paper concludes that the FCC should identify how ISPs can reduce the potential for degraded delivery of mission critical, must see video content. The Commission should permit better than best efforts traffic routing provided it does not degrade conventional best efforts routing and serve anticompetitive goals. The Angry Pamphleteer: Borderline Political Speech on Twitter and the True Threats Distinction under Watts v. United States • Brooks Fuller, UNC-Chapel Hill • Since the 1969 Supreme Court case Watts v. United States, courts have consistently held that politically motivated speech to or about public figures if the speech may be punished if it qualifies as true threats rather than protected political hyperbole. Criticism of public officials lies at the core of First Amendment protection, even when that criticism is caustic or crude. Such caustic speech appears on Twitter with increasing frequency, often pushing the boundaries of the constitutional guarantees of free speech. This paper explores the borderlines of protected political expression on Twitter. Through an analysis of the political speech-true threats cases that interpret Watts, this paper identifies and assesses three modes of analysis that lower courts use to distinguish political speech from true threats: 1) criteria-based analysis; 2) pure First Amendment balancing; and 3) line-crossing analysis. This paper concludes that of these three tests, criteria-based analysis is the most restrictive of borderline political speech and demonstrates how First Amendment balancing and line-crossing analyses appropriately address the speech realities of new media and political participation. Scrutinizing the Public Health Debates Regarding the Adult Film Industry: An In-Depth Case Analysis of the Health-Based Arguments in Vivid Entertainment, LLC v. Fielding • Kyla Garret • In an effort to curb the spreading of sexually transmitted infections from the adult film industry to the surrounding community, the citizens of Los Angeles County, California, home to where 80 percent of all pornographic films are produced, passed the Safer Sex in the Adult Film Industry Act in November of 2012. Also known as Measure B, the ordinance requires the use of condoms during the production of all vaginal and anal sex scenes in hardcore porn. Posing significant obstacles for adult film production, industry leader Vivid Entertainment, LLC, responded by filing suit against Los Angeles County’s Department of Public Health in January of 2013 to obtain an injunction against the ordinance, claiming that the measure unconstitutionally infringes on the industry’s and its actors’ First Amendment Rights to freedom of speech and expression. Much of the debate surrounding Vivid Entertainment, LLC v. Fielding concerns the constitutionality of the ordinance, but little discussion reviews the underlying health claims presented in the case and the ordinance itself. This is an important case to explore as it is a case of first impression and could set a key precedent regarding health policy and First Amendment protected expression. The case is also likely to set precedent for future regulations specific to the adult film industry. Therefore, this paper first identifies the health-based arguments presented in Vivid Entertainment, LLC v. Fielding and then, utilizing a public health and health communication lens, analyzes the validity of these arguments to ultimately consider the constitutionality of Measure B. Native Advertising: Blurring Commercial and Noncommercial Speech Online • Nicholas Gross, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Journalism & Mass Communication • Mixing advertisement with art, entertainment, news, social commentary, and/or other content in the digital ecosystem, native advertising straddles the boundary between commercial and noncommercial speech. Similar forms of mixed-speech are examined through the lens of case law that has faced the task of separating commercial from noncommercial speech. This paper speculates on where native advertising might fall within this divide and what level of First Amendment protection this practice might merit under existing case precedent. A Theory of Privacy and Trust • Woodrow Hartzog, Samford University's Cumberland School of Law; Neil Richards, Washington University School of Law • The way we have talked about privacy has a pessimism problem. Privacy is conceptualized in negative terms, which leads us to mistakenly look for creepy new practices and focus excessively on privacy harms. This article argues that privacy should be thought of as enabling trust in information relationships. Privacy rules based on discretion, honesty, loyalty, and protection can promote trust in information relationships. There is a better path for privacy. Trust us. Differential Reasonableness: A standard for evaluating deceptive privacy-promising technologies • Jasmine McNealy, University of Kentucky; Heather Shoenberger, University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication • This paper reconsiders the Federal Trade Commission's reasonable person standard with respect to deception in light of advances in technology, and the general lack of foundational understanding of how digital technologies work with respect to private information. We argue that the FTC should consider those technologies promising privacy to consumers under special analysis, much like the Commission examines those products and services targeting special groups like children, the elderly, and infirmed. Our argument is directed at what we call privacy-promising technologies. We define privacy-promising technologies as those mobile apps, software, online tools, etc., that claim privacy enhancement as part of their marketing strategies. Access to Information About Lethal Injections: A First Amendment Theory Perspective • Emma Morehart, University of Florida; Kéran Billaud, University of Florida; Kevin Bruckenstein • This paper examines, through the lens of First Amendment theory, current judicial debate regarding the access rights of inmates and the public to detailed facts about lethal-injection drugs, personnel and procedures. The paper uses several 2014 appellate court disputes as analytical springboards, including the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit’s groundbreaking decision in Wood v. Ryan. The paper argues that the First Amendment doctrine developed in Press-Enterprise II too narrowly cabins and confines access rights in lethal-injection data cases. In contrast, three venerable theories of free expression – the marketplace of ideas, democratic self-governance and self-realization/human dignity – support the establishment of both an inmate’s and the public’s right to such information. Cultural Variation on Commercial Speech Doctrine: India Exhibits Stronger Protections than the U.S. • Jane O'Boyle, University of South Carolina • India’s Constitution is younger than that of the United States, and this paper argues that it provides greater protections for commercial speech. This analysis reviews the major court decisions about commercial speech in both India and the United States, and compares the cultural distinctions of the two nations in defining its protections. Perhaps it is due to Americans’ sense of exceptionalism and their paternalistic government, but the U.S. Supreme Court has restricted commercial speech far more often than has the Supreme Court in India. The Government Speech Doctrine & Specialty License Plates: A First Amendment Theory Perspective • Sarah Papadelias, University of Florida; Tershone Phillips, University of Florida; Rich Shumate, University of Florida • This paper examines, through the lens of First Amendment theory, the timely question of whether specialty license plates constitute private expression or government speech. In December 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans to address this issue. Walker arises in the wake of substantial doctrinal disorder and confusion regarding the government speech standard since the Court’s 2009 ruling in Pleasant Grove City v. Summum. This paper argues that three venerable First Amendment theories – the marketplace of ideas, democratic self-governance and self-realization/human autonomy – pave a path for the Court to better understand the interests at stake in Walker and, in turn, to help resolve the doctrinal muddle. Injunction Junction: A Theory- and Precedent-Based Argument for the Elimination of Speech Codes at American Public Universities • Barry Parks, University of Memphis • The issue of implementing speech codes on American public college campuses for the sake of regulating what should and should not be acceptable expression in the academic environment has been an intense legal debate for over 30 years. Arguments from the perspective of critical race theory—which calls for limits on expression for the sake of marginalized groups and voices—and First Amendment absolutism—which champions few limits on expression for the sake of a robust academic marketplace of ideas—have waged the two sides of the ongoing battle regarding speech on campus. However, in every instance where college speech codes have been challenged for constitutionality in the courts, free speech rights on campus have won. This study details the battle between opposing theoretical forces in the debate and chronologically surveys case law pertaining to American public college speech codes. Based on consistent legal precedent pointing to unconstitutionality on grounds of overbreadth, vagueness, and content-based restriction, this study argues that speech codes on college campuses should be eliminated. First Amendment Protection or Right of Publicity Violation? Examining the Application of the Transformative Use Test in Keller and Hart • Sada Reed, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • The United States Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and Third Circuit Court of Appeals administered the transformative use test in Keller v. Electronic Arts, Inc. (2013) and Hart v. Electronic Arts, Inc. (2013), respectively. This paper analyzes sports-related misappropriation cases before Keller and Hart, examining the tests used, the courts’ justification for the test, and how the use differs from Keller and Hart. Results suggest inconsistent application of this test, particularly in video game-related cases. Examining the Theoretical Assumptions Found Within the Supreme Court’s Use of the Marketplace Metaphor • Jared Schroeder, Augustana College • Supreme Court justices have employed the marketplace-of-ideas metaphor to communicate how they understand freedom of speech for nearly a century. The meanings behind metaphors, however, are not static. This study examines whether justices’ references to the metaphor in twenty-first-century cases remain primarily tied to the original meaning, one related to the Enlightenment ideas at the heart of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes’s first use of the metaphor in 1919, or if the meaning has shifted to represent more discourse-based understandings of communication in democratic society, such as those put forth by John Dewey and Jürgen Habermas. The theoretical assumptions behind Enlightenment ideas and those of the discourse model differ substantially in regard to the nature of truth, the rationality of the individual, and the role of society. This study, through an analysis of recent Supreme Court decisions that referred to the marketplace metaphor, identifies evidence of a shift in the Court’s understanding of the foundational theoretical concepts behind the meaning of the metaphor. Importantly, the narrative that emerged from the analysis of the opinions suggested that when justices refer to the marketplace metaphor in contemporary decisions, they are commonly communicating meanings that relate with theoretical assumptions that differ from those that were at the heart of the metaphor as Justice Holmes introduced it into the Court’s vocabulary in 1919. A Contextual Analysis of Neutrality: How Neutral is the Net? • Dong-Hee Shin; Hongseok Yoon; Jaeyeol Jung • This study compares and contrasts the U.S. and Korea in the context of network neutrality, focusing on debates among stakeholders and regulatory approaches. Similarities and differences are highlighted by comparisons within the broadband ecosystem framework: government functions, histories, people’s perceptions, regulatory approaches, legislative initiatives, and implementation. In Korea, a regulatory framework with suggested guidelines exists, and it can be used to address net neutrality in a case-by-case fashion. The U.S. follows a regulatory approach by creating enforceable non-discrimination rules. The findings in this study suggest that the issue is not only complicated because it is embedded contextually, but also because the respective parties’ diverse interests are multifaceted and vague. It is concluded, therefore, that a coherent and consistent approach is an effective way to govern neutrality. Internet Governance Policy Framework, Networked Communities and Online Surveillance in Ethiopia • Tewodros Workneh, University of Oregon • The September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States unleashed an array of counter-terrorism initiatives across the world. Following the footsteps of the United States that adopted the Patriotic Act of 2001, many countries drafted and ratified anti-terrorism legal frameworks that targeted, among other things, communication systems and flows, on one hand, and journalistic reporting practices, on the other. In the past five years, traditionally democratic states like Australia, Great Britain, United States and New Zealand have come under attack for using these legal frameworks to undertake rampant online surveillance practices that significantly affected media freedoms. A more alarming trend, however, involves the broad and random interpretation of these laws in a number of states with authoritarian and quasi-authoritarian complexions. Anti-terrorism laws are increasingly used to tighten an already closed political space in many of these countries through criminalizing legitimate dissent and critical content. Under these anti-terrorism legal provisions, the most notable losers are journalists, bloggers and other media practitioners that have experienced attacks that range from verbal and physical abuses to torture and killings. This study attempts to discuss the chilling effect anti-terrorism laws brought to online communities in Ethiopia, and attempts to address (1) the metamorphosis of these laws in defining what an act of terrorism involves; (2) the ways the adoption of these laws condition networked communities and media freedoms. The Digital Right to Be Forgotten in EU Law: Informational Privacy vs. Freedom of Expression • KYU YOUM; Ahran Park • The right to be forgotten allows an individual to demand that Google and other search engines erase links to information that he regards as prejudicial to him. In a landmark ruling, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has read a right to be forgotten into the EU Data Protection Directive. Given that data protection as a global privacy vs. free speech issue deserves more systematic attention than ever, this paper examines the right to be forgotten in the European Union. Three questions provide the main focus: What’s the legal and theoretical framework of the right to be forgotten? How has the right to be forgotten evolved in EU law? What impact will the right to be forgotten exert on freedom of expression? This is Just Not Wroking For Us: Why After Ten Years on the Job - It Is Time to Fire Garcetti • Jason Zenor • In Lane v. Franks, the U.S. Supreme Court held that public employees who give truthful testimony in court are protected so long as it was outside their ordinary job duties. This issue arose after ten years of the Garcetti rule which does not protect employee speech pursuant to their job duties- a nebulous topic in the digital era. In applying Garcetti, lower courts have extended it to include any speech that is a product of job duties. As a result, public employee speech that would serve the public interest is not protected as it is inherently a product of job duties. This paper applauds the new exception, but argues that the Court’s ruling was too narrow. Using the principles espoused in the case, this paper argues that the Court should have amended the Garcetti rule and refocused the test on the public trust rather than the employee-employer relationship Debut Faculty Paper Competition Feiner v. New York: How the Court Got it Wrong • Roy Gutterman, AEJMC member • When Irving Feiner was pulled off a soapbox while giving a speech, his disorderly conduct arrest would ultimately lead to a Supreme Court case and precedent which changed the law. The heckler's veto, emerged and changed the law of free speech. The heckler's veto is alive and kicking in contemporary cases today. The value and limits of extreme speech in a networked society: Revitalizing tolerance theory • Brett Johnson, University of Missouri • This paper argues that Bollinger’s tolerance theory of freedom of expression should be revitalized as the core theory to guide analyses of issues of harmful or extreme speech in an era of networked communication. The paper first analyzes traditional negative First Amendment theories and legal doctrines that delineate the values and harms of speech, and then synthesizes these theories with tolerance theory. The paper then applies this synthesis to issues of extreme speech in networked communications. Facebook’s Free Speech Growing Pains: A Case Study in Content Governance • Brett Johnson, University of Missouri • This paper examines the evolution of Facebook’s rules governing users’ speech on its platform, from its earliest terms of service to its most recent Community Standards (March 2015). The goal is to highlight Facebook’s ongoing identity conflict between being a platform that promotes speech and one that offers a safe community for its users. Ultimately, this paper argues that Facebook must be more transparent about the operations of its entire system of governing users’ speech. A right to violence: Comparing child rights generally to child First Amendment freedoms • William Nevin, University of West Alabama • This paper argues that children should have the right to consume and produce violent speech for two reasons: because (1) children have restricted rights only where there are serious risks and consequences and that does not apply in the speech setting and (2) where child speech rights are limited, they have been done so only in the area of sexually explicit material. Racial slurs and ‘fighting words’: The question of whether epithets should be unprotected speech • William Nevin, University of West Alabama • This paper seeks to answer two questions: first, whether racial slurs are considered fighting words under the law and second, whether they should be. In answering both questions in the affirmative, the paper traces the development of the fighting words doctrine before examining contemporary fighting words prosecutions and cases involving slurs. The paper also compares racial slurs as fighting words to race-based defamation in order to address whether slurs should be fighting words. ISP Liability for Defamation: Is Absolute Immunity Still Fair? • Ahran Park • Since the mid-1990s, American Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have enjoyed immunity from liability for defamation under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. As Congress originally intended in 1996, Section 230 has strongly protected freedom of online speech and allowed ISPs to thrive with little fear of being sued for online users’ comments. Such extraordinary statutory immunity for ISPs reflects American free-speech tradition that freedom of speech is preferred to reputation. Although the Internet landscape has changed over the past 20 years, American courts have applied Section 230 to shield ISPs almost invariably. ISPs won in 83 of 85 cases in 1997 to 2014. Nearly all types of ISPs have been held to be eligible for immunity unless they are original online speakers. Even when ISPs have operated websites that have left digital scarlet letters on individuals, they have not been liable if the ISPs did not create or develop the defamatory contents. Bloggers, as website operators, could be immunized even when they exercised the traditional editorial functions unlike the traditional journalists. This paper suggest that CDA Section 230 of the United States should be revised to rebalance reputation with freedom of speech. FoIA in the Age of Open. Gov: A Quantitative Analysis of the performance of the Freedom of Information Act under the Obama and Bush Administrations. • ben wasike • Using government transparency as the conceptual framework, this study used six standard FoIA parameters to quantitatively analyze and compare FoIA performance between the Obama and Bush administrations in terms of: Efficiency, disposition, type of exemptions, redress, staff workload and overall demand. Results indicate that while efficiency is higher under Obama, agencies are releasing information only in part. While appeals were processed faster under Bush,petitioners have had more success under Obama. Additionally, FoIA staff workload has dramatically reduced under Obama. Demand for public records was also higher under Bush. One notable finding was that contrary to popular outcry, neither administration emphasized the national security and law enforcement exemptions to deny information. Legacy and commonality were also findings indicating that certain trends transcend the incumbent. The implications to government transparency are discussed within. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15391 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/mag-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 22:50:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15394 The Uses and Gratifications Theory and the Future of Print Magazines • Elizabeth Bonner, University of Alabama • In the midst of the persistent discussion that print journalism is dying, data suggests many magazines are still thriving, particularly with Millennial audiences. The uses and gratifications theory emerges as a pivotal tool for magazines hoping to make it through this time of technological transformation. If print magazines wish to survive, they must make efforts to understand how this instrumental Millennial demographic uses magazines and what gratifications its members seek in those uses. Finding the Future of Magazines in the Past: Audience Engagement with the First 18th-Century Magazines • Elizabeth Bonner, University of Alabama • In the midst of the discussion that print journalism lacks value today because it cannot provide the interactive platform modern audiences desire, data suggests many magazines are thriving. Assessing this print versus digital debate in the context of historical magazines reveals readers’ desire for interactivity is actually age old. This study examines the audience engagement efforts of America’s first two magazines founded in 1741 and seeks to shed light on the future of print magazines. Survivors and Dreamers: A Rhetorical Vision of Teen Voices magazine • Ellen Gerl, Ohio University • This study explores how Teen Voices, a magazine written and edited by teenage girls, created a rhetorical vision of empowerment through its text and photographs. Using social convergence theory and fantasy theme analysis, the researcher identified four fantasy types: 1) I am a survivor, 2) I am a dreamer, 3) I am an activist, and 4) I can do anything. Findings discussed within the framework of third wave feminism show the rhetorical community established within Teen Voices magazine valued individualism and personal strength. App Assets: An Exploratory Analysis of Magazine Brands’ Digital Drive for Audience Attention • Elizabeth Hendrickson, Ohio University; Yun Li • This research examines the evolution of today’s consumer magazine content distribution and considers how a media organization’s digital developments might reflect a further tapering of consumer demographics. This study applies the diffusion of innovation framework to magazine media convergence trends and explores how the industry’s leading publishing organizations respond to the changing needs and expectations of its already-niche audiences. The Ethics of Common Sense: Considering the Ethics Decision-Making Processes of Freelance Magazine Journalists • Joy Jenkins, University of Missouri • Freelance journalists face many of the same ethical dilemmas as journalists working in newsrooms. Because they work independently for various organizations, they may develop different strategies for making ethical decisions. This study used in-depth interviews with freelance magazine journalists (N = 14) to explore how they define ethical dilemmas and the individual and organizational frameworks guiding their decision-making. The study sheds light on the forces shaping ethical decision-making, particularly in the context of magazine journalism. Picturing Cities: A Semiotic Analysis of City and Regional Magazine Cover Images • Joy Jenkins, University of Missouri; Keith Greenwood • City and regional magazines serve multiple functions in communities, providing ideas for how residents should spend their time and money and offering insight into the people and experiences that define urban life. The covers of these publications both promote this content and reveal the images of cities these magazines perpetuate. This study used content analysis to examine the covers of nine award-winning city and regional magazines. The study aimed to assess the philosophy of selection the magazines used when choosing cover content, particularly whether covers were created to accurately reflect the community and the challenges and opportunities it faces or to enhance sales through promoting a limited vision of urban life. The analysis indicated that city magazines focused on items to be consumed over depictions of people, but when people did appear, they reflected a narrow demographic slice of city’s populations. The magazines also emphasized lifestyle topics and more often represented generic backdrops than specific locations. Lastly, the covers relied on photographic approaches through which readers could establish social connections with the subjects presented. These findings suggest that city magazines emphasize depictions of affluent urban lifestyles over representing more diverse images of city life. Looking Westwards: Men in Transnational Men’s Magazine Advertising in India • Suman Mishra • This study examines advertising content of four top-selling Indian editions of transnational men’s lifestyle magazines (Men’s Health India, GQ India, FHM India, Maxim India) to understand how it is constructing masculinity for urban Indian men. Through content analysis, the study finds greater presence of international brands and Caucasian models than domestic Indian brands and models in the advertisements. Male models often appear alone and in decorative roles as opposed to professional roles promoting clothing and accessories. Advertisements with sexual explicitness and physical contact are few, which is in line with global trends and local conservative Indian culture. The study discusses the emergence of class-based masculinity that helps to assimilate the upper class Indian men into global consumer base through shared ideals, goals and values. A Boondoggle in Space: Themes in 1960s Era Space Exploration Journalism • Jennifer Scott, Regent University; Stephen Perry • The success of Sputnik I in 1957 both propelled Russia to the forefront of the Space Race and challenged the United States to invest more time, resources, manpower, and finances into space exploration. By the 1960s, skepticism grew concerning the United States’ objectives and ability to enter space and eventually reach the moon. This study examines articles published in The Saturday Evening Post that editorialize on the U.S. space program. A fantasy theme analysis shows exaggerated and negative language used to inflate the severity of the Space Race and criticize the United States’ failures and disorganization. Themes emerge in the articles that construct a rhetorical vision of the United States far behind Russia in the highly dangerous, overly expensive, and severely wasteful arena of space travel. Sexuality and Relationships in Cosmopolitan for Latinas Online and Cosmopolitan Online • Chelsea Reynolds, University of Minnesota SJMC • Since 2012, leading publishers have launched magazines targeting Latina readers. This study positions those titles within the larger Latino marketing boom and problematizes their representations of Latina women. This qualitative framing analysis contrasts frames of sexuality and relationships in Sex & Love articles published on Cosmo For Latinas online with those from Cosmopolitan online. While CFL stereotyped Latinas’ bodies as caught up in political and family struggles, Cosmo focused on readers’ sexual and romantic autonomy. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15394 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/mcs-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 22:53:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15396 Open Competition Building Social Capital. The Role of News and Political Discussion Tie Strength in Fostering Reciprocity • Alberto Ardèvol-Abreu, University of Vienna; Trevor Diehl, University of Vienna; Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Vienna • This study explores the role of news and discussion network tie strength in developing the social and civic norm of reciprocity. It argues that interactions of mutual benefit and exchange are an outcome of media use and political discussion, which in turn, directly leads to an increase in community connectedness and social capital. Informational uses of media directly predicted attitudes of reciprocity and social capital, though only conversation with weak ties led to reciprocity. News Media Literacy and Political Engagement: What’s the Connection? • Seth Ashley, Boise State University; Adam Maksl, Indiana University Southeast; Stephanie Craft, University of Illinois • Scholars and educators have long hoped and assumed that media education is positively related to pro-social goals such as political and civic engagement. Others worry about the possibility of alienation and disengagement. With a focus on news, this study surveyed 537 college students and found positive relationships between news media literacy and current events knowledge, political activity and internal political efficacy. News media education should be deployed widely to mitigate a news media literacy gap that limits democratic citizenship. Reducing stigmatization associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency • Michelle Baker, Juniata College • Differences in response to three written narratives designed to reduce stigmatization associated with the genetic condition alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) were examined. Three protagonists were depicted: positive, transitional, and transformational. Positive protagonists, who did not stigmatize a person diagnosed with AATD, showed greater stigmatization reduction than transitional and transformational protagonists. Positive protagonists showed reduced advocacy for individuals to maintain secrecy about their diagnosis or withdraw from others and increased advocacy to educate others about AATD. Beyond Empathy: The Role of Positive Character Appraisal in Narrative Messages Designed to Reduce Stigmatization • Michelle Baker, Juniata College • The psychological processes guiding the effect that protagonists in narrative health messages have on genetic stigmatization reduction has not been fully explored. This study (N = 170) empirically tests these processes in relation to positive, transitional, and transformational protagonists in messages designed to reduce stigmatization associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Findings reveal that positive character appraisal rather than empathy with the protagonist led to greater self-efficacy, transportation, and decreased desire for social distance. Let Go of My iPad: Testing the Effectiveness of New Media Technologies to Measure Children’s Food Intake and Health Behaviors • Kim Bissell, University of Alabama; Lindsey Conlin, The University of Southern Mississippi; Bijie Bie; Xueying Zhang; Scott Parrott • This field experiment with just under 100 children at a school in the Southeast examined children’s use of an iPad app as a means of improving the measurement of their food consumption. Secondarily, external factors related to children’s food preferences and food consumption were also examined to determine how the iPad app could be further developed to help them become more aware of the foods they ate and also how they could become more proactive in their health and well-being. Results indicate that the app has enabled children to have more precision in recording the foods they ate, and children, across the board, expressed great appeal for the app. The foods reported in the app were compared to attitudes toward eating and nutritional knowledge; in both cases, more positive attitudes toward eating and stronger nutritional knowledge meant that a child was more likely to report eating healthy foods. Findings from this exploratory study contribute to knowledge in several areas because the findings represent the first of its kind in the discipline. No study, to our knowledge, has examined the usefulness of iPad app in recording children’s food intake, and no study, to our knowledge, has compared the recording of food consumption using traditional measures and the newer measures found on the app. Additionally, we learned a good bit about external factors that could be related to low-income children’s consumption of healthy or unhealthy foods. Looking for the Truth in the Noise: Epistemic Political Efficacy, Cynicism and Support for Super PACs • Justin Blankenship, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Daniel Riffe; Martin Kifer, High Point University • Using a statewide cell and landline telephone survey (N=594) this study examines relationships among political efficacy, epistemic political efficacy (EPE), cynicism and North Carolina voter attitudes toward super PACS that have emerged as key players in political campaigns since the Citizens United decision. While older, higher-income, conservative voters support allowing super PACs to play a role in political campaigning, results also indicate that cynicism and EPE are related to support for super PACs. Sensation Seeking, Motives, and Media Multitasking Behaviors • Yuhmiin Chang • This study examines the motives behind media multitasking, along with the relationships among sensation seeking, motives, onset timing behaviors, and frequency of media multitasking. An online survey recruited a total of 938 valid respondents across three regions and four universities. The results showed that the motives for media multitasking are different from other types of multitasking. The motives either perfectly or partially mediate the effect of sensation seeking on two types of media multitasking behaviors. The effects of race cue and emotional content on processing news • Heesook Choi; Sungkyoung Lee, University of Missouri; Frank Michael Russell, University of Missouri School of Journalism • This experimental study with 2 (race cue) x 2 (emotional content) mixed design examined the effects of race and emotional content in news stories on discrete emotions, transportation, intention to share the story, and policy support. The results showed that stories with race cues elicited greater anger compared to those with no cues, and presence of emotional content led to greater anger and fear, and greater intention to share than those with no emotional content. Underestimated Effect on Self but Overestimated Effect on Other: The Actual and Perceived Effects of Election Poll Coverage on Candidate Evaluations • Sungeun Chung, Sungkyunkwan University; Yu-Jin Heo, Sungkyunkwan University; Jung-Hyun Moon, Sungkyunkwan University • The present study investigated biases in the perceived effect of election polls by comparing it with the actual effect of election polls for those who experienced a bandwagon effect and those who experienced an underdog effect respectively. An online survey with a manipulated poll result (N = 308) showed that voters tended to underestimate the level of change in their evaluation and voters tended to overestimate the level of change in others’ evaluation. The Effects of News Exposure, Amount of Knowledge, and Perceived Power of Large Corporations on Citizens’ Self-Censorship in SNS • Sangho Byeon, Dankook University; Sungeun Chung, Sungkyunkwan University • The present study investigated whether self-censorship regarding large corporations in SNS is affected by media exposure, the amount of knowledge, and perceived power of large corporations. A nationwide survey was conducted in South Korea (N = 455). As exposure to the news about large corporations increased, self-censorship regarding large corporations increased. The effect of media exposure was mediated by the amount of knowledge about large corporations and perceived power about large corporations. There Goes the Weekend: Binge-Watching, Fear of Missing Out, Transportation, and Enjoyment of Television Content • Lindsey Conlin, The University of Southern Mississippi; Andrew Billings, University of Alabama • Binge-watching—the act of consuming multiple episodes of a TV show in a single sitting—has become increasingly popular among TV audiences. The current study sought to define and investigate binge-watching in terms of transportation theory and the outcomes associated with entertainment consumption (transportation and enjoyment). Additionally, the personality traits of transportability and fear-of-missing-out (FoMO) were analyzed. Results indicated that personality traits were strong predictors of the pace at which a person would choose to watch a TV show, while transportability and FoMO both predicted that a person would choose to binge-watch existing episodes of a TV show in order to catch up to live episodes. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Romance and Sex on TV: A Content Analysis of Sexual and Romantic Cues on Television • Elise Stevens, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Lu Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; NATALEE SEELY, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Francesca Dillman Dillman Carpentier, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Content analyses of sexualized content have been done with television shows, movies, and music videos. However, little research has analyzed content in ways that specifically differentiate between sex and romance. Therefore, using a content analysis with popular television programs, we examine sexual and romantic depictions, as well as whether or how sexual risk and responsibility depictions appear alongside other depictions of sex and romance. Twelve programs were analyzed by a total of three coders. The most prevalent sexual or romantic talk dealt with harming/ending a romantic relationships and liking/loving a person romantically. The most prevalent sexual or romantic behavior was light romantic kissing or touching. The dominant category in risk and responsibility was a show of an unwanted pregnancy; mentions of STIs or contraceptives were notably absent. Interesting, most scenes depicting risk and responsibility involved sexual talk or behavior, whereas risk/responsibility was hardly mentioned within the context of romance. Seeking out & avoiding the news media: Young adults’ strategies for finding current events information • Stephanie Edgerly • This study uses in-depth interview data from 21 young adults to identify their strategies for locating current events information in the high-choice media age. During the interviews, participants responded to six hypothetical vignettes by articulating the steps they would take to find current events information. The data revealed two strategy patterns—one set of strategies that directly involved the news media, and another set that avoided the news media in favor of functional information alternatives. NGOs, hybrid connective action, and the People's Climate March • Suzannah Evans; Daniel Riffe; Joe Bob Hester • Studies of civic engagement through social media have often focused on horizontal, leaderless, and spontaneous demonstrations. Formal NGOs, however, have also moved into this space and combined their knowledge of classic collective action with the affordances of digital media to create a hybrid approach to civic engagement. Using Twitter data from the 2014 People’s Climate March, this study examines how successful NGOs were in penetrating the digital public sphere with their chosen messages. Are You Connected? Evaluating Information Cascades in Online Discussion about the #RaceTogether Campaign • Yang Feng, The University of Virginia's College at Wise • In the context of online discussion about the recent Starbucks’ Race Together cup campaign, this study aims to explore the central users in the online discussion network on Twitter and the factors contributing to a user’s central status in the network. A social network analysis of 18,000 unique tweets comprising 26,539 edges and 14,343 Twitter users indicated five types of central users: conversation starter, influencer, active engager, network builder, and information bridge. Moreover, path analysis revealed that the number of people a Twitter user follows, the number of followers a user has, and the number of tweets a user generates within a time period helped a user increase his/her in-degree connections in the network, which, together with one’s out-degree connections in the network, propelled a user to become a central figure in the network. Expanding the RISP Model to Politics: Skepticism, Information Sufficiency, and News Use • Jay Hmielowski, Washington State University; Michael Beam, Kent State University; Myiah Hutchens, Washington State University • This study extends the research on skepticism and information insufficiency in several ways. First, this study tests the assumption that skepticism correlates with needing additional information about an issue. Second, it examines the relationship between insufficiency and news use by looking at the relationships between insufficiency and use of four media variables. Third, it examines whether the relationship between information sufficiency and use of these four outlets varies by political ideology. Lastly, this study puts these variables into a mediated-moderated model to understand whether there is an indirect effect of skepticism through information sufficiency, and whether this indirect effect varies by political ideology. We test these models using survey data from a quota sample collected during the 2014 US midterm elections. Ambivalence and Information Processing: Potential Ambivalence, Felt Ambivalence, and Information Sufficiency • Jay Hmielowski, Washington State University; Myiah Hutchens, Washington State University; Michael Beam, Kent State University • Using cross-sectional data from the 2014-midterm elections in the US, this paper proposes a serial mediation model looking at the relationship between ambivalence and information processing. Results show that ambivalence is associated with higher levels of systematic processing of information and lower levels of heuristic processing of information. However, the benefits of ambivalence only occur when people feel the psychological discomfort associated with ambivalence (i.e., felt ambivalence) and people perceiving that they do not have enough information to competently participate in the election. In essence, there is a positive relationship between potential ambivalence and systematic processing of information through felt ambivalence and information sufficiency. We found a negative relationship for potential ambivalence on heuristic processing through the same two intervening variables. The Effect of Partisanship on Changes in Newspaper Consumption: A Longitudinal Study (2008 – 2012) • Toby Hopp; Chris Vargo, University of Alabama • This study used three waves of General Social Survey panel data and a latent change score modeling approach to explore the relationship between partisanship and newspaper consumption across time. The results suggested that prior levels of partisanship were negatively and significantly related to newspaper consumption. Further analyses failed to identify a relationship between changes in partisanship and changes in newspaper consumption. Narratives and Exemplars: A Comparison of Their Effects in Health Promotions • Zhiyao Ye; Fuyuan Shen; Yan Huang, The Pennsylvania State University • The study aims to compare the effects of narrative and exemplars in health promotions. A between-subjects online experiment (N =253) showed that although narratives were perceived as more convincing than exemplars, both message types had significant effects on issue attitude and behavioral intentions. However, the mechanisms underlying their persuasive effects were distinct. While identification and transportation mediated narrative effects, they did not mediate the influence of the exemplar message. Diverting media attention at a time of national crisis: Examining the zero-sum issue competition in the emerging media environment • S. Mo Jang, University of South Carolina; Yong Jin Park, Howard University • Although scholars theorized that news topics compete against one another and are subject to the zero-sum dynamics in the traditional media, little research tested this with social media content. Analyzing datasets of Twitter, blogs, and online news, we found that media attention to the government related negatively to attention to another target for blame. This zero-sum principle prevailed in mainstream and social media. Time-series analyses hinted at the intermedia influence from mainstream to social media. Erasing the scarlet letter: How media messages about sex can lead to better sexual health • Erika Johnson, University of Missouri; Heather Shoenberger, University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication • This study explores how positive media messages about sex could lead to better sexual health in young adults. Participants were students at a large university (N = 228). The research found that young women have higher stigma, lower sensation seeking, and higher condom embarrassment than young men and media exposure could lessen negative sexual behavior. The conclusion is that positive mediated messages could lead to better sexual health for young women in particular. Life Satisfaction and Political Participation • Chang Won Jung; Hernando Rojas • This study examines people’s happiness and satisfaction both as an individual assessment of one’s own life and relates them to communication antecedents and political outcomes. Relying on a national representative sample of Colombia (N= 1031), our results suggest life satisfaction and quality of life are positively related to civic participation, but not to protest activities. Furthermore, only quality of life predicts voting and material satisfaction is negatively related to civic engagement. Sexualizing Pop Music Videos, Self-Objectification, and Selective Exposure: A Moderated Mediation Model • Kathrin Karsay, University of Vienna, Department of Communication; Joerg Matthes, U of Vienna • This article presents an experimental study in which young women were either exposed to pop music videos high in sexualization or to pop music videos low in sexualization. Women’s self-objectification and their subsequent media selection behavior was measured. The results indicate that exposure to sexually objectifying media content increased self-objectification, which in turn increased the preference for sexually objectifying media content. Self-esteem, the internalization of appearance ideals, and BMI did not influence these relationships. The State of Sustainability Communication Research: Analysis of Published Studies in the Mass Communication Disciplines • Eyun-Jung Ki, The University of Alabama; Sumin Shin, University of Alabama; Jeyoung Oh • This study examined the state of organization sustainability communication research in the mass communication disciplines between 1975 and 2014. Several main findings evolve from this analysis: (1) exponential growth of sustainability studies in recent years (2) contributions of a wide range of scholars and institutions (3) prevalence of environmental issues as a topic of research (4) under-development of definitions, conceptualization, and theoretical foundations (5) the growth of the methodological and statistical rigors. A Reliable and Valid Measure of Strategic Decision • Eyun-Jung Ki, The University of Alabama; Hanna Park; Jwa Kim, Middle Tennessee State University • The goal of this investigation was to construct a comprehensive instrument for measuring strategic decision. Based on a literature review, eight dimensions—decision quality, decision routines, procedural rationality, understanding, decision commitment, procedural justice, affective conflict, and cognitive conflict—were developed to measure strategic decision by applying the development of multiple-item measurement procedures suggested by Churchill (1979) and Spector (1992) as a guideline and philosophy. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) validated the constructed measures. Predicting Time Spent With News Via Legacy and Digital Media • Esther Thorson, Missouri School of Journalism; Eunjin (Anna) Kim, University of Missouri; Roger Fidler, University of Missouri • A model of is proposed to help explain how much time people will spend with legacy and digital media for news, and mobile media for non-news use. The model is tested with a national U.S. telephone sample of more than 1000 adults. News Affinity predicts news use across the media. Incumbent Media Habit Strength, instead of influencing digital media negatively, increases it. The more digital devices people own, the more they use smartphones and tablets for news, but not Web news. A new variable, Professional Journalist Importance is correlated with news use, but when demographics are controlled, its effect disappears. The Impact of Political Identity Salience on the Third-Person Perception and Political Participation Intention • Hyunjung Kim, Sungkyunkwan University • This study investigates the influence of political identity salience on the third-person perception of polling reports and political participation intention. Results of two studies demonstrate that partisans in the political identity salience condition show greater third-person perception differentials between the in- and out-groups than those in the control group. Findings also show that political identity salience is indirectly linked to voting intention through the third-person perception particularly for the supporters of a losing candidate. Factors and Consequences of Perceived Impacts of Polling News • Hyunjung Kim, Sungkyunkwan University • This study investigates how third-person perception of polling news is linked to behavioral intention change directly and indirectly through emotions by employing a survey experiment. Findings demonstrate that the third-person perception of polling news is associated with behavioral intention in two opposite directions depending on participants’ predisposition, and the association may be partially mediated by pride particularly for those who support the majority opinion. Implications of the findings are discussed. Investigating Individuals’ Perceptions of Anti-Binge Drinking Message Effects on Self versus on Others: The Theoretical Implications for the Third-Person Perceptions • Nam Young Kim, Sam Houston State University (SHSU); Masudul Biswas, Loyola University Maryland; Kiwon Seo, SHSU • What makes people undervalue the impact of health campaign messages that promote positive behavioral changes? In the context of anti-binge drinking Public Service Announcement (PSAs), this study explores what happens if people’s prior alcohol consumption control beliefs and message attributes interactively cause dissonance, which make them feel uncomfortable and cognitively disagree with the PSAs. A 2 (Fear Appeal: High vs. Low) X 2 (Controlled-Drinking Belief: High vs. Low) experiment revealed that participants who experienced dissonance tended to estimate a greater PSA effect on others than on themselves (i.e., third-person effects) because of psychological defensiveness. The findings have partial and theoretical implications for future studies on third-person perceptions and persuasion. Beauty or Business Queen-- How Young Women Select Media to Reinforce Possible Future Selves • Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick, The Ohio State University; Melissa Kaminski, Ohio State University; Laura E. Willis; Kate T. Luong, The Ohio State University • Young women (N = 181, 18-25 years) completed a baseline session, four sessions with selective magazine browsing (beauty, parenting, business, and current affairs magazines), and three days later a follow-up online. Their possible future selves as romantic partner, parent, and professional at baseline affected the extent to which beauty, parenting, and business pages were viewed. In turn, possible future selves as romantic partner and professional were reinforced through selective exposure to beauty and business magazines. Memory Mobilization and Communication Effects on Collective Memory About Tiananmen in Hong Kong • Francis L. F. Lee, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Joseph Chan • People in a society share collective memories about numerous historical events simultaneously, but not every historical event is equally salient in the minds of individuals, and social processes may influence the salience of specific historical events over time. This study examines the implications of memory mobilization, defined as the organized efforts to bring the collective memory about the past or specific past events to the fore for the purposes of social mobilization, on recall of historical events. Memory mobilization is treated as a process involving communication activities via a wide range of platforms, creating an atmosphere of remembering for the historical event. Focusing on the case of Hong Kong people’s memory of the 1989 Tiananmen incident in Beijing, this study finds that more people indeed recall Tiananmen as an important historical event during the period of memory mobilization. Recall of Tiananmen is related to age cohorts and political attitudes. But during memory mobilization, communication activities, especially those involving interpersonal interactions, also significantly lead to recall of the event. Predicting Tablet Use: A Study of Gratifications-sought, Leisure Boredom and Multitasking • Louis Leung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Renwen Zhang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Using a probability sample of 348 tablet users, this study found that relaxation, information seeking, fashion/status, and work management were instrumental reasons for tablet use, while social connection anytime/anywhere, large screen, and ease-of-use were intrinsic motives. Contrary to what was hypothesized, leisure boredom was not significantly linked to tablet use. Relaxation was the strongest motivation to predict multitasking with the tablet; however, people tend not to engage in cognitively unproductive multitasking. What’s in a Name? A Reexamination of Personalized Communication Effects • Cong Li, Univ. of Miami; Jiangmeng Liu, Univ. of Miami • Personalized information has become ubiquitous on the Internet. However, the conclusion on whether such information is more effective than standardized information looks somewhat confusing in the literature. Some prior studies showed that a personalized message could generate more favorable outcomes than a standardized one, but others did not (sometimes with an almost identical study design). To provide a possible explanation why there existed such conflicting findings and conclusions in the personalized communication literature, the current study tested the moderating effect of involvement on personalization in an advertising context. Through a 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment, it was found that the superiority of a personalized message over a standardized message was much more salient when the message recipient was highly involved with the focal subject of the message than lowly involved. The Link Between Affect and Behavioral Intention: How Emotions Elicited by Social Marketing Messages of Anti-drunk Driving on Social media Influence Cognition and Conation • Chen Lou, Michigan State University; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University • This study used a 3 (emotional tone: positive vs. negative vs. coactive) x 3 (message repetition) within-subject experimental design to investigate how affect elicited from persuasive messages may influence cognitive processing and behavioral intention. This study explicated the mechanism underneath the affect-attitude-behavioral intention relationship, and identified the process of how and in what circumstance emotional responses to persuasive messages could affect behavioral intentions via its effect on people’s attitude. Specifically, this study showed that people’s emotional responses elicited by negative emotional anti-drunk driving social marketing messages was effective in persuading them to refrain from driving while tipsy or drunk via affecting their attitude toward drunk driving. The information exchangers: Social media motivations and news • Timothy Macafee • Individuals visit social media for a variety of reasons, and one motivation involves information exchange. The current study explores the relationship between individuals’ demographics, their information exchange motivations on social media and the extent to which they attend to different news media. Using a United States representative survey sample, the results suggest a strong, positive relationship between information exchange motivations and attention to news. Media and Policy Agenda Building in Investigative Reporting • Gerry Lanosga, Indiana University Media School; Jason Martin, DePaul University • This examination of American investigative journalism from 1979 to 2012 analyzes a random sample (N=757) of 22,163 questionnaires completed by journalists for annual investigative reporting contest entries. This novel data source uncovers aspects of journalistic process rather than static product, resulting in methodological and empirical advances that better explain journalist/source relationships, policy outcomes, and agenda-building interdependence. A model for predicting policy agenda-building results based on attributes of investigative reporting is proposed and tested. News framing and moral panics: Blaming media for school shootings • Michael McCluskey, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga; Hayden Seay • School shootings have triggered moral panics responses that blame popular media for real-world violence. Analysis of news coverage following 11 school shootings identified five frames, of which four reflect a moral panics perspective identifying popular media as a threat to society. Frames of media affect society, media help us understand the shooter, media are full of odd material and media behaved irresponsibly fit a moral panics approach, while media behaved responsibly provided an alternative perspective. Closing of the Journalism Mind: Anti-Intellectualism in the Professional Development of College Students • Michael McDevitt; Jesse Benn • This paper represents the first attempt to measure anti-intellectualism in journalistic attitudes, and the first to document developmental influences on student anti-intellectualism. We propose reflexivity as a conceptual foundation to anticipate how students evaluate intellect and intellectuals in relation to an imagined public. While transparency in public reflexivity appears to sanction anti-intellectualism, craft reflexivity offers a resistant orientation conducive to critical thinking. Identifying with a Stereotype: The Divergent Effects of Exposure to Homosexual Television Characters • Bryan McLaughlin, Texas Tech University; Nathian Rodriguez, Texas Tech University • Scholars examining homosexual television characters have typically come to one of two conclusions, either exposure to homosexual characters leads to increased acceptance, or homosexual characters serve to reaffirm negative stereotypes. We resolve these differences by introducing the concept of stereotyped identification – the idea that cognitively identifying with fictional characters can increase acceptance of minorities, while reinforcing stereotypes about how they look, act, and talk. Results from our national survey provide support for this hypothesis. Processing Entertainment vs. Hard News: Cognitive and Emotional Responses to Different News Formats • Sara Magee, Loyola University-Maryland; Jensen Moore, Manship School of Mass Communication, LSU • How millennials process news is crucial to determining the growth of future news audiences. This 2 (message content: entertainment news/hard news) X 12 (message replication) experimental study found millennials not only encode and store entertainment news better, it is also more arousing, credible, and positive than hard news. Results are interpreted using Lang’s Limited Capacity Model of Mediated Motivated Message Processing. Our results suggest new ways of thinking about the Hardwired for News Hypothesis. Effects of Embedding Social Causes in Programming • Pamela Nevar, Central Washington University; Jacqueline Hitchon, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign • Cause placement is a recent extension of the advertising strategy, product placement. This research examined the roles of cause involvement and message sidedness on the persuasiveness of cause placement in primetime entertainment programming. Two experiments found that high cause involvement (vs. low) tended to produce more favorable attitudinal responses and behavioral intentions. When cause involvement was high, one-sided messages triumphed over multi-sided messages; when cause involvement was low, multi-sided messages tended to be more persuasive. The They in Cyberbullying: Examining Empathy and Third Person Effects in Cyberbullying of Young Adults • Cynthia Nichols, Oklahoma State University; Bobbi Kay Lewis, Oklahoma State University • The 21st century has seen rapid technological advances. Although these advances bring a multitude of benefits, there are also drawbacks from the technology that has become an integral part of daily life—such as cyberbullying. Although online bullying has becoming as common as in-person bullying, cyberbullying is not understood nearly as much as its counterpart. Due to its characteristics, it can be hard to recognize, prevent, or stop online bullying. Certain characteristics have emerged in cyberbullying research as indicators of bullies—lack of empathy toward cyberbullying, lack of parental mediation, high social media use, and third person effects toward the impact of media. The following paper looks to explore the relationships between these variables. Data (N=436) indicated that young adults believe other people are more susceptible to bullying than themselves, empathy influences attitudes toward cyberbullying, and athletes are more empathetic toward others being cyberbullied. Commercialization of Medicine: An Analysis of Cosmetic Surgeons’ Websites • Sung-Yeon Park, School of Media and Communication, Bowling Green State University; SangHee Park, Bowling Green State University • This study examined the homepages of 250 cosmetic surgeons’ websites. Common elements on the webpages were pre-identified as indicators of medicalization or commercialization and their presence and salience were examined by focusing on the service provider, service recipients, and the practice. Overall, the providers were highly medicalized and moderately commercialized. The recipients were moderately medicalized and commercialized. The practice was moderately medicalized and highly commercialized. Implications for doctors, regulators, and consumer advocates were discussed. Women with disability: Sex object and Supercrip stereotyping on reality television’s Push Girls • Krystan Lenhard; Donnalyn Pompper, Temple University • We respond to critical neglect of disability representation across mass media by evaluating characterizations of women who use wheelchairs on the U.S.-based reality show, Push Girls. Content analysis and a hermeneutic phenomenological theme analysis revealed findings which suggest that Sex object and Supercrip stereotypes enable producers to create programming for audiences otherwise repelled by images of women using wheelchairs. Implications of stereotype use for audiences and the disabilities community are offered. Disclosure or Deception?: Social Media Literacy, Use, and Identification of Native Advertising • Lance Porter; Kasey Windels, Louisiana State University; Jun Heo, Louisiana State University; Rui Wang, Louisiana State University; YONGICK JEONG, Louisiana State University; A-Reum Jung • The rise of native advertising presents a number of ethical issues for today’s audiences. Do social media audiences recognize native advertising as paid messaging? Does media literacy make a difference in this ability to distinguish editorial and user generated from paid advertisements? An eye-tracking experiment found that while most can identify native advertising, certain types of native advertising are more difficult than others to identify and that Facebook is not fully disclosing paid content. Impact of Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood and active mediation on preschoolers' social and emotional development • Eric Rasmussen, Texas Tech University; Autumn Shafer, Texas Tech University; Malinda Colwell, Texas Tech University; Narissra Punyanunt-Carter, Texas Tech University; Shawna White, Texas Tech University; Rebecca Densley, Texas Tech University; Holly Wright, Texas Tech University • 127 children ages 2-6 either watched or did not watch 10 episodes of Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood over a two-week period. Those in the viewing condition exhibited higher levels of empathy, self-efficacy, and emotion recognition, under certain conditions. Without exception, children benefitted from watching the show only when their viewing experiences were frequently accompanied by active mediation. Preschoolers’ age, income, and home media environment also influenced children’s reactions to exposure to the show. Probing the role of exemplars in third-person perceptions: Further evidence of a novel hypothesis • Mike Schmierbach, Pennsylvania State University; Michael Boyle • Despite strong evidence of its existence, the third-person perception remains incompletely understood. This paper expands previous research that added an important variable to models explaining perceived influence: availability of exemplars. Employing a 2 x 2 experiment and a diverse U.S. sample (N = 523), the study confirms that this variable is a robust predictor regardless of thought-listing procedures or primes shown to reduce the heuristic reliance on media examples. Portable Social Networks: Interactive Mobile Facebook Use Explaining Perceived Social Support and Loneliness Using Crawled and Self-Reported Data • mihye seo; Jinhee Kim, Pohang University of Science and Technology; Hyeseung Yang • The present study examines if Facebooking using mobile devices could generate gratifying social relationships and contribute psychological well-being. Matching crawling data with self-reported data from mobile Facebook users, this study found that more social interactions mobile Facebook users had with their friends and faster friends’ reactions to users’ postings increased mobile Facebook users’ perceived social support and ultimately alleviate their loneliness. Implications of living in always on and connected mobile society are discussed. Keeping up with the audiences: Journalistic role expectations in Singapore • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Andrew Duffy, Nanyang Technological University • Scholarly work on journalistic role conceptions is growing, but the assumption that what journalists conceive of as their roles depend in part on what they believe audiences expect from them remains underexplored. Through a nationally representative survey (N=1,200), this study sought to understand journalistic role expectations in Singapore. The study found that Singaporeans, in general, expect their journalists to serve the public, the nation, and the government—and in that order. What did you expect? What roles audiences expect from their journalists in Singapore • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Zse Yin How • This study seeks to understand the role expectations Singaporeans have for their journalists. Ten categories of role expectations emerged from the analysis of open-ended responses from a nationally representative survey of Singaporeans (N= 1,200). Some role expectations, such as the disseminator and interpreter, were conceptually similar to earlier typologies of journalists’ own role conceptions. But two new roles emerged: protector of the people, and being a good citizen. The role of cultural context is discussed. And they lived happily ever after: Associations between watching Disney movies and Romantic beliefs of children • Merel van Ommen; Madelon Willems; Nikki Duijkers; Serena Daalmans, Radboud University; Rebecca de leeuw • Disney movies are popular among children and depict a world that is very romantic. The question is what role popular Disney movies play, as a cultivating resource. This survey study (N=315) aimed to explore if Disney’s depictions of romance are related to children’s romantic beliefs, as assessed by the Romantic Beliefs Scale. Findings fromregression analyses are the first to show that the more children watched Disney movies the stronger they endorsed the ideology of romanticism. Issue publics, need for orientation, and obtrusiveness: A model on contingent conditions in agenda-setting • Ramona Vonbun, University of Vienna; Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, University of Zurich; Hajo Boomgaarden, University of Vienna • This study investigates the role of contingent conditions in the agenda-setting process introducing issue public membership as a mediating factor in opinion formation. The model is tested on five issues, based on a content analysis of 28 media outlets and a panel study in the context of a national election. The findings hint to a stable public agenda, NFO as an important antecedent in the agenda-setting process, and a mediating role of issue public membership. Turned off by Media Violence: The Effect of Sanitized Violence Portrayals on Selective Exposure to Violent Media • T. Franklin Waddell, Penn State University; Erica Bailey; James D. Ivory, Virginia Tech University; Morgan Tear; Kevin Lee; Winston Wu; Sarah Franis; Bradi Heaberlin • The current study examined whether prior exposure to non-sanitized media violence affects viewers’ subsequent preference for violent media. Exposure to traditional, sanitized media violence increased the likelihood of selecting a clip that featured the prevention of violence and decreased the likelihood of selecting a clip that featured retributive violence. Our study thus offers the novel finding that exposure to some forms of media violence can actually inhibit, rather than foster, additional exposure to violent media. Minnie Mouse, Modern Women: Anthropomorphism and Gender in Children’s Animated Television • Stephen Warren, Syracuse University; YUXI ZHOU, YUXI ZHOU; Dan Brown; Casby Bias, Syracuse University • This study examines the extent to which anthropomorphism influences gender representation of characters in children’s television programs. Results revealed that anthropomorphic characters were presented more physically gender-neutral than humans, and observed female characters were underrepresented. No significant differences were found between anthropomorphic and human characters in terms of personalities and behavior. The researchers propose that because physical appearance is more ambiguous, anthropomorphic characters’ personalities and behaviors may be overcompensated to make their gender clearer. Social Media, Social Integration and Subjective Well-being among Urban Migrants in China • Lu Wei; Fangfang Gao, Zhejiang Univesity • As Chinese urban migrants are increasingly dependent on new media, particularly social media for news, entertainment, and social interaction, it is important to know how social media use contributes to their social integration and subjective well-being. Based on an online survey, this study revealed that social media use can indeed contribute to urban migrants’ social integration, particularly their perceived social identity and weak social ties, but helps little with strong social support and real-world social participation. While social media use can indeed influence urban migrants’ subjective well-being, different types of use may have different effects. Finally, urban migrants’ social integration, particularly their level of social identity, is significantly associated with their subjective well-being. Blogging the brand: Meaning transfer and the case of Weight Watchers • Erin Willis, University of Memphis; Ye Wang, University of Missouri - Kansas City • Brand communities are becoming increasingly more popular online. The current study examined the Weight Watchers online brand community to understand the role consumer engagement plays in shaping brand meaning and how brand meaning is transferred through consumer-generated content. Social and cultural meanings are discussed. Practical implications for online brand strategy are included and also how to engage consumers with content delivered through brand communities. Exemplification in Online Slideshows: The Role of Visual Attention on Availability Effects • Bartosz Wojdynski, University of Georgia; Camila Espina, University of Georgia; Temple Northup, University of Houston; Hyejin Bang, University of Georgia; YEN-I LEE, University of Georgia; Nandita Sridhar, University of Georgia • Although research has shown that human examples in news stories wield a high level of influence on the way users perceive story content, the role of attention in these effects has not been tested. Furthermore, it is not clear if exemplification effects identified in traditional linear story forms extend to newer news formats that are more list-based. An eye-tracking experiment (N=87) examined the effects of content type (human exemplar/ no exemplar) and exemplar distribution (early / late / evenly distributed) in online health news slideshow stories on visual attention, exemplar availability, issue perceptions, and behavioral intent. Results showed that the presence of exemplars early in a slideshow significantly increased visual attention throughout the slideshow. Furthermore, availability of slide topic was highly significantly correlated with perceived persuasiveness of slide topic. Implications of the findings for the extension of exemplification theory and the production of list-based informational content are discussed. Credibility Judgments of Health Social Q&A: Effects of Reputation, External Source, and Social Rating • Qian Xu, Elon university • Social Q&A websites have gained increasing popularity for health information seeking and sharing. This study employs a 2×2×2 between-participants experiment to explore the effects of three interface cues in health social Q&A – reputation, external source, and social rating – on credibility judgments of the answerer and the answer. The study discovered that different cues contributed to different dimensions of perceived answerer credibility. The three cues also complemented each other in influencing perceived answer credibility. A Multilevel Analysis of Individual- and Community-Level Sources of Local Newspaper Credibility in the United States • Masahiro Yamamoto, University of Wisconsin-La crosse; Seungahn Nah • Existing research has identified salient individual- and community-level factors that systematically account for variations in audience credibility of news media, including an audience’s political orientation, media use, social and political trust, community structural pluralism, and political heterogeneity. The purpose of this study is to test whether audiences’ perceptions of local newspaper credibility are explained by these theoretical variables, using a multilevel framework. Data from a community survey in the United States show that structural pluralism is negatively related to local newspaper credibility. Data also reveal that conservative ideology, social trust, and political trust significantly predict local newspaper credibility. Implications are discussed for the production of news content. The Need for Surveillance: A Scale to Assess Individual Differences in Attention to the Information Environment • Chance York, Kent State University • Individuals vary with regard to their need to psychologically attend to the information environment, including the information provided by immediate surroundings, interpersonal relationships, and news media. After I outline theoretical explanations—both biological and cultural—for individual differences in environmental attention, I develop a unidimensional scale called Need for Surveillance (NSF) to measure this construct. I show that NSF predicts news use and adhering to the correct news agenda. Implications for media effects are discussed. Student Competition Social Pressure for Social Good? Motivations for Completing the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge • Jared Brickman, Washington State University • The incredibly successful ALS Ice Bucket Challenge dominated social media in summer 2014. This study, guided by the ideas of diffusion, peer pressure, and concertive control systems, explores the motivations for participating in the challenge using interviews and a survey of more than 300 undergraduates. Logistic regression revealed that peer pressure, charitable intent, and a lack of perceptions of negativity surrounding the event were all significant predictors of participation. A New Look at Agenda-Setting Effects: Exploring the Second- and Third-level Agenda Setting in Contemporary China • Yang Cheng, University of Missouri • Through two separate studies in a Chinese context, this research tests and compares the second- and third-level agenda setting effects, examines the differences between the explicit and implicit public agendas. A total of 1,667 news media coverage and 680 effective public surveys are collected and analyzed. Evidence from both studies shows strong attribute agenda setting effects at the second- and third-level, no matter the focus of issue is obtrusive or unobtrusive. Results also demonstrates that the media agenda is positively associated at a higher level with the implicit public agenda than the explicit one. The silencing of the watchdogs: newspaper decline in state politics • Juanita Clogston • This paper analyzes the pattern in newspaper closures in state capitals to help assess the impact on democracy from the declining watchdog role of the media over state politics. Findings reveal papers in state capitals are at 1.7 times greater risk of failure than papers not in state capitals from 1955 to 2010. Based on analysis of 46 failed papers, risk factors included PM circulation and being one of two papers in the capital. Sourcing health care reform: Exploring network partisanship in coverage of Obamacare • Bethany Conway, University of Arizona; Jennifer Ervin • Social network analysis was used to examine source use in coverage of the health care reform by CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC. While 72% of sources were unique to a particular news organization, findings indicate that in the three months prior to the bill’s passage similarities existed across networks. Further, MSNBC was much more varied in their source use. Correlations amongst sources and networks change in magnitude and significance over time. Above the Scroll: Visual Hierarchy in Online News • Holly Cowart, University of Florida • This study considered the usefulness of hierarchical presentation of news content. It compared the news content presented as the top story on five major news website homepages three times a day for one month. Results indicate some level of agreement on what to present as the top story as well the use of conventional visual cues to identify those stories. Outpouring of success: How the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge engaged Millennials’ narcissism toward digital activism • Andrea Hall, University of Florida; Lauren Furey, University of Florida • Jumping off the popularity of the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge, a survey of 500 Milliennials explores how social media use could lead to narcissistically induced activism. Results revealed a strong correlation between social media use and narcissism, and motives for participating were supported by social comparison theory. Results also revealed that participating in the ALS campaign was perceived as activism, which suggests it behaved as a bridge between traditional and digital activism. Visual gender stereotyping and political image perception • Tatsiana Karaliova, Missouri School of Journalism; Valerie Guglielmi; Sangeeta Shastry; Jennifer Travers; Nathan Hurst • This online experiment aimed to explore the impact of visual stereotypical and non-stereotypical representations of political candidates on young voters’ political image perception and voting intention. It confirmed the existence of predispositions about male and female political candidates in the evaluation of their practical and emotional traits. Gender had a significant effect on how the candidates were evaluated for practical traits and type of representation had a significant effect on how they were evaluated for emotional traits. Selfies: True self or Better Self?: A qualitative exploration of selfie uses on social media • Joon Kyoung Kim, Syracuse University • Despite of increased popularity of selfies on social media, little is known about media users’ uses of selfies. Understanding social media users’ uses of selfies in terms of self-presentation is fundamental because use of individuals’ own pictures on social media can be an important mode of self-expression. Use of selfies on social media can be useful for examining individuals’ self-presentation because an individual’s picture on his or her profile is most frequently exposed to other users on social media, it can be used to examine how individual users express themselves. The purpose of this research is to explore how social media users use selfies and perceive them. In-depth interviews were conducted to collect data from social media users in a university in the Northeastern United States. A snowball sampling strategy was used to recruit eleven participants because this study aimed to research certain users who post or share their selfies on social media. In addition, because most social media users who frequently use selfies belong to younger generation such as teenagers, this study focused on young college students who aged 19 to 22 from different majors. Four themes emerged from analysis of in-depth interview data. Selective exposure, frequency, extraversion/introversion, and feedback management emerged under the major theme of impression management. These themes explain how social media users use their selfies to give favorable impression to others and to avoid conveying unfavorable impression to others. Cultivating gender stereotypes: Pinterest and the user-generated housewife? • Nicole Lee, Texas Tech University; Shawna White, Texas Tech University • Through a survey of 315 women, this study explored the relationship between Pinterest use, gender stereotypes and self-perceptions. Results indicate a link between Pinterest use and stereotyped views of gender roles in a relational context. The same link was not found between Pinterest use and self-esteem or body image. Open-ended questions explored cognitive and emotional effects of Pinterest use. A mix of motivation, inspiration, guilt and jealousy were reported. Directions for further research are discussed. HPV Vaccination in US Media: Gender and regional differences • Wan Chi Leung, University of South Carolina • This study examines newspaper articles and television news transcripts about the HPV vaccine in the U.S. from 2006 to 2014. Findings reveals that media presented HPV vaccine as more beneficial to women’s health instead of men. In the South of the U.S. where the vaccination rate was the lowest among all regions, newspapers tended to talk less about HPV vaccination, and presented less benefits of vaccination, and fewer positive direct quotes. Putnam’s Clarion Call: An Examination of Civic Engagement and the Internet • Lindsay McCluskey, Louisiana State University; Young Kim, Louisiana State University • The purpose of this research is to develop and test models of civic engagement. We examined various dimensions of civic engagement for antecedents and determinant factors related to the Internet, controlling for effects of a wide range of other variables. Using 2010 national survey data, this study found that significant and different factors (e.g., trust, satisfaction, the location of Internet use, and perceived Internet impact) for dimensions of civic engagement in full multivariate logit models. The Audience Brand: The Clash Between Public Dialogue and Brand Preservation in News Comment Sections • Meredith Metzler • The tensions between news organizations operating in the public interest and as a business operation have not changed online, and, in fact have become more complicated. In this paper, I examine how comment sections architecture is modified to encourage a particular type of dialogue from the now visible audience. The findings in this paper indicate that the news organizations shape conversational environments occurring within the boundaries of its site. Let's Keep This Quiet: Media Framing of Campus Sexual Assault, Its Causes, and Proposed Solutions • Jane O'Boyle, University of South Carolina; Jo-Yun Queenie Li • This study analyzes ten American newspapers across the country (N = 500) to examine how they present stories about sexual assault on college campuses. We explore attributions for causes and which entities are framed most responsible for creating solutions to the problem: individuals, universities, fraternities, sports teams, or society. Findings indicate media attribute causes to individuals such as victims and perpetrators, but solutions to universities. Liberal newspapers framed the victim as most responsible for causes, and were overall favorable toward universities. The Discourse of Sacrifice in Natural Disaster: The Case Study of Thailand’s 2011 Floods • Penchan Phoborisut, University of Utah • This paper investigates how the discourse of a natural disaster such as a flood is formed and featured in the Thai media. The paper adopts a textual analysis of news about the floods in 2011, reported in two major Thai mainstream newspapers during the three- month long floods. The emerging theme is sacrifice and repeated coverage on being good citizens. Meanwhile, the issues of environment and social justice were absent. I argue that the articulation of sacrifice can perpetuate social injustice imposed on the vulnerable population. #JeSuisCharlie: Examining the Power of Hashtags to Frame Civic Discourse in the Twitterverse • Miles Sari, Washington State University; Chan Chen, Washington State University • Using the Charlie Hebdo shooting as a case study for exploratory analysis, this paper bridges the link between framing theory and the power of hashtags to frame civic discourse in the Twitterverse. Through an inductive qualitative content analysis and a critical discourse analysis, we argue that the hashtag Je Suis Charlie constructed a dichotomy of opposition that symbolically placed the massacre in the context of a rhetorical war between free expression and global terrorism. The Third-Person Perception and Priming: The Case of Ideal Female Body Image • Jiyoun Suk • This paper explores how priming affects the third-person perception in the case of ideal female body image. Through a posttest-only control group experiment, this study reveals that after reading an article about media’s effect on shaping women’s view about their body, the third-person perception was weakened among women. This is because the perceived media effect on self has increased after the priming. It implies how the third-person effect can be easily manipulated through priming. Is Social Viewing the New Laugh Track? Examining the Effect of Traditional and Digital Forms of Audience Response on Comedy Enjoyment • T. Franklin Waddell, Penn State University • Participants watched a comedy program that randomly varied the presence of social media comments (positive vs. negative vs. no comment control) and the sound of a laugh track (present vs. absent) during programming. Results find that negative social media comments lead to lower levels of program enjoyment through the mediating pathways of lower bandwagon perceptions and lower humor. Surprisingly, canned laughter also had an inhibitory effect on enjoyment via the mechanism of lower narrative involvement. Heaven, Hell, and Physical Viral Media: An Analysis of the Work of Jack T. Chick • Philip Williams, Regent University • This paper advances the concept of physical viral media: that virality is not limited to digital media, and that examples of media virality predate the digital era. The work under analysis is that of Jack T. Chick, the controversial tract publisher. The paper uses media characteristics and behavior analysis to establish the viral nature of Chick’s work and demonstrate the possibility of virality with the physical form. The Effects of Media Consumption and Interpersonal Contacts on stereotypes towards Hong Kong people in China • Chuanli XIA, City University of Hong Kong • This study examines the effects of both media consumption and interpersonal contacts on Chinese mainlanders’ stereotypes towards Hong Kong people. The framework was tested with a survey data of 314 mainlanders. Results reveal that media consumption is negatively associated with mainlanders’ positive stereotypes about Hong Kong people, while interpersonal contacts with Hong Kong people result in positive stereotypes about Hong Kong people. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15396 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/med-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 22:55:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15399 Open Competition How do ads mean? A mutualist theory of advertising ethics. • Margaret Duffy, Missouri School of Journalism; Esther Thorson, Missouri School of Journalism; Tatsiana Karaliova, Missouri School of Journalism; Heesook Choi • This gathered qualitative data about people’s responses to ads identified as ethically problematic based on guidelines and conventions established by advertising ethics critics and the FTC. It analyzed people’s responses to the ads using social constructionist, rhetorical, and dramatistic theoretical lenses. Applying Symbolic Convergence Theory, the study found significantly different communities of meaning as individuals interpreted video commercials. It suggests a new approach to studying advertising ethics. The Press Complaints Commission is Dead; Long Live the IPSO? • Mark Harmon, University of Tennessee; Abhijit Mazumdar, University of Tennessee • The authors tally 57 monthly Press Complaint Commission complaint resolution reports, dating from January 2010 to September 2014. The sums from each category were expressed as a percentage of all 28,457 complaints. The data show that PCC was something of a paper tiger. This quantitive analysis led to a qualitative review of the ethical need for, potential best practices of, and opportunities facing the United Kingdom’s new Independent Press Standards Organization, the PCC successor organization. Journalism Under Attack: The Charlie Hebdo Covers and Reconsiderations of Journalistic Norms • Joy Jenkins, University of Missouri; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University • The terrorist attack on the satirical French newspaper Charlie Hebdo created an ethical dilemma for U.S. news organizations. In reporting on the attacks, news organizations had to decide whether to republish examples of the magazine’s controversial cartoons. This decision highlighted an otherwise taken-for-granted assumption — that the journalistic field is governed by a set of norms, but these norms may, at times, be at odds. This study used qualitative textual analysis to shed light on the journalistic norms involved in American journalists’ own discourses explaining their respective editorial decisions to republish or not to republish the Charlie Hebdo cartoons. The resulting analysis demonstrates how a shock to the journalistic profession can challenge existing norms as well as bring new norms to light. The Death of Corporal Miller: Omission, Transparency and the Ethics of Embedded Journalism • Miles Maguire, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh • The New York Times won acclaim for its coverage of the second battle of Falluja in November 2014. But its initial articles left out a crucial detail, that a Marine corporal was killed while aiding two of the paper’s journalists. Over four years the Times published four different versions of the death of the Marine without ever fully explaining the circumstances that surrounded the incident or attempting to reconcile the differences in its accounts. On the contrary the newspaper has refused to articulate what factors led to the withholding of information about Miller’s death, a position that is clearly at odds with its own code of conduct as well as with the growing emphasis on transparency as a cornerstone of journalism ethics. This study, based on a review of the written record and interviews with key participants, sheds new light on the ethical challenges of embedded journalism and shows how the embedding process can work to shape news accounts to support military objectives at the expense of traditional journalistic values. The paper includes an examination of the way that the military has adopted transparency as a key element of what it calls inform and influence activities, which are now identified as part of combat power. The conclusion suggests that a commitment to transparency on the part of news organizations would be a way to regain independence in battlefield reporting by embedded journalists. Examining Intention of Illegal Downloading: An Integration of Social Norms and Ethical Ideologies • Namkee Park, Yonsei University, South Korea; Hyun Sook Oh, Pyeongtaek University, South Korea; Naewon Kang, Dankook University, South Korea; Seohee Sohn, Yonsei University, South Korea • This study investigated applicability of ethical ideologies reflected by moral idealism and relativism, together with social norms, to the context of illegal downloading. The study found that intention of illegal downloading was dissimilar among four groups of ethical ideologies; situationists, absolutists, subjectivists, and exceptionists. Injunctive norm was a critical factor that affected illegal downloading intention, yet only for situationists and absolutists. For subjectivists and exceptionists, ego-involvement played a critical role in explaining the intention. Media Ethics Theorizing, Reoriented: A Shift in Focus for Individual-Level Analyses • Patrick Plaisance, Colorado State University • This project argues that multidisciplinary methods and work to reconsider key concepts are critical if media ethics scholarship is to continue to mature. It identifies three dimensions of a reoriented framework for media ethics theory: one that reconceptualizes inquiry at the individual level; another that situates media technology in assessments of autonomous agency and organizational affiliation; and a third that applies formalist virtue ethics as the best framework for normative claims arising from the first two. NGOs as newsmakers: boon or bane? A normative evaluation • Matthew Powers, University of Washington - Seattle • In recent years, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have assumed a growing role in shaping – and in some cases directly producing – news. What are the normative implications of this development? Drawing on normative traditions of public communication, this paper identifies four roles NGOs are tasked with performing: expert, advocate, facilitator and critic. To date, research suggests NGOs align most closely with representative liberal and democratic participatory ideals of journalism, while marginalizing deliberative and radical traditions. When White Reporters Cover Race: The news media, objectivity and community (dis-)trust • SUE ROBINSON, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Kathleen Culver, University of Wisconsin-Madison • When white reporters cover issues involving race, they often fall back on traditional, passive practices of objectivity, such as deferring to official sources and remaining separate from communities. Using in-depth interviews combined with textual analysis in a case study of one mid-western city struggling with race, we explore the ethical tensions between the commitment to neutrality and the need for trust building. This essay argues for an active objectivity focused on loyalty to all citizens. An update on advertising ethics: an organization's perspectives • Erin Schauster, Bradley University • Ethical problems in advertising continue to exist but an update on these problems from an organizational approach is needed (Drumwright, 2007; Drumwright & Murphy, 2009). Forty-five one-on-one interviews were conducted regarding perceptions of advertising ethics. Findings suggest that ethical problems exist such as treating others fairly, behaving honestly, respecting consumers’ privacy and maintaining creative integrity. The implications of creative integrity and an organizational approach as ethical relativism are presented. Carol Burnett Award Ethics in Design: The Public Sphere and Value Considerations in Online Commenting Development • Kristen Bialik, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Drawing on the work of Habermas’ public sphere and discourse ethics, as well as user-interface design and Value Sensitive Design theory in technology, this paper examines whether improved online comment system policies and design can help foster a more robust form of the public sphere. The study raises larger questions of how values within traditional journalism, as well as values underpinning democratic societies, can be emphasized in the structural spaces of online public forums. The many faces of television’s public moral discourse? Exploring genre differences in the representation of morality in prime time television • Serena Daalmans, Radboud University • This study is focused on differences between TV genres (news, entertainment & fiction) in the representation of morality on television. We conducted a quantitative content analysis, based on a sample of prime-time television programs (2012) (N = 485). The results reveal distinct differences between the genres concerning the representation of moral domains, moral themes, types of morality and moral complexity, and striking similarities regarding moral communities as beacons of moral accountability. Moderating Marius: Ethical Language and Representation of Animal Advocacy in Mass Media Coverage of the Copenhagen Zoo Saga • Christina DeWalt, The University of Oklahoma • Ethical theory is used in this study to assess news coverage of the Copenhagen Zoo’s decision to euthanize a healthy giraffe and the subsequent public outcry regarding the animal’s death. This paper examines twenty-six print, broadcast, and radio news pieces utilizing ethical frameworks derived from the widely used philosophies of Kant and Bentham. The types of news frames deployed as well as the willingness of mainstream media outlets to expand public exposure to broader social issues related to animal captivity and welfare, and their willingness to include non-traditional sourcing in meaningful and balanced ways was examined through in-depth, textual analysis. Findings indicate that while the mass media did extend moral considerations to the nonhuman subject through implicit means, news production norms, practices, and routines continued to hinder advancement of alternative voices and expansion of social exposure to broader ethical issues inherent in the story. Aggregation and Virtue Ethics • Stan Diel, University of Alabama • As consumers increasingly look to the Internet to find news and traditional news organizations shed jobs, the demand for original news content online has come to exceed supply. To fill the void, websites, both digital-native and those associated with legacy news media, have turned to aggregation so quickly that the practice has developed faster than both legal and ethical standards that might moderate it. While deontological systems of ethics often guide traditional media, such rule-based codes are not easily applied to digital news practices. A system of virtue-based ethics grounded in an arch-virtue of truthfulness and moderated by the virtues of fairness, non- malevolence and temperance, and a standardized definition of terms, are proposed to help guide aggregation practices. Analysis of moral argumentation in newspaper editorial contents with Kohlberg's moral development model • Yayu Feng, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • This study evaluates moral reasoning stages addressed in editorial pieces regarding rape culture from two newspapers in Athens, Ohio, with Kohlberg’s Moral Development Model. An analytical system was developed based on Critical Discourse Analysis and Moral Development Theory, which contributes a new approach to investigating media moral messages. The study details the different patterns of moral reasoning stages represented in the newspapers and offers a case study of editorials’ performance as moral educators. Peace Journalism and Radical Media Ethics • Marta Lukacovic, Wayne State University • The radical characteristics of peace journalism position it as a model that expands the current understandings of normative media theory. Hence, peace journalism echoes the most innovative calls of media ethicists such as Ward’s proposition of radical media ethics. Peace journalists and citizens have to face constraints that are posed by cultural and structural violence when attempting to reflect on international conflicts and crises in peace journalistic/conflict sensitive manner. The point of debating ethics in journalism: consensus or compromise and the rehabilitation of common sense as a way toward solidarit • Laura Moorhead, Stanford University • Philosopher and media gadfly Habermas in the newsroom? This paper — through the frame of Habermas’s discourse ethics — highlights a path for debating ethics in journalism using rational-critical discussion, which can lead to consensus or compromise through a move from individual to collective community interests. The paper considers the rehabilitation of common sense, through emerging technology and an interdisciplinary approach. The point of debating ethics in journalism surfaces as the hope for solidarity despite increasing pluralism. Weekly Newsmagazines’ Framing of Obesity, Responsibility Attribution, and Moral Discourses • Lok Pokhrel, Washington State University • This paper presents a study of how obesity-related health issues in the United States are represented in four American weekly magazines: Newsweek, Time, The Weekly Standard, and National Review. The paper particularly examined the media’s attribution of responsibility for the problem of obesity, that is, whether the issue constitutes an individual or collective responsibility. The paper also argues that the news media’s framing of obesity-related health issues, through the use of various discursive and framing tactics, raises ethical concerns. Through analysis of weekly news magazine discourses, the study finds two themes that raise ethical concern: the weekly publications (a) primarily discussed the problem of obesity in terms of either individual or societal responsibility; (b) highlighted the ethical concerns from appeals to both personal responsibility and a sense of obligation to promote the health of others and fulfill the duty to avoid becoming an unfair burden to others. Toward an ethic of personal technologies: Moral implications found in the fruition of man-computer symbiosis • Rhema Zlaten, Colorado State University • The impending fruition of man-computer symbiosis suggests a shift towards society’s acceptance of human partnership with technology. Increased intimacy between humans and machines creates a need for understanding individual rights in modern society’s transmedia paradigm. This paper calls for the creation of an ethic of personal technologies; a partnership of understanding how society grew to accept the full integration of technology into daily life and the rights of each digital footprint in a computer-mediated society. Special Call For New Horizons in Media Ethics A Duty to Freedom: Conceptualizing Platform Ethics • Brett Johnson, University of Missouri • This paper makes two arguments. First, the field of media ethics should incorporate ethical analyses of the relationship between digital communication intermediaries (e.g. Facebook and Twitter) and their users. Second, these intermediaries should abide by a primary duty to protect the users’ freedom to speak via their platforms, followed by a secondary duty to mitigate potential harms caused by users’ speech. The paper synthesizes theories of intermediary liability and corporate media ethics to make this argument. The Ethical Implications of Participatory Culture in a New Media Environment: A Critical Case Study of Veronica Mars • Murray Meetze, University of Colorado Boulder • In a fast-paced media landscape where producer and consumer relationships are constantly being renegotiated, the ethical implications of this participatory culture must be addressed. This article explores current literature on participatory culture through the lens of a case study of the Veronica Mars 2013 Kickstarted film. The Veronica Mars Kickstarter provides a unique view of the strengths of audience involvement in media content production. The Belmont Report social science principles for human subject research will be utilized in this case study examination along with the ethical framework of W.D. Ross’ duty-based ethics. This analysis aims to establish tangible ethical guidelines for media industry production in an unstable media environment. What Constitutes Good Work in Journalism Education • Caryn Winters, University of Louisiana at Lafayette • What is the good work educators –especially journalism educators –are obliged to do in consideration of their simultaneous roles as members of a democratic community and members of professional communities?Rather than focus on specific professional practices, I have chosen to emphasize the necessity for professionals –and especially those professionals who play key roles in building the democratic capacity –to understand the core principles of their professional realms. When journalists and journalism educators engage in professional activity that is informed by these principles, they have the potential to transform their professional realms and democracy. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15399 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/mme-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 22:58:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15404 Impact of Market Competition and the Internet on Journalistic Performance in Developing and Transitional Countries • Adam Jacobsson, Stockholm university, department of Economics; Ann Hollifield, University of Georgia; Lee Becker, University of Georgia; Tudor Vlad, University of Georgia; Eva-Maria Jacobsson, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) • This study uses a sample of national media markets to examine the relationship between increasing competition in the advertising market and overall journalistic performance. The findings suggest that as the news media’s share of the advertising market falls in a country, so, too, does the quality of the journalism produced by that country’s news media. It suggests that as Internet penetration increases in a country, it negatively affects the overall quality of journalism produced. Disruptors versus Incubators: How journalists covered the organizational change at the New Republic under techonology entrepreneur Chris Hughes. • Monica Chadha, Walter Cronkite School of Journalism & Mass Communication, Arizona State University • The impasse between the editorial and managerial sides of a news organization is at the center of the study proposed here. In particular, this paper, through the theoretical lens of organizational change and professional/work identity, looks at how the news media perceived and reported on the differences between the editorial and management staff at the New Republic. This magazine has at its helm, one of the Facebook founders, Chris Hughes, with no historic ties to the news industry. Differences with his high profile editorial staff led to last minute resignations by editors and reporters en masse at the New Republic, and this issue made the news several times. This examination of the news coverage of these differences is an attempt to understand how news media portrayed this event and created a narrative around a key event as an interpretive community. Analyzing the media texts surrounding this issue will help scholars and professionals understand how journalists think of and discuss such differences between the business and editorial sides. This understanding then may lead to management and editorial staff navigating through organizational change more effectively, rather than leading to group behavior that would be detrimental to the company. Marketing Theatrical Films for the Mobile Platform: The Roles of Web Content/Social Media, Brand Extension, WOM, and Windowing Strategies • Sang-Hyun Nam; Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida; Byeng-Hee Chang • This study explored the effects of various marketing factors on the distribution of theatrical films on the mobile platform. Research questions related to certain marketing activities such as web content/social media, brand extension, eWOM, and windowing strategies were examined using the mobile movie industry data of South Korea. The result showed that certain web content activities, brand extension via star power and sequels, as well as movie length were significantly associated with mobile film performance. An Economic Perspective on the Diffusion of Communication Media • John dimmick, School of Communication, Ohio State University • The diffusion curves representing media adoption have been repeatedly shown to fit the logistic growth equation. This paper gives an extended theoretical interpretation of r and K, the parameters of the equation in economic terms. The paper analyzes data representing one measure of K, the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index (CSI). Analysis of the link between the CSI and computer and cellphone change scores shows a positive relationship, indicating that the perceived state of the US economy influences diffusion patterns. Profitability in Newspapers: Industry Benchmarking Data Shows Newspaper Industry Makes Money and is Less Risky Following Layoffs and Restructuring • Keith Herndon, University of Georgia • This study of proprietary financial benchmarking data shows the newspaper industry is profitable and that financial risk has diminished following years of consolidation and employee downsizing. It expands on recent public newspaper company research and confirms the industry is profitable across multiple revenue ranges. The study provides a timely financial review for an industry poised for more unsettling consolidation given that newspapers shed more than 260,000 workers since reaching peak employment in 1991. Developing New Organizational Identity: Merger of St. Louis Public Radio and the St. Louis Beacon • Amber Hinsley • Using St. Louis Public Radio and the St. Louis Beacon as a case study, this research applies social identity theory to examine the pre- and post-merger identities of the organizations and their workers. The merger experience is a guide for other institutions considering similar moves. By understanding the impact of a merger, news organizations can better manage the process by reinforcing how changes align with the pre-merger organizations’ identity and the new emerging identity. Success factors of news parent brand: Focusing on parent brand equity, online brand extension and open branding • J. Sonia Huang; Jacie Yang • The study examines the success factors that influence news parent brands and tested the applicability of brand-related concepts such as brand equity, brand extension, and open branding in the context of 4 national newspapers and their online extensions in Taiwan. Using data from a national online survey (N = 907), results show that 4 factors, i.e., extended brand loyalty, parent brand awareness, perceived quality of parent brand, and brand portfolio quality variance, have direct effects on parent brand loyalty and 2 factors, i.e., open branding and brand awareness, have indirect effects through third variables. Generally, the study provides evidence that online brand extension is the driving force in the explanation of readers’ loyalty toward news parents. Over-The-Top services on mobile networks: Lessons from an international comparison of regulatory regimes • Krishna Jayakar, Penn State University; EUN-A PARK, University of New Haven • This paper is an international comparative analysis of emerging frameworks for the regulation of Over-The-Top content providers on mobile networks, specifically with respect to the prices that access providers may charge to content providers to transport and terminate the traffic to the end user. Selected national regulations or proposals are compared to identify major issues and potential solutions to the problems of OTT regulation. Four benchmarking principles are identified. The Federal Communications Commission’s (2015) Net Neutrality Rules are then assessed in light of these benchmarking principles. The Internet and Changes in Media Industry: A Cross-National Examination • Sung Wook Ji, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale • Most studies concerned with the effect of the Internet on media industries have focused on the current reduction of revenues in an individual medium, rather than on the ways in which the Internet is changing the media industry as a whole. The present study explores the economic effects of the Internet on structural change in traditional media industries. Based on country-level, dynamic panel data from 51 countries between 2009 and 2013, this paper finds that an increase in broadband Internet penetration leads to a shift in the balance of the revenues from advertising toward direct payments: a 1% increase in broadband penetration will cause a 0.1% shift in revenues from advertising toward direct payments. These findings correspond with the trends that previous studies have found in the U.S. media industry. Brand Extension in the Film Industry: Performance of Film Adaptations and Sequels • Dam Hee Kim, University of Michigan • Focusing on film adaptations and sequels as brand extension, this paper analyzed 2,488 films released between 2010 and 2013 in the U.S. to examine what types of films were successful. Results suggested that sequels generated more domestic box office gross than non-sequels. Among sequels, film adaptations appeared to generate more gross than non-film adaptations. Among adaptation sequels, those with new names, with their dissimilarity to parent brands, generated more box office gross than numbered ones. Toward a Tyranny of Tweeters? The Institutionalization of Social TV Analytics as Market Information Regime • Allie Kosterich, Rutgers University; Philip M. Napoli, Rutgers University • Changes in the ways that audiences use television, and the ways in which such usage can be measured, raise the possibility of a transformation of the currency that fuels the audience marketplace. Specifically, it appears at this point that social media analytics are beginning to play a role in how television program success is measured, and in how advertising dollars are allocated across programs (Shively, 2014; Wright, 2014). Essentially, then, the emergence of social TV analytics represents the possibility of a new market information regime taking hold in the audience marketplace. Utilizing industry trade documents as a window into industry dynamics and discourses, this paper provides an account of the recent emergence and usage of social TV analytics in the U.S. television industry as a means of exploring the process of institutionalization of a new market information regime. An institutional theory framework is applied to the ongoing dynamics between established and emergent market information regimes in the television audience marketplace in an effort to better understand if and how a new market information regime can become institutionalized. As the analysis shows, traditional audience exposure metrics are insufficient for all stakeholders. Moreover, new social media metrics do appear to have genuine economic value for those engaged in the process of buying and selling audiences. Current evidence suggests that the television industry is at a point in its evolution at which it can – even must – operate under multiple market regimes and embrace multiple value criteria. Crossing the Interregnum: Group Cohesion among Adaptive Journalists • Mark Poepsel, Southern Illinois University in Edwardsville • What keeps a cohort of journalists together working in the field at a high level through shifts in management, ownership, technology and medium? Using group cohesion theory and concepts of task and social cohesion, group pride, and the cybernetic model of group cohesion, this study answers with concrete qualitative data what qualities of the group, cherished norms, values and best practices were most helpful for fostering cohesion in the interest of survival and growth. The findings of this draft essay should ultimately prove useful for future theorizing in the areas of change management in the journalism field and in journalism pedagogy. Key findings include that task cohesion dominates over social cohesion in this group of veteran journalists and that bridging the gap to build support for the next generation group pride is key. Netflix versus Hulu: A Comparative Analysis • Ronen Shay, University of Florida • The purpose of this mixed-methods case study is to provide a comparative analysis of the Netflix and Hulu business models in order to assess whether both business models are sustainable over time. The theoretical framework draws from conceptual business model analysis, Porter’s (1985) value chain, and Anderson’s (2006) long-tail economics. Secondary data from SNL Kagan is used in combination with an original content analysis to test Netflix’s and Hulu’s October, 2013 libraries for competitive advantages, the presence of the long-tail phenomenon, and whether or not the ownership structure of either firm affects the viability of their business models. So Who Needs a Terrestrial Signal? Internet Radio Entrepreneurs Compete in Two Kansas Markets • Steve Smethers, Kansas State University • This case study focuses on the primary experiences of two Kansas media entrepreneurs using audio streaming to establish simulated radio services in markets where new terrestrial signals are not available. Buoyed by current consumer interest in streaming, subjects profiled here have fashioned their Internet radio stations into bonafide competitors for listeners and advertising dollars. Interviews and business artifacts reveal two different monetization models for these stations that emphasize local information and market-specific music programming. Sharing the Pain? An Examination of CEO and Executive Compensation of Publicly Traded Newspaper Companies • John Soloski, U of Georgia; Hugh J. Martin, Ohio University • This paper examines compensation of newspaper company CEOs and other top executives and compares compensation with key measures of their companies’ financial performance and employment levels. Fixed-effects regressions found only a small relationship between CEO pay and companies’ market value for 2000-2013. There was no relationship between pay and return-on-assets or return-on-equity. Unobserved characteristics of individual companies are associated with CEO pay. Implications for the financial health of newspaper companies are discussed in the study. Can net neutrality coverage maintain value neutrality? • Joseph Yoo, The University of Texas at Austin • Comcast, a media conglomerate providing Internet service, owns NBC Universal News Group, while parent companies for other television news stations are not Internet Service Providers. ISPs have been opposed to net neutrality because it can hurt their profit. This study examines whether parental ownership for broadcasting news influences net neutrality coverage. The results indicate that rather than ownership status, the political ideology for each broadcasting news outlet led to different attitudes towards net neutrality coverage. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15404 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/mac-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:00:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15406 Faculty Research Competition Predictors Of Faculty Diversification In Journalism And Mass Communication Education • Lee Becker, University of Georgia; Tudor Vlad, University of Georgia; Oana Stefanita, University of Georgia, Grady College • Based on data gathered between 1999 and 2013, this paper provides up-to-date information on faculty diversity in journalism and mass communication education. It examines the predictive power of four key institutional characteristics in producing diversification: accreditation status, type of control of the institution, type of mission, and region of the country. It shows diversification is increasing, but progress, particularly in terms of racial and ethnic diversity, is slow. Stereotype, tradition, and Carmen Luna: The Puerto Rican woman in Lifetime TV’s Devious Maids • Melissa Camacho, San Francisco State University • This paper argues that Puerto Rican women are portrayed on US mainstream television according to traditional Hollywood stereotypes that group Latinas into a homogeneous category that reinforces the hegemonic values of a collective non-Latino/a community. These portrayals fail to accurately to represent Puerto Rican’s unique hybrid culture, which pulls together a national heritage and American cultural values resulting from the island’s colonial status. Yet, these representations also reflect values established by traditionally patriarchal island culture. The result is a distorted image of Puerto Rican political and cultural citizenship within the United States. Guided by social criticism, this qualitative deconstruction of the two first seasons of the Lifetime TV series, Devious Maids, demonstrates how the Puerto Rican character Carmen Luna negotiates this complicated position. Complicating Colorism: Race, Gender and Space in Dark Girls • Nicola Corbin • This study examines the discursive production of colorism in the documentary Dark Girls, using articulation as a theoretical and methodological foundation. Locating colorism within the historically raced and gendered discourses of respectability politics, it concludes that colorism reveals a complex articulation of race with gender and the patriarchal politics of space. It is precisely because of this deep complexity that critical challenges to colorism have been inhibited, and its perpetuation persists. Cross Cultural Political Persuasion: Assessing The Moderating Role Of Candidate Ethnicity And Strength of Ethnic Identification On Candidate Evaluation • Mian Asim, Zayed university; Troy Elias, University of Oregon; Alyssa Jaisle, University of Florida • Results reveal that neither Hispanics nor Anglos use the ethnicity of political candidates as a major determinant for attitude formation, voting intentions, or similarity perceptions. However, as Hispanic’s strength of ethnic identity increases they demonstrate more favorable attitudes, intentions to vote for, and perceptions of similarity towards a candidate that endorses same-sex marriage. Conversely, stronger ethnic identity of Anglos increases their likelihood of voting for, perceiving similarity to and holding more favorable attitudes toward advocates of anti same sex messages. Roughing the passer: Audience-held and applied stereotypes of NFL quarterbacks • Patrick Ferrucci, University of Colorado-Boulder; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University • This experiment tested stereotypes and message credibility associated with Black and White quarterbacks. Participants were asked to rate quarterbacks based on stereotypes identified in previous literature and then were asked to rate the credibility of stereotype- consistent or inconsistent messages. The study found that participants stereotyped both races, but Black participants actually stereotyped more strongly. Only messages concerning stereotype-consistent descriptors of White quarterbacks were rated as more credible. These results are interpreted utilizing social identity theory. How Twitter User's Framed Sebastien De La Cruz's Anthem Singing at the 2013 NBA FInals • Melita Garza, Texas Christian University, Bob Schieffer College of Communication, School of Journalism • This study examines the way new and legacy media curated Twitter reaction to fifth grader Sebastien De La Cruz’s performance of the Star-Spangled Banner at the NBA Finals in 2013. Using framing theory, the author identified positive and negative frames, many embedded in stereotypes. The author argues that Twitter is a new medium conveying an old othering message: Mexican Americans are not truly Americans, making them illegitimate interpreters of the nation’s authentic tune. Framing #Ferguson: A comparative analysis of media tweets in the U.S., U.K., Spain, and France • Summer Harlow, Florida State University; Lauren Antista, Florida State University • Events in #Ferguson, Missouri brought race relations under a global spotlight. This computerized content analysis of thousands of Twitter posts from the public, media outlets, and journalists in the United States, United Kingdom, Spain, and France indicated the U.S. was more likely to negatively frame protestors. As protests continued, media outlets’ and journalists’ use of racism frames and positive protest frames increased, suggesting they might take cues from global Twitter discussions and public discourse. The Black Press Tweets: How the Social Media Platform Mediates Race Discourse • Ben LaPoe; Katie Lever • This study analyzed 46,216 Black press tweets and 46,226 mainstream press tweets. The Black press tweeted more about race and history. The mainstream press tweeted about race less than 1% of the time; instead, the mainstream press focused on issues such as education and crime. These findings suggest that news organizations like the Black press are still very much needed and are using social media to interact on a more personal level with their audience. More Sources, Greater Harm: Source Magnification of Racist Hate Messages on Social Media • Roselyn J. Lee-Won, The Ohio State University; Hyunjin (Jin) Song, The Ohio State University; Ji Young Lee, The Ohio State University; Sung Gwan Park, Seoul National University • This research examined source magnification of racist messages in social media contexts. An online experiment was conducted with a non-college sample of Black participants (N = 115). Relative to those who viewed single-source anti-Black tweets, those who viewed multiple-source anti-Black tweets experienced greater emotional distress, which in turn increased attribution of negative social outcomes to prejudice. Overall, the findings suggest that multiple sources magnify the psychological harm inflicted by racist messages upon target minority members. Latino youth, digital media and political news • Regina Marchi, Rutgers University • This paper discusses how low-income Latino youth use digital technologies to network with communities of interest, in the process learning about current events and political issues. Contrary to previous assumptions about the digital divide, this study found that these youth were very plugged in to the Internet, getting most of their news information online. Yet, a different digital divide was evident, in which Internet-savvy youth had access to a timelier variety of news than their parents, many of whom had low levels of formal education and worked in jobs that did not cultivate digital skills. In a reversal of typical parent-child roles, youth in this study were found to be news translators for their parents, explaining US news stories and their implications. In seeking information and creating or posting diverse types of content online, they gained participatory and deliberative skills useful for civic engagement in a democracy. Celebrity capital of actresses of color: A mixed methods study • Yulia Medvedeva, University of Missouri; Cynthia Frisby, University of Missouri; Joseph Moore, University of Missouri • This mixed-methods study explored the coverage of two Oscar-winning actresses of color, Lupita Nyong’o and Halle Berry, to identify how their celebrity capital was conveyed by entertainment news. Contrary to expectations set by understanding of the concept of colorism, darker-skinned Nyong’o’ racial capital was stated in the news less prominently than was racial capital of lighter-skinned Berry. Actresses’ celebrity capital and ways of conversion of capital is visualized in Venn diagrams. Blogging Ferguson in Black and White • Doug Mendenhall, Abilene Christian University • Blog posts and appended comments about the shooting of a black teen in Ferguson, Missouri, are analyzed for differences based on the race of the authors. Using Diction 7.0, a common word-counting program, seven differences are seen, with black-authored posts higher in commonality, cognition, hardship, human-interest, satisfaction, and self-reference, while white-authored posts are higher in use of collectives. From a social identity perspective, tonal differences do not appear to constitute differing levels of incivility. Who’s in Charge Here? Leadership Attributions Between African American Coaches and White Quarterbacks • James Rada, Ithaca College; K. Tim Wulfemeyer, San Diego State University • Previous research has demonstrated that mass-mediated coverage of professional and intercollegiate sports often presents biased coverage of African American athletes vis-à-vis white athletes. This research sought to determine whether Super Bowl media coverage was more likely to ascribe leadership qualities to African American head coaches or white quarterbacks. The content analysis of the coverage of four Super Bowls found that ten news organizations did a satisfactory job of providing equal coverage of both groups. Immigration News in the U.S. African American Press and the Legacy of the Black Atlantic • Ilia Rodriguez, University of New Mexico • This research focused on coverage of immigration in the U.S. Black press between 2006 and 2014 to examine how news discourse activates positions of identification for members of the African diaspora by invoking the thematic cluster of the Black Atlantic as a cultural formation--as conceptualized by Paul Gilroy (1993). The research questions guiding the analysis were: How does news coverage of immigration in African-American newspapers construct geospatial mappings, identity boundaries, and cultural referents for members of the African Diaspora? How does coverage maintain the legacy of the Black Atlantic? The analysis draws on models of critical discourse analysis of news media (Fairclough, 1995; Richardson, 2000; Reisigl & Wodak, 2001) to discuss thematic clusters in coverage and, within these, rhetorical constructions and referential strategies used to avow and ascribe positions of identification. The discussion is based on a thematic analysis of 2,161 items and close linguistic analysis of 98 articles in English-language newspapers serving U.S. African-Americans as well as Haitian, Jamaican, greater Caribbean, and African immigrant communities in the United States. Applying Health Behavior Theories to the Promotion of Breast Tissue Donation Among Asian Americans • Kelly Kaufhold, Texas State University; Autumn Shafer, Texas Tech University; Yunjuan Luo, Texas Tech University • Asian-American women are underrepresented in the donor pool of healthy breast tissue samples used by breast cancer researchers, despite communication efforts that have resulted in an increase in Caucasian donors. Based on the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior, a survey of adult women in the U.S. (n = 1,317), oversampling for Asian women, found key differences in beliefs related to breast cancer and breast tissue donation between Asian and Caucasian women. Citizen Framing of Ferguson in 2015- Visual Representations on Twitter and Facebook • Gabriel Tait, Arkansas State University; Mia Moody-Ramirez, Baylor University; LIllie Fears; Ceeon Smith, Arizona State University; Brenda Randle, Arkansas State University • Using a critical race lens and both framing and medium theories, this study explores the cultural narratives citizens used in their framing of the Ferguson riots in the aftermath of Michael Brown’s death in 2014. Findings indicate citizens posted their photographs, texts, and videos after Michael Brown’s death in 2014, and how the messages differed across platforms. Furthermore, the research grappled with the fact pictures do not lie, but they can be misinterpreted. At least that is what researchers argue, particularly when it comes to interpreting depictions of African Americans. Active Video Game Play in African American Children: The Effect of Gender and BMI on Exertion and Enjoyment • Xueying Zhang; Bijie Bie; Dylan McLemore, Univ of Alabama; Lindsey Conlin, The University of Southern Mississippi; Kim Bissell, University of Alabama; Scott Parrott; Perrin Lowrey • Applying the Health Promotion Model (HPM), this study tested the influence of gender, BMI type and past exercise experience on African American children’s Wii game-playing experience and heart rate. A field experiment was conducted with a convenience sample of 51 African American children. Overall, the findings supported the proposition of using Wii games as alternative means of physical activity in African American children and suggested choosing games based on children’s background information to maximize the effectiveness. Student Paper With Liberty and Justice for Some: The Cultural Forum of Black Lives Matter • Laurena Bernabo, University of Iowa • This paper interrogates the dramatization of themes central to the Black Lives Matter movement. Ideological analysis and textual analysis are applied to recent scripted programming, according to the cultural forum model, in order to examine verbal and visual cues. A number of dominant themes are made apparent through this research: programming dealing with current race-related concerns take up issues of (1) the innocence or guilt of Black men; (2) the justifications made by White participants; (3) the nature of incidents as isolated or systemic; (4) prior indication of White participants’ bigotry; (5) aftermath of events, and (6) prognoses for the future. This study conclude that these programs work ideologically and visually to circulate competing and even contradictory discourses, and to disturb racial binaries that prohibit post-race discourses. Picture a Protest: Analyzing Images Tweeted from Ferguson • Holly Cowart, University of Florida • The shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri created a media storm that coalesced around a series of events. This research examines nine major media outlets’ depiction of those events on Twitter using visual framing analysis. Findings suggest that the images of Ferguson were of divided forces working against each other. On one side stood white police. On the other, black protestors were in motion. The two sides rarely existed in the same image. Unaccompanied Immigrant Children: An Exploration of the Presidential Influence on Media Agenda-Building and Framing • Lourdes Cueva Chacon, University of Texas at Austin • An examination of the media coverage of the influx of unaccompanied immigrant children through the US Southern border between 2012 and 2014, by national and border-state newspapers, suggests that the president of the United States may strongly influence the media agenda-building, moderately influence the process of media framing, and confirms that border-state newspapers are more likely to portray immigrants negatively. Mirror, Mirror on the wall, are you treating minorities fair at all? An analysis of channel and genre differences in minority representation on television. • Serena Daalmans, Radboud University; Ceciel ter Horst, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands • This study focused on the representation of minority groups on television, following the idea(l) that television as a mirror of society should convey a well-balanced representation of society. Previous research has shown that television can have an impact on how the public at large perceives the world and influences individuals’ self-image and image of others. Results reveal an underrepresentation of women, seniors and sexual minorities and stereotyping in the representation of women and ethnic minorities. Defend More, Exploit Less: African Americans on Media Trust and News Use After Ferguson • Shane Graber, The University of Texas-Austin • In August 2014, an unarmed African American teenager was fatally gunned down by a white police officer in Ferguson, Mo. Considering the poor history of race reporting in the past, this study seeks to explore the impact that the mainstream news media’s Ferguson coverage had on African Americans. Based on in-depth interviews, respondents’ perceptions suggest that news trust might not impact consumption habits as acutely as previously thought. ‘Wilding’ Revisited: How African American and Hispanic Newspapers Covered the Central Park Jogger Story • Robin Hoecker, Northwestern University • Using Critical Race Theory as a lens, this paper examines the Central Park Jogger case, where five black and Latino teenagers were convicted of raping a white woman and later acquitted. I argue that not only did the original media coverage rely on deeply-rooted racial stereotypes, but much of the scholarship about race, crime and news has also privileged white perspectives. This project looks specifically at how black and Spanish-language newspapers covered the case. Integrating Disability: Increasing and Improving the Portrayal of People with Disabilities with Positive Media Images • Davi Kallman, Washington State University • Disabled individuals comprise the largest minority group in the world, yet they are the most underrepresented minority group. Despite their large numbers, disabled individuals not only encounter individual prejudice, this prejudice is institutionalized in society. In an effort to reduce negative attitudes toward disabled individuals, this study used a video clip showing positive disability exemplars. Implicit and explicit measures of prejudice were compared to find that ablebodied student implicit bias was more entrenched than expected. The Influence of individuals’ racial identification with media characters in crime dramas on moral judgment: the moderating role of emotional reactions • Jisu Kim; Yiran Zhang • This study explored the effects of racial identification among White people with media characters in crime dramas on moral judgment toward criminals from different racial groups. Additionally, two distinct emotions are employed as moderators in the relationship. The result of racial identification was opposed to our expectation, but subsequent analysis showed White people with activated racial identity had more feelings of anger toward the Black criminal, but judged the crime itself less morally wrong. Self-referencing and ethnic advertising effectiveness: The influence of ad model ethnicity, cultural cues and acculturation level • Xiaoyan Liu • Asian minorities’ market attracts more and more attentions from scholars and advertisers today. This study investigated the effect of the race of ad characters, cultural cues in advertising and acculturation level on advertising and brand evaluation among Asian ethnic minorities. Additionally, this study explored the self-referencing as a mediating role of the effectiveness of the model ethnicity and cultural cues portrayed in advertising. A 2 (Asian characters vs. White characters) by 2 (Asian cultural cues vs. American cultural cues) by 2 (low acculturated minorities vs. high acculturated minorities) between-subjects factorial design was employed to test the hypotheses. The results indicated that the congruent advertising activated more self-referencing than the incongruent advertising among Asian minorities. In addition, acculturation level only increases self-referencing under majority cultural cues. Moreover, self-referencing mediates the effect of model ethnicity and cultural cues on the attitude toward the advertising and brand. How Long, Not Long: The Disappearance of the Selma to Montgomery Marches in Anniversary Coverage • Meagan Manning, University of Minnesota • In spite of its weeks long grip on the nation's conscious, the rare support of rights leaders, the American populace, and federal government officials, as well as its instrumental role in the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, Selma anniversaries are not moments when we collectively reflect on the state of American race relations. We do not revisit the text of speeches by Hosea Williams and Rosa Parks given in March 1965 like we revisit the Dream. Nor do we mourn the deaths of Jimmie Lee Jackson, James Earl Reeb, and Viola Liuzzo collectively as a nation in the way we recollect Malcolm X or Martin Luther King. As scholars, it is important not only to document the recent past, but also to examine which facets of that past fall out of memory as time progresses. The Selma to Montgomery march represents a nationally recognized, yet marginally commemorated lieux de memoire of the civil rights era. As such, it represents an important component for analyzing what facets of the movement we as a society neglect to commemorate. To that end, this research traces how six dominant press outlets cover Selma's anniversary. Analyzing coverage of a prominent, yet infrequently commemorated civil rights event sheds light on why some historical events are not significant forces in the cannons of public memory and provides insight into what types of contemporary social, political, and cultural circumstances influence that compromised position. #STEMdiversity: Utilizing Twitter to Increase Awareness about Diversity in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics • Leticia Williams, Howard University • The purpose of this study is to explore whether communication technologies such as Twitter, can increase knowledge and awareness of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) diversity. A textual analysis of 1,520 tweets that contained the hashtags #STEMDiversity and #BlackandSTEM was used to explore the type of content shared on Twitter about STEM diversity, and the standpoint of the individual posting the tweet. This analysis was supported by the theoretical framework of standpoint theory. Findings are consistent with previous research that found information sharing is a primary function of Twitter. Tweets about information and role models were the most discussed topics. Additionally, minorities, specifically African Americans and women, did tweet information about STEM diversity in ways that were influenced by their multiple standpoints of race, gender, and STEM. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15406 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/news-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:03:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15410 Open Competition Framing Oil on the Media Agenda: A Model of Agenda Building • Mariam Alkazemi; Wayne Wanta, University of Florida • A path analysis tested an agenda-building model in which three real-world indicators – price of crude oil, U.S. production and U.S. consumption of oil) would lead to discussions of oil in Congress and media coverage of oil. The model showed the level of U.S. oil production produced the strongest path coefficients. Congress and the media formed a reciprocal relationship. The model worked better when oil was framed as an economic issue than as an environmental issue. Error message: Creation and validation of a revised codebook for analyses of newspaper corrections • Alyssa Appelman, Northern Kentucky University; Kirstie Hettinga, California Lutheran University • This project seeks to create and validate a corrections codebook that accounts for modern-day content and technology. In Study 1, we qualitatively analyze applications of previous corrections codebooks and identify areas for revision. In Study 2, we apply our revised codebook to a new set of corrections (N = 104) and analyze its effectiveness. Based on these analyses, this study recommends its new typology for future analytical studies of corrections. Who’s Responsible for Our Children’s Education? Framing a Controversial Consolidation of School Systems • Morgan Arant, University of Memphis; Jin Yang, University of Memphis • This content analysis found that newspaper coverage of a controversial consolidation of Memphis City Schools into Shelby County Schools was dominated by official government sources while the voices of ordinary citizens, students and teachers were absent in the coverage. Pro-consolidation sources far exceeded anti-consolidation and neutral sources. In terms of news frames used, the responsibility frame was the most prevalent, followed by the conflict frame, the economic consequences frame and the human interest frame. Personalization without fragmentation: The Role of Web Portal and Social News Recommendations on News Exposure • Michael Beam, Kent State University; R. Kelly Garrett, The Ohio State University • This study investigates the over-time impact of receiving personalized news recommendations through web portals and social media on online and offline selective exposure. Some scholars have worried that the increased control given to users of online algorithmic and social news recommendation technologies might lead to increased fragmentation of news exposure and political polarization, while others have argued that digital technologies provide people a path to accessible and personally relevant news, which fosters increased news consumption. Nationally representative survey panel data collected over three-waves during the 2012 US Presidential election show that using news recommenders from web portals and social media is related to greater news exposure across the board, including pro-attitudinal & counter-attitudinal partisan news sources, and non-partisan news. Using online news recommenders is positively related to offline news exposure. Furthermore, over-time analysis show that, while pro-attitudinal news exposure drives over-time engagement in news, people are not likely to turn away from news sources that challenge their perspectives. We discuss these findings and their implications for the ongoing debate about the democratic consequences of technological selective exposure. Following the leader: An exploratory analysis of Twitter adoption and use among newspaper editors • Kris Boyle, Brigham Young University; Carol Zuegner, Creighton University • Some media critics say Twitter use by newsroom leaders sends a strong innovation message to the rest of the newsroom. This exploratory study examined Twitter use among 74 editors at top U.S. newspapers to evaluate their adoption and use of the social media tool. A content analysis of Twitter accounts revealed many of them were not frequent users. Those who do are primarily using it as a tool to promote content from their own publications. Disrupted Lives, Disrupted Media: The Social Responsibility Role of Newsprint 10 Years after Hurricane Katrina • Jan Lauren Boyles, Iowa State University • This study profiles how The Times-Picayune has operated in the social responsibility tradition of newswork, after the destruction of Hurricane Katrina and the disruptions of the paper’s digital shift to less-than-daily print publication. Through in-depth interviewing, fieldwork, content analysis and network mapping, this multi-method approach illustrates the extent to which New Orleans residents depend upon the circulation of civic information necessary to navigate urban life. The Third-Person Effect of News Story Comments • Gina Masullo Chen, The University of Texas at Austin School of Journalism; Yee Man (Margaret) Ng, The University of Texas at Austin School of Journalism • Results of an experiment (N = 301) showed that people thought civil disagreement comments posted on a news story about abortion were more persuasive than uncivil disagreement comments. In addition, results showed a third-person effect (TPE) of the comments, whereby people felt comments had greater persuasive power over others compared with themselves. Findings also supported the TPE social distance corollary such that subjects perceived comments as having the largest TPE perceptual gap between the self and those who disagreed with them. Results are discussed in relation to TPE and face and politeness theories. Getting Their Stories Short: News Aggregation and the Evolution of Journalistic Narrative • Mark Coddington, Washington and Lee University • With its emphasis on stripping out key facts and quotes from stories, news aggregation might seem to represent a breakdown of the narrative conventions that have undergirded professional journalism. Using participant observation and interviews with aggregators, this study explores the use of narrative in aggregation, conceptualizing news narrative as a three-tiered phenomenon extending beyond individual texts. It finds that narrative is a crucial part of aggregation, shaping news’ trajectory more broadly than in traditional forms. Who Makes (Front Page) News in Kenya? • Steve Collins • This content analysis of articles (n = 118) in Kenya’s three leading English language newspapers explored issues of balance and source diversity. Only slightly more than half of stories were balanced. About two-thirds of stories included a government source but those directly affected by government policies were seldom included. Front page articles were more balanced, more likely to include a government source and less likely to include an average citizen than were stories teased on the front page. Finally, stories from press conferences and other pre-planned events were ubiquitous. The results are considered in the context of Gatekeeping Theory. How is online news curated? A cross-sectional content analysis • Xi Cui, Dixie State University; Yu Liu, Florida International University • This paper examines journalists’ curatorial practices on linked and embedded sources in various types of online news platforms. It aims to understand the curatorial practices in online journalism and explicate the continuity and changes in journalistic principles in the online environment. Differences in the prevalence of the curatorial treatments to linked sources as references, quotations or interpretations are found and can be attributed to the news platforms’ institutional history, journalistic orientations, and technological features. Imaginary Travelers: What do travel journalists think their readers want? • Andrew Duffy, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information • Travel journalists cannot know each traveler who they work for, so they must imagine what a reader wants. Starting from an agenda-setting perspective, this paper uses a modernist/post-modernist framework to identify how they imagine readers’ interests. It finds that the reader is more often imagined as modernist and adventurous than post-modernist and concerned with tourist sights. However, the latter were more common in Asia, which suggests that travel writers across the globe imagine readers differently. Interactivity in Egyptian newspapers • Ahmed El Gody, Örebro University • The utilisation of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in Egypt has irrevocably changed the nature of the traditional Egyptian public sphere. One can see the Egyptian online society as a multiplicity of networks. These networks have developed, transformed and expanded over time, operating across all areas of life. Nonetheless, in essence they are sociopolitical and cultural in origin. This trend changed the way audiences consumed news, with traditional media –especially independent and opposition – started to utilise ICTs to access online information to develop their media content to escape government control. Several media organisations also started to expand their presence online so that, as well as providing news content, they also provided them with a space to interact amongst themselves and with media organisations. Audiences started to provide detailed descriptions of Egyptian street politics, posting multimedia material, generating public interest and reinforcing citizen power hence democratic capacity. Strangers on a Theoretical Train: Inter-Media Agenda Setting, Community Structure, and Local News Coverage • Marcus Funk, Sam Houston State University; Maxwell McCombs, The University of Texas at Austin • Agenda setting and community structure theories are conceptual inverses of one another that are rarely considered in tandem. This study employs DICTION 6.0 and McCombs and Funk’s (2011, 2013) research design to compare news coverage of immigration and abortion over a 10-year period in national, high demographic interest, and low demographic interest newspapers. Although only modest support is found for inter-media agenda-setting, considerable support is found for community structure effects. Tailoring the Arab Spring to American Values and Interests A Framing Analysis of U.S. Elite Newspapers’ Opinion Pieces • Jae Sik Ha, Univ Of Illinois-Springfield • This study investigated the portrayal of the Arab Spring by conducting a qualitative framing analysis of editorials and columns in two U.S. elite newspapers —The New York Times and The Washington Post. It found that the American papers filtered the unfolding events in the Middle East through a lens of national interest. Specifically, the democratic transformation of the Middle East was the most prominent ideological package in the American coverage. Overall, the American papers epitomized the viewpoints of American political elites, ex-officials, newspaper columnists and scholars. By contrast, they marginalized the viewpoints of guest columnists –such as activists and Arab scholars– who may be prone to highlight the faults and wrongdoings of successive U.S. administrations. Overall, the Arab Spring coverage in the American press strongly coincided with the worldviews of U.S. elites and government officials, with little mention of their country’s immense economic interests in the region. Hubs for innovation: Examining the effects of consolidated news design on quality • Matthew Haught, University of Memphis; David Morris II, University of Memphis • In an effort to cut costs, newspaper chains nationwide have consolidated design operations at a few sites. These design hubs have changed the newspaper production process and removed designers from newsrooms; yet, top designers are able to work with their peers in a major city to produce all titles for a chain. This study uses a quantitative analysis of front pages collected from 435 newspapers throughout the United States to examine the quality of newspaper designs at hub and non-hub designed newspapers. It concludes that hub designed newspapers are generally better designed than non-hub newspapers. Picturing the Scientists: A Content Analysis of the Photographs of Scientists in The Science Times • Hwalbin Kim, University of South Carolina; Sei-Hill Kim; Christopher Frear, University of South Carolina; Sang-Hwa Oh, Appalachian State University • Analyzing photographs of scientists in The Science Times, this study examines how scientists have been portrayed visually in the newspaper. The results showed that the actual gender distribution among U.S. scientists was quite accurately represented in the newspaper. However, a race gap still existed at least in newspaper photographs, with non-white scientists being significantly underrepresented. The analysis of visual framing indicated that The Science Times portrayed scientists as expert professionals. Exploring the influence of normative social cues in online communication: From the news consumers’ perspective • Jiyoun Kim • This quantitative study investigates how the presented normative social cues influence people’s cognitive processing. Findings of this research indicate a positive effect of normative social cues on news processing in the online space. The online content with a high numbers of likes and shares (i.e., normative social cues) show significant direct and interactive effects on respondents’ news consumption intention, presumed different levels of others’ engagement with news content, and perceived importance of the news story. Social Media as a Catalyst for News Seeking: Implications for Online Political Expression and Political Participation • Yonghwan Kim, University of Alabama; Joon Yea Lee, University of Alabama; Bumsoo Kim, University of Alabama • Employing 2-wave national panel survey data, this article investigates whether and how individuals’ general social media use is associated with their further news/information seeking behaviors. It further examines how such information seeking behaviors influence citizens’ online political expression and political participation. The results show that the more individuals use social media, the more they tend to seek news and information through social media platforms. The findings also demonstrate that such further information seeking behaviors have a significant implication for political expression and political participation. In other words, general social media use positively influences news/information seeking behaviors via social media, which, in turn, influences online political expression, which consequently increases individuals’ participation in politics. Conceptualizing the Impact of Investigative Journalism: How a Prominent Journalistic Nonprofit Talks About Its Work • Magda Konieczna, Ursinus College; Elia Powers, Towson University • Journalists are typically wary of discussing the impact of their work, often articulating perspectives that suggest their responsibility for what they do ends at getting the story right. Not only can this be disingenuous, some commentators argue that it could be costing journalists an opportunity to regain respect from the public and to be more deeply involved in democracy. This article focuses on a project by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, a collaborative, journalistic nonprofit. We conduct a discourse analysis of the organization’s own language around one particularly high-profile project and discover that these journalists embrace discussing the impact of their own work, while stopping short of articulating particular goals. We posit that this could be a result of the consortium’s nonprofit funding, as well as its desire to push journalism to perform better. Given that news organizations in 120 countries made use of the reporting in this project, we argue that mainstream journalists are already engaging with impact-oriented work. We suggest that investigative journalists be more forthcoming about their impact orientation. The Role of Twitter in Speed-driven Journalism: From Journalists’ Perspective • Angela Lee, University of Texas at Dallas • This study examines the effectiveness of Twitter as a social media tool connecting news workers and users. Through interviews with 11 journalists, this study revealed different ways in which Twitter is useful in journalists’ pursuit for speed. However, most interviewees used Twitter to interact with other journalists while paying little attention to audiences. They also believed Twitter promotes news use but does not contribute to news organizations’ bottom line. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. To the backburner during crisis reporting: Citizen journalists and their role during the Boston Marathon bombings • Josh Grimm; Jaime Loke, University of Oklahoma • This study examined the role of user-generated content during the coverage of the Boston marathon bombings. In-depth interviews were conducted with the interactive team at the Boston Globe who were in charge of the live blog during the week-long coverage. The study identified the perceptions journalists held of user-generated content during crisis reporting. The findings suggest that user-generated content is still perceived as fluff within the confines of a traditional newsroom. Death Threats, Workplace Stress and the American Newspaper Journalist • Jenn B. Mackay, Virginia Tech • Workplace stress and journalistic death threats were studied using the Effort-Reward Imbalance Model. The model suggests that an imbalance of the efforts used on the job in comparison to the rewards is associated with poor health. A survey was administered to a random sample of American newspaper journalists (n=185). Women had higher effort-reward imbalances and overcommittment scores than men. Participants who had received a death threat (20.9%) described how the threat affected coverage. The Affective Gap: Response to news of humanitarian crisis differs by gender and age • Scott Maier, University of Oregon; Marcus Mayorga, Decision Research; Paul Slovic, Decision Research • Using an online survey with embedded experimental conditions, the study examines gender and generational differences in reader reaction to news reports of mass violence in Africa. Affective response from women was found stronger than for men on 9 of 10 measures of emotion. Women also more strongly supported government intervention and charitable relief. Depending on story framing, older readers tended to express greater affective response than Millennials, and more strongly supported intervention and aid. Likeable News: Three Experimental Tests of What Audiences Enjoy About Conversational Journalism • Doreen Marchionni, The Seattle Times • This exploratory study tested a new theoretical measurement model for online conversational journalism in terms of newspaper story likeability in a trio of controlled experiments. The conversation feature perceived similarity to a journalist, or coorientation, proved to be a powerful predictor of likeability across the studies. But a reader’s sheer interest in the story topic, along with a sense that the journalist is a real person who is open to citizen interaction, also was key. Small Town, Big Message Strategy: Media Hybridity at the Hyper-local Level • Laura Meadows, Indiana University Bloomington • This ethnographic study transports Chadwick’s (2013) analytical approach of the hybrid media system into the study of social movements, viewing the movement activities of North Carolina’s LGBT activists through the lens of a system of interactions between older and newer media in order to reveal the complex media strategies deployed by contemporary movement actors at the hyper-local level. Employing Transparency in Live-blogs • Mirjana Pantic, University of Tennessee; Erin Whiteside; Ivana Cvetkovic • As news outlets strive to adapt to the changing economic landscape, many have engaged in an ongoing process of innovative news reporting and delivery strategies. Among these evolving practices is the live-blog – an ongoing stream of updated information that is a pointed shift from the inverted pyramid format. As a fairly recent journalistic innovation, live-blogs not only provide a logical format for presenting breaking news, but also facilitate a sense of transparency among readers. Transparency may be especially important for the health of news organizations, as it enhances the news outlet’s credibility and trust among readers by drawing back the proverbial curtain that has traditionally masked the production of news (Karlsson, 2010). This research uses a content analysis to measure the quality of live-blogs incorporated by The (UK) Guardian, with a focus on examining how live-blog creators utilize various news elements that are available online. The researchers contextualize the findings within the broader concept of transparency, with a focus on the format’s utility for producing quality journalism. Examining Interactivity Between Florida Political Reporters and the Public on Twitter • John Parmelee, University of North Florida; David Deeley, University of North Florida • A content analysis of Florida political reporters’ tweets examines the degree to which local and regional journalists interact with the public on Twitter. Interactivity was measured using a four-level model of cyber-interactivity (McMillan, 2002) that was adapted for this study. Findings indicate little of the most genuine form of interactivity between journalists and citizens but more of another type of engagement with fellow journalists. Using time series to measure intermedia agenda setting in China • Kun Peng • This study sought to explore the intermedia agenda setting relationship between traditional newspapers and microblogs in China. Specifically, it aimed to examine a) whether intermedia agenda setting takes place between newspapers and Microblogs; b) who has the initiatives of the two media, the nature of the relationships; c) the time span needed to generate linkages between two media agendas. Four Chinese newspapers and two microblogs were content analyzed to test for the intermedia agenda-setting relationships. The MH370 event, a time-sensitive and event- driven news event, was used as a case study. This study worked within the traditional methodology of time series to conduct intermedia agenda-setting analysis. As a result, no significant correlation was found between the newspapers’ and microblogs’ agendas, however the intermedia agenda-setting effects vary depending on the type of the news stories. Overall, newspapers need more time to granger causes microblogs’ agendas. Radically objective: The role of the alternative media in covering Ferguson, Missouri • Mark Poepsel, Southern Illinois University in Edwardsville; Chad Painter, Eastern New Mexico University • This paper, based on in depth interviews with journalists at alternative and advocacy papers in St. Louis as well as interviews with live streaming protestors, a new breed of citizen journalist, applies six characteristics commonly associated with the alternative press to coverage of the protests and police crackdown in Ferguson, Missouri between August 9, 2014 and March of 2015. Journalists from the alternative newspaper in St. Louis focused on progressive or radical values less than the literature predicted, but by treating radical actions objectively they still presented readers with viewpoints that differed from the onslaught of mainstream media coverage. The African American newspaper in St. Louis found itself influencing the national and global agenda regarding Ferguson and the ongoing oppression of blacks in the city and surrounding municipalities while at the same time helping to hold St. Louis together behind the scenes against the most radical elements. Mobile media savvy protestors broadcast police actions from the front lines of dissent in nearly constant live streams day after day from August to November, altering the scope of counternarrative and providing distilled, detailed dissent. In this study, researchers take on a major news event that in some ways is not yet finished and provide a snapshot of the alternative/advocacy press as it rose to fill in gaps in coverage and to find untold stories in one of the most widely broadcast events of 2014. Social responsibility a casualty of 21st century newspaper newsroom demands • Scott Reinardy, University of Kansas • For newspaper journalists, social responsibility is protected by the First Amendment, outlined in newsroom mission statements, and enforced by a culture entrusted to produce truthful, comprehensive and fair information. The purpose of this study was to examine the social responsibility mission of newspaper journalists following extensive newsroom downsizing, and the incorporation of new and different work demands. Results from a survey of more than 1,600 news workers and depth interviews with 86 indicate that while newspaper journalists continue to embrace the notions of social responsibility, fulfilling the mission has become far more complex amid internal (burnout, job satisfaction) and external (workload, resources) pressures. Additionally, journalists indicate that despite their efforts, the quality of work suffers, particularly among journalists experiencing burnout. The Buzz on BuzzFeed: Can readers learn the news from lists? • Tara Burton, University of Alabama; Chris Roberts, University of Alabama • Among the Internet’s new forms of news delivery is BuzzFeed.com, which mixes information with humor using text blocks and unrelated images. This storytelling technique raises questions about information retention and credibility compared to traditional news messages and messengers. An experimental study on college-age students, using Elaboration Likelihood Model and credibility theories, compared a BuzzFeed story treatment to a USA Today treatment. Most participants preferred BuzzFeed but retained less information than traditional treatment. Implications are discussed. Assessing the Health of Local Journalism Ecosystems: Testing new metrics on three New Jersey communities • Sarah Stonbely, New York University; Philip M. Napoli, Rutgers University; Katie McCollough; Bryce Renninger • This research develops a set of scalable, reliable metrics for assessing the health of local journalism ecosystems. We first distinguish different levels of ecosystem analysis, allowing precision regarding the area of analytical focus. We then identify three layers of the journalism ecosystem by which its health may be assessed: infrastructure, output, and performance. We find marked differences in the journalism ecosystems studied here, suggesting further evidence for the digital divide and pathways for future research. The Effects of Homepage Design on News Browsing and Knowledge Acquisition • Natalie Stroud; Alexander Curry; Cynthia Peacock; Arielle Cardona • Previous research shows that information seeking and knowledge acquisition differ depending on whether people use print or online news. Instead of contrasting online versus print news, we compare two different news homepage designs: a streamlined homepage design that resembles a tablet layout and a traditional homepage design that replicates a common layout for newspaper homepages. Scholarship on clutter and cognitive load suggested that the streamlined site would yield more page views and information recall compared to the traditional site. An experiment (n=874), fielded in February of 2015 using an online panel, found that the streamlined site did result in more page views and greater recall of the details from the articles compared to the traditional site. The results did not vary depending on the respondents’ education or history of using different news formats. A Little Birdie Told Me: Factors that influence the diffusion of Twitter in newsrooms. • Alecia Swasy, University of Illinois • Twitter has become a global, social media platform that is reshaping the way journalists communicate, gather information and disseminate news. This study builds on the relatively young field of research by using diffusion of innovation theory to gauge what factors influence the spread and adoption of Twitter. Case- study and in-depth interview methods were used in collecting data from 50 journalists at four metropolitan newspapers. Results show that the adoption and implementation of Twitter relies on peer pressure and coaching to get reluctant journalists to try Twitter. Adoption is then immediate because journalists see how Twitter is a gateway to new sources of information and story tips. Ultimately, journalists embrace Twitter because it provides instant gratification because it allows them to build a following and share their stories with a broader, global audience. Variation in the Media Agenda: How newspapers in different states covered the 'Obamacare' ruling • Brandon Szuminsky, Waynesburg University; Chad Sherman, Waynesburg University • This 485-newspaper study investigated the substantive differences in the media agenda of the 2012 Supreme Court ruling on the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), as represented by newspaper front page coverage, with emphasis on differences in coverage between red and blue states. This news event provided a rare opportunity to examine how newspapers from all over the country — representing readerships located in all parts of the red-blue spectrum — would present the media agenda on the topic. Attention was paid to framing decisions expressed through headline word choice and space allocation as examples of how the media agenda was portrayed in areas with differing political tendencies. While many agenda-setting studies treat the media agenda as a monolithic entity, the present study found that there were significant variation in the portrayal of a news event within the media agenda. The data showed statistically significant relationships between the political tendencies of a newspaper's state and county and its framing of the news event. This suggests that agenda-setting studies that treat the media agenda as a singular entity may be missing important nuance in the amount of variance within the media agenda in various parts of the country. Credibility of Black and White Journalists and their News Reports on a Race-Coded Issue • Alexis Tan, Washington State University; Francis Dalisay, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Zhang Yunying, Austin Peay University; Lincoln James, Washington State University; Han Eun-Jeong, John Carroll University; Marie Louis Radanielina-Hita, McGill University; Mariyah Merchant • Two experiments examined the effects of a newspaper reporter's name on his perceived race and credibility. Results show that White readers of a newspaper article are able to identify a reporter's race based on his name alone. A reporter perceived to be Black and his news story on racial profiling were rated as more biased than a reporter perceived to be White and his news story. The White reporter also was rated as more rational and friendly than the Black reporter. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. What’s the big deal with big data? Norms, values, and routines in big data journalism • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Soo-Kwang Oh, William Paterson University • Through a content analysis of data journalism stories from The Guardian (n=260), a pioneer in contemporary big data journalism, we sought to investigate how the practice of big data journalism compare with traditional news values, norms and routines. Findings suggest that big data journalism shows new trends in terms of how sources are used, but still generally adhere to traditional news values and formats such as objectivity and use of visuals. Objective, opaque, and credible: The impact of objectivity and transparency on news credibility • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Ryan Thomas, University of Missouri-Columbia • This study compared the effects of objectivity, a dominant standard in journalism, and transparency, argued to be replacing objectivity, on perceived news credibility and newsworthiness. An online experiment (n=222) found that objective articles were rated more credible and more newsworthy than opinionated articles. Non-transparent stories were rated more credible than transparent stories. Objective articles were more credible when they appeared on blog sites while opinionated articles were more credible when they appeared on news sites. Channel Characteristics and Issue Types in the Agenda-Building Process of Election Campaigns • Ramona Vonbun, University of Vienna; Joerg Matthes, U of Vienna • This study investigates the agenda-building process between newswire, television news, newspapers, online news-sites, and political parties during the 2013 Austrian national election campaign. A special focus is on the stability of the agendas, the role of online news-sites as media and policy agenda-setters, the channel characteristics, and types of issues. The findings indicate an important agenda-setting role of newswire and online news-sites challenging the role of newspapers as agenda-setters. Gatekeeping and unpublishing: Making publishing and unpublishing decisions • Nina Pantic, University of Missouri; Tim Vos, University of Missouri • This paper uses in-depth interviews to study decision-making within newspaper newsrooms regarding the handling of unpublishing requests as well as the influences on editors’ decision-making. The research addresses how editors deal with unpublishing and what factors, including the threat of legal action, influence decisions to publish or unpublish. The paper builds on gatekeeping theory, which catalogues multiple ways that editorial decisions are influenced by external factors. Writing Ideology: Journalists' Letters to Editors • Wendy Weinhold, Coastal Carolina University • The word journalist, and the domain of producers and texts that inhabit its boundaries, often lacks a clear and agreed definition. This analysis builds on and extends the depth of definitions afforded the American print journalist offered in literature that dominates journalism studies. This analysis utilizes critical textual analysis to study journalists’ letters to editors of journalism trade magazines published between 1998 and 2008. Deuze’s (2005, 2007) theory of the ideological definitions of journalists provides a framework for the qualitative analysis that identifies the patterned ways journalists define journalists when they write to journalism trade magazines, which perform a special role as watchdogs of the press. Drawing from the corpus of 2,050 letters published in American Journalism Review, Columbia Journalism Review, and Editor and Publisher, critical textual analysis identifies how discourses in the letters reflect or reshape traditional print journalists’ self definitions. The result is a catalog of information that shapes an understanding of the letters within the individual ideological framework of the community of people who volunteer their opinions for publication in these journals. The Influence of Twitter Sources on Credibility in Online News • Taisik Hwang, University of Georgia; Camila Espina, University of Georgia; Bartosz Wojdynski, University of Georgia • This experimental study explores to what extent the use of Twitter as a news source affects the way audiences perceive the credibility of online news information regarding mass emergency events. A 3 (source format: interviewed sources, paraphrased tweets, embedded tweets) × 2 (source type: official, nonofficial) × 2 (number of retweets: few, many) between-subjects design is designed with 244 participants to implement the test. The results include that source type and system-generated cues do not have significant effect on perceived credibility of a news story about a natural disaster. The interaction between source type and number of retweets, however, occurs at the message level. The practical implications of these findings for journalists are discussed. Framing E-Cigarettes: News Media Coverage of the Popularity and Regulation of Vaping • Lu Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Rhonda Gibson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This study used content analysis to explore how mainstream media frame e-cigarettes, a popular smoking device that has caused concern among public health advocates and raised questions for policy makers. The result showed that leading daily newspapers identified the most problematic issue with of e-cigarettes was underage smoking and their content is largely supportive of tobacco control policy initiatives on e-cigarettes. Incivility, Source and Credibility: An Experimental Test of How University Students Process a News Story • Yanfang Wu; Esther Thorson, Missouri School of Journalism • Civility crisis has been a big concern of the Americans and transmitted worldwide since the 1990s. Uncivil attacks in political communication turned into a big threat to political trust. Administering a 3x2 mixed subjects experiment, the study seeks to find out whether source and uncivil commentary in a news story can predict the level of credibility of a news story. An online survey with a 3 (Source: newspaper, blog, student’s class writing) x 2 (Incivility: civil and uncivil) mixed subjects design experiment embedded in was conducted in a large Midwestern University. 447 undergraduate students took part in the experiment. Factor analysis shows that news credibility can be divided into two dimensions--message credibility and news organization credibility. The study found that the gauging of news credibility, both message credibility and news organization credibility, is influenced by both source and the perceived incivility of the story. Party ID is not a significant predictor of neither message credibility nor news organization credibility of a news story. A TPE was found on perceived incivility and news organization credibility but not message credibility. Newspaper Editors’ Perceptions of Social Media as News Sources • Masahiro Yamamoto, University of Wisconsin-La crosse; Seungahn Nah; Deborah Chung, University of Kentucky • Social media platforms where billions of interlinked users post and share events and commentaries to the larger public can be a useful newsgathering tool for journalists. Based on data from a nationwide probability sample of newspaper editors in the United States, this study investigates the extent to which newspaper editors consider social media as an influential news source. Results indicate that variations in editors’ perceptions of social media as a news source were associated with multiple levels of influence including professional experience as a journalist, organization size, community structural pluralism, and citizen journalism credibility. Implications are discussed for the role of social media in news production. On Click-Driven Homepages: An analysis of the effect of popularity on the prominence of news • Rodrigo Zamith, University of Massachusetts Amherst • The homepages of 14 news organizations were analyzed every 15 minutes over 61 days to assess the relationship between an item’s popularity and its prominence. The results indicated a large divergence between popular and prominent items, and limited effects of popularity on subsequent prominence. The findings give pause to fears of a shift toward a turn toward an agenda of the audience and underscore the importance of journalism’s occupational ideology and logic. Student Papers Inter-Media Agenda Setting Between Government and News Media: Directions and Issues MacDougall Student Paper Award • Abdullah Alriyami, Michigan State University • Intermedia agenda setting is the main focus of this study. This empirical study aimed at identifying the relationship between news media and institutional media through the method of content analysis. To determine how influential the US government's foreign policy decisions on the reporting of traditional news media, fifty two variables were coded on over 600 items obtained from the White House press briefings, Wall Street Journal, New York Times and USA Today during the first seven months of 2011. Cross lag correlation was used to correlate both types of media over two time periods. Results indicate an influence of institutional media over news media bringing an attention to the need to have specific language by the institutions to maintain and enhance such influence. Theoretically, the study adds to the existing literature on intermedia agenda setting research while at the same time applying Rozelle-Campbell Baseline to establish direction of correlation. Effect of Negative Online Reader Comments on News Perception: Role of Comment Type, Involvement and Comment Number • Manu Bhandari, University of Missouri; David Wolfgang, University of Missouri • Scholarly research on online reader comments (ORCs), a form of user-generated content on online news sites, is growing but still remains rudimentary. To contribute to this pool of literature, a two-part study was done using the Elaboration Likelihood Model as the main theoretical framework. Study 1 experimentally investigated subjects’ perception of online news in the presence of negative ORCs of different types –– testimonial or informational –– and the moderating effect of involvement with the issue or topic of the news story. Since the first study used three ORCs for each ORC type, to disentangle the role of ORC number from that of ORC type, Study 2 examined the possible moderating influence of ORC number on the effect of testimonial vs. informational ORC type. Although results showed some variation, they generally indicated that informational ORC could be more persuasive than testimonial ORC in an online textual health news context, involvement at high levels could moderate the effects of ORC type, higher ORC number has stronger effects than lower numbers of ORC, and the advantage of negative informational ORC in impacting news credibility appears to be more at low (single) rather than high (three) ORC numbers. The New Norm: Publicness and Self-Disclosure Among U.S. Journalists on Social Media • Justin Blankenship, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Traditionally, journalists demonstrate their credibility and objectivity by creating a distance between their personal opinions and their professional work. This article examined the potential conflict between the traditional distance norms of journalism and the more author-centric nature of social media communication through a survey (N= 201) of local journalists. Results indicate that age and how integrated social media is in one’s daily life lead to more favorable opinions of sharing personal information and reported sharing behavior. An issue divided: How business and national news differ in Affordable Care Act coverage • Lauren Furey, University of Florida; Andrea Hall, University of Florida • This study seeks to understand how business news covers the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in comparison to national newspapers. Using second-level agenda setting and framing as a theoretical base, content analysis results revealed that business news coverage was highly critical of the ACA, as these publications often highlighted issues and frames related to the financial consequences of the law, while depicting ACA-opposing sources and a negative tone in a majority of their coverage. The Adoption of Technology and Innovation Among Colombian Online News Entrepreneurs • Victor Garcia, University of Texas at Austin • Media researchers have been interested in investigating how digital technology has shaped journalistic practices and content in online newsrooms. The purpose of this study is to contribute to that discussion by analyzing how native online newsrooms in Colombia are implementing technologies and innovation in their workspaces. This article uses the constructivist approach of the Actor Network Theory and Journalism Practices to investigate four relevant cases of study. In-depth interviews were used as a method. Results show online news entrepreneurs are flexible and creative in the adoption of technologies. They value the quality of content and their journalistic standards more than tools. The integration of users into their editorial process is still limited. The implications of these findings are discussed. Determinants of issue salience • Catherine Huh, UC Davis • The current study attempted to explore the agenda-setting effects using data mining of publicly available search query data and its determinants. Consistent with the previous studies, transfer of salience between the media and search agendas was confirmed for the prominence of a foreign country in the news. Economic factors were the key determinants of both news coverage and online issue salience. Taking it from the team: Assessments of bias and credibility in team-operated sports media • Michael Mirer, University of Wisconsin; Megan Duncan, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Team- and league-operated media play a growing role in the sports media system. Few have looked at how audiences perceive the credibility of in-house content, which often mimics traditional sports journalism. Using experimental methods this paper finds that even among fans, independent media content still is rated more credible than that produced in-house. Fans view stories accusing their team of wrongdoing as biased even as they find them credible. Is the Internet portal an alternative news channel or another gatekeeper? • KYUNG-GOOK PARK, University of Pittsburgh; Eunju Kang, University of Florida • This study explored visual framing effects of online newspapers on readers and how candidates in the 2012 Korean presidential election were covered by the Internet portal as a news aggregator and provider. Three major portal websites (Naver, Daum, and Nate) were utilized as they are currently the primary online news channels. Furthermore, each online newspaper was categorized as conservative, neutral, or liberal/progressive. The data sample (N = 1024) focused on the visual coverage of Park Geun-hye, the candidate for the conservative ruling Saenuri Party, and the opposition Moon Jae-in, the candidate for the liberal Democratic United Party. The findings demonstrated that the news media aimed to generate a balance in their visual coverage of the presidential candidates in the 2012 campaign, whereas some bias also existed among each portal and online newspaper. More specifically, Naver as well as conservative and liberal/progressive online newspapers was not trying to balance the visual images used. These findings provide evidence that the Internet portal and online newspapers might in fact play a significant role in media agenda setting and visual framing. Real Significance of Breaking News: Examining the Perception of Online Breaking News • Joseph Yoo, The University of Texas at Austin • With a plethora of online breaking news, there is a concern that the increase in the amount of breaking news could impoverish the quality of journalism. This study ascertained the perception of online breaking news by conducting a 2 (news with/without breaking label) x 2 (high and low news value) experiment. Neither breaking labels nor newsworthiness altered the credibility rating scales. Journalists should keep in mind that calling something breaking news neither helps nor hurts. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15410 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/pr-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:04:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15413 Open Competition Engaging the Public with CSR Activities Through Social Media • Alan Abitbol, Texas Tech University; Sun Young Lee, Texas Tech University • This study examines how communicating corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives via Facebook impact public engagement. Using the stakeholder and dialogic theories as frameworks, a content analysis of 533 Fortune 500 companies’ CSR-specific posts was conducted. After testing the effects of issue topic and three dialogic strategies on public engagement, results indicated that the use of multimedia content and interactive language in messages affected public engagement most. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed further. Making social media work: Modeling the antecedents and outcomes of perceived relationship investment of nonprofit organizations • Giselle Auger, Duquesne University; Moonhee Cho, University of Tennessee • A lack of empirical studies prompted the development and testing of a model investigating the antecedents and outcomes of perceived relationship investment (PRI) in nonprofits. All parts of the model were supported including antecedent tactics of tangible rewards, interactivity, and information sharing, their effect on relationship quality, and positive behavioral intentions such as keeping the organization foremost in consideration of volunteer time or large gift allocation when time or financial resources allow. Campaign and Corporate Goals in Conflict: Exploring Corporate Social Initiative Types and Company Issue Congruence • Lucinda Austin, Elon University; Barbara Miller, Elon University • Corporate social responsibility is increasingly important in boosting public acceptance for companies, and emerging research suggests corporate social marketing could be the most effective type of CSR. However, scholars caution that corporate social marketing is not a one-size-fits-all. Through a content analysis of Coca-Cola’s social media posts on its controversial topics related to sustainability, this study explores how corporate social initiative type and company-issue congruence influence public response to an organization’s social media CSR posts. Communicating Sustainability: An Examination of Corporate, Nonprofit, and UniversityWebsites • Holly Ott, The Pennsylvania State University; Ruoxu Wang, Penn State University; Denise Bortree, Penn State University • This study analyzed the websites of top corporations, nonprofits, and colleges/universities for the types of sustainability content presented. Comparisons are made between organization types. Few nonprofits in the sample provided sustainability content; however, nearly all universities and over half of the corporations had a designated sustainability section on their websites. Findings suggest that organizations are promoting certain content, and fewer than 40% quantify their sustainability claims on any topic. Implications are discussed. More than just a lack of uniformity: Exploring the evolution of public relations master’s programs • Rowena Briones, Virginia Commonwealth University; Hongmei Shen, San Diego State University; Candace Parrish, Virginia Commonwealth University; Elizabeth Toth, University of Maryland; Maria Russell, Syracuse University • PR is well known for its adaptability through continual change, and as a result PR master’s programs have been re-conceptualized to remain rigorous and competitive. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with administrators of PR master’s programs. Findings demonstrated that although many programs have moved away from traditional curricula, programs exist that still model CPRE recommendations. These findings could be used to better ground the discipline by ensuring a stronger cohesiveness within PR master’s education. If organizations are people, they need to have the same values: Personal values and organizational values in stakeholder evaluations of organizational legitimacy • John Brummette, Radford University; Lynn Zoch, Radford University • In today’s Linked-in, friend heavy, tweeted about world, in which many organizations have constituents who follow, share and like them, the general public often places anthropomorphic expectations on organizations. This study found a positive relationship between individuals’ personal values and the values they deem as desirable for organizations. Findings from this study also support the assumption that human and organizational values are directly related with the concept of organizational legitimacy. The effect of CSR expectancy violations on public attitudinal and behavioral responses to corporations: An application of expectancy violation theory • Moonhee Cho, University of Tennessee; Sun-Young Park, Rowan University; Soojin Kim, University of Florida • By applying expectancy violation theory (EVT) to corporate public relations, the study explored how publics respond to an organization’s CSR activities. A 2 (publics’ pre-predictive CSR expectancy) X 2 (CSR practice information) experimental study examined how both negative and positive expectancy violation and conformity influenced publics’ attitude toward an organization and their supportive behavior intention. Also, the study explained the moderating role of corporate likability in influencing the effect of expectancy violation. Crisis communication and corporate apology: The effects of causal attributions and apology types on publics’ cognitive and affective responses • Surin Chung, University of Missouri Columbia; Suman Lee, Iowa State University • This study examined how corporate apologies influence cognitive and affective public responses during a crisis. A total of 200 participants were exposed to one of the two types of causal attributions (internal vs. external) and one of the two types of apology messages (responsibility-oriented vs. sympathy-oriented). The study found the main effects of causal attributions on public responses. The study also revealed the interaction effects between causal attributions and apology messages on public responses. Reassessment of audience in public relations industry: How social media reshape public relations measurements • Surin Chung, University of Missouri Columbia; Harsh Taneja, University of Missouri, School of Journalism • The growing adoption of social media in PR practice has provided opportunities for newer audience measurements and contributed to cultivating newer conceptions of their audience. This study conducts a historical textual analysis of articles in PR Week to establish the conception. The analysis maps the structural transformation of the field that has guided the PR industry’s reconceptualization of their audiences from the quantity of media placements to the quantity and the quality of behavioral outcomes. The Effects of Framing in Mainstream and Alternative Media on Government Public Relationships • Ganga Dhanesh; Tracy Loh • This study aimed to examine the effects of differential framing in alternative media and mainstream media on publics’ perceptions of government-public relationships; an attempt to integrate the rich bodies of work in framing and relationship management theorizing in public relations, in the context of government public relations and the challenges thrown up by the emergence of alternative media. The study employed an experimental design and found that reading alternative media negatively affected publics’ perceptions of trust, commitment, control mutuality and satisfaction, but not communal and exchange relationships. Reading mainstream media on the other hand had no significant relationship with publics’ perceptions of government-public relationship. The difference in effect is attributed to the framing devices employed in alternative and mainstream media. Implications for public relations theory and practice are discussed. Two Wrongs Don't Make a Right: Journalist perceptions of reputation and errors in corporate communication • Melanie Formentin, Towson University; Kirstie Hettinga, California Lutheran University; Alyssa Appelman, Northern Kentucky University • Exploring reputation and organizational communication, this study tests how journalists perceive press releases containing errors, and examines the legitimacy of using fictional organizations when testing reputation via experiments. Journalists (N = 118) read releases from reputable or fictional companies, with or without typos. Releases without errors and from an existing company were ranked more favorably based on press release judgments and reputation. Analysis showed no interaction effects, suggesting reputation cannot overcome negative error effects. Care in Crisis: Proposing the Applied Model of Care Considerations for Public Relations • Julia Daisy Fraustino, West Virginia University; Amanda Kennedy, University of Maryland • This work builds global bridges from ethics theory to practice in crisis public relations. It forms foundations for ethical organizational communication throughout the crisis lifecycle and across contexts. The Applied Model of Care Considerations is proposed using the illustration of Nestle’s global baby-formula-promotion crisis. Rooted in feminist normative philosophies, this research addresses public relations literature gaps from lack of: (1) general crisis ethics theory; (2) applied crisis communication ethics for practice; (3) feminist-theory-oriented crisis communication. Mascot Nations: Examining university-driven college football fan communities • Matthew Haught, University of Memphis • In the sport of college football, engagement with fans drives revenue for the sports teams and the athletic department; the more fans buy, the more money the school gets. This study examines the ways college football teams use Facebook to engage their publics, and how that engagement builds a sense of community. Specifically, it explores six teams that represent new college foot-ball teams, mid-major teams, and state flagship institution teams. Ultimately, it seeks to explain how social media can be a force in establishing and maintaining an online community. Informing crisis communication preparation and response through network analysis: An elaboration of the Social-Mediated Crisis Communication model • Itai Himelboim, University of Georgia; Yan Jin, University of Georgia; Bryan Reber, University of Georgia; Patrick Grant, University of Georgia • To test and elaborate as necessary the Social-Mediated Crisis Communication (SMCC) model’s key publics classifications (Liu et al., 2012) and to provide practical insight to public identification for crisis communication planning and response, this study uses network analysis to identify social mediators (Himelboim et al., 2014) and clustered publics in airline Twitter networks. In our analysis, social mediators and network clusters are classified according to the publics taxonomy of the SMCC model. The characteristics of the social mediators and the network structure of the clusters are also identified in airline Twitter networks. Our findings suggest further elaborations and more in-depth identification of key publics in social-mediated crisis communication. Minding the representation gap: Some pitfalls of linear crisis-response theory • Yi-Hui Huang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hiu Ying Choy, The School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Fang Wu, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Qing Huang, The School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Qijun He, the Chinese University of Hong Kong; Deya Xu, Department of Communication, CUHK • Scholars assume the direct influence of crisis communication strategies (CCSs) upon representations of CCSs in the media and online public posts. This study 1) introduces the concept of representation gap to address how media and netizen’s gatekeeping practices represent organizational CCSs differently; and 2) highlights how social context leads to an evaluation gap of communication effectiveness. Analysis validates the robust predictive power of this representation gap with regard to interpreting the effectiveness of CCSs. Too much of a good thing: When does two-way symmetric communication become unhelpful? • Yi Grace Ji, University of Miami; Cong Li, Univ. of Miami • The current study proposes a moderated mediation model by revisiting the effects of two-way symmetric communication on relational outcomes in a social-mediated relationship management context. Through a 2 (interactivity: one-way vs. two way) × 2 (message valence: positive vs. negative) between-subjects experiment, it was demonstrated that two-way symmetric communication led to more favorable relational outcomes only when the communication was centered on a negative subject, and such effects were mediated by perceived source credibility. Making a good life in professional and personal arenas: A SEM analysis of fair decision making, leadership, organizational support, and quality of Employee-Organization Relationships (EORs) • Hua Jiang, Syracuse University • Scholars and practitioners have well acknowledged the importance of studying influential factors leading to quality employee-organization relationships (EORs). A growing body of literature exist in developing theoretical models to explain the underlying mechanisms between EORs and organizational contextual variables that are closely related to EOR outcomes (trust, commitment, satisfaction, and control mutuality). Based on a national sample of employees (n=795) working in diverse organizations in the US, the present study proposed and tested a model that examined how organizational procedural justice, transformational leadership behaviors of employees’ immediate supervisors, and supportive organizational environment, as three influential factors were associated with time-based and strain-based work-life conflict and employee-organization relationship outcomes. Results of the study supported the conceptual model, except for the direct effect of transformational leadership upon strain-based work-life conflict and that of strain-based work-life conflict upon quality of EORs. Theoretical contributions and managerial ramifications of the study were discussed. Is there still a PR problem online? Exploring the effects of different sources and crisis response strategies in online crisis communication via social media • Young Kim, Louisiana State University; Hyojung Park, Louisiana State University • This study examined how organizational sources (vs. non-organizational sources) affect perceived source credibility in the context of social media and how the effect of source interplays with crisis response strategy in determining crisis communication outcomes, such as crisis responsibility, reputation, and supportive behavioral intentions. A 3 (source: organization, CEO, or customer) X 2 (crisis response strategy: accommodative or defensive) X 2 (crisis type: airline crash or bank hacking) mixed experimental design was used with 391 participants. The organizational sources, especially CEOs, were more likely to be perceived as more credible than the non-organizational source. The path analysis indicated that perceived source credibility mediated the effect of source on reputation and behavioral intentions; however, this mediation was moderated by the type of crisis response strategy being used. In addition, crisis response strategies had an indirect effect on crisis communication outcomes through perceived company credibility. Understanding public and its communicative actions as antecedents of government-public relationships in crisis communication • Young Kim, Louisiana State University; Andrea Miller, Louisiana State University; Hyunji Lim, University of Miami • This study explored an effective government-public relationship by understanding its antecedents, public and its communicative actions, in crisis communication. The government-public relationship research has overlooked the importance of its antecedents and focused on the quality of relationship (outcome) in terms of long term relationship building. To fill the gap, the current study attempts to understand public and its communicative actions as antecedents of government-public relationships in a government crisis, problem-solving situation, by applying a Situational Theory of Problem Solving (STOPS) to relationship research. Using an online nationwide survey with 545 participants, this study tested a proposed model employing structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings indicate that active public’s communication behaviors are more likely to positively associate with attribution of responsibility on the organization and, at the same time, negatively associate with relationship outcomes and subsequent consequences, negative reputation and less behavioral intention to support. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. The value of public relations: Different impacts of communal and exchange relationships on communicative behavior • Jarim Kim, Kookmin University; Minjung Sung, Chung-Ang University • The purpose of this paper was to investigate the impacts of relationship on organization-public relationships using the situational theory of publics and its extended model, specifically in a tuition issue context, and to test the different effects of a communal and exchange relationship on a public’s perception regarding the issue. The study employed a survey with 508 university students. The results indicated that the perceived student-university relationship had a positive influence on students’ constraint recognition regarding a university-related issue, whereas the relationship had a negative influence on problem recognition. Problem recognition, involvement recognition and constraint recognition positively predicted students’ motivation to take an action, which further predicted communicative action. The current study also found a different influence of communal and exchange relationships on the public’s perception regarding an issue. Communal relationships had a negative association with problem recognition and a positive one with constraint recognition. Exchange relationships had positive relationships with problem recognition and involvement recognition. As one of the few studies that has examined a relationship’s influence on the public’s perceptions of an issue and that empirically tested the differential effects of different types of relationships, this study advances the field of public relations by theoretically extending the public relations model and by providing solid empirical data to support the current conceptual model. Examining the Role of CSR in Corporate Crises: Integration of Situational Crisis Communication Theory and the Persuasion Knowledge Model • Jeesun Kim, California State University, Fullerton; Chang-Dae Ham • The impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities on consumer perceptions has widely been discussed. However, knowledge about the role of CSR communication in the corporate crisis context is still limited. In this study we aim to help fill this gap by conducting 2 (crisis type: accidental vs. intentional) x 2 (CSR motives: values-driven vs. strategic-driven) x 2 (CSR history: long vs. short) between-subjects design experiment. In particular, we integrate Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) with the Persuasion Knowledge Model (PKM) to better understand how and why consumers, as an active public, cope with rather than simply accept or resist corporate crisis strategies based on their knowledge structure. We found an interaction effect between consumers’ persuasion knowledge (CSR motive perception) and topic knowledge (crisis type perception) on word-of-mouth intention and purchase intention. In addition, persuasion knowledge (CSR motive perception) interacted with agent knowledge (CSR history perception) on purchase intention. We discuss theoretical as well as practical implications. Relational Immunity? Examining Relationship as Crisis Shield in the case of Purdue’s On-Campus Shooting • Arunima Krishna, Purdue University; Brian Smith, Purdue University; Staci Smith • This study examined the influence of a crisis on relational perceptions by investigating students’ perceptions of their relationship with Purdue University following the on-campus shooting. Findings show that despite the generally positive relationship Purdue maintains with its students, the crisis had a negative impact on the students’ perceptions of their relationship with Purdue. Furthermore, results show how publics’ emotions, especially empathy, about the organization regarding the crisis influence their evaluations of organization-public relationships Understanding an Angry Hot-Issue Public’s response to The Interview Cancellation Saga • Arunima Krishna, Purdue University; Kelly Vibber, University of Dayton • This study examines comments on online news articles about The Interview’s cancellation and eventual release. We examine these comments from the context of communication behaviors of hot-issue angry publics, and present a longitudinal analysis of themes present over the duration of the issue. Anti-corporate sentiment, conspiracy, and questioning the film content/premise were consistent throughout the timeline. Discussion on how monitoring these types of communication might lead to better engagement with key publics is provided. Never Easy to Say Sorry: Exploring the Interplay of Crisis Involvement, Brand Image and Message Framing in Developing Effective Crisis Responses • Soyoung Lee, The University of Texas at Austin; Lucy Atkinson, University of Texas at Austin • This study examines how the interplay between crisis involvement, brand image, and message framing has an impact on the effectiveness of brand’s apology message in a crisis context. To determine the effectiveness of an apology, based on SCCT guidance and ELM, a 2 (Crisis involvement: high vs low) × 2 (Brand image: symbolic vs. functional) × 2 (Message types: emotional vs. informational) factorial design are employed. Theoretical and empirical implications are discussed. The Role of Company–Cause Congruence and the Moderating Effects of Organization–Public Relationships on the Negative Spillover Effects of Partnerships • Sun Young Lee, Texas Tech University; Hyejoon Rim, University of Minnesota • The purpose of this study was to explore whether negative spillover effects occur in the corporate–nonprofit partnership context when a crisis strikes a partner organization, and to investigate two factors—company–cause congruence and organization–public relationships (OPRs)—that might affect the degree of negative impact. The results of an experiment proved negative spillover effects; when respondents were exposed to negative information about a partner organization, their attitude toward the principal organization became less favorable. Contrary to our hypotheses, however, the perceived congruence between the company and the cause of the nonprofit organization yielded buffering effects that minimized the negative spillover effects, and OPRs moderated the impacts. We discuss the practical and theoretical implications. Understanding Consumer Resentment Before It’s too Late: Empirical Testing of A Service Failure Response Model • Zongchao Li; Don Stacks, University of Miami • This paper investigated consumer response mechanism in a service failure context. A Service Failure Response Model was introduced that incorporated emotive and cognitive antecedents, a mediation process and four behavioral outcomes. Data were collected via an online survey (N=371) and further analyzed using the structural equation modeling approach. Results confirmed the Service Failure Response Model: anger, dissatisfaction and perceived betrayal were emotive/cognitive antecedents that lead to consumers’ exit, voice, and revenge responses. This process was mediated by desire for avoidance and desire for revenge. Crowd Endorsement on Social Media: Persuasive Effects of Organizations’ Retweeting and Role of Social Presence • Young-shin Lim; Roselyn J. Lee-Won, The Ohio State University • Despite the technological affordances of social media platforms allowing organizations to engage in two-way, many-to-many communication with their stakeholders, organizations tend to simply posts unilateral messages. Drawing on the concept of social presence and the theory of reasoned action, this research investigated the persuasive effects of organizations’ retweeting practices. An online experiment was conducted, featuring a Twitter page of a fictitious organization. Results showed that retweeted user messages, when compared with organization’s original tweets, induced higher levels of social presence, which in turn led to higher levels of social norm perception, more positive attitude toward the behavior advocated by the organization, and stronger intention to perform the advocated behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Crucial Linkages in Successful Public Relations Practice: Organizational Culture, Leadership, Engagement, Trust and Job Satisfaction • Juan Meng, University of Georgia; Bruce Berger, University of Alabama • The study examines the effects of critical organizational factors (organizational culture and excellent leader performance) on public relations practitioners’ job engagement and trust in the organization that link to improved job satisfaction. A national online survey of 883 public relations professionals working in a variety of organizations was used as the empirical data to test the relationships in a proposed conceptual model. Results confirmed the strong impact organizational culture and leader performance can have on outcomes at the practitioner level (engagement, trust, and job satisfaction). In addition, results revealed the significant mediating effects of engagement and trust in the relationship between organizational factors and practitioners’ job satisfaction. The study concludes with research and practical implications. Change Management Communication: Barriers, Strategies & Messaging • Marlene Neill, Baylor University • In a world characterized by constant change, there has been a neglect of scholarly research on change management communication in the context of public relations. Through 32 in-depth interviews with executives in marketing, public relations and human resources, this study provides new insights into the barriers, effective strategies and key messaging in change management communication. Change management was examined in 10 sectors representing 15 employers. Barriers for communicators included lack of a plan, changing plans, change fatigue and multiple cultures, missions and priorities. In addition, public relations tended to serve more of a tactical role rather than a strategic one being brought in after key decisions had already been made. Effective communication approaches internal communicators reported using included road trips by senior leaders to meet with employees, videos, testimonials, and recruiting employee ambassadors or influencers. Executives said messages should reinforce core values, communicate what the changes mean for employees, the benefits of the change and end goals. Political Organization-Public Relations and Trust: Facebook vs. Campaign Websites • David Painter, Full Sail University • This experimental investigation (N = 649) parses the influence of online information source and interactivity on the effects of strategic campaign communications on gains in citizen-political organization-public relations and political trust. Although simple exposure exerted significant effects on all participants, the results indicate Facebook was differentially more effective than campaign websites at building overall citizen-political party relationships (POPRs) and trust in government. Specifically, Facebook was more effective at building relational trust, control mutuality, and political trust; while campaign websites were more effective at building satisfaction and commitment, particularly among those who engaged in dialogic, expressive behaviors on either platform. These findings verify the direction of the exposure effects in the political organization-public relations model and extend two-way communication theory by specifying the online platform on which expression exerts the greatest positive influence on citizen-political organization relationships and political trust. Fashion Meets Twitter: Does the Source Matter? Perceived Message Credibility, Interactivity and Purchase Intention • Yijia Wang; Geah Pressgrove, West Virginia University • Through an online survey, this study explored the perceived source credibility of fashion industry Twitter messages with varying message sources (the brand itself, celebrity endorser, friend/acquaintance). Online interactivity and purchase intention of potential customers were also assessed to examine if a particular message source and its credibility increase the likelihood of online engagement with the message and customers’ intention to purchase. How Negative Becomes Less Negative: The Interplay between Comment Variance and the Sidedness of Company Response • Hyejoon Rim, University of Minnesota; Doori Song, Youngstown State University • The study examined the influence of the public’s negative comments regarding the CSR campaign in the social media setting, and how best to respond to them. A 2 (variance of comments: positive vs. negative) x 2 (company’s responding strategy: 1-sided vs. 2-sided message) between-subjects experiments was employed. The results revealed that two-sided CSR messages, compared to one-sided responses, are more effective in enhancing altruistic motives of CSR, reducing perceived negativity in consumers’ comments, and eliciting favorable public’s attitudes, especially when the consumer’s comments were negative. The effects of message sidedness disappeared when the consumer’s comments were positive. The results also showed that perceived altruism and perceived negativity mediates the effects of message strategies on the public’s attitudes toward the company. Taking the ice bucket plunge: Social and psychological motivations for participating in the ALS challenge • Soojin Roh, Syracuse University; Tamara Makana Chock • An online survey (N = 511) investigated the impact of narcissistic personality, selective self-presentation, and the need for interpersonal acceptance in people’s decision to take part in the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge. We also examined how and to what extent these factors differed in terms of the type of contribution (e.g. dumping water over head, donation, and doing both). Implications for social media campaign strategies for long-term engagement and directions for future research were discussed. Time-lagged Analysis of Third-level Agenda-building: Florida’s Debate on Medical Marijuana • Tiffany Schweickart; Jordan Neil; Ji Young Kim; Josephine Lukito, Syracuse University; Tianduo Zhang; Guy Golan; Spiro Kiousis • This study aims to advance theoretical and practical understanding of political public relations in the context of Florida’s Amendment 2 about the legalization of medical marijuana. This unique context was used to explore the salience of stakeholders, issues, and related attributes between public relations messages and media coverage at all three-levels of agenda-building’s theoretical framework using a time-lagged analysis. Our results present strong support for shared influence between campaign and media agenda-building at three levels. Biological Sex vs. Gender Identity: Nature vs. Nurture in Explicating Practitioner Roles and Salaries in Public Relations • Bey-Ling Sha, San Diego State University; Courtney White; Elpin Keshishzadeh; David Dozier • Using an online survey of members of the Public Relations Society of America (response rate = 14%), this study found that enactment of the manager and technician roles in public relations was unrelated to practitioners’ biological sex, but was related instead to their avowed, predominant gender identity. Both biological sex and predominant gender identity were found to contribute to the persistent, gendered pay gap in public relations. (67 words) An Analysis of Tweets by Universities and Colleges: Public Engagement and Interactivity • jason Beverly; Jae-Hwa Shin, University of Southern Mississippi • The analysis of 1,550 individual tweets by colleges and universities suggest that institutions of higher learning are not necessarily using Twitter in a dialogic manner that promotes two-way communication. This supports findings from previous studies that have suggested that colleges and universities fail to incorporate the dialogic features of Twitter as part of their online public relations efforts. Public Relations as Development Communication? Conceptual Overlaps and Prospects for a Societal Paradigm of Public Relations • Katie Brown, University of Maryland; Sylvia Guo, University of Maryland; Brooke Fowler, University of Maryland; Claire Tills, University of Maryland; Sifan Xu, University of Maryland; Erich Sommerfeldt, University of Maryland • A thorough discussion of the overlaps between development communication and public relations is missing from the literature. This paper provides a first step towards an integration of public relations and development by reviewing theories and concepts within development communication literature and public relations scholarship examining areas relevant to international development practice. The paper highlights theoretical and conceptual overlaps between the disciplines as well as similar challenges in practice, and offers suggestions for developing a societal paradigm of public relations. The Importance of Authenticity in Corporate Social Responsibility • Mary Ann Ferguson; Baobao Song • This experimental research with 395 consumers explored the effects of prior corporate reputation, stated CSR motive (self vs. social), and CSR brand-cause fit on consumers’ attitude towards the company and behavioral intention. In addition, the study incorporated a new variable in CSR communication model – perceived CSR authenticity. Having a poor corporate reputation requires specific attention be paid to the fit and stated motive of the CSR program particularly when the authenticity of the communication is under suspicion. Corporate messages that are perceived as highly authentic will provide equally positive results for companies with good and bad prior reputations. Overall, this study suggested a holistic view on effective CSR communication. Towards effective CSR in controversial industry sectors: Effect of industry sector, corporate reputation, and company-cause fit • Baobao Song; Jing (Taylor) Wen, University of Florida; Mary Ann Ferguson • Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been well recognized as a critical component for any company to maintain organizational legitimacy and increase consumers’ positive company evaluation. However, only a few CSR studies have focused on controversial industries. In fact, controversial industry sectors tend to be more committed to CSR, in order to defy their negative images and reputations. Given the conflicted nature of companies in controversial industries, this study is aimed to further unveil the differences between controversial industries and non-controversial industries in terms of CSR outcomes. Particularly, this study tries to dissect the concept of corporate reputation from industry controversy, and examine whether corporate reputation and CSR company-cause fit will affect controversial industries vs. non-controversial industries differently. Do you see what I see? Perceptions between advertising and public relations professionals • Dustin Supa, Boston University • This study represents an initial step in the empirical understanding of integration as it relates to the advertising and public relations fields. Using a survey of practitioners (n=1076) it finds that while many practitioners are aware of integration efforts within organizations, they may be less than enthusiastic about the concept. The results offer suggestions both for the practice and education of professional communication. Understanding Shareholder Engagement: The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility • Nur Uysal, Marquette University • The rise of shareholder activism for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in recent years charters a new role for public relations professionals. This study analyzes social activism enacted by institutional shareholders through filing resolutions at publicly traded U.S. corporations between 1997 and 2011 (N = 14, 271). Building on the literature in public relations, management, and social movements, the study develops and tests a theory of shareholder engagement through a tripartite framework. The findings showed that corporate stakeholder commitment, issue type, and sponsor type affect the outcomes of shareholder activist-corporate engagement on CSR issues. We argue that CSR is both an antecedent to engagement and also an outcome and public relations professionals can facilitate the engagement process between corporations and shareholder activists groups on mutually acceptable social expectations. PR Credibility as News Unfolds: How Perceptions Gauged in Real Time and Post Exposure Differ • Matthew S. VanDyke, Texas Tech University; Coy Callison, Texas Tech University • This study investigates how perceptions of news conference sources vary from measures taken in real-time to those taken retrospectively after exposure by having participants (N = 184) view four organizational spokespersons responding to environmental crises. Results suggest while PR practitioner credibility suffers in comparison to that of other sources when participants evaluate following exposure, practitioners see a real-time bump in trustworthiness following revelation of job title that is common across other source job affiliations. Within-border foreign publics: Micro-diplomats and their impact on a nation’s soft power • Kelly Vibber, University of Dayton; Jeong-Nam Kim • This study tests the relationship between antecedents of the perceived relationship a within-border foreign public (e.g. international students) has with its host country (e.g. the United States) and how this relationship impacts their communicative action to their social networks living in their home country (e.g. positive or negative megaphoning). It also examines the role this megaphoning has on the communicative action of members of the home country, in order to understand the potential of micro-diplomacy. Experimenting with dialogue on social media: An examination of the influence of the dialogic principles on engagement, interaction, and attitude • Brandi Watkins, Virginia Tech • Much of the public relations research on online relationship building has examined social media content for the use of the dialogic principles outlined by Kent and Taylor (1998). These studies, using content analysis as the primary methodology, have found that the dialogic capabilities of social media are under-utilized. However, there is limited research on the effectiveness of these methods. Therefore, the goal of this study is to examine the influence of social media content utilizing these principles on engagement, interactivity, and attitude. Results of this study indicate that usefulness of information can have a significant influence on engagement and attitude. Examining the Importance and Perceptions of Organizational Autonomy among Dominant Coalition Members • Christopher Wilson, Brigham Young University • Scholars have defined the value of public relations in terms of organizational autonomy. Nevertheless, only a few public relations studies have attempted to measure it. In addition, there is no empirical research to document whether or not dominant coalition members actually consider organizational autonomy important. This study seeks to advance theory by examining whether this fundamental concept is as important to public relations as current theories assume it to be. Public Relations Role in the Global Media Ecology: Connecting the World as Network Managers • Aimei Yang, University of Southern California; Maureen Taylor; Wenlin Liu, University of Southern California • Media studies in public relations have predominantly focused on the dyadic relationship between public relations practitioners and journalists. This focus reduces public relations practitioners to information providers and obscures the broader functions of public relations. We argue that this narrow view of media relations as public relations is increasingly outdated. This paper advocates for a network ecology approach to public relations-media relationships, and identifies four roles that public relations organizations perform in a media network ecology: relationship initiator, relationship facilitator, relationship broker and fully functioning society facilitator. Estimating the Weights of Media Tonalities in the Measurement of Media Coverage of Corporations • XIAOQUN ZHANG, University of North Texas • This study estimated the weights of media tonalities in the measurement of media coverage of corporations by using linear regression analysis. Two new measures were developed based on these estimations. These two new measures were found to have higher predictive power than most other linear function measures in predicting corporate reputation. The estimations were based on a content analysis of 2817 news articles from both elite newspapers and local newspapers. A Case Study of the Chinese Government’s Crisis Communication on the 2015 Shanghai Stampede Incident • Lijie Zhou, University of Southern Mississippi; Jae-Hwa Shin, University of Southern Mississippi • This study analyzed the Chinese government’s crisis communication efforts during 2015 Shanghai Stampede incident and offered insight into difference between traditional and social media in relation to media frame, response strategy, government stance and role of emotions. Findings indicated traditional and social media followed similar dynamic pattern across lifespan of the incident, yet revealed different features in message frames and presence of emotions. The government has demonstrated changing stances differently in social and traditional media. Teaching Hootsuite University: Equipping Academics and Future PR Professionals for Social Media Success • Emily S. Kinsky, West Texas A&M University; Karen Freberg, University of Louisville; Carolyn Kim, Biola University; Matthew Kushin, Shepherd University; William Ward • Through survey and in-depth interviews, this research examines the social media education program Hootsuite University. Researchers assessed perceptions of Hootsuite University among students who completed the certification program as part of communication courses at five U.S. universities between 2012 and 2014. Researchers also assessed perceptions of professors and employers regarding the value of the program. Implications for public relations education in an age of social media are discussed. Teaching, tweeting, and telecommuting: Experiential and cross-institutional learning through social media • Stephanie Madden, University of Maryland; Rowena Briones, Virginia Commonwealth University; Julia Daisy Fraustino, West Virginia University; Melissa Janoske, University of Memphis • This study explores how to improve student preparedness for a technological working world. Instructors at four institutions created and implemented a cross-institutional group project that required students to create and share an instructional video on a social media topic. Students then discussed the videos and teleworking experience through three subsequent cross-institutional Twitter chats. Results include suggestions for helping students learn through teaching, and a discussion of the benefits and drawbacks of teleworking. Exploring diversity and client work in public relations education • Katie Place, Quinnipiac University; Antoaneta Vanc • This exploratory study examined public relations students’ meaning making of diversity and the role of diverse client work within the public relations curriculum. Findings are based on in-depth interviews with 19 students at two private universities who completed a public relations campaign course. Findings illustrate the evolution of students’ interpretation of diversity from passive exposure to active awareness to a new mindset. In addition, it offers insights regarding public relations and diversity pedagogy. The Best of Both Worlds: Student Perspectives on Student-Run Advertising and Public Relations Agencies • Joyce Haley, Abilene Christian University; Margaret Ritsch, Texas Christian University; Jessica Smith, Abilene Christian University • Student-led advertising and/or public relations agencies have increasingly become an educational component of university ad/PR programs. Previous research has established the value that advisers see in the agencies, and this study reports student perceptions of agency involvement. The survey (N=210) found that participants rated the ability to work with real clients, the importance of their universities having agencies, and the increase in their own job marketability as the most positive aspects of the agency experience. Participants said that the most highly rated skills that agency participation built were working with clients, working in a team structure, and interpersonal skills. Student An Examination of Social TV & OPR Building: A Content Analysis of Tweets Surrounding The Walking Dead • Lauren Auverset, University of Alabama • This study investigated a growing second-screen media phenomenon, Social TV, and examined how entertainment media organizations utilize Social TV to communicate with their publics. A content analysis was conducted using publicly available conversations (via Twitter) surrounding a popular television program, AMC’s The Walking Dead. Through the analysis of these Social TV dialogic exchanges, this study highlights how one entertainment media organization uses Social TV and Twitter to respond to and interact with their online publics. Attribution Error of Internal Stakeholders in Assessments of Organizational Crisis Responsibility • Jonathan Borden, Syracuse University; Xiaochen Zhang, University of Florida • This paper sheds further light on the mechanics of responsibility attribution for organizations in crisis. Utilizing a two-group experimental design, relationships of organizational identification, evaluation, collective self-esteem, in-group preference, attribution bias, and attitudes regarding norm violation were examined among stakeholders in the post-crisis phase. Findings show that identification with and assessment of the organization are linked and significant predictors of attribution bias and violation minimization. Theoretical and professional implications are discussed. SeaWorld vs Blackfish A Case Study in Crisis Communication • Ken Cardell • This case study examines SeaWorld’s strategic response following from the release of Blackfish. An analysis of SeaWorld’s communicative response to various reputational threats can be understood through the application of corporate apologia theory, by explicating the message strategies used within the discourse. Elements of Grunig’s conception of activist publics are also used to provide perspective as to the factors that contributed to the level of opposition that followed from Blackfish. To whom do they listen? The effects of communication strategy and eWOM on consumer responses • Zifei Chen, University of Miami; Cheng Hong, University of Miami • This study examined the effects of corporate communication strategy and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) valence on responses from an important stakeholder group—consumers on social media. A 3 (communication strategy: corporate social responsibility/CSR, vs. corporate ability/CAb, vs. hybrid) x 2 (eWOM valence: positive vs. negative) between-subjects experiment was conducted. Results showed significant interaction effects on consumers’ CSR associations and significant main effects of both strategy and eWOM valence on CAb associations, perceived reputation, and purchase intention. A New Look at Organization-Public Relationship: Testing Contingent Corporation-Activist Relationship (CCAR) in Conflicts • Yang Cheng, University of Missouri • Content analyses of 696 news information on the conflicts between corporations (Monsanto and McDonald’s) and their activists provide a natural history of the use of contingent organization-public relationship (COPR) in public relations. By tracking the changing stances of each corporation and its activists longitudinally, results generate the frequency and direction of six types of contingent corporation-activist relationship (CCAR) over time. Findings show that CCAR is dynamic and contingent upon stances of both parties on a specific issue. No matter the conflict is finally resolved or not, competing relationship occurs more frequently than cooperating relationship does in the conflict management process, which supports the argument that both parties in conflicts maintain a competitive relationship for self-interests, and when possible may adopt strategies to achieve mutual benefits. Theoretical and practical implications of findings are discussed. Public Relations’ Role in Trust Building for Social Capital • Shugofa Dastgeer, University of Oklahoma • Social capital is a building block of social and political communities. At the same time, trust is the foundational prerequisite for the formation of social capital. Public relations plays a role in fostering social capital and trust in society. This paper proposes a model for public relations in building trust for social capital. The model illustrates that trust, communication, and engagement are vital for the development of social capital. Stealing thunder and filling the silence: Twitter as a primary channel of police crisis communication • Brooke Fowler, University of Maryland • Twitter can be used successfully by police departments as a channel for stealing thunder and establishing the department as a credible news source. A case study on the Howard County Police Department’s use of Twitter during the Columbia Mall Shooting was conducted. Results reveal the potential benefits and limitations of using Twitter to steal thunder and a new technique, filling the silence, is proposed for maintaining an audience once an organization has stolen thunder. Between Ignorance and Engagement: Exploring the Effects of Corporations' Communicatory Engagement With Their Publics on Social Networking Sites • Eun Go • Two-way communication tools have expanded and magnified the range and scope of interactions between an organization and its publics. To understand the value of such communication tools, the present study identifies significant psychological factors as outcomes of using these tools. Employing a series of mediation analyses (N=148), this study particularly explores how the commenting function on social networking sites can be strategically used to promote online users’ favorable attitudes toward an organization. The findings show that active communication by an organization via the commenting function promotes favorable attitudes toward the organization by way of heightening the organization’s social presence and creating enhanced perceptions of the organization’s relational commitment. On the other hand, an organization’s dismissal of its users’ comments leaves a negative impression, suggesting to the public that the organization has exaggerated its social commitment. Further theoretical and practical implications of the study are also discussed. Crisis Response Strategies of Sports Organizations and Its Fans: The Case of Ray Rice • Eunyoung Kim, University of Alabama • This study employs a content analysis to examine how a sports organization and its fans interactively used social media and how they utilized crisis response strategies in the Ray Rice case. The study compares crisis response strategies by the Baltimore Ravens team and its identified fans through social media. The results confirm (a) interactive use of Twitter with hyperlink, (b) utilization of separation strategy, and (c) sports fans’ communicating role with various strategies. CSR without transparency is not good enough: Examining the effect of CSR fit and transparency efforts on skepticism and trust toward organizations • Hyosun Kim, Univeristy of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Tae Ho Lee, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • In order to tackle recent challenges surrounding CSR initiatives—stakeholder skepticism—this study aims to understand how CSR fit and transparency affect the enhancement of trust and encourage organization advocacy while lessening skepticism. In a 2 (CSR fit) X 2 (levels of transparency) between-subject experiment, this study discovered a significant main effect of transparency on skepticism, trust, and organization advocacy. A significant interaction on trust was also found, suggesting that low fit with high transparency increases trust. Institutional Pressure and Transparency in CSR Disclosure: A Content Analysis of CSR Press Releases at CSRwire.com • Tae Ho Lee, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This content analysis examines CSR press releases from 2007 to 2014, finding that coercive institutional pressures as manifested in CSR press releases are significantly related to a low level of accountability—one of the three transparency dimensions. This confirms previous suggestions that coercive isomorphism would generate nominal compliance without substantive efforts. Additionally, the integration of global perspectives from institutional theory and the general representation of transparency in CSR press releases are investigated and discussed. Reputation from the inside out: Examining how nonprofit employees perceive the top leader influencing reputation • Laura Lemon, University of Tennessee • In-depth interviews with nonprofit employees were conducted to examine how nonprofit employees perceive the top leader and the top leader’s influence on the organization’s reputation. Participant perceptions primarily focused on positive and negative personality attributes that contributed to or detracted from perceptions of leadership style. One emergent finding was that most participants considered the top leader responsible for employee engagement. Additionally, some employees perceived the organization’s reputation as starting with the top leader. The top leader’s ability to create an internal participatory environment was the primary influence on the organization’s internal reputation. Participants perceived the top leader as the face of the organization and being recognized as an expert influencing the organization’s external reputation. One significant contribution from this study was the role of supporting manager that emerged in the interviews. In the case of perceived poor leadership, a supporting manager stepped in to compensate for the top leader’s management weaknesses. Another crisis for government after crisis: A case study of South Korean government’s crisis communication on the Sewol Ferry disaster • Se Na Lim, university of alabama; Eunyoung Kim, University of Alabama • The current study investigates the crisis response strategies of South Korean government organizations on social media after the Sewol Ferry disaster. By conducting content analysis of 288 posts on Facebook of 13 South Korean government organizations, this study assesses their communication response strategies based on framing and situational crisis communication theory. The findings indicate that South Korea government organizations perceive the crisis with various perspectives and accordingly use various crisis response strategies. Enhancing OPR Management through SNSs: The Role of Organizations’ SNS Message Strategies and Message Interactivity • Xinyu Lu, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Hao Xu, University of Minnesota • Heeding the limited research on the effects of corporate SNS communication strategies on relationship building, this experimental study examined the effects of two corporate SNS communication strategies—message strategies and message interactivity—on relationship building. The results suggest that both message strategies and message interactivity have strong effects on publics’ perception of organization-public relationship outcomes. Moreover, people’s identification with a company to some extent moderates the effects of these two strategies. I am One of Them: A Social Identity Approach to Crisis Communication • Liang Ma • This study focused on how an individual’s ethnic and organizational memberships influence his/her emotional and cognitive experiences in a crisis. College students (N = 638) from a mid-Atlantic university participated in an online quasi-experiment. SEM was used to test the mediation model. Organizational membership protects organizational reputation and increases guilt. Shared ethnicity with victims has no effects on either organizational reputation or anger. Guilt threatens organizational reputation indirectly via anger. Reputation then predicts NWOM intentions. Government Relationship-Building Practices Online: An Analysis of Capital City Websites • Lindsay McCluskey, Louisiana State University • Government public relations professionals have many opportunities to communicate directly with their publics; however, some practitioners have expressed concern about their website efforts. Websites are one popular and consequential medium for engagement and the government organization-public relationship. This study examines the website homepages of 50 capital cities through qualitative content analysis. The researcher assesses what website features and characteristics promote and advance Hon and Grunig’s relationship outcomes and Kent and Taylor’s dialogic public relations principles. If Anything Can Go Wrong, It Will: Murphy’s Law, and the Unintended Consequences of Deliberate Communication • Timothy Penn, University of Maryland • Murphy’s Law popularly describes the unpredictable and often capricious relationship between humans and the modern technological world. The global media environment, changing cultural landscapes and changing social norms amplify this phenomenon. This case study explores this phenomenon by examining the JWT India, Ford Figo advertising campaign scandal. Poster cartoons, submitted for an advertising competition, that featured popular sport, celebrity and political figures kidnapping other celebrities, caused a worldwide media sensation, and led to the resignation of JWT executives. Borrowing from sociological theory, this exploratory study uses Merton’s (1936) typology of the unanticipated consequences of social action as a lens to analyze factors that led to JWT’s releasing the ads, and the worldwide reaction to them. The study used qualitative textual analysis of traditional and social media, on-line interviews and web logs. Analysis found five themes of Merton’s typology, lack of foreknowledge, habit, myopia, values, and self-defeating prediction, could partially explain or describe both the campaign’s release and the subsequent worldwide media reaction. Future research could lead to developing a typology of unintended consequences of deliberate communication for public relations. Mobile Technology and Public Engagement: Exploring the Effects of College Students’ Mobile Phone Use on Their Public Engagement • Yuan Wang, University of Alabama • Mobile communication technology has been exerting a substantial impact on our society and daily lives. This study examined the effects of college students’ mobile phone use on their public engagement and the impacts of public engagement on behavioral intentions. More specifically, it conducted a survey of 409 college students in the United States to investigate college students’ use of mobile phone for information seeking and social media applications. The current study could advance the literature on public relations and mobile communication technology. Furthermore, this study could make some practical implications for university management to utilize mobile technology effectively to engage their students and establish relationships with them. Ethical Approaches to Crisis Communication in Chemical Crises: A Content Analysis of Media Coverage of Chemical Crises from 2010 to 2014 • Xiaochen Zhang, University of Florida; Jonathan Borden, Syracuse University • Through a content analysis of media coverage of chemical crises in the U.S. from 2010 to 2014, this study examined chemical companies’ crisis communication strategies. Results revealed that, compared with large Fortune 500 corporations, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) were more likely to delay their response and to use more legal strategies and less public relations strategies. SMEs were also less likely to use base response strategies in their crisis response. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15413 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/schol-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:08:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15418 Who are the Journalism Kids, and Do They Do Better? • Peter Bobkowski, University of Kansas; Sarah Cavanah, University of Minnesota; Patrick Miller, University of Kansas • Research linking journalism participation in secondary schools with academic outcomes has not adequately addressed selection. Using Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 data, this study (1) examined the academic and demographic attributes of high school journalists, and (2) assessed academic outcomes after accounting for these attributes. High school journalists had higher English self-efficacy, achievement, and positive attachment to school than their peers. Controlling for these attributes, journalists scored modestly higher than non-journalists on standardized English tests. A Look at Student Communication Degree Choices: Influences and timing • Candace Bowen, Kent State University; Maggie Cogar, Kent State University • This study examines the timing of student degree choices in Kent State University’s College of Communication and Information and what influences those choices. The study used a quantitative approach and found many students make these decisions early in their college careers or while still in high school. It also found participation in communications-related activities in high school leads to an earlier declaration of their major. Teaching Multimedia Journalism to High School Students Through the Lens of Freedom Summer • Paromita Pain, The University of Texas at Austin School of Journalism; Gina Masullo Chen, The University of Texas at Austin School of Journalism; Christopher P. Campbell, The University of Southern Mississippi, School of Mass Communication and Journalism • In-depth qualitative interviews with participants of a high school journalism workshop reveal that immersing students in coverage of a historically important news event enhances learning of multimedia journalism. Study explores how using a team-based approach to coverage of the 50th anniversary of Freedom Summer, a key event in Mississippi’s civil rights history, bolsters students’ ability to learn to tell stories using text, photos, video, social media, radio, and blogs. Ramifications for multimedia education are proposed. African American Kansas scholastic journalism: A loss of minority voices in the construct of democracy • Jerry Crawford • The primary purpose of this study is to begin eliminating the gap in the literature regarding African American high school journalism students by examining the paucity of African American students in the state of Kansas’s high school journalism programs. Is there a lack of equitable courses and recruitment of these students in journalism courses? Do advisers see the need to diversify their classroom? Adding to the threat is a of lack funding for Kansas’s high school programs and the myriad demands placed on advisers, including their time and the dilemma of joining state, regional and national professional organizations. #Mustread: How Journalism Textbooks Address Social Media • Aileen Gallagher; Hanna Birkhead • This study examines introductory news writing texts to determine how they teach social media in a journalistic context. Researchers conducted a content analysis of a dozen leading journalism textbooks and coded for mentions of specific social media platforms as well as instructional emphasis for using these platforms. Researchers found that Twitter was the platform identified most frequently in the text and that textbooks emphasized using social media primarily as a news-gathering tool. Determining Predictors of Students’ Success in a Mass Communication Research with an Emphasis on Statistical Learning • Jeffrey Hedrick, Jacksonville State University; J. Patrick McGrail, Jacksonville State University • The current study takes previous research of mass communication students and their mathematical abilities, along with statistic education studies to determine a methodology for predicting successful student performance in a research course that requires statistical proficiency within coursework. Student’s grades in the prerequisite math course, any other prior math education in statistics, and their ACT/SAT served as numerical predictors. Independent variables included gender and area of emphasis within communication. The results support previous findings that journalism majors performed the highest, on average, while finding previous math grades and ACT scores to be moderate predictors of success. What’s in a Name? Boundary Work and a High School Newspaper’s Effort to Ban Redskin • Marina Hendricks, University of Missouri-Columbia • A Pennsylvania high school newspaper published an editorial in Fall 2013 to announce its decision to cease using the name of the school’s sports teams, Redskins. That decision prompted the local school board to institute a policy giving administrators more editorial control over the newspaper. The controversy resonated with U.S. professional journalists, who followed it as it developed. This qualitative textual analysis of 94 news articles sought to understand the boundary work of those journalists. The Historical Impact of City, State, Regional and National Scholastic Press Associations To High School Journalism • Bruce Konkle, University of South Carolina • Nearly 100 years have passed since a scholastic press association was organized in Oklahoma, with more than 165 similar organizations impacting high school publications since 1916. To understand various associations' influence on scholastic journalism, this project highlights their importance to the improvement of student publications, addresses research concerning numerous associations, notes services associations offer members, and lists past and present associations that have had, and continue to have, an influence on print and online student media. Making Mojos: How iPads are enhancing Mobile Journalism Education • NICOLE KRAFT, THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY; NATALEE SEELY, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Journalism students can no longer focus on being just writers or photographers. They need many media skills to have the greatest potential for career success. The iPad and supporting apps create a single tool for students to develop those skills, including note taking, recording, researching, writing and dissemination. We conducted a yearlong study of beginning journalism students utilizing iPads and apps in a flipped journalism class (lectures are homework, and skills are developed in class) and found the iPad could be used to augment journalistic training and accelerate student learning. Self-Censorship in the High School Press: How principals, advisers, and peers influence comfort with controversial topics • Adam Maksl, Indiana University Southeast • A survey of young college students (N=171) was used to examine what educational factors influenced former high school journalism students’ comfort levels with controversial stories running in the student newspaper. Results suggest that perceptions of peers’ and advisers’ comfort with publishing controversial stories influences individual comfort levels. Contrary to suggestions from other scholastic journalism research, former scholastic journalists’ perceptions of their principals’ opinions were minimally predictive of individual comfort levels with running controversial stories. The usefulness of a news media literacy measure in evaluating a news literacy curriculum • Adam Maksl, Indiana University Southeast; Stephanie Craft, University of Illinois; Seth Ashley, Boise State University; Dean Miller, Stony Brook University • A survey of college students showed those who had taken a news literacy course had significantly higher levels of news media literacy, greater knowledge of current events and higher motivation to consume news, compared with students who had not taken the course. The effect of taking the course did not diminish over time. Results validate the News Media Literacy scale and suggest the course is effective in helping equip students to understand and interpret news. Readability and rationale of student speech policy • Erica Salkin, Whitworth University • When public high school students seek to understand their expression rights within their schools, their first stop isn’t the variety of court precedents and state statutes that explain such rights, but rather their own student handbooks and codes of conduct. This study explores student handbooks from 15 states to see how student speech rights and responsibilities are presented, both in terms of clarity of purpose and of readability fit to a high school student. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15418 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/viscom-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:10:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15420 Appearance and Explanation: Advancements in the Evaluation of Information Graphics • Spencer Barnes, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Laura Ruel, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • The research presented in this paper offers new approaches to evaluate the efficacy of information graphics by examining how appearance and explanation can be quantified and analyzed via three novel measures: aesthetic value, learning efficiency, and performance efficiency. Little research has been conducted to determine the implications of these qualities. Findings suggest that information processing predicates explanation and that explanation makes slightly more of a contribution to one’s interaction with an information graphic than appearance. Images of Arab Spring Conflict: A Content Analysis of Five pan-Arab TV News Networks • Michael Bruce, University of Alabama • Guided by framing theory a quantitative content analysis was conducted on news programming from five transnational satellite news channels that broadcast to/from the Arab world—Al Jazeera, Al Jazeera English, Al Arabiya, Alhurra, and BBC Arabic—to determine if differences exist between the networks, and between two dimensions of a network taxonomy—western and liberal commercial—in how Arab Spring conflict and violence was visually framed. Results show that the liberal commercial networks utilized more conflict visuals than western networks. Among the individual networks, Al Jazeera aired the most violent Arab Spring images. However, the majority of Arab Spring visuals from all the networks were conflict free, suggesting that Arab media is not as violent as anecdotal evidence suggests. Place, space, and time: Elite media as visual gatekeepers in the formation of iconic imagery • Nicole Dahmen, University of Oregon; Daniel Morrison, University of Oregon • Media gatekeeping has been a critical component in the formation of iconic imagery. This research examines differences between identification of iconic imagery when comparing a prompt of commonly used elite media images to an unprompted response in effort to ascertain which images are, in fact, considered most iconic by audiences. Findings indicate that the democratization of the news via social media has had the unanticipated effect of rescinding the uniformity of collective visual consciousness and the traditional formation of iconic imagery. Access Denied: Exploring the relationship between the Obama administration’s access policies and visual journalists’ ability to function as independent watchdogs • Nicole Dahmen, University of Oregon; Erin Coyle, Louisiana State University • The Obama administration has continued to restrict media access, specifically for visual journalists, to presidential events, instead offering White House captured photos, best described as visual news releases, which undermines the ability of the press to gather information and to report news. Through surveys and in-depth interviews with WHNPA members, findings provide evidence that visuals journalists understand their watchdog role and that White House practices interfere with visual journalists’ ability to perform this critical function. Image, Race, and Rhetoric: The Contention for Visual Space on Twitter • Michael DiBari, Hampton University; Edgar Simpson • This study examines photographs associated with the Twitter hashtag ifiweregunneddown through the lens of visual rhetoric, concluding that social media users engaged in a protest against mainstream media by using images of themselves to reassert their identity. Data was examined through the theory of the public sphere, suggesting that societal members use information available to them to debate and determine meaning. This study also borrows theory from geography and the concept of contested space. Finding Photojournalism: The Search for Photojournalism’s Birth as a Term and Practice • Timothy Roy Gleason, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh • The history of photojournalism is wealthy in tales of glory but poor in the understanding of how photojournalism emerged as a term and set of practices. This paper tracks the language used to describe pre-photojournalism through the beginnings of photojournalism, roughly marked as during WWII. Pictorial journalism and press photography can be viewed as photojournalism’s predecessors. Photojournalism, as a term, appeared as late as 1938, but it wouldn’t come into popular usage for decades. Visually framing press freedom and responsibility of a massacre: Photographic and graphic images in Charlie Hedbo's newspaper front pages around the world • Kristin Gustafson, University of Washington Bothell; Linda Jean Kenix • This research examines 441 front-page images published in 367 newspapers on the day following the shooting in Paris of twelve people at or near the satirical magazine to understand how mainstream media visually frame responsibility for the Charlie Hedbo massacre and how visual framing coalesced to represent collective narratives about press freedom. Through a collaborative visual analysis, this study attempts to understand how the selected visual frames worked to communicate the causes, effects, and responses to the massacre and also to press freedom—an ideological construct that that news media had a vested interest in advancing. The State of the Scholarship: 
Exploring the theories and methods used in visual communication journals • Matthew Haught, University of Memphis; David Morris II, University of Memphis • As the field of visual communication continues to grow in academic program, its scholarship also has developed. Once rooted in communication, psychology, anthropology, and sociology, visual communication itself has emerged as an independent academic discipline. Yet, its research tends to draw on theories and methods from its roots. Using a content analysis of two leading visual communication journals, Visual Communication Quarterly and Visual Communication, this study compares the theoretical perspectives, research topics, methodologies, data collection and visual data used in visual communication research. It concludes that, overwhelmingly, photography and graphic design research dominate the visual communication landscape. On their Own: Freelance Photojournalists in Conflict Zones • Pinar Istek • The recession increased media organizations’ reliance on freelance photojournalists, while affecting the support they receive covering conflict zones. This study investigates freelance and staff photojournalists’ perception of support they receive and whether that affects content produced. Grounded theory was used to analyze nine in-depth interviews with freelance and staff photojournalists. The research found that freelance photojournalists receive less than sufficient support. Both believe that support systems improve their coverage in conflict zones. Visual Expressions of Black Identity: African American & African Museum Web sites • Melissa Johnson, NC State University; Keon Pettiway, NC State University • This qualitative and quantitative content analysis examines 46 African American museum Web sites. Described are images, sound, and visual dynamism. Merelman’s Cultural Projection theory serves as a foundation to explain how the African- and African American-centric organizations express Black and organizational identities. The findings add to the literature on counter-stereotypes, provide suggestions regarding methodological challenges of digital content analysis, and offer ideas for Web designers and content providers. What Does Moral Look Like? A Second-Level Agenda-Setting Study Linking Nonverbal Behavior to Character Traits in Politicians • Danielle Kilgo; Trent Boulter; Renita Coleman • The study explores which nonverbal behaviors – specific facial expressions, and gestures – lead viewers to attribute specific character traits to political figures, building on the substantive dimension of second-level agenda setting theory. Findings include direct eye contact, shaking hands, and smiling lead to inferences of caring, and crossed arms make people think the person is uncaring. Shaking hands and raised, open arms led to inferences of competence. Honesty was only linked to raised or open arms. Child Survivors of Sandy Hook: An Analysis of Front-Page Photographs in U.S Newspapers • Eun Jeong Lee, The University of Texas at Austin • This study examined how U.S. newspapers visually framed images of child survivors on their newspaper front-page. A content analysis of 646 photographs from U.S newspapers suggests that human interest framing dominated the news coverage by emphasizing graphic images of human suffering of tragic incident. The results also showed that U.S. newspapers were more likely to feature negative emotional portrayals of child survivors during the news coverage. Visual Frames of War Photojournalism, Empathy, and Information Seeking • Jennifer Midberry, Temple University • This between-subjects experiment examines how people respond affectively and behaviorally to images that depict the human cost of war compared to those of militarism. More specifically, this paper investigates whether photos with three types of human-cost-of-war visual frames and with one militarism visual frame evoke differing levels of empathy, distress, and information seeking behavior in participants. The findings help expand our understanding about the way audiences emotionally process and react to conflict photos and they have implications for how photojournalists and photo editors might present audiences with images of war that will engage individuals rather than overwhelm them. Al-Sabeen Square suicide attack remediated: A visual analysis of propaganda of the deed in Yemeni Press • Natalia Mielczarek • This project engages iconographic tracking and visual rhetorical analysis to analyze the remediation and recontextualization of terrorist-produced images in Yemeni press to cover one of the deadliest suicide bombings in recent history. The study offers the concept of participatory jihad, which explores the use of terrorist-produced photographs as user-generated content in participatory culture and illuminates the ongoing symbiotic relationship between mainstream media and modern-day terrorists as communicators. Citizen Framing of Ferguson in 2015: Visual Representations on Twitter and Tumblr • Ceeon Smith, Arizona State University; Mia Moody-Ramirez, Baylor University; LIllie Fears; Randle Brenda • This content analysis of the photos and text in Tumblr posts and tweets following Michael Brown’s death in 2014 indicates the most salient themes characterized Ferguson as a war zone, Middle East-like and out of control. Citizens on both Twitter and Tumblr used similar photos and text to frame both Brown and Ferguson in a certain manner. Framing of Michael Brown, on the other hand, was dichotomous in nature, depicting him either as a hero or a villain. The most telling visual frames that emerged were the photos that included protestors engulfed in pillars of smoke, holding signs containing various messages or holding their arms in the air as a symbol of surrender. Comparing these two types of platforms provided the means for characterizing citizen framing of the Michael Brown killing in Ferguson, Mo. Visual framing of global sporting events in world newspapers: A comparison study • David Morris II, University of Memphis • Newspapers have long covered worldwide sporting events; however, their coverage can reflect multiple viewpoints on the events. Using a content analysis of photography and design elements, this study considers the nationalist and global coverage frames used by newspapers worldwide for the 2014 Winter Olympics and FIFA World Cup. It found that newspapers use different visual tools to cover the sporting events, with photographs being the most prominent. Countries also tended to cover the events through a national perspective. Only Brazilian newspapers in the coverage of the FIFA World Cup provided extensive non-national coverage of the events. This study advances the understanding of newspapers as a means of building national identity, as sports and coverage of sports help to show pride in one’s own nation. Hashing out the normal and the deviant: A visual stereotyping study of the stigmatization of marijuana use before and after recreational legalization in Colorado • Tara Marie Mortensen; Aimei Yang, University of Southern California; Anan Wan, University of South Carolina • In a development that Goffman (1963) refers to as normification, marijuana use in the United States is becoming more mainstream. Despite moves toward normification, the lingering stereotype of the marijuana user in the United States for many is that of the lazy, often-minority, lethargic and unkempt unmotivated young person; the pleasure-seeking, rebellious and criminal bum (Haines-Saah, et al., 2014; Lee, 2012; Simmons, 1965). This study was interested in examining visual stereotypes of marijuana users in the news, and whether normification – as measured by legalization in Colorado – had an effect on the presence of stereotypes. A quantitative content analysis of 458 visuals in 10 different media outlets of different political persuasions both six months prior to and six months proceeding legalization in Colorado was undertaken. Results show that while normification had little effect on stereotyping, political disposition of the news outlets was associated with different levels of stereotyping. How The New York Times Uses Infographics and Data Visualizations Across News Sections and to Foster Engagement • Yee Man (Margaret) Ng, The University of Texas at Austin School of Journalism • This study assessed the differences in the use of infographics and visualizations across news sections and examined what built-in features tend to use to foster audience engagement. Adopting Segel and Heer (2010) narrative visualization categories, a content analysis and two in-depth case studies were conducted to analyze common design components employed on infographics and visualizations across news sections at the New York Times’ websites in 2012. It was found that the largest portion of the graphics produced was found in business and the economy sections. Graphs, such as line charts and bar charts, were the most popular design component. Author-driven and random access were the main approaches of narrative across all new sections. Three NYT editors were interviewed to provide a journalistic perspective on how infographics and visualizations could help audience engagement. They revealed that it was harder for editors and reporters to come up with unique features for hard news due to tighter deadlines. In contrast, visualizations for feature news were usually planned ahead of time and allowed sufficient time to experiment with interactive features. The main design principles included clear content, unique presentation and engaging exploration to readers. Also, interactive visualizations that offered readers an opportunity to figure out data related to them personally could improve audience engagement. Anti-Smoking Ads and College Students • Sung Eun Park • College students account for a considerable number of smokers in the United States, and their consumption of cigarettes remains at high levels. Consequently, testing important ad components (i.e., image and message) is worthwhile. While the prevalence of celebrity spokespersons is salient in commercial product ads, celebrities received relatively little attention in the field of health communication. The study attempts to identify their influence on advertising effects: ad image likeability, ad helpfulness, and ad overall likeability. Using Infographics in Television News: Effects of TV Graphics on Information Recall about Sexually Transmitted Diseases among Young Americans • Ivanka Pjesivac, University of Georgia; Nicholas Geidner, University of Tennessee; Laura Miller, University of Tennessee • This experimental study (N=113) examined the effects of the visual presentations of data in television news on young Americans’ recall of information about sexually transmitted diseases, as well as the roles of individual characteristics in this process. The results show that individuals who saw either a tabular or graphical presentation of information about sexually transmitted diseases better remembered that information than those who only heard the anchor describe the numbers. Our study further found that participants high in quantitative media literacy recalled significantly more information than participants low in quantitative media literacy, but this individual characteristic did not moderate the relationship between style of information presentation and recall. Spatial thinking did not significantly predict information recall, although the effect went into the right direction. The results support the assumptions of Dual-Coding theory of information processing and Limited Capacity Model of mediated message processing. It also represents the first step in linking individual differences to the processing of information from infographics from television news. Twitter Images in Middle Eastern Higher Education: A Visual Content Analysis Approach • Husain Ebrahim, University of Kansas; Hyunjin Seo, University of Kansas • We conducted a content analysis of 537 Twitter images posted by Kuwait University, King Saud University of Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates University to examine how public universities in the Middle East use social media to promote their agenda. Specifically, we analyzed prominent topics and democracy frames featured in the Twitter images as well as structural characteristics of those images. In terms of image type, most Twitter images posted by the three universities were still photos. Our analysis shows significant differences between the three universities in terms of the most prominent topic category and democracy frame. A significantly higher proportion of the Twitter images posted by Kuwait University featured educational and political topic categories. In comparison, the social topic category was the most prominent in the Twitter images posted by King Saud University and United Arab Emirates University. Our analysis of democracy frames shows that these public universities often used their social media channels to promote the respective government’s political agenda. These and other findings are discussed in the context of the rising social media use in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries and the role of visuals in the society. Feeling the disaster: An interpretive visual analysis of emotive television reportage following Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan • Chiaoning Su, Temple University • The televisual medium is particularly keyed into the emotional narratives of disaster. Using an interpretive visual analysis to examine the first week of broadcast news coverage of Typhoon Morakot—one of the worst natural disasters in Taiwanese history, this article found a series of television techniques, such as interruption of commercials, live broadcasting, dramatization, and cinematic vignettes, have been used to convey and elicit the feelings of horror, grief, anger, pride, and compassion from the audience. While many media critics reduce such media construction to evidence of weepy journalism and therapy news, which exploits public emotions to boost ratings, this article explores the cultural function of emotive disaster coverage. In fact, such coverage united a traumatized society and allowed journalists to establish their cultural authority through emotional storytelling . Putting pictures in our heads: Second-level agenda setting of news stories and photos • Carolyn Yaschur, Augustana College • Using an experimental design, this research explores the second-level agenda-setting effects of news stories and photographs independent of each other. The tone of both stories and photos influences public opinion on an affective level. Negative stories and photographs elicited negative opinions and attitudes about the issues presented, while positive responses resulted from both positive stories and photographs. Additionally, need for orientation was not found to be a predictor of second-level agenda-setting effects. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15420 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/comjig-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:13:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15426 Advocates, Guardians, and Promoters: Factors that Influence Community Journalists’ Coverage of Rural Poverty • Michael Clay Carey, Samford University • Incorporating research on structural pluralism and gatekeeping as a framework, this research utilizes interviews with local journalists at four different rural Appalachian community news outlets to consider factors that influence news coverage of poverty. Journalists described external and internal pressures that influenced the gatekeeping process, such as the urge to push for substantive change in their communities, the desire to protect residents viewed as vulnerable, and philosophies about what journalists generally and community journalists specifically should strive to accomplish. The strongly expressed at times conflicting personal motives heavily influenced the presence and tone of social issue, shaping coverage as much as (if not more than) the external pressures described in previous studies of structural pluralism. Often, they led journalists to limit or altogether avoid stories about social need. The problematic nature of that exclusion and strategies journalists might use to reorient coverage of poverty are discussed. Health News Coverage in Kentucky Newspapers • Molly Burchett, University of Kentucky; Al Cross, University of Kentucky; Melissa Patrick, University of Kentucky • In Kentucky, a state with poor health status, the health coverage in community newspapers deals mainly with health behavior, primarily prevention, but though the state ranks No. 1 or 2 in smoking, very little behavior coverage is devoted to smoking. The broadest source of the coverage is from news releases and other subsidies of the news operation, including wire services. A new, specialized service aimed at rural media provided 1.6 percent of the coverage. Resistance to coverage of localities' poor health status was illustrated by the paucity and nature of coverage of the annual County Health Rankings. Community Journalism: Relentlessly Deviant? CATA of Normative Deviance and Localness in American Community Newspaper Websites • Marcus Funk, Sam Houston State University • Computerized content analysis software, or CATA, offers intriguing insight into the publication of normative deviance on the websites of American community and non-local newspapers. CATA of news factors, ANOVAs, and Pearson’s correlations indicate that community newspaper websites remain relentlessly local, but are otherwise as focused on normative deviance as metropolitan and national publications. Put another way: Once localness is established, online community newspaper content is statistically indistinguishable from online metropolitan and national newspaper content. High Stakes in the High Plains: Attitudes of Rural Editors and Publishers in Areas Facing Depopulation • David Guth, University of Kansas • This survey research focuses on the attitudes of rural newspaper editors and publishers in the U.S. High Plains. The region faces depopulation that threatens the existence of their newspapers and communities. The editors and publishers are comfortable in their potential conflicting roles of community watchdog and booster. While respondents have positive attitudes toward the future of their publications, they are concerned about succession – Who will take their place when they are gone? Building community through branding at NPR member stations • Joseph Kasko, University of South Carolina • This research is composed of 20 in-depth, qualitative interviews with managers at NPR stations across the U.S. to examine how they are attempting to build a sense of community through branding. The findings suggest public radio stations are promoting the NPR brand and local brand messages to build community. Stations are also promoting brand messages through events, community partnerships and electronic communication. Cultivating News Coverage: An analysis of California agriculture reporting • Sandra Robinson, Cal State Monterey Bay • Agriculture is one of the largest industries in the world, the United States and California. The industry has an impact on our environment, economy and society. Since the 1950s, information about agriculture topics and issues has decreased in mainstream media, while niche agriculture and trade publications have become more prevalent. Media coverage of this industry matters. Newspapers remain a useful source for agriculture news, as this is often the most local media outlet in prime agriculture areas. This study examines agriculture reporting in select California newspapers and compares data with a previous study of Illinois newspapers. A topical and framing analysis determined California newspapers publish fewer, but longer articles about agriculture. In interviews, editors in both states said the loss of full time reporters is the greatest challenge to news coverage of all types. Both studies indicate a lack of critical coverage of the agriculture industry. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15426 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/esig-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:15:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15429 International Satiric TV Shows As Critical Infotainment (A Comparative Analysis) • Paul Alonso, Georgia Tech • This article analyzes, contrasts and compares the discourse of three satiric infotainment television shows built around their hosts: American Jon Stewart (host of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart); British comedian Sacha Baron Cohen (the actor who incarnates the popular characters Borat, Bruno and Ali G, in the Da Ali G Show), and Peruvian Jaime Bayly (host of the Peruvian TV show El Francotirador/The Sniper). These three cases not only responded to their specific national, social, and political contexts, but also demonstrate important similarities: they parody journalistic genres questioning its authority and values, they use humor to develop socio-political and cultural critiques, the shows revolve around a talented character who is a media celebrity, and all of these characters perform interventions on reality. This research goes beyond the notion of fake news identifying deeper connections between international cases, in order to illuminate the transnational phenomenon of satiric infotainment, its potential and contradictions. Musicality and uses of music in satirical animation: A qualitative analysis • Calli Breil, University of Missouri; Samuel Tham, University of Missouri School of Journalism • Music has long been ignored as an essential part that influences mood and understanding of a show and stereotypes. This study used a qualitative analysis to examine specific musical choices of three animated shows and found differences in racial stereotypes, characters, and even usage of popular songs to convey a plot, or a character’s experience. Rich and Fabulous: The Marginalizing Power of Television Situational Comedies and the Contrived Gay Market • Robert Byrd, University of Memphis • The purpose of this paper is to examine issues of class and consumption in the programs, which excludes any queer individual not belonging to a constructed gay buying bloc consisting of affluent gay men with large disposable incomes. This exclusion from the homonormative notions of affluent gay men further marginalizes LGBTQ people from lower socio-economic groups, which often includes LGBTQ people of color and women. The study uses discourse analysis through a queer theory lens to examine five television situational comedies aired during the 2012-2013 television season to better understand the role of affluence and consumption in the visibility of sexual minorities. Time-Shifting vs. Appointment Viewing: The Role of Fear of Missing Out within TV Consumption Habits • Lindsey Conlin, The University of Southern Mississippi; Andrew Billings, University of Alabama; Lauren Auverset, University of Alabama • Employing a national sample of 160 respondents, this study investigates the phenomenon of fear-of-missing-out (FoMO). Results indicated that FoMO plays a role in the pace that people choose to watch TV, as well as whether they are likely to watch some one-time TV entertainment programs, yet not for one-time sporting events. FoMO also predicted social media use as it relates to TV watching. Implications and directions for future research are discussed Melfi’s choice: Morally conflicted content leads to moral deliberation in viewers • Serena Daalmans, Radboud University; Allison Eden, VU University Amsterdam; Merel van Ommen; Addy Weijers • This study investigates if morally conflicted and controversial content, which is often denounced as morally desensitizing, may lead to moral deliberation in viewers. The results of a quasi-experiment reveal that moral deliberation was predicted by transportation into the narrative and was related to increased appreciation for the episode. The results support the notion that media potentially function as a morality sandbox in which to play with or test out moral concerns, even in regards to controversial and violent content. The Influence of Social Identity Salience on Mediated Contact: Examining the Effect of a Common Ingroup Identity • Jannath Ghaznavi, University of California, Davis; Laramie Taylor, University of California Davis • The present study examines the role of social identity salience and entertainment programming on facilitating positive intergroup outcomes. Applying the common ingroup identity model to a mediated contact setting, we examined the influence of shared or exclusive group identities (familial identity, gay identity) and entertainment genres (comedy, drama) on social category salience, perceived similarity to gay male media characters, and attitudes toward gay men among heterosexual viewers. Exposure to entertainment programming in which gay male characters are depicted in a familial or gay identity context influenced the extent to which corresponding social identities were salient. Frequency of social contact with sexual minorities moderated the effect of exposure to media content emphasizing a particular group identity on perceived similarity and attitudes toward gay men. Results provide initial evidence into the effects of social identity salience on social perceptions and evaluations of often-stigmatized minority groups. Effect of Narcissism, Para-social Interaction, and Gratifications Sought on Singing Competition Reality Shows among Chinese Audiences • Lei Guo; Deya Xu, Department of Communication, CUHK • In recent years, reality shows, especially the singing competition reality shows, have dominated Mainland Chinese TV program market gradually. However, there is a lack of literature specializes in studying singing competition reality shows. To fill this gap, this research focuses on exploring the viewing gratifications of the shows among Chinese audiences, at the same time classifies these shows into two genres from developmental perspective for the first time. Data was collected from 411 Chinese audiences aged 19 to 65. Additional analysis reveals that the most salient motives for watching the shows are meeting the ambition, high production quality pursuing, social interaction, emotional elements attraction, individual interests, and relaxation. In addition, both narcissism and para-social interaction are found significantly related to gratification sought from the shows viewing. Concurrently, the gratifications, narcissism, and para-social interaction are significantly associating with certain genres of Chinese singing competition reality shows. Gender, Sex and Violence: The Differences in Sexual and Violent Content in Male and Female Musicians’ Lyrics and Music Videos • Stacey Hust, Washington State University; Kathleen Rodgers, Department of Human Development, Washington State University; Nicole O'Donnell, Washington State University; Weina Ran; Stephanie Ebreo, Washington State University • An analysis of music lyrics and their corresponding music video segments (n = 610 stanzas) from Billboard’s Hot 100 reveals popular music offers numerous variations of sexual and violent scripts by gender of musician. The results provide insight into the impact of gender on content creation. It extends prior research by identifying that female objectification in mainstream music videos is an artifact of the video production, and not a factor associated with the musician’s lyrics. Subtitles in Entertainment Television in South Korea: Focused on a Third-Person Effect • Hyeri Jung, The University of Texas at Austin • The Korea Communications Standards Commission (KCSC) has announced a ban on the use of subtitles consisting of vulgar language in South Korean entertainment television, arguing that they deteriorate the quality of audiences’ ordinary language use. This study attempts to investigate whether the argument of the KCSC is valid by analyzing the subtitles with a substantial use of multiple methods and a third-person effect hypothesis. The findings of this study illustrate interesting aspects that may revisit the third-person effect model and linguistic values in entertainment television. The appeal of sad comedies and funny dramas: Exploring oppositional affective responses and their implications for culture • Jinhee Kim, Pohang University of Science and Technology; Keunyeong Karina Kim, Pennsylvania State University; mihye seo • This study explores the appeal of entertainment messages that include two extreme opposite ends of comedy (as one extreme) and tragedy (as the other extreme). A cross-cultural experiment that assesses real-time responses reveals that South Koreans are more likely than U.S. Americans to enjoy and appreciate entertainment messages that induce opposing affective (comic and tragic) as well as physical (laughing and crying) responses via heightened naïve dialecticism. Findings are interpreted as suggesting East Asians’ great acceptance for contradiction as well as reversible change that emphasize harmonious integration of any two opposing elements in the universe. Under Pressure: Explaining the Role of Character Development in the Evaluation of Morally Ambiguous Characters in Entertainment Media • Mariska Kleemans; Serena Daalmans, Radboud University; Merel van Ommen; Allison Eden, VU University Amsterdam; Addy Weijers • The current project aims at better understanding of how narrative characteristics in stories function in the liking, moral evaluation, and enjoyment of narratives featuring morally ambiguous characters. Results of both a qualitative content analysis and an experiment provide support for the claim that character development is a central mechanism to explain viewer responses to MACs in narrative content. Therewith, the study provides new directions for affective disposition research. Parasocial Processing of a Situational Comedy: An Experimental Study • Travis Loof, Texas Tech University • This post-test only experimental design revealed that audio-only direct address by the title character was significantly associated with more feelings of subjective address and indirectly the experience of parasocial interaction (EPSI). Additionally, this study demonstrated an empirical link between content, interpersonal theories, and mediated characters. This study examined perceived self-disclosure and attributional confidence as predictors of parasocial relationship (PSR) interaction. Findings are discussed in terms of the growing use of character address and flashbacks within narrative television. I Give the Civil Rights Four Stars: Film Criticism of The Help, The Butler and Selma • Kathleen McElroy, Oklahoma State; Danny Shipka • Three recent Hollywood films, The Help (2011), Lee Daniels’ The Butler (2013) and Selma (2014), drew attention for depicting the Civil Rights Movement and the Jim Crow South. While Hollywood has been scrutinized for its role in racial discourse, less attention has been paid to film critics’ discussion of race in their reviews. This paper examines the critical response to these films, with an emphasis on the reviewers’ reliance on memory and history in forming their opinions. A textual analysis found that critics were reverential toward the movement and the black experience but still mistrustful of the Hollywood system to do a credible job in explaining or understanding the events. The reviewers shaped and shared a memory of nightmarish race relations and prescribed corrections for both Hollywood and America. Self-Confidence, Stardom and Post-Racial Culture: Gabourey Sidibe in Entertainment Journalism • Russell Meeuf, University of Idaho • The rise to fame of Gabourey Sidibe—the overweight, black actress from Precious and American Horror Story—illustrates the prevalence of post-racial discourse in U.S. entertainment media. Examining the discursive construction of Sidibe’s fame in entertainment magazines, this paper demonstrates how the insistent focus on Sidibe’s self-confidence reflects post-racial discourse and the denial of structural racism. Instead, Sidibe’s star persona celebrates individual solutions to social problems and a colorblind model of universal womanhood. Millennial Audience Reception to Lyrics Depicting Independent Women • Mia Moody-Ramirez, Baylor University; Lakia Scott • This case study used a Black feminist lens and a constructivist approach to encourage college students to discuss representations of women and independence. After an initial assessment of students’ definitions of independence, researchers provided various videos on the topic and gauged their changes in perceptions. Findings indicated that participants had various definitions and opinions of independence based on personal and family beliefs. While their definitions did not change after watching rap videos, participants were able to discuss more dimensions of independence following this exercise. At the beginning of the study, participants mainly associated independence with issues related to their parents, relationships, and finances. After viewing the videos, they noted that rappers had many different perceptions of independence that linked the term to sexuality, beauty, gender, and power which ultimately influenced their developing perceptions of independence. One of the goals of constructivism is to help students become life-long learners and better critical thinkers. We encourage scholars to build on this article to develop curriculum that will enable young adults to become their own version of independent. Watching American Entertainment Television in India • Jane O'Boyle, University of South Carolina • India has increasing access to American entertainment programs, through a growing economy, expanding satellite systems and internet access. Founded on cultivation theory, this qualitative study included telephone and online interviews with India residents on Reddit.com (N=182) and found Breaking Bad is the most popular American program among respondents, followed by Game of Thrones, The Big Bang Theory, Friends and Seinfeld. This study also found most viewed the programs by downloading them illegally, largely for avoiding government censors. Discussion addresses the implications for American identity around the world and cross-cultural media effects. Broadcasting upon a shooting star: An exploratory study of Afreeca TV’s live-stream self broadcast model • Soo-Kwang Oh, William Paterson University; Hyun-Ju Choi • This exploratory study examined the newly emerging and increasingly popular online personal broadcasting service, Afreeca TV. The website features a livestream self-broadcasting system accompanied by a live chat window. This study sought employed a qualitative content analysis of most popular shows on Afreeca TV to identify the elements that make its model successful in today’s digital media landscape. The researchers discuss following key elements that may explain Afreeca TV’s success: diversified content, audience participation/influence, virtual celebrity, the Star Balloon feature, sociality, and the livecast management system. Identification through Online Mediated Sports: Examining Parasocial Interaction with Sports Players of Color • Po-Lin Pan, Arkansas State University; Li Zeng, Arkansas State University • A two (Race of sports players: Black vs. Asian) by two (Race of sports viewers: Black vs. Asian) by two (Gender difference: Male vs. female) mixed factorial experiment was designed to examine online sports viewers’ parasocial interaction (PSI) with sports players of color. Results found that online sports viewers were more likely to exhibit a higher level of PSI when viewing athletes of the same racial group than viewing those from a different racial group. Black viewers showed a higher level of PSI with the Black player than with the Asian player. Correspondingly, Asian viewers exhibited a higher level of PSI with the Asian player than with the Black player. Evidence for similarity identification suggested that the more similar media viewers are to media characters, the more likely the former are to develop affective bonds with the latter. In the context of online mediated sports, these affective bonds would direct online sports viewers to desire even greater similarity to sports players, and activate online sports viewers to take sports players’ perspective, eventually leading to a higher level of PSI. Mythmaking in Singapore: The case of Ah Boys to Men 1 and II • Stacy Lai; Daoyi Lin; Wirdayu Binte Safie; Phoebe Seow; Hazel Wee; Fernando Paragas • This paper uses discourse analysis to surface how the myths of nationhood, masculinity and male adulthood are negotiated in the Singapore movies Ah Boys to Men Part 1 and Ah Boys to Men Part II. Our analysis shows that while the narratives contain viewpoints on nationhood, masculinity and the male rite of passage that reflect accepted socio-political and cultural norms and values, certain aspects of nation-building as portrayed in the movies do not match the national rhetoric. The effects of insulting weight jokes and online comments on explicit and implicit weight-based attitudes • Scott Parrott • This study investigates weight-based disparagement humor, or communication in which one person uses humor to insult another person because he/she is overweight or obese. Decades ago, researchers began examining reasons people enjoy witnessing the ridicule of others. Nevertheless, we remain unclear on whether exposure to disparagement humor informs attitudes concerning the target. This study, an experiment, investigates how exposure to weight-based disparagement humor and normative cues informs explicit and implicit attitudes concerning weight. The data suggest short-term exposure to disparagement humor does not elicit explicit attitude change. However, data suggest that exposure informs implicit affect concerning people who are obese. Fun versus Meaningful Video Game Experiences: A Qualitative Analysis of User Responses • Ryan Rogers; Julia Woolley; Mary Beth Oliver; Nicholas Bowman; Brett Sherrick, Penn State; Mun-Young Chung, Pennsylvania State University • Traditionally, entertainment research has focused on the hedonic gratifications of media consumption but media scholars have recently begun to expand their focus to include both meaningfulness and enjoyment as orthogonal dimensions of viewer experience. In other words, experiences of enjoyment result from the fulfillment of hedonic needs, such as enhancing positive mood and decreasing negative mood, experiences of meaningfulness result from the fulfillment of eudaimonic needs, such as insight into the human condition or understanding of life truths. Most of these studies are limited to film but this study examines video games. To explore how video games might provide individuals with meaningful experiences, we conducted an online study that implemented open-ended questions. Participants could respond however they saw fit to best explain their answers to the questions. This allowed participants to describe in detail what they felt made a video game meaningful or enjoyable. If You Can’t Beat Them, Join Them- Hollywood’s Answer to Bollywood Remakes. • Enakshi Roy, Ohio University • This study examines Bollywood remakes of Hollywood movies from a perspective of international law and how it is applied to copyright violations, infringement and fair use in the context of content appropriation. By scrutinizing the four court cases in which a Bollywood producer was sued by a Hollywood studio for content appropriation or infringement this paper analyses how Bollywood gets away with making blatant copies from Hollywood. The analysis reveals that the Indian court system, using tests and standards such as the Merger and Scenes c Faire, the lay observer test and derivative work argument often rule in favor of the Indian movie makers, by considering the remade Bollywood movies are distinct non-infringed products. Getting monetary damages become further difficult as the Hollywood studios find it difficult to prove any loss of income, because Bollywood earnings are lower than Hollywood. The paper explores the possibility of a middle ground where the two movie producing markets could meet. The paper tries to understand movie adaptation from a legal perspective rather than a content creation perspective. But First, Let Me Take a #selfie: An Examination of Self-objectification and Face-ism on Instagram • Erin Ryan, Kennesaw State University; Cynthia Nichols, Oklahoma State University • Decades of research on face-ism in traditional media consistently report women are more likely to be pictured from a more distant perspective than men, showing more of their bodies. In a cultivation-like manner, women are socialized to believe that their most important characteristics are located in the body. In the online arena, however, individuals have much more control over their image and may self-present in any way they choose. Unfortunately, it appears that online users of social networks are mirroring the traditional, gendered manner of presenting the self. To examine this phenomenon within the framework of self-objectification and impression management on the image-focused social network Instagram, this content analysis used the face-ism index and shot type to determine the facial prominence of 382 female and male posters of selfies. Results indicated that the face-ism effect prevails: women posted significantly more body-centric selfies than men, had a lower degree of facial prominence on the face-ism index than men, and engaged in a duckface pose significantly more often than men. These results conform to traditional media-based theoretical expectations, indicating that Instagram users self-objectify when posting online. Results are discussed in the context of Baumeister and Hutton’s (1987) self-presentation theory and Leary’s (1996) self-presentational tactics. All I Want for Christmas is You: 'Tis the Season for Holiday Romance • David Staton, University of Oregon SOJC; Kathleen Ryan, University of Colorado Boulder • This paper looks at tropes found in made-for-television holiday films, using Sontag's concept of camp and Barthes' concept of myth. The authors find three tropes, each based prior Christmas theatrical films/stories. While the original films or stories inspired lessons about the need to devote oneself to charity and social justice (A Christmas Carol), the ever-expanding circles of influence an individual’s selfless actions can have on a community (It’s a Wonderful Life), and the importance of faith in humanity (Miracle on 34th Street), the authors argue the made-for-television versions boil down to a different message: the reinforcement of hetero-normative relationships and the myth of true love. The Intersection of the Disney Princess Phenomenon & Eating Disorders: A Case Study of @BunnieJuice on Twitter • Erin Ryan, Kennesaw State University • The Disney Princess phenomenon has been well documented in recent years, and results of such studies indicate that these characters exert a powerful influence on children’s media and self-identity, defining girlhood in a highly gendered fashion, rife with stereotypical representations. And for girls who have grown up with this princess-like beauty ideal, body dissatisfaction is at an all-time high. Increased media exposure is related to children’s preference for thin adult figures that could represent their future selves. And, unfortunately, social comparison to these figures has resulted in a proliferation of eating disorders. To examine this intersection of the Disney Princess and the prevalence of eating disordered lifestyles, this case study presents a thematic analysis of anonymous Twitter user @BunnieJuice, a self-professed Disney princess fan and active anorexic. Through the analysis of her 11 months of tweets, pictures, and retweets, three overall themes emerged: harmful thinspiration, self-destructive behavior (i.e., starvation, binging, and cutting), and negativity aimed at others. Examples of Disney-inspired tweets include Disney princess thinspo pictures, the use of a Tinker Bell box for her cutting instruments, and quoting from Disney movies to others who have wronged her. @BunnieJuice has clearly co-opted the princess image to justify her eating disordered lifestyle and to motivate herself to continue this behavior. Gypsies, Tramps & Thieves: Examining Representations of Roma Culture in 70 Years of American Television • Adina Schneeweis, Oakland University; Katie Foss, Middle Tennessee State University • Most Americans have very little first-hand experience with Roma culture, commonly known as Gypsies, and therefore base their perceptions on media representations. Yet news and entertainment media have perpetuated negative stereotypes, disseminating misinformation about this minority group. Further, there is thin anthological attention to the representation of the Roma and Gypsy ethnicity in U.S. media. To examine the evolution of knowledge-production in American TV content, this research examined portrayals of Gypsies and their culture in fictional programs, from 1953 through 2014. The textual analysis of 84 episodes from 35 shows revealed that television has reinforced negative stereotypes, suggesting that Gypsies are consistently different and other, intrinsically inclined to a criminal lifestyle, a closed ethnic community that is resistant to change and has its own internal rules. More recent representations convey that Gypsies may be misunderstood due to their cultural history, yet this depiction is not only considerably less visible than the others, but also emerges as a mere nod toward tolerance, far from a complex narrative of historical trauma. How do readers contribute to processing of a fictional text? Analyzing readers’ performance of a narrative by using mental models approach • Neelam Sharma • Narrative performance is a process by which readers bring both facts and emotions to construct distinct story worlds into which they can travel. This study advances narrative processing literature by examining readers’ inferential, affective, evaluatory, and self-referential responses to a narrative. Sixteen participants in India read a short fictional story, drew story-related pictures and participated in depth interviews. The study demonstrated that empathy with characters resulted in more evaluation by the readers, and that self-referencing aided in narrative performance. GIRLS and Sex: A Content Analysis of Sexual Health Depictions in HBO’s GIRLS • Elise Stevens, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Kyla Garret • GIRLS is a fictional comedy-drama show with 4.1 million viewers. It follows Millennial women living in New York City dealing with relationships, sex, and careers. GIRLS has received much attention for its portrayals of sex, dialogue about sexual risk and responsibility, and the inclusion of humor. This systematic, quantitative content analysis of the first three seasons of GIRLS examines sexual behaviors, sexual talk, sexual risk and responsibility, and the usage of humor. Results revealed light kissing to be the most prevalent of all sexual behaviors followed by passionate kissing, intimate touching, and sexual intercourse. Sexual talk was greatest when talking about future sexual actions or interests. Negative emotions due to sex, endorsement of contraceptives, and HIV/STIs had the greatest mentions of risk and responsibility. Additionally, humor was incorporated more frequently in scenes with risk and responsibility. Since humor can increase attention and interest in a topic, implications of GIRLS employing this appeal with risk and responsibility is discussed, especially as GIRLS paves the way for programming like it. Let’s Just Wait Until It’s on Netflix: Movie Attendance in the Digital Age • Alec Tefertiller, University of Houston • Innovations in digital technology have provided consumers with a variety of screens and portals through which they can access motion picture entertainment. The purpose of this study is to understand what factors motivate consumers to experience a film in the theater versus waiting to see the film at home. Using the uses and gratifications framework coupled with the theory of reasoned action, this study found that affective gratifications exert the biggest influence on theatrical attendance. Power Women: Exploring the Effects of Political Women on Television • YAOJUN YAN; Peta Long, Syracuse University; Jasmine Vickers, SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY; Hanna Birkhead • This paper explores the intersection between the rise of political women characters in televised narratives and the rise of the number of women in the United States Congress. It examines data collected via an online survey (N=232), which indicates that there is a relationship between audience consumption of several popular entertainment narratives (The Good Wife, House of Cards, Madam Secretary, Parks and Recreation, Scandal, and Veep,) and attitude towards female politicians, and political participation. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15429 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/glbt-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:17:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15432 “A Symbolic Sacrifice”: Journalists’ Coverage of Queers Challenging The University of Texas • Jose Araiza • The Gay Liberation Front (GFL) made Texas history in 1970, as group members tried to become the first officially recognized student organization on the campus of the University of Texas in Austin. This paper represents a qualitative analysis of the media coverage as the university’s administration denied the group official recognition, setting the stage for a series of demonstrations and hearings that garnered widespread attention. This textual analysis focused on the media coverage from the city’s mainstream daily newspaper, the university’s student-operated newspaper and a local weekly liberal magazine. This project found that while the group faced exclusion from the larger public sphere, mainstream media and the university’s own student operated newspaper marginalized and delegitimized the group of students who were challenging the status quo. Use of Pro- and Anti- GLBT Organizations in the News: A Longitudinal Content Analysis • Joseph Cabosky, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Rhonda Gibson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • "A content analysis of New York Times and Washington Post from 1977-2013 examined use of pro- and anti-GLBT organizations as sources to explore change over time and differences in coverage of mainstream vs. radical organizations. Stories about marriage/families, entertainment, AIDS, and politics were most likely to source GLBT organizations. Only AIDS and protests/boycotts were more likely to source radical organizations. Anti-GLBT organizations were used as sources in one-fifth of stories. Implications of how story topic trumps time in source selection are discussed." Inching Away from the Toy Department: Daily Newspaper Sports Coverage of Jason Collins and Michael Sam's Coming Out • Bill Cassidy, Northern Illinois University • This study examined daily newspaper sports coverage of the coming out of NBA veteran Jason Collins and college football All-American Michael Sam. A content analysis of 248 articles published in the first 30 days after each athlete's announcement revealed that while there were significant differences, individual and present frames dominated for both. Results also suggested that a substantive amount of coverage addressed pertinent issues related to gay athletes in major professional sports. The Role of Ideology in Media Framing of Same-Sex Marriage, 1998-2014 • Dominic Lasorsa; Jiyoun Suk; Deepa Fadnis • In an attempt to advance understanding of how media frames are constructed, this paper uncovered a link between a newspaper’s ideological orientation and how it has framed the issue of same-sex marriage over 17 years. A random sample of articles about same-sex marriage published in the years 1998-2014 in the ideologically conservative New York Post and the ideologically liberal New York Times were analyzed. It was found that whenever one of the newspapers framed same-sex marriage it did so either in terms of morality or equality, which replicates previous research. Furthermore, it was found here that while the two newspapers employed the morality frame about equally, the Times employed an equality frame much more frequently than did the Post. Shifts in framing over the 17 years also were identified, with the morality frame generally decreasing over time and the equality frame increasing over time. It also was found that most articles merely mentioned same-sex marriage without engaging in framing, and that newspaper articles designed to persuade (editorials, op-ed pieces, letters) engaged in no more framing than did news articles. The implications of these findings for the advancement of media framing theory are discussed. Egalitarian Values and Media Use: An Examination of Gay Rights Supporters’ Traditional and New Media Habits • Tien-Tsung Lee, University of Kansas; Gary Hicks • While social and mobile media are fertile ground for hate groups to spread their messages, these new media platforms can be used by equal rights activists to advocate their causes. Using a large survey of American adult consumers, this study examines the traditional, social and mobile media habits of consumers who are sympathetic to equal rights for gay couples. These potential targets frequent social networking sites, and often send as well as receive text messages. The Instagrammed Trans Body: The Renegotiation of Gender and Bodies in the Instagram-Based Transgender Community • Minjie Li, Louisiana State University • Instagram has formed a new type of online transgender community through hashtags. Through the lens of visual journaling personal transgender experience in the public sphere, this study examines how transgender people renegotiate the relationships between gender and body, public and private, and self and politics. The findings indicate that while enhancing traditional gender scripts through encouraging transgender people to make medical transition and prompting gender policing, instagram also makes emerging forms of resistance order visible. Can we talk? Kenyan LGBTI advocates and media representatives launch a conversation • Teresa Mastin, DePaul University; Alexandra Murphy, DePaul University; Dustin Goltz; Jason Zingsheim, Governors State University • Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) persons in Kenya face an array of legal, social, and political discrimination. “Homosexual” sexual activity is criminalized, punishable by years in prison. Many sectors of Kenyan society are openly hostile to LGBTI persons and organizations contributing to a high level of stigma and discrimination. This study chronicles an ongoing university-LGBTI advocates-media collaboration designed to broach a relationship between Kenya’s LGBTI community and Kenyan society-at-large. Harvey Milk's Political Columns, 1974-1978 • Heidi Mau, Temple University • This paper examines Harvey Milk’s political columns published in the local gay press in San Francisco, 1974-1978. Harvey Milk’s assassination happened less than eleven months after he was sworn into office – local mass media barely had time to document him once he arrived on the larger media radar, but Milk’s political columns for the San Francisco Sentinel and the Bay Area Reporter, provide over four years of Harvey Milk’s presentation of his public, political self. The heartbeat of a locker room: Reactions to Jason Collins and Michael Sam coming out • Monique Robinson, The University of Kansas; Timothy Luisi, University of Kansas; Mugur Geana • Jason Collins (National Basketball Association) and Michael Sam (National Football League) announced their sexual orientation, becoming the first openly gay athletes in their sports leagues. Under the lenses of hegemonic masculinity and inclusive masculinity theories, quotations (n = 405) from U.S. newspapers were analyzed to discuss the mediated representations of reactions from the sports industry. The findings highlight differing levels of acceptance of openly gay athletes in popular U.S. American sports. Strategic Communication Through Social Media by LGBTI NGOs • Nathian Rodriguez, Texas Tech University • The plight and struggles of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) refugees from around the globe often go unheard. Currently, at least 78 countries have specific regulations persecuting LGBTIs. Without protection, these global citizens are forced to seek asylum in other countries. This paper investigates how LGBTI-specific refugee/asylee NGOs (Organization for Refuge, Asylum & Migration and International Gay & Lesbian Human Rights Commission) are using Facebook and Twitter to build organizational-public relationships. Research provided here uncovers the use of social media messages as functions of information, community and action. Furthermore, it shows whether the conventional public relations measures of cognitive learning, affective responses and resulting behaviors are manifested within these functions. The research also reveals the social media messages focused more on the global regions of North America, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Additionally, the NGOs linked their messages/posts to more to LGBTI-specific entities around the world. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15432 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/grad-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:19:48 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15434 Digital Gumshoes: Investigative Journalists’ Use of Social Media in Television News Reporting • Jesse Abdenour, University of Oregon • A nationwide survey (N=165) showed evidence that investigative journalists at local television stations are frequently using social media for public interaction, story ideas, and story production, and are doing so significantly more than other types of journalists. However, data analysis indicated that regular social media use did not translate into higher levels of investigative productivity, quality or efficiency. Valence Framing and Egypt's Country Reputation • Amal Bakry • While country reputation and country branding scholarship has mainly focused on its effect on product marketing and place marketing (Kaneva, 2009), this study aims to shed light on the intersection of mass media and country reputation from the news framing perspective. The present study examines public opinion regarding Egypt by looking at recent Pew Research survey data. The media framing comes from a content analysis of news related to Egypt on network newscasts. By examining framing of news related to Egypt and relating it to public opinion polls, we hope to understand whether such frames are negatively or positively valenced and whether or not such frames affect public opinion towards a Middle Eastern country of strategic importance to the U.S. We’re Just Good People: Corporate Sustainability Communications and Human Values • Lauren Bayliss, University of Florida • The nature of organizations’ relationships with publics is changing, leading to increased potential for developing parasocial relationships with publics. Parasocial relationships, however, require publics to view an organization as human-like. By examining the human values and time orientations present on these companies’ websites, this paper establishes current best communication practices. The findings, contrary to expectations based on a human model of communicating values, provide directions for future research. Guilt by Disassociation: Millennials’ Opinions Regarding News Consumption and the Prevalence of “Should” • Ginger Blackstone, University of Florida • The purpose of this study was to investigate news avoidance behaviors of upwardly mobile Millennial undergraduates. Focus group participants were more interested in non-news content, but there were occasions when news did catch their attention. Participants believed they “should” consume news, but often lacked the initiative or interest. Others deliberately avoided news because of information overload or negative content. Some participants saw themselves consuming more news as they matured, which challenged recent Pew Research findings. The usage of soft and hard news delivery techniques in articles of women’s weight: A content analysis of differences across media genres • Calli Breil, University of Missouri; Samuel Tham, University of Missouri School of Journalism • Thin ideal messages have been found to promote that being thin is attractive and essential in being successful and happy. Women exposed to thin-ideal messages suffer from body dissatisfaction, and psychological, physiological harm. This paper used a quantitative content analysis to analyze the delivery techniques of these messages in three media genres. This study found significant differences delivery techniques, with women’s magazines using more soft news and attempting to build a relationship with its audience. A Qualitative Framing Analysis of HPV Vaccine Coverage in U.S. Newspapers • Jieun Chung, University of Florida • This mixed methods framing analysis investigated newspaper articles framing of the HPV vaccine. This study found six major frames: Cancer prevention frame, male eligibility frame, STD prevention frame, insufficient recommendation frame, sexual promiscuity frame, and low rates frame. Of the six frames, the cancer prevention frame was most common frame. With respect to the HBM constructs, effectiveness of the HPV vaccine and severity of HPV were presented most of them, while susceptibility to HPV was barely presented in the U.S. newspapers. Bellwether County: Macomb County, Michigan, and the Construction of Reagan Democrats in US Political News • Christopher Cimaglio, University of Pennsylvania • With a focus on the political celebrity of Macomb County, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit that received considerable attention in news media as a bellwether for the attitudes of Reagan Democrats, white working class voters whose racial anxieties and cultural fears had alienated them from the Democratic Party, this paper examines the significance of the Reagan Democrat figure for 1980s and 1990s US politics and the role of political journalism in its construction. Persuasive Social Media Inference. Online social climate and perceptions of public opinion • David Coppini, University of Wisconsin Madison; Stephanie Jean Tsang, University of Wisconsin-Madison • The traditional hypothesis of “persuasive media inference” posited that media slant on an issue influences citizens’ perceptions of public opinion’s position on an issue. In the social media environment, people continuously receive cues about what other individuals think about specific issues.Does this affect individuals’ perceptions of public opinion? Our study manipulates opinion climate on social media investigate effects on perceptions of public opinion.Results from a sample of college students show that individuals use cues from social media to form their impressions about public opinion.Theoretical implications for application of theories of presumed influence in the online environment are discussed. Icy challenges: Consumer perceptions of brands’ social activism in ALS Ice Bucket Challenge • Naa Amponsah Dodoo, University of Florida • The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge, a social media viral campaign in the summer of 2014 campaign for the ALS Association, presented an opportunity for brands/companies to show their involvement in a reactive form of social activism. Evidence in literature suggests that consumers regard cause related activities by brands/companies with some skepticism. This study therefore examined consumers’ awareness of brands’ involvement in the challenge as well as responses to brands/companies involvement in the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge. Consumers’ brand identification, self-congruity and intent to share information about the brand were also examined. Results indicated favorable attitude towards brands’ involvement in the challenge. Additional analyses were conducted in the form of multiple regression analysis and revealed interesting results on the predictive ability of brand attitude, brand identity as well as brand awareness on the intent to share information about brands/companies involvement in the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge. Findings and implications are discussed. Citizen in-group bias effects on credibility in Ebola news coverage • Megan Duncan, University of Wisconsin-Madison • In an experiment, participants read a story that manipulated the main characters' citizenship status (American-born, naturalized, resident) to examine social identity cues in news and activation of in-group bias. Further, it extends social identity cues to credibility. It finds people are less concerned about diversity issues in the case where a message features a naturalized citizen than an American citizen, offering support for in-group bias. Results show citizenship status cues effect perception of news credibility. A survey of Egyptian journalists’ perception of press freedom in post-revolutionary Egypt • Goran Ghafour, The university of Kansas; Amr El-Afifi, The University of Kansas • This study examined the perception of Egyptian journalists on the concept of press freedom in transition and conflict. Surveying 136 Egyptian journalists, this study found that individual, attitudinal, and organizational factors relatively determine the Egyptian journalists’ perception of press freedom. Differences in perception of press freedom among the Egyptian journalists reflect different types of news media ownerships with different goals and policies. How do people choose from different reading platforms? The comparison between online reading and offline reading • WEIWEI JIANG; Ying Xu • With the decreasing number of newspaper readers and the increasing number of online readers, researchers are willing to understand why some media are more favorable and who are reading which medium. In this paper we examined the relationship of online reading and print reading in terms of media attributes, people`s demographic differences, and time spending on media. Also, we also studied hybrid readers who read on both online and print media. We compared them with online and print media consumer. We found that online media have more favorable attributes than traditional media. Also, we found that digital divide does exist due to age differences. People who only use online media to read show their dependency on internet, but there were no statistical significant found on people who only read traditional media and their media dependency. Access Denied: Consequences of Ablebodied Students Communication Apprehension Toward College Students with Disabilities • Davi Kallman, Washington State University • The following study examines the uncertainty that ablebodied students have when interacting with students with disabilities in higher education. The author explains how uncertainty and communication apprehension (Griffin, 2006) are leading factors for ablebodied students avoidance in interaction with out-group members. The author provides suggestions to decrease uncertainty and reduce communication apprehension among ablebodied university students in order to increase the comfort level in interactions. Constructive journalism: A definition and practical guide for applying positive psychology techniques to news production • Karen McIntyre, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Critical issues in journalism, including audience decline, highlight the need for a new approach. This paper defines and situates in the field the interdisciplinary concept of constructive journalism — an emerging form of news that applies positive psychology techniques to journalism in an effort to create more productive, engaging news stories. After conceptualizing the term, techniques by which constructive journalism can be practiced and the psychological frameworks that support the use of each technique are discussed. Tribunes of the Marginalized? Institutional Role Performance in the American Alternative Press • Joseph Moore, University of Missouri • This study examined institutional role conception and role performance among several prominent U.S. alternative news publications to discover whether the gap between role conception and performance uncovered by previous studies of the mainstream commercial press also existed among alternative media. A textual analysis of alternative news coverage of the 2013 NSA mass surveillance disclosures was employed. Alternative news organizations had mixed success at translating their institutional role conceptions into practice. The Effects of In-game Advertising On Gamers and the Video Game Industry • Matthew Morley • Advertisements and product tie-ins in video games have become increasingly prevalent in the video game industry. This paper reviews the literature surrounding product placement and advertising found within video games and discusses the current and past trends of in-game advertising. Additionally, this paper investigates whether in-game advertisements make a game more immersive and lifelike or if they are seen as intrusive and distracting by gamers. Propagation of prosociality • Yu Leung Ng, School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University • Propagation of prosociality is the repeated dissemination of prosocial messages. The unpredictability of this phenomenon is worth an understanding of its nature and process, yet no previous literatures were reviewed systematically to investigate this phenomenon. This review article adopted an evolutionary perspective to examine the attributes of prosocial messages dissemination (‘what’) and a psychology perspective to investigate the psychological antecedents and consequences of it (‘why’) for communication scholars to understand ‘how’ prosocial messages get propagated. The Invisible Race: Analysis of Racial Hierarchy in Contemporary Mexican Cinema • Alberto Orellana-Campos, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This paper examines representations and meanings of racial hierarchy in contemporary Mexican films, as well as the commentary these images provide on racial identity, in a country that is not majority-white. Mexican cinema, as both a product and producer of cultural and racial ideologies, normalizes through its images a hierarchy where mestizo characters often experience a treatment that normalizes poverty and disadvantage because of ‘who they are.’ The Spiral of Silence on the new media environment • Mustafa oz, The University of Texas at Austin • This study was designed to specifically examine fear of isolation in social media and offline environment. The results have shown that the respondents place higher value for assessing the climate of opinion on Facebook (m=3.55, sd=1.170) than Twitter and offline environment. Results also have shown that individuals were less likely to speak out on Facebook (m=3.72, sd=1.097) than offline (m=2.81, 1.176) environments and Twitter (m=2.32, sd=1.178). Something creepy this way comes: PAC advertising’s attack on Obamacare, a visual narrative analysis • Marguerite Page, Northern Illinois University • PAC money’s influence in political messaging has accelerated the appearance of negative attack ads. A viral Internet video attacking Obamacare in July 2014 urged young adults to opt out. Through an analysis of its visual rhetoric, this study finds that use of dark humor, popular culture references, and most significantly, its narrative fidelity, make it likely “believable” by its ideal audience. Network agenda-building during the Ebola crisis: Exploring the impact of government messages on newspaper coverage • Yanqin Lu, Indiana University; Young Eun Park, Indiana University • The current study explored network agenda-building during the Ebola crisis. The results indicated that during the crisis, the salience of network relationships of attributes is transferred from public relations materials to news media articles. However, network centrality results also suggested that journalists do not completely follow the agenda of public relations messages. Specifically, the central position of “reassurance” in public relations materials was replaced by “consequence” in news media articles. The Effect of Facebook Use and Social Comparison Orientation on Subjective Well-Being • Alexander Pfeuffer; Hannah Murphy • This study examined the relationship between Facebook use and subjective well-being considering a hypothesized moderating effect of social comparison orientation on this relationship. The study did not find support for Facebook use being a reliable predictor of subjective well-being. Instead of acting as a moderator, social comparison orientation emerged as the significant predictor of subjective well-being. This study’s results challenge previous literature’s findings and the popular perception that Facebook use is correlated with subjective well-being. How do National and Regional Newspapers Cover Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder? A Content Analysis • Lu Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Nearly 500,000 U.S. troops who served in Afghanistan and Iraq have been diagnosed with PTSD. This study conducted a content analysis to compare how coverage of PTSD would differ between bigger newspapers with a national audience versus smaller regional newspapers located near major U.S. military bases. Findings show that national newspapers engaged in higher-level policy discussion, while regional newspapers tended to focus on human impact of the disorder. Relationship Building in Nation Branding: The Central Role of Nation Brand Commitment • Linwan Wu, University of Florida • Nation brand commitment indicates the strength of one’s relationship with a nation brand. A conceptual model is proposed to explain how a nation brand impacts consumers’ traveling and product purchasing intentions. It is posited that nation brand commitment is influenced by consumers’ perceived nation brand trustworthiness, their orientations of cultural values and perceived cultural distance. An online survey was conducted to test the model by using two nation brands (China & the United Kingdom) among undergraduate students who are American citizens. The results demonstrated that nation brand trustworthiness and cultural value of power distance were positively correlated with nation brand commitment, while cultural distance was negatively correlated with nation brand commitment. It also found that nation brand commitment positively influenced consumers’ traveling and product purchasing intentions. Implications, limitations and directions for future research are also included. User-generated Content on News Websites: Why Do People Comment on A News Story? • Chuanli XIA, City University of Hong Kong • "This study proposes a theoretical framework in which it addresses the relationship between gratifications of various needs and user-generated content behavior on news websites. Two theoretical moderators, namely perceived information of UGC and attitude to news making by major media organizations are examined. With a secondary data in U.S. 2010, this study finds that different needs are related to UGC behavior, and the perceived importance of UGC enhances this relationship." Same or Different across Countries:Multinational Corporations’ Relationship Cultivation Strategies on Social Network Sites • Ning Xie, University of Maryland • This study explores multinational corporations (MNCs)’ relationship management with publics in two different countries by examining MNCs’ relationship cultivation strategies on Social Network Sites (SNSs). Through a content analysis of 29 MNCs’corporate Twitter accounts in the United States and Sina Weibo (Twitter’s counterpart) accounts in China, this study reveals that MNCs use disclosure, information dissemination, and interactivity and involvement in both countries, on both Twitter and Sina Weibo. Findings indicate that MNCs do not use the same strategies on both SNSs. Patterns of MNCs’ use of relationship cultivation strategies on SNSs in the United States and China are identified. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. SNS as Intimacy Zone: Social Intimacy, Loneliness, and Self-disclosure on SNS • yafei zhang; Qi Ling, The University of Iowa • This study explores factors that may influence one’s self-disclosure on SNS where one self-disclose information in the public eye. Social intimacy and loneliness as indicators of one’s social relationship status are found to be both significantly, though contradictorily related to self-disclosure on SNS. Social intimacy and loneliness function are mediators in the direct effect of personality on self-disclosure on SNS. This study enhances the understanding of self-disclosure on SNS rather than interpersonal connections. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15434 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/icig-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:21:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15436 The global media job market: A comparison of requirements in job listings for six broadcast news organizations • Mariam Alkazemi; Wayne Wanta, University of Florida • ob listings for six broadcast news media were content analyzed for required qualifications for new hires. Only seven of the 120 job notices did not mention some technological skills, supporting a trend of media convergence. Another common requirement mentioned was a college degree. In comparing the six media, Al-Jazeera America differed from other organizations most often. Job postings for Al-Jazeera America were more likely to mention ethics and less likely to mention foreign language knowledge. Both Al-Jazeera America and Al-Jazeera were more likely to mention good news judgment as a requirement for their jobs. The findings have implications for hiring practices in the media industry. Closed-Cohort Structure In Online Graduate Programs: Advancing Career Opportunities For Mid-Career Communication Professionals • Justin Blankenship, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Rhonda Gibson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • In a closed-cohort educational program design, students enter a program together, take the same courses together, and graduate together. This article surveyed students in one of the few closed-cohort graduate programs in a communication school, one intended for mid-career professionals. Results indicate that students found several aspects of closed-cohort important, felt a sense of community among their cohort, and used their cohort to create a professional network of peers. Avoiding the Bad Jump Cut: Developing a Senior Year Experience For Journalism Students • Lorie Humphrey, Colorado State University; Michael Humphrey, Colorado State University • Leaving college and beginning life outside of the familiar institution is one of the major transitions in many people’s life. This can be especially daunting for journalism students at a time when career paths are muddied by regularly changing economics, platforms and best practices. Both professor and career counselors often struggle to support students in this transition. One initiative, The Senior Year Experience, offers a variety of approaches to alleviate that struggle. This paper discusses the challenges soon-to-be graduating journalism students face, and the types of programs available including formal coursework, experiential learning opportunities, and campus events and activities aimed at smoothing the pathway. Teachers, advisors, and career counselors can play an integral role in developing programs and building coalitions with other partners on campus to guide journalism students in successful transitions. Inside The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and the Noetic Crisis of the WGA Strike • Nathan Rodriguez, University of Kansas • I was a production intern at The Daily Show with Jon Stewart at a time when the Writer's Guild of America was on strike. I borrow ethnographic tools to document all-staff meetings and patterns of interaction during the strike. This essay illuminates not only the inner-workings of one of the more successful television programs in recent history, but also shows how a group of individuals dedicated to comedy managed to navigate a workplace crisis. Revisiting Entering the Game at Halftime: Engaging students in internships and co-curricular activities. • Lauren Vicker, St. John Fisher College • This paper reports a large-scale follow-up to a pilot study that examined ways that mass communication programs engage transfer students in internships and co-curricular activities. The author conducted a large-scale survey of students enrolled in programs listed in the AEJMC directory and also conducted interviews with some survey respondents. Results indicate differences between transfer and native students in key areas and offer suggestions for ways to improve experiences for both populations. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15436 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/pjig-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:25:18 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15441 An examination of the sourcing behaviors of U.S. non-profit news and newspaper journalists • Serena Carpenter, MSU; Jan Hendrik Boehmer, University of Miami; Frederick Fico, Michigan State University • Sourcing practices cue readers to the extent that the organization and journalists are invested in their reporting. This research investigates how journalists represent an issue through source attribution diversity and source number measures. The results show that non-profit journalists were more likely to cite a greater number of sources in comparison to newspaper journalists. And reporters who enact the interpretative role included a greater number of sources and more diverse sources, whereas advocacy/adversarial journalists were not as likely to cite such sources. And an increase in reporter story number had a negative impact on journalists’ sourcing practices. Predicting citizen journalism complexity: An analysis of U.S.-based editors’ definitions of citizen journalism • Deborah Chung, University of Kentucky; Seungahn Nah; Masahiro Yamamoto, University of Wisconsin-La crosse • Based on a national survey and a qualitative content analysis of responses offered by U.S. editors’ understanding of citizen journalism, we identify key ideas associated with the complexity of the concept and patterns associated with the dimensions in defining the phenomenon. Ten core citizen journalism ideas emerged in the aggregate discussion of citizen journalism. However, majority of the participants, from an individual perspective, defined the concept simplistically focusing on one-dimensional or two-dimensional definitions. Arguments based on traditional notions of journalistic professionalism and occupational values are represented alongside notions for audience collaboration and engagement. This study also uncovered variations in the extent to which citizen journalism is defined and guided by demographic variables, individual journalistic experience, and organizational characteristics. Using Community Engagement Strategies to Assess Media Collaboration • John Hatcher; Dana Thayer, University of Minnesota Duluth • This case study uses community engagement strategies to explore how to strengthen relationships among news organizations in one media ecosystem. We employ a mixed methodological approach: We “mapped” the ecosystem, we held a community media forum, and we conducted in-depth interviews with journalists and community storytellers. Preliminary findings suggest a willingness to collaborate; however, legacy media may have more reservations about collaboration than journalists at community newspapers, public broadcasting stations and entrepreneurial startups. “He’s a Lowlife: He Deserved to Die” vs. ##BlackLivesMatter: Citizen Framing on Twitter of African-American Males Killed by White Police Officers • Mia Moody-Ramirez, Baylor University; Hazel Cole • Using a critical race lens, this textual analysis explores user-generated content that emerged following the deaths of two African American males killed by police officers in 2014 and highlights social media’s role in contextualizing the documented “historical injustice” toward Black males in America. We argue that the “he deserved it” frame reinforced the lack of value media places on the lives of Black men, and thus leads to communities having less sympathy for them. Our findings indicate citizens marginalized Black males shot by police officers because of their race, physical size or alleged aggression. This study is significant because in each case, height, weight, the history of their drug use, performance in school and various other factors were used as a rationale for the appropriateness of killing them. Common themes were: 1) he’s a low-life who deserved to die, 2) he used drugs and is therefore guilty and 3) he was a giant, demon or criminal who could only be controlled by killing him. However, not all framing was negative, as other citizens used the platforms to respond accordingly. Findings are in line with scholarly articles on the use of social media in protests. In both cases, social media brought about an acceleration of activist communication, and greatly enhanced its visual presence. #FergusonOctober: Gatekeeping and Civic Engagement in St. Louis News Media Tweets • Frank Michael Russell, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Anthony Roth, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Margaret Duffy, Missouri School of Journalism; Esther Thorson, Missouri School of Journalism; Heesook Choi • This quantitative content analysis explores how St. Louis news media used Twitter during a 16- day period that included #FergusonOctober protests and St. Louis Cardinals postseason baseball games. About 30% of the tweets were related to the Ferguson crisis. News organizations mostly adhered to traditional gatekeeping roles in Twitter posts (e.g., sharing links to news articles). However, some Ferguson-related posts showed media adopting Twitter practices that could advance stronger, reciprocal relationships with citizens. Freedom from the Press? How Anonymous Gatekeepers on Reddit Covered the Boston Marathon Bombing • Melissa Suran, The University of Texas at Austin; Danielle Kilgo, The University of Texas at Austin • Social news sites are gaining prominence online. One such site – Reddit – has been recognized for effectively distributing information about current and critical events. Through examining a major incident where Reddit was acknowledged as an important informational entity, this study analyzed content posted on Reddit in order to determine whether the website, as it claims, has "freedom from the press," or if it follows gatekeeping practices that are similar to those implemented by traditional media outlets. Pursuing the Ideal: How news website commenting policies structure public discourse • David Wolfgang, University of Missouri • Many news organizations provide online readers an opportunity to comment on public issues in the news through a news-mediated forum for discourse. These discourse spaces are run by news organization as part of a mission to provide a public space for discourse, but are governed by a commenting policy that establishes the rules for discourse and the boundaries for acceptable behavior. These rules can help meet the ideals of public discourse or stand in the way of productive public deliberation. This study examines the commenting policies of 21 news corporations in the United States to see how the policies facilitate or inhibit the creation of a space for ideal public discourse. A constant comparative analysis of the text of the policies guided by the ideals of Habermas’ public sphere as well as the expectations of civility norms in public discourse, shows that news organizations establish rules to protect respectful and egalitarian spaces for the public, but fail to meet other critical needs of public discourse, including rationality, tolerance, reflexivity, and the pursuit of common understanding and solutions. The implications of these findings are further explored and possible objectives for news organizations are provided. Positioning Journalism Within Networks: Conceptualizing and Operationalizing ‘Connective Journalism’ Through Syrian Citizen Journalists • Mohammad Yousuf, University of Oklahoma; Maureen Taylor • As the news industry changes, new models are emerging. This paper explores network journalism (connective journalism) and shows how citizen journalists in Syria are embodying the network journalism model. The paper identifies three major concepts of connective journalism: engagement with social networks, negotiation, and maintaining a connection with norms and values of journalism. Through a case study of Damascus Bureau.org, we show that connective journalism is a viable model for citizens to tell their community’s story to each other and the world. This paper contributes to both the scholarship and the practice of journalism by helping develop a theory of journalism for the era of new technology. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15441 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/pcig-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:26:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15443 Incivility or Sarcasm? Expanding the Concept of Attacks in Online Social Media • Ashley A. Anderson, Colorado State University; Heidi E. Huntington, Colorado State University; Kim Kandra, Colorado State University • This study expands the definition of incivility, an oft-cited concern of computer-mediated communication. We propose sarcasm – a subtler form of provocation – as a concept related to incivility – which involves more explicit attacks. Using a content analysis of Twitter posts about climate change, we find the two concepts are not used simultaneously in the same posts but are employed in similar patterns. This indicates sarcasm is an important and distinct concept in online discussions. Antecedents of Internal Political Efficacy. Incidental News Exposure Online and the Role of Political Discussion • Alberto Ardèvol-Abreu, University of Vienna; Trevor Diehl, University of Vienna; Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Vienna • Internal political efficacy has become a key concept in political science, since it has long been considered a predictor of a variety of pro-democratic behaviors. However, the effect of incidental news exposure online is underdeveloped in the literature. This study argues that both general news media use and incidental news exposure online lead to political efficacy through discussion. The paper also tests whether discussion with weak versus strong ties yield different results predicting efficacy. Attitudes toward Illegal Immigration and Exposure to Public Service and Commercial Broadcasting in France, Norway, and the United States • Audun Beyer, Department of media and communication, University of Oslo; Joerg Matthes, U of Vienna • This paper investigates the relationship between news exposure and attitudes toward illegal immigration. Based on comparative survey data from three countries (U.S.; France; Norway), findings suggest that political orientation is the strongest predictor of attitudes toward illegal immigration and that exposure to commercial news is positively related to negative attitudes toward illegal immigration in all countries. Public service broadcasting, in contrast, leads to more positive attitudes toward illegal immigration only in the U.S. Television vs. YouTube: Political Advertising in the 2012 Presidential Elections • porismita borah, Washington State University; Erika Fowler; travis ridout • We employ a unique data set to compare both online political ads and televised political ads from the 2012 presidential campaign, relying upon data from the Wesleyan Media Project and YouTube. Primary findings show negative ads are mostly sponsored by political groups and not candidates in both TV and online. Online ads are less negative and less policy driven, consistent with the theory that they are designed for a different audience than television. Online media and the Social Identity Model of Collective Action: Examining the roles of online alternative news and social media news • Michael Chan • This study integrates the literature on the mobilizing potential of online news media to engender protest participation with recent theoretical syntheses from socio-psychological perspectives of collective action. More specifically, it examines the potential for alternative media and social media to stimulate the core antecedents of collective action (identity, efficacy and anger) in the context of a pro-democracy movement. Findings from a representative sample using structural equation modeling supported the social identity model of collective action (SIMCA) framework, such that all three antecedents predicted protest participation and that higher levels of identity were positively relate to anger and efficacy. Moreover, the same antecedents mediated the relationship between online media use and protest participation. The findings demonstrate the benefits of theoretical integration from related disciplines so as to better understand the dynamics of collective action at the individual level. The Effect of Self-Expression on Political Opinion • Saifuddin Ahmed, California, Davis; Heejo Keum, Sungkyunkwan University; Yeo Jeong Kim, Sungkyunkwan University; Jaeho Cho, California, Davis • The political impact of social media has drawn considerable attention, however, the scientific understanding of how engaging in expressive behavior via social media influences the way the expresser makes political decisions remains limited, if not unknown. An analysis of 1,209 survey responses revealed consistent results across six issues where the effects of party identification on opinions about political issues became stronger as political expression on social media increased. Implications of the findings are discussed. Herbert Gans Revisited: Proposing a Network Analytic Approach to Source Use • Bethany Conway, University of Arizona • This study investigates the information resources journalists attained from sources in midterm election coverage. Moving beyond past research, it investigates resource fulfillment while incorporating concepts of source interdependence through the application of social network analysis. Results of a nationwide survey of journalists suggest that source centrality within the network is heavily based on the information resource being provided. At the same time, certain sources are also seen as structurally equivalent, and may even be complementary. The 2014 Midterm Elections on Local Television: Frames, Sources and Valence • Daniela Dimitrova; Sisi Hu • Local television remains the main information source for the average American, yet studies of local television content are rare. This study investigates the coverage of the 2014 midterm election on two local televisions stations in Iowa, KCCI-TV and WOI-TV. Using a content analysis approach the study shows that local election news reporting is more likely to focus on the horse race rather than political issues, and tends to be more episodic rather than thematic in nature. The coverage relies primarily on elite sources such as politicians and government officials rather than experts and ordinary citizens. Local election news reporting remains mostly neutral in tone. Human-interest coverage is not uncommon while pieces about the role of media in elections are quite rare. Income Inequality and the Media: Perceptions, Evaluations, and the Role of the Government • Itay Gabay, Bowling Green State University • The study takes the first step in examining the effect of media use and political talk on perceptions of income inequality and the role of the government to reduce it. Using ANES 2012 Time Series Study we show that while radio listeners tend to support income inequality, individuals who receive their information from the Internet, were more likely to think that income inequality has risen in the last twenty years, and TV viewers support government action to reduce it. Political talk tens to echo political predisposing. Motivations for Political Discussion: Antecedents and Consequences on Civic Participation • Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Vienna; Sebastian Valenzuela; Brian Weeks, University of Vienna, Department of Communication • To date, most scholarship on informal discussion of politics and current events has mainly focused on its cognitive, attitudinal, and behavioral effects. In comparison, few studies have addressed the antecedents of political talk. We seek to fill in this gap by using two-wave U.S. panel survey data (W¹=1,816; W2=1,024) to study two sets of motivations people may have for engaging in political conversation: civic-oriented and social-oriented goals. Furthermore, we examine if these motivations matter by analyzing their relationship with civic participation. Using structural equation modeling, our results suggest that both civic and social motivations are strong predictors of frequency of political discussion and, consequently, are indirectly associated with levels of civic engagement. From a theoretical perspective, these findings cast political talk as a more complex phenomenon than what deliberative theory suggests, and point to social motivations as an additional path to civic life. From Consumer to Producer: Relating Orientations, Internet Use, and Lifestyle and Contentious Political Consumerism • Melissa R. Gotlieb, Texas Tech University; Sadia Cheema, Texas Tech University • This study uses national survey data collected from U.S. adults to explore the relationships among individual and collective orientations to political consumerism, Internet use, and participation in lifestyle and contentious political consumerism among Generation Y. Results demonstrate although both orientations motivate online content consumption, only holding a collective orientation motivates content production. Moreover, although both uses of Internet facilitate socially-conscious consumption practices, only content production mobilizes more active participation in organized boycotts and “buycotts.” Image, Issues and Advocacy in White House E-mail Newsletters • Joseph Graf, American University • The Obama administration is the first to send an e-mail newsletter, allowing it to control the president’s image and advocate for his agenda. We analyze four years of newsletters (N = 701). The administration portrays the president formally, impersonally, and rarely with the military or business. It projects the administration as the government, with few mentions of the other branches or political opposition; and the administration is increasingly using the newsletter and social media for political advocacy. Newspaper Coverage of 2012 U.S. Presidential Candidates’ Digital Campaign Communication • Charles Watkins, University of Alabama; Jennifer Greer, University of Alabama • To examine how journalists cover campaign websites, social media, and mobile applications, U.S. newspaper coverage of Obama’s and Romney’s 2012 digital communication was analyzed. Only 1.4% of all campaign articles mentioned digital campaigning, and prominence of these 292 articles was low. Mentions focused on message content and political strategy. Fact-checking was rare, and half of the mentions had no tone or analysis. Obama’s digital communication was covered more frequently and more positively than was Romney’s. Partisan Conflict Framing Effects on Political Polarization • Jiyoung Han, University of Minnesota; Marco Yzer, The University of Minnesota School of Journalism and Mass Communication • Consistent with self-categorization theory, we test whether exposure to partisan conflict- framed news produces group polarization between Democrats and Republicans. A set of analyses of variance showed persistent patterns of increased partisan identity salience, extremitization, conformity, and political polarization as a result of news exposure. Using structural equation modeling, we integrated all the hypothesized cognitive paths toward political polarization into a single model and found supporting evidence of the indirect effect of partisan conflict framing. Partisan Provocation: The Role of Partisan News Use and Emotional Responses in Motivating Information Sharing • Ariel Hasell, University of California Santa Barbara; Brian Weeks, University of Vienna, Department of Communication • Citizens increasingly rely on social media to consume and disseminate news and information about politics. This study focuses on how partisan news use influences information sharing in part because of the negative emotions it arouses in its audience. Using panel survey data, we find that use of partisan news is associated with increased anger and anxiety directed at the opposing party’s presidential candidate and indirectly facilitates information sharing about the election on social media. State legislative candidate evaluation of campaign news quality • James Hertog, University of Kentucky; Matthew Pavelek, University of Kentucky • Political candidates’ evaluation of the news coverage their campaigns received was studied using an online survey of candidates who sought state legislative offices during 2012. A sample of 515 former candidates was gathered and asked a series of questions concerning interactions with journalists during their campaigns and their evaluations of the coverage their contests received. Candidates indicated amicable relations with journalists, extensive attempts to gain news coverage and a significant level of outreach efforts and responsiveness to candidate efforts on the part of newspersons. Candidates did express a significant level of critique of overall press performance, though, and we found some indication that those who had a cooler relationship with journalists were also more critical of news coverage of their election campaigns. Communication and Democracy: Effects of Agreement and Disagreement on Democratic Ideals Through Information Processing Strategies • Myiah Hutchens, Washington State University; Chan Chen, Washington State University; Jay Hmielowski, Washington State University; Michael Beam, Kent State University • Grounded in the ideals of deliberative democracy, this study examines the relationship between exposure to counter-attitudinal and attitude consistent political communication and the belief that discussion leads to better decision-making. Using data collected in the week prior to the US midterm election, we examine both the direct effects, and indirect effects mediated by systematic and heuristic processing. We determined that exposure to disagreement is associated with beliefs that discussion leads to good decisions both directly and indirectly through increased systematic processing and reduced heuristic processing. Exposure to agreement has positive indirect effects via increased systematic processing, and negative effects via increased heuristic processing. Are Voting Rights Newsworthy? How Sources Depicted Electoral Participation in 1965 and 2013 • Sharon Jarvis, University of Texas at Austin • This study examines how sources in coverage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act and the 2013 Shelby County v. Holder Supreme Court Decision discussed electoral participation in The New York Times and Birmingham News. In 1965, sources in both outlets treated voting as a cherished and contested right. In 2013, voices in the Birmingham News continued to do so whereas those in the New York Times had shifted attention to gay rights and depicted elections as controlled by partisan elites. Overcoming Hard Times: Televised U.S. and Russian Presidential Rhetoric in Times of Crisis • Tatsiana Karaliova, Missouri School of Journalism • The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of how televised presidential rhetoric is used by the leaders of the United States and Russia in times of domestic and foreign affairs crises. The analysis revealed both similarities and differences in presidential crisis rhetoric in the United States and Russia. The presidents showed differences in how they construct their identities, what frames they use to define crises, interpret them, and provide moral evaluation and treatment recommendation. The rhetorical quality of the addresses in terms of tone, structure, and strategies also differed. This study showed that presidential crisis rhetoric combined characteristics of national eulogies and deliberative rhetoric and has different purposes at different stages of a crisis. Timing appeared to be more important for crisis rhetoric than for any other genre of presidential rhetoric, especially in the case of immediate threats and human losses. Presenting a strong argument, applying a strong and decisive frame that is rooted in history and cultural perceptions of the audience, as well as identifying the guilty in a polarized foreign affairs crisis could be particularly effective in the “cold war of frames” as it helps build rhetorical capital for presidents as world leaders. Gender, stereotypes, and attitudes toward female political leaders: The moderating roles of news media use • Heejo Keum; Jaeho Cho, University of California, Davis; Yeo Jeong Kim; choi eunyoung, SungKyunKwan university • This study examines the complex relationships between gender, stereotypes, media, and attitudes toward female political leaders. Our analyses of 2012 ANES data reveal that women voters and individuals who have lower levels of traditional gender role stereotypes and modern sexism show positive attitudes toward the prospect of a woman becoming president and positive feelings toward Hillary Clinton. Furthermore, the effects of gender stereotypes and sexism on attitudes toward female political leaders become stronger when individuals’ news media use increases. The Interaction Effect of Political Identity Salience and Culture on the Third-Person Perception of Polling News • Hyunjung Kim, Sungkyunkwan University • This study examines the interaction effect of political identity salience and culture on the third-person perception of election polling news in the U.S. and South Korea. A web-based experiment was conducted prior to the 2012 presidential election in the two countries. Results demonstrate that the differential between in- and out- groups is greater in the identity salience group than in the control group only for South Korean participants. Media and Party Communication Effects on Intra-Campaign Vote Switching • David Johann; Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, University of Zurich; Sylvia Kritzinger; Kathrin Thomas • This paper examines why voters change their vote intention during an electoral campaign. In particular, we explore the impact of media and party communication on voters’ likelihood to switch their party preference. During an election campaign, voters are exposed to news media reporting that provides the information necessary for their voting decisions and that raises awareness of salient issues. Voters are also exposed to campaign communication by political parties: politicians and party members approach them in rallies, on the street and at home to persuade them to vote for them at the polls. Following an integrative approach, this paper links data from a media content analysis of six main news outlets (N = 4,265) to public opinion data based on a rolling cross-sectional panel design (n = 2,607) to jointly investigate the relative impact of exposure to media and party communication on vote switching. Using logistic regressions based on a stacked dataset, our study reveals that both individual exposure to positive media reporting about a party as well as interpersonal contact to this party increased the likelihood of vote switching in favour of that party. Impersonal campaign contacts, by contrast, were unable to convince voters to switch. Persuasive Political Docu-Dramas: Examining Motivation, Elaboration, and Counter-Argumentation in Strategic Political Narrative Processing • Heather LaMarre, Temple University • Recent work within political and policy communication has begun examining the concept of narrative strategy wherein persuasive messages are thought to be intentionally embedded within entertaining narratives as a means of influencing political or policy outcomes (e.g., Jones & McBeth, 2010). As opposed to the unintentional effects often observed in entertainment media, strategic narratives are purposive, aiming to achieve specific attitudinal, opinion, or policy outcomes (Shanahan, et al., 2011; Jones & McBeth, 2010). The present study builds on this growing research area, focusing on the role of cognitive elaboration within strategic political entertainment and policy narratives. Using healthcare policy as a context of study, a random assignment 2 (motivation: high, low) x 2 (media stimuli: healthcare policy docu-drama, satirical healthcare policy docu-drama) post-test only experiment was conducted to examine individual-level cognitive elaboration and subsequent attitudes concerning U.S. healthcare policy. Results suggest that motivation plays a significant role in policy-relevant cognitive elaboration. Additionally, satirical narrative viewers were less able to counter-argue the policy issue than dramatic narrative viewers, which is discussed in terms of the political satire elaboration paradox. Both types of policy narratives led to more narrative-consistent healthcare attitudes. Social Movement as Political Education: Communication Activities and Understanding of Civil Disobedience in the Umbrella Movement • Francis L. F. Lee, Chinese University of Hong Kong • Occupy Central, which would later evolve into the Umbrella Movement, was conceived as a civil disobedience campaign when it was first proposed in early 2013. Although civil disobedience arguably has a history of decades in Hong Kong, the concept was seldom discussed in the public arena, and the practice was not well established in the society’s repertoire of contentious actions. Year 2013 and 2014 thus constituted a critical discourse moment in which the concept of civil disobedience was intensively discussed and debated. This study examines if the Occupy campaign and the Umbrella Movement had an educational function leading to higher levels of public understanding of civil disobedience. Analysis of two surveys conducted in September 2013 and October 2014 respectively shows that public understanding of civil disobedience did increase substantially over the year. After the Umbrella Movement started, attitudinal support for and actual participation in the movement, political use of social media, and discussion with disagreeing others significantly predict understanding of civil disobedience. Theoretical and social implications of the findings are discussed. Except if He’s Black: How Race Conditions The Effect of Religious Cues on Candidate Evaluation • Bryan McLaughlin, Texas Tech University; Bailey Thompson, Texas Tech University • The relationship between religion and politics is contingent upon race, but work examining the effect of religious cues on political outcomes has focused exclusively on White politicians. We employ an experimental design where White and Black participants were introduced to a congressional candidate. We manipulated whether the politician was White or Black and whether or not they used religious cues. Results demonstrate that religious and racial cues interact, but in more nuanced ways than expected. Catalyzing Events: Exploring the Intersection of Electoral Campaigns and Social Movements • Laura Meadows, Indiana University Bloomington • Through an ethnographic study of North Carolina’s LGBT movement, this study proposes the conceptualization of a catalyzing event, defined as a political happening that fundamentally alters the trajectory of a social movement to provide a distinct perspective through which to examine the trajectory of a social movement and the experiences, interactions, and events that alter its course. Michael Brown as a News Icon: Event-driven news and its impact on protest paradigm • Rachel Mourao, The University of Texas at Austin; Danielle Kilgo; George Sylvie, University of Texas at Austin • The shooting of Michael Brown by a police officer cued an intense reaction from citizens, officials, and activists. Through a content analysis of newspaper stories and guided by the theory of indexing during event-driven news, this study converges sourcing with adherence to the protest paradigm, a pattern that emphasizes violence and deviant behavior. Findings reveal that while nonofficial sources dominate coverage about Ferguson, they do not provide critical viewpoints that challenge the protest paradigm. #That’sFunny: Second-Screen Use during Comedy TV News Viewing as a Predictor of Online Political Activism • Rebecca Nee, San Diego State University • Using national survey data (n = 645), this study explores political activism as an outcome of complementary simultaneous media use. Framed by the theoretical concepts of participatory culture and active audiences, this study provides tangible evidence of newer forms of political participation among TV viewers who use digital platforms to interact socially and seek information. Findings show a relationship between online political activism and second-screen use during TV news watching, particularly among comedy news audiences. Dispelling the Myth of Ideological Polarization in News Consumption: A Network Analysis of Political News Websites • Jacob Nelson; James Webster • Political polarization is increasing in this country, and its effects are many and far-reaching. Many assume that a primary cause of political polarization is the increasing availability of ideologically tinged political news. Other scholars who have examined political polarization in news consumption have found that news audiences predominantly consume centrist or moderate news and for the most part ignore ideological news sources altogether. Yet the myth of ideologically driven news consumption doggedly persists. This paper finally dispels that myth. Using social network analysis of comScore web analytic data, we argue that audience duplication among the fifty most popular political news sites in the month leading up to the November 2014 election occurs at a rate greater than chance. We find that political news sites share more audiences than many realize, and that this holds true regardless of the political ideologies of either the audience or the outlet. We conclude that a site’s popularity, rather than its ideology, is what drives political news consumption. How Political Talk and Political Efficacy Jointly Mediate the Impact of News Consumption on Political Participation? • Chang Sup Park, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania • This study suggests a two-step mediation model, which highlights the role of political talk and political efficacy in political communication. Based on two cross-sectional analyses and one auto-regressive analysis from the dataset of a two-wave panel survey during the 2012 presidential campaign in South Korea, this study finds that political discussion and political efficacy jointly mediate the impact of news consumption on political participation. Through involvement in the discussion with others, individual news consumers make more sense of the information obtained from the media and such sense-making are more likely to result in political participation through political efficacy. The result suggests that political talk and political efficacy jointly play a pivotal role in connecting citizens’ information-seeking behaviors to political participation. Additionally, this study finds that news consumption via online media and social media is significantly influential in triggering citizen engagement in political processes. Offline Talk, Online Talk, and News Reflection in Political Learning • Chang Sup Park, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania • This study assesses how different types of political reasoning – offline political talk, online political talk, and news reflection – play a role in political learning. Drawing on online survey data collected during the 2012 presidential election in South Korea, this study finds that online political talk is more closely related to political knowledge than offline political talk and new reflection. News reflection was positively associated with political knowledge, yet the strength of the relationship was weaker than that of political talk. This outcome indicates that interpersonal reasoning (political talk) is more closely related to the essence of deliberation than intrapersonal reasoning (news reflection). Antecedents of Strategic Game Framing in Political News Coverage • Desiree Schmuck, University of Vienna; Raffael Heiss, University of Vienna; Joerg Matthes, U of Vienna • "The use of strategic game framing is predominant in mainstream news reporting of politics. Nevertheless, systematic research on the specific antecedents of strategic game framing is scarce. In this study, we employ a quantitative content analysis to investigate different media- and content-related antecedents of strategic game framing. Findings reveal that both media- and content-related variables predict higher strategic game framing. However, content-related variables, such as story type or issue exert the strongest impact." Using Media to Prepare for Understanding or Persuading: Partisan Selective Exposure and Future Discussion Expectations • Mingxiao Sui; Raymond J. Pingree • Despite widespread concern about partisans selecting attitude consistent media, only a few experiments have used media selection as an outcome. Such experiments are important to isolate the causal factors that lead to partisan selective exposure and may help suggest conditions under which this phenomenon could be reduced. This experiment tested the effects of two factors that seem highly relevant in new media contexts: expectations of future discussion and the presence or absence of entertainment options. Participants were led to expect a discussion oriented toward either persuasion or understanding, and were given a choice of media clips from different sources that either included or did not include an entertainment option. Entertainment options reduced time spent watching both own-party media and other-party media. Among Democrats but not Republicans, entertainment options appeared to be used as a substitute for time spent watching other party media. Republicans responded to expectations of understanding-oriented discussion by watching more own-party media, whereas Democrats responded by watching less own-party media. Implications and future research directions are discussed. The fictitious ‘Newsroom’: The influence of entertainment media on attitudes of news trust • Jason Turcotte, Cal Poly Pomona • Polls show that people increasingly harbor unfavorable views of the press, as the public grows more attentive to fictional programs over news. Using HBO’s The Newsroom as stimuli, this study tests whether entertainment media can restore public trust in the news. I find that exposure has no effect on general news trust; however, a negative relationship with gatekeeping trust is observed. In short, exposure to the program reduces confidence in news professionals as effective gatekeepers. Investigating Social Capital in the New Media Environment: SNS, Internal Efficacy, and Civic Engagement • Zachary Vaughn, Indiana University • This paper explores the role that social networking sites have on social capital. Using secondary data from Pew Research Internet Project: Civic Engagement in the Digital Age this paper finds that use of social networking sites and the internet for news and information gathering is positively correlated to civic engagement. This paper also introduces the variable of internal efficacy, and it finds that internal efficacy is positively related to civic engagement. Social Identities and the Illinois Pension Problem: Constructing a “Just-in-Time” Model of Belief Development • Aaron S. Veenstra, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Benjamin Lyons, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Cheeyoun Stephanie Kang, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Zachary Sapienza, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • For years, Illinois and Chicago have underfunded their employee pension systems, leading to significant recent controversy over the extent of the problem. This study proposes a “just-in-time” social identity influence model to identify salient social identities (union membership, political affiliations, region of residence) and test their influence on pension beliefs. Findings show that despite being strongly related, influences on beliefs about Illinois and Chicago differ based on demographics and media use. Skip to the Comments: News Engagement, Discussion and Political Participation in Austria • Ramona Vonbun, University of Vienna; Trevor Diehl, University of Vienna • This study explores how engaging with political information online might lead to offline discussion and political participation in Austria. This study extends recent work on the mediating influence of discussion in connecting news engagement and political action, to include reading political comments attached to news and social media websites. Do political postings fuel further discussion offline, and in turn, political action? The analysis draws on data from the Austrian National Election Study. How Journalists Experience the Hostile Media Effect • Mike Wagner • The hostile media effect, the systematic tendency for people to believe that news coverage is hostile to their views, is a robust finding. In this article I ask, do journalists perceive a hostile media too? A web-based survey experiment of television and print journalists in the top 150 media markets in the United States (N=631) varied whether the story was about an issue owned by the Republicans (tax relief) or the Democrats (health care) and whether the partisan senator of the party that owned the issue engaged in “cheap talk” or “costly talk.” Ideological journalists were more likely to perceive a hostile media when a member of their preferred political party was reported to have engaged in costly talk—especially when costly talk came from a partisan source whose party owned the issue. Despite these attitudes, journalists across the ideological spectrum found each type of story to be equally newsworthy. Charismatic rhetoric, integrative complexity and the U.S. Presidency: An analysis of the State of the Union Address (SOTU) from George Washington to Barack Obama. • ben wasike • This study adopted Thoemmes and Conway’s seminal work on integrative complexity (IC) of U.S. presidents to examine the interaction between IC and charisma in the State of the Union address. The study examined a census of all the SOTU addresses given from George Washington to Barack Obama. The study found positive correlation between IC and charisma, inverse correlation between charisma and reelection and overall, congressional opposition elicited more charisma. Unlike IC, charisma forms an inverted U-shaped curve, conservatives displayed more of it and charisma could be immune to crisis effects. Issue importance, perceived effects of protest news and political participation • Ran Wei, U. of South Carolina; Ven-hwei Lo, Chinese U of Hong Kong; Hung-Yi Lu, National Chongchung University • How do news coverage of a grass-root protest movement and perceived importance of the movement affect people's participation? And how do people infer the effect of the news on themselves differently than on others? Informed by the third-person effect hypothesis, we examine these questions in the context of the student-led Sunflower movement in Taiwan that rose in opposition to a trade pact with China. In the study, we advanced three propositions. First, that the perceived effects of the protest news on oneself would be a better predictor of political participation than would perceived effects of such news on others. Second, that the perceived effect on oneself, not on others, would enhance the impact of issue importance on participation in the movement. And third, how people processed protest news would be another intermediate mechanism on subsequent participation activities. We found support for these propositions in data collected from a probability sample of 1,137 respondents. The contributions of the findings to the robust third-person effect research are discussed. Linking Agenda Networks between Media and Voters: An Investigation of Taiwan’s 2012 Presidential Election • Denis Wu; Lei Guo, Boston University • This study investigates the Network Agenda-Setting (NAS) model with original data gathered from 2012 presidential election in Taiwan. Networks of media coverage on the most important issues and candidate attributes and affects are compared with the counterparts generated from public opinion data. The overall correlations between media’s networks and voters’ networks are positive and significant, indicating a confirmation of NAS effect in a non-U.S. country. Partisan media and selective exposure in the media system are also incorporated into the investigation. Results show that partisan selective exposure did not lead to consistent conclusions about accentuated impact of like-minded media consumption. The dual process of influence: Examining the hydraulic pattern hypothesis of media priming effects • Sung Woo Yoo, SUNY Cortland • This paper examined the hydraulic pattern of media-priming effects, an argument that increase in the importance of an issue is accompanied by decrease in importance of other issues. Granger causality between media coverage and the perceived importance of issues was examined using a content analysis and secondary survey data. In the findings, media coverage caused changes in the issue-weight of other issues. Also, the time-lag of the hydraulic pattern preceded the main priming effects. The personal is political?: The relationship between passive and active non-political and political social media use • Rebecca Yu, University of Michigan • Previous research indicates that social media use for news or political purposes increases political participation, but little is known about if and how political social media behavior might emerge out of everyday, non-political usage of such sites. Using two separate adult samples of Facebook and Twitter users, this study examines the extent to which and how non-political, passive (NPP, consuming content about entertainment interests and personal life) and non-political, active (NPA, producing content about entertainment interests and personal life) social media use relate to exposure to and expression of political voice on the sites. The overall findings are consistent across the two platforms, such that while both NPP and NPA use are positively associated with political information exposure on the sites, NPA use is positively related to political expression, and this relationship is partially explained by political efficacy. Together, these findings support the possibility that the “political” may be an extended terrain of “the personal,” while drawing attention to the possible differential political outcomes resulting from NPP and NPA social media use. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15443 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/rmig-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:28:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15448 The Role of Social Media in Setting the Muslims and Islam Agenda: A three-country study • SAIFUDDIN AHMED, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS; Joerg Matthes, U of Vienna; Jaeho Cho, University of California, Davis • This study examines the role of social and traditional media in an agenda setting process involving issues related to Muslims and Islam. A time-series analysis of 4317 news articles and 3.19 million Facebook posts across France, Germany and the Netherlands reveal that the agenda-setting mechanism is not “one-way” but reciprocal in nature. The results of a reverse-pattern involving social media influencing traditional media agenda can direct future research. Implications of the findings are discussed. Framing moral evaluations: newspaper coverage of Islamic spaces in the U.S. • Brian J. Bowe, Western Washington University • In recent years, attempts by Muslims in the U.S. to build worship spaces have been met with opposition during the local regulatory approval process. This article examines the discourse in the debate through a framing cluster analysis of news articles and editorials (n=349) from five U.S. newspapers between 2010-13. This research makes a theoretical contribution by being the first to use Moral Foundations Theory operationalize the moral evaluation dimension of framing. A cluster analysis of all the framing components revealed five frames: Local Regulation, Political Debate, Muslim Neighbors, Islamic Threat, and Legal Authority. A binary logistic regression found that moral evaluations were associated with mosque support, but not mosque opposition. God and sport: Orientalism in Sports Illustrated coverage of religion • Patrick Ferrucci, University of Colorado-Boulder; Greg Perreault, University of Missouri • This study utilizes textual analysis to analyze how the popular and influential sports magazine Sports Illustrated covered religion over the period from Jan. 1, 1994, to Sept. 1, 2014. The data showed that the magazine wrote about religion in three primary ways: as an exotic characteristic that makes an athlete somehow odd, as incongruous since sports themselves display similar characteristics to religion, and as a front to hide some insidious real motive. These results are analyzed through the lens of Edward Said’s theory of orientalism, which argues that the press tends to cover dominant groups as “normal” and “others” the remaining groups, which has been shown, historically, to have damaging impact. This study concludes with a discussion concerning how SI’s coverage of religion could impact society. Religious ‘hate spin’ and the limitations of the law in India • Cherian George, Hong Kong Baptist University • Narendra Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party won India’s 2014 election on a Hindu-majoritarian agenda, challenging the secular republic’s accommodation of Muslim and other minorities. One key strategy was the use of “hate spin” – conceptualised here as the politically motivated giving and taking of religious offence. Modi’s campaign used inflammatory speech with impunity, despite India’s laws against religious incitement. It also rallied the Hindu ground against manufactured offence, effectively censoring books despite free speech laws. “It’s Not a Real Thing When We Do It”: Mainstream Newspaper Use of the Term “Islamophobia” • Rick Moore, Boise State University • Is “Islamophobia” a real thing? A viral video segment from a recent television program raised this question. This study looks to answer it by analyzing how the media might play a role in determining our perception of the reality of phenomena that have only recently been named. Through a LexisNexis search of mainstream newspapers’ use of Islamophobia, the study shows that for journalists, at least, there are clear indications Islamophobia is real and worth discussing. Sexual battlegrounds: How abstinent Christian men select and navigate media content • Monique Robinson, The University of Kansas; Timothy Luisi, University of Kansas • Men look toward media as illustrative in constructing sexual relationships. As 97% of men in the United States engage in sexual relationships prior to marriage, those who choose to wait represent a heuristic segment of the population. This study analyzes abstinent Christian males and how their identity interplays with their media selection and navigation processes through sexual narratives and scripts that counter their views on premarital sex. The boundaries of political tolerance: Evaluations of Mormon political candidates • Remy Maisel; Mike Schmierbach, Pennsylvania State University • During the 2012 American presidential election, there was rampant media speculation about the potential impact of Mitt Romney’s Mormonism upon his chances of being elected. This experiment presented respondents with news articles about a fictional candidate with conditions for candidate affiliation of either Mormon or unspecified, and stories that either contained values language or excluded it. Results showed weak negative effects due to the presence of a Mormon label, and minimal influence of value framing. Is It Really a Religious Conflict?: News Framing of the Ahmadiyah Conflict in Indonesian Mediascape • Yearry Setianto, Ohio University • Building on the assumption that the media construct their own frames in reporting religious conflict, this study investigates how online newspapers framed the Ahmadiyah conflict in Cikeusik, Banten Province, Indonesia in February 2011. Based on framing analysis of 359 news articles taken from two major online newspapers in Indonesia, Kompas.com and Republika Online, this research used an interpretive qualitative approach in identifying the frames. The research findings suggest that Kompas.com indirectly named the incident as an attack and violations of human rights but avoided to mention the case as a religious conflict. In contrast, Republika Online, which is influenced by Islamic values tended to name the event as a clash based on religious issues and accused the Ahmadis as the provocateurs. Both media named the actors as anonymous but blamed the government’s failure in protecting religious rights. The use of interpretive qualitative approach also has been sufficient to identify hidden frames within the language structures in news texts. This study helps to understand how the religious conflict tended to be framed differently by online media, mainly due to their religious affiliation, especially in the context of reporting religious conflicts in a Muslim majority country like in Indonesia. Evangelical Christian Crisis Responses to Same-Sex Sex Scandals • Cylor Spaulding, Towson University • This research examines the crisis responses of six evangelical leaders (Paul Crouch, Ted Haggard, Lonnie Latham, and Eddie Long) involved in same-sex sex scandals by comparing their responses against those recommended by the Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) (Coombs, 2007). Through an examination of the leaders strategies, reaction statements, and news articles written about the crisis, this qualitative research found that the evangelical pastors generally adhered to the recommended strategies of the SCCT, thus reinforcing the applicability of the SCCT even in a religious context. This paper also recommends the inclusion of an additional SCCT category for situations where a crisis inflicts spiritual or emotional harm. A Cross-National Media Framing Comparison of U.S. and Arabic News: The Case of Charlie Hebdo • Ethan Stokes, University of Alabama • On January 7, 2015, two Islamic terrorists raided the Charlie Hebdo central office in Paris and killed 12 employees of the French satirical magazine. The events that ensued resembled a modern action/thriller motion picture, and global news media coverage provided an avenue for audiences to follow the proceedings. Navigated by framing theory, this study employed a quantitative content analysis of 985 news stories collected precisely over one month following the January 7th attack to determine if cross-national differences in news coverage were present. The news stories came from the two most popular Arabic news media outlets and the three most popular U.S. newspapers. The Arabic stories were collected using the Media Monitoring System at Texas A&M University, and the U.S. stories were collected using the Pro-Quest Newspapers database. The findings reveal that the U.S. frames focused more heavily on the victims, defending free speech, and supporting the continuance of the satire, while the Arabic frames more often focused on specific terrorist groups, portraying the satire as offensive to Muslims, and calling for a discontinuance of the satire. These differences and similarities in news framing of the Hebdo attack are discussed at length. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15448 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/spig-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:29:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15452 You Can, 2, Fix Stupid: Improving on a Novel Experiment to Teach a Need For News • Kelly Kaufhold, Texas State University • An experimental news game was executed under two different conditions to test both the efficacy of the idea and the impact of different circumstances – a short, weekly intervention or a longer, daily one. While the short, weekly intervention was shown to have some effect, the longer daily intervention was significantly more effective. The news game shows real promise as an easily replicable way to get students more engaged with a need for news and as a way to inspire some peer pressure for news, which may, in turn, increase the incidence of news opinion leaders in a two-step flow of news. Given the long-established, generational decline in news consumption and knowledge, this news game shows promise as an ameliorative strategy to increase news engagement among young adults. Getting it “Write”: Strengthening Basic Grammar Skills Through Collaborative Efforts • Michael Drager, Shippensburg University; Holly Ott, The Pennsylvania State University; Carrie Sipes; Karen Johnson, Shippensburg University • This study explores pedagogical approaches and student learning strategies in a media writing course. Specifically, the effectiveness of grammar tutoring and how it impacts students’ basic writing skills is examined. Results support existing literature that tutoring impacts student performance and enhances students’ confidence and interest in learning. Theoretical and practical implications for teaching and research are discussed. Collaborating Across Boundaries to Engage Journalism Students in Computational Thinking • Kim Pearson, The College of New Jersey; Diane Bates, The College of New Jersey; S. Monisha Pulimood, The College of New Jersey • Journalism educators seek ways to create a positive environment for learning computational journalism. This paper describes a multi-semester collaboration between undergraduate journalism and computer science students. Data indicate that such collaborations can strengthen journalism students’ confidence in their ability to employ computing tools and methods. However, journalism students did not show as much positive change as did students in computer science and other majors. Future research will focus on student preparation for such collaborations. v Instructional videos snubbed by online students -- Reliance on videos re-evaluated • Catherine Strong, Massey University • The challenges of teaching online students are magnified when teaching digital journalism skills without face-to-face contact. Although many guidelines recommend relying heavily on instructional videos for online courses, such as MOOCs, this research indicates many students tend to shun videos in favor of traditional text instructions. The key is to provide both platforms for the students. This research also found that students are more accepting of instructional videos that include five elements. External Resources Use for Undergraduates Learning Coding in Communication Classes • Amanda Sturgill; Ben Hannam, Elon University; Brian Walsh • Researchers collected and analyzed data from 85 undergraduate students from a variety of communication majors enrolled in a 1-credit technology and coding course in which a variety of out-of-class supports were offered, to determine what out-of-class resources students used and valued. Student behaviors clustered, such that one group that preferred interpersonal support and another who preferred content support. Most types of support were not related to student success as measured in course grades. One type, video, was negatively related, suggesting that a self-destructive behavior of procrastinating on projects and expecting last-minute help extra resources is ineffective. Best Practices for Student Learning Assessment In Smaller-Sized Undergraduate Mass Communication Programs • Douglas Swanson, California State University, Fullerton • Assessment of student learning in higher education is no longer optional, because the public increasingly expects universities to spend less and produce more. Generating detailed, meaningful assessment is challenging, particularly for smaller-sized mass communication programs with limited resources. Mass communication-focused assessment literature is scarce. This best practices essay reviews other research to illustrate proven examples of ways to assess simply and effectively in undergraduate mass communication programs to achieve maximum faculty support and curriculum improvement. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15452 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/sports-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:31:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15456 Sport, Media Representations, and Domestic Violence: Ray Rice and the Truth Behind Closed Doors • Lauren Anderson, Florida State University • In February 2014, Baltimore Ravens running back Ray Rice was arrested for assaulting his then fiancé, Janay Palmer, at the Revel Casino in Atlantic City. Seven months later, TMZ released a video of the assault, which showed Rice punching Palmer in the face while inside an elevator at the casino. The public was immediately outraged, and thousands of fans took to social media to express their anger towards the running back. However, these attacks were just part of the conversation. The public outcry over the video generated a national conversation around intimate partner violence unlike anything seen before (Blow, 2014). With the purpose of discovering how domestic violence is talked about in sport, this paper examines the media coverage of the highly publicized Ray Rice incident over a one-year time span by examining articles from both mainstream and alternative media. The researcher argues that the main narratives surrounding the conversation seem to question previous media frames that have consistently blamed victims, excused perpetrators, and ignored the social problem of domestic abuse. Such narratives are crucial to changing the national conversation surrounding domestic violence. However, these narratives are relatively nonexistent in mainstream media, which is entirely problematic. Although the release of the TMZ video made the Ray Rice case one of the most publicized incidents of domestic violence in history, it still did not result in a national conversation about domestic violence among mainstream media. The Return of the King: How Cleveland Reunited with LeBron After a Parasocial Breakup • Eryn Bostwick, The University of Oklahoma; Kathryn Lookadoo, The University of Oklahoma • This study examined the experiences northeast Ohio residents had when LeBron James left Cleveland in 2010 and returned in 2014. Results showed individuals who experienced a parasocial relationship (PSR) with LeBron were more likely to experience a parasocial breakup (PSB), which, in turn, was positively related to having feelings of grief after LeBron left. The results help explain why some fans might react negatively when finding out their favorite player has left their favorite team. Second Screen & Sports: A Structural Investigation into Team Identification and Efficacy • Nicole Cunningham, University of Texas at Austin; Matthew Eastin, University of Texas at Austin • A second screen is defined as a second electronic device used by audience members while watching a television program. While second screen use during sport programming is on the rise, current theoretical understanding of second screen use and engagement is lacking. Thus, in an attempt to extend Niche Theory and Social Cognitive Theory, the current study employs a structural equation model to increase current understanding of second screen use. Further, to better understand the outcome of second screen use, the current study examines the relationship between team identification, engagement, and self-efficacy with second screen use. Altering the Attribute Agenda: How the Suspension of a Rugby Star Impacted Coverage of Doping • Bryan Denham • This study examined how the 2010 suspension of rugby player Terry Newton, who tested positive for human growth hormone, impacted drug-testing reports in United States news media. Drawing on the agenda-setting concept of a “trigger event,” as well as research in attribute agenda-building, the study observed an increase in references to human growth hormone following the suspension announcement. Substantively, the study refutes criticism that American journalists advance the interests of U.S. athletes and athletic organizations while largely ignoring athletes and sport entities elsewhere. The Use Of Twitter As A News Source In Sports Reporting • Brian Dunleavy, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Tim Vos, University of Missouri • It has been well documented that professional athletes have been using Twitter to communicate directly with each other and their fans; to date, few studies have explored the effect this direct communication channel has had on the role of journalists who cover these athletes. Traditionally, sports reporters have served in a gatekeeping role, deciding what news and information is worthy of coverage on the beat. The present study sought to assess how, if at all, sports reporters covering the four major U.S. sports—baseball, basketball, football, and hockey—are using athletes’ Twitter feeds in their coverage and what, if any, impact athletes’ presence on Twitter has had on their role as gatekeepers. A search of eight daily newspapers during a one-month period yielded a total of 74 articles in which an athletes’ Twitter feed was used as a news source. A textual analysis of these articles revealed that athletes’ tweets are used in place of direct quotes, as a source of breaking news, as the genesis of a story, and to gauge public sentiment toward an athlete. Interviews with 20 of the sports reporters covering the four major sports at the eight newspapers and five of the editors at these outlets confirmed these uses. Respondents also acknowledged that Twitter has enabled athletes to communicate directly with their fans without involving the traditional sports media. However, most the respondents also noted that the limitations of the medium kept their roles as reporters relevant to the fan/reader. Thrice-trending Twitter: A Longitudinal Study of Sports Journalist Tweeting • Betsy Emmons, Samford University • Sports journalists have accepted Twitter as an important tool in live reporting. Sports journalists are particularly in tune with Twitter’s role as a second screen during a live televised event. The news ecology model framework offers a longitudinal frame for this research, a three-year content analysis of journalist live-tweeting. Results indicated that there were significantly different tweet tendencies between bloggers and institutional journalists, with movement toward homogeneity and sporadic use of other Twitter aspects. To tweet and retweet: How NFL journalists gatekept the Ray Rice scandal on Twitter • Patrick Ferrucci, University of Colorado-Boulder • This study utilizes textual analysis to examine how journalists covered the Ray Rice scandal on Twitter. The study looked at all tweets concerning the scandal from 20 “elite” sports journalists. It was found that journalists used Twitter when covering the scandal in four primary ways: to disseminate factual information, to state opinions, to make followers laugh and to self-promote themselves. These findings are then analyzed through the lens of gatekeeping theory. It is suggested that news organizations need to develop and implement strong social media policies because Twitter coverage could conceivably result in negative effects on the organization. The big assist: Exploring nonprofit beliefs about the benefits and challenges of sport CSR • Melanie Formentin, Towson University • Corporate social responsibility (CSR) in professional sport is studied almost exclusively in business and marketing where sport is presented as having unique characteristics for creating social impacts. Additionally, CSR scholarship generally fails to address beneficiary perspectives of giving impacts. Using 29 depth interviews with nonprofit practitioners, this study highlights perceived benefits and challenges of working with sport organizations. Findings suggest sport CSR has unique qualities, but not to the degree expressed in current research. Mobile Communication and Pro Sports: Linking Motivational Use of the Mobile Phone to Fan Loyalty • Seok Kang • The main focus of the current study is fan loyalty development for favorite pro teams through mobile phone use. Guided by uses and gratifications theory, varying motive types are assumed to be potential predictors for attitudinal, behavioral loyalty, and sport fandom. Reflecting traits of mobile communication, mobile competence and network size are also taken into account in the examination. From a national panel survey of 405 respondents, the results found that mobile phone use was classified into either instrumental or ritualistic motives. Goal-directed interaction motives predicted behavioral loyalty and sport fandom. Habitual motives were associated with attitudinal loyalty. Mobile competence was a positive indicator for attitudinal loyalty and sport fandom. Second-level digital divide was discovered in mobile phone use for attitudinal loyalty and sport fandom. No significant relationship between network size and fan loyalty was observed. Related implications and suggestions were discussed. The effects of camera angle, arousing content and fanship on the cognitive processing of sports messages. • Collin Berke, Texas Tech University; Justin Keene, Texas Tech University; Brandon Nutting, University of South Dakota • This study had two core motivations. First, the replicate the previous research related to the relationship between camera angle, arousing content, general sports fanship and resource allocation, and second, to reconceptualize these message-level elements from the human-centered perspective. Generally, the results replicate previous findings that arousing content, but not fanship, school identification or camera angle effects the availability of cognitive resources over time. Implications are discussed. The Team versus Its Fans: Crisis Frames Using Social Media in the case of Ray Rice • Eunyoung Kim, University of Alabama • This study examines how sports organizations and their fans use the interactivity of Twitter to disseminate crisis frames. Conducting a content analysis in the Ray Rice case, the study compares crisis frames employed by the Baltimore Ravens and by self-identified fans and examined the tones, topics, and frames of fans’ responses. The results illustrate that the team and fans utilized human interest, conflict, and athletic frames in common and different ways. Nationalism in the United States and Canadian Primetime Broadcast Coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympics • James Angelini; Paul MacArthur, Utica College; Andrew Billings, University of Alabama; Lauren Smith, Auburn University • The CBC’s and NBC’s primetime broadcasts of the 2014 Winter Olympics were analyzed to determine differences between the media treatment of home nation athletes and foreign athletes. Results showed that Canadian athletes represented 48.5% of the total athlete mentions and 100 percent of the top 20 most mentioned athletes on the CBC broadcast, while American athletes represented 43.9% of the total mentions and 65 percent of the top 20 most mentioned athletes on the NBC broadcast. The Canadian broadcast also featured home athletes significantly more than the American broadcast. The CBC was more likely attribute Canadian athletic successes to commitment and intelligence, and non-Canadian successes to strength; Canadians were more likely to have failure ascribed to a lack of consonance, while non-Canadians were more likely to have failure ascribed to a lack of commitment. The CBC was also more likely to discuss neutral/other comments for Canadians, and the extroversion and background of non-Canadians. NBC was more likely to attribute non-American failures to experience and non-American failures to a lack of concentration. NBC was also more likely to describe non-American athletes as modest/introverted. Comparisons between the CBC and NBC revealed 35 significant differences in the manner in which they depicted home athletes compared to athletes from other nations. Inequivalency of Trangressions: On-Field Perceptions of Off-Field Athlete Deviance • Coral Marshall; Andrew Billings, University of Alabama; Kenon Brown, The University of Alabama • Deviance and crime have long been considered newsworthy, yet recently the off-field deviant actions of professional athletes have received increased prominence. Utilizing 360 subjects from a national online experiment, this paper examines the degree to which these off-field deviant actions effect fan perceptions. Results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference in the way types of violence are perceived. ‘I did what I do’ vs ‘I cover football’: Team media and athlete protest • Michael Mirer, University of Wisconsin • As athletes added their voices to the 2014 protests of police violence, team media were part of the press pack. Using interview data and content analysis, this case study examines the way writers at team sites approached this collision of marketing and political activism. It finds a range of approaches, from full stories to ignoring it, often justified with similar claims of reportorial independence. These findings complicate existing views of team media. Divorce in Sports: Enduring Grief and the Fluidity of Fandom • Nathan Rodriguez, University of Kansas • Many scholars conceptualize fans as static, with concretized likes or dislikes. Less discussed is what happens when the majority of fans experience an act of perceived disloyalty. This project examines online comments from college basketball fans regarding a former head coach over an eight-year period. Comments are coded using the Kubler-Ross model to document how fans process grief over time. This approach lends explanatory power to better understand fluidity of fandom over time. ‘How Could Anyone Have Predicted that #AskJameis would Go Horribly Wrong?’ Public Relations, Social Media, and Hashtag Hijacking • Jimmy Sanderson, Clemson University; Katie Barnes, Clemson University; Christine Williamson, Clemson University; Edward Kian, Oklahoma State Univeristy • Social media offers benefits to organizations when enacting public relations. However, it also is accompanied with risk as the participatory culture of social media enables audience members to actively contribute to public relations narratives. This research explores how a sport public relations campaign on Twitter can be hijacked by audiences through an investigation of the #AskJameis campaign employed by Florida State University. Winston had been the subject of several legal incidents before Florida State made him available to answer questions via the #AskJameis hashtag on August 10, 2014. A thematic analysis of 1,247 tweets revealed that the hashtag was hijacked primarily through: (a) criticizing Florida State University; (b) referencing Winston’s legal incidents; (c) general sarcasm; (d) insinuating Winston received preferential treatment; and (e) mocking Winston’s intellect. The results suggest that public relations campaigns enacted on social media extend well beyond target audiences and that public relations personnel must account for the anticipated “pulse” of the audience before launching public relations initiatives on social media. Underestimating the capabilities of the social media audience can further exacerbate crisis situations, suggesting that there are occasions when not using social media is a more effective public relations practice. Soccer as un-American Activity: Sportswriters Inscribing American Exceptionalism on the World’s Game • David Schwartz, University of Iowa • Disapproving of the soccer strategy known as flopping—falling down on purpose—Chicago Sun-Times columnist Rick Telander wrote that flopping is “a European or South American or Asian or African affectation. And it’s pitiful.” Through textual analysis of American sports writing, this description and others illustrate how sportswriters advance American exceptionalism and disparage foreign athletes by locating flopping outside the moral and ethical boundaries of sportsmanship. #deflategate: Sports Journalism, Twitter and the Use of Image Repair Strategy • Mary Lou Sheffer, University of Southern Mississippi; Brad Schultz, University of Mississippi; Willie Tubbs, University of Southern Mississippi • "This study investigated how different groups of sports journalists covered the NFL “deflategate” scandal through social media, specifically in terms of employing image repair strategies. A content analysis revealed that while many journalists employed objective reporting, many others engaged in a variety of repair strategies, notably minimization and stonewalling. Discussion and implications focused on two main issues—conflict of interest between journalists and sports organizations, and the evolving role of social media in crisis coverage." ABC’s Wide World of Sports: The Cultural and Industrial Politics of Cold War Sports Television in the United States • Travis Vogan, University of Iowa • The Cold War provides the backdrop for many of the United States’ most durable sporting tales. The medium of television played a key role in articulating sport’s relationship to the Cold War. Scholars of sport, however, have mostly ignored the medium’s significance to Cold War sport. Focusing on a series of televised track meets between the USA and USSR from 1961-1965, this historical essay uses the ABC network’s anthology program Wide World of Sports to consider how sports TV mediated U.S. sport’s relationship to Cold War politics. It does so through examining a combination of Wide World of Sports' programs, popular and trade press commentary on them, and discourses from ABC personnel. Moreover, it argues that Wide World of Sports’ many representations of Cold War sport helped ABC to establish a branded identification with sports programming and to compete for market share of the increasingly popular genre with CBS and NBC. #ClipperNation: A Case Study of the Functional Uses of Social Media for Sport Public Relations • Brandi Watkins, Virginia Tech • The rapid growth of sports as a PR specialization, there are considerably fewer academic studies that examine the field within the discipline. An attempt to contribute to the need for research in this area, this study applies the functional uses of social media for PR to a sports context. A case study of the Twitter activity of the Los Angeles Clippers revealed the team used Twitter to serve the organizational identification and relationship building functions. The Effects of Second-Screen Use on the Enjoyment of the Super Bowl • Jordan Dolbin, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities; Brendan R. Watson • To optimize the second screen experience, it is important to understand how media multitasking affects the primary experience, in this instance, watching the Super Bowl. This study surveyed a randomly-sampled young adults who watched the Super Bowl on TV. The study examines the effects of the frequency of general second-screen use; related versus unrelated second-screen use; and the effect of difference between gratifications sought by watching the Super Bowl and reasons for using a second-screen on enjoyment of watching the game. While frequency of second-screen use is negatively associated with enjoyment, related second-screen use is a positive predictor. However, the greater the differences, related or unrelated to the game, between the reasons why someone watched the game and used a second screen, the lower levels of enjoyment. Implications for theory and the television and sports industries are discussed. Televised CrossFit Competitions Have the Potential to (Tire)Flip Masculine Hegemony on Its Head • Molly Yanity, Quinnipiac University; Mary Haines, Ohio University • While feminist theory has expressed a wide range of opinions and findings on the mediation of the muscular female body, we draw principally from Connell’s theory of gender power relations to analyze televised CrossFit competitions on ESPN. The purpose of this article is to compare and analyze dominant themes from similar findings to those of the CrossFit competition broadcasts to determine if these competitions have the potential to disrupt or sustain masculine hegemony on the existing sport-media landscape. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15456 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/06/csw-2015-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2015 23:33:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15460 “It’s on us.” The role of social media in individual willingness to mobilize against sexual assault • Cory Armstrong; Jessica Mahone, University of Florida • "Stopping sexual violence has become a key issue in the public and media agenda. This study examines the role of social media and bystander intervention in predicting an individual’s willingness to engage in collective action against sexual violence. Two surveys were conducted in fall 2014 and early 2015 examining young adults’ views of SNS, rape culture and collective action. Results indicated that gender and bystander intervention were key predictors, along with the privacy concerns of SNS and views supporting rape culture, which had a negative association. Implications were discussed. Covering Clinton (2010-2015): Meaning-making strategies in news and entertainment magazines • Ingrid Bachmann, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Dustin Harp, University of Texas-Arlington; Jaime Loke, University of Oklahoma • With a trailblazing political career, Hillary Clinton has been the focus of media attention for decades. This study examines 27 magazine covers of the former First Lady and presumptive presidential hopeful from 2010 to 2015, and addresses what these mediated representations of Clinton say aboWith a trailblazing political career, Hillary Clinton has been the focus of media attention for decades. This study examines 27 magazine covers of the former First Lady and presumptive presidential hopeful from 2010 to 2015, and addresses what these mediated representations of Clinton say about the relationship between gender, power and politics. Based on a semiotic analysis, we found that Clinton is presented as a power-hungry, emasculating and surreptitious politician, with the media often warning citizens about her authenticity and ambition. ut the relationship between gender, power and politics. Based on a semiotic analysis, we found that Clinton is presented as a power-hungry, emasculating and surreptitious politician, with the media often warning citizens about her authenticity and ambition. Media Representations of Hillary Clinton's Emotional Moment: A Semiotic Analysis • Deborah Bauer, New Mexico State University • This study analyzes media discourse surrounding Hillary Clinton’s ‘emotional moment’ during her Presidential campaign. Interpreting media representations through semiotic and phenomenological analysis, a gendered language emerges as a sign of residual cultural stereotypes that continue to dichotomize gendered abilities. This study demonstrates media representations as a site for perpetuating a woman’s use of emotion to manipulate, connive, or calculate career goals. Love the Way You Authenticate Domestic Violence Narratives • Laurena Bernabo, University of Iowa • Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), in all its forms, is a social epidemic which affects millions of Americans. The CDC’s 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, the first of its kind, found that 35.6% of women and 28.5% of men in the U.S. have experienced IPV in their lifetimes, and even more (48% of women and men) have experienced psychological aggression; the impact of such experiences includes fear, PTSD, injury, and the need for medical, housing, and legal services. While public attention to these issues has increased incrementally over time, media texts have engaged rather minimally in terms of accurate, complex representations. This research interrogates the pop culture phenomenon of Love the Way You Lie, a two-part song with an accompanying music video made famous by Eminem and Rihanna, two musicians known for their own first-hand experiences with IPV. By applying work done in the areas of gender violence, domestic violence and IPV to the lyrics and video, this paper demonstrates how public reactions to the media texts conflate the two with each other, and inextricably tie both to the performers through discourses of authenticity. Ultimately, this research argues that the song and video contribute to public conceptions of the cycle of violence by extending the popular understanding of domestic violence beyond the application of physical force. Gold is the new pink: A qualitative analysis of GoldieBlox retail ratings and feedback • Sara Blankenship, University of North Texas; Sheri Broyles, University of North Texas • The pink and blue color washing of the toy aisle suggests it has remained untouched by the advancements of our social progress. GoldieBlox, a toy company focused on stimulating girls’ interest in engineering, set out to change this. This qualitative analysis of GoldieBlox user ratings has determined this generation of parents unequivocally and enthusiastically supports the concept of encouraging girls to pursue a science-based education, rending Barbie irrelevant. Activism? Or Group Self-Objectification? • Shugofa Dastgeer, University of Oklahoma • This paper is a comparative analysis of visual images of two feminist groups, FEMEN sextremists and extreme Islamists. The main purpose of this paper is to explore how women in these two groups use their bodies to express their ideologies, and how these tactics give are seen in visual images? The findings show that women in both feminist groups express themselves as objects, which misrepresents their political causes. So, both extremism and sextremism reproduce similar traditional values for women’s bodies by using different approaches. Building Community? The Use of Social Media by Scholars for Peer-Communication • Stine Eckert, 3135770716; Candi Carter Olson, Utah State University; Victoria LaPoe, Western Kentucky University • This study surveyed 62 members and affiliates of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW), a subdivision in the Association of Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), about their social media use for professional, non-classroom purposes. It is theoretically grounded in media ecology and cyberfeminism. Respondents preferred Facebook for sharing information, followed by Twitter; few participants used LinkedIn. Several respondents noted that due to time constraints they do not use social media. This begs the question of whether or not promoting and utilizing social media as a time-saver, especially for women scholars, may result in a more connected online community, and in turn may help with membership and retention. Given the dearth of studies on scholars’ use of social media for peer communication, this study gives valuable insights into and suggestions for the ways scholars and academic organizations can enhance professional relationships through a communication strategy that integrates social media. Journalistic Coverage in Rape Culture: Reporters’ Socialization in a Gender-Biased Indian Patriarchal Society • Deepa Fadnis • This study examined the journalistic coverage of the Delhi gang rape case of 2012 in the Times of India to understand the influences of the Indian society firmly rooted in gender inequalities and patriarchy on individual reporters. This content analysis suggested that female reporters were more vocal about rape law reforms and setting up immediate relief measures for women in need. And contrary to the popular belief, male reporters did not entertain ideas about male supremacy through their reporting. Further implications for gender inequality in India are discussed. Mum’s the word: An analysis of frames used on parents who left children in cars • Andrea Hall, University of Florida; Lauren Furey, University of Florida • This study explored how media communicate biological and parental gender roles when parents commit a crime in addition to how frame is affected by story type. A content analysis of 348 news articles over a 15-year period was conducted. This study found that a gender divide in some cases, such as women being referenced as mothers, but not in others. Child’s gender was also a factor in analyzing when analyzing stories. RAW Appearances: Examining Contrast Effects in Adaptation to Women Wrestlers’ Sexualization in World Wide Entertainment • Nisha Garud; Carson Wagner • Several studies in psychology confirm the operation of contextual contrast effects on judgments. This experiment extends adaptation-level contrast effects to the field of media through examination of attitudes towards sexualization of WWE women wrestlers. Participants (N=75) were randomly primed with high-sexualized and de-sexualized content and their explicit and implicit attitudes towards sexualization were measured. Contrast effects were found as high-sexualized group rated WWE Women’s program low on sexualization whereas the de-sexualized group rated the program high on sexualization. Both the groups were compared to a control group. Implicit measures supported explicit attitudes. Regression analysis suggest women wrestlers’ clothing, touch, movement and pose strongly predict sexualization. However, no gender differences were found in attitudes towards sexualization. Easy, Breezy, and Patriarchal: Femvertising in CoverGirl and Beyond • Kate Hoad-Reddick, Western University • This paper takes a 2014 CoverGirl advertisement as its object of study to explore the pervasive advertising trend of femvertising—advertising that positively represents women—and question the impacts of commodified feminism on the feminist movement. By deconstructing the hypocrisy inherent in this commercial, the author problematizes femvertising and questions the mainstream media’s ability to offer feminist sentiments that resist commodification. Using the theoretical lens of ventriloquism, this analysis argues femvertising stems from hegemonic patriarchy. Women as Eye Candy: Predictors of Individuals’ Acceptance of the Sexual Objectification of Women • Stacey Hust, Washington State University; Kathleen Rodgers, Department of Human Development, Washington State University; Nicole Cameron, Washington State University • Exposure to music videos that objectify and sexualize women was associated with traditional gender beliefs. A survey of undergraduate students indicates exposure to music and a preference for rap music were positively associated with the acceptance of women’s sexual objectification, even after controlling for gender, religiosity and beliefs in sexual stereotypes. This suggests consistent exposure to music videos reinforces traditional gender attitudes, but contextual factors still play a role in the formation of gender attitudes. Gender Trouble in the Workplace: Applying Judith Butler’s Theory of Performativity to News Organizations • Joy Jenkins, University of Missouri; Teri Finneman, University of Missouri • Butler’s theory of performativity challenges understandings of gender, suggesting gender is constituted through ritualized performances of norms. Although Butler primarily considered discursive constructions of gender, we argue this theory can be considered within organizations. This paper offers a critical perspective by examining patriarchal organizations’ definitions of gender performances and the emancipatory potential of performativity. We explore how performativity could be understood and studied within TV newsrooms, where women reinforce gender roles mandated by organizational norms. ​ Gathering Online, Loitering Offline: Hashtag Activism and the Claim for Public Space by Women in India • Sonora Jha, Seattle University • This paper provides a theoretical critical analysis of the online discursive (textual and visual) representations of women claiming public spaces across India through the #WhyLoiter hashtag campaign in December 2014, protesting “rape culture” following the 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder of a student. Using feminist media theory and the theory of digital social movements - cyberfeminist protest in particular – I examine the strides and limitations of online and offline repertoires of the #WhyLoiter campaign. Searching for Thinspiration: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Tumblr Blog Posts about Weight Loss and Disordered Eating • Nicki Karimipour, University of Florida • Young women’s use of microblogging sites to communicate and disseminate messages about body image ideals is an emerging topic of research. As thinspiration content continues to proliferate online, body image researchers and psychologists seek to understand how people, mostly young women, discuss and engage with this phenomenon on social media. This study takes a feminist perspective on body image, and includes theoretical foundations such as the sociocultural model of female body image and identity demarginalization theory to help explain prevalence of online communication about stigmatized conditions such as eating disorders. This study utilized a qualitative, inductive approach to examine tone of the blog posts, commonly appearing codes, motivations for engaging in weight loss, use of hashtags, and mentions of recovery and/or recovery resources. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and avenues for future research are outlined within. Is Breast Best? Feminist Ethics for Breastfeeding Promotion as Public Relations • Amanda Kennedy, University of Maryland • This paper took a critical feminist approach to interrogate dominant discourses of breastfeeding and motherhood in America and how they have manifested in public relations campaigns. Using the National Breastfeeding Awareness Campaign as an illustration, we identified ethical dilemmas in their popular constructions of breastfeeding and motherhood. We proposed materialist and care-based feminist ethics as more ethical and practical alternatives for breastfeeding promotion and public relations. Collective Memory of the Feminist Revolution: "WACK! Art and the Feminist Revolution" in a Post-Feminist Twenty-First Century • Katherine LaPrad, University of South Carolina • This study examines the collective memory of the feminist revolution through the filter of the feminist art movement by analyzing a variety of media engaged with WACK! Art and the Feminist Revolution, a retrospective exhibition of feminist art and visual culture. Through a qualitative analysis this inquiry interrogates media coverage and public dialogue surrounding this commemorative exhibition, revealing the collective memory of the feminist revolution and its impression on feminism in the current social and political landscape. Butts and other body parts: Celebrity culture, ethnic identification and self-objectification • Carol Liebler; Li Chen, S.I. Newhouse of Public Communications • This study investigates women's experiences with a sexually objectifying environment by examining the degree to which engagement with celebrity culture affects self-objectification among women. We further explore the role of ethnic identification in this relationship. An online survey was conducted in the U.S. of 249 women of East Asian or Southeast Asian ethnic descent. Results indicate that strength of ethnic identification and perceived knowledge of and interaction with celebrity culture are predictors of self-objectification, but that results vary by ethnic group. Findings highlight the need to consider the intersectionality of gender and ethnicity in relation to self-objectification. Problematizing postfeminist/neoliberal female sexual subjectivity: A textual analysis of sex-related articles in Cosmopolitan in post-socialist China • Qi Ling, The University of Iowa • This study adopted postfeminism as a critical tool to analyze sex-related articles in Cosmopolitan (Chinese version) to see how female sexual subjectivity is constructed, and how the internal conflict of neoliberal rhetoric in it may render the touted message of empowerment problematic. Three interpretive repertoires were exacted from the text: “empowering sexiness”, “self-surveillance on sexual body”, and “sexual liberty”, all of which contributed to an enabling female sexual subject, while re-entrenching the normative by making it the only one and the most rewarded choice within the existing system. This paper further suggests that the fact that postfeminist discursive strategies originated in West is gaining currency in post-socialist China has bearing on its integration into the symbolic and economic order of global neoliberalism. Boy story: An analysis of gendered interaction frames in the Toy Story trilogy • Timothy Luisi, University of Kansas • Past research shows that what children see can greatly influence behaviors and the development of gender identity. Female characters have been depicted in film with less frequency and detail than their male counterparts. The following study examined female-voiced characters within the Toy Story trilogy and used grounded theory to find frames between female-voiced characters and male characters based on their interactions. The findings build upon past literature in gaze theory and symbolic annihilation. Gender, politics, and social networks: Tracking the 2014 elections on Twitter • Shannon McGregor, University of Texas - Austin; Rachel Mourao, The University of Texas at Austin • The 2014 elections offer a last chance to evaluate discourse about female politicians before the 2016 presidential campaign. Building on gender bias literature, we assess the differences in network attributes of male and female candidates. Results show that when a woman runs against a man, the conversation revolves around her. Female candidates are both more central and more replied to. Findings suggest that there is still something unique about a campaign with a woman. “Why just my children? This is for all our children.” – The rise of the woman citizen journalist in India • Paromita Pain, The University of Texas at Austin School of Journalism • Recent citizen journalism developments, especially in developing countries like India, is encouraging a new generation of women in very resource poor areas to participate in the news production process that could potentially level the playing field by allowing them to sidestep traditional gatekeepers and barriers. Using the most significant change technique and qualitative data from three citizen media organizations in India, this paper employs feminist readings of Habermas’ theory of the public sphere to argue that citizen media can significantly contribute towards a feminist public sphere and be used as an important tool for women’s empowerment in the developing world. “A Woman Walks Alone in the Dark:” Hostile Sexism & Script Writing for Crime TV • Scott Parrott • Crime-based television programs in the U.S. often contain gender-based stereotypes, including the inaccurate association of females and victimhood. The present study explored the relationship between hostile sexism and the appearance of gender role stereotypes in plot synopses that communication students wrote for a crime-based dramatic program. Respondents (n=197) to a survey studying “the creative process behind scriptwriting” were asked to outline the plot for an episode of a crime-based drama and to provide descriptive information, including gender, for three characters (victim, police detective, criminal). Respondents most often assigned the role of victim to a female and the roles of police detective and criminal to males. Plot synopses often included violence against females. Separate analyses showed that the higher the respondents’ hostile sexism, the more likely they were to assign the victim role to a female and the less likely they were to assign the detective role to a female. Constructing Girls in a Post-Feminist Society: Female Adolescent Gender Representations in Glee • Roseann Pluretti, The University of Kansas; Kristen Grimmer, University of Kansas; Jessica Casebier, University of Kansas • This exploratory study examines adolescent gender identity formation and the female adolescent gender representations in the teen drama Glee. Through feminist theory, this study investigates how these representations compare to past representations and if they contain post-feminist ideals. A qualitative textual analysis of six episodes and over 130 scenes was implemented. Thematic analysis of these representations found empowering, post-feminist and stereotypical representations in Glee. These representations could shape female adolescent audiences’ gender identity formation. Using Feminist Memories for Postfeminist Needs: The Celebratory Feminism of MAKERS: Women Who Make America • Urszula Pruchniewska, Temple University • Through the lens of collective memory, this paper uses textual analysis to explore the documentary MAKERS, which traces the second wave women’s movement by presenting a collective memory of “celebratory feminism.” Despite aiming to show the movement as continuing, by evoking postfeminist sensibilities in its presentation of the feminist past, MAKERS categorizes feminism as over. Thus the construction of collective memory of feminism in MAKERS works to fit the needs of the present climate, postfeminism. If You Can't See It, You Can't Be It: Do Children's Movies Pass The Bechdel Test? • Erin Ryan, Kennesaw State University • Organizations such as the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media consistently report gender imbalance is still very much alive. This is particularly true of media crafted specifically for children, and this has real consequences for the ways in which children are taught to perform their gender. Cultivation theory tells us that continuous consumption of media can change people’s attitudes and beliefs about the world, beginning in childhood. If children see the same depictions ad nauseum they can only assume the gender performance they see is the “right” one. And as social learning theory demonstrates, beginning in toddlerhood children begin to mimic behaviors they see in media. Thus, it is crucial to study children’s media with an eye on gender roles. One method to do so is the so-called “Bechdel Test” which puts films to a three-question test: are there two or more women in the film who have names? Do they talk to each other? Do they talk to each other about anything other than men? This content analysis put the top 21 children’s movies to the Test and results revealed seven failures: Pinocchio, Fantasia, The Princess Bride, Toy Story, Toy Story 2, Ratatouille, and Up. Release date did not appear to affect whether a movie passed, implying that women’s roles in children’s movies have not evolved over time. However, a tally of character actions revealed female characters in both passing and failing movies to be performing fewer stereotypical roles than non-stereotypical Crusaders, Not Subordinates: How Women’s Page Editors Worked to Change the Gender Climate Within APME and ASNE • Kimberly Voss; Lance Speere • This scholarship reveals what women were doing in the 1960s and early 1970s within the newspaper industry, which had largely excluded them from decision-making or leadership positions, to produce change. Yet, they worked within their limitations to improve working conditions and to improve content for women within the pages of their newspapers. This study documents their efforts to initiate change through the Associated Press Managing Editors and the American Society of Newspaper Editors. Understanding images of sexual objectification: A study of gender differences in Taiwanese magazine ads from 1985 to 2011 • Ping Shaw, National Sun Yat-sen University; Yue Tan, National Sun Yat-sen University • Content analysis is used to explore media portrayals of 1856 female and 816 male models in 2336 Taiwan magazine advertisements over a 27 year period, from 1985 to 2011. We mainly examined how female models and male models are sexually objectified differently over time in terms of four coding categories: “decorative roles”, “portion of body shown”, “sexual explicitness”, and “objecting gaze and touch”. We argue that these categories measure different dimensions of the sexual objectification concept. The results from the content analysis revealed that the four measures correlated moderately, indicated different degree of gender gaps, changed differently over time, and influenced differently by the women’s movement and consumerism in Taiwan. Finally, the implications of the results for the sexual objectification theory are discussed." Frat Daddies and Sorostitutes: How TotalFratMove.com and Greek Identity Influence Greek Students’ Rape Myth Acceptance • Bailey Thompson, Texas Tech University; Rebecca Ortiz, Texas Tech University • College students in social Greek organizations are at greater risk of sexual assault than other college students. The present study examined how readership of the online news site TotalFratMove.com (TFM), which often includes coverage of stereotypical fraternity culture, may impact rape myth acceptance. Results revealed that the more frequently Greeks read TFM, the more likely they were to be accepting of rape myths when also taking into account the strength of their Greek social identity. One “pin” closer to the image of health: The medicalization of makeup discourses on Pinterest • Andrea Weare • This study explored discourses that medicalize beauty on Pinterest. With a boom in social media use among the beauty industry, these platforms are serving as affordances to extend a user’s ability to perform desired industry actions: product consumption. Results illuminate an understanding of the uses of Pinterest and how female users are hailed to be more beautiful and healthy, as well as how scholars and health practitioners might mediate this discourse to improve women’s health. 2015 Abstracts]]> 15460 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/09/pac-090915/ Wed, 09 Sep 2015 15:45:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15595 CONTACT: ELIZABETH L. TOTH, University of Maryland, College Park, 2014-15 President of AEJMC • September 9, 2015 Active campaigning for the 2016 presidential election has now begun, and the candidates are presenting their platforms for reporting and scrutiny by the press. This essential democratic process must be performed in an environment of respect both for the journalists who report as well as for the candidates who seek election. Some recent exchanges between candidates and journalists have failed to live up to this standard. During political campaigns, we often look to a candidate's treatment of the press to infer what that relationship will be like if the candidate is elected. Thus, it is concerning if candidates treat the press, and the process of journalistic inquiry, dismissively. At the same time, journalists have the responsibility to perform their critical function in a way that is fair, impartial and according to professional standards. Americans must be vigilant about preserving the free and democratic society that exists through the First Amendment rights of citizens and the strong role of the nation's watchdog press. Democracy and human rights are possible only when journalists are allowed to perform their role freely and without constraint, and with full adherence to their professional responsibilities of fairness and accuracy. Particularly in this era of social media, channels of communication that facilitate vigorous discussion and debate are accessible to all citizens, which can enhance democracy. With this benefit comes personal responsibility of all citizens and a heightened professional responsibility of those who perform the role of journalists. The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), the largest association of journalism and communication educators in the world, calls upon both the political candidates who are campaigning for office and the journalists who cover them to maintain the highest levels of civility and respect to ensure an environment where the electorate can make informed decisions about those who seek to represent them in government. For more information regarding this AEJMC Presidential Statement, please contact Elizabeth Toth, 2015 President of AEJMC, at eltoth@umd.edu or Lori Bergen, 2016 President of AEJMC, at Lori.Bergen@colorado.edu. <<PACS]]> 15595 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/10/aejmcpartay/ Tue, 27 Oct 2015 16:25:58 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15714 San Francisco and the Amazing Teaching Race: Get Your #AEJMCPARTAY On! By Linda Aldoory AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Director, Horowitz Center for Health Literacy Associate Professor, Behavioral & Community Health School of Public Health University of Maryland Laldoory@umd.edu (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, July 2015 issue) One of the great things about living close to our nation’s capital is the interesting activities you get to see on a regular basis. For example, last week, I happened upon a national scavenger hunt. There was a long line of backpack-clad individuals from across the country waiting on Constitution Avenue to sign up for the day’s adventure and win tons of money. Blue versus green team, families versus singles. Why can’t AEJMC have a similarly amazing race? Thus, we are proud to present the first-ever, “Professors’ Amazing Race for Teaching at AEJMC, Yeah!” or PARTAY (another thing you learn living in DC is how to make reverse acronyms!). Here is how to play: Below is a list of the amazing teaching sessions available this year in San Francisco. If you attend one session from each of the five categories below, thus collecting five teaching sessions, you win! What do you win? We cannot divulge the top-secret prize until the first day of the conference (since we don’t actually know what it is yet), but it will be highly valuable, I am sure. In addition, we will have set up the Twitter hashtag #AEJMCPARTAY for you to post to when you attend a session so you can share with others what you have learned. We expect a photo, and a quote or two from each session, establishing the fact that you were in attendance. Extra points for live tweeting the entire session! Good luck to everyone who joins the PARTAY! 1. Several pre-conference workshops on Wednesday relate to the new communication landscape. Google, hacking, Facebook, and the digital age—topics of this year’s workshops cover the range of issues that impact mass communication and journalism today. For example, Small Programs Interest Group is sponsoring a workshop from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. on methods for teaching digital storytelling and for putting courses online. There will be eight panelists from across the country from both education and private industry sharing expert advice. There is also a workshop on teaching traditional journalistic skills, such as how to teach fact checking and accountability. This session will be 8 a.m. to noon, is sponsored by the American Press Institute, and includes a panel of four industry experts and faculty who will share best practices and sample exercises for teaching journalistic reporting. Finally, the Standing Committee on Teaching is hosting a workshop from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. for adjuncts and instructors on the “nuts and bolts” of teaching journalism and mass communication. This session will include faculty from the committee who will discuss syllabus development, classroom behavior to look out for and how to deal with technology in the classroom. 2. Thursday’s Best Practices in Teaching. At 10 a.m., the Standing Committee on Teaching will host a presentation of the winning entries in the Teaching Best Practices competition. The best cases in online and blended learning include an example of global communication between students from different countries; the use of Twitter to connect students with professionals; the application of social media for collaborative learning; and a look at a journalism history class that used online activities to engage students. 3. Friday’s Big Session on Big Data. Everyone is talking about big data and the Standing Committee on Teaching is having a plenary panel on the implications of big data on teaching journalism and mass communication. The panelists include Edward Carl Malthouse from Northwestern, Deen Freelon from American, Jolie Marting from Pinterest, Thomas Lento from Facebook, and Laurie Thomas Lee from Nebraska Lincoln. Seth Lewis from Minnesota will moderate. The session will dive into the different types and sources of data that relate to our field and the ramifications of using data in teaching and research. 4. Saturday’s Panels on Unique Teaching Topics. Particularly unique are Saturday’s sessions on teaching. For example, the Community College Journalism Association is hosting a panel on how to turn your program into “an experimental lab.” The Magazine and Visual Communication divisions are holding a “Teaching Marathon” with TEN panelists discussing such topics as visual presentation, news literacy, partnering with service-learning organizations to advance visual literacy, and teaching multimedia narrative. Plus there is a session by Law and Policy Division cosponsored with the Entertainment Studies Interest Group on teaching taboo topics. 5. Sunday’s Whopping Ten (10!) Sessions Devoted to Teaching Issues. Starting at 9:15 a.m. and running through 2:15 p.m., several simultaneous teaching panel sessions are being coordinated by several divisions. Media Management and Economics has partnered with Communication Technology on a panel about open educational resources and massive open online courses. The Public Relations Division will be having its top teaching papers presented. Scholastic Journalism and the Internship and Careers Interest Group put together panelists from high schools to discuss teaching digital skills. The Political Communication Interest Group partnered with Communicating Science, Health, Environment and Risk Division to present on innovative methods for student engagement. Late morning, there are three simultaneous teaching panels. The Community College Journalism Association and the Communication Technology Division covers analytics and why it is one of the most important things to teach students. The Commission on the Status of Women and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Interest Group have a six-person panel on teaching gender in journalism and mass communication courses. The Entertainment Studies Interest Group and the Electronic News Division will present their panel on “Accessing Hollywood: Using Entertainment News to Foster Learning and Understanding.” Finally, Religion and Media and Small Programs Interest Groups will host a panel on teaching religion writing and working on religion in newsrooms. With so many options, it will be easy to join the race to PARTAY and tweet the amazing sessions. We look forward to seeing everyone in San Francisco! Teaching Corner]]> 15714 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/10/device-du-jour/ Tue, 27 Oct 2015 17:56:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15723 The Device Du Jour Is Changing and Challenging By Amy Falkner AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Senior Associate Dean for Academic Affairs S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications Syracuse University apfalkne@syr.edu   (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, September 2015 issue) This is my last Teaching Tips column and I couldn’t be more jazzed. Not because I’m almost done — writing 800 words every once in awhile isn’t too taxing — but because of what I learned at the AEJMC San Francisco Conference. I am cycling off the Standing Committee on Teaching after two wonderful terms where I had an opportunity to think, discuss and judge great teaching. But, mostly, learn a lot. To wit, I will share with you some great teaching resources and insights from the San Francisco Conference. If you are like me, your head was spinning when you got back with all the things you heard that you wanted to immediately incorporate into your fall courses. I’m writing this in mid-August but you are reading this in September and hopefully well on your way. If not, there is always time to adjust. This dizzying effect may have taken hold while trying to follow #aejmc15 on Twitter during the conference. Yes, we were trending at one point. The good news is all those thousands of tweets are still available and — after you sort out the snapshots of the Golden Gate Bridge — very valuable. They are chock full of links to terrific graphics, articles and complete presentations as well as pithy food for thought on what we should be talking about in the classroom. One of your pit stops should also be the AEJMC website and the Teaching Resources link (under the “Resources” heading). There you will find the last nine Best Practices in Teaching booklets, including the latest on Best Practices in Teaching Online and Blended Learning. The conference presentations by this year’s winners blew me away. Perhaps it is also because my school has just launched a new online master’s program and I have been wrestling this summer while planning my course with the what-do-I-teach-live versus recorded question. I am fortunate that the platform we are using is super interactive, but if you are at a school where that is not the case, the innovations of the winning professors (listed in box, right) will provide inspiration. There are tools you would expect — Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Google Hangouts, Wordpress, Blogger — with inventive means to an end. I also heard about new ways of student learning from Ron Yaros, Maryland, one of the contest winners, who teaches using an app called Nearpod that his students access during live class on tablets or smartphones. No laptops allowed. On purpose. Ron has been testing how students best learn and some of that is to eliminate multitasking and distractions. So maybe the device du jour is changing and that is part of our challenge — both in what we teach and how we teach it. Do we need to learn every new app and teach it in class? No, we’d lose our family, offline friends and probably our sanity if we invested every waking hour to that. But getting a handle on what new (and potentially free) tools our students can use related to analytics and, in particular, measuring social media was a theme I heard echoed in several panels and across disciplines. Full disclosure: I am in the Advertising Division so my POV on POE (point of view on paid, owned, earned may differ from yours) but a fascinating panel on that topic put together by Patricia Mark, South Alabama, gathered quite a crowd at 8:15 a.m. on Friday of the conference. Penn State’s Marcia DiStaso made a great presentation titled “Data Science Changes in the Classroom” that included free analytical tools such as SimplyMeasured, Followerwonk, SumAll, Quintly, Cyfe and Keyhole that may (or may not) be familiar to you. Her slide on this has been tweeted and retweeted for good reason, including by me (@amyfalkner if you need it). The last panel I will mention was led by (shameless plug alert) Newhouse’s Beth Egan on the topic of native advertising, which is Beth’s area of expertise and fertile ground for debate among the Ad, PR and journalist types in the room. The panel included Steve Rubel, EVP of Global Strategy and Insights at Edelman, who basically told the crowd that native is (and has been) happening for years, and too bad if we don’t like it. He also said publishing companies don’t matter much, mobile is the sun and all other platforms are planets, and that consumers will sort out the ethics of native advertising. That last snippet caused a kerfuffle. Is that the job of consumers? Shouldn’t we be teaching students the ethics of this? So that trail eventually led to a discussion among the Teaching Committee to consider “teaching ethics in relation to emerging media” as our next teaching contest. It isn’t finessed or finalized yet, but look for the call explaining the next topic in the near future. Then mark your calendars for Aug. 4-7, 2016, in Minneapolis and be sure to add the Best Practices in Teaching session to your mobile app schedule. As for me, I will not need to attend another 7 a.m. meeting for this committee (the only happy part about my term ending), but I will definitely be at that session. #aejmc16 #loveteaching Teaching Corner]]> 15723 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/11/capturing-students-attention/ Thu, 19 Nov 2015 15:10:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15844 Capturing Students’ Attention By Leslie-Jean Thornton AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Associate Professor Barrett Honors Faculty Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication Arizona State University Leslie-Jean.Thornton@asu.edu   (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, November 2015 issue) Here’s what I remember: After 15 minutes of a lecture, students start to glaze over, attention-wise. After 30 minutes, they’re genuinely antsy with brains in rebellion. And at the dreaded 45-minute mark, they’re actually losing knowledge, and will leave the lecture less smart than they were when the lecture began. This was the highly memorable advice I recall from a teaching bootcamp I attended a decade ago. It may not be exactly accurate, but… it’s a cautionary tale. I often think of it when I’m at a conference and the speaker’s gone on too long. As I fight to focus, I’m pretty sure I feel smarts escaping out my ears. A variety of studies have weighed in on the attention span issue, including a recent one widely sourced as being from the National Center for Biotechnology Information. It famously reported that humans now have an average attention span of 8.25 seconds, three-quarters of a second less than that of goldfish and 3.75 seconds shorter than what humans averaged in 2012. When I tried to track this down, however, I found a range of attributions, squishy research dates and nothing in the way of solid data. So consider it another one of many comments on how external stimuli are encroaching on our abilities to — wait, what? The general consensus, in terms of workable information, is that the most attentive a student will be is at the beginning of a class, after a brief settling-in period. Then attention will come and go in ever-decreasing amounts of time — unless interrupted by something that is interesting, refreshing, or otherwise engaging. A question will often do it, or a demonstration. But much depends on a host of variables, many of which are out of a professor’s control. A class’s stay-on-task potential, as any teacher can tell you, is inversely related to the proximity of holidays and semester breaks. The lecture mode of teaching has come in for hard knocks in recent times, partly as a result of genuine research into how people learn, and how long they can pay productive attention. Still, in the right hands and for the right class, and by employing some keep-them-attuned tips, it can be one of many powerful methods. A key factor in teaching effectiveness is how appropriate the delivery method is to what is being taught. If you’re teaching a complex skill — how to create an interactive digital infographic, say — you’re going to want to go step by step, pausing often to let material sink in, and reinforcing it with “doing” (that would be the students) and showing (that would be you). Take advantage of the “settling in” period. In those first few minutes of class, connect with the students in some way. This might be asking the class at large how their weekends went, telling them a lighthearted piece of news about yourself, or relaying some breaking news you heard on the way in and asking them if they know anything more. Direct their focus toward you, the teacher, in a way that makes them want to absorb what you say. During the settling-in time, expect them to wrap up their own conversations and do whatever’s needed to prepare for a productive time in class. Bonus: It tends to relax the professor, too. Caution: Don’t announce important information during this time if you can avoid it. If you do, expect to repeat it so that they hear it during a clearly designated pay-attention time. The idea of “chunking” information, or delivering it in neat packages of easily absorbed units of time and complexity, can apply to all presentation genres. The increasing use of videos for online instruction has spurred inquiry into best practices. Good results are reported for videos that clock in under 10 minutes, and I’ve seen substantive points made in half that time. Of course, the advantage there is that students can replay segments when they want to clarify or review. In real life, it’s there and it’s gone. Traditionally, notes are the review materials, but they’re only good if the student taking the notes knows what’s going on when the notes are taken. Offering material incrementally, pausing to let students absorb each stage, and helping them stay clearly focused is just part of basic good teaching. So what are some tips for that “clearly focused” part? It might sound counter-intuitive in light of many, many complaints about technology and social media encroaching on class time and attention, but why not harness some of that to your own ends? Keeping in mind that a change in pace every 10 or 15 minutes is beneficial, and that engaging your students wakes them up and gives them “buy in” to what you’re doing, think about information races. Ask a question and see how long it takes for them to come up with answers — good, credible answers — using their smart phones or computers. If your class lends itself to sending students outside of the classroom, work in movement breaks. Teaching reporting? Give them 15 minutes to go out and find a story seed after taking about 15 minutes to explain what you mean. Have them take notes with their cellphone cameras, or record a mini-interview with the same device. Then, once back in class, explain how that can be used in what you intended to teach them all along. Have them work at it for awhile, then, informally, have several students share their experiences. Then perhaps it’s time for another 15-minute session where you explain the next step… Working in modules works. The key is another one of those teaching-skill tricks: matching the complexity of what you’re teaching to the complexity your students can handle at the time. But that’s another column. Teaching Corner]]> 15844 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/12/trailblazers-ray-chavez/ Wed, 16 Dec 2015 14:47:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15919 AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity in Journalism Education Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication School of Journalism University of Texas at Austin The purpose of this index is to mark the themes that have emerged in the interviews conducted so far. From these indexes we will develop an extensive guide of the areas to be covered in the interviewer’s story of the interview subject – and where the viewer/listener can find them. We ask you watch the interview and give descriptions about what the interview has to say about the issues listed here. We ask you to note any NEW topics that you find in the interview – issues that are not included in this index. YOU MUST INCLUDE COUNTER OR TIMES. At the end of the index you will find a section for your comments of the interviewer in general, the interviewer and your suggestions for improvements in further interviews. We also ask you to give us your opinion on whether this interview is a good subject to be contacted for the second-level interviews. Lastly, we appreciate feedback on this index so that we can revise future forms. Interview Subject: Ray Chavez Interviewer: Martin do Nascimento Interview date: 4/18/2014 Number of Recorded Segments: 3 Interview length: 02:07:34 Language: English Reviewer: Carlos Morales Date of review for index: 7/1/14 Table of Contents: Early experiences in journalism (3-8) From the Classroom to the Newsroom (8-9) Journalism and Diversity (9-14) AEJMC (14-17) Diversity in Academia (17-18) Different Academic Positions Held (18-20) Realization about Diversity (20-22) Diversity Now (20-23) Accolades/End (22-23) Early Experiences in Journalism: 0:00 – 2:48 Preamble and introductions 3:08 Chavez says he got into journalism by accident. 3:13 The high school that Chavez went to in El Paso, Texas was a technical high school. 3:29 While he was there he had to pick a shop and he chose architectural drafting. He was hopeful that this career path would get him a job right away. 3:41 Chavez didn’t have plans to go to college right away after graduation. 3:55 On top of the drafting class, Chavez also took a journalism class, but he didn’t do very much writing. 4:12 He wrote copy for the yearbook, but mainly did bookkeeping. 4:15 However, he “didn’t get hooked on journalism or even thought of it as a career” 4:20 Chavez adds that these technical schools were allowed to have athletic teams and compete against the regular high schools in the city and the state. 4:37 Chavez was a good distant runner and eventually won the state championship 4:51 As a result he received many scholarship offers. “Not for my brains, not for my head – but for my legs” 5:00 That’s how Chavez ended up in Texas Tech University. He received a full-ride track scholarship. 5:06 Chavez needed to decide on a major and chose architecture. His first semester was a disaster, he said. 5:26 Chavez was in danger of losing his scholarship because his GPA was dipping. 5:33 A counselor asked Chavez what he liked doing and he said “writing and sports” – so they combined the two and he took journalism courses. 6:02 That’s how Chavez stumbled into journalism 6:18 The reality, Chavez says, is that he never really did that much sports writing 6:40 (quick break to turn off ceiling fan) 7:12 Chaves says that he really enjoyed the writing classes, because that’s where he excelled. 7:19 Chavez’s older brother is the one who taught him English since their parents didn’t know much English themselves. 7:56 Chavez took photography. He says it provided a creative outlet for him 8:04 What really got him hooked, Chavez says, was working on the school newspaper. “Once I got on the staff there, I really enjoyed going out and doing stories.” 8:41 Chavez has been told that he was the first Latino to be on the news staff at the Texas Tech University Daily. When he researched this claim he wasn’t able to find any Spanish surnames on the daily before him. 9:09 He found this interesting because he knew there were others who had the talent and the skills. 9:17 “I looked around me in my newsroom and discovered that, yeah, I was the only Latino and there weren’t any in the pipeline.” 9:29 Chavez says that he was treated well by the staff and the student editor. 9:39 At that time, Chavez remembers, most of the stories that were about minorities were about East Lubbock – the area where most of the African Americans lived. 9:52 More of the minority-related stories were about African-Americans 10:03 There wasn’t a lot of coverage on Latinos, Chavez says. “Most of the Latinos that were in Lubbock area at that time, in the panhandle and the south plains, were migrant workers.” 10:15 Chavez says that since they were transitory they didn’t really establish themselves in the community – that came later. 10:24 Because of that Chavez was unable to make use of his knowledge of the Spanish language or of the Spanish community. 10:32 That’s how he ended up doing many stories on African-Americans. 10:44 By the time he graduated there was another Hispanic in the pipeline. His name was Robert Montamayor 10:52 Chaves says he might be familiar to some of his colleagues because he went on to become the first Latino executive editor of the University daily at Texas Tech. 11:12 In Montamayor’s career he went on to become a Pulitzer winner at the Los Angeles Times. 11:35 Chavez says Montamayor would’ve succeeded without any of his advice 11:43 Chavez says their friendship allowed him to criticize him and his work, provide him with a path. 12:30 Chavez says Montamayor would’ve been successful without him – but he hopes he “made it a little bit easier” 12:51 The newsroom, Chavez says, was a sanctuary for him. 12:58 That is where he had the respect of his fellow staffmembers. 13:09 At a closing banquet during his senior year, Chavez received an award for being the stop staff member of the paper. 13:53 Texas Tech and Lubbock – however – was a different story, Chavez said. 14:03 The environment has changed over the years and he says it’s a better place for minorities in general, especially Latinos who have taken up a more permanent residence in the area. 14:13 It was difficult, Chaves says, because he had to deal with the “ultra-conservative, sometimes backwards and sometimes bigoted community of Lubbock.” 14:31 Getting off campus was a challenge. That’s where Chavez would encounter individuals who would either ignore him or make snide remarks. 14:48 Chavez recounts a story 14:48 His freshman year, Chavez decided that he’d had enough was going back to El Paso. Fortunately, he says, his roommate – Lance Harter – convinced him to stay in Lubbock – the two stayed up all night talking. They remain friends today 16:14 Chavez says he always recognizes Harter as the guy who convinced him to stay at Texas Tech and “tough it out.” 16:44 Chavez says that you had to have an internship in order to graduate. 16:52 He was having a hard time finding a place to intern. He needed to look beyong Lubbock and go to the South Plains area. 16:55 The Lubbock Avalanche Journal he says was ultra-conservative. “They probably did not want to take me on as an intern because how could I possibly be the best intern available form Texas Tech at that time?” 17:21 Chavez was fortunate to get a phone call from the executive editor of a paper that was distributed in the black section of town. 17:34 The executive editor had called because he had read Chavez’s articles and wanted to know if he was interested working part time for the West Texas Times. 17:59 As a result, Chavez ended up interning there. 18:05 All of this, he recalls, was part of his education. 18:10 Chavez worked what was essentially the ghetto at that time 18:16 He says the black folks didn’t get the connection – was he really with the black newspaper? 18:25 Chavez says it was tremendous experience – It expanded his horizons and convinced him of the need for diversity. 18:39 The mainstream newspaper – the Avalanche Journal – was not covering East Lubbock. The West Texas Times was. This forced Chavez to ask himself, why did they have to establish their own newspaper to get information out to their community? And why was the mainstream paper ignoring this community. 18:59 It allowed Chavez to think about diversity in terms of more than what’s happening to Latinos. 19:40 This was the “seminal moment” that Chavez became aware of the need for more diversity. 19:45 Chavez’s coursework at Texas Tech had led him to start developing ideas beyond his personal experience. For example, he took a lot of courses in African-American studies. 20:00 History became one of Chavez’s areas of interest. He even became trained at the University of Washington as a journalism historian 20:10 In taking those courses, Chavez says, he began to learn more and more about the history of African-Americans. 20:18 TJ Patterson – who owned the West Texas Times – was also a business professor at Texas Tech. 20:30 Chavez says he learned more than journalism from Patterson. He “learned about the economics of the black community.” 20:42 His experience on the West Texas Times influenced him to take a broader diversity of coursework. 21:41 “In some ways growing up in El Paso was isolating because the majority of the population in El Paso is Latino.” Chavez grew up in the             barrio ­­– his high school was 95 percent Hispanic. 22:17 His interaction with white people he says was minimal. Because of this, Chavez says, he didn’t notice a lot of discrimination 22:20 Even though he never noticed discrimination, Chavez says he did notice inequality. “Very few of the shakers…were Latino.” Most of the population, Chavez added, was Latino, but the leadership was white. 22:45 Going to Lubbock was eye-opening for Chavez. 22:55 “That change, that reality was really what most of America was like, as opposed to the Southwest.” 23:04 Chavez says this was the “catalyst” that made him think about what he could do for his community and how to educate them about diversity 23:26 His experience with the Black community furthered that 24:09 Chavez’s dad was an “avid newspaper reader” 24:14 His family subscribed to the daily newspaper 24:18 Sundays specifically we’re a ritual of sorts. “We would sit around and take pieces, different portions of the newspaper” 24:42 It was an English newspaper. But since Chavez’s grandfather only knew Spanish they would also get the Spanish newspaper. 24:56 Chavez read mostly the English newspaper because his dad wanted him to learn English. Occasionally, he would try to read the Spanish editions. 25:23 Chavez’s grandmother was blind so she listened to a lot of radio. And the radio she listened to was the Spanish-language station. 25:38 “There was always Latino music in our house” 25:56 Chavez says that his news and information was coming from a variety of sources. 26:11 He adds that his family also watched television together. They’d mainly watch the Spanish-language stations from Juarez. From the Classroom to the Newsroom 27:12 Chavez had a job offer before graduation 27:30 During his junior and senior year he was working for the school newspaper and the West Texas Times. 27:40 The offer Chavez received was from his hometown of El Paso, Texas. 27:53 Chavez didn’t go through his commencement exercises at Tech because after his last final he had to head to El Paso to start work. 28:39 This is where Chavez’s professional career began. 28:47 Chavez says he was fortunate that his first job was in El Paso because he already knew the community. 29:12 From there Chavez worked for several other newspapers 29:12 The Seattle Times (where he worked during graduate school at the University of Washington). 29:32 After that he worked for the Yakama Herald Republic in eastern Washington state. 29:45 Chavez said he would’ve stayed there, but what drove him away was the eruption of Mount St. Helens 39:48 Chavez says that the eruption was a great event to cover as a journalist, but was a terrible personal experience. 30:04 The ash cloud dumped all of its volcanic ash in the Yakama valley and Chavez was highly allergic to it. “I was miserable physically. I didn’t want to raise my family in that environment” 30:36 As a result, Chavez took the first job available, which happened to be a teaching position. 30:39 He ended up teaching at San Jose State University. 31:01 Chavez thought he would try teaching for a while. 31:14 Chavez also worked at the Albuquerque Tribune, and the Miami Herald during a summer. 31:40 “Something kept pulling me back – not only to journalism but to education.” 31:44 Chavez says it was UT El Paso that brought him back 31:49 The university offered him a job as the advisor to the student newspaper 31:53 Chavez said it was a great experience. It was the first time he advised a student newspaper 32:01 “And to have it happen in El Paso where the majority of the staff were Latinos, first generation college students – I did not appreciate their talent until many years later.” 32:22 Chavez says that the first staff he had was committed and talented. Most of them – he adds – have gone on to continue their careers in journalism. Journalism and Diversity 33:32 In Washington state, Chavez says, the largest minority group was Asian-American. 34:04 Chavez says he liked working in this community because he wanted to “open up more of the Seattle Times’ coverage in that area” 34:22 As he did in Lubbock with the black community, Chavez felt this was an opportunity to learn more about Asian Americans. 34:32 Chavez says that the stories he wrote weren’t “blockbuster news stories” but more “slice of life culturally related stories.” 34:51 Chavez adds that these stories were to explain to the Seattle community more about the Asian-American community. For example, he did a story on Japanese gardens 35:01 The international district, Chavez says, didn’t have much character – “it was just buildings, sidewalks and streets” 35:22 Through learning about the community, Chavez realized that the Japanese-Americans like to garden – but there’s no room, so they garden on the rooftops. 35:40 Nobody knows about it except for the people in the community, Chavez says. 36:18 Chavez says that he takes particular pride in those stories. 36:24 Now in Yakama Valley, Chavez wrote about migrant workers. He adds that his managing editor Jim Macknekey wanted to expand coverage and make use of Chavez’s bilingual ability. 36:45 Chavez says he takes particular pride in a series of stories he did about migrant workers coming to the Yakama valley. 37:03 Most people didn’t know about this community because they were transitory 37:12 Chavez was able to go into the fields with them, they accepted and trusted him. 37:40 Chavez says that he got in touch with his native roots 37:52 The other large minority population are indigenous – the Yakamas. Chavez started doing stories on the Yakama Indian nation. 38:02 “The greatest reward that I got form the Yakamas was not a plaque or a trophy…I was invited to the opening of their Indian cultural center.” 38:23 Chavez thought he was invited because he was a reporter, but he was there to be honored for his contributions to the Indian community. 39:26 That meant more to Chavez than many of the types of awards that he would get later on. 39:50 “It affirmed, it validated my value to that community.” 41:00 “Regardless of who you are and what your background is, you tend to be ethnocentric” 41:12 Chavez says he’s no different’ from anybody else. He identifies with the Latino community, with the American Indian community (and because of his coverage) with the Black and Asian community 41:30 But the priority for Chavez remains in being Hispanic and covering Hispanic issues. 41:34 “And that’s true of newsrooms because newsrooms are made up of individuals and these individuals come from their own communities. And when you have a newsroom that is predominantly white, they’re going to rely on their own background and their own sources.” 42:00 Chavez adds that news people are “open minded” and not bigoted, but they do tend to fallback on what makes them comfortable – “that’s just human nature” 42:22 Chavez says that his contribution to the newsroom was to encourage his colleagues to think in broader terms 42:41 Thinking about this different communities leads to thinking about poor communities. 42:48 When the poor community is covered, Chavez says, it’s about crime 43:18 The news is there the second there’s a drug bust, Chavez says, but doesn’t go into these communities to cover important events like graduation. 43:27 “That bothers me because that community exists on a day-to-day basis and on a day-to-day basis most of these people are decent, upright law-abiding citizens who do things in their communities that are worth news coverage” 43:58 When Chavez got back in the newsroom after leaving UTEP, he began work at The Albuquerque Tribune 44:19 Like El Paso, Albuquerque is predominantly Hispanic 44:19 At the Tribune Chavez was an assistant city editor 44:28 He worked with his city editor to expand news coverage along more positive lines in the Latino community. 44:35 After that Chavez was sent back to El Paso to work for the El Paso Herald Post 44:46 A few months later he was promoted to city manager – he was now in a position “to make decisions on what we cover and what we don’t cover.” 45:03 His staff was very supportive 45:26 Chavez says he belives they changed the culture. “I think the Herald-Post became known as the newspaper for the minority community” 45:43 Chavez clarifies that some of these stories were negative. 45:51 These stories mainly included drug-trafficking, Chavez adds. 46:08 Chavez says he had to rescue a photographer that had been arrested by some of the federal police in Juarez who were connected to the drug trade. 46:50 “We did do those stories because it was news but we did a number of other stories were I got to decide what the priority was” 47:01 One of these stories, Chavez says, was called the Streets of El Paso and focused on a “slice of life” story 47:51 Chavez says that he was blessed to have a staff that energetic and devoted to community service. 48:53 As a newsperson, Chavez said, you can’t be driven by “popularity.” 49:12 Chavez says that some of the most negative comments he received was from Latinos 49:19 These comments came from when they wrote articles critical of events happening in their neighborhood. 49:35 For example, Chavez says, there was a story about “shooting galleries” – abandoned houses where heroin addicts go to shoot up. 49:58 This was mainly happening in the southside of El Paso in the Segundo barrio – the second ward. 50:05 Chavez says this was a well known occurrence to city officials and police. 50:21 When his reporters came back and told Chavez what was going on he said if this happened in the affluent side of town something would’ve been done. 50:50 immediately they did stories on this 50:55 Chavez says that they came under fire from the Latino community for photographs they printed – specifically one of a teenage boy in the “shooting gallery” actually shooting up. 51:33 The community was wondering how they could take this photo and not stop him 51:51 “The reason, the motivation behind it was to shock the community so they would put pressure on the city to clean it up – and that’s exactly what happened.” 52:01 During that process, however, Chavez says they received lots of criticism. 53:07 Chavez says that his personal motivation to highlight these shooting galleries was because he felt they were an insult to his grandmother – who used to live in that neighborhood. 53:5 One of the things that Montamayor did at Tech was to change the logo to the student newspaper from “Official student publication of Texas Tech University” to “It is the purpose of this newspaper to raise constructive hell” 54:18 This means that you’re raising issues that will upset people but if it leads down the road to a betterment of that community – then you’ve done your job. 54:41 “Those are the kinds of stories that journalists should do” 54:49 In the long run, Chavez says, if the end result of your reporting leads to a betterment of the community then you did your job. 55:10 Chavez says that’s what lacking in today’s coverage. 55:31 The staff was generally supportive of the changes in coverage, Chavez says. 55:56 News organizations, Chavez adds, like to have a “template” for their newspaper. “Most of the time they’re thinking in terms of the bottom line – the income, the fiscal health of the newspaper” 56:18 Chavez says that representatives from Scripts-Howard (owners) visited the staff to talk about some of the things they should be doing. 56:47 The presentation from the representatives went touched on “lifestyle issues” 56:56 They told Chavez and his staff that they needed to cover things that people could do after work and things about health. 57:24 They also suggested doing more stories about daycare 57:42 These representatives from Script-Howard were from Cincinnati, which is very different from El Paso. At one point, Chavez says, a veteran reporter says ‘We have to stop you – this is a blue collar town…when they get home from work they’re not going to work” 58:13 To write these stories about gyms and fitness centers, Chavez said, you’re only speaking to a small group of people. 58:55 The next reporter said that the daycares in El Paso were primarily relatives or maids who doubled as nannies. 59:59 Chavez said they felt insulted that the Scripts-Howard people offer advice after having done little to no research on the El Paso community 1:00:35 Chavez and the rest of the staff walked out 1:01:00 These are the types of things that exist within newsrooms, Chavez says 1:01:19 These companies – like Scripts-Howard -- promote their editors mostly based on the fiscal health of the newspaper and where they fall in line with standards of the corporation, not the community. 1:02:06 “Our executive editor came from Knoxville. He had a good heart and right intentions but it took him a long time to understand El Paso – it’s a unique setting along the border.” Treatment of Diverse Groups 1:03:41 The women that Chavez has worked for and with did not get paid as well as the mend. “Equity in pay is still a major issue” 1:04:14 Chavez says that gay issues are still being debated. He doesn’t think that individuals are judged but that newsrooms have a hard time dealing with gay issues. 1:04:42 It wasn’t addressed during Chavez’s time in the newsroom 1:04:49 “It’s an issue I try to address in my teaching, in my classes.” 1:05:05 He says there’s also a generational push. The current generation is more open minded and tolerant, he says, especially in the Hispanic community. 1:05:34 Chavez says in his experience he doesn’t know of any conflict of having gay reporters in the newsroom. 1:06:08 “When you have that good mix in the newsroom, ethnic and racial mix, it leads to other issues, a good mix of men and women.” 1:06:25 Chavez likens a newsroom to a family 1:07:09 Journalists, Chavez says, move on, unlike people in academia. 1:07:19 Chavez also did radio for a little while too. 1:07:28 He did bilingual broadcasts at UT El Paso. It was called El Paso Adelante. The first half-hour was in English and the second in Spanish. AEJMC 1:08:53 Chavez has been a member of AEJMC off and on for years. This is because he’s bounced back and forth between the newsroom and academia 1:09:12 He’s also a member of the accrediting council – there’s AEJMC and there’s ACEJMC 1:09:24 That branch, Chavez says, accredits journalism and mass communication programs across the country. 1:09:41 AEJMC is an important organization, Chavez says. “It’s a good vehicle for people to share ideas and innovations.” 1:10:10 Chavez says it’s similar to a continuing education. It keeps us up to date, Chavez adds. 1:10:28 At these conferences, Chavez “steals” good ideas from other people and incorporates it into his teaching 1:10:55 (Clip breaks) 1:11:45 If you’re a professor you don’t have to be a member of AEJMC – but it’s beneficial 1:12:07 If you teach mainly skills courses AEJMC is probably not as useful to you. It is, however, if you are a researcher 1:12:29 Most of the papers that are introduced in their conferences are research oriented 1:12:32 Those that “came up through the ranks of the news business” rely on newsroom experiences to help with the skills courses. 1:12:55 Chavez says AEJMC is more helpful for him when he teaches courses that are connected to his research areas. 1:13:31 The first time Chavez joined he was a graduate student. 1:13:38 That was mainly because AEJMC held their national conference in Washington that year – Chavez saw this as a good opportunity to 1) see the research that was being done and 2) establish a network 1:14:36 “I joined because my mentor, professor Robert Simpsons at the University of Washington, recommended that I join.” 1:14:55 Chavez was able to present his research at this conference. His paper was about the history of Spanish-language journalism in the Pacific Northwest. This would eventually become his thesis. 1:15:20 The history of these Spanish-language journalism in southwest states is well documented, Chavez says. 1:15:45 He dropped membership when he graduated from the University of Washington. 1:15:50 He rejoined when he began teaching at San Jose State University. 1:16:26 Chavez’s first experience with the organization was critical 1:16:48 Most of his classes at Texas Tech and Washington dealt with mainstream media and very little about non-mainstream, “minority” media 1:17:10 These are the things that Chavez had to research on his own or learn about from other faculty members. 1:18:09 Chavez says that there are people in academia who won’t admit to their shortcomings, e.g. when they don’t know. 1:18:33 “AEJMC, If I were to criticize sometimes falls into that pattern,” Chavez explains, adding that the further you get in research/studies “you sometimes become a little bit more narrow” 1:19:29 This pattern has – in some ways – stayed the same. 1:19:52 “When it comes to universities, the universities pretty much fall back on traditions. It’s a tradition-bound profession so they rely on traditional research.” 1:20:24 Non-traditional forms of research, like documentaries, aren’t as well accepted, Chavez adds. Institutions have gotten better he says, but it’ll take a couple more years before it becomes more accepted. 1:21:12 Chavez says the most productive change within AEJMC has been the production of more divisions and interest groups that address diversity issues 1:27:12 There are interest groups that can develop into divisions if enough people show particular interest in that area (Chavez says these can be a range of topics) 1:22:18 Chavez says that accreditation is an important process in this. “There are now more vehicles…that begin to push those kinds of issues onto the agenda” 1:22:22 He adds that being who we are, it’s difficult to get out of our comfort zones 1:22:58 “When you try to push those individuals to be more diverse in terms of ethnicity, race, gender, etc, it’s like pulling teeth.” 1:23:28 It becomes hard to convince people of the importance of diversity, Chavez says, especially if they already have tenure 1:24:15 Chavez further defines the differences between AEJMC and ACEJMC 1:24:18 The accrediting council is an offshoot. It’s the main accrediting vehicle, Chavez says, that can grant (or not) accreditation. 1:24:39 “They’re the ones that have a more direct impact on a program because they include a diversity standard. They have a number of standards they look at.” 1:24:48 When Chavez serves on accreditation teams he usually is assigned to look at their diversity among other things. 1:25:20 Chavez would like to see more aggressive action taken to not accredit programs that have great deficiencies in diversity. 1:25:38 He adds that there are very few – if any – programs that have lost accreditation because they failed the diversity standard. 1:26:02 AEJMC is a little more political, Chavez says. The organization’s membership needs to more aggressive pushing the diversity agenda. 1:26:30 This is important because we live in a nation that’s more diverse than it’s been before. 1:26:45 The AEJMC dates back to 1912 1:27:05 The group has come a long way, Chavez says, but still has much work to do to ensure that diversity becomes a “primary issue” Experiences with Diversity in Academia 1:28:05 “I think he main criticism, the main deficiency is the curriculum where courses that address diversity are electives rather than required courses.” 1:28:36 Chavez adds that there should be, within required courses, a diversity element. 1:28:53 Chavez says that he’s seen some programs that faculty are required to incorporate diversity into their existing work. 1:29:10 He’s also seen the development of coursework that falls into the areas of electives, but are not required of students so the only ones who take those courses are the ones that are most interested in the subject 1:29:25 Chavez gives an example: If you have a course on women in the media the people who sign up are mainly going to be women – but it’s a course that would be of great benefit to male students. 1:29:51 This is something Chavez says he learned the hardway 1:30:06 At the University of Colorado, the Association for Women in Communications needed a faculty advisor and they couldn’t find one. Either because the women faculty members were already on so many committees or cause the male faculty members didn’t want to be advisors. 1:30:39 Chavez volunteered as advisor on a temporary basis 1:30:55 It turned out that Chavez learned a lot from this group. “They educated me as much as I think I educated them.” 1:31:18 The girls in the group wanted Chavez to stay on as a permanent advisor. During his time at the University of Colorado he maintained this position. 1:32:06 He went on to join the national group 1:32:27 It was another eye-opening opportunity for Chavez 1:32:42 “I think that’s part of the process – you have to get more faculty members do that sort of think…and for AEJMC to push those issues, to commit to community service in a broader sense, in a diverse sense. 1:33:11 (Short break in interview to fix dog’s collar) Different positions in academia 1:33:40 Chavez has had several positions in academia. His first teaching experience was as a teaching assistant at the University of Washington. 1:34:12 He liked this experience. His advisor mentioned that he had positive evaluations as a TA and told Chavez to consider this as a possibility. 1:35:10 His first full-time teaching position was at San Jose State University 1:35:17 Chavez says he found that he had a connection with his students. He did this for 2 years. 1:35:38 His next role “was a kind of teaching position” as the advisor for the student newspaper at UTEP. As advisor you also taught one or two courses a semester. 1:36:07 Next: Chavez met several students from The University of Colorado at a conference in El Paso. When they returned to Boulder they mentioned to their dean that Chavez would be an excellent addition to their teaching staff. 1:36:42 Chavez was offered a position with Colorado University 1:37:04 When Chavez sat down with the dean to discuss what he’d be doing, he soon realized that there wasn’t a diversity component 1:37:07 He then proposed the establishment of an office of student diversity within the school of journalism. Chavez’s idea was approved and he was later appointed director. 1:37:30 It was a good opportunity, Chavez says, to bring together all his past experiences. 1:37:48 Within the Office of Student Diversity, Chavez created another group: MEMO - the Multi-Ethnic Media Organization 1:37:56 MEMO became the main organization for minority students, Chavez says. 1:38:15 MEMO did well. After Chavez left Colorado they kept the program 1:38:39 The group was a great support system for minorities in boulder, Chavez says 1:38:50 “Minorities there can sometimes feel uncomfortable because it’s not part of the culture of Boulder, Colorado. So it’s good that they have a home in MEMO that they can go to and mutually support each other. 1:39:10 After Colorado, Chavez went on to the University of South Dakota and “the creation of the American Indian Journalism Institute” 1:39:20 The most underrepresented group of journalists are Native Americans, according to Chavez – not only because they’re small in numbers but because Native Americans don’t pursue careers in mass communication. 1:39:39 Chavez, a friend of his – Jack Marsh of the Freedom Forum – and Danny McCulough – an Osage Indian who was teaching at the University of Montanta – got together to create the concept for the American Indian Journalism Institute. 1:40:13 This was to be an institute that could “act as kind of a boot camp to recruit American Indians and then give them initial training in journalism.” 1:40:24 They wanted to establish the institute at the University of South Dakota. 1:40:42 Jack Marsh recruited Chavez to be the chairman of the journalism program and also to be the education director for this institute. 1:41:26 When Chavez returned, his role as chairman gave him his “first opportunity to be a manager, primarily an administrator.” 1:41:51 He designed the curriculum for the AIJI boot camp. McCulough provided the recruitment, and Marsh provided the funding and the office support. 1:42:09 That program produced more American Indian journalists more than any previous program or any program since, according to Chavez. 1:42:27 This lead to an opportunity at the University of Oklahoma. 1:42:32 The University had heard about Chavez’s efforts in South Dakota and contacted him for an assistant professorship and to develop a similar program. 1:43:05 Chavez took the position. 1:43:33 Fred Blevins – a professor – had already created the program (The Oklahoma Institute for Diversity in Journalism), and Chavez came to help develop it. 1:43:53 When Blevins left, Chavez took over. 1:43:58 Chavez was hired for a year – and at the end of the year Oklahoma offered him a permanent position. That’s how Chavez ended up in Oklahoma. 1:44:30 Chavez was there for a little over seven years. 1:44:37 “That’s the whole academic aspect, but it’s always been about diversity – it’s always been the driving force and the driving motivation.” Realization about diversity 1:45:02 Chavez says that it was at Texas Tech that he most likely began to understand the need for diversity in journalism and journalism education. 1:45:13 Being the only minority at the newspaper, Chavez said, made him recognize his differences and perspectives. 1:45:58 “I don’t like being a one-and-only because you don’t have many allies.” 1:46:06 Chavez said it was easier/better when there were other minorities 1:46:22 “That’s when I became aware that, if you’re going to have diversity in journalism you’re got to have diversity in faculties, too. You can’t teach what you don’t know.” 1:47:45 This idea, Chavez continues, is the main criticism he has of higher education. “There are not enough of us people of color, gay people – there’s a lot of women now in academia and I think that’s why women’s issues have risen to the forefront…But it’s mostly white women.” 1:48:53 It’s not in your experience unless you go out there and do it yourself, Chavez says, recounting his early experiences with the African-American community. 1:49:19 Chavez says that when he was working in the black community he went to church with them to learn more about their community. He goes on to say how he shared experiences with different communities. 1:50:25 “I learned to diversify my approaches to people in order to be more accepting, but I had to know about their lives.” 1:50:46 “It’s not just sympathy it’s empathy and in order to empathize you got to go to go do it.” Chavez says that’s the main problem with higher education. 1:51:44 Chavez says that recruitment is a major challenge that diversity in journalism faces. 1:52:15 A lot of minority groups, Chavez says, grow up in unconventional ways – not how people in academia come up. 1:52:50 “They are at a disadvantage at being hired for a full-time faculty position because in academia a Ph.D is often a required skill, a requirement for employment” 1:53:06 Chavez says that he likes to think that his Ph.D is from the “school of hard knocks.” He says his years in journalism and experiences give him an education that some haven’t had. 1:53:59 A lot of them are unprepared to teach diversity because they haven’t experienced it themselves, Chavez says. “The minorities are disadvantaged because they’re not recognized and appreciated for their unconventional ways of getting where they are.” 1:54:30 This is still a major fault – Chavez says – not just in journalism but “across the board.” 1:54:45 Chavez says his career in academia would’ve been much smoother had he had a Ph.D. 1:55:19 Despite the fact that Roger Simpson encouraged Chavez to continue his education, he had a family to provide for, so he took the first job that was offered – which ended up being the job in Yakama. 1:54:45 Once he began working full-time and had enough he realized he couldn’t go back for a Ph.D because it would be a strain on his family. 1:56:16 “Although I took some doctoral-level coursework at the University of Washington, I didn’t complete the Ph.D because I had those other priorities.” Diversity now 1:57:48 Chavez says that this has always been a process of “taking two steps forward and then taking one step back.” 1:58:04 “We’re constantly swimming against the stream, we’re going upstream and if you stop swimming, the stream is going to take you down.” Chavez adds that this is the metaphor for what he sees in journalism and academia 1:58:28 You constantly have to fight to make progress – and it’s not easy, Chavez says. “It’s very hard to institute change, specially institutional change.” 1:58:50 Chavez says in the current situation he believes they’ve eased off on diversity as a priority. 1:59:05 The advancements made in diversity, Chavez says, can act as a detriment. They lead people to believe that it’s not an urgency anymore because there have been gains. 2:00:10 Affirmative action, Chavez says, never meant that you had to hire a minority. The good programs, he adds, are the ones that said you must give an “equal opportunity” 2:00:29 A good program will take into consideration a person as an individual, their background, and their unique set of skills – it’s not about having to hire a minority. 2:01:10 Covering diversity is a challenge, Chavez says. And all the news wants to write about is car chases. 2:01:55 Chavez says that news organization don’t go into depth, it’s surface-reporting 2:02:21 “We’re sliding back in order to do easy journalism and that’s not our job.” Accolades 2:02:58 In 2001 Chavez was honored by Texas Tech University as outstanding alum 2:03:24 As part of the award Chavez returned to Lubbock for an awards banquet. 2:03:51 Chavez was presented the award by TJ Patterson – the business professor that hired Chavez for the West Texas Times 2:04:35 Although Chavez is normally hesitant about receiving awards he says this one was special because of Patterson. 2:04:44 Chavez says Patterson’s speech revolved around a particular story Chavez did while working with the West Texas Times 2:04:47 It was about a scam that resulted in an 82-year-old woman having to give a woman back her house. After the article was published, the woman was returned to her home and Chavez wrote a follow up. 2:05:10 This woman was so grateful that Chavez was writing the story that when he showed up she embraced Chavez and gave him and told him thank you. 2:06:32 The plaque wasn’t about that one instance, Chavez says. He says it was really representative of his whole career – which started at Tech. 2:06:31 It started with the awakening that he “knew diversity was important.” 2:06:42 It was important, Chavez adds, that everyone become an agent of change – like Patterson, who helped to make Chavez an agent of change, too. 2:07:10 The plaque is a reminder of everything that led up to that event – the culmination of his experiences in journalism, Chavez says AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity]]> 15919 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/12/trailblazers-felix-gutierrez/ Wed, 16 Dec 2015 14:51:17 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15922 AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity in Journalism Education Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication School of Journalism University of Texas at Austin The purpose of this index is to mark the themes that have emerged in the interviews conducted so far. From these indexes we will develop an extensive guide of the areas to be covered in the interviewer’s story of the interview subject – and where the viewer/listener can find them. We ask you watch the interview and give descriptions about what the interview has to say about the issues listed here. We ask you to note any NEW topics that you find in the interview – issues that are not included in this index. YOU MUST INCLUDE COUNTER OR TIMES. At the end of the index you will find a section for your comments of the interviewer in general, the interviewer and your suggestions for improvements in further interviews. We also ask you to give us your opinion on whether this interview is a good subject to be contacted for the second-level interviews. Lastly, we appreciate feedback on this index so that we can revise future forms. Interview Subject: Felix Gutierrez Interviewer: Kyle Hukins Interview date: 08/07/2013 Number of Recorded Segments: 3 Interview length: 00:46:27 Language: English Reviewer: Trent Boulter Date of review for index: 12/17/14 Table of Contents: 0:00 – 0:53 Start and Intro (How did you get involved with journalism) 0:53 Talks about his parents involvement in journalism while in college in Arizona (mother) and California (father). Even talking about how they met through their work. Is father then became a school teacher before dying from cancer. 2:51 Later in Jr. High and High school he started working for the school papers and went to Cal State LA, but didn’t major in journalism (1961). He majored in Social Studies so that he might be teach after school, just in case. 4:15 After getting his degree and then credential in education, he wanted to do what he loved and so went to get his Masters in Journalism at Northwestern 4:35 It was during the Vietnam War and the draft but after the war he applied for both types of jobs and only got one teaching offer in California. 5:12 he took a job at Cal State LA in service learning. He wanted to do journalism, not higher education. 5:47 He did what he could with different publications and media relations, helping coordinate different interviews and things. That experience gave him a completely different perspective on journalism and the way stories were produced. It also helped him to get to know people in the industry. 7:20 In 1969 he decided that if he couldn’t get into the newsroom he wanted to have an impact on the newsroom by becoming a journalism professor. (awareness of minorities in journalism in connection with parents work?) 8:05 It was an integration generation but you couldn’t play that racial card. He was a trailblazer because he was the first latin American to do everything that he wanted to do. (Editor of school paper, etc.) 9:11 He knew there was a need to break through, but it was by showing that you could do everything you were expected to do. 9:32 When he saw the media trying to make sense of racial issues and being unable to explain things or understand, he realized that there was a larger agenda that needed to be brought up. That led to the government reports as well. 10:32 “Media had always been an issue for us, but we hadn’t always been an issue for media” and that led him to journalism education. (What was your thinking about future generations of minorities as you went into journalism education?) 11:10 He was able to see both sides of the coin of Affirmative Action. That kept him from getting a job beforehand, and got him a job as an assistant dean at Stanford 1969. You had to grab the opportunity while you could. Learn what you can learn, but use it to advance what’s important to you. 13:10 He made a conscious decision to get into higher education. (Did you continue to see the need to address diversity in higher education?) 13:57 The difference between assimilation, integration, and full participation. 15:07 The power that comes with an advanced degree. Redefining knowledge in new ways 16:14 Talks about his first job teaching at Cal State Northridge and wanting students to have a different experience than he did. (Diversity was always your focus) 17:14 People always approached him saying “Why would you do that?” It wasn’t “don’t”. (The practice of dominant culture to keep minorities accomplishments in the shadows) 19:00 Those minority facts of history were used as a footnote, nothing more. (the advocacy and mentoring in his teaching) 20:01 It wasn’t a factor in his career until he got into a PhD program. But he never intended to forget about the fact that he was a Mexican American. 22:09 He joined AEJMC because there was a minority division that allowed him in. It provided him with a new perspective and helped him to see that he wasn’t alone in his interests regarding racial issues. 24:18 The process about how he got a paper accepted to AEJMC for the first time in 1976. 25:22 His first experience at AEJMC. Seeing things as a wider movement and not just a black and white issue. It was his first exposure to how the mentoring and structure works in academia. (Challenges that you’ve had) 27:20 The first challenge is to produce. It’s all about being able to deliver and providing the information that’s needed. 29:08 You feel lonely when you’re out there doing work and you’re not sure what you’re going to find or whether people are going to be interested in it or not. That’s where AEJMC comes in. 30:09 With hiring it’s more difficult because people kept saying that there weren’t qualified candidates. 31:25 Corporations started diversity programs and looked to people like him for help. 32:28 Broadcasting was different because they were under federal regulation. (How has the struggle changed over time?) 33:14 It’s gone from uni-dimensional on both sides to multi-dimensional on both sides. All different minorities, gender, and sexual orientation. You have to know your own base before you go into forming coalitions. The demographics of the country is changing as well. 35:08 Journalism education is still stuck on an integration model and need to look more at the breadth of opportunities available. (Academia diversity challenges) 36:34 “I don’t put any blame on higher education” It’s got to be based on alliances and what your allies are doing. 37:26 Higher education is changing. It’s fantastically expensive. Professors are also being pulled away from teaching to writing and research. (Polarization and where things are with diversity and racism) 39:44 We’re at a critical point and an assimilation point. It’s a matter of numbers and majorities regardless of the fact that this country is all immigrants. We need to expand participation. Signs in English only. 41:30 The similarities between Underground Railroad and Central American migration now. 42:50 By going to the segmented “niche” market media we are losing ground and practicing selective exposure. And it is becoming very polarizing 43:57 The biggest roles he’s had are as a Teacher, Scholar, and Advocate and anyone interested in furthering these ideals has to play all three. Scholar needs to document beyond the rhetoric. From broad sweep to specifics. Look for ways to help others and it’s a way of life. AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity]]> 15922 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/12/trailblazers-barbara-hines/ Wed, 16 Dec 2015 15:02:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15928 AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity in Journalism Education Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication School of Journalism University of Texas at Austin The purpose of this index is to mark the themes that have emerged in the interviews conducted so far. From these indexes we will develop an extensive guide of the areas to be covered in the interviewer’s story of the interview subject – and where the viewer/listener can find them. We ask you watch the interview and give descriptions about what the interview has to say about the issues listed here. We ask you to note any NEW topics that you find in the interview – issues that are not included in this index. YOU MUST INCLUDE COUNTER OR TIMES. At the end of the index you will find a section for your comments of the interviewer in general, the interviewer and your suggestions for improvements in further interviews. We also ask you to give us your opinion on whether this interview is a good subject to be contacted for the second-level interviews. Lastly, we appreciate feedback on this index so that we can revise future forms. Interview Subject: Barbara Hines Interviewer: Interview date: Number of Recorded Segments: 3 Interview length: 00:41:37 Language: English Reviewer: Trent Boulter Date of review for index: 11/24/14 Early Experiences in Journalism: 0:00 – 1:30 Introductions and preamble Rochelle Ford is interviewing Dr. Barbara Hines 0:45 As a young child I loved to write and wherever we were I would write and journals. My father was military so we did move around quite a bit and we were encouraged to write. We were encouraged to read. In my home everyone read the newspaper whether we would discuss things that were in the newspaper at dinnertime. I got very involved in journalism when I was in high school in both Texas and in Maryland. I was interested in the business side to start out with, and then evolved to the editorial side and became the editor of my high school newspaper. I think everybody has some stories about how they began but my interest was forged really in high school. 1:45 Were there any particular news media that you consumed in your high school as you were thinking about journalism? 1:50 Well, absolutely newspapers were king at the time. I remember when, as a child, when we got a television. That will date me, but in my home it was a very small picture in seemingly a cardboard box. But basically newspapers and magazines. I was a print person. 2:13 When did you become aware of the need for diversity in media? 2:18 I actually noticed that probably in college, working on the daily Texan at the University of Texas at Austin, that we did not have a lot of different different voices. There were a lot of people like me. Blonde, Caucasian, even though we’re in Ausin, Texas with a heavy Hispanic population, and a good African American population. I would hear people talking about different opinions and different views, and I wondered why more people weren't interested, because I thought everybody had the opportunities to participate in the things that they were interested in. Because I'd had a very diverse childhood, and I grew up thinking that everybody had similar opportunities. And that really wasn't true 3:23 What types of stories did you report on and edit and that you felt really helped perpetuate the cause of diversity? 3:36 Most of my early stories were neighborhood stories. Again working at the daily Texan, I was one of the four editors of the daily Texan at the time. It was broken up so the there was an editor every day because of the daily nature paper. When I was writing again, they were communities stories and trying to show that there were things that everyone can participate in that weren't just things that were only open to one group or one class. I'm not so sure that at the time I realized that I was trying to consciously write about diversity. I don't know that I became more aware of that until later in my career, and that probably came when I was a public school teacher in Prince George's County Maryland. 4:43 I’m sort of jumping over another career, but where I was teaching high school journalism and speech at Parkdale high school in Prince George's County. The Prince George's County schools were segregated to a great deal. And there was a major loss will suit and we had students who were being bussed throughout the county by court order. It all happened fairly quickly. It was back in the 70s and I realized then that the students that were coming into the school hadn't had the kind of opportunities. So I kind of encouraged them and tried to get them to work on newspaper and encourage them and get them involved in with the yearbook, try to get them involved in the state Scholastic press Association so that they could go out and compete with schools and students that were attending majority white institutions or students that were attending the high-performing public schools. Versus the public schools of the public schools they might've come from or represented. 5:58 So it wasn't a conscious effort I don’t think, until I started teaching there, and then I as I started to migrate over to the University of Maryland at College Park, I was recruited to teach there and after a year ended up becoming the assistant Dean of the College of journalism. And as part of my duties I worked to develop an internship program, and again at that time College Park was not very diverse. And there was an organization started called the task force on minorities in the news business, because colleges and universities around the country were seeing that the media industry was not diverse. And so colleges and universities were looking at ways that they could partner with industry organizations and try to build a better representation of people who were working in the industry. 7:06 There were organization like the Dow Jones newspaper fund the newspaper the American newspaper publishers Association. This was before NABJ and NAHJ or the Native American or the Asian-American Journalism Associations. So there were lots of groups that came together to work to try to increase people of color in the news business. And not just people working the business, but the representation of really a rainbow community. Being able to see that. 7:49 So I spent a lot of time working on that and that sort of led to creating high school journalism workshops at College Park, and working with organizations that did things for use in the community. And I spent seven years there before Lee Barrow who was Dean here at the school of communications asked me if I would be interested in coming to teach at Howard. And I’ve been in administration at College Park, and the notion of being able to go back into the classroom full-time was very exciting. And so I moved over to Howard University. And they give me the opportunity to teach a full schedule, which I did for a number of years, but then gradually got back into administration. 8:55 But as part of that I was in a whole different environment. I was in an HBCu. And I didn’t know what an HBCU was, quite frankly, as a blonde who would been educated in the South, really have had a very narrow education and understanding of the different institutions that have been created. I was looking at a certain niche, a certain kind of institution. And the more that I was at the University and the more that I saw what the vision was for HBCUs and the need for HBCUs, as are led me into other activities. 9:42 For 18 years she ran the leadership youth academy at Howard University (summer Journalism workshop and eventually advertising workshop) with support from the Knight Foundation to bring in students provide them with help. 10:30 Started a similar program at College Park with the Baltimore Sun. It was designed to….(Started over at 10:50) 10:50 At College Park they started a scholars program with the Baltimore Sun helping minorities from Maryland high schools get a scholarship to school and an internship with the Baltimore Sun to prepare them to enter the industry. Mentions a few of the success stories from the program and the purposes of the program. 12:45 Talked about how she became aware of the issues of minorities in media. Starting in Austin, then visiting with a Senator, before heading to Washington to work in Senator Yarborrow’s office. He was interested in helping people have a voice, and took me under his wing. She became his “one-woman-army” and he introduced her that way to many people including Cesar Chavez, Ted Kennedy, and others. 16:10 She worked for him and wrote his statements and ghosted numerous articles. She had opportunities to continue her interest in news, education, and other issues. The Senator encouraged her to continue her education and she started to date someone she had known in high school. They eventually married. 17:45 She was offered a position in Prince George’s County and the Senator lost his re-election. So after his last day she started teaching. 19:21 Throughout her jobs she was very involved in the media, got a Master’s degree at American University, and never thought she would get a PhD. She watched people getting PhD’s and decided she needed to use the tuition benefits and just do it. 20:20 Throughout that experience she met people in education and media and became involved with internship programs and press associations allowing her the opportunity to diversify. 20:50 By diversifying the type of work she was doing widened her opportunities to meet people. It wasn’t a conscious choice or event, but it just happened. 21:45 It was the way she was raised. She didn’t know she was a minority until the first day of one of her classes when a student asked her what she was doing there. She was assigned a communications class and a student asked why she wanted to teach “with all these black people”. She responded by saying that it didn’t matter. It was an opportunity to come, teach, work with different people. 23:30 At that time the College Park Campus wasn’t that welcoming to women. Most were white males in positions of authority. And was even counseled to stay in administration because she “would never be given tenure as a faculty member”. And in the back of her mind she said, “Well, I’ll show you.” It was that mindset that not everyone had the same opportunities. 24:45 Two years after she left College Park, there was a class action lawsuit on behalf of the women faculty regarding issues of promotions and other things. So it wasn’t something that a lot of people talked about, but she experienced it. That is another reason she was so excited to have the opportunity to teach again at Howard University. 26:01 She really tried to push her students out of their comfort zone and look outside the box, and take opportunities regardless of where it was located. 27:40 She tried to push herself to be part of as many organizations as might benefit her students, as well as attending conferences where people were doing different types of research that might provide a different perspective. And she recommended that same practice to her colleagues. 29:07 When dealing with the graduate program and the research agenda provided unique challenges that were different from other areas. She discovered that many people were set in their ways and didn’t have an open mind. There were opportunities to work with universities overseas in order to find different perspectives. 30:35 The blessing and the curse of working at Howard University in Washington DC is there are so many opportunities that you can be overwhelmed. You have to balance those things and set some boundaries. Those opportunities include visiting the White House, Legislature, meeting foreign dignitaries, etc., and you want make sure that you help your students pick the right opportunities. 32:15 The agenda that she espoused in leadership positions- Starting with PRSA, she enjoyed being involved in building the diversity of that organization and the industry they represent. Early memory about a workshop for a Washington PR firm that an old high school student worked for. In AEJMC there are divisions and commissions devoted to equal opportunities where I try to ask a lot of questions and work behind the scenes to ensure that things are equal. She doesn’t consider herself a special leader in any specific organization, but “just a good soldier”. 36:55 She feels there is a serious concern about the way the society is becoming a product of technology. They don’t spend as much time thinking or talking. Things are centered around technology and equal representation in those industries is “abysmal”. She doesn’t see as much of a push to improve things there either. 38:15 She feels that the NABJ and NAHJ are struggling because the industry is struggling due to a news and broadcast focus. As the industry evolves, with new organizations, she worries about the opportunities for people in a communications specific position. Communication, especially among the young is dying. They would rather text someone in the room than talk to them. And that’s a problem. We have to understand how people think and believe, and you don’t get that from texting. 40:23 Even working as a supervisor, she finds that students have a hard time actually communicating in person. And she’s concerned that’s going to affect our society. 40:52 She wants to make sure that everyone has the opportunities. “I don’t know the answer, yet, of how to ensure that as our world becomes so much more technology oriented. But I know in my heart, that we’ve still got to be able to talk and reason, and think quickly on our feet and be able to able to write so that people can understand. That’s never going to go away, and we’ve got to be able to do it well.” AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity]]> 15928 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/12/trailblazers-lawrence-kaggwa/ Wed, 16 Dec 2015 15:14:11 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15931 AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity in Journalism Education Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication School of Journalism University of Texas at Austin The purpose of this index is to mark the themes that have emerged in the interviews conducted so far. From these indexes we will develop an extensive guide of the areas to be covered in the interviewer’s story of the interview subject – and where the viewer/listener can find them. We ask you watch the interview and give descriptions about what the interview has to say about the issues listed here. We ask you to note any NEW topics that you find in the interview – issues that are not included in this index. YOU MUST INCLUDE COUNTER OR TIMES. At the end of the index you will find a section for your comments of the interviewer in general, the interviewer and your suggestions for improvements in further interviews. We also ask you to give us your opinion on whether this interview is a good subject to be contacted for the second-level interviews. Lastly, we appreciate feedback on this index so that we can revise future forms. Interview Subject: Lawrence Kaggwa Interviewer: Rochelle Ford Interview date: 06/04/2013 Number of Recorded Segments: 3 Interview length: 00:52:18 Language: English Reviewer: Trent Boulter Date of review for index: 12/19/14 Table of Contents: 0:00 – 1:20 Start and Intro (How did you get involved with journalism) 1:20 He talks about the educational system in Uganda before he immigrated to US. It was a British system and didn’t require people to have a degree to be a journalist. It was an apprenticeship system. His first job was covering the national legislature as an information officer. And it followed with a full-ride scholarship to study journalism here. 255 question over some of the media you actually consumed 305 he talks about the fact that Africans weren’t in fault with racial differences here in the United States. So the newspapers he read were the white newspapers that his family read. He was in traduced to black newspapers until the 60s. That instruction came from a student body officer who informed him that if he were black he needed to be aware of black newspapers. 428 question so impact that have on you? 435 he questioned whether or not he would go the way the black press was going or the way the mainstream media was going. It was a question about diversifying versus sticking in your niche. 532 journalism was not covering black communities so that there was nothing to explain the riots broke out in the 60s and that’s why everybody was caught off guard. One of the things they learned through the commission signed by Pres. Johnson was that there was a total lack of representation for black communities in the media. 628 the white people responded in a very interesting way by starting to recruit black people to work in the industry and right stories so that the media could really keep track of what was going on 655 he talks about the establishment of a pipeline for black journalists through universities and journalism programs, and the difference between the quality of journalism in the black press and the mainstream media. 835 question Tell me about your experience working as a journalist in Africa and the United States 854 he talks about going from Rutgers to UCLA and then his time in graduate school and about his classmates and him not being full-time students but full-time professionals going to school. He talks about the fact that when he was at SIU that practice switched and became a full-time student working part-time but outside of media because the newspapers in the area wouldn’t hire a black person 1049 question over some of the diversity challenges you faced in The US compared to Uganda 1120 having worked in 14 different newspapers in the US he was never expected to do stories that would resonate with black readers. He was expected to write stories that anyone could relate to. He talked about the fact that he really enjoyed covering communities stories and so is often assigned to write those. 1225 he shares a story about an intern who wanted to work with a professional and when they went to do the story they had a gun pulled on them and the intern took off. 1310 question having that colorblindness did you feel that you were treated fairly 1343 interestingly enough it seems that most of the people he worked with didn’t feel threatened by a foreigner the way they felt threatened by a black American. So because of his accent he didn’t seem to feel the same animosity from the people he worked with because he was interesting coming from a different country. 1510 the only time that he had an issue was when he dealt with an interviewee, Dan Grover, who wouldn’t talk to white people. He claimed that he was an Africanist and because they were both from Africa he was able to get one of the longest interviews he ever had. 1610 he never any issues and send the newsroom but outside the newsroom was a completely different story 1647 question why did you choose the university you attended for your doctorate and why get a doctor 17 00 he chose the school he went to because he was offered a full fellowship. He didn’t realize until later that the only reason he was admitted was because the director thought he was Japanese. He went into the office to visit with the director with his admission letter in hand and the director told him that he hadn’t been admitted because he thought he had admitted a Japanese person. 1823 when he was in school there he was one of two black people on campus. 1847 question why going to academia and why become a professor 1857 the first scholarship you received was on a contract that after the four years were over he would return home. That was because of the Cold War. A lot of it was based on trying to get votes in the UN. 1953 at the end of his four-year degree there was a revolution in home. He couldn’t go home that only had a student visa so we went on to get a Masters degree. The year he finished his master’s degree there was another revolution in so he couldn’t go back home than either. So once again he stayed in school and continued on to get a PhD because he could not go home to his home country in Africa. 2036 by the time he finished his PhD in American schools were wanting to hire as many PhD’s is the could. Because of the racist feelings in the country regardless of whether you had a PhD or not you wouldn't be hired at a white university they told him where to go teach and that was it Norfolk state. 2140 Raymond Boone was such a radical local character and engineered an effort to get him fired from Norfolk state because of a program he had put into place. He was a man of standards because of what the wounded the established a journalism program at the first black university to apply for accreditation. He talked about the pressure that put on Howard to also become accredited and how that served to get him to Howard University. 2310 When he came to Howard a lot of people were upset that the curriculum was changed to not be focused on black press, but instead mainstream media. He expresses feelings about his life and never being about where he planned to be. 2346 question seen the lack of diversity and newsrooms, how did you prepare students as a teacher to feel comfortable in integrating newsrooms? 2426 money talks. He expresses the difference in pay between the black press and mainstream media drives students to mainstream media. It didn’t hurt that white editors were very aggressive in hiring people that they felt were qualified. As a matter of fact a lot of their graduates even got signing bonuses or had their future employers pay the last year school. So motivating students to integrate wasn’t difficult at all. 2711 question how did you involve yourself in professional organizations to meet recruiters 2725 He talks about the support of an activist dean and being able to attend conferences like AEJMC through university funding. 2855 he talks about when he joined AEJMC there not being a minority division. he was part of the original group that established the minority division. 2930 talks about the establishing and his involvement in BCCA. Initially the first grants that were given to the minority division were written by white Dean’s. 3134 question being known as one of the toughest professors that Howard University’s, how are you able to train the students to go into the community and report on those stories that still go unheard in mainstream media 3210 he talked about following the publish or perish mentality to academia has. If students don’t get their stories published they don’t pass. He also talks about the fact that all people are racist because we don’t look at their communities are other cultures the same way we do our own. 3340 one new notice cover story for the Washington Post they have experts who happen to not be white. If you’re constantly working at getting different voices you can find them, but it’s not a natural thing. However if your concern was self-preservation you have to include all of the different perspectives or they will or the people that they represent will not listen or watch or consume your programming. 3540 question : how are you established your own black press. What influenced you to do that and to start those things? 3615 he feels very strongly that in order for a journalism department to create students that are marketable they need to have control and power over a teaching newspaper in order to provide students with the experiences they need. And Howard he was surrounded by other faculty who felt the same way, and so they started their own community newspaper to serve as a teaching newspaper. 3825 once the newspaper was budgeted out a new problem came up in conflict of interest with him owning the paper, he couldn’t require that students produce stories for his paper. Benefits to Howard for having the newspaper. 4020 question tell me about the network that you started with other nonprofit organizations focused on trying to encourage young people to become the next generation of journalists 4047 as an educator you know that the future of media is dependent on getting the youths interest in those things. It used to be that the Washington Post had a youth section to encourage young people to read the newspaper. This program for use during the summer is a way to encourage media consumption while also building and training journalists and writers for the future. 4430 question what level of importance does diversity in news media have now 4448 when he came to this country diversity meant assimilation. You didn’t come here to keep things from your own culture, but to become American. Now diversity means access to diverse sources. Where he finds stories of interest to every segment of your audience. We have to build the ethnic media to the same level of quality as the mainstream media. 4656 question what about diversity within academia 4704 diversity in academia is something he’s given up on. He was really trying to focus on getting a graduate program at Howard University in order to provide diversity of faculty throughout the rest of the country. 50 00 question if diversity takes a backseat what type of effect will that have on us 5011 riots. When people get into a situation when they’re comfortable and nobody cares whether or not there is that diversity and tolerance then that will bring riots. AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity]]> 15931 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/12/trailblazers-paula-poindexter/ Wed, 16 Dec 2015 15:20:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15934 AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity in Journalism Education Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication School of Journalism University of Texas at Austin The purpose of this index is to mark the themes that have emerged in the interviews conducted so far. From these indexes we will develop an extensive guide of the areas to be covered in the interviewer’s story of the interview subject – and where the viewer/listener can find them. We ask you watch the interview and give descriptions about what the interview has to say about the issues listed here. We ask you to note any NEW topics that you find in the interview – issues that are not included in this index. YOU MUST INCLUDE COUNTER OR TIMES. At the end of the index you will find a section for your comments of the interviewer in general, the interviewer and your suggestions for improvements in further interviews. We also ask you to give us your opinion on whether this interview is a good subject to be contacted for the second-level interviews. Lastly, we appreciate feedback on this index so that we can revise future forms. Interview Subject: Paula Poindexter Interviewer: Martin do Nascimento Interview date: 5/7/2014 Number of Recorded Segments: 3 Interview length: 01:13:24 Language: English Reviewer: Carlos Morales Date of review for index: 5/14/14 Table of Contents: Early Experience in Journalism (3-6) Diversity and Academia (6-12) AEJMC*( (7-) AEJMC and Diversity (12-16) *Poindexter begins to mention AEJMC here with frequency, by page 12 the mentions are more related with diversity Introduction 0:09 Poindexter is the president of AEJMC – the association of education in journalism and mass communication. She’s also a journalism professor at the University of Texas at Austin. 0:21 – 3:38 (Preamble and miscellaneous) Early Experiences in Journalism 3:48 Poindexter’s interest in journalism was completely “accidental.” 3:55 When she graduated from college, she was a radio-television-film major. 4:03 Poindexter wasn’t involved in journalism or interested in it. Her goal was to become a television producer in Los Angeles. 4:16 The first full-time job as a news reporter and producer. 4:31 She says at this time there were very few women and people of color in the newsroom. Her job was at KPRC-TV, the NBC affiliate, in Houston, Texas 4:47 She says she had “no idea” what she was doing because she hadn’t studied journalism, but she was familiar with video and film. 5:02 The program she worked on was a daily news and feature program. She was a co-producer. She – and her team – were responsible for making a local news feature in the Houston area. 5:27 It’s here she says that she learned about producing features. 5:47 She discovered journalism on the job and it became something she was very interested in. 6:00 Next, Poindexter realized that she didn’t like the particular line of work, particularly because she didn’t like being on television; she wanted to remain behind the scenes. 6:20 Additionally, she grew apart form the field because she was restricted to mainly feature type work, which didn’t seem as important. From here she decided to go to graduate school. 6:30 She was at KPRC-TV for almost 3 years. 6:35 She then left for graduate school in Syracuse. 6:41 She decided she wanted to become a magazine journalist. Syracuse, she said, was a pipeline to New York City and magazine work there. However, while there she was introduced to research. 6:58 Poindexter had a research assistantship in the communication research center and had an opportunity to work under Doctor Maxwell McCombs, a renowned international scholar. 7:17 Their research work involved public opinion surveys of various communities around the Northeast. 7:22 They were interested in understanding and learning why people were interested in the news. 7:32 That was the first time that she had been exposed to learning about things from the news-consumers perspective. 7:38 After she finished her Master’s, Poindexter decided to stay and get her Ph.D. 7:46 While there she had both research and job opportunities 7:53 She moved to the University of Georgia where she taught for a year 7:58 Athens, according to Poindexter, was pretty isolated and she didn’t enjoy working there. 8:06 She had an opportunity to work at the LA Times. She met the publisher, Tom Johnson, and went to work for the LA Times. 8:30 At the LA Times she was on the business side as opposed to the newsroom. 8:34 Poindexter enjoyed this because she had an opportunity – having already worked in a newsroom – to see journalism from both sides. 8:49 Until relatively recently, Poindexter says, the business side has been kept separated from the newsroom. 9:18 Learning the business side of journalism was a great experience for Poindexter 10:20 Poindexter says there’s a particular moment in which she became aware of diversity in the newsroom. 10:25 However, she does say that she’s aware of the need for diversity because of the state of Texas’ longstanding history of segregation, because it was a slave state, and because UT Austin still employs very little African Americans 11:00 She says that consciously, she didn’t necessarily translate this into the field of journalism but when she did work for the TV news in Houston, she did make a point of seeking out diversity in terms of the stories they covered. 11:35 “You can’t help – certainly in the time that I grew up and also in the state of Texas – it’s just a part of you.” 11:48 Poindexter recalls some of the stories that she covered. 12:03 She had come up with this idea that she wanted to do a documentary on Blacks in Houston. It was called “On the Other Side” 12:16 The news director approved it. It was an hour-long documentary that aired, which is unheard of, Poindexter said. 12:23 She made an effort to really explore Houston and specifically African-Americans from a cultural point of view. 12:39 Poindexter says it was more of a feature documentary, but she did want to bring that awareness to people. 12:51 Poindexter also had the opportunity to do several features on the Houston Museum of Art, which had become an art fixture both nationally and internationally. 13:32 Poindexter says that she made a conscious effort to make sure that African-Americans were included, too. 13:57 Poindexter would also work behind the camera, shooting and editing. It was important, she recalled, for her to learn how to do all of that. 14:09 It was a time that she learned about the production – researching, writing, reporting, shooting and editing it 15:29 When Poindexter began working in TV, women were just starting to get into the newsroom and blacks as well. 15:41 TV was probably doing a better job hiring minorities, Poindexter says, only because the FCC required it. 15:51 Stations had to keep records of their diversity in the newsroom, in the TV stations. 16:01 Poindexter says that TV stations are licensed, so if there’s no effort at diversity at all, someone could challenge their licensing 16:15 TV stations were very concerned about having diversity in their newsroom for this reason 16:28 It made news directors more aware, Poindexter said, but at the same time “there was only so much that was going to be done.” 16:40 Poindexter said when she was younger she really didn’t think about diversity in the newsroom, but that later she “developed a consciousness about this.” 17:51 Poindexter has spent more time in the academy than in the profession 18:00 “We do need to keep in mind that today there’s still a lot of work that needs to be done.” 18:10 Poindexter says it’s better than in years past, but there’s still a lot of ground to be made. 18:14 This includes, hiring more people of color in newsrooms, but also retaining people of color in newsrooms and making sure they have opportunities for leadership. 18:32 Poindexter believes this is a huge part of the problem. 18:36 Poindexter believes that the admirable goals of the ASNE – to have parity in the newsroom – will never be achieved. The group had to scale their goal back 19:18 They were never even able to come close to it, Poindexter says. 19:22 If you look at census data today, you can see that it would be extremely ambitious to reach that goal, Poindexter say. 19:30 Poindexter says that they have to keep in mind that not every person of color wants to enter in this field. 19:41 The truth is everything is open now. “You can be a rocket scientist, you can be a physician, you can be an attorney, a teacher, a nurse – it’s completely open and at one time it wasn’t.” 20:20 It’s unrealistic, Poindexter says, to expect that we’re going to have parity in the newsroom. There needs to be a back-up plan. 20:27 She believes that the back-up plan should be that everyone in newsroom – despite his or her color – has a responsibility to understand why diversity is important. Everyone in the newsroom needs to be knowledgeable so that they can include and accurately report. 21:11 The priority the, Poindexter says, is to ensure that the way the news is covered is inclusive and not filled with stereotypes. 22:39 TV station requirements for diversity changed things 22:44 That focus was just on employment not on content, meaning that the stories that you cover were not a focus. 23:05 Because there was an expectation to have diversity in the newsroom, news directors began hiring a small number of people of color. Poindexter says she was one of them, she knows she got her first job because she was African-American. 23:30 Today you must have a lot of experience to join a network. 24:01 Poindexter says that there were advocacy organizations that were challenging licenses of TV stations. 24:15 Newspapers, however, weren’t doing a lot. 24:25 But that changed for ASNE after the Kerner commission in 1968 24:37 It was extremely critical, Poindexter said, of news organizations, saying they were not doing a good job of diversity and of telling the story of race relations in the United States. 25:01 The effort to diversify newsrooms has been going on for a while. And that’s when the goal for parity, Poindexter says, came from. 26:01 Poindexter doesn’t recall discussions of diversity in graduate school. 26:03 Those discussions really took place in AEJMC. 26:11 She attended her first AEJMC meeting in graduate school. That’s where she began experiencing these issues of diversity in a more systematic way. 26:42 Specifically, it’s within the MAC (minorities and communication) division of AEJMC that she experienced this. 26:47 There are many niche divisions within AEJMC 27:13 The founder of MAC, Dr. Lionel Barrow, according to Poindexter, singlehandedly made an effort to push for the development of diversity. 27:52 He was the one who “raised the consciousness of AEJMC” 27:59 One of the things, Poindexter says, that we have to keep in mind is that there is at least one person who is getting the conversation started, but it boils down to being persuasive and explaining its importance 28:38 A lot of Barrow’s work started with him and came out of the MAC division. 28:47 Poindexter says he did it singlehandedly in the sense that it was his idea. AEJMC has a responsibility since they’re training the next newsroom generations. 29:22 That’s how AEJMC became a leading force in the changes taking place in journalism education, Poindexter said. (mic fix) 30:30 Journalism education is lacking people of color, Poindexter says. There aren’t many Hispanics in this field. 31:15 The vast majority of AEJMC members are from universities, but there are professionals that are engaged with these issues. 31:40 The organization allows people to come together from all backgrounds and discuss these issues. 32:16 Dr. Barrow was from Howard University – a predominantly black university. 32:36 It’s not a surprise that Dr. Barrow pushed for the MAC division. Considering the time, his background and experience it made sense. 33:09 Poindexter says that we take it for granted or we forget that the news industry is founded on the first amendment of the constitution. That means it’s unique – there’s a special responsibility that journalists have that you might not have in other fields. 33:48 Addressing diversity is a natural fit, Poindexter says because of the sense that this field is different, combined with the social responsibility aspect of the job, and what you expect of Universities. 34:34 Often there are very few minorities on staff 35:00 These discussions have influenced Poindexter’s studies 35:16 Poindexter says she was probably amazed when she went to her first AEJMC conference and noticed that these conversations were taking place. 35:31 It influenced her research areas: 1) The audience for news 2) Diversity in news coverage 3) research methods and ethics 36:12 Poindexter says that her research area the diversity in news coverage directly grew out of attending her first AEJMC conference. 36:24 After that conference Poindexter added her second research area, 36:36 She also created a course that’s called African-Americans in the media. 36:49 That particular course is even more important today than when she first created it, Poindexter said. 36:56 The bottom line, Poindexter said, is that AEJMC, more than anything else, has had an impact on her research, teaching and her worldview. 37:38 AEJMC is organized around three areas: research, teaching, and PF and R (Professional freedom and responsibility). 37:58 Poindexter further explains each area 37:58 People do research and submit conference papers. If the paper is accepted then it’s presented at the August conference. 38:21 There are several initiatives and teaching components at the conference. 38:47 The course Poindexter teaches is focused on African-Americans on the media. But there are other courses at UT that center on gender. 39:13 Teaching is very important to AEJMC. Every year at the conference there are many panels about being more effective teachers 39:33 And from time to time these panels are about diversity. 39:39 Poindexter says diversity remains one of the most important panel topics and needs to be covered more. 40:38 Poindexter says there’s an urgency that’s not felt by many. 41:04 If you want to be in an accredited university there are certain things you have to do. 41:12 One of these requirements is that you have to have a diversity plan. That plan means what it is what you’re trying to do to increase diversity in your faculty, what you’re doing to increase diversity in your curriculum. 41:33 If you want to be an accredited university that’s one of the things you have to do 41:40 The are other things you have to do – that’s just one of the standards that’s required every six years you go up for re-accreditation. 42:00 Many universities around the country are struggling with diversity. They’re certainly trying to diversify their faculty. 42:12 But as Poindexter pointed out earlier, diversifying faculty – like diversifying the newsroom – can be difficulty. Not every minority is getting their doctorate in journalism – there are other fields they’re pursuing. 42:32 By that same token, Poindexter adds, some might choose to work in the newsroom instead of in academia 42:32 There are a lot of hurdles and challenges, Poindexter says. 42:55 Even the universities that are challenged with filling this diversity requirement are making an impact where they can. 43:13 “You can still have an impact on the curriculum. You can have a very diverse curriculum, you can make sure you’re integrating diversity throughout the curriculum – which is the ideal.” 43:33 To do that, Poindexter says, it does require engagement with faculty. Poindexter says workshops could help bring people up to speed. 43:45 The bottom line is that there several steps you must take to be apart of an accredited university. 43:59 Some things are hard, Poindexter says. Diversifying your curriculum is easier than some of the other things 44:05 You may not have success in your hiring, but there are things you can do. You can look as widely as possible to try and diversify the search process as much as you can while hiring. 44:22 We can certainly do a better job at UT Austin. 44:32 It boils down to, Poindexter says, down to commitment. “Every university is not committed. Every university does not see the benefit, the value.” 44:46 “For a long time when some news organizations, and certainly the ASNE, were trying to diversify…they would say ‘this is good business.’” 44:58 Poindexter believes otherwise. “This is a social responsibility.” 45:03 This goes back to an earlier point that Poindexter made about the press being in the first amendment. 45:13 There is a reason, Poindexter says, for that. 45:21 “I think if universities recognized that social responsibility then they may get it, why this is important.” 45:33 Universities are also training future journalists, so there’s a pressure on them to properly inculcate their students. 45:49 It gets harder to teach these generations as time goes on, Poindexter says. 45:51 For example, the generation after millennial is the post-millennial generation and they will be farther and farther away from the Civil Rights movement and the experiences that inspired people like Dr. Lee Barrow. 46:11 “This generation is so far away from that they have no idea.” 46:18 Poindexter says that this generation doesn’t realize that things weren’t always this way. 46:24 “The bottom line is that we have a lot of work to do and AEJMC needs to continue to help people, help universities, help individual faculty members, continue to support.” 46:42 Poindexter says that AEJMC is one of the most supportive organizations around when it comes to diversity. (talking, question asked) 48:53 Poindexter says that it’s no question that there’s less emphasis on diversity in newsrooms now than in the past. 48:57 She says it’s understandable, however, in the sense that newsrooms have been trying to survive. 49:06 Newspapers in particular, Poindexter says, were extremely profitable. For a long time, these groups were slow to change. 49:39 Instead of getting ahead of the issue, newspapers were behind and they got caught. 50:14 The newspaper industry in particular, Poindexter says, was in bad shape. It’s a business, she said, if you want to be successful you have to be successful with your news but you also have to be successful with the business side. 50:48 If you’re spending all of your time trying to figure out not to go under, then it’s hard not to think about all these other things, e.g. diversity. 51:02 Poindexter believes this has a lot to do with it 51:12 Journalists are now having to do a whole lot more than before. You’re doing more with less. 51:36 The past few years, Poindexter says, it’s the first time that every other news article isn’t about the news industry dying. “The bleeding has stopped” 51:55 In the mean time it hasn’t changed the fact that diversity needs to be a priority. 52:02 Poindexter says that she understands why diversity hasn’t been a priority recently, but it’s time to change that. 52:26 She says the same is true of journalism and communication schools. 52:32 Because of the fact that many of these schools work closely with news organizations, when their students aren’t being hired because they can’t hire anybody. 53:04 Poindexter says we need to go back to having a diverse as possible newsroom and that we need to improve coverage, being more inclusive and not stereotyping. AEJMC 54:18 Poindexter first became a member of AEJMC when she was in graduate school. 54:21 She says it’s an expectation. If you’re in a Ph.D program, it is the case that you’ll become a member. 54:49 That’s what distinguishes a graduate program that’s oriented towards research, Poindexter said. 55:10 When she started her Ph.D. program she received a doctoral diversity scholarship. It was a part of Dr. Barrow’s efforts to increase minority representation in journalism and communication. 56:03 Poindexter says that the scholarship, which was created by donations from AEJMC members, reveals that they were serious about increasing minority faculty. 56:12 To get a minority faculty you need to establish a pipeline where there are more minorities going to graduate school and a Ph.D program. 56:39 Poindexter says that if you were to look across the country at the various racial and ethnic groups who are now teaching at various universities, you’ll see that many of them were probably recipients of this scholarship. 57:06 She presented research papers at these conferences and even won an award for it. 57:16 When she became inspired about doing research that dealt with race and ethnicity, a colleague and her did a review of the literature. 57:27 They looked at the studies that had been published about blacks and the media. 57:50 It was a literature review, a meta-analysis. From that they published an article in Journal Broadcasting. 57:59 Her involvement with AEJMC was multifaceted. She was a recipient of the scholarship, she was active in the MAC division, she did research, and she ran for office early on. 58:31 AEJMC really supported Poindexter in her academic endeavors. 58:35 She stayed active with AEJMC until she went to work for the LA Times. 58:53 When she returned to teaching at UT Austin she got involved with AEJMC again. 59:10 Her involvement since then has only grown. 59:13 There are many divisions, Poindexter says. “There are 30 or 40 divisions, interest groups and commissions.” 59:21 You are not only a member of AEJMC but you are a member of any division, interest group or commission you select. 59:39 Through the MAC division, Poindexter was eventually elected “first vice-head, then head” of the group. 59:54 From there she was elected, across the whole membership, to the standing committee on research. There’s several of these committees. She has served 2 3-year terms. 1:00:21 That committee has responsibility for the awards that are given across the division. 1:00:31 When she chaired that committee she had the chance to start a new award. This is the seventh or eighth year that the award is given now. 1:00:50 When you chair that committee you also serve on the board of the directors. 1:01:19 Poindexter finished her terms. Shortly after which she was nominated for a new award – also named after Dr. Barrow. It’s for recognizing one’s contributions for research, teaching and leadership. 1:01:58 This was an important award for Poindexter because it recognized her in the areas that were most important for Dr. Barrow. 1:02:09 A few years later she received a call from nominations and elections committee chair, saying they wanted Poindexter to run for Vice President of AEJMC. 1:02:36 Poindexter, who was finishing up a book at the time, didn’t think she would have time. But she ended up running and winning. 1:02:45 Poindexter has been in a leadership role for AEJMC 1:02:53 This year, 2013-2014, is Poindexter’s year as president. She will preside over the conference in Montreal. As president of AEJMC, she has several initiatives. 1:03:27 Every president writes a column for the AEJMC newsletter and the column that Poindexter is going to write is about diversity. 1:03:40 It’s to remind people that it’s important, it still matters, and there’s still work to be done. 1:03:47 The president of AEJMC, Poindexter says, has the opportunity to make difference in many ways. 1:04:04 AEJMC celebrated their centennial anniversary 2 years ago. One goal for that year was to reach a pledge of $300,000. 1:04:21 A portion of the money they raised specifically went towards diversity programing. 1:04:31 Poindexter was on the board that got to decide how they would spend that money. 1:04:45 “You can have an impact and I believe I’ve had an opportunity to have a positive impact on diversity.” 1:04:49 Poindexter isn’t the first African-American president of AEJMC. There have been 3 before her. 1:05:09 What this says, according to Poindexter, is that AEJMC “walks the talk.” They don’t just say that diversity is important. 1:06:14 Poindexter recently attended the Unity Diversity Caucus in D.C. representing AEJMC 1:06:24 Unity was originally composed of all of the minority journalism associations, but two have dropped out. 1:06:44 At this particular caucus they asked each representative how the organization they were there for had had an impact on diversity. 1:07:13 In her initial comments Poindexter said that diversity is in its DNA – it is who they are. 1:07:24 “When you say AEJMC you are talking about diversity.” 1:07:32 If you look at the bylaws, it’s in the bylaws. 1:07:36 There is a concerted effort to make sure there is diversity in every single way in AEJMC 1:07:56 The group doesn’t always succeed as much as they would like to. 1:08:02 These different divisions sometimes can’t as diverse as they’d like to because (again) the population for it isn’t there. “You can’t make people appear if they’re not in the pipeline to appear.” 1:08:24 The bottom line, Poindexter says, is that AEJMC is at good place in the area of diversity. 1:08:47 There’s an award that was started to recognize a university’s progress at diversity, areas like hiring, curriculum, teaching, etc. 1:09:16 When Poindexter joined AEJMC they primarily had the MAC division, so there weren’t these other ways to acknowledge the importance of diversity and award those efforts. 1:09:39 The real question, Poindexter says, is where do we go from here? 1:09:43 The incoming president will restart a mentorship initiative to get more diverse administrators. 1:09:58 So those on faculties who are interested in being deans or department heads could get that training/mentoring 1:10:09 AEJMC originally funded that program for seven or eight years, but then because it was no longer able to receive foundation support, it wasn’t able to continue and placed on hiatus. 1:10:24 But as a result of the centennial program that Poindexter mentioned, they’re now able to restart it. 1:10:38 AEJMC is still working to do as much as it can to stay ahead, Poindexter says. 1:12:09 The foundation stopped supporting it – Poindexter is unsure why, but now they’re able to support it again. AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity]]> 15934 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/12/trailblazers-linda-shockley/ Wed, 16 Dec 2015 16:29:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15937 AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity in Journalism Education Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication School of Journalism University of Texas at Austin The purpose of this index is to mark the themes that have emerged in the interviews conducted so far. From these indexes we will develop an extensive guide of the areas to be covered in the interviewer’s story of the interview subject – and where the viewer/listener can find them. We ask you watch the interview and give descriptions about what the interview has to say about the issues listed here. We ask you to note any NEW topics that you find in the interview – issues that are not included in this index. YOU MUST INCLUDE COUNTER OR TIMES. At the end of the index you will find a section for your comments of the interviewer in general, the interviewer and your suggestions for improvements in further interviews. We also ask you to give us your opinion on whether this interview is a good subject to be contacted for the second-level interviews. Lastly, we appreciate feedback on this index so that we can revise future forms. Interview Subject: Linda Shockley            Interviewer: Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez Interview date: 08/08/2013 Number of Recorded Segments: 3 Interview length: 01:17:49 Language: English Reviewer: Trent Boulter Date of review for index: 12/17/14 Table of Contents: 0:00 – 0:20 Start and focus camera How did you become interested in journalism? Role models?: 0:20 Her interest started around 14 and felt she wanted to pursue that career and read the newspaper as early as first grade. At some point she came up to her mom and asked what “rape” meant and that’s when she started preventing her from reading the newspaper. 1:08 When she was 14 Claude Lewis was one of her role models and there was a stunning anchor on CBS named Eaddie Huggins. She said to herself, “I can do that.” 1:52 she got in touch with Claude Lewis after she was told by her counselor that she should become a teacher and write in her spare time. Her parents weren’t in support of a journalism career because they didn’t think it was financially sustainable. Claude suggested she write to an organization in Princeton called The Journalism Fund, which was used for information about journalism programs, scholarships, etc. 3:06 After using the guide we went to University of Bridgeport for a visit and that was it. Her mom decided that’s where she needed to be. The cost was about 6,000 at that time. She wanted to go to Syracuse but they offered her a scholarship. 3:43 She graduated 4 years later and interned in Ganet newspapers where she had an encounter with Jerry Saass. 4:09 Her hometown newspaper turned me down for a internship and so someone suggested that she call Jerry in Rochester, New York. She called him and he offered her one of two internship positions. 5:26 In the summer of 1975 she worked as an intern in Westchester County, New York. She worked for 2 papers (Sleepy Hollow being one of them). 6:00 Just before graduating she was offered a job covering education for Ganet in Ossining, NY. 6:12 (benefit of working for Ganet as a minority woman) 6:25 she worked for that company for 12 years, starting in education, but changing responsibilities ever couple of years. She used typewriters and other old technologies etc. 7:25 Covering schools, there was a big effort to desegregate schools so that was eye-opening touching a topic that was extremely controversial. 7:54 She felt a lot of support from her newsroom and the corporation as well. She moved into the production area, and eventually became a bureau chief. 9:15 She also had a very diverse staff. (African Americans, Asian Americans) Eventually she became a city editor in a major city. She was even able to attend conventions and conferences on the companies dime. That way she could progress and develop different resources and mainstreaming techniques to further diversity. 11:06 Here she adds that she joined the NABJ and other things and served on other committees which helped her to get experience that turned her into the journalist she is and promote diversity. Ganet really wanted to make an impact on diversity. 12:55 Another thing she found important was Ganet’s willingness to offer opportunities and move people around so they could advance their career regardless of gender or race. 13:38 Now she feels extremely fortunate to have worked with particularly influential people that, at a young age, she didn’t quite appreciate at the time. Those influential people, some of them had actually participated in the civil-rights movement. 14:10 Through the Michelle Clark program, people of different minorities were able to get the training they needed to change their career and begin participating as journalists. (Lists different notable people that helped do training) 15:18 At one point she was encouraged to come to a meeting in D.C. where Jay Harris was making a presentation saying that media should reflect the ethnic makeup of the country. She didn’t understand the implications that presentation and thought carried. 17:10 (Pivotal time in American History – was there a time when you became aware of the need for that diversity in media?) 17:38 growing up in a community of predominantly African American in New Jersey, we always had a feeling of self governance. But we didn’t see that representation in the general new media. However there was a thing called Tuesday Magazine that was all about African Americans. It was filled with features and things going on in the AA community. This went on even until the 1970’s. 18:58 Being at Ganett with the different conversations about diversity really struck her while in high school and into college. 19:32 She had great admiration for Encore, (1^st AA newsmagazine) and felt she might want to work there. She knew there needed to be a voice and felt she could be part of that cohort of people providing that voice for these publications. (Do you remember any stories or pieces that you produced that touched on diversity in a particular way?) 20:15 Being part of the diversity committee, she remembers a story about children born with heart deformities and one of the parents was a teenage girl of color. The editor felt like they couldn’t use her because they didn’t want to highlight a girl having a child out of wed-lock. Another parent was a latino woman who had a different surname than the father and the editor didn’t want to use them either. There was a total lack of understanding of cultural practices that had to be addressed. 22:45 There was another story about illegal immigration. This was in the early 1980’s. There was a question about marriage for green cards. Is it a fake marriage? Immigration fraud? There was a specific tip that lead to the focus on Haitians, regardless that other groups were doing it as well. She gives examples of Irish immigrants doing this as well. It’s important to broaden the context and look at the underlying problem instead of the specific instance being brought to everyone’s attention. 24:45 This is even an issue of terminology with “civil rights leader” v. “human rights leader”. (At the time did you feel that minorities were treated fairly and equally in the newsroom?) 25:25 In many instances it’s episodic, there are many people that rise to the top but she felt that women were marginalized. She sites the lack of personal Pulitzer prize awards given to AA women for their work. She conducted a survey and found that these women felt they were the “hand-maidens” of the newsroom. They were supposed to go get the information and then another person would write the story. 28:06 She did have a conversation with one woman from the study that said that they needed to be willing to put in the extra time. She eventually found an interest in a specific place and went there to learn and report about it so that she could gain knowledge and expertise in a particular area. Don’t just complain about it, but do something about it. Prepare yourself. (How did you get involved with Dow Jones?) 30:20 She came in 1988 but the organization had been established in the 50’s. They typically tried to recruit well-rounded people with liberal arts degrees that the organization felt could accept a position helping to report for the Washington Post. Later in the 1960’s you started to see women and people of color join those programs. She gives examples of some of the people to receive awards and internships from the organization. 32:05 Later Paul Swenson introduced the copy editing program to an ethnically/gender diverse group because he felt people from any background could produce the same quality of content. Followed by examples of success stories from this program. 34:25 Paul Swenson decided in the 60’s that these programs for high school journalism teachers should include people of color. He went to a HBCU (Savanah St.) to find people willing to participate and used a professor and student as the example in some of these trainings. That example student later became a participant in the program and a successful journalist herself. 35:28 in ‘68 the Fund started the first Urban Journalism workshop. It was in response to President Johnson’s question as to why there continued to be urban disturbances in the U.S. One of the things the commission determined was that American was two separate societies; one black and one white. The focus on the media talked about the lack of representation of African American people, and coverage of issues regarding urban areas. They recommended training African American students to become journalists. 37:15 The result of the workshop was a little group of journalists and if only 10% of the participants went on to work in the field they would consider it a success. 30% actually did become journalists (examples of those individuals). 38:25 In 1988 a colleague shared a job opening that he had received about an opening at the Dow Jones News Fund. He suggested it to her and she took a chance at it. (DJNF had helped numerous people, tell us about the years you were there and how the programs developed) 40:37 The Fund was always looking to progress. She shares the different programs that started with focus on high schools. 41:18 She talks about John Seagenthall and his work to get the movie “Did You Hear What I Said?” made and what goes into being a reporter and stories they write. 42:37 The fund was always looking to see what else they could do to get their message out, while still addressing the needs for diversity. She also gives an example of one of the classes that was taught by Adams and how that effect is still being felt. 43:54 In 1990 they started a Reporting Scholarship Program to award a $1000 scholarship. Eventually that morphed into the Business Reporting Program because they wanted to encourage more young journalists of color to pursue becoming business journalists. She lists some of the challenges they faced with the program. 45:15 She talks about the gratifying outcomes of the program, and some examples of students that used the scholarship to get herself through school. 47:01 The current status of the DJNF and their programs that are looking to help all students, as well as minorities, become successful journalists. 48:22 She expresses understanding that you can’t achieve diversity of selection if you don’t have diversity in the pool of applicants and that’s why they have focused on reaching out to HBCU and developing training programs across the country. (Scope of the DJNF and it’s impact) 50:17 For the editing, reporting, and digital programs the number is around 7500-8000. For the high school programs 13000+ up to now. Moving forward we have supported other organizations and their programs. 51:00 A student asked her how she might change her approach to recommending journalism as a career based on what’s going on in the industry? She realized that it wasn’t a question looking at the technical reaction, but how do you tell people to pursue a career in journalism? Especially minorities? 53:20 Her response to that question. 54:34 Facing discrimination in a journalism career, 55:02 Our responsibility in association with discrimination 55:17 Her hope for the progress journalists can facilitate. And the way we can tell the “Truth of our story” (Newsrooms use of statistics and the numbers of minorities… Suggestions for media to attract the talent that is needed?) 57:54 She doesn’t feel she has a new solution, cites “Girls who Code” and the work they do to promote confidence. “Some things are done by example.” She shares some of those leading by example. In recruitment, “we have to go where the people are.” (With the rapid changes in media, how does this impact the focus on diversity?) 1:01:43 She expresses a disappointment in the lack of emphasis by media organizations on diversity. She also expresses her feelings that the response of these organizations is a short-sighted approach to the issues that they will eventually face in the future. 1: 03:40 She gives an example of a reporter covering Spanish speaking baseball players and his colleagues lack of understanding of the athlete. 1:05:18 She says we’re not responding to the needs of the people that we represent as members of the media, even if immigration stopped today, which it hasn’t. 1:06:00 “We want to be useful to our population.” (Do you feel this is a problem in top management?) 01:07:18 She expresses a lot of optimism that people might catch on to the need for change, but a disappointment that most decisions are being driven, not by the journalists, but by investors and advertisers. 1:08:32 There are people that are using their sphere of influence to address certain issues. 1:09:23 The pattern of new media is following that of legacy media 1:10:10 The democratization of media and the place it holds in impacting lives. (Role of AEJMC) 1:11:20 Experience with AEJMC and using some of the papers and research to help high school students and other students of journalism. Interaction with different committees and interest groups. 1:13:20 The role of AEJMC in shaping the education of journalists and helping faculty to progress. 1:14:07 An example of a professor requiring their students to go to a specific place to find a story to help them become exposed to different ideas and cultures. (Final thought) 1:16:30 Diversity is not an add-on or an afterthought. It’s part of telling the full story with all of its detail. AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity]]> 15937 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/12/trailblazers-federico-subveri/ Wed, 16 Dec 2015 17:02:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15939 AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity in Journalism Education Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication School of Journalism University of Texas at Austin The purpose of this index is to mark the themes that have emerged in the interviews conducted so far. From these indexes we will develop an extensive guide of the areas to be covered in the interviewer’s story of the interview subject – and where the viewer/listener can find them. We ask you watch the interview and give descriptions about what the interview has to say about the issues listed here. We ask you to note any NEW topics that you find in the interview – issues that are not included in this index. YOU MUST INCLUDE COUNTER OR TIMES. At the end of the index you will find a section for your comments of the interviewer in general, the interviewer and your suggestions for improvements in further interviews. We also ask you to give us your opinion on whether this interview is a good subject to be contacted for the second-level interviews. Lastly, we appreciate feedback on this index so that we can revise future forms. Interview Subject: Federico Subveri Interviewer: Martin Do Nascimento Interview date: 5/7/2014 Number of Recorded Segments: 3 Interview length: 01:16:37 Language: English Reviewer: Carlos Morales Date of review for index: 6/12/14 Table of Contents: Early Experience in Journalism (3) Federico’s studies (4-5) Diversity in Academia (5-10) AEJMC (11-13) Early Experiences in Journalism: 2:33 Says the interesting part of his personal story was he intended – since high school and throughout some of college – to be an aeronautical engineer. 2:56 interest in math didn’t “match up” once he got to college. 3:05 He witnessed protests to Vietnam War at University of Puerto Rico and what he saw personally differed from the media accounts. 3:25 These differences caused him to say: “There’s something wrong here – why?” 3:37: He excelled in the area of social sciences and decided to explore media 3:52 During his last year of college, the university introduced the master’s degree in public communication. 4:05 He was one of the first 33 students to enroll in the program at the University of Puerto Rico 4:15 At this point he wanted to be a journalist, he wanted to write about journalism. 4:17 He worked at the San Juan Star as a copy boy. Because of this position he was able to do some freelance work for the SJ Star. 4: 29 Here he also witnessed the lifestyle of journalists in the newsroom and realized that wasn’t him. 4:43 At the end of his master’s degree he started weighing the options of a Ph.D in communication because he wanted to do research about media. 4:48 He was admitted to the University of Wisconsin at Madison 5:09 His work has been a “social science approach to the field” 5:54: As a Puerto Rican in Puerto Rico, he was the majority; only minority in political beliefs. 6:10 He wasn’t aware of being a “Latino or Hispanic” until he had to fill out forms and felt “that’s the closest category – I’m just a puertoriqueño.” 6:35 (more on Vietnam protests): The experience of the protests and then reading the newspapers the next day is one that told him there was something wrong with the system and how stories are covered, their political meaning. 7:33 Until that point he was apolitical, but those contradictions alerted him and urged him to study that. His Studies 8:00 His studies at Wisconsin were directed with his desire “to understand the political economy of the media system of Puerto Rico.” 8:13 He wanted to understand the decision why the decision makers in Puerto Rico, in terms of news construction, did what they did. 8:42 Expanded his research to include the political economy of not only Puerto Rico but Latin America. 8:48 Another turning point in his decision to continue his communication studies was an international conference in San Jose, Costa Rica, where “the most progressive minds of media in Latin America” were meeting. 9:45 He was beginning to understand how media, politics and the economics work together. 10:01 At Wisconsin, his studies were a challenge because the university was very much a social science empirical oriented university and school of journalism 10:16 He did the coding for a study on Hispanics in Chicago and was allowed to do studies on this data, which would eventually become the basis for his dissertation. 11:44 The body of his research was new and pioneering – he was supported to continue his efforts. 12:12 His first job was at the University of California Santa Barbara where he learned what it meant to be a professor. By 1992 he began work at UT Austin. 12:20 At the time he had no intention to stay as a professor in the United States. 12:29 He wanted to go back to Puerto Rico because part of his studies had been funded by the University of Puerto Rico presidential system. 12:42 As he finished his studies and began working, the political power in Puerto Rico shifted form center to right wing. The president of the university system, Federico found out years later, didn’t want any more pro-independence professors in the school of communication. 13:11 As much as he applied and tried to get back to Puerto Rico, he never got a positive response from any university in any system in the country. 13:29 While at UT he did the first study on the political economy of the media system of Puerto Rico. 12:45 He continued his interest in Puerto Rico and developed the study of Latinos in media in the United States in all branches, children, politics, etc. 13:58: The third branch of his interests became race and media relations in Brazil. He performed these studies with support from the LLilas office (Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies). 15:52 While at Wisconsin, he realized that there were two emerging tracks on Latino Media studies were: The ownership and history of Spanish media in the United States and 16:33 Overall there were very few studies on Latinos and media. 16:56 There were hardly any studies, Federico recalls, that connected the use of media and political knowledge and opinions and behaviors among Latinos. 17:17 There had been studies about the use of media and politics, but the research wasn’t quite aligned with Federico’s overall research goals. 17:59 Still as of today, there are a lot of studies that look at history, ownership, use of media, and now there’s content analysis of films, TV shows and print 18:26 There’s still a sizeable gap in terms of survey research that connects use of media and knowledge. 18:44 An area he’s developed is emergency communication, how people who are not English-speakers understand there’s an emergency. 18:55 There’s a huge gap in terms of policy, knowledge and implementation for Latinos who are primarily Spanish-speakers. 19:09 Federico had to find the gaps that had not been developed and then explore them – at Wisconsin it was all beginning. Now there’s an explosion of literature. Diversity at Wisconsin 20:11 At Wisconsin he had the blessing of open-minded professors who allowed him to engage in the field of work he was interested in, but there wasn’t a professor who could teach him what he learned about in Latinos and media. 20:41 Diversity at the time meant Blacks and Whites. 

20:44 There was a sense of awareness, but not as much as it is today, recognizing changing demographics and the growth of Latino populations and their media. 20:53 Some of his professors at Wisconsin weren’t aware of these populations and their media. 21:07 There were, however, professors that guided him to literature. 21:12 While at Wisconsin, he was supported to engage in this fledgling field 22:44 In the time he’s taught, there’s been a dramatic change in the field of communication. There’s recognition now of the demographic shift. 22:54 There’s a need to embrace research in these arenas. 22:57 One of the contributions to the change has been the recent graduates who became professors and studied in this field. 23:49 These graduates have populated this area, doing research and engage in teaching others. 23:57 What is still lacking is the institutional higher level decision makers who validate and support this work. 24:11 Even at UT Austin, the school of journalism has Latino professors but there isn’t a whole track dedicated to the research of getting a Ph.D in Latinos in Media. 24:31 The department of radio-television-film had an interdisciplinary concentration of diversity and media. But didn’t have the research to go with it. 24:42 The college of communication has not had, developed and promoted an integrated Masters and doctoral program to attract, train and prepare future researchers in the social science of communication. 25:08 That is missing still. 25: 10 In these 30 years, the studies, the content analysis, the history of these works is growing. 25:25 Kent Wilkinson – not a Latino – has branched off and done similar studies and is now a director at Texas Tech. 25:50 It’s not just a privy for Latinos or other minorities it’s still a lack of institutional recognition of the value of these programs. 26:08 At the undergraduate levels there are courses here and there but there isn’t an institution dedicated to this research. 26:56 A Senior professor at UC Santa Barbara told Federico’s student that here Latino studies was a dead end. 27:17 This, Federico says, implies that not only were this student’s efforts not worthwhile, but neither was Federico’s. 27:23 UC Santa Barbara has yet to hire another Latino professor who can engage in these studies, Federico says. 27:55 The decision makers there haven’t recognized the need for it. 28:03 The institutional, high-level effort to make change is not there. 28:11 At UT, the environment was more supportive. 28:21 Federico left to New York temporarily, returned to UT, and was told by the key decision maker of the radio-television-film chair department that “that Latino stuff you do is not a priority here anymore, so I’m not going to hire you.” 29:24 He then moved to Texas State University. 29:35 Within a few months he developed a program that became the Center for the Study of Latino Media and Markets. It flourished for 5 years. 30:01 Support dwindled and wasn’t as strong as it needed to be for the center to survive and to keep him there. 30:10 Now at Kent State University 30:26 In 1992, he proposed to school director at UT a program – for the college – to develop Latinos and media issues. The dean at the time told him, “that’s not relevant here.” 31:07 When he moved to Texas State, he updated the proposal and within a year he had the center. 31:20 It depends on the decision makers, he says, who are either open minded or not. 32:16 Some of these decision makers don’t have the capacity to value these programs because they were educated in a narrow field, in which Latinos weren’t a topic. 33:00 It’s not part of their radar, of their value system. It’s other. 33:15 Federico says, in 30 years the demographics have changed, the media have changed, the political power of Latinos has been demonstrated and there is a different mindset. 33:42 Given the changes, the need for a professor who can teach the social science of Latinos in communications isn’t a priority, he says. 34:15 The perspective may be that what they’re doing is good enough. 34:54 The one university that comes close to having these programs/institutions is the University of Urbana- Champaign. 35:21 There’s still the need to enhance – at the college level, at the university level – an integrated effort to study these populations, their media and their effects. 37:01 Federico has seen that 1/3 or more of the applicants – people who have earned or are about to earn their Ph.Ds – are people with Asian backgrounds in their names. 37:26 Federico hardly finds a Latino name. 37:40 He says we haven’t done a good enough job to develop, at the high school and undergraduate level, degree programs and interest in Latino media studies. The same goes, he says for other ethnicities. 38:10 Even though there are Latinos engaged in graduate-level education, they are not in the social science and statistical analysis. 38:43 Statistical skills are a necessity for this field, which may not available to many Latinos. 39:15 Federico says he believes that those – namely Latinos and African-Americas - who lack these skills are encouraged to become teaching assistants. 40:03 What’s missing, Federico says, is the need to purposely recruit and train the minorities that don’t have those skills but have to be trained to get that knowledge and go into the research field. 40:49 It’s a cycle that can only be broken by training these specific students who are underprivileged or understudied. 41:00 They then can become future publishers and do training and recruiting for future generations. 41:31 He wants to emphasis that there are individual efforts; there are people who recognize the need to understand Latino/African-American populations. 41:53 Rarely will you find an institution that will incorporate this as part of its flagship. 42:35 We need doctoral-level classes that teach the research on the political economy, history, on the uses, on the content analysis, on the effects of media on diverse populations. 42:48 We need more than just a “catch-all course.” 43:00 (Siren in the background, interview stopped for several seconds) (ask maggie about this part) 44:58 The interesting thing about studying race in Brazil is that the leading scholar is a white Italian (heritage) Brazilian woman. 45:34 This professor’s students, who have graduates, are now the ones teaching these issues in Brazil and teaching the next generation. 45:45 They are, however, behind in the national recognition for the need to enhance and teach these issues. It’s an incremental process as it is here. 46:20 Most of the studies he’s familiar with in Brazil are content analysis on how the media has treated race issues. 46:56 The reason for Brazil being behind in is there’s an ideology that there is no racial differences. The reality, however, is that there are major differences, Federico says. 47:33 Still we have a gap in people who are trained and can train others to engage in research in this arena. 47:51 For too many years, Federico says, it was assumed that racial issues were minority issues in passing. 48:02 Some of the first academics writing about this assumed that minorities emigrated with very little knowledge of the U.S., learned about it and left their old cultural values behind – which Federico says is old hat. 48:30 Latinos – and other groups – hardly ever assimilate, they adapt. It’s a sum game. These groups learn about U.S. culture and learn about their heritage. 48:54 The term Federico uses to describe this is situational ethnicity 49:21 It’s not a linear process of leaving behind old culture, taking on new culture. 51:06 Some recognize that there’s a problem. 51:56 Study after study makes it evident that there is a problem in the underrepresentation and the misrepresentation of Afro-brasileros in their media. 52:16 Federico wants to aim bring this research to the decision makers to press the need for change. 52:44 He doesn’t think there’s a need for that much individual research in Brazil to figure out that need. 52:58 Negative images cause harm to the stereotyped individual and to the general population that assumes incorrectly who and what those “others” are. 53:13 If we can get that research to decision makers in advertisement, in television – there will be a great leap forward, Federico says. 53:51 It’s not just enough to say there’s a need bring minorities into the school of journalism, there needs to be a systematic effort. 54:03 This is related to the quotas in Brazil, Federico says. 54:08 Federico explains that kids aren’t given the same advantages as others. He uses analogy of kids running a race, some have shoes, some have been coached and others have had neither. 55:00 He says the same applies to journalism schools and mass communication. 55:06 Years of undertraining – not lack of skill – is what hinders some students. It’s important to recognize that. 56:19 People will act when they’re pressured to do so. But part of that process to be convinced requires more background, understanding of the situation, Federico says. 56:39 Too many decision makers don’t have that background 56:58 Major decisions require money, Federico says, and money then is directed to those who they see in their experiences that are pressuring them. 57:17 One of the most recent programs that was developed form the Dean’s level is at Cal-State Fullerton. The dean recruited and developed their center, specifically to teach about Latinos and media. 57:54 There were some reluctant members of the faculty. 58:07 At this institution, dean was proponent. At others, there’s usually more support from faculty but not from decision makers. 59:00 He hopes that there’s more higher-level decision making processes, given the change in demographics. 59:25 It’s imperative for major efforts to be directed at Latino populations and media, the uses and the effects on this population and general population and other ethnic minorities. AEJMC 1:00:29 Federico says that it was through support from AEJMC that he gained validation for the work he was doing 1:00:36 His first AEJMC conference was in 1976. 1:00:39 That year it took place at Wisconsin. 1:01:01He attended the conventions, became a member, and started to receive the journals. 1:02:05 Federico says the support he received from AEJMC members was widespread – but he wasn’t receiving this kind of support from his faculty, professors at Santa Barbara. 1:02:35 Federico was either a graduate student or a young professor when he was recruited to be apart of the minorities in communication division. 1:02:47 He was then nominated a position within that division, became a chair, and was recruited to the commission. 1:03:03 During those years of participation, Federico says two things happened: He received validation for his work and he was able to talk to (and be listened to) about the value of diversity. 1:03:27 Whether it was panel opportunities, involvement, research, it helped him on the way to get a foothold with the organization. 1:04:24 The value of AEJMC for diversity issues is twofold. 1:04:28 With its minorities in communication division, anyone that does diversity issues has an opportunity to get their work evaluated even if it’s not accepted for a convention. 1:04:49 The work is evaluated and given feedback that can contribute to the enhancement of that research. 1:05:00 For those whose paper is accepted, the conference is a place where they have full support – they don’t have to justify, Federico says, it’s a given that it is valued. 1:05:16 This networking contributes to the enhancement of the scholarship of minority issues in communication. 1:05:44 As students and scholars present their work in these other divisions (not just the minorities in communication division), then diversity is acknowledged and valued and expanded into those other divisions as well, Federico says. 1:06:29 One of the projects that AEJMC had was the journalism leadership institute for diversity (JLID). This brought together a number of minority faculty, women and minority. Federico says it often went to white women who learn leadership skills for being department chairs and deans. 1:07:22 Some applied, Federico says, and were not ready for those positions. 1:07:26 That program wasn’t funded after a time. Federico is unsure why. 1:07:49 The effort, Federico says, was directed towards anybody, but not purposefully towards those who didn’t have the preparation (“running shoes” as Federico says, referring to his earlier analogy.) 1:08:29 AEJMC should return to the JLID program and make it more sophisticated. 1:08:40 They could also then express the importance to other faculties across different universities of diversifying their faculty. 1:08:56 From there, Federico says, it’s important to also teach the maintenance, the training needed to retain diverse faculty. 1:09:55 AEJMC has changed dramatically its gender diversity. 1:10:45 In terms of recruitment of more outreach to diversity it lags behind, Federico says. 1:10:57 AEJMC has done a great job in the gender disparity that used to exist, from when it started to today. 1:11:06 In a study, Federico says, we noticed that more than half of the leadership of AEJMC has been female in the divisions and at the presidency. 01:11:34 The leadership on the gender side, primarily white women and some African Americans, has improved, Federico says. But at the “rank and file” AEJMC is “decades” behind. 01:11:59 AEJMC is way behind in terms of recruitment and retention of Latinos. 01:12:17 Federico says he would recommend a JLID program specifically for Latinos for AEJMC. 01:12:40 There needs to be a similar effort, Federico says, for other underrepresented groups as there are really way behind. 01:13:50 It’s well document that the portrayals of Latinos in the media are not what they should be. Federico points to some of his research for support. 1:14:07 Federico points to a controversy with MSNBC that’s currently going on. 1:14:18 Federico mentions member of MSNBC who dressed up with a sombrero and maracas and some liquor for a “cinco de mayo” segment. 1:14:44 The decision makers in these institutions should do better. The problem has been documented, Federico says, but they haven’t changed their mindset. 01:14:54 It should fall upon the schools of journalism, the decision makers at the schools of journalism, the scholars at the schools of journalism to bring to the decision makers in the news media the imperative for better, more diverse images. 01:15:18 Federico hopes that the decisions of these schools create substantial change and influence. 1:15:46 Now it’s time for change in the content and representation of these groups. 1:15:53 There should not be the continued stereotyping of these groups, or the ignoring of them as it has been the case. AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity]]> 15939 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/12/trailblazers-reginald-stuart/ Wed, 16 Dec 2015 17:06:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15941 AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity in Journalism Education Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication School of Journalism University of Texas at Austin The purpose of this index is to mark the themes that have emerged in the interviews conducted so far. From these indexes we will develop an extensive guide of the areas to be covered in the interviewer’s story of the interview subject – and where the viewer/listener can find them. We ask you watch the interview and give descriptions about what the interview has to say about the issues listed here. We ask you to note any NEW topics that you find in the interview – issues that are not included in this index. YOU MUST INCLUDE COUNTER OR TIMES. At the end of the index you will find a section for your comments of the interviewer in general, the interviewer and your suggestions for improvements in further interviews. We also ask you to give us your opinion on whether this interview is a good subject to be contacted for the second-level interviews. Lastly, we appreciate feedback on this index so that we can revise future forms. Interview Subject: Reginald Stuart Interviewer: Martin do Nascimento Interview date: 3/30/2014 Number of Recorded Segments: 1 Interview length: 01:13:51 Language: English Reviewer: Carlos Morales Date of review for index: 7/1/2014 Table of Contents: Early Experiences in Journalism (3-7) Diversity in the Newsroom (7-11) Journalism education (11-14) The News Industry Today (14-15) 0:00 – 3:15 Introduction and preamble Early experiences in journalism 3:16 Stuart’s first experience with journalism dates back to his childhood. He had 3:22 He had a newspaper when he was a kid, around 10-12-years-old. 3:30 The major daily newspaper in his hometown of Nashville did a story about two competing neighborhood editors, Stuart and a kid from down the street. 3:57 When they interviewed Stuart for the article they asked him what he wanted to do when he grew up. He told them that he wanted to own the paper – their paper. 4:05 Stuart says they were amused. 4:16 When he went to college he majored in sociology. 4:24 After he graduated he went looking for a job and decided not to go into sociology. He went by the newspaper and applied for a job. 4:33 In those days, Stuart says, it’s a lot easier than it is today. 4:42 They told Stuart that there wasn’t an immediate job opening but he could apply and they’d let him know when positions became available. 4:48 The newspaper remembered Stuart from the childhood story that was written about him. 4:54 They said, “He’s the kid that wanted to buy the paper, right?” and hired him. 4:58 The newspaper called Stuart about a week before graduating college and offered him a job. 5:06 The position was a starting reporter. 5:23 The managing editor – although Stuart had wanted to take the summer off before working – said he needed Stuart to beging work the Monday after graduation. 5:28 He told Stuart that if he couldn’t take it the job would be gone. Stuart took the offer. 5:36 “I went to work like a week after I graduated and I haven’t stopped work since and that was more than 40 years ago.” 5:47 Stuart says that he loves what newspaper do now and he loved what they did then as a child. 6:10 Stuart grew up in a “city where news is very important to all people” 6:19 There were weekly papers, there were the two major daily papers. Those weren’t papers for kids, though, Stuart says. 6:27 Stuart says that he wanted to have a paper not because the other papers were for adults, but because he wanted to be involved in “this enterprise of gathering information.” 6:50 The idea, Stuart says, was to be the first to know about things in his neighborhood. 6:57 The inspiration, Stuart says, was the desire to get the news first and disseminate it. 7:07 Stuart shortly realized that despite how good the local papers were, there was still news that they couldn’t cover. 7:17 They didn’t have enough people, time, or they just didn’t know about things. 7:25 Stuart wrote about the things he thought should be in the paper. 7:37 He had news stories in it, he had a friend make cartoons for the editorial page, entertainment news, a gossip column, a music column – it was hyper-local news, focusing on his street. 8:13 Stuart did that for 3 years and it evolved into a really good following. 8:23 Stuart’s rival editor, who lived at the end of the street, took care of his end of the neighborhood. 8:30 “It was growing on an innate feeling that there’s more news out there and I want to tell about it.” 8:45 Stuart gives an example of the kind of stories he’d write. The hospital in his neighborhood was going to expand and build a new wing – he wrote about that. 8:51 There were back-to-school stories. 9:01 He had a fire-prevention week story. 9:06 It was “nice stuff”, Stuart says, that he found interesting as a young person. 9:37 His early endeavor was “ a reflection of what was going on around the neighborhood – it was important.” 9:45 Stuart called it “The Neighborhood Times”. 9:50 He named nicknamed the paper “TNT” – after the explosive material, a reference to the Cold War Era, Stuart says. 10:26 Stuart wrote some of the stories, but he also relied on his neighborhood for help. Older people in the area helped Stuart with cooking columns or secretarial tips columns and kids his age wrote the gossip and music column. 11:10 Whenever these people didn’t have time to write, Stuart would write it. 11:18 He would then type it up on stencils and would have it printed at printing department at the hospital, who Stuart had befriended. 11:33 He would charge Stuart a dollar or so for 100 sheets of paper 11:38 Stuart would write for a couple days, sell ads for a couple days, then print on a Thursday or Friday and distribute the paper. 11:50 Stuart says that at some point his paper gained popularity and he reached “national circulation” 11:59 “National circulation” included all of Stuart’s relatives across the country. 12:43 Stuart says his innate feeling to cover and disseminate the news was because he “must’ve been nosey” 12:47 “I liked reading the paper…I just thought that newspapers were cool because they talked about stuff and I liked to talk about stuff.” 13:10 Stuart read many newspapers growing up, including The National Tennessean, The Banner, Life Magazine. 13:40 Stuart got these at the library. He was a paperboy and “threw” the Banner so he kept a copy for himself. 14:04 Stuart goes on to list several more newspapers and magazines that he read and that were available to him. 14:48 The main thing, Stuart says, is that they all had something new and different. 15:14 There wasn’t a particular theme or topic that Stuart enjoyed the most. He “liked it all” 15:30 A lot of things, Stuart says, you learned as you went. “You started off saying I want to know what’s in there, and then you start picking and choosing.” 15:46 For Stuart some of his disinterests included sports. He liked science, and politics. He wasn’t a big culinary enthusiast, he adds. 16:25 There were things that were important, Stuart says, that he may not have had an interest in, but others did. 16:42 Stuart says he learned a lot about the importance of the skillsets that were described in his columns, such as cooking and typing. 17:22 Stuart’s mother was a “big reader”, his dad read Western fiction and the paper. But they weren’t “consumed with reading” – it was jut a part of their routine. 17:56 Radio news was marginal in those days, Stuart says. 18:07 Television was a half hour a day. No noontime newscast, or evening news. Stuart said he had 3 stations: NBC, ABC, CBS. 18:30 Stuart says that the 30-minute newscast only allowed for so much. The news generally included sports, weather, and regular news. 18:46 Eventually, Stuart says, more and more stations began having newscasts, what they called “rip and read” 18:55 Stuart says they were called this because on the FCC mandates you have 5 minutes of news every hour if you were a certain category of station. 19:05 According to Stuart, everyone had news. They might be “ripping and reading” Stuart says, but they had news. 19:14 That’s important, he continues, because you grew up in an environment of being informed. 19:41 Stuart says you couldn’t listen to one station all day long. “You had to get some information on which to make decisions about things. And that was cool.” 20:04 Stuart says that he learned that “gossip is valuable” 20:15 “Even the smallest information you have – that’s a story. 20:25 You also learn, Stuart adds, that as a newspaper editor or publisher you have a lot of power, you have a lot of responsibility. 20:52 In TV you learn the same thing, Stuart said. 20:54 “You’re reaching thousands of people at one time. It’s a very delicate and fragile responsibility.” 21:48 Stuart says that when you have only a certain number of people on the staff you can’t cover everything. 22:24 A lot of publications couldn’t cover everything because they didn’t have the manpower, Stuart says. 22:33 Another reason is that as a news organization you make a judgment about what’s important and what needs covering. 22:42 A lot of times you make a judgment that reflects your history, what your interests are, etc. 23:05 This is why, Stuart says, that broadening the ranks of newsmakers became so important. 23:15 News organizations soon realized that they weren’t covering the whole community; they weren’t covering people of color, they weren’t covering poor people, women, etc. 23:28 As these organizations open their mind to what’s important, Stuart says, then you’ll start seeing things that weren’t being covered. 24:30 Stuart says he was too young to recognize that they local papers weren’t covering these issues. 24:40 There were a lot of social changes between when Stuart was a kid and when he began working. 24:52 It’s then, he says, that he realized what the issues were 25:13 Stuart offers an example of how he understood news as a kid and as an adult 25:17 Nashville had a lot of colleges and the paper had a “vibrant” sports section 25:43 You realized after a while, Stuart says, that some of the black colleges were only getting a couple paragraphs worth of coverage – even in their winning season. 26:05 Clip abruptly cuts 26:33 Stuart says that American Airlines – the major airline servicing Nashville – had a strike coming up. This kept him busy 26:44 One time, he went to the airport and noticed a factory that was making the wings for what was then a type of plane, the jumbo jet. 27:14 This inspired Stuart and he went back to the paper saying that he’s found his beat: “a combination of transportation and aviation” 27:29 Although reluctant at first, the paper allowed Stuart to work this beat. He ended up writing at least 2 front-page articles a week for the next several months. 27:50 Stuart says he had to learn how to write newspaper style first and had to find his niche. “You had to figure out a niche, this is yours, aviation and transportation were mine.” 28:13 “Those little things,” Stuart adds, “were important, teach-ful moments that helped me get focused as a journalist.”’ Diversity in the Newsroom 28:53 Stuart was the first full-time black news reporter. There was a part-time black religion writer and one full-time black person running the photo lab. 29:12 “It was a diverse as you were going to get in 1968” 29:33 Stuart says there weren’t any problems that came up in the newspaper 29:38 The problems that Stuart had were “external.” 29:47 Stuart had a problem with the police department. He realized that the speech they used when talking over the radio was antiquated, “they were stuck in the 50s and before. 30:29 Stuart went to the Police chief and asked them if they still used the term “colored.” 30:40 By then, Stuart adds, they were being called “negroes.” 30:50 The police chief was hesitant to believe Stuart, asking if he had research to back up the claim that they didn’t want to be called “colored.” So Stuart started a survey. 31:09 Stuart then did a survey, asking members of city council and civic leaders of the black neighborhood. 31:18 He took the survey back to the chief. But Stuart doesn’t think it every changed anything. 31:35 Stuart says that the paper was very supportive. 31:38 What the paper wanted, Stuart said, was people – regardless of sex or color – who were in to journalism, who had spark, who could go out and do things. 32:06 “What I also learned was that if they gave anybody hell, they gave everybody hell.” 32:26 It didn’t matter who you were, Stuart said. “If your stuff was bad, your stuff was bad” 32:32 When Stuart realized that the structure of checks and balances on people wasn’t limited to race or sex, he saw that the newspaper had a high standard of productivity and expectation. 32:57 The newspapers commitment to journalism was greater than any discriminatory practices. 33:16 Stuart watched a couple people who got one-day dismissals because they weren’t reporting well. 33:46 “It wasn’t a double standard or triple standard or a black standard or a white standard – it was a standard for journalism and you had to be good at it.” New York Times? 35:44 At the times, Stuart says, there was a high standard as well. What you didn’t know you had to learn fast 36:21 They were a superbly edited newspaper, Stuart adds. “If you work with them, they worked with you.” 36:57 The level of diversity at the Times was about the same as the Tennessean 36:59 Stuart says this is because newspapers were two mindsets 1) they were going to find journalists or 2) they were going to find untrained people and teach them journalism skills. 37:36 No one is really qualified, Stuart said, adding, “the question is are you ready for the challenge?” 37:46 Stuart says that news organizations were going to have much more luck in finding a successful reporter if they looked for spark and drive – not color or sex. 38:09 The Times was looking for people ready for the challenge. 39:08 Stuart, however, does say that there were plenty of times when diversity needed to be addressed in the newsroom. 39:13 There were two lawsuits against the New York Times, Stuart says, both about hiring women and minorities. 39:22 Both lawsuits looked at the number of people being hired and salary discrepancy. 39:36 “They were at points in time for the Times that you could use that boost of attention to keep doing progressive things – not because it was the law, but because it was the right thing to do.” 40:14 You don’t find many people saying that today, Stuart says. 40:28 When Stuart got in the business he says there was a passion to change things. 41:01 Stuart says that could be said of all the places he worked. “In that era it was the time to do the right thing.” 41:29 You had degrees of moving forward 41:41 You could identify the different paper’s ideologies, Stuart says, by reading them for a couple weeks. What are they covering? What are the editorials saying? What kind of columnists do they have? 42:25 Stuart says that to “you wanted to make sure you had a complete report” when reporting. 42:36 His report would be diverse when it needed to be. He didn’t ignore anything. 42:50 “You got to remember there’s a lot of discrimination that’s active and there’s discrimination that’s passive.” 42:55 He says that a lot of discrimination that was before his generation was passive. 43:02 A lot of discrimination was active, too. Stuart says that you could find a lot of newspapers – primarily in the south – that actively didn’t cover. 42:19 “That was a reflection of who they were as an institution”, Stuart says. 42:25 Stuart saw influencing diversity as part of his job. “My job was not to go out and make sure the race news got covered, my job was to make sure that the news we covered was inclusive.” 43:38 Stuart says that it’s a sematic difference, but that it’s a very important one. 43:41 There are some things, Stuart says, that he would find that he would want to be covered that wouldn’t be normally. 43:55 Stuart gives example 43:55 Stuart says that if he’s writing a story about the demise of the old military-related retiree clubs, historically you would write about the white club. But he says he would find the Black club and include the two American Legion Clubs together. 44:23 It’s a subtle shift in what you’re doing, Stuart says, but you’re still writing about the same topic. 44:46 Across the South, Stuart says that there were a couple of teacher associations. There was the white one and there was the black one. 45:12 De-segregation happens and these two organizations dissolve and unite into one. But the merger occurred differently on both sides, Stuart says. 45:25 In some of them “all the black structure would disappear” and blacks would just be members they wouldn’t be leaders. 45:35 In others you would find that blacks were merging as leaders or in some higher capacity. 45:41 In writing about this simulation, Stuart says, you would focus on the shortcomings of the mergers, e.g. people aren’t paying dues. Race, Stuart says, adds “a whole new layer of discussion.” Journalism education 47:20 Stuart first got started with journalism education in the 1970s. At this time, he says, there was still an effort to accelerate the pace at which they were bringing people of color into the newsrooms. 47:39 Several programs emerged out of these efforts. One was by the Ford Foundation out of Cornell University in New York. It eventually moved to UC Berkley. 47:55 It was called the Summer Program for Minorities in Journalism 47:57 Stuart says you would recruit about 15-20 college graduates who wanted to be journalists and you would bring professionals in to mentor them about 6 days a week, 8 hours a day. 48:18 The idea was to teach the students in about 8-10 weeks what they would normally learn in 1 year in a newsroom. 48:25 This is where Stuart got started in journalism education. 48:46 By this point, Stuart had 12 years experience in journalism. 49:07 The mentors would teach how to structure a story, how to report it, what the ups and downs are of doing so, ethics, writing style, etc. 50:01 These students, Stuart said, needed to figure out what a reporter does. Which he says is to find people, go to situations, and get them to talk. The second part is to write it. 50:42 Nowadays, he adds, you find that too many reporters - particularly television reporters – you find that you’re told what a source says, but never hear from them. 50:56 “Your job, truthfully, is to facilitate people telling the story.” 51:19 You need to tell their story effectively, coherently – in either long form or briefly. Stuart says that a lot of what the students wanted to know is how to do that. 51:30 “You got to ask questions” 52:39 Stuart says that the program taught these students how to report and in the process of good reporting “the adjectives will provide themselves” 53:24 We’d also teach them to learn that “they’re not important, the story is” 54:18 It’s the philosophy of being inclusive. You can’t just say you’re looking for the truth, Stuart says, you need to be looking for the facts – the truth will emerge. 55:50 Stuart says that the questions that the program’s students asked (about diversity) were generally expected. 55:55 “’I’m going into an all-white newsroom. What do I do?’ and my answer is pretty stupid, ‘be a reporter.’” 56:02 Stuart says he doesn’t want to inject more skepticism, or self-intimidation into your thinking before you get there. 56:20 If you’re not productive, if you’re not good, they’re going to target you, Stuart says. 56:25 Stuart says that thinking that they’re picking on you because you’re black is the wrong thinking. 56:35 He says that’s because your work may be sloppy. “There’s a lot of reasons they don’t like you and race is not the main one.” 56:50 Stuart says he’s worked with people who were racists. 57:14 Stuart says that sometimes when you can overcome the other reasons that they’re picking on you, the race factor will disappear. 57:41 “You can’t play the race card over and over again when you’re not producing up to speed, when you’re not carrying your part of the load.” 59:19 Stuart says that the main thing you need to understand about teaching journalism is that the people you’re teaching aren’t dumb just because they don’t know what you know. 59:32 By the same token, Stuart says, you need to understand that people that have been here longer than you know more. 59:46 Stuart says he was interviewing a student who wanted to be a sports writer. He gave him a name-recognition quiz, tailored for sports. The student failed it. 1:00:14 “That doesn’t mean he’s dumb, that doesn’t mean he’s stupid – it does mean he’s not qualified, but he’s ready for the challenge.” 1:00:29 Stuart says that if he spends time working with this student on his knowledge gap then he’ll be ready in a couple years. 1:01:06 “So when you’re teaching you have to understand that you’re going to wind up with a mixture of people who just really are late. There’s lots that they don’t have.” 1:01:26 If you can find someone who wants to learn, then share your knowledge with them, Stuart says. 1:02:14 Stuart tells an anecdote of a graduate student. 1:02:25 This student had to take a math class. And she said in the middle of class, “I’m not here to learn math, I’m here to cover politics and government.” 1:02:47 Stuart says she missed the whole point. “Wherever you are – politics, entertainment, science, health – it’s money.” 1:03:19 Stuart says that this student was too narrow in her thinking of what a journalist does. 1:03:40 Stuart says that he meets a lot of people in college that want to be entertainment writers. 1:04:00 But, Stuart says, what happens if they star gets in trouble? You need to know how to write a court story, follow their arrest procedure, etc. 1:04:41 “Will you lose the story once it goes to page 1?” 1:05:52 “It’s so important to write about the whole story. We’re talking about inclusiveness – that’s the whole story.” (switching SD cards) The News Industry Today 1:07:06 Stuart says that overall the role of diversity in newsrooms has cooled off. The economy, Stuart adds, has also contributed to this 1:07:26 The enthusiasm of journalism is not present today, Stuart says. 1:07:40 People still say the right thing, but we don’t see them doing the right thing, Stuart says. 1:07:55 In that respect, Stuart says, diversity may be important, but how important it is to the people has come down a few notches. 1:08:09 There’s no one making noise about it, Stuart says. 1:08:18 The consequence of this is that the newsrooms will regress to where they were years ago. 1:08:30 Newsrooms that were once making progress in bringing diversity to their ranks and no longer doing that. 1:08:49 You don’t want this to be a fluke decade or era, Stuart says, in regards to diversity efforts, but that’s what it’s become. 1:09:52 Media owners still have a lot of money left, Stuart says, and they need to invest in people of color. 1:10:06 There are a lot more companies now moving online and social media, Stuart says. And he hasn’t seen a serious effort there to bring emerging people of color into these areas 1:10:44 “The same effort you had for print and broadcast 30 years ago, 40 years ago, you need to have that same presence today for emerging media – and I don’t see it.” 1:11:43 Stuart says that we need to be straightforward in asking for more people of color. 1:12:01 We want a broad array of meaningful programing aimed at a broad audience. 1:12:10 If we don’t get the consumer giving us feedback, Stuart says, then the people “running it” don’t realize that they’re missing anything. 1:12:32 If you hear more people complaining, then you’re going to hear it, Stuart says. 1:13:06 The reader, the public may need to wake up, Stuart says, and say something and the newsrooms will respond and “get their act together” 1:13:15 Stuart says that the news industry is unfortunately “trailing off” in that area. AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity]]> 15941 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2015/12/trailblazers-clint-wilson/ Wed, 16 Dec 2015 17:26:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=15943 AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity in Journalism Education Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication School of Journalism University of Texas at Austin The purpose of this index is to mark the themes that have emerged in the interviews conducted so far. From these indexes we will develop an extensive guide of the areas to be covered in the interviewer’s story of the interview subject – and where the viewer/listener can find them. We ask you watch the interview and give descriptions about what the interview has to say about the issues listed here. We ask you to note any NEW topics that you find in the interview – issues that are not included in this index. YOU MUST INCLUDE COUNTER OR TIMES. At the end of the index you will find a section for your comments of the interviewer in general, the interviewer and your suggestions for improvements in further interviews. We also ask you to give us your opinion on whether this interview is a good subject to be contacted for the second-level interviews. Lastly, we appreciate feedback on this index so that we can revise future forms. Interview Subject: Clint Wilson Interviewer: Dr. Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez Interview date: 5/7/2014 Number of Recorded Segments: 3 Interview length: 01:37:10 Language: English Reviewer: Carlos Morales Date of review for index: 6/20/14 Table of Contents: Early experiences in journalism (2-3) Background Questions (3-5) Diversity awareness (5-8) Other Experiences (8-9) Diversity in the newsroom (9-12) Diversity and academia (12-17) Media and the Community (17-20) Early Experiences in Journalism: 0:00 – 1:30 Introductions and preamble 1:46 Clint’s introduction into journalism came from his father who was an editorial political cartoonist. 1:57 His father worked for the black press. For the Los Angeles Sentinel and the California Eagle. 2:09 Clint was an only child and his father worked at home. 2:18 He brought newspapers home and would read to Clint. His father’s interest in newspapers passed onto him. 2:33 He started writing very early. In elementary school he would write stories and share them with classmates. 2:48 He had a pretty good idea that writing is something he might want to do 2:55 Throughout high school and college he started to work on the school papers. 3:07 As a senior at Cal State Los Angeles – what he refers to as the “big awakening” – Clint was offered several positions after college. He said the college had a good track record at finding students jobs post graduation. 4:07 When the department chair talked to him about these opportunities, the first thing he said was “You know, I’ve looked around and nobody wants a colored reporter” 4:11 This set Clint off on a new path. 4:20 He knew he could write well. He had already been doing this professionally for several years. 4:46 This made him wonder, “why would somebody who has the talent not be able to get a job? Why would classmates – who were less accomplished – and not black or Hispanic getting jobs? 5:06 This set a research agenda for Clint. 5:16 The ironic part, Clint says, is that once he started in higher education, suddenly he started getting offers from newspapers. Even broadcast stations. 5:45 But by then he had his career set in education. 5:55 However, Clint would work at some of these places, like AP, during summer session, or he would take a sabbatical 6:10 His career had been established because he had been denied. Background questions 6:18 Clint went to high school in LA at Fremont high school. 6:24 He graduated in 1961 6:31 At Fremont at that time, Clint’s graduating class had 640-something students, 70 percent African American, 25 percent Latino and the rest white. 7:02 Clint says, Fremont had a decade earlier, been an all-White school. But “the flight took place” and minorities, Clint says, became the primary population at that school. 7:25 While there Clint says he had a number of Latino friends and they all saw themselves in the same boat. 7:58 He had an “inborn affinity for an understanding of that [Latino] culture” 8:20 It was an excellent preparation for when Clint would meet Felix Gutierrez. 8:50 Clint says his parents rarely talked about the status of African Americans in the United States because “a lot of it was obvious.” 9:00 Clint read the black press – he knew the issues and what was going on. 9:10 His father encouraged him to get involved at an early age. 9:14 His father told him to make sure he voted and even took him to the polls 9:24 That, Clint says, was his introduction into the political side of things. 9:33 His father, as a cartoonist in the black press was tackling those issues 9:37 Prior to the Watt’s riots, the relationship between the African American community and the Los Angeles police department was tense. 10:08 Even now, Clint says, events like the Trayvon Martin case is reminiscent of the times he grew up in (“It’s not a lot different”) 10:19 Clint says it’s interesting that someone like him who came from a middle-class background, had never been in trouble, but was still “hassled by the police.” 10:41 One time in high school, Clint remembers, he started working at the Herald Examiner in LA. He was working late one night and on his way home he was pulled over and asked to get out of the car. 11:27 In college, Clint was pulled over and the officer told him racial epithets. 11:47 These weren’t isolated events. Clint says a lot don’t understand that this happens. 12:03 When the Watt’s riots occurred, Clint didn’t participate but he understood the frustrations. 12:14 You’re aware of the oppression, Clint says, just because you live in that community. 12:35 At the time, Clint’s mother was a union seamstress. She worked downtown in the garment district. 12:48 His father worked at a bank in the evenings, because he couldn’t make enough income solely as a cartoonist. Awareness of Diversity 13:19 Clint says his family was active in NCAAP, active in church, and grew up in the club scouts. These organizations he said were to hopefully socialize one into a “midstream.” 13:54 At no time, Clint says, did it occur to him that high school was the end of his education. 14:09 It struck him that a large number of students at Fremont high school did not go to college. 14:23 Clint knew that his classmates were capable of going to college. 14:38 At that time there was tracking. Clint was placed in the college prep group. 14:47 Out of that group all of Clint’s classmates went to college. 14:55 The key moment, Clint recalls, was in middle school. Before moving to Fremont, Clint met with a counselor at his middle school to discuss the curriculum he would take. 15:30 -16:30 Pause in story due to background noise 16:29 The counselor tells Clint if he’d prefer woodshop, electric shop, the automotive program 17:12 Clint says he didn’t mind working with wood and he’d do that. 17:22 But when his parents found out they went to the school and asked why they were placing him in these vocational areas. With his test scores and other indications, Clint’s parents said he’d be able to do well in the college prep. 17:45 The counselor’s changed Clint’s curriculum. 17:51 As a kid, Clint thought woodshop would be an easier way out. 18:06 That was the nature of the schools at that time, Clint recalled. 18:12 Even if you had the intellectual capacity to do something beyond vocational tracks, you would be steered in that direction. 18:34 He never really thought about this moment until he was older and reflected on this time and how things were. 18:44 Growing up, Clint’s family didn’t have a lot of money. But there were options he said, like community college for little and work your way up. So Clint went to community college at LA City College 19:03 After LA City College he transferred to Cal State LA. 19:09 At LA City College he became a journalism major and worked his way up. 19:20 His last year there, elections for editor were held. He and another student – a white candidate – were the two running for the position. 19:52 His classmates told him that he’ll be the next editor. 20:04 On election day, Clint said that the next editor would be revealed by 1 o’clock during a staff meeting. 20:31 The meeting ended up starting late. The Chair of the department said it was a close election and that Clint’s opponent would be the next editor. 21:04 But Clint had reservations. He felt the chair’s wording was weird and that it was strange that the staff meeting was delayed. 21:10 The other students, according to Clint, were baffled, wondering how this happened. 21:18 In Clint’s mind, this was “racism at its best.” He was the only black student in his class and this was his first experience in a predominantly white environment. 21:38 The students were saying one thing, but the outcome was different. 21:53 The Chair said that since the election was so close that they would make Clint the managing editor. Normally, the editor-in-chief picks the staffs. 22:06 Years later, as Clint is working on his doctorate, he’s teaching at Cal State LA. One of his colleagues on the faculty had formerly been on the faculty at LA City College. 22:40 During lunch with Clint, his colleague revealed that he’ll “never forget how they kept him from being editor.” 23:00 The colleague goes on to tell Clint that the department had a faculty meeting and that the chairwoman told the faculty that Clint had won in a landslide. However, she was determined that there wouldn’t be an African-American editor as long as she chaired that department. 23:29 Clint never knew that, although he had his suspicions. 23:48 It’s an interesting area of study, Clint says. 24:00 He clears this up, adding: “Communication is so important. It can marginalize communities. If you don’t have a voice and you can’t acquire it in a mainstream environment, then you’re subject to whatever news they’re going to report about your community.” 24:38 The highest level of educational attainment for both of his parents was high school. 24:56 Clint didn’t concentrate on stories about African Americans. 25:05 This is because, Clint says, to be a well-rounded reporter you need to cover a lot of different topics. 25:13 So he started in sports. 25:24 There are events in sports, Clint says, that help you sharpen your journalistic skills. 25:39 Early on, Clint covered campus affairs, educational issues, etc. 25:58 A memorable story: Clint went to report on a lecture by a scientist from the jet propulsion lab. The scientist was discussing the lunar landing module. 26:15 On the blackboard were symbols, Clint knew he “was in trouble.” (clip break) ­Other Experiences 26:41 At a conference in Houston, Texas during the late 70s, Clint received a note from the head of operation Breadbasket in Houston. 27:20 He wanted to talk to Clint because he had seen some of his research. 27:55 This man needed someone to come up with a program and asked Clint to join their board of directors. 28:16 This takes place over the period of a years 28:22   Clint was introduced and told them what initiatives and research. 29:14 All of tis happened in the 1980s during the Regan administration. 29:32 Before that time, Clint wasn’t a member of the Black Media Coalition 29:54 Black Media Coalition was a national group but it was based in Houston 30:16 The NABJ starts around 1975. 30:25 NABJ was inevitable, Clint says. Following a report, the mainstream media started hiring African-Americans into the newsroom. In doing so, they raided the black press 31:01 They were lured away with higher salaries and the opportunity to speak with a larger audience. 31:29 Clint describes this as a double-edged sword: this integration of African-Americans into white media was a major blow to the black press 32:31 The development of NABJ developed because of this integration. Black journalists were limited in the stories they’d cover, or they weren’t being promoted like their white colleagues were. 33:28 Although there was a larger number of African-American reporters, Clint said that insensitivity to these issues still continued. 33:29 This created friction amongst colleagues 34:06 NABJ became an institution in which those individual journalists could address those concerns in a collective kind of way. 34:36 At the same time the Kerner Commision asked higher education folks to put some people of color “in the pipeline.” 35:16 Everybody believed that integration was a good idea (in these higher education organizations) but no one was doing anything, Clint said. 35:26 At the local level, Clint was a founder of the BJA of Southern California, an NABJ chapter. 35:45 He was teaching at Cal State during this time. He began meeting with his black friends from area media like the LA Times and discussing these issues. 36:14 Three of them decided to start the organization. 36:20 (break) 36:36 The founders of the organization were Valerie (Clint can’t remember last name), she was a writer for the style section at the La Times; Bill Luis, a black cameraman at NBC – the 3 of them started talking and things developed from there. 37:18 They were able to get the organization started successfully and then applied to be apart of the national group. It still exists today. Diversity and the newsroom 38:05 Clint remembers certain stories that advanced the cause of diversity in a negative way. 38:39 At the LA Times there was a black woman, and her colleagues made sexual comments about her. 39:02 Clint’s colleagues knew he wouldn’t partake in these jokes and stopped talking to him about it. 39:11 Another example, Clint says, happened at the times, too. 39:27 A story came across Clint’s desk. His story was about a shooting in South-Central LA. It was full of language implying this was gang related. But the facts, to Clint, didn’t seem to suggest this wasn’t the case. 40:18 There was one source, a cop, who believed this was gang-related violence. 40:32 Clint removed that graph from the article. The next day the reporter was livid. 41:16 Another instance, Clint recalls, occurred during a summer he worked at AP. 41:31 This occurred during the 1980s while Clint was at USC teaching. 41:38 A news advisory came across the wire saying that the LA county health department is going to have a news conference to discuss the deaths of 5 hispanics in East LA. 42:06 It didn’t suggest violence, Clint says. He then passed it on to the Editor’s desk saying this needed to be covered. 42:28 They didn’t do anything, however. 42:42 Later that day, they saw on TV, that the lead story was about these deaths, which were caused by tainted cheese found in this community. 43:24 They came to Wilson, who was on the desk at the time, and asked why this wasn’t covered. 43:33 They later recognized that they blew that story 43:49 They key thing here, Clint says, is that this happened in East LA. Any time 5 people die – for whatever reason – it needs to be covered. That’s news 101. 44:14 Days later they apologized to Clint, saying that they dropped the ball. 44:24 This mentality amazes Clint. 44:43 That experience, specifically, was very instructive because it showed Clint how things worked and why certain things are covered and certain things are not. 45:00 He hopes things are better now, but he says he doesn’t believe the Trayvon Martin story is an isolated event. 45:16 Clint mentions a movie, Fruitdale Station. It’s about a young man that’s kill by the police in that area. These events aren’t infrequent, Clint says. 45:30 Clint says that the notion that people in 2013 think this is an isolated event is mindboggling 45:57 His family didn’t talk about civil rights per se, but Clint was always told that when a cop approaches you don’t give them any hassle. 46:30 “You grow up that way – if you want to survive” 46:53 Clint says that younger colleagues were more observant of his role and status at the newspaper. Older ones, were resentful of Clint’s position. 47:23 There was a diversity role that needed to be filled, Clint says. Whether or not his boss at paper was sincere in his decision remains to be seen. 48:05 The reception generally among his colleagues wasn’t too warm, Clint says. 48:29 The Times wrote a series of stories about black criminal gangs leaving Watts to commit crimes. 49:38 The first headline read: “Marauders from South L.A. Invade” 49:47 Clint was shocked. 49:52 He says the Times spent a lot of money setting up a dummy storefront across the street from the neighborhood these reported gang members lived in. 50:08 Reporters hid inside. The idea was to notice people leaving, presumably getting on this freeway (which was referred to in print as “Nairobi highway”) to commit crimes elsewhere. 50:38 Clint wrote a letter to the editor about this, while he was still working the desk. 50:51 Clint says he was ostracized. 50:55 If something came across his desk, his colleagues would say “Clint wouldn’t want to deal with this ‘cause he thinks we’re all a bunch of racists.” These are the types of comments he received. 51:39 These kinds of stories, Clint hopes, are isolated now. 51:48 This whole thing has been a gradual process. 51:52 Clint is worried that as we get to the point where newspapers are declining in revenue and circulation, there will be fewer and fewer voices for underrepresented communities. 52:14 (quick pause due to noise) 52:29 Clint says there are fewer and fewer people of color that are representing those communities. There’s even a dearth of whites who are sensitive to these issues. 53:04 As these communities are becoming a larger part of the demographics of the United States, at the same time we see the media becoming less representative of those voices. 53:26 The interest in doing this kind of thing has peaked and we’re going down again. We’re loosing people right and left in the industry, Clint says. Diversity and Academia 53:40 Clint got his Ph.D from USC. 54:24 For many years, Clint ran the summer programs for minority students. He started at Cal State LA. 54:45 For about 10 years he did this program. And were mainly funded by the Wall Street Journal. 54:53 They – Clint and Feliex – started with the multicultural group and as the program got larger they continued to get grants for their efforts. 55:30 The idea was to give these kids a start early. 55:33 The other issue was the de-emphasis of journalism in high school. 55:40 They were trying to fill that void at that level. 55:54 When you talk to educators, they say the main problem is there were pressures put on the curriculum to do other things. 56:09 Also, these programs were expensive. The equipment, how to print a paper – the costs added up. 56:25 At Fremont High School, Clint says they had their own print shop. 56:33 Their journalism program wrote the articles and the print shop printed the articles and the paper came out, Clint said. 56:44 The students, at the beginning of every school year had the option of subscribing to the paper – it was a means of making revenue. 57:08 The benefit for the print shop is they were teaching this craft so it all made sense, Clint said. 57:10 But not many high schools have print shops on campus so they had to find other means of printing. 57:29 That was only true in certain areas, Clint adds. “If you were in a more affluent area, you did have access to those things.” 57:55 Although there is the internet, Clint says students still need to be taught journalistic ethics, reportorial skills, what’s worth reporting and what’s not, etc. 58:05 (Break in recording) 58:19 Clint’s book is now in its 4th edition. 58:28 He’s not sure how many books have been sold, but it’s done very well. 58:43 Last he’s heard, more than 100 colleges and universities use it. 59:07 Clint says it’s rewarding because it laid the groundwork for that field of endeavors. 59:17 That helps people to publish in this area and build their portfolios. 59:32 It’s the combination, Clint says, of having a diversity standard and accreditation. 1:00:08 The first piece Clint wrote academically came out in Journalism Educator. 1:00:14 He was at Cal State LA. Clint’s research was on black journalism students. The research, Clint says reflected his experience: You have these people graduating but they’re not being hired. 1:00:53 In Clint’s research he found that students that are active on the campus newspaper had the best opportunities of getting jobs upon graduation 1:01:10 Those with internships also fared a better chance 1:01:16 But a look at the student body revealed that there were very few minorities 1:01:32 The faculty, Clint says, has a large part in that. They’re not pushing for recruitment, retention, or finding students employment post graduation. 1:01:49 Part of that, Clint believes, has to do with the fact that they’re white. “You look out for your own”, he says. 1:02:00 It occurred to Clint that they needed to get more people of color and women on these faculties. 1:02:10 There have been inroads, but it’s a work in progress. 1:02:20 That was around the time that Clint started going to AEJMC 1:02:35 Here, he met people, who were seeing the same issues in journalism he was. 1:02:48 Clint previously served on the centennial commission. 1:03:13 Armistead Pride was the chair at Lincoln University in Missouri, the prominent journalism university for African Americans 1:03:36 Pride was the first African-American faculty member in AEJ. 1:03:39 Clint read Pride’s book on the history of AEJ and wanted to include it in the centennial book (which never came out). 1:04:06 AEJ has had women almost from the beginning, but not many. 1:04:19 Multiculturalism needed to be a huge component of that book, Clint says. 1:04:38 Clint pushed for its inclusion. Others thought it was weak. 1:05:05 Clint believes there could’ve been a more concerted effort to track this information and the development of faculty of color down. 1:05:33 In 1978, there was a study of the faculty and the researcher found that as late of 1978 there 98 percent of the faculty were white males. 1:06:04 That was an astonishing realization, Clint says. The Kerner report had been out for 10 years by that point. 1:06:15 This is something that Lionel Barrel was addressing from the beginning. 1:06:23 Clint isn’t sure whether he was the second-ever black person at AEJ, but he was one of the firsts. 1:06:45 As we begin to discuss these issues of race in America, we look at the industry and point the finger, Clint says 1:07:00 Clint brings up an anecdote. He was reading an article in the Washington Post. The lead, he says, was essentially that as President Obama walks into a room to discuss race in America, all the reporters covering it are white. 1:07:28 When he comes into the room to discuss immigration, all the reporters are white, Clint says. There are no Hispanics in the room to ask questions or illuminate this issue. 1:07:52 Clint brings up this anecdote, because it’s still a problem still in the industry, but 1:07:57 Clint wonders what kind of innovative ways, if any, are being applied to bring in young, diverse people into the academy. 1:08:39 Clint uses another anecdote to illustrate a point. 1:08:48 His student, a doctoral graduate, recently got his degree. He’s an assistant professor 1:09:37 Clint was also weary of the fact that you have to do these things in the academy if you’re to succeed. Is this issue being taken seriously enough? 1:09:50 If they really want to get a diverse faculty, Clint says, extra effort will have to be made. 1:10:00 He suggests lightening the teaching load, or extra mentoring to make sure that these professors don’t get lost in the system. 1:10:22 It’s really no different than the industry’s situation, Clint says. 1:10:29 “It’s not enough to just give lip service to it”, Clint says. You can’t just hire a person and then put extra expectations on them that nobody in the organization has to address. 1:10:55 This takes extraordinary effort on the part of those in power, Clint says. 1:11:04 It won’t happen on its own, Clint says. “What incentive is there for somebody to go through all this when there’s no real commitment.” 1:11:40 These are bright people with options, Clint says. 1:12:14 These faculty members are “precious jewel”, Clint says. “You need to nurture this and help this person along.” 1:12:30 Clint’s graduate students often ask him if there will be a job for them 1:12:49 There are pressures on these students/faculty members, and Clint believes the academy needs to realize that. 1:13:05 While in graduate school, Clint didn’t have to get many loans. He could afford the tuition at Cal state and then used the GI bill to get his Master’s and doctorate at USC. 1:13:42 He was the only black student in the program. At both the Master’s level and doctorate level. 1:14:36 At Cal State LA his curriculum didn’t really center on diversity. 1:14:41 He taught news writing and reporting, history of media, 1:15:16 One of the things that attracted Clint to teach history was the fact that every history course he took never covered colored people. 1:15:41 The message, Clint says, is that these people are not important. 1:16:02 Additionally, he’s taught mass communication, 1:16:20 You have a certain student body, Clint says, and he felt it was important that they know something about their history in the industry. 1:16:33 At USC, he started his own course. The textbook, minorities in the media, became the basis for the course at USC. 1:16:47 This move was approved by the faculty. It became an elective course. 1:16:57 He also taught introductory mass communication course. 1:17:13 In this class Clint would introduce a unit on people of color in the media. 1:17:25 It was generally well received, he said. But there was always a handful of students questioning its merit. 1:17:41 At Howard, there was more of a background for teaching about people of color in communications. 1:17:57 There was already a course there called “History of the Black and White press.” 1:18:09 When Clint took that course over, he refined it to include the history of multicultural media. He wanted to be as inclusive as possible. 1:18:38 The cultural mix, at Howard, is greater than people think 1:19:03 Every couple of years, Clint teaches, an undergraduate course, but his focus has mainly been on graduate courses. 1:19:30 He has a course on the Black Press, specifically. The other courses he teaches are on pop culture and mass media 1:19:53 He also teaches a sports and media culture course 1:21:11 Clint is often interviewed by established news media, primarily around Black History Month. 1:21:25 Clint served several years on the board of the NAPA, the black press. He was the board of directors on their foundation. 1:21:47 A number of publishers will go to Clint, inquiring about the history of their paper, or if he’ll write a history of their paper. 1:22:10 He’s done a couple of NPR interviews 1:22:17 People in the community don’t really seek out Clint. 1:22:23 At USC he did more community engagement. 1:22:36 He had a couple of seminars for the community on how to deal with the media. For example, a church group would ask how they get positive messages about the community out. The Media and the community 1:23:20 There is a distrust, Clint says, of general-audience media in the community. 1:23:33 The summer Clint worked at AP, one of the anniversaries of the Watt’s riot came up. “Wilson, that would be a good assignment for you.” 1:23:50 In doing that story, he found there was a lot of distrust, because he was representing AP. 1:24:05 It takes a while to talk to people and show them your sincerity, Clint says. 1:24:25 “I may work for the enemy, but I’m representing you” 1:23:53 Clint thinks it’s all about the readership because anything he does “is filtered through my cultural experience.” 1:25:19 There’s no question that either an editor or as a reporter, Clint decides the content that’s in there. 1:25:35 If something seems too stereotypical, Clint avoids it. He want readers to see causal things, how did things get to be this way? 1:26:09 It’s the responsibility of all reporters to be accurate 1:26:19 Years ago, Clint wrote about his belief that in many instances many well-meaning white reporters are unaware. “When they go into our communities it’s like going into a foreign venue.” 1:26:45 It’s almost like sending an American reporter, who doesn’t know any background information, to Afghanistan, and starts writing away. 1:27:02 A lot of that is subtle, but to Clint it’s fundamental reporting that his job is to present the truth as he sees it. And when you only have a part of the truth, your reporting is affected. 1:27:43 Much of the reporting is the truth, but not the whole truth. 1:28:00 That kind of perspective is the absolute epitome of solid reporting. We don’t get that if we don’t have a cultural understanding, Clint says. 1:28:38 Clint has no problem telling a source the quote he’ll use because he wants to be as accurate as possible. 1:29:03 He likes to think that almost all our reporters of color and women see things through another lens. There’s a sense of obligation to be accurate. 1:29:37 Without the Kernner Commision report, Clint believes we’d still be where we are today. 1:29:50 Clint doesn’t see any particular allegiance to the report. 1:30:01 He thinks that within 10 years of the report it became passé 1:30:16 He believes there have been other forces that have been more important, socio-cultural events that have made a difference. 1:30:33 Specifically, the movements, gay rights, issues with respect to reproductive rights. Clint says there’s been a shift in society. 1:30:58 Changes in demographics have also had profound influence. 1:31:15 There’s been – in some instances – better reporting by whites, Clint says 1:31:22 The Kerner report brought it to our consciousness, but that’s it 1:31:42 Clint uses an anecdote to illustrate his point 1:31:42 A professor once told him that ‘Americans can’t concentrate any one issue for too long. They may seem gung-ho about it, but something else will happen and draw their attention away.” 1:32:16 When Clint thinks about the Kerner report he sees it in a similar vein. It was something that struck at the communication industry, but the general population has no idea what this report means or its implications. 1:32:34 Clint believes that the initial reaction was one of embarrassment 1:33:32 It had the collective attention for a few years, Clint says, but there was no commitment. 1:33:40 The first couple of years were an attempt to fix that initial embarrassment 1:34:00 Clint wonders why summer programs for minority journalists stopped. “Are we suggesting this problem has been resolved?” 1:34:13 Clint says that some use the recession or state of the newspaper industry as an excuse: “how can we hire more people?” The irony of that, Clint says, is that some papers could’ve survived had they taken note of the demographic shift 1:34:30 In an article Clint co-wrote, Otis Chandler, publisher of the LA Times, said when African-Americans, Latinos and Asians get sophisticated enough they will become readers of the LA Times and when they become readers then our advertisers will jump on board 1:35:07 Clint doesn’t agree. “Advertisers have no allegiance to the media, only to those who can deliver the audience. 1:35:19 “If you’re sitting in the middle of Los Angeles in a sea of black, brown, yellow – all kinds of faces – and you’re not addressing the needs of those communities, you are going to die.” 1:35:50 Clint believes that if diversity “takes a back seat” then our society will be in trouble. 1:36:00 Corporate America will be the first to take notice the demographic shift, because their livelihood depends on extracting dollars from the consumers 1:36:46 Media that doesn’t change will be in trouble. 1:36:51 Clint’s concern right now is that digital media operations are as interested in multiculturalism as they should be AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity]]> 15943 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/04/teaching-in-the-eye-of-a-storm/ Wed, 06 Apr 2016 16:13:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16141 Teaching in the Eye of a Storm By Earnest L. Perry Jr. AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Associate Professor Coordinator, Doctoral Teaching Program School of Journalism University of Missouri perryel@missouri.edu   (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, March 2016 issue) Last August, when I began planning for the upcoming fall semester I worked on how to use the growing social justice movement and the media coverage surrounding it in my undergraduate Cross Cultural Journalism class and my graduate Media and Civil Rights history course. The previous year, students here at Missouri organized in response to the shooting death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, a short, two-hour drive from Columbia. They met with administrators in a series of town hall events to voice their concerns about what they saw as a hostile campus climate for students of color. MU officials assured them that they would address their concerns. There were meetings over the summer, the Faculty Council formed a race relations task force, chaired by a fellow journalism faculty member, but as classes began tensions remained high. My usual approach to teaching hot-button issues in my undergraduate class is to wait until heightened emotions have subsided so that the conversation can focus on facts not perceptions. I planned to walk my students through the media coverage of Michael Brown, Freddie Gray, the Charleston church shootings and other racially-charged events of the past year. The goal was to teach students the importance providing context, voices, complexity, authenticity and proportionality to tell very difficult stories. At the time, I had no clue the next stop in the fight for social justice would be right outside my office window. By now I’m sure that many of you reading this article have seen the events that took place on the Missouri campus in November. Those of us teaching at the world’s first journalism school helped guide our students through covering a national event while trying to deal with how it was affecting them personally. For many of us it was the teaching and mentoring challenge of a lifetime. For me personally, there were many sleepless nights and stressful days. However, many of the methods we have developed over the years in Cross Cultural Journalism helped us work through the challenges we faced. Here is an overview of the most effective methods: It’s not about you! This is a statement we use from day one in the course and our students hear it until they walk across the stage at graduation. I found myself saying this over and over either in my large lecture class or in one-on-one sessions with students. Even when the story is not about something close to you, it’s hard to separate yourself. It becomes next to impossible when it is about you and yours. Many of our students felt they were under attack; some of them received actual threats. However, when they were assigned to cover the story or it came up in class discussions I advised them to remember that the story is about others living the experience and not us the journalists. Concentrate on listening. This is a trait I wish many in the national media would follow. After getting students to realize that the story was not about them, I pressed them to listen to what they were hearing before making a determination. In other words, don’t listen for confirmation of what you already assume. Listen to gain understanding and knowledge. Don’t feel compelled to get every one of your predetermined questions answered. Listening leads to the authentic story, not the one you had in your head before you arrived. More on this later. Know your history. Those in journalism education who question the importance of history in our curriculum should spend a week in the midst of a social justice struggle on campus. I spent a lot of time during the crisis educating students, staff, other faculty and national journalists about the long struggle for equality and citizenship. Many of the civil rights struggles in the 1950s and 60s began on college campuses. The current movement may have started on the streets of Ferguson and Baltimore, but it may be sustained within the halls of academia. What happened at Missouri is an evolution, not a singular event. Knowing the history of the struggle provides context and can help inform what could come next. In the midst of the events I and other faculty and staff spent a lot of time listening to students talk about what they were experiencing and feeling. We heard how difficult it was for our students of color to report on the protest when they wanted to join their friends on the front line. We also heard the frustrations of our white students as they watched the negative images of the school being beamed from satellite trucks positioned in the stadium parking lot. Even though Cross Cultural Journalism has an enrollment of more than 200 students, we have created an open environment where students get to talk about difficult subjects in a way that educates. The goal is to talk to one another, not at one another. Allowing students to share their thoughts and experiences with one another helped prepare them to tell family and friends the authentic story of what took place on campus not only from their lived experience, but from that of their fellow students from all backgrounds. There is more for us to learn. We are in the process of developing a case study based on the events of last semester that can be used throughout our curriculum. Last fall, I learned a lot about what I don’t know. However, I believe many of the grounding concepts taught in Cross Cultural Journalism helped our students navigate through the personal and professional challenges they faced and continue to face in this current phase in the struggle for citizenship. Teaching Corner]]> 16141 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/04/pac-041916/ Tue, 19 Apr 2016 14:27:00 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16169 Lori Bergen, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2015-16 President of AEJMC | April 19, 2016 The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) applauds the declared intent of the State of New York to help ensure government integrity through transparency in lobbying activities; however, its recent initiative to do so is problematic. AEJMC, whose mission includes protection of First Amendment rights to free speech and free press, urges the New York State government to re-examine the wisdom and likely consequences of the Jan. 26 advisory opinion of its Joint Commission on Public Ethics (JCOPE). This ruling would broaden the legal definition of lobbying to include an expanded range of activities that AEJMC believes encroaches upon First Amendment rights, including dissemination of information to journalists and discussions with news people. Under this ruling, professional communicators who are paid more than $5,000 a year to engage in these activities would be considered lobbyists and would need to disclose information, such as their compensation and for or against which legislative bills they are advocating. Journalists and news sources, including public relations practitioners and other professional communicators, have constitutionally protected free-speech rights guaranteed by the First Amendment. The JCOPE ruling would expand the definition of lobbying to include any media interaction whose outcome could result in the introduction, passage or defeat of a legislative bill; which takes a clear position on a bill; or which attempts to influence a public official regarding a legislative bill. JCOPE's stated intent is to help ensure transparency in the activities of paid media consultants who proactively advance their clients' interests through the media. JCOPE claims this ruling is not intended to restrict a journalist's ability to gather information or to seek comments from representatives of advocacy groups. Lobbying in this expanded definition would include communication that addresses specific pending legislation; that takes a position on a legislative issue; or that solicits citizens to contact a public official. Registration as a lobbyist would be required when a communicator is involved in both the content and delivery of a message that seeks to influence legislation, albeit excluding videographers and photographers, website managers, billboards and media outlets. Such professional communicators would be required to file lobbying reports, including the subjects of their efforts, legislative bills that they are trying to influence and these communicators' pay, expenses and client information, although the reports would not require the names of writers or publications. AEJMC shares the concerns of professional associations such as the Public Relations Society of America, the Arthur W. Page Society and the PR Council that this broadened definition of lobbying would encompass public relations practices protected by the First Amendment. Furthermore, AEJMC believes such regulation would result in inappropriate and excessive government control that would create a chilling effect on free speech and citizens' right to petition government officials. AEJMC agrees with the arguments of public relations firms that have filed a lawsuit in federal court, supported by the New York Civil Liberties Union, to prevent this rule from being put into effect. Lobbying in this expanded definition could refer to attempts to place an editorial for a public relations practitioner's client or to induce a third party, e.g., the public or the press, to deliver the client's message to a public official. AEJMC concludes that such disclosure would limit free speech as well as the ability of journalists to engage with relevant sources about issues that are critical to an informed citizenry. The fundamental concern for AEJMC regards the definition of public relations and of lobbying. AEJMC believes that public relations must be defined broadly, if at all, largely because public relations practitioners as paid professionals do no more than exercise the rights of all citizens under the First Amendment. Conversely, lobbying must be legally defined explicitly, exclusively, narrowly and conservatively -with the burden of a fully reasoned legal defense of what specific communication to government officials should be regulated. The legal definition of lobbying must be disassociated with public relations, and registration and regulation as a lobbyist should be restricted to "direct lobbying," i.e., a call to action regarding a law or regulation by paid individuals who enter into direct, formal communication with key officials and legislators. What is sometimes called "indirect lobbying," which includes "grassroots lobbying," does not entail such a call to action directly aimed at key decision-makers to influence an elected official on a matter of public policy and must remain unregulated. AEJMC is the largest "nonprofit, educational association of journalism and mass communication educators, students and media professionals" in the world. For more information regarding this AEJMC Presidential Statement, please contact Lori Bergen, 2016 President of AEJMC, University of Colorado at Boulder, at Lori.Bergen@colorado.edu. For more information about AEJMC, please visit www.AEJMC.org, follow @AEJMC on Twitter or email to aejmcpr@aol.com. <<PACS]]> 16169 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/pac-060316/ Fri, 03 Jun 2016 19:18:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16248 Lori Bergen, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2015-16 President of AEJMC | June 3, 2016 The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), the oldest and largest association of journalism and mass communication educators in the world, calls upon social media platforms (such as Facebook) to ensure ethical transparency in curating and disseminating news. Facebook has been accused of liberal bias in its "trending" news section that lists the most popular news stories for the estimated 1.6 billion people in its social network. This accusation is predicated on Facebook's professed desire to be a trusted platform for users and media partners. Critics are calling Facebook to task for not embracing traditional news values that ostensibly include being immune to biases and remaining impervious to nontransparent influences. News media's societal role is to present truth as journalists and their media companies perceive and interpret it in good faith, with accuracy, fairness and attempted-albeit impossible to fully achieve-objectivity. Beginning in the 1830s Penny Press era, news reportage was considered, not as the dissemination of an ideological message, but as a commodity that could be sold because of its value to all consumers, irrespective of their political or other beliefs. Basic trust in the presentation of news depended upon accuracy, impartiality and professional values that encouraged fairness and objectivity in reportage. The relatively restricted news media choices resulted in a considerable monopoly of knowledge by news media organizations, but sufficient market competition existed to encourage overall high quality news coverage, and journalism was highly professionalized, with journalists abiding by ethics codes, shared news values and objective reporting methods. Today's media platforms and channels of communication have democratized both the dissemination and access to information, including news. Of course, legacy media comprising news media and their professional journalists who embrace professional news values and ethics have earned public trust and use diverse media platforms in their dissemination of news. However, news media must be distinguished from-and held above-other organizations that use or own media platforms. As a social media platform, Facebook is powerful and undoubtedly influential, and it should exercise ethical transparency in curating and disseminating news. Certainly, Facebook content, including its "trending" news section, should not be confused with news, as perceived professionally, nor should Facebook be held to the same standards that have encouraged trust in the legacy press. If Facebook is biased or is purposely inaccurate in what news and information it says is "trending," it should be judged as a social media platform, not as a news media company that embraces the news values that are essential to a free and democratic society. Media entities enjoy a First Amendment right to publish and disseminate news content, as they deem fit. Editorial discretion forms the critical core of any media company. However, in their emerging role as news providers, social media platforms should exercise ethical transparency in their policies and practices for curating and disseminating news, in conformance to established journalistic practices of informing citizens in our commitment to a democratic society. About AEJMC The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is the oldest and largest "nonprofit, educational association of journalism and mass communication educators, students and media professionals" in the world. The AEJMC's mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to cultivate the widest possible range of communication research, to encourage the implementation of a multi-cultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice and a better informed public. For more information about AEJMC, please visit www.AEJMC.org, follow @AEJMC on Twitter or email to aejmcpr@aol.com. For more information regarding this AEJMC Presidential Statement, please contact Lori Bergen, 2016 President of AEJMC, University of Colorado at Boulder, at Lori.Bergen@colorado.edu. <<PACS]]> 16248 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 16:26:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16259 Divisions:

• Advertising
• Communicating Science, Health, Environment, and Risk (ComSHER)
• Communication Technology (CTEC)
• Communication Theory and Methodology
• Cultural and Critical Studies
• Electronic News
• History
• International Communication
• Law and Policy
• Magazine
• Mass Communication and Society
• Media Ethics
• Media Management and Economics
• Minorities and Communication (MAC)
• Newspaper and Online News
• Public Relations
• Scholastic Journalism
• Visual Communication (VisCom)

Interest Groups:

• Community Journalism
• Entertainment Studies
• Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (formerly: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender)
• Graduate Student
• Internships and Careers
• Participatory Journalism
• Political Communication
• Religion and Media
• Small Programs (SPIG)
• Sports Communication (SPORTS)

Commissions:

• Status of Women

<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 16259 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/adv-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 16:35:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16261 Professional Freedom & Responsibility (PF&R) Papers Advertising Alcohol in the Evidence-based Way: Constructing a Threatful and Harmful Drinking Advice Campaign for the General Population in Hong Kong • Annisa Lee, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • With the rapid increase in alcohol consumption, developing an anti-alcohol campaign is needed to raise cultural relevant awareness of adverse health effects of alcohol for the Hong Kong public. We conducted a two-phased study for this purpose. The first phase is a formative reasearch, involving a literature review of 103 articles from MEDLINE and 36 papers from EMBASE databases, four focus groups and a general population survey of 506 respondents. Results generate ten major messages and show that various physiological and psychological harms are stopping factors, more effective than the facilitating factors like social pressure. The second phase develops the harm theme, with four focus groups, by pre-testing the campaign theme, empirically supported claims, appeals and media deliverables. Results show that the theme ‘Drinking Will Harm You’ is effective with the fear appeal, instead of the dark humorous appeal used in comparison. The fear level should be staged progressively, with the more effective physiological harms first, followed by non-physiological ones, including sexual violence. Ten ad claims are ranked according to the health belief model. Using the Department of Health logo increases credibility of the claims. Most participants preferred recovered alcoholics as spokespersons and scientific claims on media channels such as bottle packaging, TV/newspapers, MTR stations, and social media. Organic Literacy, Involvement, Information Processing, and ‘Green’ Consumer Behavior: A Preliminary Investigation • S. Senyo Ofori-Parku, The University of Alabama • This study extends previous work on ‘green’ marketing, advertising and consumer behavior. It explores concepts such as organic literacy, involvement (and information processing), chronic organic food consumption behaviors, and how they relate to consumer a Research Papers Effects of Disclosure of Native Advertising and Knowledge of Marketing Communication Tactics on Ad Evaluation • A-Reum Jung, Louisiana State University; Jun Heo, Louisiana State University • Although the belief that the effects of native advertising is from the unrecognizable format is widely accepted, it is hard to find empirical studies that examine the effect of native advertising. In particular, there is a harsh criticism that advertisers try to increase ad effectiveness by using unclear ad disclosure language which makes people not to recognize native advertising. However, there is no definite answer that the effects of disclosure language on ad effectiveness. On one hand, persuasion knowledge model posits that high knowledge people are more likely to resist advertising. However, previous studies tried to develop conceptual relationship between persuasion knowledge and negative ad effects, rather than empirical examination. Thus, one of the purposes of this current study is to examine the influence of disclosure on the evaluation of native advertising on social media platforms. Another purpose of this study is to explain how people’s knowledge regarding persuasion marketing tactics influences the response to the marketing messages. Studies found that different language of ad disclosure does not affect ad recognition, and ad effectiveness. However, once people recognize content as advertising, they negatively response to the content. Studies also found that high knowledge for advertising tactic generates positive responses to advertising even though people recognize advertisers’ persuasive intention. Based on the results, marketing implication and suggestions for future research are also discussed. "I didn't see that label!" Using eye-tracking to evaluate native advertising news stories • Bartosz Wojdynski, University of Georgia; Nathaniel Evans, University of Georgia • The past two years have seen a rapid growth in the publication of sponsored content online, as news organizations and advertisers alike have sought to improve return on investment in online advertising. However, the potential deceptiveness of paid advertisements that strongly resemble a publisher’s editorial content has raised the concern of critics and regulators regarding how consumers evaluate whether a given piece of content is or is not paid advertising. Recent research in this area has shown that design characteristics of disclosures -- labels that identify sponsored content as distinct from other content on the site --may influence consumers’ ability to recognize sponsored content as advertising (Wojdynski & Evans, 2016). The present research seeks to add to knowledge of how consumers evaluate sponsored content by examining how participants (N=60) view and evaluate six diverse published sponsored online news stories. Eye-tracking measures were employed to capture participants’ overall attention to disclosures, and time required to notice the disclosures, and open-ended measures were used to capture participants’ perceptions of sponsorship transparency and suggestions for improving transparency. Findings showed that variations in disclosure design and layout lead to differences in attention to the disclosure, time to notice the disclosure, and perceived sponsorship transparency of the article. Implications of these findings for practitioners and regulators are discussed. Placing Snacks in Children’s Movies: Cognitive, Evaluative, and Conative Effects of Product Placements With Character Product Interaction • Brigitte Naderer; Jörg Matthes, U of Vienna; Patrick Zeller • No studies have explored the role of character product interaction (CPI) for product placement effects on children. We exposed N = 363 children aged 6–15 years to a movie containing no placement, static placement, or CPI placement. The presence of placements affected cognitive and conative brand outcomes. However, children’s product memory and consumption were higher for CPI placements compared to static placements. Results were independent of the children’s ages and prior movie familiarity. That Ad’s So Bad, It’s Criminal: Advertising Meets the Federal Fraud Statutes • Carmen Maye, University of South Carolina; Erik Collins, University of South Carolina • In the United States, legal repercussions for deceptive advertising traditionally have been meted out by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which has at its disposal a variety of civil remedies. The FTC’s civil authority over deceptive commercial expression in the marketplace is generally acknowledged. Less well known within the advertising industry is the Department of Justice’s (DOJ) power to criminally punish those who disseminate what it may deem deceptive advertising. Advertisers, who clearly should expect FTC oversight and whose practices likely are geared toward satisfying the FTC’s stated expectations, also must be aware, if not beware, of the DOJ. Recent DOJ actions, triggered by car-dealer advertising, serve as useful reminders that the FTC is not the only governmental regulatory authority looming in the advertiser’s rear-view mirror. Prosecutorial discretion is essentially all that stands between a deceptive advertiser and a federal, criminal prosecution. The danger for advertisers lies in an environment where “I don’t like your ads” may inspire federal prosecutors to investigate an advertiser’s business practices in search of conduct to which fraud and related criminal statutes may be applied. Effects of Perceived Social Distance on Consumer Attitudes and Purchase Intentions among College Students • Carolyn Lin; Linda Dam • Little research addresses the ways in which perceived social distance – the level of acceptance individuals feel towards a different racial background – may impact consumer responses toward advertising spokespersons from different racial groups. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether perceived social distance between consumers and multiracial advertising spokespersons will influence purchase intentions and consumer attitudes. This research also explores whether the two related concepts – consumer social identity and perceived similarity with racially congruent advertising spokespersons – have an impact on consumer decision-making. The study design entails three experimental conditions, each featuring a Caucasian, Asian, or African American advertising spokesperson. Study participants (N = 363) were randomly assigned to one of three study conditions. Results demonstrated that lower levels of perceived social distance predicted more positive consumer attitudes and purchase intentions. Partial support was also found for the effects of perceived social identity and perceived similarity toward the multiracial spokesperson on consumer attitudes and intentions to purchase the product. Discussion of multicultural advertising implications and future research addressing strategic communication are discussed. Personalizing an ad for a consumer versus personalizing a consumer for an ad: A test of reversed personalization effects • Cong Li, University of Miami • Research on the effects of personalized communication has grown tremendously over the past decade. Prior studies have widely discussed how a message can be personalized for a person and why a personalized message is more effective than a non-personalized message, which is often labeled personalization effects. However, no known research has theorized on the possibility of personalizing a person for a message. The current study aims to make a unique contribution to the literature by illustrating how a person can be personalized for a message via priming tactics and why it can lead to reversed personalization effects. It is argued that an individual’s evaluation of a personalized or non-personalized message can be influenced by a prime. A non-personalized message may generate more favorable effects than a personalized message if a prime activates a certain mental representation associated with it, leading to reversed personalization effects. The effects of priming on personalization are moderated by perceived prime credibility and mediated by perceived message relevance. Exploring the prevalence and execution of brand placements in Hong Kong prime time television programs • Fanny Fong Yee Chan, Hang Seng Management College; Ben Lowe, University of Kent • Product placement involves the planned integration of branded products into media content with the aim of influencing audiences. A majority of product placement research tend to be focused on understanding its impact on consumer behavior variables such as brand recall, attitudes, and purchase intentions (Chan 2012). Less research, however, examines the nature of placement execution, and those which do are outdated and are focused mainly on western contexts such as the US. This study utilizes and extends the framework developed by La Ferle and Edwards (2006) to document and explore the execution of product placement in Hong Kong. Specifically it examines 1) the prevalence of brand appearances; 2) the characteristics of programs with brand appearances; 3) features of placed brands/products; 4) modality of brand appearances; 5) extent of character interaction with placed products; and 6) general characteristics of placement context. An extensive content analysis of five weeks of prime-time programming on three free-on-air television channels in Hong Kong was conducted. A coding protocol was developed with items adapted from earlier studies (Ferraro and Avery 2000; La Ferle and Edwards 2006; Smit, van Reijmersdal and Neijens 2009) and a few items added specifically for the current study. In the 225 hours of prime time television programming, 1225 brand appearances were identified. It is equivalent to about one brand appearance in every 11 minutes of programming. The results provide valuable insights to communication scholars and brand practitioners with regards to brand placement strategies. Image or Recruitment: The Relationships between Cue and Military Advertising Strategy on Military Attitudes and Intentions to Enlist • FuWei Sun, The University of Oklahoma; Glenn Leshner, The University of Oklahoma • This study tested the effects of two factors—cues (extrinsic and intrinsic) and the military advertising strategies (image and image + recruitment)—on participants’ attitudes and behavioral intentions. In a 2 × 2 mixed design experiment, participants saw three military advertisements in one of four conditions. The results of this study suggest that participants’ evaluations of the advertisements and the military are generally driven by intrinsic cues rather than extrinsic characteristics. However, cue effects do not influence receivers’ enlistment intentions. Further, there is no significant difference between the strategies, participants’ evaluations of the military, and their enlistment intentions. These results are discussed in the context of military advertising and its impact. Beyond gains/losses to compliance/non-compliance: effects of framing, need-for-cognition and mood on organic food advertising effectiveness • George Anghelcev, Penn State University; Ruoxu Wang, Penn State University; Yan Huang, The Pennsylvania State University; Sela Sar, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • Two message framing techniques have been investigated with predilection by advertising researchers: gain vs. loss and promotion vs. prevention. In this study, we bridge these separate approaches and consider four advertising frames informed by the theoretical frameworks of Regulatory Focus Theory and Prospect Theory. We investigate the joint impact of mood on these four message frames on advertising promoting organic foods. The findings support our predictions that it is neither a gain/loss approach nor a promotion/prevention approach that leads to effective messages for consumers who experience positive or negative moods. Rather, the winning strategy consists of framing the ads in terms of compliance (gain and non-loss) and noncompliance (loss and non-gain). As expected, NFC moderated the postulated effects. Only Other People Post Food Photos on Facebook: How Social Media Fits into Our Lives and The Third Person Effect • Giang Pham; Matthew Shancer; Danyang Guo; Tao Jailin; Yi Peng; Yanyun Wang; Michelle Nelson, UIUC - Advertising Department • Understanding consumers’ perceptions about social media is important for advertisers. Interviews with Millennials and Baby-Boomers revealed differences in social media use and perceptions of use. Third-person perceptions (TPP) emerged among millennials: they believed the content they shared was very different from that of ‘others’. A survey of Millennials showed TPP effects scaled with the social distance corollary. Individuals perceived their behaviors were very different from those of ‘acquaintances’ and less so with close friends. The Impact of Erotic Imagery on Visual Attention within Advertisements: An Eye-Tracking Study • Glenn Cummins; Tom Reichert, University of Georgia; Zijian Gong, University of Tampa • An eye-tracking experiment (N = 120) was conducted to gauge how the use of erotic models in advertisements impacted visual attention to the ad, model, and other ad execution elements, thus moving beyond indirect self-report measures of attention from previous research. Findings revealed a distraction effect for ads containing erotic models. Attention to ad copy suffered when erotic models were employed, and viewers were less likely to remember the brand name or ad content. Advertising Skepticism Effects on Chinese Consumer Attitudes toward Green Ads: A Mediating Role of Consumer Attribution of Green Advertising Motivation • Jason Yu • This study examined how advertising skepticism in general as a consumer characteristic affects consumer attitudes toward green ads (AGreen-ad) in three dimensions: hedonism, interestingness and utilitarianism. The results suggested a significant effect of advertising skepticism on consumer utilitarian AGreen-ad, which was mediated by consumer attribution of the motive behind the green ad. The insignificant correlation of advertising skepticism and hedonism implies that a consumer’s advertising skepticism might be irrelevant to his hedonic AGreen-ad if his disbelief of the environmental claims in the ad is not substantial enough to arouse negative feelings such as a feeling of being deceived or cheated. Political advertising saturation: A natural experiment • Jay Newell, Iowa State University • This research explores the results of political advertising spending under conditions of advertising saturation, in which candidates and their supporters chose to advertise in selected markets with nearly complete reach and very high frequencies, versus the same candidates and supporters advertising in different markets using more moderate levels of reach and frequency. Combining a two-phase telephone survey of more than 700 registered voters with a tally of more than 3000 broadcast advertising contracts, the research explores the connection between political advertising spending, political participation, and election outcomes. When It Just Feels Right: The Impact of Regulatory-Fit on Consumer Responses to Fundraising Campaigns • Ji Mi Hong, University of Texas at Austin; Wei-Na Lee • This research investigates whether the fit between an individual’s chronic regulatory focus and the type of regulatory focus used in fundraising messages enhances persuasion effects. A content assessment of current fundraising ads suggests that regulatory focus was indeed employed as a persuasion strategy. An experimental study was then carried out to test the main and interaction effects of two independent variables (chronic regulatory foci x regulatory-focused message frames) on three dependent variables (attitudes toward the ad, attitudes toward the non-profit organization, and willingness to donate). Findings suggest that individuals with a chronic promotion-focused orientation responded more favorably toward the promotion-framed message emphasizing the potential environmental benefits of making a donation, whereas individuals having a chronic prevention-focused orientation were more positive toward the prevention-framed message highlighting the potential environmental dangers of not making a donation. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are provided. Telling Compelling Stories for Worthy Causes? A Content Analysis of Philanthropy Ads • Ji Mi Hong, University of Texas at Austin; Wei-Na Lee; Hwanjong Cho, University of Texas at Austin; Chohee Sung, University of Texas at Austin • "As a first step toward understanding non-profit organizations’ communication, this research examined their philanthropy ad messages in terms of four key elements: what the philanthropy goal is (regulatory focus), who the beneficiary is (self-construal), when the fundraising impact is expected (temporal orientation) and how the suggested donations are appraised (efficacy-appraisal). A content analysis was carried out to systematically study philanthropy ads from non-profit organizations on the Philanthropy 400 list. Specifically, the frequency of appearance of each type of message elements and the relationships among them were analyzed. The findings of this research show that most non-profit organizations actively utilized four types of message elements in their philanthropy ads, while mainly focusing on desired, positive donation outcomes (promotion focus), dominantly indicating others as beneficiaries of the support (interdependent self-construal), mostly emphasizing the easy of actions (self-efficacy) and highlighting immediate fundraising effects (present orientation). However, with respect to the combination patterns among message elements, the findings indicated that the current practice did not follow the guidelines suggested by previous literature. In this respect, more research is needed to understand the discrepancy and provide better guidelines for future communication strategies." Positive News Are Better Than Negative News in Improving Brand Attitude and Recall for Pre-Roll Ads • Jiachen Yao, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Zongyuan Wang; Mike Yao, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign • Current study explored how the valence of news headlines (positive vs. negative) and news type (hard vs. soft) influenced participants’ mood, their memory and brand attitude towards the pre-roll video ads. We found that negative news headlines led to lower mood, lower brand attitude and worse brand recall than the positive condition. There was also an interacting effect found of news valence*news type on mood. Implications were given for advertising industry. Understanding Age Segmentation in Persuasion: The Effects of Experiential and Material Messages • Jing (Taylor) Wen, University of Florida; Naa Amponsah Dodoo, University of Florida; Linwan Wu, University of Florida; Il Young Ju, University of Florida; Sriram Kalyanaraman, University of Florida • Despite the growing significance of message segmentation strategies based on consumers’ age, the psychological effects of age on decision making remain somewhat unexplored. Building on prior studies, this research examined the influence of age on consumers’ responses to different advertising messages. In particular, this study examined whether framing a specific product (automobile) as either material or experiential would influence consumer responses to the product. Experimental results revealed a main effect of message type and interaction between message type and age on attitude toward the ad. Specifically, individuals reported more favorable attitudes toward a material rather than an experiential message type. An interaction effect showed that younger people had more positive attitudes toward the material message while no difference was found for older people. Additionally, younger people had more favorable brand attitudes when exposed to a material rather than an experiential message, while, older people did not exhibit this pattern. The results also revealed the mediating role of ad credibility such that perceived ad credibility mediated the relationship between message type and ad attitude. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Consumer Attention to and Recall of Information in Prescription Drug Advergames: An Eye-Tracking Study • Jisu Huh, University of Minnesota; Jennifer Lueck, University of Minnesota • This study investigated cognitive effects of advergames on consumers’ attention to and memory of information in a prescription drug advergame. Applying limited cognitive capacity theory as a theoretical framework, consumers’ attention was examined using both self-reported and eye-tracking measures, and the relationships between the two types of attention measures and information memory were tested. The eye-tracking attention measures revealed somewhat different findings than self-reported attention, and the results provide interesting insights regarding advergames’ cognitive effects. Nudity of Male and Female Characters in Television Advertising Across the Globe: A Comparative Analysis • Jörg Matthes, U of Vienna; Michael Prieler, Hallym University • There is a lack of comparative studies on nudity in television advertising. We sampled N = 1,755 ads from 13 countries. The main characters’ nudity was higher for females compared to males, more likely with decreasing age, and occurred more often for congruent than incongruent products. Multilevel analyses showed that nudity was independent of a country’s gender-indices and preclearance policy. The role of culture for predicting nudity in advertising is thus smaller than commonly thought. Framing Financial Retirement Advertising: The Effectiveness of Intertemporal Choice • Ken Kim, oklahoma state; Lori McKinnon • The current study was designed to show the effectiveness of retirement financial services advertising (RFSA) in consumer intertemporal choice. The obtained data indicated that people in the loss framing (vs. gain framing) condition had a stronger tendency to choose the earlier investment option over the delay option when an advertisement emphasized how much they need to invest (that is, process framing). In contrast, the advantage of gain framing (vs. loss framing) was found when an advertisement focused on how much they need to retire (that is, outcome framing). In-Feed Native Advertising on News Websites: Effects of Advertisement on Internet Users’ Reactions • Lijie Zhou, The University of Southern Mississippi; Fei Xue • This study examined viewers’ reactions to in-feed native advertising on news sites. Results showed in-feed native advertising generated stronger brand interest and purchase intention than banner ads. Product involvement moderated effects of advertising format and website reputation on attitude-toward-the-ad, brand interest, and purchase intention. Its moderating power is stronger for low-involvement product, where advertising format and website reputation have served as peripheral cues. Positive correlations between website credibility and ad credibility were also identified. Advertising Division Research Papers Psychological Mechanisms in Narrative Advergaming Lu Zheng; Danny Pimentel Nine side-scrolling advergames were created to examine the potential impact of types of advergames and music tempo on one’s affective (game attitude and brand attitude) and conative responses (product trial and purchase intent) in the context of narrative advergaming. Moreover, three psychological states (flow, transportation and presence) that game players are likely to experience were also investigated. The study demonstrated that neither type of advergames nor music tempo employed in the advergames was significant in influencing one’s affective and conative responses. What remains invariably significant across nine experimental conditions is the positive relationship between the three psychological mechanisms and one’s game attitude, brand attitude, and behavioral intentions. Implications and limitations are also discussed. The Moderating Role of Age on Behavioral Effects of Product Placements in a Real-World Setting • Maren Birgit Marina Beaufort • This paper provides findings on how product placements influence young children’s selection behavior in real-life viewing and shopping scenarios, showing why realistic settings are superior to laboratory studies in this context. For the first time, kindergarten-aged children were included. Results show a major susceptibility to product placements via implicit persuasion. In contrast to previous laboratory findings, a highly significant age effect is present that is conceivably traceable to the competitive influences in the real-life scenario. Cultural Adaptation in U.S. and Mexican Beer Ads: The Moderating Effect of Automatic Bias Against Hispanics on Eye-Tracking Measures • Yadira Nieves-Pizarro, Michigan State University; Juan Mundel, Michigan State University; Tao Deng, Michigan State University; Guanxiong Huang, Michigan State University; Duygu Kanver, Michigan State University; Elishia Johnson, Michigan State University; Michael Nelson, Michigan State University; Rashad Timmons; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University • With continued growth in advertising and marketing to specific ethnic groups, like Hispanics in the United States, it becomes important to understand the intricacies of cultural adaptation in advertising. The current study investigates the effects of cultural adaptation in branded advertising for domestic (US) and foreign (Mexican) products on visual attention to advertising elements. Using a 2 (country of origin: USA vs. Mexico) x 2 (cultural symbol congruence: congruent vs. incongruent) x 3 (ad repetition) mixed factorial design, participants (White only: N = 83) viewed three ads for either an American or Mexican brand with either congruent or incongruent cultural symbol. Results showed that participants exposed to American brand ads fixated more often (total fixation count) and for a longer period of time (total fixation duration) on the cultural symbol when it was congruent than incongruent, while no differences were detected for Mexican brand ads. Additionally, this effect was moderated by automatic bias against Hispanics. Findings are discussed within the context of tailored approaches to advertising and advertising unintended effects. Boundaries of Message Framing in Charity Advertising: Effects of Anchor Points and Need for Cognition • Yan Huang, The Pennsylvania State University; Anli Xiao, Penn State University; Denise Bortree, Penn State University • The study examined the persuasiveness of message framing and anchor points in the context of a charitable appeal on social media. A 2 (Framing: loss vs. gain) × 2 (anchor points: presence vs. absence) online between-subjects experiment was conducted (N = 211). Results showed that the influence of message framing was dependent on whether anchor points were provided in the message. When anchor points were present, the gain-framed message resulted in a greater level of cognitive elaboration and donation intention; when they were absent, the loss-framed message triggered more cognitive elaboration on the donation request. Moreover, need for cognition (NFC) moderated the persuasive effect of message framing. The effect was more salient among low NFC participants. The study also revealed a three-way interaction effect between message framing, anchor points, and need for cognition on cognitive elaboration. The theoretical and practical implications for charity advertising are discussed. Inseparable Duos: The Effects of Message Framing and Presentation on College Students’ Responses to Flu Vaccine Public Service Advertisements • Yen-I Lee, University of Georgia; Yan Jin; Glen Nowak, University of Georgia • Previous research on how message framing affects influenza vaccination attitude and intentions has yielded mixed results. The current study examined the effects of message framing and presentation in flu vaccine public service advertisements (PSAs) using a 2 (gain vs. loss framing) x 2 (image-based vs. text-only presentation) between-subjects experiment with a sample of college students (N = 122) from a large public university in the U.S. The findings indicated that flu vaccine PSAs that utilized a gain-framed image-based message or a loss-framed text-only message elicited positive outcomes, including greater confidence in flu vaccine, positive affect toward the advertisement, and positive attitude toward flu vaccine. In contrast, a loss-framed image-based message and a gain-framed text-only message triggered negative attitudes toward flu vaccine. Implications for strategic health communication theory building and vaccine communication practice are discussed. Consumer Socialization through Social Media: Antecedents of Acceptance of Native Advertising on Social Networking Sites • Yoo Jin Chung, University of Florida; Eunice Kim, University of Florida • Despite the growing popularity of native advertising in the industry, few studies have examined the factors that influence consumer acceptance of native advertising on SNSs. The present study examined the influences of consumer socialization agents on acceptance of native advertising on SNSs. Findings showed that positive peer communication, social media dependency, and attitude toward social media advertising significantly predicted consumer acceptance. The results further revealed the moderating effects of perceived appropriateness of native advertising. Interaction Effects of System Generated Information and Consumer Skepticism: An Evaluation of Issue Support Behavior in CSR Twitter Campaigns • Yoon-Joo Lee, Washington State University; Nicole O'Donnell, Washington State University; Stacey Hust • Success of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives often relies on issue support from consumers. The current study analyzes issues support for an alcohol company’s drunk driving prevention campaign on Twitter. A 2x2 experiment (n = 212) tested how consumers’ skepticism interacts with system generated information (low v. high number of followers). Skepticism on issue support changed significantly depending on the number of Twitter followers. Implications are discussed for attribution theory and CSR skepticism research. Advertising’s Male Body: A Content Analysis of Male Models in Esquire Magazine Ads from 1955-2005 • Zienab Shoieb; Eric Haley, University of Tennessee • This paper reports a content analysis of portrayals of the male body in ESQUIRE Magazine from 1955 to 2005. Specifically, the study examined male model muscularity and fat in relation to time and product categories. The study is positioned within the literature on media images and body disturbance issues. Processing Capacity in Visual Search: The Impact of Visual Salience and Involvement on Attention • Zijian Gong, University of Tampa; Glenn Cummins • Despite the long tradition of examining individual factors and aspects of print ad design and execution, the attention allocation process to different ad execution elements has not been specified. This study reconceptualized and examined potential moderators - namely visual salience and involvement– in terms of cognitive load to predict their real-time combined impact on attention and subsequent processing of magazine advertisements. Eye-tracking data indicated automatic bottom-up attention precedes controlled top-down processing when attending to magazine advertisements. Additionally, results revealed that involvement moderated the impact of visual salience on selective attention to ad execution elements, such that insufficient resource allocation to advertisements for low involvement products inhibited consumers’ attention to visually non-salient ad elements compared to advertisements for high involvement products, as indexed by gaze duration. The findings suggested selective attention is not unitarily driven by message properties or individual factors, and both message and individual level factors should be considered to creative effective print advertisements. Redefining Rational and Emotional Advertising Appeals as Available Processing Resources: Toward an Information Processing Perspective • Zijian Gong, University of Tampa; Glenn Cummins • This paper redefined emotional and rational advertising appeals in terms of changes in cognitive load they place on viewers’ limited capacity processing system, which helped predict how thoroughly advertising messages are processed under high and low personal relevance condition. Results indicated emotional advertisements elicited better message recall than rational advertisements, but the available resources in the emotional and rational condition remained at the same level. The interaction effect between personal relevance and advertising appeal type on available resources was also observed, such that personal relevance exerted a more significant influence on available resources when viewing rational advertisements than emotional advertisements. The findings suggested that when an advertisement has low personal relevance, rational appeals should be used with caution as viewers may withdrawal their attention and stop processing the message. In contrast, the use of emotional appeals may be a way to sustain attention for low relevance products. Special Topics Papers Comparing social media advertising attitudes between advertising and non-adverting majors: A situated learning perspective • Anan Wan, University of South Carolina • This study explored whether advertising majors and non-advertising majors hold different attitudes toward advertisements on social media in terms of their advertising education and their social media self-efficacy, based on a pilot study of 20 interviews and a survey study of 165 responses. It provides a look at the current advertising majors’ perceptions of and attitudes toward social media advertising as the insiders and future professionals. The findings from both studies demonstrate that advertising students have more positive attitude than non-advertising majors toward social media advertising. Theoretical of the Situated Learning Theory were discussed. Message strategies in Korean cosmetic surgery websites • Gawon Kim, University of Tennessee; Ron Taylor, University of Tennesse, Knoxville • The purpose of this study was to investigate message strategies used in South Korean cosmetic surgery websites. The paper uses Taylor’s six-segment message strategy model to analyze the Korean sample websites and conducted a content analysis. The outcome of the content analysis revealed that Informational and Transformational strategy was both equivalently used. Additionally, it found out that ration and ego strategy was the most frequently practiced strategy. Result, implication and limitations will provide more information on this paper’s result and future research. Snap or Not: Young Consumers’ Interpretation of Snapchat Marketing • Huan Chen, University of Florida • A qualitative research was conducted to explore young consumers' interpretation of Snapchat and marketing via Snapchat. The themes that emerged regarding those young consumers’ understanding of the photo-and-video-sharing social medium are being intimate, being casual, and being dynamic, and the themes regarding the participants’ interpretation of marketing information on Snapchat include freedom of choice, seamless integration with the social medium, and eventful and festival orientation. Theoretical and practical implications were offered. The Myth of Big Data: Chinese Advertising Practitioners’ Perspective • Huan Chen, University of Florida; Liling Zhou • A qualitative study was conducted to explore Chinese advertising practitioners' perceptions and interpretations of big data in Chinese market. 22 in-depth interviews were conducted to collect data. Four overarching themes emerged regarding their perception of Chinese advertising market, definition of big data, application of big data, and future development of big data. Based on the themes, a theoretical model was developed to demonstrate big data’s application and development in Chinese market. Theoretical and practical implications were offered. Proposing Social Cue as a New Social Media Ad Tactic in Unfamiliar Product Adoption • Hyejin Kim, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Keonyoung Park, University of Minnesota Twin Cities; John Eighmey • This study proposed and tested the effect of new social media advertising tactic, a social cue, on unfamiliar product adoption. Findings demonstrated that participants with extremely large social network were particularly susceptible to the socially-cued advertising. Their purchase intention showed an inverted U shape as the number of product purchase predecessors increases. This study is expected to contribute to social media advertising literature by providing proactive insights on simple yet innovative ad tactic. “The Ultimate Cliffhanger:” Campaign Strategies and Extreme Drinking Rituals for Turning 21 • Joyce Wolburg, Marquette University; Nathan Gilkerson, Marquette University • "This qualitative study examined the drinking ritual of the 21st birthday celebration among college student binge drinkers to gain insights that can lead to more effective campaign strategies. Through depth interviews, a pattern of intense peer pressure emerged, not only for the person turning 21 but also for friends. Because each has a role to play in a ritual that celebrates the “ultimate cliffhanger,” campaign strategies aimed solely at the person turning 21 are not sufficient to change behavior." Student Papers Corporate social responsibility (CSR): the effects of cause-related marketing (CRM) message, cause proximity and cause involvement • Hannah Kang, University of Kansas • This study examined the effects of the type of corporate social responsibility (CSR), cause proximity and cause involvement on attitude toward brand, attitude toward company, attitude toward campaign, and campaign participation intention. This study also examined how CSR type, cause proximity and cause involvement affect individual’s risk perceptions toward a particular risk issue. The experiment was a 2 (CSR type: CSR advertising message with CRM/ CSR advertising message without CRM) X 2 (cause proximity: national/international) X 2 (cause involvement: high/low) between-subjects factorial design. A total of 239 undergraduates participated. This study found that a CSR advertising message with CRM components produced a more positive attitude toward a company, a more positive attitude toward a campaign, and a higher campaign participation intention than a CSR advertising message without CRM components. Moreover, the main effects of cause involvement were found on attitude toward brand, attitude toward company, attitude toward campaign, campaign participation intention as well as risk perception toward a cause and importance of a cause. Corporate Ethical Branding on YouTube: CSR Communication Strategies and Brand Anthropomorphism • Jing (Taylor) Wen, University of Florida; Baobao Song • Even as ethical branding gain increasing prominence, the effectiveness of specific communication and branding strategies remains somewhat unexplored. A content analysis was conducted to examine Fortune 500 companies’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) advertisements and user comments on YouTube. The results showcase the importance of involvement strategy of CSR communication and brand anthropomorphism on generating positive consumer responses, and a positive correlation between these two strategies. The findings further suggest that the success of ethical branding on social media lies in more interactive and engaging communication as well as branding strategies. The Younger Maintain, the Older Regulate: The Generational Effects on Sequential Mixed Emotions • Jing (Taylor) Wen, University of Florida; Naa Amponsah Dodoo, University of Florida; Linwan Wu, University of Florida • Ads with mixed emotions can capture audience’s attention and therefore be persuasive. By using Socio-emotional Selectivity Theory as a theoretical framework, this research examines the influence of generations and sequential mixed emotions on persuasion. Findings indicate that Baby Boomers exhibit more favorable evaluation than Millennials when exposed to an appeal with improving mixed emotions (i.e., negative then positive), because Baby Boomers are better at emotion regulation. In contrast, when exposed to declining appeal (i.e., positive then negative), both generations evaluate the ad positively, because both age groups are able to maintain positive emotions. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. Overcoming Skepticism toward Cause-Related Marketing Claims: The Role of Consumers' Attributions of Company Motives and Consumers' Perceptions of Company Credibility • Mikyeung Bae • This study examined two situational factors that might interfere with the intended outcome of a cause-related marketing (CRM) ad on social network sites (SNSs): statements about the motivation of the sponsoring company for supporting a social cause and types of appeals (emotional or informational). This study also explored how highly skeptical consumers and consumers with lower levels of skepticism differ in their responses to CRM ads. An online experiment with 409 college students showed that a firm’s acknowledgements of firm-serving motivation as well as of public-serving motivation could be an effective marketing strategy to reduce consumer skepticism about a firm’s motives. Highly skeptical consumers are less doubting about a company’s intention behind its support of social causes when the company honestly states firm-serving benefits as well as public-serving benefits in its CRM ads. The procedure by which a consumer perceives and evaluates the motives of a company determines the effectiveness of the company’s CRM ads. Finally, a consumer’s perception of a company’s credibility has a great impact on the consumer’s intention to join that company’s brand page. This study advances theories about consumers’ defensive mechanisms that can help predict their favorable responses to the brand pages featuring CRM on SNSs. Animal Crackers in My...Book? Effects of Shared Reading on Parents' Memory for Product Placement in Children's Books • Steven Holiday, Texas Tech University • The shared reading of children’s picture books fosters involvement, engagement, and communication, and results in socialization and development of both parents and children. It can also make readers susceptible to product placements used in the medium, a practice that exists despite its notable absence from academic research. Using experimental design and quantitative statistical analysis, this study explores how social and multi-sensory aspects of shared reading positively affect parents’ recollection of product placements in children’s books. The Golden Touch: How Screen Touches Influence Product Attitude and Purchase Intention • Xiaohan Hu, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • The widespread usage of touch screen devices such as smartphones and tablets has changed how people interact with mediated information. The physical action of touch is more direct in that people interact with the information on the screen, rather than indirectly via input devices like a mouse or trackpad. The goal of this study is to examine whether different ways of physically interacting with media influence consumers’ attitude and purchase intention in online shopping, and how haptic congruity between specific product and touchscreen may moderate this effect of interaction. The study reported here showed that consumers assigned more value when product information was acquired by touching. However, main effect of physical interaction on attitude and purchase intention, and interaction effect between interaction and haptic congruity were not found. The Influence of Persuasion Knowledge on Consumer Responses to Celebrity Endorsement in Social Media • Yiran Zhang, University of Minnesota Twin Cities • This paper explores the effects of consumers’ persuasion knowledge of celebrity endorsement in social media on their attitude toward the celebrity and the endorsed brand, and the moderating role of parasocial interaction. Results show that recognition of advertising intent is negatively associated with consumers’ attitude toward the celebrity. Additionally, parasocial interaction strengthens the relationship between attitude toward the celebrity and brand attitude, but doesn’t interfere with persuasion knowledge to influence brand attitude. Teaching Papers From Introducing the World Wide Web to Teaching Advertising in the Digital Age: A Content Analysis of the Past Twenty years of the Journal of Advertising Education • Emory Daniel, North Dakota State University; Elizabeth Crawford, North Dakota State University; David Westerman, North Dakota State University • For twenty years, the Journal of Advertising Education (JAE) has “toiled in the vineyards of advertising academé” to become a highly reputable source for advertising scholarship (Johnson, 1996 p.3). For the purposes of this study, we explored the last twenty years of literature in JAE. A content analysis was implemented to uncover patterns in areas such as areas of focus, methodologies, authorship, and Carnegie classifications of the universities represented. Student-Run Communications Agencies: Providing Students With Real-World Experiences That Impact Their Careers • Lee Bush, Elon University; Daniel Haygood, Elon University; Hal Vincent • This study examined how current industry professionals perceived the benefits of their student agency experiences and how they applied those experiences to their careers. Graduates placed value on the real-world experience gained from student agencies, learning how a professional agency functions, and working with a diverse set of clients and people in team-based settings. Graduates reported that their student agency involvement separated them in job interviews, better preparing them versus their peers for entry-level positions. What Do Students Need To Know About Technology And Idea Generation: Voices From The Agency • Robyn Blakeman, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Maureen Taylor, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Robert Lambert • The advertising field is constantly changing and educators should identify if changes in the industry prompt changes in the classroom. This paper inquires into the most fundamental part of the advertising process: the idea generation stage. Technology has changed the way art directors interact with design. But the extent of that change, and its implications for advertising pedagogy, are still unknown. This study reports the results of a survey of 38 advertising creatives to describe what is happening in conceptualization at advertising agencies around the country. The findings suggest ways forward in advertising pedagogy, especially curricula in the design sequences. 2016 Abstracts]]> 16261 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/comsher-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 16:39:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16266 2016 Abstracts]]> 16266 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/ccs-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 17:19:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16280 2016 Abstracts]]> 16280 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/electronic-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 17:23:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16283 2016 Abstracts]]> 16283 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/history-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 17:36:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16286 2016 Abstracts]]> 16286 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/intl-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 17:42:59 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16288 Markham Student Paper Competition Framing the 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates in Newspapers and on Twitter • Ary Hermawan, University of Arizona School of Journalism • The 2014 Indonesian presidential election was the first election in the world’s largest Muslim democracy where social media played a significant role. Social media became a public forum where Indonesians framed the presidential candidates in the most polarizing election in the nation’s history. A content analysis of four national newspapers and tweets showed that both legacy media and social media framed the candidates in terms of personality but differed in how they did it. Surveying television drama in China Central Television’s foreign language channels • Dani Madrid-Morales • This paper surveys over one hundred and seventy drama series (dianshiju) broadcast in four of China Central Television’s (CCTV) foreign language channels between 2004 and 2015. By analyzing the genre, theme, time of action and location it seeks to understand how, through the narrative of fiction, China’s public broadcaster contributes to constructing a global narrative on contemporary Chinese society. It also highlights the seemingly uncoordinated logic behind China’s efforts to internationalize its television drama. Dolphins and Deviants: News Framing and the Birth of a Global Prohibition Regime • Jay Alabaster • This exploratory study bridges this gap by examining the birth and widespread adoption of a global prohibition regime. The Cove, a U.S. documentary highly critical of annual dolphin hunts in the small Japanese town of Taiji, was released to high acclaim in 2009. It won an Academy Award the following year and was screened around the world. This triggered a surge of global activism aimed at pressuring local Taiji fishermen and the Japanese government to stop the town’s hunts. The resulting moral standoff between Western activists campaigning to save Taiji’s dolphins and various actors within Japan steadily backing the long-running hunts in Taiji was closely covered by international media. This study uses a content analysis to examine framing and sources in articles from the three main Western news agencies, the Associated Press (AP), Agence France Press (AFP), and Reuters, as well as the main Japanese news agency, Kyodo News (Kyodo). The study reveals significant evidence for the emergence of a global prohibition regime. The journalistic construction of English as a global lingua franca of news • John Carpenter • This study examined the journalistic coverage surrounding the launch of Al Jazeera’s English language news service in 2006 to uncover the dominant, socially-constructed meanings for the English language as it relates to news in a global context. Using theories of language ideology, media counter-flow, and journalistic interpretive communities, analysis showed that that the journalistic interpretive community created ideologies of English as a global lingua franca that would allow news providers to reach a global audience. Furthermore, journalists created ideological meanings for English as the language of news counter-flow, capable of balancing the influence of CNN and BBC by introducing a developing world perspective into global news flows. The study concluded that journalists should reflexively consider the universality of English as a language of the developing world. Professionalizing the Indigenous: Kabaddi as an Indian Object of Global Media Diaspora • Jordan Stalker, University of Wisconsin • This paper contributes to the field of global media by introducing the concept of “diasporic media objects.” Using Arjun Appadurai’s hard and soft cultural form framework, I show how the once-indigenous Indian sport of kabaddi has been received by the Western press throughout the past and how it has used digital media platforms to professionalize itself and bolster India’s global media presence. The modern Indian diaspora involves objects rather than individuals. Understanding Entman’s Frame Functions in American International News • Josephine Lukito • The purpose of this article is to examine which countries are covered most in American international news and to apply Entman’s (1993) frame functions to an international news frame analysis. Important here is the understanding of generic framing analyses, such as coding for generic frames or for parts of a frame. Results of a content analysis suggest that Entman’s interpretation of frame functions is too narrow to capture all possible frames in American international news. War Advertising: Themes in Argentine Print Advertising During the Malvinas / Falklands War • Juan Mundel, Michigan State University; Yadira Nieves-Pizarro, Michigan State University • This study explores the extension of discursive war strategies to print advertisements in 1981 and 1982. A content analysis on newspaper advertising before and after the war supports the notion that advertisements reflect changes in market conditions. With the advancement of the war efforts, there was a change in (1) the tactical intent of the ads, (2) the nature of advertiser, and (3) products advertised. Additionally, our study show that the discursive strategies employed by advertisers were consistent with those emphasized by other media, such as television and print journalism. Securitization: An approach to the framing of the "Western hostile force" in Chinese media • Kai Xu • This study content analyzes a well-known frame “Western hostile force” in Chinese media from the perspective of securitization. Results suggest that “Western hostile force” is a securitizing move that encompasses an array of different threats. The results also suggest evidence of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) maintaining that China is constantly under these threats, even if in some cases, it never identifies the identities of those threats. Cross National Newspaper Coverage of Transit Migration: A Community Structure Approach • Kevin O'Brien; Madison Ouellette; Maria Gottfried; Petra Kovacs; John Pollock, The College of New Jersey • A cross-national community structure analysis compared national characteristics/demographic differences with variations in coverage of transit migration in sixteen leading papers worldwide, yielding combined article “prominence” and “direction” “Media Vector” newspaper scores emphasizing “government” or “society” responsibility for transit migration. The findings illuminate two distinct types of “vulnerability”: “economic” vulnerability (crop production index, 27.4% variance) linked to coverage emphasizing government responsibility; and “political” vulnerability (global instability index, 11.9% variance) connected to coverage emphasizing society responsibility. Do large countries hunger for information less? Country’s size and strengths as determinants of foreign news volume • Miki Tanikawa, University of Texas • This study hypothesized that the size of the GDP, population, geography and the military strengths of the country are inversely related to the volume of international news reporting in the news media of the countries in question, reflecting different perceptions of the needs to monitor the international environment. Data analyses in this study found that these variables broadly predicted the size (smallness) of foreign news volume of the countries under study. Effectiveness of Global and Local Brands’ Facebook Strategies in Engaging the Saudi Consumer • Mohammad Abuljadail • This paper seeks to investigate the “posting” behavior of global and local brands ’Facebook pages and the effectiveness of these strategies in engaging the Saudi consumer. Specifically, the author examines whether the “posting” behaviors differ between local and global brands in Saudi Arabia and whether the different posting strategies used by local and global brands are more effective than others in generating engagement (likes, comments and shares). Findings and implications are discussed. Does Paris matter more than Beirut and Ankara? A Content Analysis of Frames Employed in Terrorism Coverage. • Mustafa oz, The University of Texas at Austin • The main purpose of this study is to examine the coverage of Beirut, Ankara and Paris terrorist attacks to see whether there was a western bias in terms of the coverage of these three terrorist attacks. While these three terrorist attacks were similar, they did not have the same amount of attention from the western media outlets. The results suggested that while the attacks were equally shocking, the US media failed to cover the Beirut and Ankara attacks as much as they covered the Paris attacks.Keywords: Framing, Terrorism, Media, Coverage, Content Analysis A Network Agenda-Setting Study: Opinion Leaders in Crisis and Non-Crisis News on Weibo • Qian Wang • Within the theoretical frame of agenda setting, this study utilized network analysis to compare the interrelationships of the networked agendas in crisis and non-crisis news. It also explores patterns of the relationships between the media outlets and opinion leaders during these crisis and non-crisis news. The results show that business elites rather than Chinese media outlets set the agendas of both crisis and non-crisis news on Weibo. Furthermore, the agenda-setting process among these opinion leaders changed in these two cases.The agendas of these opinion leaders were highly correlated with each other in the Tianjin explosion, while they were much less correlated in Tu Youyou’case. The findings prove that the agenda-setting effect on social media platforms is not a linear process directly from one direction to another. It is a diversified and dynamic process where different parties interact and influence each other, and each party has the potential to set other agendas in certain issue topics. Framing and Agenda Interaction of Epidemics under the Globalization Era: A cross-national study of news coverage on Ebola virus disease in China, U.S, Japan, and UK • QIAN YU, Washington State University • This study analyzes news coverage of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in China, U.S, Japan, and UK to examine variations in framing and agenda interactions. A content analysis was conducted on 730 news articles from highly circulated and prestigious newspapers in these four countries during the period of March, 24 to December 31, 2014. The findings revealed that common characteristics shown in news frames, sources, and predominant tones used by the four countries’ coverage on portraying the EVD; agenda interactions with different extents were identified among the four newspapers. This study enriches understanding of how journalists with variations in media systems, cultural values, political systems, and social ideologies construct a global health risk. Limitations and future directions are also discussed in the ending part. One newspaper, double faces? A cross-platform content analysis of People’s Daily on Twitter and Weibo • Shuning Lu, The University of Texas at Austin • News organizations have increasingly adopted social network sites in news production, however, not many studies have probed into the content produced by media organizations across different social media platforms. By situating itself in the intersection of media globalization and technological innovation in journalism, the study systematically examined the characteristics of content posted by People’s Daily, the official press in China, on two social media platforms, Weibo and Twitter. It revealed that there was a Weibo-versus-Twitter difference in the volume, topic and style of online news in People’s Daily. The study also discussed the implications of the findings how different ecologies of Weibo and Twitter help to shape the variation in both content and news style of People’s Daily on the two social media platforms. Mediated public diplomacy: Foreign media coverage of Sochi Olympics • Yanqin Lu, Indiana University • This study employs content analysis to examine the differences between American and Chinese media coverage on the opening ceremony of the Sochi Winter Olympics. The findings indicated that media coverage in both countries did not present substantial differences in the salience of each event theme. However, American media covered these themes in a more negative tone than Chinese media did. Implications are discussed in terms of the effectiveness of mediated public diplomacy. National Outlook on Transnational News Event: Comparative Audience Framing on Malaysian’s MH370 Plane Incident • Yearry Setianto, Ohio University; Qianni Luo • This study compares how Malaysian and Chinese audiences framed the news report of their respective national media on the Malaysian’s MH370 plane incident. Using audience framing, we explored similarities and differences of the frames. While Chinese audiences framed that the Malaysian government should take the responsibility, Malaysian audiences defended their government’s effort in dealing with the incident. Researchers found audiences’ nationalism, preexisting knowledge and cultural values to be important factors in understanding the audience frames. Cultural Influences on Product Placement in American and Chinese TV Situation Comedies • Yiran Zhang, University of Minnesota Twin Cities • Through a textual analysis, this study explored how individualism, power distance and long-term orientation were presented in American and Chinese product placements in situation comedies. The results demonstrated that individualism was mostly presented as positive self-images in Chinese product placements, but as self-independence in American ones. The presentation of short-term orientation in Chinese product placements focused on completing a task under time pressure, while that of American ones concentrated on temporary entertainment. Journalism and the Fight for Democracy: Framing the 2015 Myanmar Election • Zin Mar Myint, Kedzie Hall - Kansas State University; Bondy Kaye, Kansas State University • The 2015 elections in Myanmar represented a turning point in the country and a major leap toward establishing a democracy. Informed by framing theory, this study analyzed coverage of the Myanmar election by state-owned and privately-owned media firms in Myanmar and major media firms in the U.S. through a content analysis of 732 news articles. Results indicate that U.S. media and privately-owned media in Myanmar converged in coverage of democracy and the opposition NLD party. Their frames lean towards the push for change. Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition U.S. Foreign Policy Interests and Press Coverage of the Kashmir Dispute between India and Pakistan • Abhijit Mazumdar, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Catherine Luther, University of Tennessee • This paper researches U.S. press portrayals of the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan before and after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and explores if the portrayals were in line with shifting U.S. foreign policy interests. Findings indicated no significant differences between the two timeframes in the portrayal of the cause of the dispute and its solutions. The stories gave a balanced account of the dispute. Significant differences, however, were found in source usage. Impact of Economic Hardships on Kyrgyzstan Journalism: Results from In-Depth Interview with Journalists • Bahtiyar Kurambayev • In-depth qualitative semi-structured interviews with 27 journalists based in capital Bishkek city reveal that revenue starving Kyrgyz news outlets employ a variety of unusual tactics to generate some income including financially punishing journalists for failing to meet the set normative, imposes obligations to locate cash-paying news story clients. This study also reveals that news outlets have introduced barter as a system of payment. The author employed a snowball sampling to locate initial several research participants and seek their suggestions of other journalists. The interviews were held during the period of January 4-January 23, 2016. They were held primarily in Russian language. The practical implications are also discussed. Characteristics of Exemplary Conflict Coverage: War and peace frames in Pulitzer Prize-winning international reporting • Beverly Horvit, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Kimberly Foster • Amid the current state of global conflicts, scholars urge journalists to provide rich detail and depth in conflict coverage that enhance foreign reporting, and other scholars focus on the theoretical and practical challenges of such detailed reporting. One such way for journalists to report on detail is Galtung’s (2000) method of peace journalism. This qualitative study explores the prevalence of peace journalism frames in Pulitzer Prize-winning reporting and finds evidence crucial to peace journalism advocates. Beyond Hybridity: Intralocal Frictions in Music Video Production, Distribution, and Reception in Kenya • Brian Ekdale, University of Iowa • While the hybridity framework has inspired many valuable studies, global media research has hit a period of theoretical stasis. Drawing on the concepts of critical transculturalism (Kraidy, 2005) and global friction (Tsing, 2005), this paper introduces intralocalism as a way to study the entanglement of global cultural flows in grounded social practices. This paper demonstrates the analytic utility of intralocalism through an examination of music video production, distribution, and reception in Kenya. News Media Uses During War and Conflict: The Case of the Syrian Civil War • Claudia Kozman, Lebanese American University; Jad Melki, Lebanese American University • Using the Syrian conflict as a case study, this survey of displaced Syrian nationals in four countries revealed that the major uses and gratifications of traditional and new media is receiving and understanding information, ahead of entertainment and overcoming loneliness. Among all media, TV consumption showed the highest correlation with people’s perception of TV as useful for providing information about Syria. Among digital media, social media were the most important in receiving information about Syria. A New Sensation? Exploring Sensationalism, Online Journalism and Social Media Audiences across the Americas • Danielle Kilgo, University of Texas at Austin; Summer Harlow, Florida State University; Victor Garcia-Perdomo, University of Texas at Austin/Universidad de La Sabana, Colombia; Ramón Salaverría, University of Navarra • Sensationalism is a term without complete consensus among scholars, and its meaning and implications have not been reconsidered for a digital environment. This study analyzes 500 articles from digitally native news organizations across the Americas, evaluating the sensational treatment of news categories and values, and their associated social media interactions on Facebook and Twitter. Findings suggest that characteristics of sensationalism have shifted, and audiences are not necessarily more likely to respond to sensational treatments. Collectivism Appeal and Message Frames in Environmental Advertising – A Comparison between China and the U.S. • Fei Xue • The current study examined the effects of appeal types (self vs. group) and message framing (positive vs. negative) on American and Chinese consumers’ responses to environmental advertising. It was found that group appeal generated higher level of green trust and purchase intention in both countries. However, positive message frames seemed to work better for American consumers while negative message frames were more effective among Chinese consumers. Sourcing International News: A comparative Study of Five Western Newspapers’ Reporting on the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands Dispute • Guofeng Wang, School of Foreign Language Studies, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University • This study examines the sources of information used by five Western newspapers from 2011 through 2013 to report on the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands territorial dispute between China and Japan. A quantitative analysis of sources and a qualitative approach to news frame analysis in the selected U.S., U.K., Australian, French and German newspapers reveals many similarities in their reporting on this ongoing conflict. This study also shows that while the selection of one source or another does not ultimately determine how a news article is framed, identifiable sourcing patterns do exert a significant influence on the overall balance or bias of the reporting. Discursive Construction of Territorial Disputes: Foreign Newspaper Reporting • Guofeng Wang, School of Foreign Language Studies, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University • This study examines how five foreign newspapers in the U.S., U.K., Germany, France and Australia discursively construct the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands dispute through a quantitative analysis. The findings reveal that they share a similar intergroup conflict schema based on competition and the pursuit of respective national interests, and that noticeable differences between the editorial position of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and that of the others may be due to current public opinion of Germany’s socio-historical context. What Moves Young People to Journalism in a Transitional Country?: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations for Working in Journalism in Serbia • Ivanka Pjesivac, University of Georgia • This study examined the motivations among journalism students in Serbia, through a national survey at four major journalism programs in the country. Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations had a significant impact on willingness to work in journalism, with the moderating effect of experience. The study is the first one conducted in a transitional country of Eastern Europe. The results are discussed in the context of the Self-Determination Theory of motivations applied to international journalism. Perspectives of journalists, educators, trainers and experts on news media reporting of Islam and Muslims • Jacqui Ewart, Griffith University; Mark Pearson, Griffith University; Guy Healy, Griffith University • This paper uses data from an Australian study to ascertain issues associated with news media coverage of Islam and Muslims from the perspectives of journalists, journalism educators and media trainers. We draw on data from interviews with 37 journalists, editors, educators, media trainers, Muslim community leaders and other experts located in Australia and New Zealand to explore their understandings of the ways stories about Islam and Muslims are reported and why. Attitude change among U.S. adults after the Castro-Obama announcement: The role of agenda-setting • Jami Fullerton; alice kendrick, smu; Sheri Broyles, 1155University of North Texas • The United States and Cuba made history in late 2014 by announcing the resumption of diplomatic relations. Using the media coverage and social media content related to the announcements as a quasi-experimental stimulus, this pre-post-study noted increases in U.S. adults’ levels of perceived knowledge, salience of attributes as well as attitudes toward Cuba after the joint proclamations. Results suggest that media coverage and social media content played major roles in influencing both public knowledge and attitudes toward Cuba as a country. These first- and second-level agenda-setting effects are positioned within the Model of Country Concept as an example of how a powerful byproduct of international media can factor in both cognitive and affective evaluations among the citizens of one country about the government and citizenry of another. New Digital Dialogue? A Content Analysis of Chinese Political Elites’ Use of Sina Weibo • Jiawei Liu, Washington State University; Wenjie Yan • This study aims to add current understanding of what Chinese politicians use Sina Weibo for, as well as whether and to what extent they use Sina Weibo to communicate with the public. We content analyzed 69 Chinese politicians’ Sina Weibo posts between January 1 and March 31, 2015. Our results showed that Chinese political elites actively read and repost Weibo. However, they still communicate with the public in a predominantly top-down manner on Sina Weibo. The Networks of Global Journalism: Global news construction through the collaboration of global news startups with freelancers • lea hellmueller; Sadia Cheema; Xu Zhang • This study explored the way global news startups connect freelancers with traditional news organizations. Through ten interviews with founders and editors the results reveal a networked marketplace of global journalism: The startups build on new technologies as well as on-the-ground evidence as their business model and de-localize the distribution of news within a digital marketplace. Through a content analysis of their edited stories (N=226), global journalism as an outcome of this marketplace is discussed. Disentangling and priming the perceived media credibility in Singapore: Declared/theoretical versus tacit/applied definitions • Lelia Samson, Nanyang Technological University • The purpose of this paper is twofold: First, it explores what audiences associate with the notion of media credibility in Singapore. It thus investigates to what extent do Singaporean audiences associate the notion of media credibility with standard journalistic practices, with issues of press independence, and with dimensions of social consensus and popularity. These associations are examined within the context of the Singaporean audiences’ responses to declared/theoretical versus the tacit/applied definitions of credibility. Second, the current study examines whether dominant and alternative news sources can prime different meanings in audiences. 112 volunteers participated in a mixed factorial experiment and their open ended responses were content analyzed. Results indicate that media credibility was least associated with notions of press independence. Interesting findings were found between the declared/theoretical versus the tacit/applied definitions. Singaporean audiences associated the journalistic practices for the declared/theoretical definition of media credibility up to 78% of the cases – but their tacit/applied definition of credibility are associated with journalistic practices for only 36% of the cases; and they only associated the dimensions of readership and popularity for the declared/theoretical definition for 5% of the cases. But their associations with the dimensions of readership and popularity for the tacit/applied definition of credibility reach over 52% of the cases. Priming of dominant versus alternative news sources indeed influenced the perceived credibility and the meaning activation as expected. At A Crossroads or Caught in the Crossfire? Crime Coverage Concerns for Democracy in Portugal, Spain, and Italy • Maggie Patterson, Duquesne University; Romayne Smith Fullerton, Western University of Ontario; Jorge Tunon, Carlos III University of Madrid • This study of crime reporting shows that keeping crime records secret hurts democratic consolidation. While many reporters and journalism experts interviewed claimed to value the presumption of innocence, many skirted restrictions by getting leaks from police and prosecutors. This porous secrecy leads to publication of rumors and unreliable eye-witness accounts. Four exacerbating factors affect this reporting method: widespread “clientelism;” a partisan news media; an alternative definition of “public interest”; and weak professionalism. Localness and Orientalism in The New York Times • Marcus Funk, Sam Houston State University • Computerized content analysis of New York Times coverage demonstrates that orientalist language is used significantly more frequently when covering Middle Eastern nations and the American South than the Tri-State Area. This analysis of 15 years of Times coverage also finds that unifying language is more common concerning the Middle East and American South than Tri-State Area, but argues such positive language is othering and orientalizing. It further postulates that orientalism is rooted in cultural distance. Covering Argentine Media Reform: Framing the Conversation to Keep Control • Mariana De Maio, San Diego State University • Using second-level agenda-setting and framing theories and content analysis, this paper examines the coverage of the Argentina’s 2009 media reform. To investigate the attributes media used in framing the law, data were collected from three national newspapers’ online publications (Clarín, La Nación, and Página/12). Results from the analysis suggest that the three newspapers framed the media reform debate using different attributes and tone. Explaining the formation of online news startup in France and the US: A field analysis • Matthew Powers, University of Washington, Seattle • This paper explores the differential formation of online news startups in France and the US. Drawing on interviews with journalists and Bourdieu’s field theory, we argue that while journalists in both countries created startups as a way to enter into the journalistic field, the volume of capital they held varied as a result of journalism’s structural position vis-à-vis the field of power. These differences shaped the extent and style of online startups in both places. The International News Hole: Still Shrinking and Linking? 25 Years of New York Times Foreign News Coverage • Meghan Sobel, Regis University; Seoyeon Kim; Daniel Riffe • This study uses quantitative content analysis of 25 years of New York Times international news coverage to extend the exploration of how nations’ economic status impacts the amount and topic of coverage received and how coverage is linked to American interests. Data suggest an increase in the percentage of foreign news items, with growing attention given to low- and middle-income countries. However, U.S. links are prevalent and developing country coverage remains largely negative. Everything’s Negative About Nigeria: A Study of U.S. Media Reporting on Nigeria • Oluseyi Adegbola; Sherice Gearhart, Texas Tech University; Jacqueline Mitchell, University of Nebraska at Omaha • U.S. television coverage of other countries can be misrepresented or go under-reported. Utilizing media framing theory, the current study content analyzes 10 years of U.S. television media coverage of Nigeria, Africa’s most populous nation. Reports broadcast by the big three networks were coded for issues, sources, valence, and frames (N = 643). Results corroborate existing research regarding the predominance of episodic frames and negative coverage and present new findings pertinent to coverage of foreign nations. Social Media As A Marketing Tool: Why Kuwaiti Women Entrepreneurs Prefer Instagram To Sell Their Fashions, Food, And Other Products • Shaikhah Alghaith, Colorado State University -- Department of Journalism & Media Communication; Kris Kodrich, Colorado State University -- Department of Journalism & Media Communication • The purpose of this study is to identify the preferred types of social media adopted by Kuwaiti women entrepreneurs. Instagram was found to be the most adopted among women entrepreneurs to utilize as a marketing tool. Rogers’ (2003) Diffusion of Innovations theory was applied to explore the attributes of Instagram. The attributes of Instagram that influenced Kuwaiti women entrepreneurs’ decision to adopt it include photo-sharing nature (relative advantage), ease of use (complexity), and popularity (observability). Visual Dissent: Examining Framing, Multimedia, and Social Media Recommendations in Protest Coverage of Ayotzinapa, Mexico • Summer Harlow, Florida State University; Ramón Salaverría, University of Navarra; Danielle Kilgo, University of Texas at Austin; Victor Garcia-Perdomo, University of Texas at Austin/Universidad de La Sabana, Colombia • The 2014 forced disappearance of 43 college students from Ayotzinapa, Mexico prompted protests throughout Mexico and the world. This bilingual, cross-national study of multimedia features in stories related to the Ayotzinapa protests examines how social media users responded to news coverage of the protests. This study sheds light on differences in mainstream, alternative, and online media outlets’ coverage of protesters, indicating whether the protest paradigm remains a problem in this digital era of information choice. Factoring media use into media system theory -- An examination of 14 European nations (2002-2010) • Xabier Meilan, University of Girona; Denis Wu • This study incorporates media use pattern into examining three distinct media systems proposed by Hallin and Mancini (2004). The uses of newspapers, radio, television, and Internet in European Social Surveys were included. North-Central European nations, particularly the Nordic countries, demonstrate more widespread media use than other European nations. Media-use Gini indexes support Hallin and Mancini’s original demarcation. Cluster analysis, however, indicates that the European nations of the three groups slightly differ from the original typology. The Third-Person Effect of Offensive Advertisements: An Examination in the Chinese Cultural Context • Xiuqin Zeng, Xia'men University; Shanshan Lou; Hong Cheng • This study examined the third-person effect hypothesis (Davison, 1983) in offensive advertising in the Chinese cultural context. Based on a survey of 1,539 Chinese Internet users about the third- and first-person effects among offensive ads, neutral ads, and public service ads, the study inquires into the relationship between the TPE and respondents’ levels of acceptance toward advertising. Besides confirming the TPE existence in an Eastern cultural context, the results suggest that the TPE predict WOM spreading for both offensive and neutral product ads, but not for PSAs. Theoretical contributions and managerial implications of these findings were discussed. Social Media, Public Discourse and Civic Engagement in Modern China • Yinjiao Ye; Ping Xu; Mingxin Zhang • The current study investigates the relationship between social media use and public discourse and civic engagement in mainland China. A survey of 1, 202 Chinese show that social media use significantly relates to both public discourse and civic engagement. Moreover, political interest modifies the role of social media use in public discourse and civic engagement. Both general trust in people and life satisfaction moderate some of the relationships examined but not all of them. A cross-cultural comparison of an extended Planned Risk Information Seeking Model • Zhaomeng Niu; Jessica Willoughby • This study tests the Planned Risk Information Seeking Model (PRISM) in China and the United States with a personal risk, and two additional factors: media use and cultural identity. Both additional variables predicted health information seeking intentions and were valuable additions to PRISM. Based on our findings, cultural identity and media use should be considered when designing interventions to address mental health information seeking or evaluating the process of mental health information seeking. 2016 Abstracts]]> 16288 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/law-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 18:01:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16291 Debut Faculty Paper Competition Not the Publisher, Still the Proprietor: Bypassing a Website’s Immunity Under Section 230 in Sex Trafficking Cases • Andrew Pritchard; Elaina Conrad • Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act shields websites from liability for user-submitted content, including content that perpetrates sex trafficking. However, this immunity is avoided when a website’s liability does not stem from its role as publisher. Courts’ treatment of websites as real property, combined with well-established principles of landowner liability, should allow websites to be held liable for their role in sex trafficking: not for third-party content, but for crimes resulting from it. Unmasking The Anonymous Cyberbully: A New Approach • Ben Holden, University' of Illinois • Americans have the right under the U.S. Constitution to speak anonymously. However, this right is not absolute and is subject to laws of general applicability, including the civil law of defamation. Courts frequently find that the First Amendment’s implied anonymity right yields to the procedural rights of civil defamation plaintiffs when the plaintiff is not a public figure and the speech is not a matter of public concern. But it is generally very difficult, if not impossible, to prove each element of civil defamation and related torts – plus the absence of privilege – without the identity of the speaker. The growing and potentially deadly problem of teen bullying by electronic communication lies at the intersection of these lofty constitutional principles and the practical imperative of parents to keep their kids safe. This Conference Paper suggests a standard for unmasking the Anonymous Teen Cyberbully. EU v. U.S. Data Protection: An Unsafe Harbor? • Holly Hall, Arkansas State University • A recent ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union declared the mechanism for data transfer known as Safe Harbor invalid. Many were critical of Safe Harbor for poor enforcement and confusing terminology. The revelations of former CIA employee, Edward Snowden, of United States government agencies’ mass surveillance programs added to the doubts of the functionality of Safe Harbor. The case leading to Safe Harbor’s downfall, Schrems v. Data Protection Commission, led to a new data transfer agreement called Privacy Shield. This paper will examine the evolution of data privacy protection law in the United States and European Union, the Safe Harbor provisions, the decision of the Schrems case, and the implications of Schrems on the newly announced Privacy Shield, shaping the data protection frameworks of the future. Fight Terror, Not Twitter: Why Section 230 Should Insulate Social Media from Material Support Claims • Nina Brown • Twitter promotes itself as a global communications platform of free expression. ISIS and other terrorist organizations promote themselves via Twitter. A recent lawsuit by a widow of a government contractor killed in a terrorist attack argues that the proliferation of terrorists on Twitter, and Twitter’s reluctance to stop it, violates the Antiterrorism Act. This article explores the dangers associated with holding social media companies responsible for such attacks, and offers a solution to avoid liability. Open Competition Cyber Breach: Where privacy ends and data security begins • Angela Rulffes, Syracuse University • This article proposes that data security and privacy are distinguishable concepts that have different harms. Privacy violations, with some exceptions, involve the publication of personal information without permission. A data breach, however, is the loss of data. Data breaches should be treated as a breach of a duty of care, and states should implement laws that create a fiduciary relationship between companies and consumers and provide for civil liability if personal data is not protected. Crash and Learn: The Inability of Transparency Laws to Penetrate American Monetary Policy • Benjamin W. Cramer, Pennsylvania State University; Martin E. Halstuk, Pennsylvania State University • The article will argue that the Federal Reserve System, thanks to its legislative structure, place within the American government, and court precedents regarding transparency statutes, is insulated from public oversight of almost all of its operations. The second section introduces the Fed’s history and structure. The following section will discuss the role of transparency and secrecy in the 2007-2008 financial crisis. The fourth section will consider whether two potentially powerful transparency statutes, the Freedom of Information Act and the Federal Advisory Committee Act, can be used to reveal documents from the banking sector and its regulators, along with the relevant statutory and case histories of those acts. The article will conclude with a discussion of the factors that have made the Federal Reserve System, and its internal decision-making processes, particularly impenetrable to citizens, journalists, and politicians who seek information on crucial matters of monetary policy. Student Data in Danger: What Happens When School Districts Rely on the Cloud • Chanda Marlowe, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • According to Fordham Law School’s Center on Law and Information Policy’s report “Privacy and Cloud Computing in Public Schools,” 95% of public school districts rely on cloud services for a diverse range of functions. The use of cloud services raises serious privacy concerns. For example, in March of 2014, Google admitted to scanning students’ emails and gathering data that were used to target ads to those students. Under the threat of lawsuits, Google promised to stop; however, in December 2015, Google was accused of collecting and using student data for non-education purposes again, this time in violation of the Student Privacy Pledge that it signed January 2015. Yet, schools continue to contract with private sector corporations to obtain cloud services, leaving parents to wonder what information is collected on their children, how that information is being used, and how, if at all, that information is being protected. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the major privacy problems that school districts face when they rely on cloud services offered by private corporations, to analyze how FERPA and state privacy laws are addressing these problems, and to offer possible solutions that go beyond FERPA and state privacy laws. This topic is important because legislation must strike the right balance between protecting students’ personal information and meeting the technological needs of schools. Underinclusivity and the First Amendment: The Legislative Right to Nibble at Problems After Williams-Yulee • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • Using the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2015 opinions in Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar and Reed v. Town of Gilbert as analytical springboards, this paper examines the slipperiness – and sometimes fatalness – of the underinclusiveness doctrine in First Amendment free-speech jurisprudence. The doctrine allows lawmakers, at least in some instances, to take incremental, step-by-step measures to address harms caused by speech, rather than requiring an all-out, blanket-coverage approach. Yet, if the legislative tack taken is too small to ameliorate the harm that animates a state’s alleged regulatory interest, it could doom the statute for failing to directly advance it. In brief, the doctrine of underinclusivity requires lawmakers to thread a very fine needle’s eye between too little and too much regulation when drafting statutes. To wit, underinclusivity was tolerated and permitted by the majority in Williams-Yulee, but it proved fatal in Reed. This paper suggests that while Williams-Yulee attempts to better define underinclusivity, its subjectivity remains problematic. Counterspeech, Cosby and Libel Law: Some Lessons About “Pure Opinion” & Resuscitating the Self-Defense Privilege • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • Using the recent federal district court opinions in Hill v. Cosby and Green v. Cosby as analytical springboards, this paper explores problems with the concept of pure opinion in libel law. Specifically, Hill and Green pivoted on the same allegedly defamatory statement made by attorney Martin Singer on behalf of comedian Bill Cosby, yet the judges involved reached opposite conclusions regarding whether it was protected as pure opinion. Furthermore, the paper analyzes notions of counterspeech and the conditional self-defense privilege in libel law in arguing for shielding Singer’s statement from liability. Although the self-defense privilege was flatly rejected in Green because it was not recognized under the relevant state law, it merits renewed consideration in similar cases where attorneys verbally punch back against their clients’ accusers in the court of public opinion. The Right to Record Images of Police in Public Places: Should Intent, Viewpoint or Journalistic Status Determine First Amendment Protection? • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • Using the February 2016 federal district court ruling in Fields v. City of Philadelphia as an analytical springboard, this paper examines growing judicial recognition of a qualified First Amendment right to record images of police working in public places. The paper argues that Judge Mark Kearney erred in Fields by requiring that citizens must intend to challenge or criticize police, via either spoken words or expressive conduct, in order for the act of recording to constitute “speech” under the First Amendment. The paper asserts that a mere intent to observe police – not to challenge or criticize them – suffices. The paper also explores how recording falls within the scope of what some scholars call “speech-facilitating conduct.” Additionally, the paper criticizes Kearney’s view, as well as that of a federal judge in the Southern District of New York in 2015, suggesting that the right to record is possessed only by journalists, not by all citizens. Holding Higher Education Accountable: Three Decades of Public Records Litigation Involving the University of Wisconsin • David Pritchard, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Jonathan Anderson, USA TODAY NETWORK - Wisconsin • Analysis of a comprehensive set of trial-court public records cases involving the University of Wisconsin over a 30-year period showed that news organizations constitute a strong majority of plaintiffs, that issues involving administrative searches and academic freedom are relatively rare, that news organizations and activist groups seeking records always prevail, and that the university has begun to ask the legislature to provide via statute the confidentiality that the university has not been able to get from the courts. The research is distinctive in that it focuses on trial court cases over an extended period of time. The generalizability of research from a single state is discussed. Libel by the Numbers: The Use of Public Opinion Polls in Defamation Lawsuits • Eric Robinson, Louisiana State University • Libel plaintiffs must show that the defendant made a defamatory statement which lowered esteem of the plaintiff in the community. Polls can show this, but courts were initially reluctant to allow polling evidence. While courts have become increasingly receptive, use of polls in defamation cases remains rare. This article reviews libel cases in which polls have been used, and recommends that more defamation plaintiffs consider using polls and that courts be receptive to such evidence. Mobile Broadband: A Cross Country Comparison • Hsin-yi Sandy Tsai • There are significant differences among countries with regard to their mobile broadband penetration rates. This study aims to understand whether public policies influence these differences and what kind of policies/regulations, if any, are necessary and/or sufficient conditions for higher mobile broadband (high speed mobile Internet) penetration rates. Although many studies have probed the factors influencing fixed broadband penetration, few studies have focused on mobile broadband. In order to capture the complicated interactions among factors related to mobile broadband penetration, in this study, in addition to using econometric approaches, a different approach—Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)—was utilized to analyze the policy and economic factors that affect mobile broadband penetration in 34 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ) countries. By using both econometric approaches and QCA, this study found six necessary conditions for higher mobile broadband penetration: 1) technology neutrality, 2) higher quality of regulation, 3) higher fixed broadband penetration rates, 4) higher mobile competitive intensity, 5) higher urban population, and 6) higher education. The results of econometric analyses were largely consistent with these findings and also found income, education, and competition to be important determinants of mobile broadband penetration. The Holmes Truth: Toward a Pragmatic, Holmes-influenced Conceptualization of the Nature of Truth • Jared Schroeder, Southern Methodist University • This paper examines how the Supreme Court has conceptualized truth in freedom-of-expression cases and draws from pragmatic approaches to philosophy, the so called “pragmatic method” put forth by American philosopher William James and the judicial philosophy of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, to propose a unifying conceptualization of truth that could be employed to help the Court provide consistency within its precedents regarding the meaning of a concept that has been central to the Court’s interpretation of the First Amendment but has never been explicitly defined by the Court. Congress Shall Make No Law...Unless? The Expansion of Government Speech and the Narrowing of Viewpoint Neutrality • Jason Zenor, SUNY-Oswego • In Walker v. Sons of Confederate Veterans, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the State of Texas’ denial of a private organization’s request to place a confederate flag on specialty license plates. The Court upheld that denial as a form of government speech, a doctrine that has only recently developed but gives the government absolute immunity to make decision based upon viewpoints. This paper argues that the government speech doctrine has granted the government the right to coerce the free marketplace of ideas. Thus, the paper proposes a new legal test that would limit when speech is considered governmental and place further checks on the government’s ability to endorse political ideas when communicating administrative policy. Proxies and Proximate Cause: The Future of Immersive Entertainment and Tort Liability • Jason Zenor, SUNY-Oswego • In June of 2014, two teenage girls lured their friend into the woods and stabbed her 19 times. The heinousness of the crime itself was enough to make it a national news story. But what really caught the attention of the nation was the motive for the crime. The girls wanted to appease the Slender Man, a murderous apparition who had visited them in their sleep and compelled them to be his proxies. Many people had never heard of the Slender Man, a fictional internet meme with a sizeable following of adolescents fascinated with the macabre. Soon the debate raged as to the power and responsibility of such memes. As for legal remedies, media defendant are rarely held liable for third parties crimes. Thus, the producers of violent memes are free from liability. But this law developed in an era of passive media where there was disconnect between media and audience. The paper examines how media liability may change as entertainment becomes more immersive. First, this paper examines the Slender Man phenomenon and other online memes. Then it outlines negligence and incitement law as it has been applied to traditional entertainment products. Finally, the paper posits how negligence and incitement law may be applied differently in future cases against immersive media products which inspire real-life crimes. Escaping the “Bondage of Irrational Fears”: Brandeis, Free Speech and the Politics of Fear • Joseph Russomanno, Arizona State University • The war of words typically inherent in presidential campaigns seemed to reach unprecedented levels in late 2015. Calls to silence some of the rhetoric brings to mind the free speech doctrine of Louis Brandeis, including his belief that the proper remedy to “bad” speech is not enforced silence, but instead more speech. This paper examines political developments of this period through the lens of Justice Brandeis’ doctrine and its major elements: fear, courage, education and democracy. Dismissed: Removal of College Media Advisers & Student Journalists' First Amendment Rights • Lindsie Trego, UNC-Chapel Hill • Cases of indirect censorship of collegiate media have recently made news headlines. In many of these cases, advisers have been administratively removed in response to disputes between student editors and administrators. These cases call into question whether student journalists can successfully seek legal redress for indirect acts against their First Amendment rights. This paper examines whether removal of college media advisers constitutes an injury to student journalists in the context of First Amendment litigation. A Doctrine at Risk: Content-Neutrality in a Post-Reed Landscape • Minch Minchin • This paper analyzes the lack of cohesion within the U.S. Supreme Court regarding the distinction between content-neutral and content-based regulations of expression. Highlighting two recent cases that illustrate a high degree of fracturing among the justices—McCullen v. Coakley and Reed v. Town of Gilbert—this paper suggests that without further clarification about the doctrine’s nature, purpose and application, the venerable First Amendment canon may soon disintegrate into constitutional oblivion. Indecency Four Years After Fox Television Stations: From Big Papi to a Porn Star, an Egregious Mess at the FCC Continues • Minch Minchin; Keran Billaud; Kevin Bruckenstein; Tershone Phillips • In 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court in Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. failed to address critical First Amendment questions concerning the FCC’s broadcast indecency policy. More than three years later, this paper examines how the Commission has filled the void left by the Supreme Court with a series of erratic and disjointed moves. These include its March 2015 proposal to fine a television station the maximum $325,000 for airing a tiny, fleeting sexual image during a newscast. That action, somewhat stunningly, came just two-and-half years after the FCC claimed it would target only the most “egregious” instances of indecency. This paper analyzes, among other issues, the troubling implications of the record-setting fine, including arguments against it made by the National Association of Broadcasters. The paper also reviews the FCC’s call for public comment on its fleeting expletive policy, as well as it decision to jettison hundreds of thousands of indecency complaints following Fox Television Stations. Influencing copyright policymaking: An examination of information subsidy in Congressional copyright hearings from 1997 through 2014 • Minjeong Kim, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies • Assuming that the scope and extent of protection embedded in copyright law is a policy choice resulting from a contestable policymaking process, this study traces the copyright policy debate from 1997 through 2014 by focusing on information subsidy to lawmakers at the Capitol. This study reports the findings from a content analysis of 341 testimonies at 60 Congressional hearings that dealt with the issue of copyright. An Examination of Ag-Gag and Data Trespass Statutes • Ray Whitehouse, UNC Chapel Hill • Since 1990, nine states have passed legislation that aims to limit undercover investigations of agricultural operations. These "ag-gag" laws attempt to limit investigations in three ways: by criminalizing recording and reporting on operations, criminalizing deceptive entry into operations, and by mandating that anyone recording abuse report it within a short time period. In 2015, two major events related to ag-gag laws took place. First, a federal judge ruled that Idaho's ag-gag law was unconstitutional. This case decision, the first examining ag-gag laws, cast doubt on the constitutionality of other state ag-gag laws. Second, Wyoming passed a "data trespass" law that criminalized collecting information on “open land” with the intent to give that information to government agencies. Agricultural activists filed suit, claiming that it was an unconstitutional ag-gag law aimed at stopping citizen activists from reporting Clean Water Act violations by ranchers who lease public land from the state. Lawmakers disagreed, arguing that the bill simply strengthened existing trespass laws. This paper compares Wyoming’s data trespass law with all existing ag-gag laws and Idaho’s recently overturned law to examine its constitutionality. This examination is important because it incorporates recent legal outcomes that before now have not been incorporated into analysis of ag-gag laws. It suggests that because both the Idaho and Wyoming laws are similar in their construction and the legal questions in their respective cases are similar, the Idaho decision is very applicable to Wyoming’s data trespass law and casts serious doubts upon the constitutionality of Wyoming’s data trespass statute. Speech v. Conduct, Surcharges v. Discounts: Testing the Limits of the First Amendment and Statutory Construction in the Growing Credit Card Quagmire • Rich Shumate, University of Florida; Stephanie McNeff, University of Florida; Stephenson Waters, University of Florida • This paper examines First Amendment speech concerns and related issues of statutory construction raised by so-called dual-pricing or anti-surcharge statutes that prohibit merchants from imposing “surcharges” on credit card purchases, but allow them to offer “discounts” to cash-paying customers. The paper uses the recent split of authority created by the November 2015 opinion of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in Dana’s Railroad Supply v. Florida and the September 2015 decision by the Second Circuit in Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman as a timely analytical springboard for analyzing these issues. These cases not only test the fundamental dichotomy in First Amendment jurisprudence between speech and conduct, but also the length to which courts should go to provide narrowing constructions to rescue otherwise unconstitutional statutes. Furthermore, the paper argues that dual-pricing laws detrimentally affect not only the right of merchants to speak, but also the unenumerated First Amendment right of consumers to receive speech directly affecting their pocketbooks. Finally, the paper concludes that dual-pricing laws smack of the worst kind of governmental paternalism – a form protecting corporate interests of credit card companies at the expense of consumers. A 'Net' Gain for Society?: Examining the Legal Challenge to the FCC's Net Neutrality Order • Sarah Papadelias, University of Florida • This paper analyzes the FCC’s 2015 net neutrality order and the pending legal challenges against the order. Net neutrality has risen as a prominent social and political issue with many different interests at stake. Initially, this paper discusses the history of net neutrality as a complex regulatory topic. The paper then examines the structure and substance of the 2015 order and explains the three major rules proffered by the order. Next, the paper outlines the legal arguments on each side of the lawsuit, tracking the many briefs submitted in the case. Ultimately, the paper concludes with a proposed judicial opinion predicting the D.C. Circuit’s ruling on the pending proceeding. It appears the FCC has bolstered its new net neutrality rules with the appropriate legal authority and the court likely will uphold the rules. Free Speech v. Fair Disclosure: Does Citizens United Create a Constitutional Challenge for the SEC? • Sonia Bovio, Arizona State University • The U.S. Supreme Court’s Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission ruling may have unexpected bearing on aspects of corporate speech currently regulated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This paper outlines the First Amendment issues related to one SEC disclosure regulation in particular: Regulation Fair Disclosure (Reg FD), as they relate to Citizens United. It demonstrates how Reg FD could withstand constitutional challenges by reviewing elements of Citizens United that may favor the regulation, and by examining the intentions of the Framers of the First Amendment with regard to corporate speech, in particular James Madison’s perspective. 2016 Abstracts]]> 16291 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/mag-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 18:06:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16294 2016 Abstracts]]> 16294 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/mcs-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 18:11:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16296 Moeller Student Competition Influencing the Twitterverse: Agenda setting capabilities of religious leaders • Jordan Morehouse, University of Houston/MA Graduate • This study examined the content published by two international religious leaders on the social networking site, Twitter. A content analysis was performed to describe the content published by the two international religious leaders. Agenda setting theory was used to guide this study. The findings suggest that the religious leaders publish content regarding “teachings or suggestions on how to live.” The findings contribute to literature regarding agenda setting, religion in the media, and social media. Social Media for Socialization? The Mediation Role of Social Media on the Relationship between Sex and Traditional Gender Values • Keonyoung Park, University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Hyejin Kim, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities • By employing selective exposure theory, this study examined the mediation role of social media usage on the relationship between college students’ biological sex and willingness to accept traditional gender values. Findings showed the mediation effects by motivation to use and topic selection but not by time spent in social media. This study is expected to contribute to literature by providing comprehensive understanding of social media as a media reinforcer of socialization and traditional values. Open Competition Am I Depressed, or Is It the Showhole?: Mental Health, Affective Gratifications, and Binge-Watching • Alec Tefertiller, University of Oregon; Lindsey Conlin, The University of Southern Mississippi • Terms like “binge-watching” and the “showhole” suggest a relationship between binge-watching and emotional health. This study sought to understand the relationship between binge-watching and unhealthy emotional traits and regular emotional states such as sadness. The study did not find a conclusive connection between binge-watching and unhealthy emotional traits. However, the study did find emotional states experienced after binge-watching had implications for entertainment gratifications. Propaganda Pros: The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria's Crusade to a Caliphate • Alex Luchsinger, University of South Carolina; Robert Mckeever, University of South Carolina • ISIS has launched a robust media campaign to establish a caliphate throughout the world. They are recruiting around the world, largely because of the broad reach of the Internet. This research focused on ISIS propaganda used to persuade people to support the group. Survey data were collected (N=406) from the U.S. and the 13 other countries with large Muslim populations. Findings indicate that identification mediates the effect of exposure to propaganda on behavioral intention. In Twitter We Trust? Testing the Credibility of News Content from Twitter Sources • Anne Oeldorf-Hirsch, University of Connecticut; Michael Schmierbach; Alyssa Appelman, Northern Kentucky University; Michael Boyle, West Chester University • Twitter has grown as a major news source, yet little is known about trust in the site for news content. This study employed an online experiment (N = 311) to test the effects of attributing the origin of a news story and quotations in news stories to Twitter on perceptions of credibility. Results suggest that strong visual cues of tweets used as quotations in stories have a negative effect, but otherwise effects are minimal. Journalism and Democracy in Kyrgyzstan: Analysis of Victimizations in Kyrgyz Journalism • Bahtiyar Kurambayev • "In-depth qualitative semi-structured interviews with 27 journalists based in capital Bishkek city reveal that Kyrgyz journalists employ avoidance strategy because of potential victimization including lawsuits, physical attacks, arrests, etc. This study also explores what long term effect this victimization produces on journalists themselves and overall freedom of the press in Kyrgyzstan, the country which is viewed as the most democratic in former Soviet Union Central Asian region. The author employed a snowball sampling to locate initial several research participants and seek their suggestions of other journalists. The interviews were held during the period of January 4-January 23, 2016. They were held primarily in Russian language. The practical implications are also discussed." See, Click, Control: Predicting the Popularity of Civic Technology for Social Control • Brendan Watson • Many local news media no longer fulfill their surveillance and feedback control functions. Thus, cities rely on emerging media to maintain social order. This study found that large, pluralistic cities with higher levels of community stress had higher usage levels of the mobile app, SeeClickFix, which allows residents to snap and send photos of community problems to local governments. Implications for structural pluralism theory and research on social functions of emerging civic technologies are discussed. “Liking” and being “liked”: How personality traits affect people’s giving and receiving “likes” on Facebook? • cheng hong, University of Miami; Zifei (Fay) Chen, University of Miami; Cong Li, University of Miami • Using the theoretical framework of gift giving and impression management, this study examined an important social media communication phenomenon—giving and receiving “likes.” Through a survey with 421 Facebook users, four groups of individuals were identified based on their reported frequencies of giving and receiving “likes” on Facebook: “like” enthusiasts, unrequited “likers,” “like”-throbs, and “like” abstainers. The study results revealed that these four groups of Facebook users significantly differed in their personality traits and age. “Dog-Involved Bitings?” Construction of Culpability in News Stories About “Officer-Involved Shootings” • Chris Etheridge, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Rhonda Gibson • The #BlackLivesMatter social movement has drawn renewed attention to a discussion of police use of force throughout the United States. Historically police and media outlets that cover these incidents have tended to individualize situations where police use force on a citizen. This qualitative content analysis attempts to demonstrate that calling these incidents by the controversial term “officer-involved shooting” gives journalists a common reference point for broader discussions about police use of force, race, and accountability. Media Framing of the Confederate Flag Debate in South Carolina • Christopher Frear, University of South Carolina; Jane O'Boyle, University of South Carolina; Sei-Hill Kim • A quantitative content analysis of news stories in three South Carolina newspapers (N=417) examines the framing of the Confederate flag debate in the wake of the 2015 Charleston massacre. Findings from Charleston, Columbia, and Greenville newspapers reveal distinct regional differences in framing and that stories focused on the legislative process in removing the flag more than the flag’s symbolic meaning or the shootings. Co-viewing as social facilitation of children's cognitive processing of educational television content • Collin Berke, Texas Tech University; Travis Loof, Texas Tech University; Rebecca Densley; Eric Rasmussen, Texas Tech University; Justin Keene, Texas Tech University • Previous research has revealed that the mere presence of a parent watching television with a child can influence the child’s cognitive processing of and emotional reactions to that content. This study sought to extend these previous findings by investigating the role of co-viewing on the child’s cognitive processing, as evidenced by psychophysiological orienting responses, of three specific types of information commonly found in educational content: explicit plot, explicit educational, and implicit inference. An experiment was conducted that measured the heart rate of children while watching messages either with or without a parent present in the room. Two main predictions were made in this study. First, parent child co-viewing would lead to greater resource allocation to encoding the message—as indicated by cardiac deceleration. Second, information that required internal processing, such as explicit educational or implicit inferential content would lead to greater resources allocated to internal processing—as indicated by cardiac acceleration. The results of a multi-level model indicate that co-viewing does have an effect on the short term, phasic processing of novel information, and that the three types of information have different and dynamic effects on the overtime processing exhibited by the child. Implications for parental mediation strategies and educational television programming are given. Amplified Gatekeeping: A Theoretical Proposal • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University • This essay reviews gatekeeping theory and proposes a rethinking of gatekeeping in this age when audiences, not just journalists, take part in the production and distribution of news. This paper argues that rather than pit one channel against the other, a more empirically grounded representation of the news construction process is one where both journalist and audience gatekeeping channels are considered. When bits of information pass through the journalist channel and then through the audience channel, they are able to reach more people. When bits of information pass through the audience channel and then through the journalist channel, they are conferred with more legitimacy. When bits of information pass through both journalist and audience channels before reaching the public, gatekeeping becomes amplified. A message testing approach to news media literacy PSAs • Emily Vraga, George Mason University; Melissa Tully, University of Iowa • In an evolving news environment, our understanding of “news media literacy” (NML) must also evolve to equip individuals with the skills to critically engage with news. Using an experimental design, this study tests different NML messages to determine if certain messages appeal to some groups over others and if the effectiveness of the messages depends on the media context in which they are consumed. Findings suggest that context and audience characteristics influence NML message effectiveness. Domestic violence and sports news: How gender affects people’s understanding • Erin Willis; Patrick Ferrucci, U of Colorado; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Chad Painter, Eastern New Mexico University • Domestic abuse has frequented recent headlines among professional athletes and ignited much debate about personal conduct off the field. This study examined if and how participants differentiate between male and female victims and perpetrators of violence; specifically, whether participants placed blame differently when presented a health message in a sports context when it involves a male or female athlete as perpetrator. Results and practical implications are discussed. Online Discourse: Exploring Differences in Responses to Civil and Uncivil Disagreement in News Story Comments • GIna Masullo Chen, The University of Texas at Austin; Pei Cindy Zheng, The University of Texas at Austin • This experiment (N = 499) examined how uncivil and civil disagreement differ in their influence on emotions and intentions to participate politically. Results showed that exposure to uncivil disagreement lead to an increase in negative emotion and a decrease in positive emotions to a greater extent than exposure to civil disagreement or the control. In addition uncivil disagreement – but not civil disagreement – led to an indirect effect on intention to participate politically, operating through emotions. Nasty Comments Anger You More Than Me, But Nice Ones Make Me As Happy As You • GIna Masullo Chen, The University of Texas at Austin; Yee Man Margaret Ng • Two experiments (N = 301; N = 567) showed people perceived online comments posted on news stories had a greater effect on the negative emotions of others, compared to the self, suggesting support for an emotional third-person perception (TPP). In addition, results showed agreement comments had an equal effect on the positive emotions of the self and others, suggesting an emotional first-person effect (FPE). Extrovert and engaged? Exploring the connection between personality and involvement of stakeholders and the perceived relationship investment of nonprofit organizations • Giselle A. Auger, Rhode Island College; MoonHee Cho, University of Tennessee • This study explored the relationship between the big five personality traits – agreeableness, intellect, conscientiousness, emotion, and extroversion – and the involvement, engagement, and perceived relationship investment (PRI) of participants with nonprofit organizations. The role of personality is important because it reflects fundamental qualities that may influence an individual’s behavior. Results demonstrated significant correlation between each trait and involvement, passive engagement, and PRI. Four were also positively correlated to active engagement of participants. The Effect of Pro- and Counter-Attitudinal Exposure on Cognitive Elaboration and Political Participation: Examining The Moderating Role of Emotions in Exposure to Political Satire • Hsuan-Ting Chen, Chinese University of Hong Kong • Results from an online experiment suggest that exposure to political satire can spur or thwart cognitive elaboration and political participation depending on whether the satirical content posits attitude-consistent or counter-attitudinal political views and how viewers respond emotionally to the message itself and the context of the message. Attitude-consistent exposure is more likely than counter-attitudinal exposure to prompt cognitive elaboration, which in turn encourages political participation. Anxiety about the issue can further enhance this relationship. Exposure to counter-attitudinal political satire, however, is a double-edged sword. It can either enhance or impede cognitive elaboration and participation depending on to what extent viewers feel amused by the political satire or are enthusiastic about the issue after exposure to the satire. Verbal Aggression, Race and Sex on Reality TV: Is This Really the Way It Is? • Jack Glascock; Catherine Preston-Schreck • This study presents the results of a content analysis of verbal aggression in a composite week of popular reality TV programming on cable and broadcast television. Also examined were contextual variables including race and sex. Results show that reality programming contains a significant amount of verbal aggression that is often depicted as justified and without consequences. African Americans were found to be overrepresented and depicted as more verbally aggressive and more likely to be victims than other races/ethnicities. Other minorities, Asian Americans and Hispanics, were practically nonexistent. The results are discussed in terms of the potential effects of exposure to verbal aggression and the accompanying contextual factors found in reality TV programming. Sharing or Showing Off? Reactions to Mapped Fitness Routines Posted on Social Media • Jared Brickman; Yujung Nam; Shuang Liu; QIAN YU, Washington State University; Zhaomeng Niu • Sharing fitness achievements on social media has become increasingly popular, including maps that show running routes. The purpose of this study was to investigate mass audience reactions to these types of posts. An online experiment with a 2 (map presence) x 2 (running speed) design was completed by 285 undergraduates. Posts with maps were evaluated using ANCOVA, finding people reacted more positively to maps with fast speeds or text-only posts with slow speeds. How Young Uninsured Americans Respond to News Coverage of Obamacare: An Experimental Test of Emotional and Cognitive Predictors • Jason Martin, DePaul University; Jessica Myrick, Indiana University; Kimberly Walker, University of South Florida • This experiment integrated theory from multiple domains to examine how aspects of news coverage of Obamacare and audience members themselves interact to shape attitudes and intentions. Using a sample of uninsured young adults (N=1,056), we tested a model of the effects of frames, exemplars, political identity, and need for orientation on emotions, attitudes, and intentions. The findings point to the importance of individual differences and message factors in predicting emotions that mediate effects. Examining the social media mourning model: How celebrities are mourned on Twitter • Jensen Moore, University of Oklahoma; Sara Magee, Loyola University Maryland; Jennifer Kowalewski, Georgia Southern University; Ellada Gamreklidze, Louisiana State University • We utilize the Social Media Mourning (SMM) model to content analyze celebrity death Twitter posts from 2011-2014. We examine which of the three communication types, variables within those types, and issues fans use the most when mourning deceased celebrities via social networking sites (SNS). Results indicate mourners engage primarily in One-Way and Two-Way Communication about celebrity deaths via Twitter. Immortality Communication and consequences of communicating about death via SNS were not abundant on this platform. Acknowledging the silly alongside the severe: Mediated portrayals of mental illness as trivializing versus stigmatizing • Jessica Myrick, Indiana University; Rachelle Pavelko • Researchers have documented the ways in which media stigmatize mental illness. However, media also portray mental illness trivially, like when a well-organized closet is akin to obsessive-compulsive disorder. An experiment (N=175) asked participants to recall either a media portrayal where mental illness was stigmatized or a portrayal where it was trivialized. Results suggest that audiences can recall certain components of stigmatization and trivialization, but these mediated portrayals are associated with different psychological perspectives. The effects of media exposure and media attention on sustainability communication • Jinhee Lee; MoonHee Cho, University of Tennessee • The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of consumers’ media exposure and attention on pro-environmental behaviors and the moderating effects of environmental concern and media credibility. Based on an online survey of 503 consumers, the study found positive effects of media exposure and media attention on pro-environmental behaviors. Significant interaction effects between media credibility and environmental concern were displayed. Theoretical and practical implications are addressed. Adolescents’ Third-Person Perception Regarding Media Depictions of Bullying • John Chapin, Penn State • Adolescents consume more than 100 hours of TV per month. Teen shows often address bullying, but the depictions can be simplified and unrealistic. Findings from a survey of 1,593 adolescents indicate 52% of the students believe depictions of bullying on TV are usually realistic, and 35% say victims bring the abuse on themselves. The study uses third-person perception as a theoretical framework, documenting that adolescents believe depictions of bullying on TV affect others more than themselves. Third-person perception was predicted by optimistic bias and Just World Beliefs. Adolescents who exhibit third-person perception are more likely to believe media depictions are realistic and more likely to blame victims of bullying in real life. The Influence of Demographics and News Media Exposure on Philadelphians’ Beliefs About Poverty • Joseph Moore, University of Missouri; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri School of Journalism • This study examined the effect of gender, race, socioeconomic status, political ideology, and media exposure on Philadelphians’ beliefs about the causes of, and most effective solutions to poverty. Analysis of survey data revealed significant effects for all categories. Women, racial minorities, and those with lower incomes were more likely to regard poverty as a structural phenomenon. Greater exposure to television news was found to contribute significantly to individualistic thinking about poverty causes and solutions. Fifteen Years of Framing Research: Is Framing Research Maturing? • Joseph Provencher, Texs Tech University; Benjamin Smith, University of California, Santa Barbara; Cynthia-Lou Coleman, Portland State University • Framing research has grown in recent decades, and critics ask whether research is guided by core elements underpinned by common theories and methodologies: is framing a fractured paradigm? While a handful of scholars argue over paradigms, researchers continue to conduct studies under the heading of framing. We examine features about current research, including theoretical drivers, methodologies employed, whether framing is situated within message or cognitive domains, and whether researchers study framing within a process model. Traumatic Experiences: Measuring Journalists' Trauma Exposure and Emotional Responses • Kenna Griffin, Oklahoma City University • This study measures work-related trauma exposure and emotional trauma symptoms experienced by journalists. It also considers traits of the individual journalists and their exposure that make them more prone to emotional trauma. The 829 respondents reported trauma exposure and symptoms greater than those experienced in the general population and comparable to emergency workers. Age, job experience, and trauma exposure severity, duration and frequency were found to affect the likelihood that journalists would experience symptoms. How can I watch what I eat when I eat while I watch? Examining the role of media in children’s eating behaviors and food consumption • Kim Bissell, University of Alabama; Sarah Pember, The University of Alabama; Kim Baker, University of Alabama; Xueying (Maria) Zhang, University of Alabama • This study examined the use of an iPad app that measured children’s eating behavior and the healthfulness of the foods they consumed throughout the day using the new media device as their source of tracking food consumption. Factors that might predict greater consumption of healthy or unhealthy foods were examined, along with the use of media while eating. Findings suggest the environment in which children are eating food is a strong predictor of the type and amount of food they are eating. Children in the present study who participated in their school’s free or reduced breakfast and lunch program had very little control over the foods they had access to for those meals, and therefore, had a greater likelihood of consuming more unhealthy foods. Children across the sample reported using media while eating at home and further reported family members using devices during mealtimes at home. The use of media while eating food was a significant predictor of more unhealthy food consumption. These and other findings are discussed. Gain-Loss Framing and Emotional Imagery: Testing Valence and Motivational Rules for Matching • Kiwon Seo, Sam Houston State University • An experiment (N = 424) examined how message styles of framing and imagery are matched to affect persuasion. Specifically, they are matched by valence (gain framing + positive images vs. loss framing + negative images) and by motivational direction (framing + approach motivation image vs. framing + avoidance motivation image). The results indicate that (a) visual images attenuated framing effects and (b) valence matching was superior to motivation matching. Political inequalities start at home: Parents, children and the socialization of civic infrastructure online • Kjerstin Thorson; Yu Xu, University of Southern California; Stephanie Edgerly • We use a two-wave panel survey of parent-child dyads to show that the roots of online democratic divides are found in the unequal socialization of political interest. We test a model connecting parent socioeconomic status to family communication in the home and development of youth political interest. We develop a theoretical concept of online civic infrastructure to foreground how social media use in childhood and adolescence may shape future opportunities for civic and political engagement. Suicide reporting: Taiwan public’s opinions about the copycat effects and WHO’s media guidelines • Kuang-Kuo Chang, Shih Hsin University; Eric Freedman • This study examined the opinions of Taiwan’s general public about suicide and its news reporting in application of the World Health Organization media guidelines. Key findings suggest (1) that the copycat effect is strongly perceived by the respondents (2) who, however, assigned causal and treatment responsibilities to suicidal individuals and to the governments, respectively, instead of to the media. More important, respondents surprisingly rated avoiding sensational reporting as least significant among the 10 guidelines. The study discusses implications of the findings in policymaking, public health advocacy, and journalistic practices in preventing the copycat effect of suicide as a serious social problem. “The news you choose”: examining if racial identity trumps other factors when news is negative • Lanier Holt, The Ohio State University; Dustin Carnahan, Michigan State University • An abundance of studies show that people prefer to read stories about people who are like themselves. However, what happens when these stories are negative? This analysis tests racial identity and the black sheep effect to see if in these circumstances will people still prefer stories about their own, or will they select stories that denigrate racial out-groups? We find that even given other factors, racial identity still trumps other factors in people’s news choices. Media Literacy Education and Children’s Unfavorable Attitudes towards Gender Stereotypes and Violence in Advertising in the United States • Laras Sekarasih, UMass Amherst; Christine Olson; Gamze Onut, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Kylie Lanthorn, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Erica Scharrer, University of Massachusetts Amherst • This study examines the effectiveness of media literacy education (MLE) in cultivating critical attitudes towards gender stereotypes and violence in advertising among 4th and 6th graders. Pretest and posttest comparisons suggest stronger unfavorable attitudes towards the presence of violence in advertising upon the completion of MLE. However, stronger unfavorable attitudes towards the stereotypical portrayals of boys and girls in advertising was only found among girls; no significant change was found among boys. Grass Mud Horse: Luhmannian Systems Theory and Internet Censorship in China • Lei Zhang, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse; Carlton Clark, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse • This paper argues that the efforts of the Chinese Communist Party to censor the Internet are likely to undermine the CCP’s credibility in the eyes of the Chinese people. Systems theory as Niklas Luhmann offers powerful theoretical lens through which to observe contemporary events in China. Luhmann argues that global society is a communication system rather than the aggregate of human beings. The Chinese Communist Party can censor or silence particular people, but it cannot shut down the global information network that is transforming China. Blurring the Boundaries between Journalism and Activism: A Transparency Agenda-building Case Study from Bulgaria • Lindita Camaj • This paper explores the relationship between journalists and civil society actors in promoting the Freedom of Information (FOI) right in Bulgaria. It emphasizes the importance of civil society as influential actors in the media agenda-building process and presents a new approach to conceptualize the journalist-nongovernmental organization (NGO) relationship from a cooperative, rather than power-distance, perspective. The alliance between NGO and journalists in Bulgaria resulted in (1) increased public awareness of the FOI right, (2) increased FOI law uses by citizens and journalists, (3) improved the governmental transparency, and (4) enhanced quality of journalistic output. Theoretical and practical relevance of these findings is discussed. Psychological Traits, Addiction Symptoms, and Smartphone Feature Usage as Predictors of Problematic Smartphone Use among University Students in China • Louis Leung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Jingwen Liang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study investigates the effects of psychological traits (i.e., procrastination, leisure boredom, and impulsivity) and addiction symptoms on problematic smartphone use. Data were collected from a random sample of 649 university students. The results showed that procrastination, impulsivity, including sensation seeking and (lack of) perseverance, symptoms of addiction (e.g., inability to control craving, withdrawal, and complaints), and frequent usage of smartphone features for instrumental, relational, expressive, and informational purposes were significant predictors of problematic smartphone use. Be a “Defensive User”: A Study of Opinion Leaders on Chinese Weibo • LUWEI ROSE LUQIU, Penn State University; Michael Schmierbach • This study focuses on the effect of several tactics that the Chinese government implemented to crack down on opinion leaders in social media. Through a 2 x 2 experimental study with Weibo users, it tests the effects of both attacks using negative comments as well as differences in the amount of original content posted. Contrary to expectations, negative comments actually spur greater interest, suggesting that users may have formed a unique culture to protect themselves from government manipulation. Young Latinos’ Satisfaction with the Affordable Care Act and Insurance Preferences: The Role of Acculturation, Media Use, Trust in Health Sources, and Ideology • Maria Len-Rios, The University of Georgia; Yen-I Lee, University of Georgia • The purpose of this study is to assess how individual characteristics of Latinos, including acculturation levels, media use, trust in health resources and ideology, predict Latinos’ satisfaction with the Affordable Care Act. This study is important because Latinos are among those in the U.S. most likely to lack health insurance coverage, and rate access to health insurance as important. We offer an analysis of a national nonprobability online survey (N=434) of Hispanic Americans representing 35 states. Our findings showed that acculturation and political ideology predict satisfaction with the ACA, as well as trust in service providers and information sources. Content-Expressive Behavior: Discussion Network Heterogeneity, Content Expression, and Political Polarization • Matthew Barnidge, University of Vienna; Alberto Ardèvol-Abreu, University of Vienna; Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Vienna • One thriving area of research on participatory media revolves around political expression and the creation of political content. This study analyzes the connections between these behaviors, heterogeneous information networks, and ideological polarization while accounting for the role of emotional intelligence. Results from a two-wave-panel survey of U.S. adults show that people who engage in content-expressive behavior are embedded in heterogeneous information networks, and that emotional intelligence moderates the relationships between content-expressive behavior and political polarization. Like Me: How Facebook Users Engage in Self-Presentation • Megan Mallicoat • This study draws on self-presentation theory to examine how participants strategically present themselves through Facebook. Participants (N=168) were asked to rate their day-to-day Facebook interactions according to a 25-point scale measuring behavior motivated by a taxonomy (Jones & Pittman, 1982) of five self-presentation strategies. Results show self-reported self-presentation efforts on Facebook are similar — but not identical — to prior research regarding self-presentation. Results also suggest Facebook use might be a useful predictor of self-presentation strategies. The Influence of Narrative Messages on Third-Person Perception • Michael Dahlstrom, Iowa State University; Sonny Rosenthal • Narratives can shape perceptions about the world through unique processing pathways, but are audiences aware of this influence? This study explores these questions by bridging the theoretical frameworks of third person perception and narrative persuasion and testing them in an environmental context. Findings suggest that individuals do recognize narratives as having special influence, but only when they perceive the potential effects of a message to be harmful. Anti-intellectualism among Students in Journalism and Communication: A Developmental Perspective • Michael McDevitt; Jesse Benn; Perry Parks, Michigan State University; Jordan Stalker, University of Wisconsin; Taisik Hwang; Kevin Lerner, Marist College • This study measures anti-intellectualism in journalistic attitudes for the first time, and documents developmental influences on anti-intellectualism among undergraduates at five colleges with comprehensive programs in journalism and mass communication. Journalism major and role conceptions generally fail to inoculate students against professional anti-rationalism and anti-elitism. While reflexivity is typically viewed as an expression of critical thinking, support for transparency in news work appears to condone a populist suspicion of intellectuals and their ideas. Drinking at Work: The Portrayal of Alcohol in Workplace-related TV Dramas • Mira Mayrhofer, University of Vienna; Jörg Matthes, U of Vienna • We analyzed the most popular work-related TV-dramas regarding the portrayal of alcohol in a televised workplace environment. Of interest were character-beverage interaction, setting, motivations, topic, valence, and portrayed consequences. Half of all beverage scenes were alcohol-related and a character–beverage interaction was more likely for alcoholic than non-alcoholic beverages. Furthermore, over 30% of all consumed beverages at work were alcoholic and only a few consequences of alcohol were presented. Picturing horror: Visual framing in newspaper coverage of three mass school shootings • Nicole Dahmen, University of Oregon; David Morris II, University of Oregon • Images can and do influence the manner in which audiences understand and remember news. As such, it is critical that scholarship consider visual framing. This study examines visual framing of a timely and disturbing topic: mass shootings. Through content analysis of 4,934 photographs from nine days of newspaper coverage from three mass school shootings, the study found empirical evidence of routinization of coverage and coverage that emphasized the perpetrators at the expense of the victims. The (in)disputable “power” of images of outrage: Public acknowledgement, emotional reaction, and image recognition • Nicole Dahmen, University of Oregon; Natalia Mielczarek; Daniel Morrison, University of Oregon • A recent news image--that of a drowned 3-year-old Syrian boy washed ashore as a result of refugees fleeing Syria--resonated with audiences and leaders, becoming a seeming catalyst for action. But the effect was short lived. Through survey data, this research explores iconic images and visual collective memory, considering connections between public acknowledgement, emotional reaction, and image recognition. Studying such relationships will help us to further understand the (in)disputable “power” of harrowing images. The Religious Facebook Experience • Pamela Brubaker, Brigham Young University; Michel Haigh, Penn State • "This study explores why people (N = 428) use Facebook for religious purposes and the needs engaging with religious content on Facebook gratifies. Along with identifying the uses and gratifications received from engaging with faith-based Facebook content, this research explores whether or not religiosity, the frequency of Facebook use, and the intensity of Facebook use for religious purposes predicts motivations for accessing this social networking site for faith-based purposes. An exploratory factor analysis revealed four primary motivations for accessing religious Facebook content: ministering, religious information and entertainment, spiritual and emotional support, and proselytizing. A multiple regression analysis showed religiosity, the frequency of Facebook use, and the intensity of Facebook use for religious purposes predicted motivations for ministering and seeking religious information and entertainment. Intensity of Facebook use was the only predictor of spiritual and emotional support whereas frequency of engagement with religious content was the only predictor proselytizing." Constructed: Digital journalists, role conception and enactment • Patrick Ferrucci, U of Colorado • This study utilizes social construction theory to examine how digital journalists conceive and enact their roles. Through 37 in-depth interviews with digital-only journalists working across the country for a variety of non-legacy market models, this study found that digital journalists embrace the interpreter role, the advocate role and one new role germane to digital journalism: the mobilizing marketer. The study then examines the routines and norms that have become institutionalized to enact these roles. “Not Strawberry Shortcake Again!”: Exploring Parental Mediation of Pre-School Children’s Book Selection and Book Reading in a Library Setting • Regina Ahn, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Michelle Nelson, UIUC - Advertising Department • Our research investigates parental mediation practices for children’s book selection and reading with an ethnographic approach in a library setting. Findings show the prevalence of licensed media character books and commercial influences on children’s and parents’ book choices (e.g., Strawberry Shortcake). Based on our observations, a typology of parental mediation and social interactions emerged; yet, limits of parental strategies were also explored in the library. Implications and future research directions of the research are discussed. Celebrity Candidate Voters in Campaign 2016: Media Use, Motivations and Political Learning • Stacey Kanihan, University of Minnesota; Hyejoon Rim, University of Minnesota • Drawing from the “celebrity politics” literature, this national survey (n = 1608) examines the influence of a celebrity candidate on voters’ media behaviors during the 2016 U.S. presidential primary. Findings reveal celebrity supporters are mainly driven by entertainment motivations and follow news on television and YouTube, but their predictor of campaign knowledge is news websites. A comparison group of others also learns from Twitter and television. Findings contextualized by the ideal of an informed electorate. The Ironic Effect of Covering Health: Conflicting News Stories Contribute to Fatalistic Views Toward Nutrition • Temple Northup, University of Houston • In the United States, the number of overweight or obese people has increased considerably. This is a serious issue and it is important to investigate what role the media may play in this problem. This research examines some of the psychological mechanisms that could explain the previously identified link between media and an unhealthy diet by specifically testing the effects of reading news stories that contain contradictory (or consistent) health information. Results suggest conflicting health information caused increased negative affect as well as feelings of fatalism related to eating well, an important and known predictor of unhealthy food consumption. Use of Violent War-Themed First Person Shooters and Support for Policies of Military Intervention • Toby Hopp; Scott Parrott; Yuan Wang, The University of Alabama • A survey (n=246) explored the relationship between exposure to violent, war-themed First Person Shooter (FPS) video games and citizen attitudes toward interventionist military policy. Results suggested that frequent exposure/use of war-themed FPS games was positively associated with both moral disengagement and attitudes governing the acceptability of military violence. The data further indicated that moral disengagement was a positive predictor of citizen preference for interventionist military policy. The Changing Media Perceptions and Consumption Habits of College Students: A Media System Dependency Perspective • Todd Holmes, State University of New York at New Paltz; Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida • Using media system dependency (MSD) as a theoretical framework and a series of 12 focus groups over four years, this exploratory study examined how college students’ perceptions and use of traditional and new media platforms and devices changed throughout their years as college students. The findings suggest that college students’ dependency on new media platforms is a function of the ability of these media to facilitate the attainment of understanding, play, orientation, and expression goals. Exploring Flaming, Message Valence, and Strength of Organizational Identity • Troy Elias, University of Oregon; Andrew Reid, University of Southern California; Mian Asim, Zayed University • Mobile applications or “apps,” represent increasingly ubiquitous small digital programs that facilitate a wide array of tasks, including banking, social networking, or monitoring one’s health. This study examines factors that affect consumers' adoption of apps. Specifically, this experimental study explores the impact of negative and positive reviews from ingroup members, in conjunction with flaming comments from outgroup members, on the attitudes and behavioral orientations of those that strongly and weakly identify with an organization. Results of the study reveal that when users are presented with an identity-relevant informational app, those individuals who possess weak levels of organizational identification will have a more favorable attitude toward an organization’s app, attitude toward the app’s brand, and a greater likelihood of purchasing the app after viewing positive reviews versus negative reviews, as opposed to individuals with strong levels of organizational identification, who appear to be less susceptible to negative WOM. Too Hard to Shout Over the Loudest Frame: Effects of Competing Frames in the Context of the Crystallized Media Coverage on Offshore Outsourcing • Volha Kananovich; Rachel Young • This study investigates the effects of competing frames in newspaper coverage of offshoring, an issue that is characterized by explicitly negative media coverage and a single dominant frame. The findings of a randomized, controlled experiment (N=152) demonstrate conventional framing effects on attitudinal change, but show that the attitudes of people with greater interest in economic and political news move away from supporting offshoring if they are exposed to a positively valenced frame. Promoting HPV Vaccination for Male Young Adults: Effects of Descriptive and Injunctive Norms • Wan Chi Leung • This study explores promotions of the HPV vaccination for men, focusing on how social influence plays a role in influencing young male adults’ attitudes toward the HPV vaccine. An online survey was conducted on Amazon Mechanical Turk, and responses from 656 males aged 18-26 in the United States were analyzed. Results indicated that exposure to messages were associated with perceived effects of the messages on others, which related to the perceived descriptive norm of vaccine uptake among other males. However, the perceived injunctive norm was more powerful in predicting support for the HPV vaccination for males than the perceived descriptive norm. Findings point to suggestions for future promotions of the HPV vaccination for males. From immediate community to imagined community: Social identity and the co-viewing of media event • Xi Cui; Jian Rui, Lamar University; Fanbo Su, Guangzhou University • This paper examines how various forms of co-viewing media events, i.e. physical discussion, social media engagement and imagined togetherness, contribute to viewers’ emotional reactions to the live broadcast genre which, in turn, strengthen viewers’ social identity. It is found that, consistent with theorizations of rituals and media events, viewers experience stronger emotional reaction when they actively engage in social interactions of various forms during watching a media event. Among the various co-viewing situations, social media engagement is found to be the strongest predictor of emotional reaction. The emotional reactions further translate into viewers’ social identity that is relevant to the messages conveyed in the media events. The findings provide some answers to the debate regarding the validity of large-scale mediated integrative rituals in contemporary societies. Meanwhile they deepen our understandings of co-viewing behaviors, especially social media engagement, in the consumption of traditional mass-media events. Examining the Interaction Effects between Media Favorability and Recency of Business News on Corporate Reputation • XIAOQUN ZHANG, University of North Texas • This study showed the significant interaction effect between media favorability and recency of business news on corporate reputation, indicating that the second-level agenda setting effect and recency effect take place simultaneously when people use media messages to form corporate reputation. The composite measure of media favorability and recency was superior to the measure of favorability. This study was based on the content analysis of 2,817 news articles from both elite and local newspapers. Becoming Collective Action Experts: Parsing Activists’ Media and Discourse Strategies in China • Yuqiong Zhou, School of Communication, Shenzhen University; Yunkang Yang • Action strategy, media strategy, and discourse strategy are three key strategies of social contention. Compared to action strategy, our understanding of the other two is very limited. This study attempts to analyze the working mechanisms of media and discourse strategies and the co-working mechanisms between the two by employing new theoretical framework and research methods. Based on literature review, we examine the media strategy from the perspectives of mediated content, connective action and media co-empowerment and circulation; we analyze the discourse strategy from the approaches of framing and gaming; and finally we illustrate the coordinating relationship between media and discourse strategies. The meta-analysis of 40 massive incidents during 2009-2014 demonstrates that “time vs. space” and “us vs. them” are the two coordinates of China’s contentious discourse system. The comparative case study of Wukan and Panyu incidents shows that despite the great differences between Wukan villagers and Panyu citizens in demographics, social capital and media literacy, they both demonstrated remarkable wisdom and managed to adjust their media and discourse strategies to fulfilling consensus mobilization, action mobilization, and social mobilization. In particular, Wukan villagers’ creative utilizing of new media deserves further discussion. Student Competition Who has (not) Set Whose Agenda on Social Media? A Big-Data Analysis of Tweets on Paris Attack • Fan Yang, Pennsylvania State University; Tongxin Sun • Utilizing social network, semantic and sentiment analysis, this study investigates agenda setting of 13,784 Tweets on Paris attack. Findings indicate individual Twitter opinion leaders are as influential as media organizations for agenda setting. The significant negative correlations of issue/attribute salience between the agendas of media and individual opinion leaders suggests that rather than setting agendas for each other, the two complement each other in determining “what” and “how” to think about Paris attack on Twitter. The New Gatekeepers: Discursive Construction of Risks and Benefits for Journalism, Silicon Valley, and Citizens • Frank Michael Russell, University of Missouri School of Journalism • This study explores interactions between journalism, Silicon Valley, and citizens based on a qualitative textual analysis of interviews between journalists and technologists in the Riptide oral history of the digital disruption of journalism. Guided by the concept of reciprocity, the study examines how interviewers and interviewees discursively constructed risks and potential benefits in this relationship for journalism, Silicon Valley, and citizens. Interactions were discursively constructed most prominently in terms of risks for journalism. Location-based social networking: Location sharing of the users, by the users, for the users • Kyung-Gook Park, Concentrix; Jihye Kim, University of Florida • The goal of this study is to examine location-based social networking (LBSN) services users’ uses and gratifications and the relationship between the intensity of LBSN services use and trust in location content. The findings demonstrate that the intensity of LBSN services is positively associated with each gratification. In addition, discovery is positively related to trust in user-generated content (UGC), whereas communication is negatively related to trust in ready-made content (RMC). Political self-categorization, geography, and the media: How does news consumption play a role in perceptions of universal human rights? • Lindsey Blumell, Copenhagen Business School/Texas Tech University • Since the end of WWII, the international community via the United Nations has developed a framework of human rights that is meant to be universal to all persons, but political and cultural factors have limited that adoption. This study looks at how overall, transnational, and humanitarian news consumption influences a global audience’s perceptions of human rights. Results of a transnational survey indicate news consumption and political self-categorization are the strongest predictors of human rights attitudes. Media and Anti-Muslim Sentiment in China: A Study of Chinese News Media and Social Media • LUWEI ROSE LUQIU, Penn State University; Fan Yang, Pennsylvania State University • The goal of this study is to determine the relationship between the portrayal of Muslims in Chinese news and social media and anti-Muslim sentiment in China. Analysis of 10 years of news reports about Muslims and Islam on state news media and over 10,000 posts on Weibo, a Chinese microblog equivalent to Twitter, shows an overall negative tone against Muslim, priming a significant stereotype effect. IAT was conducted among non-Muslim Chinese and negative stereotypes about Muslims as a result of media cultivation were detected. A survey of Chinese Muslims showed real-life discrimination to be a consequence of this negative attitude. This study shows that media stereotypes of Muslims are the key factor for anti-Muslim sentiment, because they play an important role in forming public opinion in China. However, although there is a negative attitude toward Muslims on social media, such media have provided an alternative platform for Chinese Muslims to communicate with out-group members and have allowed discussions between Chinese Muslims and non-Chinese Muslims. Complicity, trust or getting through the day? News media institutional norms at the state house • Meredith Metzler • The relationship between elected representatives and reporters is mutually dependent yet antagonist, stemming from the press’ role as a political institution. This qualitative analysis finds that legislative offices understand their institutional role as representation of constituents and the news media’s as a neutral information provider. The results suggest professionalism manifested legislator’s trust in media. Recurring concern over “information correction” suggests legislators find themselves increasingly as fact arbiters in the changing media landscape. Negotiation of Sexual Identity in Gay On-Air Talent on West Texas Mainstream Media • Nathian Rodriguez, Texas Tech University • This analytic autoethnography explores identity negotiation in on-air media personalities in West Texas by augmenting the author’s personal experience with the lived experiences of five other LGBTQ radio/television on-air personalities. Employing the communication of identity theory, results indicate conflicts between the personal and communal frames, the relational and communal frames, and the enactment frame with all other frames. Strategies used to help navigate these conflicts include employment of hegemonic masculinity norms, self-monitoring and assimilation. Effects of Mass Surveillance on Journalists and Confidential Sources: A Constant Comparative Study • Stephenson Waters, University of Florida • This qualitative study explores how national security journalists communicate online using digital security technologies to evade potential surveillance by government authorities. This study follows a panopticism framework, which states that those under real or perceived observation will alter their behavior to be more subservient to authority. Through a series of seven in-depth interviews with journalists, using a constant comparative method, journalists who participated in this study reported that the way they work has changed under a real or perceived threat of mass government surveillance, making their work more difficult and potentially damaging their communications with sources. Many potential interview subjects refused to participate on the record because of the sensitivity and potential risks involved in the discussion of the subject matter. “We can’t stop, and we won’t stop”: Motivated Processing of Sex and Violence in Music Media • Tianjiao (Grace) Wang, Washington State University • This study examines the processing of two types of content commonly found in popular music videos- sex and violence. High sex high violence music videos were the most engaging and memorable messages, potentially creating a flow experience. The motivated cognition perspective proved to be robust in predicting the processing of messages containing motivationally relevant content. 2016 Abstracts]]> 16296 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/med-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 18:18:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16298 Carol Burnett Award Framing Ferguson: Duty-Based Ethical Discourse in the Editorial Pages of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch • Christina DeWalt, The University of Oklahoma • This paper utilizes in-depth textual analysis to examine the editorial content published in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch after the shooting of Michael Brown and throughout the subsequent civil unrest in Ferguson, Missouri. The moral philosophy of W.D. Ross’ and his conceptualization of prima facie duties is employed as an ethical framework in this study. Information policy as a force at the gate • Matt Bird-Meyer, University of Missouri • This case study serves as an exploratory piece utilizing an interdisciplinary perspective in applying theories from journalism and library and information science to understand the nature of information policies at online-only, nonprofit newsrooms. By using information policy as a guide to evaluating the newsgathering process, the goal of this paper is to build insight into the gatekeeping forces these reporters encounter. Open Competition Bias against bias: How Fox News covered Pope Francis’ climate change stance • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Bruno Takahashi; Ryan Thomas, University of Missouri-Columbia • When Pope Francis, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, released his encyclical on climate change in June 2015, the Fox News Channel faced a dilemma. Fox News, the most watched cable news network in the United States, has a positive bias for the Pope. But the network is also known for its bias against man-made climate change. Guided by articulation and cognitive dissonance theories, this study analyzed how Fox News covered Pope Francis’ stance on climate change. The analysis found a clear ambivalence in Fox News’ coverage and identified four discursive strategies that the network news used to navigate discursive dissonance. Moral Exemplars in Advertising: A Rhetorical Criticism of WPP Websites • Erin Schauster, University of Colorado Boulder; Tara Walker; Margaret Duffy, Missouri School of Journalism • To encourage a sustainable, ethical marketing communications (marcom) industry, ethical exemplars are needed. Wire and Plastic Products (WPP) is a British multinational advertising and public relations company, which holds approximately 350 marcom companies worldwide. WPP’s website states that all WPP companies behave under the “values of honesty, integrity and respect for people.” This rhetorical analysis examines the extent to which these codes and the rhetoric on subsidiaries' websites call upon Kantian ethics and standards for moral reasoning and whether they should be seen as moral exemplars for the industry. Analyzing the Intersection of Transparency, Issues Management and Ethics: The Case of Big Soda • Kati Berg; Sarah Feldner • As stakeholders demand more transparency from corporations, corporations must continually engage in practices of issues management and legitimacy building. In an increasingly saturated and technology-driven communication environment, issues management has never been as salient for public relations practitioners and communication managers. Coombs and Holladay highlight the reality that what might be considered good public relations practices relative to organizational aims, might not be considered to be good ethical practice. This tension is one that public relations scholars and practitioners must examine. This paper analyzes Coca-Cola’s reaction to public criticism of its products and their connection to obesity rates and type 2 diabetes. This case is illustrative because it brings to light a particular framework for understanding corporate issue management within an ethical frame. The public commentary and media critique made it clear that the tactics of Coca-Cola were not fitting with broader social expectations. We argue here that the problem with Coca-Cola’s public relations efforts were not simply because the public did not approve nor should the problem be understood as an inherent lack of ethicality in issues management and legitimacy building efforts. The root of the problem comes to light when this is considered in the way in the approach to issues management and legitimacy building. Nazila Fathi’s 2009 Expulsion from Iran: The Ethical Implications of Partnering with “Local” Journalists in Foreign Correspondence • Lindsay Palmer • This article examines the ethical complexity of the partnership between mainstream, Anglophone news organizations and the "local" or "native' journalists who help them cover politically precarious stories. I take Iranian-Canadian journalist Nazila Fathi's 2009 persecution in Iran as a case study. Drawing upon an interview with Fathi, as well as 42 other qualitative, semi-structured interviews with locally-based journalists who work with Anglophone news outlets, I address two ethical issues: 1) the safety of the locally-based journalists, who are often targeted by their own governments for working with westerners, and 2) the ways in which western news outlets problematically represent or ignore the challenges faced by their locally-based employees. Dueling Ethics Scandals: Rolling Stone, Brian Williams, and a Damaged Paradigm. • Raymond McCaffrey • This study examined how journalists defended their profession in the face of simultaneous ethics scandals involving Rolling Stone magazine and NBC news anchor Brian Williams. An analysis of more than 2000 stories for both cases revealed that in response to Rolling Stone’s disputed rape story, journalists responded in a manner consistent with traditional paradigm repair, but failed to develop a discursive strategy to contextualize Williams’ false statements about being on helicopter that crashed in Iraq. The Royal Family, The British Press, and a Hoax: Evaluating Journalistic and Public Responses • Teri Finneman, South Dakota State University; Ryan Thomas, University of Missouri-Columbia • This study contributes to an ongoing discussion regarding the relationship between the British press and the royal family of that country, specifically pertaining to issues of privacy. We examine opinion columns and letters to the editor in response to a hoaxing incident perpetrated by Australian deejays that was attributed as a factor in the death of a nurse at the hospital where Kate Middleton was receiving care. We found that while some journalists condemned the hoax in strong terms, attacking the deejays and the station for their conduct, others used consequentialist reasoning to suggest the hoax was an innocent “prank” that went wrong. Some moved beyond the immediate case to consider broader cultural factors that led to the hoax, including the demand for stories about the royal family. We found that readers were deeply critical of the hoax, expressing sympathy for Middleton. Some letter writers broadened the scope of their commentary beyond the immediate hoax to scrutiny of “media” personnel writ large. It is noteworthy that members of the public were apt to blame the media, while members of the press were apt to blame the public, or the culture at large, for lapses in ethical behavior. Our findings indicate tentative evidence of ongoing consideration of ethical boundaries as they pertain to royal privacy issues. On the Unfortunate Divide Between Media Ethics and Media Law • Theodore L. Glasser, Stanford University; Morgan Weiland, Stanford University • A conceptual merger between media ethics and media law creates opportunities for intellectually and pedagogically richer accounts of media norms than either area of study can achieve on its own. Bridging the divide between media ethics and media law— understanding ethics and law as functionally complementary domains of inquiry — improves the prospects for developing an overarching normative framework that cultivates the principles that clarify the rights and responsibilities of an independent and democratic press. 2016 Abstracts]]> 16298 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/mme-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 18:20:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16301 2016 Abstracts]]> 16301 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/mac-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 18:25:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16304 Faculty Research Competition Mediating the President’s American Otherness from ‘Birthers’ to bin Laden: Television-news representations of Barack Obama, false balance, and power • Angie Chuang, American University School of Communication; Anwulika Ngene • Studies on the racial and religious identity of President Barack Obama, and news media coverage related to the topic, have revealed complex, but consistent, patterns of Othering amid complex news-media messages. While some of these messages, including those from Obama itself, appear to subvert blackness, consistent news-media-fueled attacks on his religion, patriotism, and his citizenship by U.S. birth have driven a dominant culture vs. outsider binary consistent with Stuart Hall’s theories of representation. In one extraordinary week in 2011, these cultural codes were tested in the news media as billionaire Donald Trump publicly demanded Obama’s original birth certificate, fueling an existing “birther” controversy. Later the same week, Obama announced that Osama bin Laden had been killed in a U.S.-led raid, and in this act of reauthorizing his Americanness, effectively silenced Trump and news-media coverage of “birthers.” This study of U.S. television-news coverage during and around that time period finds that journalists contextualized the foreign vs. American aspects of Obama’s identity to construct a mediated form of Americanness afforded to Other out-groups in previous studies. Furthermore, television news networks displayed false balance in positioning Trump’s claims as more or less equal to Obama’s assertion that he was born in the United States. Priming Black Lives Matter Support: Interaction Effects in the Black and Mainstream Presses • Benjamin LaPoe, Western Kentucky University; Victoria LaPoe, WKU; Jocelyn Porter; Hope Bradford • This study examined three independent variables (online newspaper type, photo demographics, and language) priming support for Black Lives Matter protests and perceptions of story credibility. The inclusion of language characteristic of black press stories and a photo of black protestors primed support for Black Lives Matter protests. Being a black newspaper did not prime perceived credibility of the story and did not prime an increase or decrease in support for Black Lives Matter. Latino is the New Black: Racial Disparities in Network Television Coverage of Major League Baseball Games. • James Rada, Ithaca College; K. Tim Wulfemeyer, San Diego State University • This research sought to determine whether racially biased commentary is present in televised coverage of professional baseball. Results showed that racial biases that were directed toward African American players in the past still exist, but are now directed toward Latino players. Given baseball’s demographics, which include a significant number of Latino players, this research fills an existing gap in the research while at the same time expanding the discussion beyond the historical Black/White dichotomy. Using media literacy to counter stereotypical images of Blacks and Latinos • Joseph Erba, University of Kansas; Yvonnes Chen; Hannah Kang, University of Kansas • Critical analysis and deconstruction of media messages have the potential to promote favorable attitudes toward racial minorities. This study tested two types of media literacy interventions (critical and stereotype) aimed at enhancing college students’ attitudes towards Blacks and Latinos. Both interventions enhanced participants’ attitudes but the stereotype intervention was more effective than the critical one, both for short- and long- term effects. Implications address how to use media literacy to enhance conversation about race relations. Racial Congruence Effect in Candidate Coverage: How Race Affects News Coverage of In- and Out-group Candidates • Mingxiao Sui; Newly Paul; Paru Shah, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Political Science Department; Johanna Dunaway, Department of Communication, Texas A&M University; Brooksie Chastant, Louisiana State University • This paper examines how the race of a journalist, the race of a legislator, and the race of the audience may intersect to influence news coverage of legislative candidates. Data for analysis are from the 2012 state legislative races, corresponding news coverage data, and 2012 ASNE Newsroom Census data. Our findings suggest two intriguing and important patterns. First, candidate coverage is largely driven by the news media’s racial considerations, such that minority reporters cover white and minority candidates in different ways. Second, when the race of reporters, candidates, and audiences intersect, reporters tend to provide more positive coverage of their in-group candidates while creating more negative coverage of the other out-group candidates. Do Black Lives Matter?: A Content Analysis of New York Times and St. Louis Post Dispatch Coverage of Michael Brown Protests • Mohamad Elmasry, University of North Alabama; Mohammed el-Nawawy, Queens University of Charlotte • This study employed content analysis to examine how the New York Times and St. Louis Post Dispatch framed ‘Black Lives Matters’ protests in the aftermath of the shooting of unarmed black teenager Michael Brown. The researchers examined all Times and Dispatch articles dealing centrally with the Michel Brown protests during three separate time periods corresponding to heavy protest activity. The coding scheme measured dominant frame direction, article length, sourcing and mention of protester crimes. Contrary to expectations, the papers provided overwhelmingly sympathetic coverage of ‘Black Lives Matters’ protests. In describing the protests, both newspapers were much more likely to employ a ‘positive’ frame suggesting peacefulness and order than a ‘negative’ frame suggesting lawlessness and deviance. Neither newspaper over-emphasized protester-perpetrated crimes, with both papers making relatively infrequent mention of looting, arson, assault, and gunfire, respectively. Importantly, both newspapers directly quoted protesters much more often than they quoted police officers and other government officials. More than Just a Tweet: Understanding Black Americans’ Instrumental Use of Twitter • Roselyn J. Lee-Won, The Ohio State University; Tiffany White, The Ohio State University; Bridget Potocki, The Ohio State University; Sung Gwan Park, Seoul National University • The strong presence of Black Americans on Twitter has attracted scholarly attention. Drawing on the uses and gratifications framework on identity-related needs and goal-directed media use, social identity theory, and the rejection-identification model, we examined how discrimination experience, group identification, and racial agency shape Black Americans’ instrumental use of Twitter. An online survey conducted with 323 Black Twitter users living in the United States revealed that the experience of racial discrimination indirectly predicted three types of instrumental use of Twitter (information seeking, opinion expression, and socializing) only through serial mediation of group identification and racial agency. In line with the key postulates of the theoretical frameworks that guided our hypotheses, the results demonstrated that group identification and identity-related needs played a mediating role in the relationship between the socio-structural conditions and the patterns of social media use that are goal-directed and purposeful in nature among Black Twitter users. Trust and credibility: Race and its effects on audience perceptions of news information from broadcast news and anchors • Sadaf Ali, Eastern Michigan University; Fred Vultee, Wayne State University • This study follows previous research in race and identity that defines “Brown” as a body that is perceived as a threat to the American government and the social values of the country, deemed as being un-American. Conversations post-9/11 have divided “browned” groups as threats or as “model minorities.” This research sees “Brown” and “browned bodies” defined as those from the Orient, while “White” is viewed as the Occident. The research will also further the conversation on the amplifying effects of media securitization on prevalent “othered” frames by examining how audiences respond to potential “threats.” The experiment asks audiences to determine whether the information they are viewing is trustworthy and authentic based on the racial makeup of the news presenter and the way the threat is presented. It uses framing theory to examine how meaning is made and shared in media accounts. Finding the impact zone: Testing health news for the Native American audience • Sherice Gearhart, Texas Tech University; Teresa Trumbly-Lamsam, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Casey Riesberg, University of Nebraska at Omaha • News media are key sources of health information for the public. Using a 2x2x2 between-subjects design, participants (N = 209) at a powwow responded to questions assessing knowledge and intent to read stories. Results revealed thematically framed stories encouraged knowledge acquisition among non-Natives. An interaction between diabetes news with thematic framing enhanced knowledge among Natives and the general population. Results suggest message strategies can effectively convey health information to Native Americans and non-Native populations alike. Ethnic media as communities of practice: The cultural and institutional identities • Sherry Yu • In an increasingly multicultural, multiethnic, and multilingual media environment, ethnic media are an important part of the public sphere, and the process in which ethnic discourse is produced deserves attention. This paper advances Husband’s work on ethnic media as communities of practice by exploring ethnic media of young diaspora. Just as ethnic communities are heterogeneous across ethnic groups, depending on immigration history, demographics, and communication infrastructure, among other factors, ethnic media as communities of practice are never homogeneous and lineal practices. The case of Korean media in Vancouver and Los Angeles, one of the most rapidly growing ethnic media sectors in North America, suggests two new identities—cultural identity and institutional identity—in addition to the journalists’ subjective identities which Husband discussed. These two identities that are specific to Korean media confirm diversity within communities of practice and suggest the variations to be considered in the broader discussion of ethnic media as communities of practice. We talk of what we care about: Understanding climate change perceptions and attitudes across Hispanic, African American, and Anglo racial/ethnic groups • Troy Elias, University of Oregon; Nicole Dahmen, University of Oregon; Daniel Morrison, University of Oregon; Deborah Morrison, University of Oregon; David Morris II, University of Oregon • This research uses survey data from 923 individuals with an equal distribution of Hispanic, African-American, and Anglo participants. With the goal of understanding ethnic populations’ perceptions of climate change, the study examined five factors: (1) knowledge, (2) perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy, (3) social comparison, (4) ideologies, and (5) risk perception, through the theoretical lens of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Study findings show differences in knowledge, attitudes, and intentions to adopt ameliorative, pro-environment behaviors. Student Paper Competition Obsessing Over the White: The Effects of Fairness Cream Commercials on Pakistani-American Women. • Aqsa Bashir, University of Florida • This study examines the effects of two types of message appeals (emotional Vs. cognitive) in conjunction with two cultures influencing Pakistani-American women’s ideal skin color. Asian society holds fair skin equivalent to female beauty and cosmetic companies have benefited the most from this by developing a number of fairness creams. A growth in this industry shows Eastern women still conform to ‘white beauty’ while Western women are striving for a sun kissed tan skin. Pakistani-American women are likely to be influenced by both the Pakistani and the Western environment they grew up in, thereby causing changes in their ideologies. The current study found that the hegemonic American culture played a significant role in shifting the Pakistani woman’s ideal skin color toward a darker spectrum. Also Pakistani-American women did not conform to their Asian preference of fair skinned beauty and indicated a satisfaction with their skin color on the whole. Comparative newspaper coverage of the twentieth century African American freedom struggle • Christopher Frear, University of South Carolina • This systematic literature review examines comparative studies of newspaper coverage of the twentieth century African American freedom struggle. Media historian Michael Schudson wrote that the language used by the media influences collective memory about those people and events. Whether in digital, microfilm, or print archives, newspapers continue to shape the discourse about historical events. Increasing digital access to historical African American newspapers should be an important goal for media archivists for a robust, multi-perspective memory. When video becomes salient: how ethnic and mainstream newspapers framed the Sandra Bland controversy • Earlesha Butler, University of Florida • "This study analyzed ethnic and mainstream newspaper coverage to determine how each framed the arrest and death of Sandra Bland after the releasing of public video of Bland’s controversial arrest. The study attempted to find if ethic and mainstream newspapers shifted from their traditional news frames. Ethnic newspapers less frequently provided thematic coverage, while mainstream newspapers more frequently framed the story as a conflict. The conflict frame also was more often linked to public video of Bland’s arrest. However, both mainstream and ethnic publications used the attribution of responsibility frame equally, suggesting that the video may have led to a shift in news coverage as both ethnic and mainstream newspapers alike provided news and editorial coverage that addressed social factors illustrated in the video footage. Black Lives Matter 5280: Bridging Love and Disruptions With Community, Meetings and Social Media • Gino Canella, University of Colorado Boulder • This paper complicates the radical pluralistic politics of social movements through an ethnographic case study of Black Lives Matter 5280 in Denver, Colorado. I examine the organization’s social media activities and public community meeting practices to show how activists challenge negative representations of social movements portrayed by the news media; educate and inform its members; and build bridges between the movement and community organizers, journalists, elected officials, and the public. These strategies build a cohesive movement based on shared struggles. Media Politics of Belonging • Miriam Hernandez • The present project explores and compares the reporting trends of the cultural aspect of immigration in the 1982-2012 timeframe in the Los Angeles Times. Drawing from assimilation and framing theories, a content analysis was conducted on cultural frames (“immigrant as other” and “inclusion of immigrants”) to examine their background, their evolution in the last decades and the journalistic devices of their reporting. A total of 364 news stories were collected, and 112 had explicit references to cultural arguments. The findings indicate that although progress has been made towards a fairer and more personal representation of the immigrants’ lives in the United States; the exclusion arguments have moved away from just the cultural characteristics, into broader and more abstract subjects, such as the discussion of their political importance to political parties and the passing of legislation to regulate their residence in the country. At the Border: A comparative examination of U.S. newspaper coverage about unaccompanied immigrant minors • Ricardo Valencia, University of Oregon • In 2014, the U.S. media extensively covered the arrival of thousands of unaccompanied children from Central American to the southern borders. This research attempted to examine if newspapers in cities with high concentrations of Central Americans (Los Angeles Times and The New York Times) and newspapers in cities with low concentrations of Central Americans (The Oregonian and The Seattle Times) covered the issue in a different fashion. The goal was to analyze if the concentration of foreign-born Central Americans could influence the journalistic routines of the newspapers. Using a quantitative analysis of over 150 articles and 900 sources of information, this study examines the pattern of source selection and the articles’ relevance. It finds that the patterns of source selection between the two types of newspapers are similar; a tendency that places Latino sources as peripheral actors. However, newspapers in cities with high concentration of Central American give significantly more relevance to the articles related to the flow of immigrant children. The research concludes by suggesting that a concentration of immigrants may play an important role in the presentation of information in English-speaking newspapers. 2016 Abstracts]]> 16304 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/news-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 18:33:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16307 Open Competition Can breaking news coverage fix lack of government openness? A case study of content strategies at Egypt’s increasing popular Youm7 online newspaper • Ahmed Orabi, Journalism Department, College of Media, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Eric Meyer, University of Illinois • "Increased attention to breaking news coverage of incremental developments rest have helped make Youm7 an Egyptian online newspaper one of the nation’s most frequent online destinations since Egypt’s Arab Spring unrest. This qualitative case study examines how and why the transformation occurred. It is based on four weeks of field work between April 8 and May 3, 2015, inside Youm7’s newsroom using three tools: ethnographic observation, in-depth interviews with 20 journalists and content analysis. The Costs of Risky Business: What Happens When Newspapers Become the Playthings of Billionaires? • Alex Williams, University of Pennsylvania; Victor Pickard • This manuscript analyzes the actions of individuals that purchase struggling metro newspapers. We first contextualize the journalism crisis by reviewing the business model of the newspaper industry in the 20th century. To understand who buys metro newspapers, we then chronicle the most prominent newspaper acquisitions in 2011 and 2012: The San Diego Union-Tribune, The Philadelphia Inquirer, and the Orange County Register. We discuss three types of new owners: politicos; venture/vulture capitalists; and benevolent billionaires. Tweeting news during a crisis: How professional norms influenced Ferguson coverage • Amber Hinsley, Saint Louis University; Hyunmin Lee, Saint Louis University • "This study explores journalists’ professional norms during a crisis by content analyzing their tweets in the week following Michael Brown’s death in Ferguson, Mo. It also identifies norms that resonated with the public and compares print and broadcast journalists. Journalists adhered to their objectivity norm, but broadcast journalists’ opinion tweets were more likely to be retweeted. Implications include whether journalists should have different social media policies, and if certain audience engagement measures should be reassessed. The Portrayal of Schizophrenia in Legacy and Digital Native News • Anna Rae Gwarjanski, The University of Alabama; Scott Parrott; Brian Roberts; Elizabeth Elkin • A quantitative content analysis compared coverage of schizophrenia in legacy news websites and digital native news sites. Researchers coded 558 articles for the presence/absence of stereotypes concerning schizophrenia, the number and type of sources directly quoted, and the valence of source commentary and overall articles. Articles from legacy news sites stood greater chance of containing stereotypes about schizophrenia. Articles from legacy news sites stood greater chance of containing an overall negative valence about schizophrenia. The Disappearance of the Front Page: Measuring Heterogeneity of Newspaper Stories in Print, Online and Mobile • Arthur Santana, San Diego State University • This paper examines the uniformity of news stories across three platforms – print, online and mobile – from the same newspaper, on the same day, at the same time of day. Using 50 U.S. newspapers in two constructed weeks, this paper quantitatively investigates the similarities of the top stories (N = 6,300) in each medium. Findings build on the theory of agenda setting in a digital age and prompt new discussions about the effects of media fragmentation. Framing the same-sex marriage ruling: How audience ideology influences newspaper coverage • Brandon Szuminsky; Chad Sherman • This 487-newspaper study investigated the substantive differences in the media agenda of the 2012 Supreme Court ruling legalizing same-sex marriage, as represented by newspaper front page coverage, with emphasis on differences in coverage between “red” and “blue” states. Framing decisions expressed through headline word choice and space allocation were analyzed as examples of variation within the media agenda. The findings suggest the media agenda is in fact significantly impacted at the local level. A network approach to intermedia agenda-setting: a big data analysis of traditional, partisan, and emerging online U.S. news • Chris Vargo, University of Alabama; Lei Guo, Boston University • This large-scale intermedia agenda-setting analysis examines U.S. online media sources for 2015. Based on the NAS Model, the results showed news media of different types set network agendas to various degrees. Agendas were highly reciprocal. Online partisan media best explained the entire media agenda. The agendas of the New York Times and the Washington Post were more likely to be caused by emerging media. NAS effects varied by media type, issue type and time periods. Newspaper front page photographs: Effects of image consumption in a digital versus print news format • Daniel Morrison, University of Oregon; Nicole Dahmen, University of Oregon; David Morris II, University of Oregon • Based on a volume of scholarship citing differences in recall and knowledge of text-based content consumed from print versus digital platforms, this experimental research found certain significant differences regarding the same visual content viewed in a print versus digital format. Study findings indicate that technological change (digital consumption) has effects for communication consumption regarding images, which may underlie the changing nature of iconic images and iconic image formation in the age of digital news. Did Black lives matter? The evolution of protest coverage after the deaths of Trayvon Martin and Michael Brown • Danielle Kilgo, University of Texas at Austin; Rachel Mourao; George Sylvie • "This study utilizes devices from the protest paradigm to examine news media coverage of protests surrounding the judicial decisions of George Zimmerman and Darren Wilson. A content analysis of national newspaper coverage shows that coverage prior to the judicial rulings focused on protestors’ tactics (violence versus peaceful) and changed to the realm of ideas (grievances and demands) after the acquittals. No progression was found in legitimization of protests. Why editors use human interactive features: Individual, organizational, and community level factors • Deborah Chung, University of Kentucky; Seungahn Nah • Employing Shoemaker and Reese’s hierarchy of influences approach (1996), we investigate factors affecting U.S. daily news editors’ use of human interactive features that facilitate the expression of ideas (customization features) and dialogue/discussion (interpersonal features). Individual-level factors were found to predict the use of customization features while organizational characteristics predict the use of interpersonal features. When individual and organizational variables were removed, the community structural variable emerged as a predictor for use of interpersonal interactive features. Who Is Willing to Pay? Understanding Readers’ Payment Intention of News • Donghee Wohn; Mousa Ahmadi, New Jersey Institute of Technology • Despite the increase of people paying for digital content, media companies have been experiencing limited success to get people to pay for news. We conducted interviews (N= 25) to examine why people are inclined or disinclined to pay for news. We then conducted a survey (N= 250) to examine how much people would be willing to pay for news and the differences between fixed rate and pay-what-you-want models. We then examined differences in motivation and news engagement between three groups: those who did not want to pay anything (savers), people who were inclined to pay very little (scrimpers), and people who were willing to pay for news services (spenders). Understanding differences between these groups not only helps inform business models, but also demonstrates that changes in design could alter people’s attitudes about paying for news. 5 Ways BuzzFeed is Transforming (Or Preserving?) the Journalistic Field • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University • Guided by field theory and the concept of journalistic boundary work, this study sought to examine whether BuzzFeed, a new agent in the journalistic field, is participating in the preservation or transformation of journalism. This was carried out by analyzing its news outputs based on the markers—or boundaries—that defined traditional journalistic practice, such as news values, topics, formats, and norms. The analysis found that while news articles produced by BuzzFeed are exhibiting some departures from traditional journalistic practice, in general BuzzFeed is playing by the rules, which might explain its legitimation as a recognized agent in the field. Giving in or giving up: What makes journalists use audience feedback in their news work? • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Patrick Ferrucci, U of Colorado • Guided by the theory of planned behavior, this study sought to identify factors that lead journalists to monitor and incorporate audience feedback in their news work through Twitter and web analytics. Based on a survey of 360 online journalists in the United States, this study found that journalists’ personal attitudes toward using audience feedback, organizational policy on the use of audience feedback, as well as how much knowledge and skill they think they currently have to use audience feedback in their work, affect their intention to use, and ultimately, their actual use of, audience feedback in their editorial decisions. Divvying Up How We Spend Time With News Devices and Channels • Esther Thorson, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Samuel Tham, University of Missouri - School of Journalism • Americans spent around 70 minutes a day consuming news. With so many ways to access news, what variables determine how much time we spend with legacy media like newspapers and television, and what leads to digital and mobile usage. This study develops a model of the variables that lead to device and channel choices for news, which is tested in a national sample of 1000 adults. Differently Pitiless: Representations of Immigrants in Episodic and Thematic Frames. A Transatlantic Comparative Analysis • Francesco Somaini, Central Washington University • This study investigated the representations of immigrants emerging from news stories in Arizona and Italy and the relationship between online comments attached to those stories and the episodic or thematic frame used to tell them. Quantitative content analysis was used in a comparative approach across regions that constitute borderlands between first and second world countries. Implications of framing for journalists covering minorities and disempowered groups are discussed. Local Newspaper Use in Hawaii Fosters Acculturation to Local Culture, Community Ties and Involvement • Francis Dalisay, University of Guam; Masahiro Yamamoto, University at Albany - SUNY; Chamil Rathnayake; Joanne Loos, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Kapiolani Ching, University of Hawaii at Manoa • We use the case of Hawaii to test a proposed mediation model positively linking local newspaper use with community ties (i.e., social cohesion and trust) and community involvement via acculturation to local culture. Findings revealed acculturation to local culture was associated with higher social cohesion, trust, and community involvement. Also, local newspaper use had an indirect positive association with sense of belonging, feelings of morale, social trust, and community involvement through its positive association with acculturation to local culture. News of the future: Journalism organizations’ members look at content, news practice, their jobs and their organizations • Fred Vultee, Wayne State University • This paper uses an online quantitative survey to explore the attitudes of members of journalism organizations toward journalism and the workplace, likely trends in employment, and what services those organizations should – and do – provide. By examining multivariate relationships rather than univariate measures, it offers suggestions for journalism organizations, employers, educators, and others interested in how journalists and colleagues in related professions see the world after the impact of the recession and the loss of revenue. Normalizing Online Commenting: Exploring How Journalists Deal with Incivility on News Sites • GIna Masullo Chen, The University of Texas at Austin; Paromita Pain, The University of Texas at Austin • In-depth interviews with 34 journalists reveal they are becoming more comfortable with online comments and often engage with commenters to foster deliberative discussions or quell incivility. However, our data also suggest some journalists feel discomfort with engaging in this way for fear it breaches the journalistic norm of objectivity. Overall, findings suggest journalists are not ceding their gatekeeping role to the public through comments, but rather re-asserting it through moderating objectionable comments and engaging. Active yet Passive: Students media habits begin with active choice, evolve to passive consumption • Hans Meyer, Ohio University; Burton Speakman • The definition of media habits must include more than one dimension: active choice. LaRose (2010) calls for expanding the theory to include active and passive use. This study advances LaRose’s call through at nationwide survey of more than 1,000 current college students. It finds that the main attitudes that drive frequent media usage are active, such as need to be involved, and passive, such as the need to know. In fact, the media students use demonstrate an evolution from a one-time active choice to passive attention. This is especially true for social media where students mainly seek entertainment and connection but end up getting a lot of important news and information. The Reluctant Prosumer/Produser: Limited User Interest in Interactivity Offered by a Metropolitan Newspaper • Jackie Incollingo, Rider University • A mixed methods research project combining two quantitative survey results (n=632 and n=1,248) with semi-structured interview data (n=30) explored how users of a newspaper’s digital content engage with interactive features, and whether these features satisfy their desires. Although the literature celebrates the potential of prosumption (where the activities of consumer and producer converge), this research indicates that digital users do not prioritize sharing stories online, and reported little desire to leave comments or create content. Groundbreaking Storytelling or Dancing Hamsters? What Eyetracking Tells Us About the Future of Longform Journalism • Jacqueline Marino; Susan Jacobson; Robert Gutsche • As journalists continue to integrate multimedia into longform journalism, news organizations wrestle with questions of audience interest and economic sustainability. To investigate audience reception to digital longform journalism, this study employs eyetracking technology and interviews with audience members to understand their interactions with text, video, and other elements. It also explores how digital longform journalism may attract and retain audience interest. Keywords:audience, digital journalism, eyetracking, longform journalism, mobile Driving Las Vegas: News Coverage of Uber’s Clash with Unions in Sin City • Jessalynn Strauss, Elon University; Lauren Bratslavsky • This paper looks at the framing of Uber’s expansion into Las Vegas by the local newspaper of record, the Review-Journal. It examines and unpacks the complicated context of the fight between Uber and taxicabs in Las Vegas, taking into account the city’s strongly union history. The framing analysis pays particular attention to the portrayal of union opposition to Uber expansion in an attempt to determine how the newspaper mediates understanding of organized labor in this particular case. “Two Cheers for ‘Doing It All’: Skills and Newspaper Reporting Jobs” • John Russial, University of Oregon • "This study looks at newspaper reporting jobs ads in order to examine whether reporters need to be able to “do it all” ¬– producing text, video and photography and using social media. It is based on content analyses of JournalismJobs.com, a major online marketplace. Photography and social media are mentioned considerably more often than video skills. Photo skills are more important for weeklies and social media for dailies. The results raise questions about what type of cross-platform training is necessary. Journalists’ Use of Knowledge in an Online World: Examining Reporting Habits, Sourcing, and Institutional Norms • John Wihbey, Northeastern University • There has been little empirical study of how journalists are drawing on and applying academic research and systematic knowledge. This paper examines data from an original online survey (n = 1,118). A multivariate analysis finds that knowledge usage is more likely among journalists with certain forms of training, a national audience, and more coverage specialization. Politics and television reporting were associated with lower levels of engagement with expert knowledge. The contextualist function: U.S. newspaper journalists value social responsibility • Karen McIntyre; Nicole Dahmen, University of Oregon; Jesse Abdenour • A survey evaluated U.S. newspaper journalists’ attitudes toward contextual journalism — stories that go beyond the immediacy of the news and contribute to societal well-being. Results indicated that journalists highly value professional roles associated with contextual journalism. Responses revealed new journalistic role functions, including the “Contextualist.” Contextualists and traditional journalists expressed positive attitudes toward contextual journalism forms — solutions journalism, constructive journalism and restorative narrative — while adversarial and market-oriented journalists had negative attitudes toward contextual journalism. The Viability of Peace Journalism in Western Media Environments • Kimberly Foster; Beverly Horvit, University of Missouri School of Journalism • "Conflict is pervasive and inevitable. Although not all conflicts lead to violence, violent conflicts have left a measurable toll of devastation. Peace journalism, a concept born in the 1970s, aims to frame news in a way to provide a comprehensive understanding of conflict that empowers more insightful critical public discourse. This paper addresses the theoretical challenges to peace journalism practices and provides insight into opportunities for in-depth reporting from conflict zones by Western media practitioners. #LoveWins: Sharing breaking news of the marriage equality act on Instagram • Leslie-Jean Thornton, Arizona State University; Sonia Bovio, Arizona State University • On the morning of Friday, June 26, 2015, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges, commonly known as the marriage equality ruling. Within the minutes of the announcement, social media exploded with posts about the news. Participants in the online celebration rallied around the hashtag #LoveWins, with Twitter posts using the hashtag cresting at 5,187,809 when the day was done. But while Twitter garnered the most traffic, Instagram offered a different experience, along with a steady traffic flood of more than 1,500 posts using the #LoveWins hashtag within the first 20 minutes of the announcement. However, unlike Twitter, where imagery is an option, Instagram is fundamentally more visual as every post is image-driven. The #LoveWins feed on Instagram was awash in news reports from a wide variety of news organizations. Overwhelmingly, however, those breaking news posts did not come directly from the news organizations themselves. This qualitative study examines the visual messages of people using #LoveWins to share breaking news via Instagram. In light of those findings, it examines the visual messages and hashtag use of news organizations cited in #LoveWins breaking-news posts as news sources, and the potential news audience in Instagram communities. Journalistic Identity as Branding: Individual, Organizational, and Institutional Considerations • Logan Molyneux, Temple University; Avery Holton, University of Utah; Seth Lewis • Journalists, scholars and industry observers have noted a rise in journalistic branding, especially on social media. To what extent and in what ways are journalists constructing social identities online? This study conducts a content analysis of Twitter profiles and tweets from a representative sample of U.S. journalists. It finds that nearly all journalists practice branding in some form (in bios, in tweets, via links), and branding is concentrated at organizational and individual levels. Effects of News Framing on Reader’s Opinion of E-Cigarettes • Lu Wu, UNC-Chapel Hill; Rhonda Gibson • Electronic cigarettes have gained great popularity in the past few years but remain a novel and controversial subject in news coverage. The current study is an experiment that builds on existing content analyses of media coverage of e-cigarettes to determine what effects common news frames (those focused on regulation, health effects, and tobacco/smoking industry concerns) have on news consumers. Results show that different framing tactics in news can sway people’s attitudes towards e-cigarettes, specifically when it comes to discussion on regulation and youth smoking. Framing has little effects on people’s social norms towards e-cigarettes or their intention to use e-cigarettes. Gathering Evidence of Evidence: News Aggregation as an Epistemological Practice • Mark Coddington, Washington and Lee University • News aggregation is often presented in opposition to reporting, though the two practices have much in common as journalistic evidence-gathering techniques. Using participant observation and interviews with aggregators, this study explores aggregation as an epistemological practice, examining the ways aggregators weigh evidence, evaluate sources, and verify information. It finds that narrative is a form of second-order newswork, built on the principles of reporting and reliant on it for secondhand evidence. All The News That’s Fit To Post: Millennials’ Definitions Of News In The Context Of Facebook • Megan Mallicoat • The current study purposed to investigate the content of millennials’ Facebook news feeds with the intent of assessing how information therein compares with previously defined traditional news topics. The social-psychological theory of self-presentation was also considered: using Facebook can be a very public action, and so this study purposed to determine how self-presentation behavior might influence Facebook actions and news feed content. A purposeful sample of participants between the ages of 25-34 was selected (n = 20), and a computerized content analysis was conducted using Provalis Research’s program WordStat. One-on-one interviews were also conducted. Framing Occupy Central: A Content Analysis of Hong Kong, American and British Newspaper Coverage • Mengjiao Yu, University of South Florida; Yan Shan, University of South Florida; Scott Liu, University of South Florida • Grounded in framing theory, this paper presents a quantitative content analysis of newspaper reporting of the Hong Kong protests, also known as the Occupy Central Movement or the Umbrella Revolution, between September 28 and December 11, 2014. The political, economic and legal implications involved have made the protests one of the most newsworthy events in the history of Hong Kong since the transfer of its sovereignty from the United Kingdom to China in 1997. This study aims to examine the various frames used in the coverage of the protests in three major newspapers that operate within different political, economic and ideological boundaries: South China Morning Post, The New York Times, and The Guardian. Results of the content analysis supported the hypotheses that significant differences existed in the newspapers in their framing of the protests, the protesters, the government, news censorship, and politically sensitive issues. While the frames used by The New York Times and The Guardian were in agreement with the Western democratic-liberal press system, the frames used by South China Morning Post reflected the authoritarian-liberal nature of the Hong Kong press system. Now You See Me, But You Don't Know: Consumer Processing of Native Advertisements in Online News Sites • Mengtian Jiang, Michigan State University; Brigitte Balogh McKay, Michigan State University; Jef Richards, michigan state university; Wally Snyder, michigan state university • "Native advertising has become increasingly popular among publishers and advertisers to indirectly compete for consumer attention. Guided by the Information Processing Theory and using a mixed method design, this exploratory study investigates consumer’s cognitive processing of online native advertisements in terms of attention allocation, native ad recognition and brand recall. Results showed that participants had a relatively low literacy for native advertising. Implications of the findings are discussed and future research directions suggested. The Effects of Native Advertising on Legacy and Online News Publishers • Michelle Amazeen, Rider University; Ashley Muddiman, University of Kansas • Extending research from Wojdynski and Evans (2015), this experimental study replicates the challenges of effectively disclosing native advertising and demonstrates a promising inoculation method that increases likelihood of recognition. Moreover, this quantitative research indicates that both legacy and online news publishers were punished for displaying native advertising. Attitudes toward the publisher and perceptions of its credibility declined for both, although online publishers suffered greater attitudinal damage than did legacy publishers who may benefit from their established reputation. Micropayments for News: The Effects of Sunk Costs on News Engagement • Nicholas Geidner, The University of Tennessee; Jaclyn Cameron, University of Tennessee Knoxville • Survey walls – a micropayment scheme where users answer survey questions in order to access content – represent a way news organizations are monetizing content. This experimental study examines the effects of survey walls on engagement with online news. The results demonstrate that survey walls alter individuals’ engagement with news content. Specifically, individuals in “pay” conditions spent more time on the article and were less willing to share the content than people in the “non-pay” condition. Who's in, Who's out? Constructing the Identity of Digital Journalists • Patrick Ferrucci, U of Colorado; Tim Vos, University of Missouri • Through the framework of social identity theory, this study utilizes in-depth interviews with 53 digital journalists to see what they believe is essential to their work and who falls outside the label of digital journalist. The results support the notion that changes to the digital media environment have indeed been a new source of professional identity for digital journalists. We then explore what this might mean for the field of journalism. Journalism Transparency: How journalists understand it as a professional value, ethical construct and set of practices • Peter Gade; Kevin Curran, Univ of Oklahoma; Shugofa Dastgeer; Christina DeWalt, The University of Oklahoma; Desiree Hill; Seunghyun Kim, University of Oklahoma; Emmanuel-Lugard Nduka, University of Oklahoma • This national survey of 524 journalists seeks to identify how journalists understand transparency as a professional value, ethical construct and set of practices. Results identify six dimensions of transparency knowledge, and that journalists strongly embrace transparency as an ethical construct. The extent to which journalists practice transparency is constrained by their existing work loads, concerns about negative outcomes and overall skepticism of change. ‘We don’t cover suicide … (except when we do cover suicide)’ • Randal Beam; Sue Lockett John; Michael Mead Yaqub • Unlike most other unnatural deaths, journalists approach suicide as an occurrence that they are hesitant to cover. “Our policy is not to write about suicides,” they say. Except that often, they do. This paper, based on interviews with 50 U.S. journalists, examines the rationales that the journalists invoke as they decide about whether to cover a suicide. Twitter’s influence on news judgment: An experiment among journalists • Shannon McGregor, University of Texas - Austin; Logan Molyneux, Temple University • Literature suggests that journalists give a substantial amount of attention to Twitter. What affect might this have on their news judgment, their decisions on what to let through the gates? This study hypothesized a positive bias in favor of news appearing to be from Twitter. Instead, an experiment among working journalists (N = 212) finds a negative bias, suggesting that journalists who use Twitter less in their work tend to discount news they see there. JOURNALISTS RESEARCHING BIG DATA: A study of research methods and processes in big data journalism • Soo-Kwang Oh; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University • Through a content analysis of data journalism stories from The Guardian (n=260), a pioneer in contemporary big data journalism, we sought to investigate how the practice of big data journalism takes into account rigorous research method and design. Findings suggested that big data journalism lacks discussions of several elements required for proper scientific research, such as size of data, date of collection and methods for analysis. Advocacy or Objectivity? Role Perceptions and Journalistic Culture in Alternative and Mainstream Media in Brazil • Summer Harlow, Florida State University • Most research on journalists’ role perceptions and journalistic culture remains Western-focused, and is limited to mainstream media. This quantitative study uses a survey to fill two gaps in the literature by examining differences in role perceptions and journalistic culture among mainstream and alternative media journalists in Brazil. Results indicate significant differences in role perceptions, as mainstream media journalists place more importance on traditional ethics, while alternative media journalists value their normative responsibilities more. Should There Be an App for That? An Analysis of Interactive Applications within Longform News Stories • Susan Jacobson, Florida International University; Robert Gutsche; Jacqueline Marino • The most-read story of 2014 on the website of The New York Times was a news app called “How You, Youse and You Guys Talk.” While news apps can enhance news stories, they cost a lot of time and money to produce. In this study, we conduct semi-structured interviews with 12 Millennial tablet computer users to evaluate longform multimedia news packages that include Web applications as part of the story presentation to better understand what might be involved in creating successful news apps. #IfTheyGunnedMeDown: An analysis of mainstream and social media in the Ferguson, Missouri Shooting of Michael Brown • Tracy Everbach, University of North Texas; Meredith Clark, University of North Texas; Gwendelyn Nisbett, University of North Texas • Focusing on the hashtag #IfTheyGunnedMeDown, this study examined the framing of mainstream newspaper coverage of social media activism in the aftermath of the 2014 police shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. People of color primarily used the hashtag to draw attention to what they perceived as negative stereotypes perpetuated by the news media. The study employed a textual analysis of news coverage followed by semi-structured interviews with hashtag-protest participants. The analysis found that the mainstream media followed news production rituals by relying primarily on elite, established sources and generally ignoring the social media protestors’ voices. The social media protestors who used the hashtag said they employed it to bypass the mainstream media, and this research indicates they may well have done so and possibly reached a younger generation that relies more on social media than legacy media. Student Papers Exploring the Effects of News Personalization and User Comments: Third-Person Perception of the 2013 Target Data Breach • Boya Xu, University of Maryland • It has been robustly supported that media can have a profound social impact indirectly that people’s attitudes or behaviors may be influenced by their perception of the effects of certain content on others, not by the content directly. This impact is particularly magnified when people see others as more negatively influenced than they are themselves, known as the third-person effect. The current study dives into the 2013 Target data breach that has grasped intense attention among the public and media outlets nationally. Survey results show that personalized news content and news sources may encourage individuals to perceive themselves as equally or more vulnerable to the information than others, which was overlooked by the original theorization of third-person effect. #wjchat: Discursive Construction of Journalistic Values and Norms on Twitter • Frank Michael Russell, University of Missouri School of Journalism • This qualitative textual analysis of posts from @wjchat (web journalism chat) on Twitter provides evidence that journalists and journalism educators use social media to discursively construct institutional values and norms such as verification, objectivity, and diversity. The findings were consistent with and extended gatekeeping theory, the hierarchical influences model, and sociological and discursive institutionalism. Keywords: Gatekeeping, new institutionalism, journalistic values, Twitter. Method: Qualitative. Carrying Credibility: How News Distribution Affects Reader Judgment • Holly Cowart, University of Florida • This experiment examines the impact of online platforms on source credibility. Using a traditional news media with an online presence, and an online-only news media, it compares news content on three platforms (website, Facebook, Twitter). Results of the 146-person experiment indicate a difference in perceived credibility among platforms. The traditional news media sees a significant drop in credibility between the website and the two social media sites. The online-only news media does not. The implications of these finding are discussed in terms of the changing way that news is presented. News media distribute their content to apps and social media sites. Based on this study, that distribution may result in a loss in credibility for the news source. Framing EU borders in the news: An analysis of three European news websites • Ivana Cvetkovic, University of New Mexico • Human mobility is widely reported in the news with various framings of national spaces, migrants, borders, home, and security. Using discourse analysis of articles published in the online editions of Croatia’s Jutarnji list, Britain’s The Guardian, and Germany’s Der Spiegel, this research identifies news frames about borders in the European Union context. The analysis produced four micro-frames: borders as lived space, border security, border materialization, and disputes over border-management. Is That News Story an Ad? News Homepage Design May Mislead Consumers into Sponsored Content • Kate Keib, University of Georgia Grady College; Mark Tatge, University of South Carolina • "While advertisers are set to spend nearly $8 billion on native ads this year, the Federal Trade Commission released a policy on deceptive advertising specifically addressing paid content designed to look like editorial. We execute a content analysis of 60 top U.S. news websites, capturing the design elements of native ads and their similarity to editorial content. Results show that native ads are very similar to editorial content. An Impolite Conversation: The Interaction between Anonymity and Online Discourse on Political Blogs • Meghan Erkkinen, University of Minnesota • "Previous research has indicated that anonymity is correlated with increased impoliteness and incivility in newspaper comments sections. This study uses quantitative content analysis to examine the impact of anonymity on the comments of partisan political blogs. Results indicate that sites allowing anonymous comments host more impolite and uncivil comments, and that those comments are more likely be directed interpersonally, than sites that require users to verify their identities. National Issues and Personal Choices, Agendamelding in Iran: A Study of Traditional Media and Twitter in 2015 • Milad Minooie • Building on agenda setting research, agendamelding posits that audiences form their agendas based on social/horizontal media (e.g. Twitter) and their personal preferences in addition to traditional/vertical media (e.g. newspapers). The findings of the present study suggest that social media users adopt their agendas from social/horizontal media rather than traditional/vertical media. One of the implications of this finding is that when the government holds monopoly over traditional/vertical media, personal preferences and social/horizontal media become more salient. Intermedia Attribute Agenda Setting in the Context of Issue-Focused Media Events: The Case of Caitlyn Jenner and Transgender Reporting • Minjie Li, LSU • On April 24, 2015, Olympic gold medalist Caitlyn Jenner confirmed her transgender identity on “Bruce Jenner: The Interview” with Diane Sawyer and started her own reality show, I am Cait. This study identifies patterns of second-level intermedia agenda setting in the framing of Caitlyn Jenner’s high-profile planned media events about her gender transition, examining the extent to which they influence the way national news outlets report transgender-related stories and the salience of certain story attributes. More specifically, through a comparative quantitative content analysis, this study found that transgender-related reports appearing after the Caitlyn Jenner’s interview were more likely to 1) mention alternative non-binary gender discourses to highlight transgender subjectivity, 2) take the intersectionality perspective to address the the complexity of transgender issues from the aspects of race, class, and sexuality difference, 3) differentiate transgender issues from LGBT issues, and 4) take in-depth approaches to report the stories. How Online News and Informational Media Position Themselves in the Networked Media Ecosystem: A Study of Niche • Mohammad Yousuf, University of Oklahoma • This study used the Theory of the Niche to examine how four types of online news and informational media—Mainstream, Institutional, Alternative, and User-generated—position themselves in the networked media ecosystem. A total of 700 content units—175 from each media type—were analyzed to test four hypotheses regarding the primary functionalities of these media types. Three hypotheses were supported and one was rejected. Data did not find a primary functionality of the Institutional media. Digital News Sharing: The Role of Influence and Habits in Social Media News Sharing • Samuel Tham, University of Missouri - School of Journalism • 30% of Americans use social media for news. With news organizations seeking to harness more online news sharing from their viewers, questions are raised as to what kinds of users share news on social media. This study proposes a model that examines the impact of technology leadership (social influence), news affinity, digital device use (habits), and the role of demographics to better understand the characteristics of users that share news on social media. War of Perception: A Habermasian Discourse Analysis of Human Shield Newspaper Reporting During the 2014 Gaza War • Shane Graber, University of Texas-Austin • In 2014, as Arabs and Israelis fought a deadly and destructive 50-day military battle in Gaza, a simultaneous war of perception was being waged in American news media. This study uses a Habermasian critical discourse analysis to examine how five of the largest newspapers reported accusations of Palestinian human shielding. The findings show that journalists tended to report distorted representations of the human shield claims, potentially obfuscating unfairly a highly complex Middle East conflict. “When India was Indira”: Indian Express’ Coverage of the Emergency (1975-77) • Subin Paul • When Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed censorship in the summer of 1975, few newspapers tried to withstand the attack on press freedom. This historical study used framing theory to examine how Indian Express constructed its position against the Gandhi regime during the 21-month National Emergency. The qualitative content analysis of the Indian Express’ coverage demonstrated its struggle to frame the Emergency as authoritarian. More broadly, the analysis provided a way to understand how journalism functions under censorship. 2016 Abstracts]]> 16307 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/pr-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 18:37:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16310 Open Competition I Thought They’d Do More: Conflicting Expectations, Constraints and Communication in a University Crowdfunding Program • Abbey Levenshus, University of Tennessee; Laura Lemon, University of Tennessee; MoonHee Cho, University of Tennessee; Courtney Carpenter Childers, University of Tennessee • This study of a university crowdfunding program adds scholarly and practical depth to knowledge of enterprise crowdfunding, a new phenomenon in the higher education fundraising context. The case study identified that development representatives use crowdfunding for donor acquisition, micro-fundraising, and awareness-building. However, the new program struggles due to influences such as limited project leader commitment and lack of urgency. Internal communication and conflicting expectations, ignored in current crowdfunding research, emerged as critical to program success. Co-branded Diplomacy: A Case Study of the British Council’s Branding of “Darwin Now” in Egypt • Amal Bakry, Coastal Carolina University • In the wake of September 11, cultural diplomacy has become a key element of public diplomacy and dialogue-based initiatives have been used to improve understandings between the Muslim world and the West (Report of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy, 2005, p. 4; Bubalo & Fealy, 2005). In 2009, the British Council implemented the “Darwin Now” initiative in Egypt in partnership with the Bibliotheca Alexandrina. Although evolutionary theory is considered controversial in the Islamic world, “Darwin Now” generated mostly positive media coverage. This study utilizes a co-branding theoretical framework in order to examine how the British Council was able to avoid negative spillover effects. In this research, a single case study of the British Council Darwin Now 2009 campaign in Egypt was conducted to examine how the British Council was able to brand the Darwin Now project and to avoid negative spillover effects. The case study consisted of a content analysis of news stories, press releases, and participants’ feedback surveys. In addition, 36 in-depth interviews with informants from the partner organizations, the media, and the general public were conducted. The findings of this study conclude that it was possible to overcome negative spillover effects as a result of partnering with a high-profile national organization such as the Bibliotheca Alexandrina. Fundraising on Social Media: How Message Concreteness and Framing Influence Donation Outcomes • Anli Xiao, Penn State University; Yan Huang, The Pennsylvania State University; Denise Bortree, Penn State University • This study examined the effect of concreteness and framing of a fundraising message on donation intention and behavioral intentions on social media. A 2 (Message concreteness: abstract vs. concrete) × 2 (Message framing: gain vs. loss) between-subjects experiment (N = 213) revealed that a message with concrete details about donation outcomes elicited greater intention to donate compared to a message with only a general description of the donation outcomes. Message concreteness had indirect effects on donation intention, donation amount, and intentions to act on the fundraising post through heightened cognitive elaboration, perception of message credibility, transparency, message vividness, and empathy. Framing the donation outcomes in terms of gains due to donors’ action or loss as a result of inaction, however, did not result in significant differences on donation intention, donation amount and social media intentions. The theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed. Communicating effectively about social causes: Congruence between prosocial motives and CSR attributions • Baobao Song; Mary Ann Ferguson, University of Florida • Through the lens of applicable social psychology theories, this study gives practical direction to strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication that encourages stakeholder’s donations to corporate-sponsored social causes and creates positive stakeholder-corporation relationships. An experiment with 373 adults studied two types of individual prosocial motives (intrinsic and extrinsic) and two different messages about the corporation’s intrinsic or extrinsic motives for its CSR programs. The theory tested here predicted and found that, through prosocial sense-making, a stakeholder’s intrinsic prosocial motivation followed by CSR communication about the corporation’s intrinsic prosocial motives led to not only strengthened perceptions of self and organizational prosocial identities, but also created stakeholder-company identification (S-C Identification), plus positive affective attitudes, and behavioral intentions towards the corporation. In addition, the monetary benefit for the social cause, significantly increased by three times when stakeholder’s intrinsic personal prosocial motives matched the perception that the CSR motives were intrinsic. Organizational Authenticity and Stakeholder Advocacy: Testing the Arthur W. Page Society’s Building Belief Model • Callie Wilkes, University of Florida; Kathleen Kelly, University of Florida • Authenticity and advocacy are concepts that hold great interest for both public relations scholars and practitioners. The study reported in this paper surveyed employees about their perceptions of their organization’s communication and authenticity, as well as the degree to which the employees advocate on behalf of their organization. Results showed a strong relationship between two-way symmetrical communication and perceived organizational authenticity, and, together, the two variables explained 53% of the variance in employee advocacy. Beyond Structural Encroachment: An Examination of the Relationship Dynamics between Public Relations and Fundraising in Higher Education • Christopher Wilson, Brigham Young University; Mark Callister, BYU; Melissa Seipel, BYU; Meghan Graff, Brigham Young University • While previous research has examined the extent of fundraising encroachment on public relations in colleges and universities, most of the research conducted to understand the impact of encroachment on public relations, as well as the factors that underlie encroachment, has focused on for-profit organizations or charitable non-profits generally. This study examines the relationships between public relations and fundraising departments, as well as the factors that influence that relationship, through in-depth interviews with 23 senior public relations officers at public and private colleges and universities listed on the Philanthropy 400. Credibility and deception in native advertising: Examining awareness, persuasion, and source credibility in sponsored content • Denise Bortree, Penn State University; Anli Xiao, Penn State University; Fan Yang, Pennsylvania State University; Ruoxu Wang, Penn State University; Mu Wu, Penn State University; Yan Huang, The Pennsylvania State University; Ruobing Li, Penn State University • This study examined the impact of awareness of native advertising, level of promotional content, and media credibility on the evaluation of sponsored content such as perceived credibility, perceived deception and future reading intention. Results from the 2x2x2 experiment (N = 500) found that awareness of native advertising leads to lower perceived credibility and higher perceived deception. However, native advertising with high promotional content is judged as more credible than messages with low promotional content. Stakeholder Theory and World Consumer Rights Day as Indicator of China's Growing Corporate Social Responsibility Commitment • Donnalyn Pompper; Chiaoning Su, Temple University; Yifang Tang • This study was designed to expand stakeholder theory building beyond capitalist-democratic system contexts as a means for assessing corporate social responsibility (CSR) commitment. We focused on The People's Republic of China and stakeholders engaged with World Consumer Rights Day by scrutinizing a full-week of 2015 coverage produced by 21 Chinese newspapers (N=685 news items) and conducting a hermeneutic phenomenological theme analysis. In addition to identifying ways stakeholder groups were represented among the World Consumer Rights Day reportage, findings suggested three emergent themes providing clues as to how CSR may be evolving in China: 1) Empowering consumers to pressure business into being responsible, 2) Making government policy to support consumers, and 3) Encouraging a consumer-corporation relationship philosophy. China may be moving away from a primarily philanthropic approach to CSR since supporting consumer-stakeholders is one means by which this is accomplished. Public Relations Channel "Repertoires": Exploring Patterns of Channel Use in Practice • Erich Sommerfeldt, University of Maryland; Aimei Yang, University of Southern California; Maureen Taylor, University of Tennessee, Knoxville • There are more communication channels available to public relations practitioners today than ever before. While practitioners may use any number of channels to accomplish public relations objectives, public relations research has tended to focus on the use of single communication channel in isolation from other available channels. This study asked senior public relations practitioners in the United States, Brazil, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia (N = 504) how they employ combinations of media channels or “channel repertoires” to reach their publics. Exploratory analyses revealed four distinct patterns or repertoires of channels. Results of regression analyses revealed that many public relations functions predict the use of certain channel repertoires, and which functions of public relations use more channels than others. The findings have implications for public relations theory building, practice, and pedagogy on media planning and engagement with publics. Predictors of Members’ Supportive Behaviors Towards Nonprofit Membership Associations • Eyun-Jung Ki, The University of Alabama; MoonHee Cho, University of Tennessee • This study investigated determinants of members’ supportive behavioral intentions—to donate and to recommend the membership to others in the context of professional membership associations. Using empirically collected data from more than 5,000 members across six professional membership associations, this study found professional benefits, personal benefits, past donation experience, gender and age for significant factors on the two intentions. However, lengths in the field and solicitation were not significant factors for the members’ supportive future behaviors. Stewardship and Credibility Strategies in Political Websites • Geah Pressgrove, WVU; Carolyn Kim, Biola University • In today’s digital environment, online stakeholders are more important than ever for political candidates. This study uses a quantitative content analysis of the website home pages of all presidential, senate and congressional candidates in the 2016 election in order to identify stewardship and credibility strategies used. Findings provide valuable insight into the future of online political communication. Generation 3: Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility in the Age of the Integrated Corporate Citizen • Heidi Hatfield Edwards, Florida Institute of Technology • Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is multi-disciplinary. The literature contains a variety of approaches to and definitions of CSR. CSR communication scholarship has extended beyond the traditional transmission conceptualization of communication to explore CSR through a “communication constitutes organizations” (CCO) lens. This theoretical shift coupled with the increasing practice of strategically planned CSR encourages scholars and practitioners to rethink the role of CSR as an integral part of the organizational narrative. This construction fits with the concept of the corporate global citizen in which a corporation’s activities as a whole embody CSR. This paper examines award-winning corporate/cause partnerships over a ten year period to determine if and how industry standards and expectations of CSR have shifted. Applying the concept of generational CSR, CECP Directors’ Award recipients from 2004 to 2014 are analyzed to better understand if and how communication about such partnerships have evolved to third-generation, integrated CSR. Findings support a trending shift toward communicating more integrated partnerships. Implications for public relations practitioners who must develop corporate narratives and scholars negotiating the interdisciplinary conceptualizations are discussed. Defining Publics Through CSR Communication: Testing an Integrated Theoretical Model for Examining the Impact of Companies’ Environmental Responsibility Messaging Strategies • Holly Ott, University of South Carolina • This study aims to apply the situational theory of publics and framing theory to corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication research. Specifically, the purpose of the study is to apply and test the theories in this realm to determine how different environmental issues and the manner in which information about each issue impacts publics’ behaviors and, ultimately, their perceptions of a Fortune 500 company and of a given environmental issue. Using a 3 (message frame: diagnostic, prognostic, or motivational) x 2 (environmental issue: general vs. specific) plus control between subjects experimental design, the study examines the attitudes, cognitions, and behavioral intentions different publics may form about different environmental responsibility issues. Furthermore, the study aims to examine how different types of message frames (diagnostic, prognostic, or motivational) and topics may impact how a company can move a public toward information seeking behaviors. Structural equation modeling was used to examine significant paths between variables, thus creating a proposed new theoretical model that can be applied to CSR literature. The present study adds to existing CSR communication research by applying a new theory to CSR literature and offering an integrated model that can assist companies with addressing questions that could enable organizations to enhance their CSR communication efforts. Crafting Employee Trust: From Authenticity, Transparency to Engagement • Hua Jiang, Syracuse University; Yi Luo, Montclair State University • Based on a random sample of employees (n=391) working across different industry sectors in the US, we proposed and tested a model that investigated how authentic leadership, transparent organizational communication, and employee engagement, as three influential organizational factors, were linked to employee trust. We also examined the interrelationships among these key factors closely associated with long-term business success and organizational development. Results of the study supported our conceptual model, except for the direct effect of authentic leadership upon employee engagement. Theoretical contributions and managerial ramifications of the study were discussed. The Evidence of Expectancy Violation Induced by Inconsistent CSR Information • Hyejoon Rim, University of Minnesota; Young Eun Park, Indiana University • Applying expectancy violation theory, the study examines how a company’s commitment to CSR interacts with the timing of receiving public relations messages (i.e., presentation order), and how they affect the public’s evaluation of the CSR campaign. The results reveal that presentation order influences the public’s attitudes and the WOM intentions when a company showed a low commitment, but the order effects disappeared when a company perceived to be dedicated to the CSR campaign. The public’s attribution to altruism, however, can differ by the presentation order even though the company showed high commitment. The result suggests potential backfire affects that associated with inconsistent CSR information, especially when public expectations are negatively violated. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Empowering Consumers Through Participatory CSR Programs: The Effect of Participatory CSR on Company Admiration and WOM Communications • Hyojung Park, Louisiana State University; Soo-Yeon Kim, Sogang University • This study conceptualized participatory corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a consumer empowerment strategy, which allows for public participation in CSR development and implementation. To test positive effects from participatory CSR, a 2 (type of CSR program) × 4 (tone of consumer comments) experiment was conducted in a social media context. The participatory CSR program led participants to have higher levels of perceived self-efficacy and social worth, and these subsequently resulted in stronger intentions to speak positively about the company’s CSR efforts. Effects of Organization Sustainability Communication: The Influence of Interactivity, Message Framing, and Type of Medium • Jeyoung Oh; Eyun-Jung Ki, The University of Alabama • To understand how interactivity, message framing, and type of medium affects public perceptions and reactions to an organization in organization sustainability communication, this study conducted a 2 (interactivity: high vs. low) x 2 (message framing: gain-focused vs. loss-focused) x 2 (medium type: Facebook vs. organizational blog) experimental survey (N = 394). Results show that the level of interactivity and type of message framing appears significantly influences social presence of the message and public positive word-of-mouth intention. Public intention to generate positive word-of-mouth was highest when the message had high interactivity with gain-focused message conveyed in the organization’s Facebook page. Holy Guacamole! A social network and framing analysis of the Chipotle E. coli contamination issue • John Brummette, Radford University; Hilary Fussell Sisco, Quinnipiac University • Active social media users can develop narratives and frames that, regardless of their accuracy, influence the trajectory of an issue or crisis. As a result, public relations practitioners must continually scan and monitor the dialogue that occurs on social media. Through the use of an agenda-setting and social network analysis framework, this study analyzed the Twitter network and frames that formed around the Chipotle E. coli issue. Examining the Intersection of Strategic Communications Planning and Social Media Strategy: A Multi-Method Approach • Kenneth Plowman, Brigham Young University; Christopher Wilson, Brigham Young University • While public relations industry leaders have proposed a strategic approach to social media that follows traditional public relations process models, industry research has found that social media practices do not necessarily incorporate these strategic planning principles. Meanwhile, scholarly research on the organizational use of social media has largely focused on message- and channel-level strategy. The purpose of this study is to examine the integration of strategic communication planning with current organizational social media practice at the program level through in-depth interviews and a national survey of public relations practitioners. Understanding Peer Communication about Companies on Social Media: Evidence from China and the United States • Linjuan Rita Men; Sid Muralidharan • This study proposed and tested a social media peer communication model that links tie strength, social media dependency, and public–organization social media engagement to the peer communication process and organization–public relationship outcomes. Results of a cross-cultural survey of 328 American and 304 Chinese social media users showed that tie strength and public–organization social media engagement are positive predictors of peer communication about companies on social media that leads to quality organization–public relationship outcomes. Volkswagen mea culpa: Messages, media coverage, and audience responses to the 2015 emission scandal • Melody Fisher; Leslie Rodriguez Rasmussen; Riva Brown, University of Central Arkansas Department of Communication • The body of crisis communication research primarily focuses on one aspect of the communication process: internal and external factors surrounding a company’s response, the discourse of company literature, or audience reception. This study examines the entire communication process of a corporation’s response to crisis -- the sender, message, and receiver. Specifically, this study analyzes Volkswagen’s crisis communication strategies and tactics while focusing on the interplay of its messages, media coverage, and audience response. Facebook, Instagram, and Message Frames • Michel Haigh, Penn State; Kristen Laubscher • This study conducted a 2 (social media messages posted on Facebook and Instagram) by 3 frames - corporate social responsibility, corporate ability, and hybrid) experiment with stakeholders (N = 519). Results indicate Instagram messages significantly increased stakeholders’ purchase intent compared to Facebook messages. In addition, corporate social responsibility frames had a positive influence on stakeholders’ perceptions of the organization’s corporate social responsibility and organization-public relationship. The Roles of Distrust and Media Use on Risk-Associated Affects, Efficacy, and Activism: The 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Outbreak Crisis in South Korea • MInjeong Kang, The Media School, Indiana University; Jangyul Kim, Colorado State University; Heewon Cha, Division of Communication & Media, Ewha Womans University • The scale of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreaks has been global. The 2015 South Korean MERS case is unique in that public distrust of the government and inaccurate, unreliable news media coverage of the outbreak unprecedentedly elevated and amplified public risk perceptions. The current study addressed how ineffective government communication, distrust, media use, and negative emotions can lead to public activism intentions and activism behaviors against the government. An online survey with 400 representative samples of South Korean citizens was conducted to assess these links. The study’s findings demonstrated that poor dialogic communication by the government during the crisis exerted a strong effect on public distrust toward the government and public distrust toward the government subsequently led to the arousal of negative emotions (anger and anxiety) among the public. Individuals’ media frame perceptions were also found to influence the arousal of anger and anxiety, mediated by their media uses for information about the crisis. The findings of the study expanded Turner’s Anger Activism Model by identifying critical factors affecting the levels of negative emotions during the MERS crisis, which ultimately led to an increase in activism intentions and behaviors among the public. Relational Conciliation Effects on Hot-Issue Publics in a Crisis: • Myoung-Gi Chon; Jeong-Nam Kim • The purpose of this study is to explore models for monitoring and predicting active publics and their communicative action regarding organization reputation in a crisis. This study used panel data with 347 participants using social media, conducting the survey twice to track changing publics and evaluate the effectiveness of organizational efforts to cool down publics on the given issue. This study presents two conceptual models based on the Situational Theory of Problem Solving (STOPS) and the theory of Organization-Public Relationships (OPR) to explain changing active publics and illuminate how communicative behaviors change over the course of time in an organizational crisis. Cyber-security breach and crisis response: An analysis of organizations’ official statements in the U.S. and South Korea • Nahyun Kim; Suman Lee, Iowa State University • The purpose of this study is to investigate characteristics of crisis responses (responsibility admittance, sympathetic expression, compensation, reassurance, spokesperson, victimization, unavoidability) appearing in official statements when a cyber-security breach threatens organizational reputation. It analyzed 108 official statements issued by U.S. and South Korean organizations. The study found that (1) organizations are hesitant to actively admit responsibility, highly express sympathy, and clearly mention compensation. Instead, they vigorously promise that a data breach will not happen again (reassurance); (2) employees are frequent perpetrators of cyber-breaches, as are outside hackers, and (3) individual spokespeople such as CEOs, presidents, and other managers (PR, HR, and IT) are more visible in the U.S. In contrast, in the statements issued by the Korean organizations, collectively referred group identities such as all members of organization and name of organization are more visible. The State of Peer Review in the Public Relations Division: A Survey • Pat Curtin; John Russial, University of Oregon; Alec Tefertiller, University of Oregon • This study reports the findings from a survey of AEJMC conference paper reviewers, with particular emphasis paid to the 90 respondents who have reviewed for the Public Relations Division, to determine how they characterize the state of peer review both as reviewers themselves and as recipients of reviews. Significant differences exist between how they approach reviewing conference papers versus journal submissions, and how satisfied PRD reviewers are with the process compared to other AEJMC reviewers. How Organizations Built and Framed the National News Media Agenda for Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy • Paula Weissman, American University • This content analysis explored how health and medical organizations influenced national news media coverage about postmenopausal hormone therapy from 1995 to 2011. A positive, significant relationship was found between the quantity of press releases (N=675) and news stories (N=429) over time (r = .55, p<.001). Findings supported the transference of attribute frames (benefits and risks) from the PR to the news agenda. Press releases and news stories communicate different benefits and risks than FDA-regulated channels. Communicating Social Responsibility Efforts: A Success Strategy for Nonprofits or a Shift from Stakeholders’ Priorities? • Richard D. Waters, University of San Francisco; Holly Ott, University of South Carolina • Through a 2x5 experiment that tested the message believability and source credibility of corporate social responsibility (CSR) messaging by nonprofit organizations, this study sought to determine whether CSR messaging that is unrelated to a nonprofit organization’s mission and area of programmatic service could boost its reputation. Much of the CSR literature has documented benefits of CSR communication for corporations, but recent research has shown that nonprofit leaders are skeptical of CSR messaging because of its potential to make the nonprofit appear that it is focusing on aspects other than its mission. The results of this study highlight that CSR messaging does provide a reputational boost to the nonprofit, but the organization should be cautious as to how they incorporate the CSR messaging into their communication efforts. The Invisible Moderators: Homophily Thesis and Agenda-Building Role of State-Owned media in the 2014 Hong Kong Protest • Tianduo Zhang, University of Florida; Ji Young Kim; Tiffany Schweickart, University of Florida; Barbara Myslik, University of Florida; Liudmila Khalitova, University of Florida; Jordan Neil; Craig Carroll, New York University; Guy Golan, Syracuse University; spiro kiousis • This study aims to advance theoretical and practical knowledge of political public relations and mediated public diplomacy through analyzing the agenda-building effects of state-own media in 2014 Hong Kong Protest, and testing whether social system homophily predicts the strength such agenda-building effects. Our results present strong correlations between Chinese state-own media agenda and foreign media agenda of 11 countries across. The democratic, cultural, and press freedom proximity does not impact state-own media’s agenda-building effect. Buffer or Backfire: How Pre-Crisis Associations and Attitude Certainty Impact Consumer Crisis Responses • Weiting Tao, University of Miami • This experiment examines how consumers with positive associations in corporate ability versus social responsibility respond to associated-based crises differently. It also tests how consumers further adjust their responses based on the perceived certainty in their pre-crisis company attitudes. Results reveal that attitude certainty determines when positive pre-crisis associations buffer a company against crises or backfire. Additionally, the buffering and backfiring effects vary in magnitude dependent on the relevance of the crisis to these associations. Understanding Publics’ Post-Crisis Social Media Engagement • Xiaochen Zhang, Kansas State University; Jonathan Borden, Syracuse University • Through an online survey, this study examines publics’ post-crisis social media engagement behavioral intentions including information seeking, support seeking, as well as negative and positive word-of-mouth in Chipotle’s E. coli crisis. Results indicate that uncertainty avoidance and relational trust may affect perceived severity, perceived susceptibility (i.e., likelihood of being affected by the crisis threat), and negative emotions (i.e., anger, contempt, disgust and fear), which lead to subsequent social media communication behavioral intentions. Looking for Motivational Routes for Employee-Generated Innovation: The Effect of Individual, Managerial, and Compensatory System Factors on Employees’ Work Creativity and Scouting • Yeunjae Lee; Alessandra Mazzei; Alessandro Lovari; Jeong-Nam Kim • The purpose of this study is to (1) develop an integrated model of employees’ scouting behavior, (2) investigate how individual, managerial, and compensatory system factors affect employee empowerment and creativity, and (3) examine how employee empowerment and creative process engagement influence on communicative action, scouting behavior. A web-based survey of 306 current employees who are working full-time in a semi-conductor company in Italy explored the antecedents of a newly introduced employees’ communicative behavior, scouting. It refers to employees’ voluntary communication efforts to bring relevant information to the organization. Results suggest that the employees’ empowerment and creative work engagement are positively related to their scouting behavior. Moreover, we examined how employees’ intrinsic motivation, leader’s empowering leadership, and compensatory system factors affect employees’ empowerment and work creativity. Theoretical and practical implications for future research are discussed. Student Bridging the Gap: Testing the Mediating Effects of Relationship Quality and Type in the CSR Communication Process • Alan Abitbol, Texas Tech University • Utilizing the stakeholder and relationship management theories as framework, this study examined the mediating effects of perceived relationship quality and type on the CSR communication process. The results of an online survey of consumers (N = 847) showed that relationship quality and communal relationships mediated the relationship between exposure to CSR messages and attitude. This suggests the impact of a company’s CSR communication can be more effective on positive outcomes if they prioritize company-stakeholder relationships. Motivation with Misinformation: Conceptualizing Lacuna Individuals and Publics as Knowledge Deficient, Vaccine-Negative Issue-Specific Activists • Arunima Krishna • This study sought to propose and test a new sub-type of individual activism – lacuna individuals. Lacuna individuals are those who hold high levels of negative attitudes about an issue, have deficient issue-specific knowledge, and yet are highly motivated in their information behaviors about the issue. The evaluation and acceptance of scientifically non-legitimate data, referred to as knowledge deficiency, and negative attitudes about the respective issues, form the focal points of the conceptualization of lacuna individuals. In this study, the context vaccine negativity in the US was investigated to identify lacuna individuals about vaccine safety. Results revealed that knowledge deficient, vaccine-negative individuals displayed higher levels of issue-specific perceptions, motivations, and communication behaviors about vaccines as a social issue than did non-knowledge deficient, non-vaccine negative individuals. Results, therefore, support the conceptualization of lacuna individuals, and publics, as knowledge deficient activists holding high levels of negative attitudes, and contribute to public relations scholarship by bringing knowledge and attitudes in conversation with issue-specific activism. Testing the Integrated Crisis Mapping (ICM) Model as a Predictive Tool for the NFL's Concussion Crisis • Danielle Myers, THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM; Douglas Wilbur, The University of Missouri School of Journalism • This study repurposes the integrated crisis-mapping (ICM) model as a public relations (PR) tool for practitioners to choose an optimal response message frame in anticipation of an emotional reaction from publics. The context used for this study National Football League’s (NFL) issue of player concussions, which is a significant PR threat. Quadrants two and four of the model were tested using two hypothetical crisis response frames: accident and an equipment failure. A web-based experiment was conducted using a 2 (response condition) x 2 (involvement: high vs. low) x 2 (exposure to the NFL concussion issue) between subjects factorial design. Findings suggest that the message frames are not significant predictors of the emotions posited by the ICM model. Feelings of schadenfreude and sympathy were present; participants were more sympathetic toward NFL players than to the NFL. The accident condition was a predictor of perceived high organizational engagement, increased message credibility, and more positive perceptions of corporate reputation in comparison to the equipment failure condition. Those indicating higher involvement toward the NFL also indicated more favorable perceptions of corporate reputation, while those who were more exposed to the NFL concussion issue prior to the study indicated less favorable perceptions of corporate reputation. The NFL and Its Concussion Crisis: Adapting the Contingency Theory to Examine Shifts in Publics’ Stances • Douglas Wilbur, The University of Missouri School of Journalism; Danielle Myers, University of Missouri • The National Football League is immersed in a serious conflict involving a disease called Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). The conflict appears to have manifested into a crisis with the release of Sony Motion Picture’s film Concussion, which is highly critical of the league. The movie has the potential to influence various publics in a manner that is harmful to the league. This study uses the contingency theory of conflict management, specifically stance adoption along the contingency continuum, as the theoretical framework. Past studies have used the contingency continuum to evaluate the shifting stances of organizations during crisis communication. However, the purpose of this study is to determine if various unorganized publics can develop stances in the same manner in which an organization may adopt a stance. A quantitative content analysis of tweets using the hashtag “#ConcussionMovie” or the words “NFL” and “concussion within the same tweet was used to gather data. Non-parametric tests revealed statistically significant findings that indicate most publics have adopted a positive advocative stance towards the movie. The findings also indicate that four of the six publics adopted an advocacy stance against the league, while two indicate a mildly accommodative stance. This study provides some evidence that contingency theory can be expanded to include not only the organization involved in the crisis, but also unorganized publics, although further research is required. The study also has implications for public relations practitioners who must account for the multitude of reactions of various publics during a crisis situation. Public relations education in an emerging democracy: The case of Ghana • Esi Thompson, University of Oregon • A lot of studies have paid attention to public relations education in different countries. But, there is a dearth of studies on public relations education in emerging democracies in Africa. This is in spite of calls by scholars (e.g., Sriramesh 2002) for evidence of non US experiences and perspectives to enrich the profession. The current study responds to this call by investigating public relations education in Ghana. Through interviews, this study unearths how public relations lecturers in Ghana are preparing students for the industry in an emerging democracy. The findings show that lecturers perceive a reluctance on the part of professionals to accept students for internships and jobs. Furthermore, although there are curriculum inconsistencies across the diploma, bachelors and masters level, under resourced lecturers find ways to appropriate and provide the students with skills needed for industry. Do local news side with a local organization? The impact of boosterism and information subsidies on local and national news about the crisis of Ray Rice and the Baltimore Ravens • Eunyoung Kim, University of Alabama • The study examines how local news tends to support local organizations differently from national news. Three reasons of differentiation between local and national news were suggested: organizations’ boost to the city’s economic growth, journalists’ personal/professional values, and information subsidy of local news from local organizations. Content analyses on news about the Ravens’ crisis show positive relationships between dependency on organizational sources and supportive coverage on local news. Theoretical and practical implications are presented in conclusion. Does Public Segmentation Matter in Crisis Communication? The Interplay between Public Segmentation and Crisis Response Strategies • Jing (Taylor) Wen, University of Florida; Jo-Yun Queenie Li; Baobao Song • The Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) provides guidelines for understanding the effectiveness of different crisis response strategies. The current study showcases the importance of public segmentation in the SCCT model. A 3 (crisis response strategy: deny, diminish, rebuild) × 4 (public segment: advocate, dormant, adversarial, apathetic) factorial experiment was conducted. The findings suggest that advocate public expressed more positive evaluation about the company when exposed to rebuild and deny strategies. Both dormant and adversarial stakeholders reported positive responses on rebuild and diminish strategies. However, no difference was found among apathetic public. Theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed. Relationship cultivation strategies on global art museums’ Facebook fan pages • Joongsuk Lee, University of Alabama; Woojin Kim, University of Texas • This study examined types and indicators of relationship cultivation strategies on Facebook fan pages of 168 global art museums by using a content analysis. Findings showed that the networking strategy was most often used, followed by access, positivity, openness, assurance, and sharing of tasks. Other findings reported that nearly half of all 18 indicators were less used than one-half of the total sample. The indicators less used than half are links to other online entertainment media, histories, mission statements, exhibitions, responses to user reviews, membership fees, e-stores, and donations. Implications of the results are discussed. Message Framing Effects on Increasing Donation for Nonprofit Organizations • Jung Won Chun, University of Florida • Message framing has been considered as an important theoretical framework to understand publics’ perception of nonprofit organizations’ charitable giving campaigns and their subsequent behavior intentions. By adopting appropriate message strategies, particularly framing, charitable giving campaigns can overcome apathy toward a group of unidentified victims and increase donors’ participation. The current study explored the effects of message framing focusing on regulatory fit (promotion vs. prevention), and donation target (episodic vs. thematic) by employing a 2 × 2 experimental design. The results revealed that people who read a promotion-focused message were more willing to donate than those who read a prevention-focused message when the message targeted several unidentified victims. A moderated mediation effect of feeling of hope showed the underlying mechanism to explain the effects of message framing. The 2015 China Cruise Ship Disaster: An Extended Analysis of Image Restoration Strategies • Lijie Zhou, The University of Southern Mississippi • This mixed-analysis study examined the Chinese government’s crisis communication efforts across three stages of 2015 China cruise ship disaster. Though a quantitative analysis, this study compared the major image restoration strategies used at each stage. Beyond statistical comparisons, though a textual analysis, the study discussed the culture influence on usage of image restoration strategy and what cultural dimensions should be considered when designing crisis communication strategies so as to be culturally sensitive and relevant. Seeing a Crisis through Colored Glasses: Exploring Partisan Media and Attribution of Crisis Responsibility on Government Trust in a National Crisis • Myoung-Gi Chon; Elisabeth Fondren, Louisiana State University • The goal of this study is to explore how partisan media influence publics’ attribution of crisis responsibility and government trust in a national crisis. Using a real disaster, the 2014 Sewol ferry disaster of South Korea, this study examined that how partisan media influence attribution of crisis responsibility to government. Further, attribution of crisis responsibility as a mediator was tested in the study. The results revealed that publics accessing liberal media are more likely to attribute crisis responsibility to the government; whereas publics reading conservative media are less likely to attribute crisis responsibility to the government. However, attribution of crisis responsibility appeared to mediate the effect of partisan media on government trust in a crisis. Please Share Your Voice: Examining the Effect of Two-way Communication Approach in Crisis Response Messages • Shupei Yuan, Michigan State University; Tsuyoshi Oshita, Michigan State University • The current study employed an experiment (N=250) to investigate the effects of two-way communication approach in crisis communication on individual’s attitude toward the crisis response message and the company. We also considered perceived fairness as the mediator to explain the effect of two-way communication. The results showed two-way communication approach has positive influence on participants’ attitude, which suggest that excellence theory is still valid in the context of crisis communication. Moreover, as predicted, individual’s perceived fairness from the organization explains why two-way communication works. The findings provided both scholarly and practical implications for crisis communication. Expanding the Integrated Crisis Mapping Model: Publics’ Emotions, Coping, and Organizational Engagement Following the 2013 Boston Marathon Bombing • Sylvia Guo • Guided by the Integrated Crisis Mapping (ICM) model and coping literature, this study qualitatively examined online publics’ crisis emotions, especially positive ones, coping methods, and a focal organization’s (Boston Athletic Association, or BAA) engagement as discursively enacted on the Boston Marathon Facebook (BMF) page during one month following the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. Results from qualitative content analysis showed that positive public emotions existed and stemmed from online publics’ identity, coping, and BAA’s engagement. Publics engaged in cognitive, emotional, action-based, and discursive coping; they formed a rhetorical digital community where a renewal discourse fostered positive emotions, aided coping, and guided BAA’s engagement. By detailing the connections among publics’ positive emotions, coping, BAA’s engagement, and community discourse, this study offers suggestions to (1) refine and expand the ICM model, and (2) develop a community-based, organization-decentered renewal discourse, which reflects the social media landscape and can be integrated in the ICM model. Fortune 100 Companies’ Overall Social Media Presence and Dialogic Engagement at Facebook • Tae Ho Lee • Based on the dialogic theory, this content analysis explored the overall usage of social media platforms by Fortune 100 companies, and the actual dynamics of communication on Facebook, by investigating 261 profiles found on various social media platforms, together with 400 posts and 268 responses on Facebook. The findings suggested the widespread adoption of diverse platforms, a meaningful presence of special purpose accounts, and the lack of realization of dialogic potential. Practical implications are discussed. The Voice of the Public: Twitter's Role in Crisis Communication • Terri Manley, Texas Tech University; Mary Norman, Texas Tech University • On August 18, 2015, 37 million private Ashley Madison accounts were leaked onto the dark web. Using a content analysis to analyze the Twitter comments to understand the reactions, focus of interest, and emotional elements regarding the hack and the company, the results indicated that the public’s attention focused more on who was on the website, and what exactly the website stood for versus the negligence of the company’s security and business practices. Mismatch vs. Magnitude: Defining and Testing Overresponse and Overreaction • Tyler G Page, University of Maryland • Situational Crisis Communication Theory suggests reputation repair strategies for organizations facing crises, however, it does not explain the impact of magnitude of response or what constitutes an overreaction. This study defines two different types of overreaction: overreaction and overresponse. It experimentally tests both with a sample of 487 participants and finds that magnitude of response can impact crisis outcomes. Implications for theory and practitioners are discussed. Can We Trust Government Again? An Experimental Test of Government Reputation Repair and Kategoria • Tyler G Page, University of Maryland • This study is the first to compare how effective Situational Crisis Communication Theory response strategies are in repairing the reputation of governments compared to businesses. Using an experiment of 232 participants, it shows that a government in crisis will experience better outcomes than a business. This research also compares strategies within the denial posture for effectiveness and is the first to examine kategoria and its effects. Implications for theory and practitioners are discussed. Crowdsourcing Corporate Social Responsibility • Young Eun Park, Indiana University • A growing number of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices are utilizing online consumer participation (i.e., crowdsourcing). As opposed to traditional CSR communication, the crowdsourcing approach invites the public to generate and decide on companies’ CSR initiatives. The current research examined the effects of crowdsourcing in the context of CSR through experiments using an actual company (Starbucks). A pretest and posttest between subject experiments with three conditions (no crowdsourcing CSR, one-way crowdsourcing CSR, and two-way crowdsourcing CSR) were performed among 108 participants recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk. The results indicate that one-way crowdsourcing was significantly higher than a no-crowdsourcing condition in terms of affective commitment. Also, this study examined crowdsourcing in relation to negative corporate issues covered in the media. The findings indicate that presenting CSR regardless of its format (e.g., CSR report, one-way, or two-way crowdsourcing) generated a positive attitude while crisis significantly decreased attitude. Constructing Corporate Responsibility and Relationships: Analyzing CEO Letters in Annual Reports by ExxonMobil and Chevron • Zifei (Fay) Chen, University of Miami • Through a qualitative content analysis of CEO letters in ExxonMobil and Chevron’s annual reports from 2005 to 2014, this study explored how corporate responsibility and stakeholder relationships were constructed in the corporate communication process for the two U.S. oil companies. Findings showed financial and economic dominated construction of responsibility and hierarchized stakeholder relationships, revealing the discrepancies between the companies’ social reporting and normative standards of responsible conduct. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Teaching The State of Social Media Curriculum: Exploring Professional Expectations of Pedagogy and Practices to Equip the Next Generation of Professionals • Carolyn Kim, Biola University; Karen Freberg, University of Louisville • With the rise of social media, university programs are searching for effective ways to prepare students to use social media (Fratti, 2013). This challenge is mirrored by professionals who are also seeking to better equip themselves (Brown, 2014). This study explored key elements that should be included in social media education through interviews with over 20 social media industry leaders. Findings provided extensive guidance for faculty who teach social media courses. I Love Tweeting in Class, But … A Mixed-Method Study of Student Perceptions of the Impact of Twitter in Large Lecture Classes • Jenny Tatone; Tiffany Gallicano, University of Oregon; Alec Tefertiller, University of Oregon • In this study, we explored how students think the use of Twitter as a pedagogical tool in the large lecture classroom affects their sense of class community (if it has any impact). We also explored students’ opinions about the ways (if any) that Twitter affects their learning experience in a large lecture classroom. We then compared survey data between two classes to identify differences resulting from Twitter use. Teaching Media Relationships: What's in the Textbooks? • Justin Pettigrew, Kennesaw State University; Kristen Heflin, Kennesaw State University • Media relations is still an extremely important part of a public relation’s students education. This study examined 6 introductory texts and 6 PR writing texts from a media relations standpoint. The study found that while textbooks provide basic information for reaching the media through tactical means, few go beyond that to discuss initiating and maintain long-lasting relationships with media professionals that are necessary for long-term success in navigating the changing nature of both fields. A Dam(n) Failure: Exploring Interdisciplinary, Cross-Course Group Projects on STEM-Translation in Crisis Communication • Laura Willis, Quinnipiac University • This exploratory, quasi-experimental study examines whether incorporating an interdisciplinary, cross-course aspect to a group project on the Teton Dam failure in a crisis communication management course would impact public relations students’ ability to translate technical aspects of the crisis for media and public audiences. Results suggest the inclusion of an engineering student as a technical ‘expert’ negatively impacted project grades and increased student frustration. Possible improvements and lessons for future interdisciplinary, cross-course projects are presented. Empowering the Future Practitioner: Postmodernism in the Undergraduate Public Relations Classroom • Stephanie Madden, University of Maryland; Katie Brown, University of Maryland; Sifan Xu, University of Maryland • Although academics have worked to bring postmodernism approaches into public relations scholarship, there has been little to no attempt to date to integrate postmodern principles into the undergraduate public relations classroom. This study explored how public relations educators can teach postmodern concepts to undergraduate students, as well as the main lessons learned about public relations from a postmodern lens by students. Results of this study indicated students were forced to questions their underlying assumptions about organizational structures for the first time and gained a deeper appreciation for the complexity of public relations. 2016 Abstracts]]> 16310 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/schol-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 18:43:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16313 2016 Abstracts]]> 16313 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/viscom-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 18:46:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16316 2016 Abstracts]]> 16316 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/comjig-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 18:50:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16319 2016 Abstracts]]> 16319 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/esig-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 18:53:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16322 2016 Abstracts]]> 16322 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/lgbtq-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 18:57:18 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16325 2016 Abstracts]]> 16325 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/grad-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 19:05:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16328 2016 Abstracts]]> 16328 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/icig-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 19:09:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16331 2016 Abstracts]]> 16331 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/pjig-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 19:11:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16334 2016 Abstracts]]> 16334 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/pcig-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 19:22:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16336 2016 Abstracts]]> 16336 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/rmig-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 19:26:00 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16339 2016 Abstracts]]> 16339 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/spig-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 19:28:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16342 2016 Abstracts]]> 16342 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/sports-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 19:34:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16345 2016 Abstracts]]> 16345 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/csw-2016-abstracts/ Thu, 09 Jun 2016 19:37:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16348 2016 Abstracts]]> 16348 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/communication-technology-2016-abstracts/ Fri, 10 Jun 2016 18:35:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16359 Faculty Papers Emerging media as instruments of political liberation and government repression in autocracies and democracies from 1995 to 2012 • Britt Christensen, Zayed University; Jacob Groshek, Boston University • This study empirically analyzed whether emerging media were instruments in cultivating anti-government protest as well as political purges. Here, we also examine potential differences between these phenomena in 162 democratic and autocratic countries over 18 years. The results of a series of analytic models suggest that higher levels of emerging media are positively associated with more instances of both outcomes, which have increased dramatically in recent years. Political Fiction: Campaign Emails During the 2014 Midterm Election • Bryan McLaughlin, Texas Tech; Bailey Thompson, Texas Tech University; Amber Krause, Texas Tech University • This study employed a mixed-method analysis of one year’s worth of political emails. In doing so, we (1) draw attention to, and theorize about, the unique communication process of political emails, (2) compare and contrast the types of appeals, calls to action, and definitions of social reality the Democratic and Republican parties employed during the 2014 election, and (3) propose a novel theoretical account of how political polarization is exacerbated in the new media environment. My News Feed is Filtered? Awareness of News Personalization Among College Students • Elia Powers, Towson University • This exploratory, two-part study examines whether college students are able to identify how news is selected and sorted on platforms that use personalization technology. Interviews with one set of students (n=37) focused on the news sources they rely most heavily upon. A survey given to a second set of students (n=147) focused on Google and Facebook. Results show that students’ awareness of news personalization is limited. Implications for journalism and mass communication education are discussed. Senior Citizens’ Interactions on Facebook: The Effects of Social Networking Affordances on Psychological Well-Being • Eun Hwa Jung; S. Shyam Sundar, The Pennsylvania State University • This study investigated how senior citizens’ activities on Facebook are associated with intrinsic motivation and subjective well-being. A content analysis and an online survey with older (> 60 years) Facebook users (N = 202) revealed that profile customization and commenting are positively associated with feelings of autonomy and relatedness respectively, both predictors of enjoyment on Facebook. SEM analysis showed that posting photos is positively associated with a feeling of competence, which is related to well-being. Communication Technology (CTEC) Faculty Papers Structured Stories: Testing the Technical, Editorial, and Cultural Feasibility of a Computational Journalism Project Frank Michael Russell, University of Missouri School of Journalism; David Caswell, Structured Stories; Maggie Angst, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Hellen Tian, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Arthur Cook Bremer, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Hui-Hsien Tsai, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Esther Thorson, University of Missouri School of Journalism This study reports the results of tests of a new form of event-based structured journalism. Guided by mentors with professional journalism experience, student journalists tested the Structured Stories platform with reporting projects in New York City and a Midwestern state. We concluded that Structured Stories is technically and editorially feasible. Culturally, the student journalists’ response to Structured Stories echoed tension between traditional journalistic practices and a “quantitative turn” bringing computational thinking into newsrooms. “Just One More Rep”: Using Fitness Apps and Competition to Motivate Performance and Evaluate Deception • Jared Brickman; Shuang Liu; Yujung Nam; Zhaomeng Niu; QIAN YU, Washington State University • Abstract. Fitness applications on smartphones are becoming increasingly popular. Feasibility studies suggest this new communication technology is usable, but questions remain about the extent the apps can motivate behavioral change. Using a lab experiment, this study asked how a fitness application and explicit statements of competition influence exercise outcomes. Participants in the app conditions completed more exercise, and people who were told they were competing used more deception when inputting their scores into the application. Does anyone understand? A content analysis of health infographics on Pinterest • Jeanine Guidry, Virginia Commonwealth University; Jay Adams, Member; Shana Meganck; Marcus Messner, Virginia Commonwealth University; Richard D. Waters, University of San Francisco; Caroline Orr • A content analysis of 500 infographics on Pinterest studied the literacy levels, sources, health issue types, and presence/absence of sponsors. Results show that the combination of Pinterest and infographics is a powerful one - health communication specialists should consider Pinterest as a regular tool in their communications arsenal. Human Control or Machine Control - Which do we Trust? The Role of Control and Machine Heuristics in Online Information Disclosure • Jinyoung Kim, The Pennsylvania State University; S. Shyam Sundar, The Pennsylvania State University • When making a purchase via our smartphones, do we feel more comfortable revealing our credit-card number to a machine agent rather than a human agent? Are we more likely to disclose personal information to a social media site that offers us control over privacy settings? An online experiment (N = 160) revealed that interface cues triggering the “machine heuristic” and one’s degree of belief in “control heuristic” predict self-disclosure. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Managing Disclosure through Social Media: How Snapchat is Shaking Boundaries of Privacy Perceptions • Justin Velten, The University of Texas at Tyler; Rauf Arif, University of Texas at Tyler; Delane Moehring, The University of Texas at Tyler • The rise of online human communication tools commonly referred to as social media apps are changing the dynamics of interpersonal relationships through self-disclosure and privacy management. However, little scholarly research is speaking to the broader role of social media as a method of privacy management in the context of interpersonal relationships. Therefore, this study focuses on Snapchat, a smartphone photo-share app and its influences on privacy management and privacy boundaries centered around the process of building and strengthening relationships through disclosure of private information. Using qualitative interview technique, results of interviews with 75 Snapchat users led to the identification and discussion of three categories in the realm of Sandra Petronio’s Communication Privacy Management Theory (2002). These three categories are privacy ownership, privacy control, privacy turbulence with discussion of the five principles of private information. Finally, this investigation explores and describes a new way in which scholars can view Snapchat through McLuhan’s claim that the medium is the message." Important Tweets Matter: Predicting Retweets in the #blacklivesmatter Talk on Twitter • Kate Keib, University of Georgia Grady College; Itai Himelboim, University of Georgia • Social movements increasingly use social media, particularly Twitter, to reach existing and new publics. Social media allows users to share content, but the quality of shared content has been scrutinized. A case study of the #Blacklivesmatter movement examines two key elements of tweets as predictors of retweeting: content importance – political, economic, cultural and public – and expression of emotion. Findings suggest important and emotional tweets were more often retweeted. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Motivations and Uses of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat: Which platform wins the challenge among college students? • Mengyan Ma, Michigan State University; Victoria Artis; Maggie Bakle; Florence Uwimbabazi; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University • With increasing reliance on social media and social networking sites, the current explores the differences among Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat in terms of use intensity, time spent daily on the platform, and the motivations to use each platform. Additionally, the study applies the uses and gratifications approach to contrast the ways in which motivations to use each of the four platforms predict the intensity of using that platform. A cross-sectional survey of college students (N = 396) asked participants to indicate the intensity of using Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat as well as nine different use motivations. Findings showed that participants spent the most time daily on Instagram, followed by Snapchat, Facebook, and Twitter, respectively. They also indicated the highest use intensity for Snapchat and Instagram (nearly equally), followed by Facebook and Twitter, respectively. With regard to use motivations, Snapchat took the lead five of the nine motivations. Findings are discussed in relation to the uses and gratifications approach and uniqueness of different social media and SNSs. Twitter Analysis of Tweets that Emerged after the #Wacoshooting • Mia Moody, Baylor University; David Lin, Baylor University; Kaitlyn Skinner • This study applies computational and machine-learning techniques to analyze the tweets that emerged following the Waco biker incident of 2015. Findings indicate individuals used Twitter to take a stand on the highly publicized incidents surrounding the shootout. Thousands of tweets emerged with popular hashtags to identify the case such as #wacoshooting, #wacobikers and #wacothugs, #Ferguson, #whitebikers, #blacklivesmatter and #Whiteprivilege. Responses to the Waco shootout were polarizing with individuals weighing in on Twitter to show support or scorn for the bikers, city officials, law enforcement and attorneys. Themes of race surfaced in tweets about the event as it occurred in the midst of the #Blacklivesmatter movement. Twitter users compared bikers to the movement, using tweets and graphics to illustrate various points. The Branch Davidian incident also provided an important backstory to the biker incident. Images of the fiery burning of the Branch Davidian compound, which occurred decades earlier, were still on people’s minds as evidenced by tweets that characterized the incident as “just another Waco tragedy.” Context Collapse and Privacy Management: Diversity in Facebook Friends Increases Online News Reading and Sharing • Michael Beam, Kent State University; Jeffrey T. Child, Kent State University; Myiah Hutchens, Washington State University; Jay Hmielowski, Washington State University • This study tests a moderated-mediated model where diversity of relationship contexts of Facebook friends influences sharing and reading news. Using survey data from 771 US Facebook users, we find that more context collapse in people’s Facebook friends is positively related to both sharing and reading news. Furthermore, reading news on Facebook mediates the relationship between context collapse and news sharing. Lastly, openness in privacy management moderates the relationship between reading and sharing news on Facebook. Uses of Cellphone Texting: An Integration of Motivations, Usage Patterns, and Psychological Outcomes • Namkee Park, Yonsei University, South Korea; Seungyoon Lee, Purdue University; Jae Eun Chung, Howard University • This study suggests an integrated model that explains the associations among motivations for using cellphone texting, usage patterns, and psychological consequences. Using data from an online survey (N = 335), the study identified motivations of communication with strong ties and weak ties, which were found to be associated with different usage patterns of cellphone texting. Further, time spent on cellphone texting was negatively associated with relationship satisfaction, while the number of text messages sent and received was associated with reduced feelings of loneliness through higher levels of perceived intimacy and relationship satisfaction. Pills and power ups: How in-game substance shapes players’ attitudes and real-life substance abuse intentions • Ryan Rogers, Marist College; Jessica Myrick, Indiana University • "Objective: Guided by social cognitive theory, this study investigated the effects of in-game substance use portrayals in video games on players’ real-world substance-related cognitions and intentions. Materials and Methods: A custom-designed computer designed game presented 97 participants across two studies with encounters with alcohol and cigarettes. For half of the participants, the in-game substance use facilitated gameplay and for the other half the substance use inhibited gameplay. Results: The first study showed that negative consequences of in-game substance use improved attitudes toward the game, which then impacted attitudes toward drinking under certain conditions. In the second study, participants had more positive attitudes toward the game when the game portrayed positive consequences for cigarette smoking, and this impacted attitudes toward smoking. vConclusion: Mediated portrayals of substance use, like those found in video games, can influence a player’s perception of substance use. We believe that carefully crafted video games could be used to discourage substance use behaviors. However, the effective means of implementation and understanding how users will respond under different conditions merits further study." Time, Space, and Digital Media: An Analysis of Trade Press Depiction of Change in Practice • Sally McMillan, University of Tennessee • This study applied Harold Innis’ concepts of time- and space-biased media to examine digital media for 10 years beginning with the dawn of the “Web 2.0” era in 2005. Analysis of the advertising trade press showed changes in how time and space were conceptualized. Roles of media professionals and content “consumers” were also examined. Changes in the media business were presented as more revolutionary than evolutionary. Implications for theory, practice, and pedagogy are discussed. Comparing Facebook and Instagram: Motivations for Use, Social Comparison Process, and Psychological Outcomes • Seohee Sohn, Yonsei University, South Korea; Namkee Park, Yonsei University, South Korea • Based upon uses and gratifications and social comparison theories, this study compares the motivations and consequences of Facebook and Instagram use. While previous studies on SNS social comparison generalized that SNS use provokes negative social comparison and leads to negative psychological consequences, this study proposed that the association is more complicated. The study examined the role of user motivations in the process and aftermath of social comparison. A sample of 285 undergraduate students who used either Facebook or Instagram participated in the study. Main findings suggest that contrary to previous studies, entertainment is the highest motivation for using both SNSs, yet motivation for relationship maintenance was still higher on Facebook. Self-expression motivation played a key role in social comparison process, suggesting that students higher in self-expression motivation made more positive social comparison. Negative social comparison led to lower satisfaction with life and mental health, but only for Facebook users. Implications and limitations are discussed. Japanese love to Tweet: The effects of information sharing, relational mobility and relational commitment on Twitter use in Japan • Shaojung Sharon Wang, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan • The Japanese Internet is more culturally homogenous and Japanese websites that provide services similar to or copies of U.S.-based websites are often more popular than the originals in Japan. Yet, Twitter has encountered few barriers in entering the country. Japan is one of the biggest Twitter markets in the world and Japanese is the most frequently tweeted language after English. The goal of this study was to explore the factors that may influence the intensity of Twitter use in Japan through the dual lens of the socio-ecological aspects and the characteristics of CMC. The results demonstrated that relational mobility and information sharing intention were significant predictors of Twitter use intensity. Positive relationships between Twitter self-disclosure and relational commitment, and between relational commitment and intensity of Twitter use, were also supported. Implications on how the Japan’s real-world social and cultural norms may be relative to the virtual world are discussed. Do Fitness Apps Need Text Reminders? An Experiment Testing Goal-setting Text Reminders to Promote Self-monitoring • Shuang Liu; Jessica Willoughby • "Fitness tracking apps have the potential to change unhealthy lifestyles, but users’ low compliance is still an issues. The current intervention examined the effectiveness of using goal-setting theory-based text message reminders to promote tracking activities on fitness apps. Participants who received goal-setting reminders liked the messages and showed significantly increased self-efficacy, mindfulness of personal goal, motivation, and intention to use the app. Understanding the Role of Different Review Features in Purchase Probability • Su Jung Kim, Iowa State University; Ewa Maslowska, Northwestern University; Edward Malthouse, Northwestern University • The role of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) has been recognized by marketers and academics, but little research has examined the impact of eWOM on purchase behavior. This study aims to disentangle the effect of different online review features (i.e., review valence, length, pros and cons, helpfulness, authorship and product recommendation) on sales. Using product reviews and sales data from an online retailer website, this study investigates the financial impact of online product reviews. The results provide interesting theoretical contributions to the literature on persuasion. In addition, managerial implications on how companies should design and manage their online review system are offered. Assessing the Influence of eWOM and Online Brand Messages on Consumer Decision-Making • Tai-Yee Wu, University of Connecticut; Carolyn Lin • This study examined the integrative effects of a brand’s online product description, eWOM content, digital retail platforms and innovation adoption factors on a consumer’s decision-making process. Results from a between-subject experiment (N = 231) suggest that consumer perceptions of product-description usefulness, technology fluidity, product usefulness, product-use ease, consumer-review trustworthiness, consumer-review usefulness, user ratings of consumer reviews and retail-platform trustworthiness have a direct or indirect effect on their attitude and purchase intention toward the technology product. Flow in Virtual Worlds: The interplay of Community and Site Features as Predictors of Involvement • Valerie Barker • Cultivating involvement within virtual worlds where interactivity and community are salient attributes represents a key goal for businesses and educators. This survey assessed whether the interplay of these attributes facilitates a form of intense involvement known as flow. Findings showed that site features mediate the relationship between sense of community and reported flow experience. Therefore, site designers may choose to intensify involvement by encouraging community spirit via interactivity, feedback, content variety and ease of use. Quizzical Attraction of Online Personality Quizzes: A Uses and Gratifications Perspective • Yee Man Margaret Ng; GIna Masullo Chen, The University of Texas at Austin; Ventiva Chen • Personality quizzes are all the rage. Applying the principles of Uses and Gratifications (U&G), this study offered an exploratory look at what gratifications people fill by doing these quizzes and sharing their results on SNSs. Results via factor analysis from a pre-test (open-ended questions) and a survey of 282 participants identified three gratifications for doing online personality quizzes (self-identity, entertainment, and subjective norms) and sharing results of quizzes on social media (socialization, attention-seeking, and entertainment) respectively. OLS hierarchical regressions were also employed to examine how demographics, personality traits, social capital factors, perception of quiz reliability, and personal motives influence on the intention to do and share quizzes. Final results showed that the need for entertainment is the strongest predictor. Social Influence on the Net: Majority Effect on Posters and Minority Effect on Lurkers • Young June Sah; Wei Peng, Michigan State University • Participatory websites provide users with two distinctive contexts: posting comments and lurking. Acknowledging lack of studies comparing social influence in these contexts, the current study investigated whether comments in a participatory website generates different social influence for posters and lurkers. An online experiment (N = 334) was conducted in a 2 (context: posting vs. lurking) X 3 (opinion composition in comments: balanced, lopsided, or unanimous) between-subjects design. Results revealed that posters were influenced by a majority opinion whereas lurkers were affected by the minority one when exposed to opposing two opinions advocated by numerically-majority and -minority comments respectively. Faced with unanimous comments, both posters and lurkers were influenced by the unanimous opinion. Additional analyses revealed different mechanisms of these effects. The majority effect, mediated by posters’ perceived publicness and moderated by group identification, seems to be driven by normative pressure. The minority effect, moderated by need for cognition, deem to be based on informative influence. Challenging Read: How Regulatory Non-fit can Increase Online News Audience Engagement • Yu-Hao Lee, Department of Telecommunication, University of Florida; Bruce Getz, University of Florida; Min Xiao • We conducted a 2 (motivation) x 2 (regulatory fit/non-fit) experiment to test the effect of regulatory fit and non-fit news headlines on perceived importance, news value, time spent in the article, information elaboration, and likelihood to seek additional informational. The results showed that when users are motivated to read the news, regulatory fit headlines increased time spent in article, information elaboration, and likelihood to seek additional information. When users have low motivation to read the news, the regulatory non-fit headline increased time spent in article, elaboration, and likelihood to seek more information. Open Competition Enhancing writing quality with virtual reality technology: 360° images give journalists information for vivid descriptions • Clyde Bentley, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Joy Jenkins, University of Missouri; Bimal Balakrishnan, University of Missouri • This project explores an alternate way that virtual reality technology can be used to enhance journalism. Rather than used for publication images, VR cameras were used as image note-takers that allowed student reporters at a large Midwestern university to add vivid detail to stories. Theories of narrative literature, narrative persuasion and transportation suggest these details are key to reader engagement while also instructing students in a form of journalism that might offer them greater recognition in the field. How Social Indicators on Discussion Webpages Influence Interpretations of Conversation Norms • David Silva, Washington State University • Indicators of group size and normative statements are common elements in online discussion spaces. Both provide clues about how to act in a discussion environment, but their effect on perceptions of online group norms is not fully understood. This study conducted an experiment manipulating these two elements. Main effects and an interaction effect were found and are applied to theories of media processing and efforts to create optimal online discussion spaces. The Role of Mobile Phone Use in Bonding and Bridging Peer Capital among Singaporean Adolescents • Estee Goh, Nanyang Technological University; Agnes Chuah; Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University • This study investigates the relationships between personality traits, peer mediation, mobile phone use, problematic mobile phone use (PMPU), and peer capital. Through a self-administered survey, data were collected from 624 participants from secondary schools in Singapore. Results showed that self-esteem, extraversion, peer co-use and mobile phone use were positively associated with peer capital. However, PMPU was found to be negatively related to bonding peer capital. Limitations and implications were discussed. Perceptions of Online Reviews: Motivation, Sidedness, and Reviewer Information • Hyunjin Seo; Roseann Pluretti; Fengjun Li • This study conducted a 2 (motivation) x 3 (review sidedness) x 2 (reviewer activeness) mixed factorial design experiment to examine how characteristics of online reviews and reviewer information influence people’s evaluations of online reviews. Our results show that how actively the reviewer posts online and how many friends the reviewer has on the review site influence people’s evaluations of positive, negative, or neutral reviews of products and services. Prior perceptions of online reviews moderate these effects. Effects of Music Pacing in a Nutrition Game on Flow, and Explicit and Implicit Attitudes • Jose Aviles; Sushma Kumble; Michael Schmierbach; Erica Bailey, Penn State University; Frank Waddell; Frank Dardis, Penn State University; Yan Huang, The Pennsylvania State University; Stephanie Orme; Kelly Seeber; Mu Wu, Penn State University • Video games have been utilized as persuasive technologies in limited contexts. However, few studies have examined how particular attributes of games influence these persuasive messages. The current study offers a contribution to this area by examining the interactions between music and flow, and the effect they have on players’ implicit and explicit attitudes toward nutritional food. Results indicate that attention and enjoyment are significant moderators of implicit attitudes, but did not moderate explicit attitudes. Specifically, the results indicated that for lower levels of attention and enjoyment, fast-paced music aided in higher levels of implicit attitudes. However, for higher levels of attention and enjoyment, slow-paced music aided in higher levels of implicit attitudes. Applying a Uses and Gratifications Approach to Health App Adoption and Use • Linda Dam; Deya Roy; David Atkin, UConn; Dana Rodgers • The present study employs an audience-centered approach to examine motivations for mobile fitness app use. Guided by uses and gratifications (U&G) theory, we explore motivations to use a specific health and fitness app. An online survey of 469 respondents reveals that competitiveness was the most powerful predictor of behavioral intentions related to app use. Although this research was largely exploratory in nature, it does support previous research linking such psychological factors as self-efficacy and self-esteem--alongside media uses and gratifications--with communication technology adoption. Study results thus provide support for a new set of mobile app uses and gratifications than can profitably supplement conventional measures of m-health technology adoption and use. Dualities in journalists’ engagement with Twitter followers • Rich Johnson, Creighton University • Scholars have identified that journalists have a strong occupational identity, leading to ideological conceptions of the rules of the field. However, while journalists are often the first to embrace technological change, they often do so in different ways than most people. With the arrival of digital technologies, journalists are often faced with practices that run contrary to long-established ideology, and they often carry traditional practices over to new media. Using the theoretical lens of Giddens’s structuration theory, this research identifies traditional journalism structures that encourage or discourage journalists to interact with their followers on the social network Twitter. Using constant comparative analysis to interpret 23 interviews with contemporary journalists, this study identified multiple dualities between the use of Twitter and traditional newsgathering. Using Instagram to Engage with (Potential) Consumers: A study of Forbes Most Valuable Brands’ Use of Instagram • Sherice Gearhart, Texas Tech University; Oluseyi Adegbola; Jacqueline Mitchell, University of Nebraska at Omaha • The current study identifies connections between the posting behavior of popular brands on Instagram and audience engagement. Posts (N = 710) were coded for image type and the presence of brand-related and social content. Using an individualized engagement score for each post, results found audiences were most responsive when images featured products and logos together and when social content appears in captions. Findings are useful to marketing strategists aiming to capitalize on this platform. How Do Parents Manage Children’s Social Media Use? Development and Validation of a Parental Mediation Scale in the Context of Social Media Across Child and Parent Samples • Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University; Liang Chen, Nanyang Technological University • Social media use carries both opportunities and risks to children and adolescents. In order to reduce the negative impacts of social media on children, we aim to focus our efforts on parental mediation of social media. Specifically, the purpose of this research is to enhance the conceptualization and operationalization of parental mediation of social media. First, we conducted focus groups with both children and parents in Singapore in Study One. The results identified and developed an initial scale based on four conceptually distinct parental mediation strategies of social media – labelled as active mediation, restrictive mediation, authoritarian surveillance, and monitoring. Following this, we conducted a survey in Study Two with a representative sample of 1424 child participants and 1206 parent participants in Singapore to develop and test the scale. After some modifications, the results revealed a scale that was confirmed and validated. The implications and limitations were discussed. Moderating Effects of App Type on Intention of Continued Use of Mobile Apps among Young Adults • Wei Peng, Michigan State University; Shupei Yuan, Michigan State University; Wenjuan Ma, Michigan State University • With the increasing popularity of mobile apps, research on their adoption and acceptance is also on the rise. However, an important yet understudied area is the continued use after initial adoption. Additionally, although there are a variety of mobile apps, most previous research either examines one type of mobile app or treats all types of mobile apps as one homogenous entity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating effects of app type on intention of continued use among the three most popular types of mobile app (social networking, game, and productivity apps). A survey (N = 790) with young adults was conducted based on the extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2). The structural equation modelling results showed that the moderating effects between app type and factors in UTAUT2 on behavioural intention of continued use. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. Student Papers Psychological Proximity to Issues of the Elderly • Ah Ram Lee, University of Florida • Even though the rapid aging of the population has been a global phenomenon, many societies are not ready to embrace the issue due to prevalent ageism and the lack of the public’s efforts to address issues of the elderly. Reducing negative stereotypes of the elderly and building harmonious relationships between young and old generations have been critical and momentous issues to solve across the globe. To contribute to the efforts, this paper proposed and empirically tested the effects of vivid images of future self enabled via age-morphing technologies as a part of communication strategies to address the issue. 302 participants completed an online survey following the individual trial to see an image of one’s old self. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the proposed relationships among psychological continuity, group identification, empathy, sympathy, ageism, psychological proximity, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. Results revealed that psychological continuity created through a vivid image of future self is positively correlated with group identification with the elderly, which leads to psychological proximity to issues of the elderly. This relationship is positively mediated by empathy and sympathy, and ageism negatively mediates the relationship. The close feelings to issues relevant to the elderly are likely to elicit positive attitude toward the efforts of addressing the issues as well as participation intentions to relevant social media campaigns for the elderly. Theoretical and practical implications of the determinants of psychological proximity and their role in creating positive attitudes and behaviors are discussed. The Impacts of WeChat Communication and Parenting Styles on the Quality of the Parent-Child Relationship • Cheng Chen, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Zhuo Chen, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • "The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine how WeChat communication patterns (frequency, means, and content), WeChat affordances (perceived intrusiveness and ubiquity), and parenting styles (uninvolved, controlling-indulgent, and authoritative) influence the quality of the parent-child relationship (companionship, intimate disclosure, satisfaction, emotional support, and approval). Data were gathered from a probability sample of 407 university students in mainland China, among whom 391 were emerging adults. Regarding WeChat communication patterns, content (especially parent-initiated text messaging and intimate sharing) contributed to the formation of high-quality relationships between parents and children. In addition, regression analysis showed that parenting styles, especially controlling-indulgent and authoritative, were the most significant predictors of parent-child relationship quality. It is interesting to note that female college students were more likely to feel companionship and approval when parents sent intrusive content to them. The limitations of the study and its implications for future research are discussed. Social media use for information and political participation: An investigation of the moderation effect of social media type • Cheonsoo Kim • This study investigates the relationship between social media use for information and political participation by taking social media type—symmetrical vs. asymmetrical—seriously. It proposes and tests a moderated mediation model, in which the indirect effect of the informational use of social media through online participation on offline participation is moderated by users’ relative preferences for social media type. The findings indicate the link between social media use for information and offline participation was fully mediated by the extent to which a user engages in online political activities. And users’ relative preferences for social media type moderate the indirect effect, suggesting that, the more frequently individuals use symmetrical media for information, the more likely they are to participate in political activities. Journalism, Silicon Valley, and Institutional Values: Discursive Construction of the Digital Disruption of News • Frank Michael Russell, University of Missouri School of Journalism • This study explores interactions between journalism, Silicon Valley, and citizens with an analysis of interviews in the Riptide oral history of the digital disruption of journalism. Discourse between four senior news executives who conducted the interviews and 21 technology executives, developers, investors, and entrepreneurs indicated that journalists and technologists interact with each other based on institutional-level concerns of journalism and Silicon Valley. Findings suggested Silicon Valley could be defined as an emerging institution. Redefining the News through Social Media: The Effect of Policy, Organization, and Profession on Journalistic Impact • Kristen Guth, University of Southern California; Christina Hagen; Kristen Steves • Social media participation by journalists in news outlets has brought into question traditional organizational structures and measures of audience reach, and has spurred the creation of social media policies for the newsroom. From a sample of 205 journalists in a large metropolitan news organization, this research: (a) tests the scale reliability of policy communication measures, (b) proposes a new scale for gatekeeping, and (c) investigates the relationship of several measures to social media impact. Exploring the roles of social anxiety, self-efficacy, and job stress on Chinese workers’ smartphone addiction • Li Li, Nanyang Technological University • This study is to explore the relation of psychological factors (i.e., social anxiety and smartphone self-efficacy) and environmental factor (i.e., job stress) to smartphone addiction among young workers. The data were gathered from 527 employees in China. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) identified four key smartphone addiction symptoms: withdrawal, salience, inability to control craving, and productivity loss. Social anxiety, smartphone self-efficacy and perceived job stress were found to be positively associated with their smartphone addiction. Exploring WhatsApp’s Last Seen Timestamp among Young Adults from Argentina • Mora Matassi • This article explores how young adults in Argentina perceive, use, and react to the Last Seen timestamp on WhatsApp’s mobile instant messaging platform. This feature indicates the last time a user opened the application. Data have been derived from focus groups with 23 young adults living in Buenos Aires. The analysis shows that users perceive this feature as a threat to privacy and to responsiveness control, while they use it as a tool for inferring others’ movements and conveying their own activities. I argue that this perception is due to the symmetrical setting of WhatsApp’s information policy and to the emergence of one-to-one monitorial practices in mobile communication platforms. I draw upon these findings to contribute to the existing knowledge of perceptions and uses of everyday mobile CMC devices. Networked narratives on Humans of New York: A content analysis on social media engagement • Ruoxu Wang, Penn State University; Jinyoung Kim, The Pennsylvania State University; Anli Xiao, Penn State University; YoungJu Jung, Penn State University • Humans of New York (HONY) is a popular Facebook page which has more than 13 million fans. The posts on HONY are termed as networked narratives, which are stories told on social media with technology affordances enabling story co-construction between the story tellers and the readers. A content analysis (N = 390) was conducted to examine the popular topics on networked narratives and its impact on social media engagement as represented by the number of likes, the number of shares, and the likability of characters featured in the post. Results revealed that a set of topics of the networked narratives were associated with social media engagement. Also, the tone and the length of the posts were associated with social media engagement. Facing up to Facebook: How Digital Activism, Mass Media, and Independent Regulation Defeated a Challenge to Net Neutrality • Saif Shahin, School of Journalism, The University of Texas at Austin • This study traces how Facebook-promoted Internet.org/Free Basics, despite initial acclaim, was eventually rejected in India – and how net neutrality came to be codified in the process. The topic modeling of articles (N=1,752) published over two-and-a-half years in 100 media outlets pinpoints the critical junctures in time at which the public discourse changed its trajectory. Critical discourse analysis of different phases of discourse then identifies the causal factors and contingent conditions that produced the new policy. Hail Lucky Money on WeChat: A rising cultural form on the Chinese mobile Internet • Shuning Lu, The University of Texas at Austin • This paper complicates our understanding of the intersection between technology and culture by unpacking why Lucky Money, an add-on of the mobile application WeChat, has evoked such a big fanatic enthusiasm among Chinese mobile phone users and how it becomes meaningful with regard to its form and users’ practices in Chinese context. Based on the combination of auto-ethnography on Wechat and textual analysis of several strands of sources, including news articles, online discussion and personal commentaries, the study seeks to answer: how might Lucky Money on WeChat weave itself into the texture of the social and cultural surroundings in the context of China? What kind of mentality and imagination might Lucky Money on WeChat invoke from the Chinese public? By considering Lucky Money as a cultural form, the article first analyzes the origins and nature of Lucky Money, with a focus on the trajectory embedded in the larger social and cultural conjuncture that gave rise to the prevalence of its mobile counterpart. The study then presents characteristics of the platform of WeChat along with various modes of sending and receiving digital money. The article further reviews the state of debate about the meanings of Lucky Money on WeChat among different textual communities. It concludes with reflections on the wider implications of Lucky Money on WeChat in regard to the broad social milieu of contemporary China. #ReclaimMLK: Collective memory and collective action in the Age of Twitter • Simin Michelle Chen, University of Minnesota • In light of the recent racial injustice, #ReclaimMLK’15 was a day of protest organized around reclaiming the legacy of Dr. King Jr. To mobilize protesters and legitimize their collective action, organizers appropriated counter-memory of Dr. King in their tweets. Therefore, #ReclaimMLK presented an opportunity to examine the appropriation of collective memory as a form of mobilization and justification during the street demonstrations on Martin Luther King Day in 2015. Bridging the conceptual gap between collective action and collective memory, this study uses quantitative content analysis to examine the strategic use of Twitter by three notable organizers during #ReclaimMLK to organize, build community, broadcast their activities and demands, and encourage hashtag activism. Findings suggest that while the three organizers focused more on the present rather than the past, there is a significant difference in how they utilized Twitter for the purpose of #ReclaimMLK. This study therefore adds to the discussion and broaden our understanding of Twitter’s role in contentious politics Strangers in the field: Public perception of professionals, technology, audiences, and the boundaries of journalism • Victor Garcia-Perdomo, University of Texas at Austin/Universidad de La Sabana, Colombia; Heloisa Aruth Sturm, University of Texas at Austin • This study addresses the concept of boundaries in the journalistic field from the perspective of the audience, and explores how technological factors may reshape professional news borders. Findings from a two-wave U.S. national panel survey suggest that offline platform use for news versus social media news consumption predicts distinct outcomes about the role of journalists in the current news environment. Perception of technology, particularly reliability, optimism and efficiency, is a significant predictor of the intersection between journalists, audiences and tools. Mediated hookup: gratifications and psychological attributes as predictors of Chinese college students’ hookup behavior via “People Nearby Applications” (PNAs) use • Yuchao Zhao, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Yuan Wang, Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study explores whether and how gratifications and psychological traits affect Chinese college students using PNAs to hook up. First, a factor analysis of a field survey (N=511) outlined two unique gratifications obtained (i.e., mediated sexual convenience and online recognition) from the use of PNAs to hook up. Results from regression analysis showed that one psychological trait (i.e., loneliness) was a strong predictor of both gratifications. Additionally, loneliness significantly predicted four different dimensions of using PNAs to hook up. To a lesser extent, gratifications and other two psychological traits (i.e., self-esteem and traitlike communication apprehension) solely respectively predicated one indicator of using PNAs to hook up. 2016 Abstracts]]> 16359 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/communicating-science-2016-abstracts/ Fri, 10 Jun 2016 18:57:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16364 2016 Abstracts]]> 16364 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/06/ctm-2016-abstracts/ Mon, 13 Jun 2016 15:48:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16370 Open Call Competition What is a shared interest?: How ex parte can be used to reveal the overlap of public and corporate interests in FCC policy making • Amy Sindik, Central Michigan University; Brian Creech, Temple University • Additional theoretical and methodological development is needed to consider the FCC’s role overseeing public and corporate interests. This study uses ex parte contacts to examine the FCC policy process in order to discern the interests it considers when crafting policy. This article introduces a term to be used when neither a discussion of public or private interests is sufficient: the shared interest. The shared interest is used to define the areas where the public good may overlap with industry profit motive and gives a scholar a particular concept to search for when parsing the complications of communication policy. Attention Ecology of the Web • Anegla Xiao Wu, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Harsh Taneja, University of Missouri • Taking an ecological approach, our study conceptualizes and empirically demonstrates the associations between website-level media structures and global patterns of online attention. We develop (1) a typology of website formats along the curatorial and the productive dimensions, and (2) two measures to capture distinct aspects of attention that complement the typical aspect of popularity. We implement these methodological innovations on world’s 850 most popular sites and their shared usage data at three recent time points. Affect, Risk and Online Political Criticism in Restricted Information Environments Aysenur Dal Although political outcomes of using information and communication technologies in restricted information settings have attracted scholarly attention from various disciplines, some important questions remain unanswered. Why do the measures taken against citizens' online political activities in authoritarian settings often fail for great enough crowds? What is the explanation for the psychological processes of those who engage in "risky" political expression in settings where there may be direct consequences of anti-government online behavior? In this study, we suggest a model that explains how individuals living in restricted information environments perceive and react to risks of online political expression. The main theoretical contribution is to draw links between literatures of perceiving risk and political communication so that our knowledge on government responses to expanding political role of ICTs incorporates citizen behaviors' underlying judgment and decision making mechanisms as well. Using an original web survey, we study the underlying processes that individuals go through in evaluating and responding to the risk of engaging in expressive behaviors in an increasingly restricted information environment, Turkey. New Directions in Selective Exposure: Measurement and Mitigation • Benjamin Lyons, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • Individuals often seek out agreeable information, increasing polarization and impairing knowledge. This study contributes new ways to measure and potentially mitigate this bias. First, contextually-activated discussion networks are examined alongside traditional media choice as dependent variables. Next, self-affirmation and social identity complexity primes are investigated as interventions. Results (N = 600) show social identity complexity marginally reduced selective exposure to media, and significantly reduced activated network density. Neither intervention impacted network homogeneity. The Effect of Collaborative Filtering on Online News Processing • Christina DeVoss, University of Connecticut; Anne Oeldorf-Hirsch, University of Connecticut • "Online news consumption is increasing, which can produce different effects on agenda setting and learning compared to offline news consumption. Using an experimental design (N=178), this study tests how collaborative filtering of online news affects information processing, based on the cognitive mediation model. Results indicate that bandwagon cues indicated by collaborative filtering positively influence cognitive elaboration about the news, and that both surveillance and interpersonal utility motivations are related to news attention and elaboration. How Can Media Users Feel Presence by Fictional Media Content? • Euijin Ahn, Yeungnam University; Hwiman Chung, New Mexico State University • Few studies have explained why media users experience presence by fictitious media objects or events. The most challenging problem is that media users implicitly know they are just visual fabrications. Here, we try to solve this paradoxical phenomenon of presence. We propose cognitive models of presence that are independent from a belief system. The proposed models are based on a perceptual experience of stereopsis which is related to the perception of egocentric distance. Data Analysis with Topic Models for Communications Researchers • Frederick Boehm • We present a non-technical introduction to data analysis with topic models for communications researchers. We motivate the discussion with a research question from social media communications research. We then discuss statistical aspects of topic models as we illustrate these methods with data from Twitter and from The New York Times. We complement our discussion with computer code (in the R computing language) that implements our methods. We close with ideas about the future value of topic modeling to communications researchers. Perusing Pages and Skimming Screens: Selective Exposure to News Articles in Online vs Offline Contexts • George Pearson, The Ohio State University; Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick • The rise of soft and user-generated news cause fundamental changes for recipients’ news selections. A carefully designed 2x2x2 experiment had participants (n = 197) sample from the same soft and hard news in an online or offline context, while presenting amateur or professional source cues. Soft news was generally preferred, unexpectedly more so in the offline setting and more so among habitual print news consumers. Amateur vs. professional sources did not affect selections. Defying censorship: A framework for reactance and learning in the face of media controls • Golnoosh Behrouzian; Emma Fete; Aysenur Dal • Media censorship is a significant issue plaguing over 80 percent of the world’s population. This suppression of information can have damaging consequences for the public’s knowledge base and negatively impact the capability of citizens to make well-informed decisions, by withholding information or creating misperceptions, amongst other things. While most research addresses the implications of censorship from a more normative institutional level, we propose a novel theoretical framework looking at the individual-level effects of perceived censorship on political knowledge. Through the integration of psychological reactance as a mediating variable, we use data from a two-wave longitudinal survey, taken by Turkish citizens before the June 2015 general election, to conduct an exploratory study of the underlying psychological and communication processes that may motivate increased political learning. We find that those citizens who perceive a threat to their media freedom are more likely to experience psychological reactance, which heightens their level of political learning. Our results both challenge and expand on previous findings that suggest censorship broadly dampens political knowledge, since the boundary condition provided by psychological reactance suggests that higher levels of perceived censorship may, in fact, motivate higher achievement in knowledge. We discuss the implication of these findings as it relates to information-seeking strategies that may further clarify how individuals in repressed media environments manage their media freedom. Evaluating Sampling Methods for Content Analysis of Social Media Data • Hwalbin Kim, University of South Carolina; Seung Mo Jang, University of South Carolina; Sei-Hill Kim; Anan Wan, University of South Carolina • Despite the existing evaluation of the sampling options for periodical media content, little is known about whether the traditional sampling methods are applicable to social media content. This paper tests the efficiency of simple random sampling and constructed week sampling, varying the sample size of media content in the context of the 2014 South Carolina gubernatorial election. This study also provides initial evidence that each day can be better used as a unit of analysis. Agreement between Humans and Machines? -- A Reliability Check among Computational Content Analysis Programs • Jacob Rohde, Boston University; Denis Wu • As data generated from social networking sites become larger, so does the need for computer aids in content analysis research. This paper outlines the growing methodology of supervised machine learning in respect to document topics classification and sentiment analysis. A series of tweets were collected, coded by humans, and subsequently fed into a selection of six different popular computer applications: Aylien, DiscoverText, MeaningCloud, Semantria, Sentiment 140, and SentiStrength. Reliability results between the human and machine coders are presented in a matrix in terms of Krippendorff’s Alpha and percentage agreement. Ultimately, this paper illuminates that, while computer-aided coding may lessen the burden and accelerate for researchers in coding social media content, the results of utilizing these programs indicate low reliability for analyzing political content. Establishing an EMA-style Collection Method for Intervention Message Testing • Jared Brickman; Jessica Willoughby • Evaluating messages is important for message creation. Previous research has often used long-form surveys to test messaging. This study asks whether real-time sampling on a mobile phone could serve as a message-testing alternative. Participants evaluated messages over a week using mobile phones. More than 90 percent of messages were evaluated, and a majority of participants preferred this methodology. This approach, while not without limitations, is a viable and important tool for diversifying message testing. The social media mourning model: Examining tie strength and “acceptable loss” in Facebook mourning posts • Jensen Moore, University of Oklahoma; Sara Magee, Loyola University Maryland; Jennifer Kowalewski, Georgia Southern University; Ellada Gamreklidze, Louisiana State University • Social media allows people to grieve. However, not all deaths are equal. In a 2 (death type: acceptable vs. non-acceptable) x 2 (Tie strength: strong vs. weak) experiment, we found individuals felt more positive toward those who died in an acceptable manner, and who had a stronger relationship with the deceased. However, the strength of relationship appears to be more influential in its effect on the views toward grieving than how a person died. Explicating the Meaning of Social Media Literacy • Jeremy Ong; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University • This paper explicates the concept of social media literacy, arguing that the increasing digitization of social life on social media confronts users with novel problems, such as misinformation, identity theft, privacy concerns, and matters of taste and decency. By engaging in the process of meaning analysis, this paper identifies four domains of social media literacy: technical, privacy, credibility, and social domains. The paper also argues for the theoretical and practical utility of this proposed typology. Evaluating a sexual health text message service using short message service (SMS) surveys with adolescents • Jessica Willoughby; Kelly L'Engle, University of San Francisco; Kennon Jackson; Jared Brickman • Two-way mHealth interventions allow for feedback solicitation from participants. This study explores the use of a text-message survey to assess demographics and program feedback from users of an adolescent sexual health text message question-and-answer service. The text message survey achieved a 43.9% response rate. When compared to respondents who used the service and completed an online in-school questionnaire, text survey respondents were more likely to be female and older. They also reported higher service satisfaction. “The First Decision for My Child”: Mechanisms through which Parents of Children with and without Autism Decide on Their Children’s Vaccination • Juwon Hwang, University of Wisconsin - Madison • Based on O1-S-O2-R model, this study explores the mechanisms through which parents decide on their children’s vaccination. Analyzing nationally representative survey data, this study assumes that the evaluation of health information sources plays a critical role in parents’ benefit perception and decisions on their children’s vaccination. This study finds that print and interpersonal communication as stimuli are positively associated with parents’ benefit perception of their children’s vaccination whereas social media is negatively associated with it. In turn, benefit perception is significantly related to parents’ decisions on their children’s vaccination. However, there is no interaction effect of parents of children with autism (PCA) and the evaluation of health information sources on parents’ benefit perception and decisions on their children’s vaccination. The results seem to suggest that targeted messages addressing PCA’s concerns and to mitigate mistrust are needed. Global Network Agenda Setting: Visualizing the South China Sea Dispute • Lei Guo, Boston University; Kate Mays, Boston University; Jianing Wang, Boston University • This study theoretically and methodologically advances the Network Agenda Setting Model, a third level of agenda setting, through a media analysis of the South China Sea dispute. Combining a sophisticated semantic network analysis approach and the Granger causality test, the study examined the interplay between three involved countries’ media coverage and the global public opinion as reflected on the Twittersphere. Network visualization techniques were also used to graphically represent the media network agendas. Sampling Strategy for Conducting Content Analysis of Digital Native Sites • Lu Wu, UNC-Chapel Hill; Joe Bob Hester • This study investigates sampling strategies for efficiently creating representative samples of digital native sites. Using 90,117 stories from BuzzFeed, the authors compare simple random, consecutive day, and constructed week samples. Similar to previous research, the study concludes that constructed week sampling is the most efficient technique. For variables with low variability (coefficient of variation < 0.30), 3 to 5 constructed weeks may be sufficient. For situations with a greater degree of variability, 6 to 12 constructed weeks may be required in order to create a representative sample. When gaps become huuuuge: Donald Trump and beliefs about immigration • Magdalena Saldana; Lourdes Miri Cueva Chacon, University of Texas at Austin; Victor Garcia-Perdomo, University of Texas at Austin/Universidad de La Sabana, Colombia • The belief gap argues that ideology and partisanship—instead of education—explain people’s beliefs about politically contested issues. Relying on nationally representative panel data, this study explores how ideology and education work together to predict belief gaps about immigration. In addition, we test if support for Donald Trump increases negative beliefs about immigrants. Findings suggest that ideology and education interact to predict attitudes (but not beliefs), and Trump’s supporters exhibit significantly negative beliefs about immigration. Perceived Hostile Media Agenda in the 2016 Democratic Primary • Mallory Perryman, University of Wisconsin - Madison • This survey of young voters (n=187) explored perceived bias in news coverage of the 2016 Democratic presidential primary race. We introduce the idea of the hostile media agenda, where, in addition to sensing hostile bias in the valence of a candidate’s news coverage, the audience also senses a hostile bias in the volume of a candidate’s coverage. Indeed, voters felt media had slighted their candidate in both valence and volume of coverage. Communication Activities as a Source of Perceived Collective Efficacy • Masahiro Yamamoto, University at Albany - SUNY • This study examines two communication-based sources of neighborhood collective efficacy, communication ties with neighbors and local media use. Data from a Web survey of Chicago residents show that communicative relationships characterized by weak ties are associated with increases in perceived collective efficacy. Data also indicate a positive link between attention to neighborhood social news and perceived collective efficacy. Both weak communication ties and attention to neighborhood social news also have indirect associations with perceived violence in the neighborhood through perceived collective efficacy. Implications are discussed for the role of interpersonal and mediated communication in neighborhood safety. Understanding information encountering: A case of newspaper reporting behavior at Midwestern metropolitan-area newspapers • Matt Bird-Meyer, University of Missouri • This study considers how journalists embrace the unexpected as part of their reporting routine using Erdelez’ framework of information encountering. Five journalists from metropolitan-area newspapers participated in the study. The study began with a semi-structured interview. The participants were asked to keep a diary to record their reporting behavior. The researcher followed up with a debriefing. By embracing the unexpected, it was clear that these journalists routinize encountering and make themselves open to encountering. Party or Peers: Where is the loyalty? Corrective action effects on opinion and expression in the context of intergroup political conflict • Megan Duncan, University of Wisconsin-Madison; David Coppini • This study extends the corrective action hypothesis, addressing three important gaps in the literature. First, we directly test corrective action hypothesis in controlled opinion climates within the American partisan context and we pit this hypothesis against a competing hypothesis, support-based engagement. While most research on corrective action used cross-sectional data, this study attempts a causal explanation by manipulating comments about a fictitious candidate. Second, we measure the change in opinion caused by peer comments while accounting for the effect of party identification. Third, we pit party loyalty and peer influence against each other to find which has the larger effect on predicting the change in opinion about a candidate and the likelihood of expressing that opinion. Specifically, this study uses a 2 (political party) X 3 (comment opinion climate) experiment embedded in a survey of the adult American population (N=350). The study purported to be a beta-test for an election mobile application to test the effects of party cues and opinion climate on support for a candidate and individuals’ expression. Our design built three distinct political climates, allowing us to test directly how partisans and non-partisans act in each environment. The results show a corrective action effect in opinion change about the candidate. Comment is free, but biased: Spiral of silence and corrective action in news comment sections • Megan Duncan, University of Wisconsin-Madison; David Wise, UW-Madison; Ayellet Pelled, University of Wisconsin; Shreenita Ghosh, University of Wisconsin Madison; Yuanliang Shan, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Mengdian (Mandy) Zheng; Douglas McLeod, University of Wisconsin--Madison • Our online experiment provides evidence that the opinion climate of news comments have an effect on the formation of news audience opinions about news issues. Through the lens of spiral of silence theory, corrective action hypothesis, and peer influence research, we see differences in the reactions to varying opinion climates on the news audience. The study adds to the literature by manipulating the perception of opinion climate on an issue by using a fictitious current event, it measures changes in opinion instead of merely resulting opinion, and it adds nuance to the discussion of opinion climate by reflecting five conditions. The experiment allowed participants to reply, comment, do both, or do nothing and so comes closer to measuring real-world expression behavior. Results suggest the interaction between opinion climate and personal opinion can predict who will engage with a news comment section through the mechanism of spiral of silence, and the expressed opinions in a news comment section influence the direction of opinion change about the issue. Reluctance to talk face-to-face and post on Facebook about politics: Examining the roles of fear of isolation, willingness to self-censor, and network structure • Michael Chan • Based on concepts from spiral of silence theory, this study examines Hong Kong citizen’s willingness to publically express support for a political party or candidate face-to-face and on Facebook during the 2015 District Council elections. Findings from a national survey showed that fear of social isolation (FSI) exhibited an indirect effect on public expression of support through willingness to self-censor (WTSC) for both offline and Facebook contexts. Moreover, there was evidence of moderated mediation for the Facebook condition, such that the indirect effect was stronger for those with more homogeneous Facebook networks. This particular finding is framed in terms of the technological affordances of Facebook (e.g. persistence and scalability of posted messages vis-à-vis spoken communications) as well as increased identifiability and decreased anonymity of Facebook interactions, which accentuate the publicness of political expression and individuals’ fear of social isolation and sensitivity to the opinion climate. Testing Intergenerational Transmission of News Content Preference: A South Korean Case • Minchul Kim, Indiana University • Understanding of how adolescents develop news preference is closely associated with understanding of how a democratic society works. This study tested the intergenerational transmission of news content preference between parents and adolescents. Specifically, our findings suggest that mothers’ news content preference, but not that of fathers’, had independent and lasting influences on adolescents’ news content preference. This implies that mothers may play a more direct role in the intergenerational transmission of news content preference than do fathers. Racial Diversity in News: How Journalist, Officeholder, and Audience Intersect to Affect Racialized Issue Coverage • Mingxiao Sui; Newly Paul; Paru Shah, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Political Science Department; Johanna Dunaway, Department of Communication, Texas A&M University; Brook Spurlock • This study examines whether and how the presence of minority journalists affects media coverage of racialized issues. We focus our analysis on data from more than 1,500 state legislative elections in 2012 and content analysis data from local news coverage of 3,400 candidates in these elections. Our finding indicates that minority journalists in newsrooms may not help increase the coverage of racialized issues. However, in states with a larger minority population, minority journalists are more likely to cover race-related issues. Does News Still Serve as a Public Forum? Broadcast News and the Public Agenda, 1968-2010 • Patrick Meirick, University of Oklahoma; Jill Edy • An analysis of quarterly public opinion and broadcast news coverage from 1968 through 2010 shows the news agenda is as strongly related with the public agenda as ever. However, it does not function as has been assumed. The agenda-setting relationship appears to diversify the public agenda rather than winnowing it to a narrow list of action items. That is, broadcast news may foster consensus by making us aware of each other’s concerns. Who Sets the News Agenda on "Chinese Twitter"? The Interaction between the Media and Opinion Leaders on Weibo • Qian Wang • Within the theoretical framework of agenda setting, this study applied granger causality analysis to examine the relationships between the news agendas of the media outlets and opinion leaders on one Chinese social network platform—Weibo. The study not only applied agenda setting to Chinese social media, but it also approached the agenda-setting effects of social media from a completely different perspective, recognizing and differentiating the segmented agendas on social media platforms. It examined more nuanced agenda-setting effects among the most influential groups on social media platforms, determining and comparing the news agendas of these groups. The results showed agenda-setting effects exist only between the opinion leaders and commercial media outlets rather than the official media in China. Although journalists and celebrities tended to the most influential ones on Twitter, business elites were the most influential opinion leader on Weibo. Cultural Cognition, Psychological Sense of Community, and Offshore Oil Risk Perceptions in Ghana: A Scale Development and Adaptation Study • S. Senyo Ofori-Parku, The University of Alabama • The cultural cognition thesis observes that individuals’ worldviews or cultural biases orient how they think about environmental health issues, messages, and policy prescriptions. However, the cultural cognition worldview scale, which has been extensively validated in the United States, has not been validated in African contexts. Since environmental hazards have asymmetric impacts on developing countries and the poor in general, this study uses Ghana’s burgeoning offshore oil production industry as a context, to test and systematically develop a cultural cognition worldview measure that is sensitive to the local Ghanaian context. The psychological sense of community and Schwartz’ universal values scale were also tested. Initial assessments of the ability of these scales to predict offshore oil risk perceptions are reported. I Am In A Relationship With Harry Potter: Evaluation of Parasocial Interactions and Textual Poaching in Harry Potter Fandom Forums • Sara Erlichman • Author J.K. Rowling is notorious for producing fandom content in order to keep the Harry Potter alive. The objective of this study seeks to identify parasocial interaction and textual poaching themes such as interpretations, constructed fan content, and identification with the community in online Harry Potter fandom forums. This pilot study analyzed 100 posts from MuggleNet.com’s discussion forums to measure the prevalence and relationship of textual poaching and parasocial processes within these posts. The link between crime news and guilty verdicts: An examination of the largest jury summons in US history • Sarah Staggs, University of Arizona; Kristen Landreville • The trial for Colorado theater shooter James Holmes summoned a record 9,000 potential jurors to serve. As media continue to publicize and sensationalize high-profile crime stories, it becomes more difficult to find individuals and potential jurors with little to no exposure to pretrial publicity. This study explores the association between interest and exposure in a case, as well as subsequent knowledge of the case and judgments of a criminal offender’s guilt. Agenda setting, framing, and predecisional distortion are the theoretical foundations used to explore this relationship between media and cognition. A national survey (N = 236) was distributed to measure exposure to pretrial publicity to the Colorado theater shooter case, recalled knowledge about the crime, and views of the offender’s guilt. Results show that perceptions of the criminal offender’s guilt were influenced by increased exposure to pretrial publicity, interest in the case, media credibility beliefs, and knowledge of the crime event. Evidence was found supporting the link between exposure to pretrial publicity and predecisional distortion favoring the offender’s guilt. Rethinking Communication Infrastructure and Civic Participation: Interaction Effects between Integrated Connection to a Storytelling Network (ICSN) and Internet and Mobile Uses on Civic Participation • Seungahn Nah; Masahiro Yamamoto, University at Albany - SUNY • This study draws on communication infrastructure theory (CIT) to examine the extent to which Internet and mobile devices may drive integrated connection to a storytelling network (ICSN) on civic participation. Data were collected through a nationwide online panel (N=1201) to test conditional effects of ICSN on civic participation in physical and virtual settings by Internet and mobile uses. Results indicate that the relationships between ICSN and civic participation in offline and online contexts were moderated by expressive uses of Internet and mobile media concerning local politics or community issues. In other words, these relationships were stronger for those who more frequently engaged in locality-oriented expressive activities such as expressing opinions and passing along information encountered online on local politics or community issues. This study reveals locality-based expressive uses of Internet and mobile media as driving and mobilizing mechanisms that may help citizens to engage in place-based civic and community life. This study also discusses theoretical insight, policy implication, and practical application to advance the communication infrastructure theory (CIT). Selecting Serious or Satirical, Supporting or Stirring News? Selective Exposure to Traditional versus Mockery News Online Videos • Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick; Simon Lavis, The Ohio State University • Selective exposure to satirical and traditional news was examined with online clips to test cognitive dissonance and entertainment-education hypotheses. An experiment (n = 146) presented news choices, varied in stance (conservative, liberal) and format (traditional vs. satirical news). Results show political interest fosters traditional news selection. Clips with partisan alignment were more frequently selected. Selecting satire news affected internal political efficacy, and selecting online news clips induced attitude shifts according to message stance. Millennials vs. Boomers: Using Behavioral Data to Compare the Digital News Networks of Two Cohorts • Stephanie Edgerly; Harsh Taneja, University of Missouri; Anegla Xiao Wu, Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study takes a macro “audience-centric” approach to studying the online news habits of two age cohorts. While surveys suggest that millennials and boomers differ in online news exposure, we use metered data from comScore to analyze shared usage between the 789 most popular news (and social networking) websites for both cohorts. We compare the resulting two “digital news usage networks” to determine how prominent both social media and legacy media are for each cohort. Examining the Interaction Effect between Media Favorability and Media Visibility of Business News on Corporate Reputation • XIAOQUN ZHANG, University of North Texas • This study showed the significant interaction effect between media favorability and media visibility of business news on corporate reputation, indicating that the first-level agenda-setting effect and the affective dimension of the second-level agenda setting effect take place simultaneously when the public use media messages to form corporate reputation. It also suggested that the composite measure of media favorability and media visibility is superior to the measure of favorability, and a threshold of media visibility is a necessity to create a valid measure of media coverage to predict corporate reputation. This study was based on the content analysis of 2,817 news articles from both elite newspapers and local newspapers. Social media, political disagreement, political participation, and self-censorship • Yangsun Hong, University of Wisconsin-Madison • The purpose of this study is to examine the specific mechanisms of the relationship between social media use for politics and engagement in participatory activities. This study argues that exposure to political disagreement will be an important mechanism explaining the association between the social media use and engagement in participatory activities, especially for expressive type of participatory activities. In this regard, this study expects a moderating role of self-censorship in the proposed mediation pathway. The result confirms political disagreement as a mediator of the relationship between social media use and expressive type of political activities. It also shows while self-censorship has a suppressing effect on individuals’ willingness to speak out which is a strong antecedent of expressive activities, the greater experience of political disagreement cancels out the suppressing effect of self-censorship on expressive activities. A Meta-Analysis of News Media’s Agenda-Setting Effects, 1972-2015 • Yunjuan Luo; Hansel Burley, Texas Tech University; Alexander Moe, Texas Tech University; Mingxiao Sui • This project involved exploring the agenda-setting hypothesis across a range of studies using rigorous meta-analytic approaches. The researchers drew upon empirical agenda-setting studies published from 1972 to 2015, and 67 studies that met the inclusion criteria for analysis produced a moderate grand mean effect size of .487. A multiple regression analysis revealed significant predictors, most notably was the predictor that classified the basis for the study correlation as either the number of content categories or the number of participants. A multiple regression of a subgroup using text analysis produced homogeneity (non-significance). The mean for these studies was .51. This is an indication of consistency in findings across agenda setting studies. Study limitations and suggestions for future research are also discussed in the article. The Communication Research Matrix: An Alternative Approach to Kuhn’s Conception of Paradigms • Zachary Sapienza; Aaron Veenstra, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • Utilizing an implicit general semantics framework, this article explicates Thomas Kuhn’s conceptions of paradigms with specific attention paid to their context and application within the field of mass communication. In doing so, this paper will highlight three potential problems with the concept of paradigms ranging from multiple and diverse definitions to Kuhn’s insistence that it was not applicable to the social sciences. Building off the work of Rosengren (1983) and Renckstorf & McQuail (1996), this paper will examine the potential of research quandrants as an alternative to paradigms and make a case for their use in the field of mass communication. 2016 Abstracts]]> 16370 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/09/pac-090616/ Thu, 08 Sep 2016 14:10:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16597 Lori Bergen, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2015-16 President of AEJMC | September 6, 2016 The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, the largest and oldest association of journalism and communication educators in the world, shares the concerns of a large number of journalists and their professional organizations about recent attempts to erode journalists' longstanding legal ability to protect sources and information. Free and democratic nations can exist only through the established and protected institution of the press, i.e., news media that are fundamentally independent of government control and regulation. Restrictions and intrusions into the news-gathering process threaten journalists' ability to present information that is essential to citizens' self-governance. The press-particularly in its watchdog role over government-historically has been accorded protections that are essential for accurate and comprehensive coverage of significant events and situations. The news-gathering process requires the use of a wide range of sources to inform news stories. "Reporter privilege" to sometimes protect the identification of these sources and the information that these sources provide has had a long tradition in the United States. Not infrequently, information that citizens need and have a right to know comes from sources who may not want to be identified or who may want to provide contextual information in confidence. It is journalists' professional and ethical responsibility to determine whether to report such information, to determine sources' credibility and to honor sources' requests for confidentiality. The right of reporters to refuse to reveal confidential sources is widely recognized in federal and state jurisdictions. All but two Federal Courts of Appeal have recognized a privilege that shields journalists from revealing sources unless the party seeking the information can show that it is relevant to a case, is important to a court's decision and is unavailable from other reasonable sources. Thirty-seven states and the District of Columbia have shield laws that offer limited to nearly absolute protection from contempt citations to reporters who refuse to reveal confidential sources, and most states include such protections for non-confidential information. In states not having shield laws, courts in all of the states except Wyoming have recognized some protection for reporters. Recent examples of the threat to this important legal privilege include the criminal trial of Nasean Bonie, a former Bronx building superintendent who was convicted of killing a tenant. An appeals court supported the trial judge, who had ordered a cable television channel to submit unaired segments of an interview with the defendant, resulting in greater legal authority to compel journalists to produce unreported information. This decision may well burden journalists with subpoena requests, resulting in a chilling effect on the newsgathering process. Also troubling is the implication that news organizations are an ipso facto investigative arm of the criminal justice system. Already, this New York ruling has been cited in other attempts to force news media to release undisclosed information. Adding another dimension to recent attempts to erode the protections of shield laws has been a military prosecutor's declared intent to seek the complete recordings of a journalist's interview with Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl, the accused U.S. Army deserter. Journalist, screenwriter and film producer Mark Boal had conducted interviews with Bergdahl, some of which were released on the podcast "Serial." While military law operates apart from federal law, the threat to Boal's journalistic integrity is nonetheless equally ominous. AEJMC joins journalists and their professional associations in calling attention to recent threats to compromise journalists' ability to protect the identification of confidential sources and threats to abridge their professional responsibility to be the custodians of news and other information that they gather. We support efforts to uphold a Reporter Privilege that is both strong and uniform throughout the American legal system. An extremely high bar must be set for the government to force news media to identify sources that they have agreed to keep confidential and to provide information that journalists did not choose to include in their reportage. About AEJMC The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is the oldest and largest "nonprofit, educational association of journalism and mass communication educators, students and media professionals" in the world. The AEJMC's mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to cultivate the widest possible range of communication research, to encourage the implementation of a multi-cultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice and a better informed public. For more information about AEJMC, please visit www.AEJMC.org, follow @AEJMC on Twitter or email to aejmcpr@aol.com. For more information regarding this AEJMC Presidential Statement, please contact Lori Bergen, 2015-16 President of AEJMC, University of Colorado at Boulder, at Lori.Bergen@colorado.edu or Paul Voakes, 2016-17 President of AEJMC, University of Colorado at Boulder, at paul.voakes@colorado.edu. <<PACS]]> 16597 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/11/social-media-social-change/ Tue, 29 Nov 2016 18:55:07 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16783 Social Media and Social Change: A Lesson in Biased Product Development and Collective Action By Jennifer Grygiel, Social Media/Assistant Professor of Communications, Syracuse University jgrygiel@syr.edu       (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, September 15, 2016 issue) Editor’s note: This column showcases the winning entry in the AEJMC Best Practices in Ethics in an Emerging Media Environment Teaching Competition. Given recent growth in social media technologies, it is increasingly difficult for journalists, educators and students to keep up with ethical issues that arise from product development. It is important to be critical of how technologies come to market, and to be aware of technological bias and its impact on journalism and mass media communications. This class activity explored bias in the development of digital technologies used to represent skin color. The activity draws on use cases from the early days of Kodak film to issues surrounding Twitter’s new “racially diverse emoji,” and how students can collaborate to make change. Teaching Activity The class activity was designed to expose students to the presence of bias in product development, specifically issues involving skin color and technology, and how bias impacts communications across various industries (e.g., journalists, marketers, advertisers, etc.). The activity draws on use cases from the early days of Kodak and biased color film, to issues surrounding Twitter’s new racially diverse emoji (Chowdhry, 2015) (“diverse emoji”), and how students can collaborate to raise awareness of ethical issues in communications and make change. The activity began with a discussion of how some products that come to market are biased and not inclusive of people of color, starting with Kodak color film. To process color film, the company created a Shirley card, which was a photo of a white woman, to assist color lab technicians with developing color film. Kodak did not have cards for people of other races, which made it difficult to correctly print photos of people of color (Ali, 2015). We then discussed contemporary issues around bias in facial recognition, such as web cameras that lack sufficient technology to properly work for people of color, to illustrate how biased product development is not just a thing of the past (Albanesius, 2009). As the number of white-skin emoji increased (Newton, 2014), celebrities and influencers began to raise ethical issues around the lack of diversity in emoji (Perez, 2014). In response, Apple released diverse emoji in their iOS 8.3 update on April 8, 2015 (Chowdhry, 2015). These emoji are created by applying an emoji modifier based on the Fitzpatrick Scale—a well-known scale for classifying human skin color based on how it reacts to ultraviolet light—to a default emoji (Warren, 2015). With this new release, the Unicode Foundation, which governs the release of emoji, has made efforts to standardize the default skin color as yellow, which caused some issues in the Asian community (Warren, 2015). On December 3, 2015, 232 days later, Twitter still had not updated their desktop computer application (“desktop”) to display them correctly. I presented students with the observation that Twitter’s desktop application was not able to properly display the new skin tone emoji that Apple released. The rollout of diverse emoji was not coordinated amongst major companies such as Apple and Twitter, which resulted in people of color being marginalized. When non-white people created Tweets with diverse emoji on their mobile phones, they were frequently represented by a white emoji (not only the new standard default yellow) plus the skin tone swatch that they chose, when viewed on desktop. For example, if an African American person selected a new diverse emoji on mobile, it would display a white emoji plus a new Unicode Fitzpatrick swatch of their selected skin tone on desktop prior to the new iOS release. People of color were further marginalized beyond the Twitter desktop application as journalists frequently embed live Tweets in major publications. Due to the interconnectedness of Twitter and digital publishers, any publication that embedded diverse emoji would have displayed them incorrectly as a base white/yellow emoji plus a new Unicode Fitzpatrick swatch to their desktop audience. The lecture portion of the class reviewed how product development roadmaps and timelines may differ due to what companies prioritize, as well as how social media companies and journalists are interconnected. In this class segment I also covered how social media are used for social change and highlighted a new product called Thunderclap.it, which amplifies messages by allowing large groups of people to post messages on social media (e.g., Twitter, Facebook, etc.) at the same time. At the lesson’s conclusion, the class was invited to participate in an optional Thunderclap campaign where students had the opportunity to ask Twitter to prioritize updating their desktop application to display diverse emoji. Rationale As journalists and product developers in training, students should be aware of how social inequalities are reproduced in products that we use, how this marginalizes people, and how ethical issues in one industry can impact others and reinforce issues such as institutional racism and oppression. Outcomes Students developed critical thinking around biased product development and Twitter’s product development priorities. For example, one student raised the issue that during the time that Twitter did not address the skin tone swatch issue, they prioritized changing the Favorite button from a star to a heart, an arguably trivial change for users. The Thunderclap campaign called on Twitter to prioritize emoji equality and garnered more than 45 supporters, including many students from the class, and achieved the potential to reach 56,928 users on social media with our message. Before the campaign ended, Twitter updated their product in line with the goals of the campaign. Teaching Corner]]> 16783 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/11/turning-students-news-junkies/ Tue, 29 Nov 2016 19:20:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16792 Turning Students into News Junkies By Raluca Cozma, Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate Education, Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication, Iowa State University rcozma@iastate.edu     (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, November, 2016 issue) During introductions at the beginning of each semester, I ask my students to share who their favorite journalist is. In recent years, more often than not, students can’t name a journalist they admire, not because of a shortage of greats in the field, but because they don’t consistently follow the news. As we celebrated the third annual News Engagement Day this October, I thought I’d share classroom strategies we can use to make students realize that, in order to become successful writers and effective producers of content, they need to appreciate and consume others’ work.  These strategies go beyond the habitual current-events quiz, which often inspires fear more than passion for the news. Showcase the best. In my reporting classes, I routinely assign reading or watching award-winning pieces across news platforms. Students then get together and dissect the strengths of each piece and articulate what strategies they could emulate in their own storytelling. At the end of the semester, one of their most common comments is how much they appreciated being introduced to inspiring stories they wouldn’t have otherwise invested time in. I’ve noticed dwindling interest in long-form stories like “Frank Sinatra Has a Cold,” but showing a short video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab0rt_QokBI) about Gay Talese’s writing bunker where the reporter explains the meticulous process involved in his gathering and organizing of hundreds of interviews helps students appreciate the man behind the work. They then seek out the Esquire piece on their own, although it’s unlikely that Ol’ Blue Eyes himself is on any of their iPod playlists. Equally awe-inspiring are several (creative-component) mini-documentaries produced by former master’s students that I play in class. They showcase storytelling techniques of some of the most successful local journalists. Watching them in class not only introduces students to professional role models but also to academic work examples for those considering upgrading their credentials with an advanced degree. Personalize the news. When behind-the-scenes videos or mini-documentaries are not available, I invite guest speakers (be it young professionals who graduated just a few years ago or veteran journalists with decades of experience under their belt) to share their storytelling techniques and tricks and to share their favorite and most-challenging professional moments and assignments. I find that meeting and hearing from these mentors help students internalize the concepts introduced in lectures as well as become more appreciative of news and news work. Encourage peer learning. Many reporting instructors create and maintain news blogs to host enterprise stories produced by students over the course of a semester. This increases accountability and makes reporting assignments feel more like a real job than homework. When pitching their story ideas, I ask my students to verify that someone else in the class has not already covered the story they have in mind. For extra credit, after each set of stories is published, I ask students to read at least three stories on the class news site and leave meaningful, constructive feedback.  They are exposed to new stories, get to wear an editor’s hat, and also receive useful comments on their own work. Nurture appreciation for news in non-reporting courses. In the past couple of years, I started requiring a digital New York Times subscription in my international-communication seminar. For $1 a week (adding up to $16 for the semester), in addition to getting access to the newspaper’s digital archive (which begins in 1851) and its daily coverage of various foreign news events, students can also use resources, such as the Topics section, to conduct research on the country assigned to them. Students’ response has been overwhelmingly positive, and many reported that they kept their subscription after the semester ended. Play to students’ strengths. Meeting students where they spend most of their time – on social media – is an effective way to encourage engagement with the news. In many classes, I ask students to “tweet their beat,” whereby they need to curate pertinent news content from credible sources in addition to promoting their own stories. Even in my graduate seminar on political communication, I dedicate one weekly class session to theory and research and the other to analysis of media performance, as exemplified by stories students need to find and share on Twitter using a class hashtag. This allows students to perform ad-hoc case studies of the concepts discussed in class and forces them to read several news reports until they find one that perfectly exemplifies a mass-communication theory. I’ve noticed the most impressive impact of this type of assignment on new international students who, by the end of the semester, can expertly discuss differences in various types of U.S. news media and platforms. This type of knowledge then translates into increased ease in formulating research problems for their master’s theses. These are just a few strategies to engage students with the news. AEJMC’s webpage links to a New York Times piece that lists 50 more ways to teach with current events (http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/07/50-ways-to-teach-current-events/). To share your own strategies, please drop me a note at rcozma@iastate.edu. Teaching Corner]]> 16792 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/12/news-audience-research/ Tue, 06 Dec 2016 15:45:25 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16807 Conducting News Audience Research Description. Now in its fourth year, the News Audience Research Paper Award recognizes the best AEJMC conference paper that researched the audience for news. Accepted 2017 AEJMC conference papers that have researched some aspect of the news audience are automatically eligible to be reviewed by a specially appointed committee for this important award. The author of the winning paper will receive a cash prize and certificate at AEJMC in Chicago. There is no separate submission process for this award. Papers on the news audience should be submitted to the division, commission or interest group that is the best fit for the paper. After the review process has been completed by each group, accepted papers will then go through a separate review process for the News Audience Research Paper Award. Eligibility. Research papers eligible for this award should use audience-focused methodologies to provide insight about news audience engagement, attitudes, uses and gratifications, avoidances, socialization, etc. They may focus on news audiences in general, news audiences by platform, content or mobile device, news audiences defined by race, ethnicity, gender, generation, ideology, or other social characteristic. New models and theories to provide insight into the audience for news are encouraged. Research about voters’ engagement with news and news attitudes during the 2016 presidential election are especially welcome. Although not required, authors are urged to include “news audience” in their conference paper key words to make accepted AEJMC papers easier to identify for review. Background: This award was created by Paula Poindexter, University of Texas at Austin School of Journalism, during her 2013-2014 term as AEJMC president to complement her presidential initiative, News Engagement Day, and encourage more research and discussion about the audience for news. The papers are judged on their contributions to understanding the news audience as well as their research design and execution, theoretical grounding, implications for the news industry, and quality of writing. In an effort to focus attention on the best research paper, beginning in 2017, only the top paper on this topic will be recognized with a News Audience Research Paper Award. Since the award, which Poindexter funds, was first given in 2014, 10 AEJMC conference papers have received the News Audience Research Paper Award. The 2016 First Place winner was Mark Coddington of Washington and Lee University who talks about his winning paper, “Metrics, Clickbait, and the Anemic Audience: Audience Perceptions and Professional Values among News Aggregators” in a podcast interview conducted by AEJMC’s new Center for News Excellence and Engagement. A special thanks is given to past reviewers and Maxwell McCombs who has chaired the News Audience Research Paper Award competition since it was created in 2014. For more information, please email paula.poindexter@austin.utexas.edu. AEJMC Calls]]> 16807 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2016/12/what-did-we-learn/ Mon, 19 Dec 2016 19:05:18 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16829 What Did We Learn? By Earnest L. Perry Jr. AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Associate Professor Associate Dean for Graduate Studies Missouri School of Journalism University of Missouri perryel@missouri.edu     (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, January 2017 issue) Donald Trump’s victory in November surprised many Americans who heard for months that Democratic challenger Hillary Clinton had a comfortable lead and was poised to be the first woman president of the United States. Clinton won the popular vote, but lost the key states of Ohio, Michigan, Florida and Pennsylvania giving the Electoral College to Trump. Many college students, including those on my campus, expressed a range of emotion from despair to anger to bewilderment. However, in almost every discussion I had with students, faculty and staff one question arose. How did the news media not see this coming? A colleague, Ryan Thomas, and I pondered this question as he prepared to teach our Cross-Cultural Journalism post-election. We both agreed that there is no one answer to the question, but one aspect was clear: many in the news media missed telling the story of a significant segment of our society. It’s not like this has not happened before. Ethnic minorities have complained about the lack of coverage or stereotypical images by the mainstream news media for decades. However, the 2016 presidential election brought into focus the divisions in our society and how our fragmented news media contribute to that phenomenon. Our goal in the class is to help students learn and understand the importance of telling individuals’ stories from their lived experiences and not the story in our heads. Sounds easy, but as this election demonstrates, many in the news media failed to connect with a large segment of the country that voted for Trump. In the first class following the election, my colleague walked his students through several propositions. He told the aspiring young journalists that more seasoned professionals should acknowledge the disconnect between them and those they cover, whether they are left-leaning or right-leaning. He also said that journalists have an obligation to help people understand one another and create an environment for “high-quality, civil discourse,” which was sorely missing in the 2016 election. Journalism is not solely responsible for misreading the electorate, but the profession cannot deny that it was part of the problem. The news media missed the story of white, working-class voters who overwhelmingly supported Trump for the same reasons it has historically misunderstood minority and immigrant communities. Newsroom populations do not reflect the communities they serve, especially as they relate to working class, rural and non-college educated people. Shrinking newsroom budgets have led to fewer reporters and more parachute journalism that relies on predetermined narratives based on stereotypes and official sources. With elections, the news media’s over-reliance on polls and pundits contributes to the failure to connect with large segments of the electorate. Those stories can be found in union halls in what is called the Rust Belt (that term is also a problem), coal mining communities in Appalachia, retirement communities in Florida and Arizona, and farm towns in Missouri and Nebraska. After every election, the most recent one included, those who make up the national news media promise to move away from the horse-race, poll-driven, pundit-laden coverage that chokes the life out of the electorate. I’m skeptical. The current method works for creating drama, driving ratings and Internet clicks, and ultimately making money. However, as educators trying to teach the next generation the best way to tell authentic stories, Thomas and I have several suggestions: Understand context: We preach this constantly as journalism educators, but in today’s get-it-out-now news media environment, context seems to get lost. The forces that underlie the current political and economic environment, both nationally and globally, represent a nationalistic fervor that has grown since the Great Recession of 2008. The election of Trump and Great Britain’s vote to leave the European Union can be seen as a push back against globalization, deindustrialization, immigration and ethnic inclusion. These are the communities that feel left behind in the global economic recovery. Journalists who understand the overall context and can connect it to the everyday experiences of those trying to live through it stand a chance of successfully telling the story. Listen before judging: Journalists should listen more and talk less. Ask just enough questions to start a conversation and then sit back and listen to what is being said. Suspend the urge to confirm what you think you know. Listen for examples of how people live their lives. It will point you to the answers of what truly matters and not the stereotypical generalities that make their way into stories. Don’t assume: This is on every list of what not to do, but journalists cannot seem to resist. Many in the news media assumed that Trump’s statements about women would lead to his defeat and much of the coverage leading up to the election tried to confirm that assumption. Journalists need to do a better job of gathering information that leads to authentic stories and not just information that confirms the narrative that has already been established. Asking “Why” and “What”: Throughout the election, I found myself yelling at a television news report or news article: “What did he/she mean?” or “Why did she/he say that?” The news media did a lousy job of asking follow-up questions. Too often, candidates were allowed to make statements without being pushed to provide clarifying information. Not only should candidates and government officials be asked “what do you mean” questions, all sources should be asked to elaborate on statements they make. “Make America Great Again” had a different meaning based on the person making the statement. Every person who made that statement, whether it was Trump himself, a supporter or opponent, should have been asked, “What do you mean?” The question could open the door to a more authentic conversation. Dig deep: For years, journalists have been told that in order to better understand ethnic minority communities they need to spend time building trust. The same can be said of all communities. This election brought one issue into clear focus. The national news media, and in some cases, even local media, need to spend more time developing relationships with everyday people. Too much time has been spent talking to the well-connected and one another. Building relationships does not fit the current 24/7, tight-budget news operation, but failure to do so will further corrode the public’s trust in the news media. Teaching Corner]]> 16829 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/02/pac-020917/ Thu, 09 Feb 2017 14:41:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16913 Paul Voakes, University of Colorado, 2016-17 President of AEJMC | February 9, 2017 Dear President Trump, As the leaders of organizations representing more than 8,600 journalism and communication educators throughout the country, we hope you will join us in supporting the longstanding, democratic principles that inform our teaching and our research: · We strongly support the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.  Its guarantee of freedom of speech has resulted in a nation whose public debates and tolerance for diverse viewpoints are unmatched in world history. We believe that freedom of expression, as many before us have asserted, “is the right from which all others flow.” · We believe the First Amendment compels the news media to hold accountable those in power – especially those leading the U.S. government. Without this “watchdog” function, American citizens will not have the broad sweep of information they need for successful self-governance. This in turn requires transparency and accessibility on the part of those in government. · We believe in the discipline of verification. As our colleagues Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel have written, verification “is what separates journalism from entertainment, propaganda, fiction or art. . . . Journalism alone is focused on the process employed to get what happened down right.” We value the gathering of evidence-based information over the superficial parroting of opposing claims. · We support the teaching of news literacy – not just to journalism students but to all students. As young citizens and future leaders, our students must be able to discern fabrication from fact, to evaluate the evidence and sources of claims, to recognize the inevitable biases in themselves and in others, and to understand the economics of news media and all public communications. We believe the American public deserves journalism that is factual and balanced, and we are preparing future professionals to provide it. - We support debate and dialogue that is both robust and civil.  While the First Amendment protects freedom of expression in its many forms, the norms of a civil society also necessitate that we treat others with decency and respect – even those with whom we disagree. These are traditional and time-honored principles of journalism and communication education that we feel have been recently threatened by the rhetoric of your administration. In your campaign and during your transition to the presidency, you and your leadership team have made references to changes both logistical (relocation of the White House press corps, among many others) and conceptual (“opening up the libel laws” to make it easier to sue the media, among many others), which together signal a potential erosion of important First Amendment freedoms that are essential to our democracy. You have stated that you have a “running war” with the news media, and you have declared journalists to be “among the most dishonest human beings on earth.” In the first days of your presidency your administration shut down systems of communication between the several key federal agencies and the public. In fairness, we also recognize that the Obama administration had a less than stellar record of accessibility, transparency and accountability, in its own relations with news media. But we have now turned a page in U.S. history. We urge you and your administration to set an example -- indeed, the benchmark -- of transparency, accessibility and accountability, and to encourage and support journalism in its important watchdog role. As educators, we have long used current events and trends for “teachable moments” and for research topics. We are using this moment to restate the value of journalism and encourage our students to pursue it as a noble profession that can enlighten and inform. We urge you and your administration vigorously to protect and preserve the First Amendment rights of journalists and all citizens – rights that are basic to democracy and an informed society.  We will also continue vigorously to defend these principles. Sincerely, The Boards of Directors: Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication National Scholastic Press Association/Associated Collegiate Press Journalism Education Association Student Press Law Center <<PACS]]> 16913 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/02/conversation-about-race/ Thu, 23 Feb 2017 15:48:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16960 Facilitating a Conversation about Race By Karen M. Turner AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Associate Professor Department of Journalism Temple University kturner@temple.edu       (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, March 2017 issue) I often hear from colleagues who say talking about diversity, and race in particular, is difficult. However, by being silent about race in the classroom, our students may take this as a cue that such discussions should be avoided. Our political environment has provided us with a challenge and opportunity to bring hot-button topics into our classrooms in meaningful ways. Whether we’re talking about the Black Lives Matter movement or police shootings and killings or racial and religious refugees, the news is filled with politicized issues ripe for discussion. Several years ago I developed and began teaching a module to upper-level students, dealing with journalistic biases, as a way to contextualize a race/diversity discussion. We need to have conversations about race so we can improve the way we report about communities of color. We teach our journalists-in-training to strive for objectivity. But the reality is we see the world through our own eyes and experiences – our various dimensions of diversity such as race, class, ability, age, political affiliation, sexual orientation, etc. We need to recognize our biases. And we need to help our students as future communication professionals do the same. Such understanding can lead to better reporting. Knowing one’s biases in this context can foster a critical analysis of how identity impacts journalistic storytelling. I am not suggesting one module devoted to this difficult topic is adequate. I am suggesting it is a start. Create a positive classroom climate. I usually wait to teach the race module midway through the semester. By this point in the course we are familiar and comfortable with one another. As instructor, I work to create a welcoming classroom climate where all points of view are valued and open for critical reflection. Explain why we need to have conversations about race. It is important early in the discussion to explain to the students why I introduce what could be for some an uncomfortable conversation. My reasons are simple: • the student population and the population they will serve as journalists are becoming more and more diverse; • we need to function in an increasingly multicultural workplace; • as a society we don’t do race-talk well but it’s important for developing racial consciousness, improving race relations and for our purposes better reporting; • honest race talk is a powerful way to dispel stereotypes and biases*; • I am committed to stepping outside my comfort zone to facilitate difficult conversations. Once I say why it is important to bring a race discussion into the curriculum, I set ground rules and discuss what I hope to accomplish. There are three main objectives: • begin an honest dialogue about race; • avoid a monologue where we state and restate our initial positions – LISTEN; • recognize/understand our own biases and how they may impact our reporting. Exercise 1: I begin by asking the students to list all the dimensions of diversity that explain who they are. I get things started by describing myself. When students see I am willing to share, it encourages them to take the exercise seriously. I don’t ask the students to talk publicly about their list. I tell them to keep the list and add to it throughout the rest of the semester. Discuss our racial realities. At this point I discuss and show verdict video from the 1995 O.J. Simpson trial demonstrating how Americans saw this story very differently depending on their racial background. Journalist Ted Koppel said about the trial… “I think that race is the great unresolved issue in this country. … And in many respects, the O.J. Simpson trial, coming as it did toward the end of the 20th Century, served as an exclamation mark.” Exercise 2: For the second exercise, I assign the students to diverse groups of three or four. I ask them to think about the following question then share their answers with their group. “Write a few words describing when and what happened the first time you became aware of your racial/ethnic identity. This can be a personal experience or something you witnessed. How do you think this event has influenced your present attitudes about race and race-related issues? How might this impact your reporting?” As the students are getting into their groups I share with them my first racial awareness memory, which happened in kindergarten. Many students have never thought about these questions before. They usually become very engaged to the point that I have to cut short the group discussions. Encourage quality reporting. I end the module talking about storytelling approaches to keep in mind when reporting, such as being mindful of visuals used; word choices; who’s interviewed and who’s not; and framing the story. Following the module, I distribute an anonymous (name optional) three-question survey to be submitted by the next class. I ask: (1) In what ways, if any, has your thinking or awareness of race and stereotypes changed? (2) To what extent have these activities and discussion made you reflect on your own position and identity in society? (3) In what ways, if any, have or will these activities and discussion impact your approach to reporting? The feedback has been positive and informative. Challenge ourselves to step outside our comfort zone. It can be uncomfortable teaching a race module. However our students must have the tools to report accurately on issues related to race. This process starts in our classrooms where we can help our students understand, recognize and address journalistic biases. Honest and accurate reporting in this climate of “fake” news is imperative. I often tell my students they will be the eyes and ears of their public and therefore have an awesome responsibility to produce quality journalism. I remind them our democracy depends on it. *A good resource is Derald Wing Sue’s, Race Talk and the Conspiracy of Silence: Understanding and Facilitating Difficult Dialogues on Race. Also see my 2015 commentary, “Journalists’ Biases Must Be Part of Frank Conversation on Race” (http://mije.org/journalists%E2%80%99-biases-must-be-part-frank-conversation-race) Teaching Corner]]> 16960 0 0 0 https://youtu.be/FV_iWkrN9Mo Tue, 28 Mar 2017 17:53:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17049 17049 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 12:26:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17140 Divisions:

• Advertising
• Communicating Science, Health, Environment, and Risk (ComSHER)
• Communication Technology (CTEC)
• Communication Theory and Methodology
• Cultural and Critical Studies
• Electronic News
• History
• International Communication
• Law and Policy
• Magazine
• Mass Communication and Society
• Media Ethics
• Media Management and Economics
• Minorities and Communication (MAC)
• Newspaper and Online News
• Public Relations
• Scholastic Journalism
• Visual Communication (VisCom)

Interest Groups:

• Community Journalism
• Entertainment Studies
• Graduate Student
• Internships and Careers
• Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer
• Participatory Journalism
• Political Communication
• Religion and Media
• Small Programs (SPIG)
• Sports Communication (SPORTS)

Commissions:

• Status of Women

<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 17140 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/adv-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 12:41:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17144 OPEN COMPETITION A Contributing Factor to the Obesity Paradox: Biological Food Cues in Food Advertisements and Packaging • Rachel Bailey, Washington State University; Jiawei Liu; Tianjiao Wang, Washington State University • This paper presents two studies that examine how food cues in advertisements and on packaging interact with ad claims and nutrition packaging information to influence encoding and storage of information and evaluations of healthiness. Results indicate that direct food cues facilitate greater perceptions of health, especially for objectively healthy food, and enhance encoding of episodic nutrition information, but may serve to inhibit the encoding and storage of information into semantic networks. Veiled hyper-sexualization: How the Women’s Tennis Association deciphers collective identity through advertising. • Travis R. Bell, University of South Florida; Janelle Applequist, University of South Florida • This study performs a textual analysis of 36 individual images in the Women’s Tennis Association’s “Strong is Beautiful” ad campaign. The WTA constructs a collective identity of women’s professional tennis players that is empowering, yet contradictory. Instead of promoting the athletic event itself, the WTA follows the financially effective advertising model of product endorsement which deemphasizes the legitimacy of female athleticism and reifies the struggle for female athletes to justify their respective athletic credentials. Digital Manipulations of the Human Body as a Form of Schema Incongruity in Print Ads • Mark Callister, Brigham Young University; Lesa Stern, Westmont College; Melissa Seipel, Brigham Young University; Matt Lewis • This study explores a popular form of schema violation in print advertising wherein advertisers digitally manipulate the human body through removing, adding, distorting, replacing, reshaping, or disfiguring body parts. Such manipulations are termed body disturbances and introduce a unique form on schema incongruity designed to draw attention to the ad and mark message content. Based on our lifetime of exposure to the human body’s appearance, properties, and capabilities, our schema is quite established, and the disfiguring or distorting of human body parts can carry strong emotional and physiological reactions. Results reveal that compared to non-disturbance, body disturbance ads function similar to schema incongruity reported in previous research in that violations lead to greater eye fixation duration of the visuals and motivate higher elaboration. However, the added elaboration does not result in greater recall of the body disturbance image, copy, logo, brand name, or product. While such disturbance ads are better liked, such liking does not extend to the actual brand, and actually evokes more aversive reactions than non-disturbance ads. Nonetheless, such ads were viewed as more unexpected, original, intriguing, and entertaining, but not more enjoyed than non-disturbance ads. Implications for advertisers are discussed. Characteristics of High-Engagement Facebook Ads: A Data-Analytics Approach to Engagement, Content and Sentiment Analysis • Chetra Chap, Ohio University • In the light of two-way symmetrical communication framework (TSC), this study measured engagement of—and conducted content and sentiment analysis on—200 randomly selected Facebook advertisements (ads) to identify the characteristics of high-engagement Facebook ads. Confirming previous literature, the findings showed that advertising messages that encourage open and dialogic communication, as explained in TSC, increase ad engagement. Other ad characteristics like featured video, and positive ad sentiment were also found to create high ad engagement. Is Snapchat a Better Place than Facebook to Advertise? • Huan Chen, University of Florida; Yoon-Joo Lee, Washington State University • The study investigated young consumers’ perception and receptivity of Snapchat advertising by using a mixed method research design. Specifically, a qualitative study was conducted to explore young consumers’ perception toward Snapchat advertising and an online survey was launched to examine young consumers’ receptivity of Snapchat advertising compared to Facebook advertising. The qualitative study revealed that young consumers showed relatively positive evaluation toward Snapchat advertising. Their preference of Snapchat advertising comes from the sense of freedom of choice. Their fondness of Snapchat advertising also comes from the subtle nature of this marketing strategy. Based on the nature and characteristic of Snapchat, events, festivals, and travel related products are perceived to be more appropriated to advertise via Snapchat. The quantitative study confirmed some findings from the qualitative study. The quantitative study further uncovered that while young consumers have a more positive attitude toward advertising on Snapchat, advertising on Facebook works better to motivate their behavioral intention of consumption. Theoretical and practical implications were offered. Cultural difference and message strategy of global brands • Su Yeon Cho; Suman Lee • This study investigated the global brands’ Facebook message strategy and their Facebook fans’ response by assuming that there are cultural differences of message strategy and people’s response between the US (individualistic and low-context culture) and South Korea (collectivistic and high-context culture). A total of 867 Facebook messages posted by seven global brands operating in both the U.S. and South Korea were analyzed. The results showed that (1) sales/marketing messages appeared more frequently in the US Facebook than South Korea; (2) conversational messages appeared more frequently in the Korea Facebook than the US; and (3) Korean Facebook users respond more actively on sales/marketing messages than conversational messages. Effects of Multicultural Advertising Strategies on Consumer Attitudes and Purchase Intentions • Carolyn, A. Lin, University of Connnecticut; Linda Dam, California State University, Dominguez Hills • Literature on the effects of racial congruence between consumers and spokespersons on multicultural advertising strategies demonstrates a need for a more comprehensive understanding of the social dynamics between racial groups and advertising effectiveness. Specifically, the potential role of perceived social distance – or individual acceptance of people from another racial background – has not been explored to assess consumer responses toward advertising spokespersons from different racial groups. The current study investigates whether perceived social distance between consumers and multiracial advertising spokespersons will influence consumer attitudes and purchase intentions. This research also applies two theoretical correlates of social distance – social identity and a reconceptualized perceived similarity construct – to help explain consumer decision-making processes. Using a quasi-experimental design, Caucasian participants were randomly exposed to one of three ads that featured a Caucasian, Asian or African American spokesperson. Findings indicated that perceived similarity is a positive predictor of consumer attitudes toward the spokesperson but not perceived social distance. They also showed that participants have the most positive attitudes toward the spokesperson in the African American spokesperson condition and the most favorable attitudes toward the product in the Asian American spokesperson condition. Discussion and implications are also discussed. Tracing the Emergence and Dominance of Visual Solution Advertising: A Preliminary Study • Mel White; Sreyoshi Dey; Arthur Badalian • This preliminary research focuses upon the emergence of visual solution advertising. Analyzing print and outdoor advertisements since the 1970s, using the method of content analysis, it was observed that with the establishment of the European Union (1993) and Eurozone (1999), there was a shift towards creating advertisements that could be interpreted and understood by a diverse audience. Advertisements were found to have moved away from predominantly language based concepts to more culturally relevant visual concepts. The Duality of Traits and Goals: An Examination of the Interplay between Consumer Personality and Regulatory Focus in Predicting Consumer Responses to Social Media Ads • Naa Amponsah Dodoo; Cynthia Morton • Along with the growth of social media has been an equal rise of social media advertising. Although personalized advertising appears to be on the rise particularly in social media, the psychological determinants of consumer responses to social media ads still warrant further inquiry. Building on three research streams, this study investigated the effect of consumer personality traits, regulatory focus and product appeal on consumer responses to social media ads. Specifically, this study assessed whether extraversion and conscientiousness functioned to influence how consumers respond to social media ads that employed message strategies highlighting regulatory focus (promotion vs. prevention) and product appeal (hedonic vs. utilitarian). Experimental results indicate the main effects of personality traits on responses to social media ads. Furthermore, interaction effects were found which indicated that consumers who scored higher in extraversion were more likely to prefer prevention focus messages combined with a utilitarian product appeal relative to eWOM and purchase intention, in contrast to the proposed findings. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Measuring the Content Characteristics of Augmented Reality Advertising • Yang Feng, San Diego State University; Quan Xie, Bradley University • Despite the rise of featuring AR technology in advertising, generally accepted definitions of the content characteristics of AR advertising do not exist. This study develops and validates a measurement instrument to gauge the content characteristics of AR advertising and to provide a deep understanding of the relationship between each content feature of AR advertising and ad efficacy. To this end, possible items were generated via a review of prior literature, supplemented by content analysis, and a free-association task. The measurement instrument was then refined and validated using a pretest of a general consumer sample, and further validated using a second general consumer sample. Results indicate that the content characteristics of AR advertising can be measured using a 15-item, 4-construct (informativeness, novelty, entertainment, and complexity) index. Factors Affecting the Performance of China’s Advertising Agencies: A Time Series Cross-Sectional Analysis • Guangchao Feng, Shenzhen University; Yuting Zhang, Jinan University; Qiuyu Hu, Jinan University; Hong Cheng, Virginia Commonwealth University • China is the world’s second-largest advertising market after the United States in terms of advertising spending since 2006. Nevertheless, how advertising agencies in China have performed and what factors have determined their performance have been understudied. Using the Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) model incorporating the agency theory and through time series cross-sectional (TSCS) analysis, we found that concentration in the advertising industry and the number of regulations have had significant negative effects on agencies’ performance. In addition, agencies with mainly foreign capital performed better did than those with only Chinese capitals. Agencies adopting strategies of going public (IPO) and ‘having name changes and merges’ performed better than those doing nothing. Implications are also discussed. Danger or Fear? Examining Consumers’ Blocking Intention of Online Behavioral Advertising: Integration of the Persuasion Knowledge Model and the Extended Parallel Processing Model • Chang-Dae Ham, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Joonghwa Lee, University of North Dakota; Soojung Kim, University of North Dakota • This study examines how consumers intend to block online behavioral advertising, looking at the role of persuasion knowledge in the simultaneous control processes of privacy infringement thereat and preventable efficacy. Integrating the Persuasion Knowledge Model (PKM) with the Extended Parallel Processing Model (EPPM), this study proposes a hypothetical model that explains how consumers’ recognition of online behavioral tracking technology elicits danger and fear control processes, which in turn, motivate them to block online behavioral tracking. Using quasi-experimental design, the results revealed that consumers intended to block online behavioral tracking only when they appraised the danger of privacy infringement was significantly harmful and when they perceived they could control the blocking technology. Interestingly, perceived severity, vulnerability, and self-efficacy significantly mediated the impact of persuasion knowledge on the blocking intention; but response efficacy did not mediate the relationship. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Catching Eyes: Dissecting Ad Disclosures of Native Advertising • Jun Heo, Louisiana State University; Soojin Kim, Louisiana State University; A-Reum Jung • This study explored how people discover, attend to, process, and identify native advertising by the types of ad disclosure. FTC’s disclosure guideline was used to identify components of ad disclosure (e.g., wording, placement, proximity, font style, size, color, effects, background, and repetition). The results of an eye-tracking experiment revealed that each of the components is related, to a different degree, to the cognitive responses to native advertising. Implications are discussed for regulators and marketers. All They Want for Christmas: The Agenda-Setting Influence of Television Advertising on Parents’ Gift-Giving Perceptions • Steven Holiday, Texas Tech University; Mary Norman, Texas Tech University; Terri Manley, Texas Tech University; Derrick Holland, Texas Tech University; Glenn Cummins; Eric Rasmussen, Texas Tech University • This study examines the agenda-setting role of advertising in influencing parents’ Christmas season gift-giving perceptions. A content analysis of commercials in children’s programming was compared with a questionnaire of parents to test agenda-setting’s transfer of salience and contingent condition of interpersonal communication through advertising mediation and child purchase requests. Results indicate a significant transfer of salience from advertising agenda to parents’ perceptions of the most important gifts to give during the Christmas season. The Influence of Self-Brand Congruity and Ad Position on Emotional Responses to Online Video Ads • Todd Holmes, State University of New York at New Paltz • The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of self-brand congruity and ad position and how these factors impact emotional responses to embedded online video advertisements. To achieve these aims, an online experiment was conducted based on a two (self-brand congruity) X two (ad position) between-subjects design. Self-brand congruity and ad position were found to significantly impact the pleasure and arousal dimensions of emotional response. The Effects of Self-Imagery on Advertisement Evaluations: The Mediating Role of Sense of Presence • Wonseok (Eric) Jang, Texas Tech University; Sun Young Lee, Texas Tech University; Akira Asada • The results indicate that when consumers imagined themselves as the main characters in the scene depicted in the advertisement, such imagery experience created a sense of presence in the scene, which in turn enhanced consumers’ engagement with the imagery and their evaluation of the advertisement. However, when the advertisement promoted a high-risk activity, self-imagery decreased consumers’ evaluations of the advertisement because a greater sense of presence evoked by self-imagery induced a feeling of fear. What Components Should Be Included in Advertising Media Literacy Education?: Effect of Component Types and the Moderating Role of Age • Se-Hoon Jeong; Yoori Hwang • Exposure to advertising could result in multiple health risks, such as obesity or anorexia/bulimia. Ad media literacy education could help audiences view ads critically, and prevent the negative effects of ads. This study examined the effects of different literacy education components in an ad literacy program on children’s knowledge and criticism, and the moderating role of age. An experiment was designed with varying literacy components: (a) content literacy only, (b) content + grammar literacy, and (c) content + grammar + structure literacy. Results showed that, for younger children, there was inverted-U shaped relationship between literacy components and knowledge such that the content + grammar literacy condition was more effective than the content literacy condition and the content + grammar + structure literacy condition. However, this relationship was not observed for older children. Implications for designing effective ad literacy education programs are further discussed. Firearms, Brass Knuckles… and Instagram: Interactive Effects of Social Media and Violent Media on Gun Control Support • Valerie Jones, Ms.; Ming Wang, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • As visual social networking sites keep growing, advertising professionals and researchers are beginning to solve the puzzle of how visuals can best inform and influence audiences. Drawing up priming and desensitization theories, this study explores the mechanism through which Instagram content consumption and prior media use interact in affecting public issue support. A between groups experiment found that the Transportation Security Administration’s Instagram content increases support for gun control depending on levels of crime show and violent video game engagement. Antecedents of Consumers’ Avoidance of Native Advertising on Social Media: Social Media-related Factors, Institution-based Trust Factors, and Ad Perceptions • Soojung Kim, University of North Dakota; Joonghwa Lee, University of North Dakota; Chang-Dae Ham, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Amanda Pasierb, University of North Dakota • This study examined the antecedents of consumers’ avoidance of native advertising on social media. An online survey with 503 respondents from Amazon MTurk showed heavy social media users and consumers who perceived social media platforms as fair to display native advertising were less likely to avoid it. Trust in online advertisers contributed to reducing ad avoidance. Consumers who found native advertising less intrusive and irritating and more entertaining did not tend to avoid native advertising. Why we #hashtag brand: Consumer motivations associated with posting brand hashtags • Gu Zhiquao; Eunice Kim, University of Florida • Hashtags (#) have received a great deal of attention from academia and industry as an effective tool for engaging consumers and facilitating electronic word-of-mouth for brands. The present study delved into motivations concerning consumers’ brand-related hashtag-posting behavior on social media. The findings revealed three consumer motivations for posting brand-related hashtags on social media: social acceptance, brand related altruism, and incentive seeking. Additionally, the study examined the relationships between motivations and consumer-brand relationship variables. Antecedents of Skepticism toward Pro-Environmental Advertising: Application of the Persuasion Knowledge Model • Jinhee Lee; Eric Haley, University of Tennessee • The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of consumer prior experience and their coping knowledge on skepticism toward pro-environmental advertising, and to examine the mediation effects of consumer coping knowledge between consumer prior experience and skepticism. An online survey was conducted and a total 186 respondents participated in the survey. The study revealed that three types of consumer coping knowledge, such as persuasion, agent, and topic knowledge, were significantly related to their skepticism, and were interrelated to each other. In addition, the results showed that consumer prior experience with pro-environmental advertising and products affected three types of coping knowledge. Lastly, the mediation effects of consumer coping knowledge were revealed. . Based on the results, there were several theoretical and practical implications. Is it the Ad or What Precedes it?: Responses to Ads Following Emotional Content, an Excitation Transfer Perspective • Kristen Lynch, Michigan State University; Tao Deng, Michigan State University; Olivia JuYoung Lee; Ali Hussain, Michigan State University; Emily Clark, Michigan State University; Alex Torres; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University • Based on excitation transfer theory, arousal evoked from a prior stimulus can impact the perception and emotional response subsequent stimuli (Zillman, 1971). Prior advertising research largely focused on ad-elicited emotions and memory outcomes (Bakalash, & Riemer, 2013; Hartmann, Apaolaza, D'Souza, Barrutia & Echebarria, 2014). Little attention has been given to the effects of prior emotional stimuli on processing advertising messages. This study uses a 2 (arousal: low vs. high) x 2 (valence: positive vs. negative) x 3 (ad repetition) x 3 (order) mixed factorial design to investigate the effects of prior exposure of emotional stimuli on later cognitive and affective processing of ads. It is hypothesized that exposure to prior stimuli that are high in arousal and negative valance will produce negative emotions for the preceding ad evidenced by increased heart deceleration, increased skin conductance levels, and increased orbicularis oculi muscle activation; thus resulting in lower ad evaluations. Participant (N=45) were exposed to arousing or calm images that vary in positive or negative emotional valence—selected from the International Affective Picture System (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 2008)—followed by an ad of a household products of neutral valence; determined by a pretest. Self-reported attitude towards ad and purchase intentions were measured. Results indict that negative images preceding ads produce lower ad and brand rating, purchase intentions and viral behavioral intentions for the ad. College Students’ Processing of Non-celebrity Male Athletic Spokespersons in Health PSAs: The Mediational Role of Status • Adrienne Muldrow; Yoon-Joo Lee, Washington State University • Studies suggest that spokespersons are supposed to help drive beneficial behaviors. Athletic spokespersons, in particular, due to their known exercise and nutritional regimens in additional to their status in the eyes of college students, should be germane spokesperson for driving these behaviors. Furthermore, with limited budgets, many non-profit public relations practitioners need practical, cost-effective solutions to driving desirable health behaviors. One cost-effective solution may be the use of an unknown athletic spokesperson in the health advertisement. Hence, this experimental study investigates how college students process non-celebrity athletic spokespersons in advertisements to build their health intentions. In this study, we examined three common features present in athletic spokesperson advertising: athletic identity, ethnicity, and status. In particular, 173 college students were either exposed to an athletic, non-celebrity, White or Black spokesperson in a health PSA and answered similar questions about their athletic identity, commonalities to their ethnicity, status-orientations with regard to health, and health intentions. We used social cognitive theory to form hypotheses stating that more perceived similarities with the athletic spokespersons and thus greater identified advertising appeal would lead to greater intentions to perform health behaviors. We extended knowledge on existing advertising literature by examining how college students’ acknowledgement of reward-oriented, status-seeking through health behaviors could aid processing of health intentions. We used a Hayes’ PROCESS model to reveal the process of how college students interpret characteristics of non-celebrity athletic figures in helping them form health intentions. Investigating Psychophysiological Processing of Alcohol Advertising on Social Media among Underage Minors: Policy Implications • Juan Mundel, DePaul University; Kristen Lynch, Michigan State University; Michael Nelson, Michigan State University; Emily Clark, Michigan State University; Tao Deng, Michigan State University; Ali Hussain, Michigan State University; Duygu Kanver, Michigan State University; Yadira Nieves-Pizarro, Michigan State University; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University; McAlister Anna, Michigan State University; Elizabeth Quilliam, Michigan State University; Jef Richards, Michigan State University • Underage drinking remains a significant health risk among young adults in the United States. Alcohol marketing and advertising has been charged with being one of the most influential factors in consumers’ intentions to drink. With few regulations imposed on the Internet in relation to alcohol marketing, underage youth may receive alcohol promoting messages through electronic word-of-mouth. We hypothesized that alcoholic beverage ads including young models will be more motivationally relevant due to similarities between participant and model. To test this hypothesis, this study relied on psychophysiological and self-reported measures. Our findings showed that when beer ads featured younger (vs. older-looking) models, participants exhibited greater intentions to drink. We outline recommendations for policy changes based on our findings. Examining E-cigarette Advertising through Social Media: Effects of Consumer-Celebrity Risk-Oriented Image Congruence and Parasocial Identification on Ad Attitude, Electronic Word-of-Mouth, and E-Cigarette Smoking Intentions • Joe Phua, University of Georgia; Jhih-Syuan Elaine Lin, University of Georgia; Dong Jae Lim, University of Georgia • This study examined effects of congruence between consumers’ risk-oriented possible self and celebrity endorsers’ image on attitudes towards an Instagram e-cigarette advertisement, eWOM and smoking intentions. Results indicated consumer-celebrity risk-seeking image congruency led to significantly more positive ad attitudes, eWOM and smoking intentions. Consumer-celebrity risk-averse image congruency, meanwhile, led to significantly more negative ad attitude, eWOM and smoking intentions. Parasocial identification also moderated effects of celebrity-product congruence and consumer-celebrity image congruency on key dependent measures. Facebook Organic Reach Has Viral Marketers Down: Post Content That Drives Shares, Likes And Comments. • Keith Quesenberry, Messiah College; Michael Coolsen, Shippensburg University • Facebook is a prominent form of viral marketing, yet with declining brand page organic reach, which factors influence virality or engagement? A textual content analysis of 1,000 brand Facebook posts found significant (or marginally significant) effects for: (1) new/now posts on increasing shares and comments, (2) time/date posts on increasing shares, and (3) education posts on decreasing likes and comments. Promotion/contest and social cause/CSR posts produced no significant results. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed. Visuals, Inferences, and Consumers' Biased Information Seeking • Sann Ryu; Patrick Vargas; Sang Ryu, University of Edinburgh • We investigated how varying product visual appeals—package design (plain vs. good design) and image quality (low vs. high resolution)—can influence consumers to generate inferential beliefs about the product and skew their subsequent information search. We also tested consumers’ cognitive responses a mediator between product visuals and brand attitudes, and the moderating role of need for cognition between brand attitudes and selective exposure. The Influence of Mood States on Information Seeking and Evaluations of Advertised Novel Shaped Fruit: The Moderating Roles of Variety Seeking Trait • Sela Sar; Supathida Kulpavaropas; Lulu Rodriguez • This study investigated the influence of consumers’ pre-existing mood states and variety seeking trait on their information seeking about a novel-shaped product and their attitude and purchase intention toward the product. The results revealed that consumers in a positive mood and with higher variety-seeking trait showed a more favorable attitude toward the product, sought more information and had higher purchase intention than those in the same mood with a lower variety-seeking trait. There were significant main effects of mood on attitude toward the product and information seeking. There were also significant main effects of variety-seeking trait on information seeking and purchase intention. Implications for advertising research and practice are discussed. What’s Your Favorite Filter? An Exploratory Analysis of Snapchat Advertising • Alexandra Ormond, St. John Fisher College; Morgan van der Horst, St. John Fisher College; Ronen Shay, St. John Fisher College; Lainie Lucas, St. John Fisher College; Kyle Cataldo, St. John Fisher College • Snapchat presents advertisers with a variety of interactive formats by which to engage consumers with relevant and thoughtful ad experiences. Through the use of three focus groups (n = 21) this study examines the perceptions young adults (18-24) have towards Snapchat advertising by exploring themes that include the temporary nature of communication on the platform; factors that contribute to a user’s engagement with geofilters, interactive lenses, and snap ads; tolerance towards the high volume of advertising on the platform; and why the lack of traditional like or share features can both help and hinder advertisers. Blowing smoke: Uncovering and addressing college students perceptions, use and knowledge of e-cigarettes • Debbie Treise, University of Florida; Summer Shelton, University of Florida; Nicki Karimipour; Vaughan James, University of Florida • Electronic cigarette use is rising dramatically among young people, and advertising is thought to be one of the contributors to those increases. This study employed focus groups and in-depth interviews to determine user and potential user knowledge of product ingredients, risk assessments and uses. Findings showed a general lack of understanding, creative uses for the devices and an emerging community of vapers. Recommendations for PSA informational campaigns and future research are discussed. “Really Being There?”: Telepresence in Virtual Reality Branded Content • JIE SHEN, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Michelle Stenger, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Julia Lechowicz, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Chen Chen, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Rachel Yang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Aparna Sivasakaran, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Yanyun Wang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Ji Zhang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Yixin Zou, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Helen Katz, Publicis Media Analytics & Insight; Michelle Nelson, UIUC Department of Advertising • Despite the growing interest of immersive technologies such as virtual reality (VR) among both professionals and academics, few studies have assessed consumers’ awareness of or attitudes toward VR media or witnessed reactions to VR brand experiences. Eighteen in-depth interviews were conducted to observe how participants perceived VR in general and to gauge their reactions to a branded VR experience for a university. Findings revealed individual differences in awareness of VR experiences. Varying levels of ‘telepresence’ (feeling present in the mediated environment) were noted in interviews and on the telepresence scale. Emerging themes that contributed to or detracted from telepresence included feelings of control, observations of sensory/media richness, seeing the virtual as a ‘microcosm’, and desire for a social experience. The ramifications of VR technology for advertising and branding are discussed. The Psychological Processes of Mixed Valence Images: Emotional Response, Visual Attention and Memory • Jing (Taylor) Wen, University of Florida; Jon Morris, University of Florida; Mark Sherwood, University of Florida; Alissa Meyer, University of Florida; Nicole Rosenberg, University of Florida • Despite the growing significance of emotional images in advertising, the psychological and physiological responses toward multiple opposite valence images presenting simultaneously remain somewhat unexplored. This research examined the relationship between emotional response, visual attention, and recall. The results showed that individuals were more likely to gaze toward the positive images than the negative ones when exposed to the both simultaneously. More importantly, longer gaze duration translated into their emotional response toward the images. Gaze duration and the Empowerment dimension of emotional response together significantly predicted the recall of the images. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Examining consumers’ identification of native and display advertising on news websites • Kasey Windels, Louisiana State University; Lance Porter • Consumers are spending more time with digital media, causing advertisers to invest more heavily in digital advertising. This has shaken up the newspaper industry, as advertisers have abandoned the high costs and shrinking readership of print newspapers and turned to digital advertising. In conjunction, click through rates on banner ads continue to decline. As digital publishers seek ad revenues and advertisers seek more effective advertising options, native advertising, which is advertising designed to mimic the style and content formats of the publisher’s content, has grown tremendously. Using an eye-tracking method, this study examined whether consumers could identify native and display ads on digital news websites with similar speed and effectiveness. Results suggest that native ads are more discoverable, or more quickly noticed on digital websites. However, only 68% of participants could identify native ads, and those who did took significantly longer to do so. The implications for the news and advertising industries are discussed. Understanding the Effectiveness of Meaningful Advertisements: The Influence of Mortality Salience and Age Difference • Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina • Meaningful advertisements, which portray moral virtues and life meaning, have been widely produced around the world, but attracted limited academic attention. Based on the Terror Management Theory (TMT), this research investigates how mortality salience (Study 1 & Study 2) and age difference (Study 2) influence the effectiveness of meaningful advertisements. Results from Study 1 indicated that people expressed more favorable attitudes to the meaningful ad under mortality salience compared to the control condition. Study 2 further demonstrated that such a phenomenon was more salient among young participants. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. Does Interactivity Benefit New Product Acceptance? The Influence of Desire for Control • Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina; Denetra Walker • The failure rates of new products are surprisingly high in general. Previous advertising research has identified a number of message strategies of encouraging consumers to accept new products. However, little attention has been paid to media interface in this area. To fill this gap, this study investigates how interactivity influences evaluations of new products among consumers with different levels of desire for control. The results indicated that participants high in desire for control expressed more favorable attitudes toward the new product when the level of interactivity was high versus low. Their attitudes toward the classic product didn’t differ across distinctive levels of interactivity. Participants low in desire for control expressed similar attitudes toward both the new and classic product across different interactivity conditions. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Native Advertising on Social Media: the Effects of Company Reputation, Perceived Relevanc and Privacy Concerns • Anli Xiao, the Pennsylvania State University; Ruobing Li; Guolan Yang; MICHAIL VAFEIADIS, Auburn University • "Through an online experiment (N = 207), this study examines native advertisings on social media by investigating the impact of a company’s reputation, the perceived relevance of the sponsored post and the role of social media privacy concerns on consumers’ attitudes toward the sponsored post, perceive brand credibility, company trust and social media engagement intentions. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. Social information in Facebook news feed ads: Effects of personal relevance and brand familiarity • Fei Xue; Lijie Zhou • The current research examined effects of the “Social Information” feature in Facebook news feed ads, in relation to personal relevance and brand familiarity. Ads with social information did not always lead to more favorable advertising and brand perceptions. However, interaction effects were found among social information, personal relevance, and brand familiarity, in terms of attitude-toward-the-ad and purchase intention. Social information could help create more favorable advertising responses for unfamiliar and low-relevance brands. ADVERTISING TEACHING Development of Conceptual and Attitudinal Advertising Literacy and Influencing Factors among College Students in China • Fangfang Gao; Yusi Liu, Zhejiang University; Tao Shan • Given the pervasive role of advertising and commercial culture in the modern society as well as its substantial influence on the younger generation, scholars have called for more evidence of advertising literacy development among college students, i.e., the ability to recognize, evaluate and understand advertising. Notwithstanding the importance of advertising literacy among college students, most of the current studies are in the Western settings. There are limited empirical studies about the development of advertising literacy among Chinese population. The general purpose of the study is to examine the conceptual and attitudinal advertising literacy among college students in China, exploring possible predicting factors that may influence their level of advertising literacy, suggesting possible interventions to enhance media education and strategic communication. Based on a survey of 515 Chinese college students, our study provided empirical evidence to show that product desires, resistance strategies, BMI, self-esteem, and critical attitudes towards food and fitness products, as well as gender, grade and major are important predictors of college students’ advertising literacy. The current study expands the research of media literacy to a more specific area of advertising, exploring the advertising literacy for college students in China. Moreover, when investigating predicting factors for advertising literacy, two dimensions, both conceptual and attitudinal advertising literacy, were analyzed, providing more detailed information concerning the concept of advertising literacy. Implications for academic research and public policy were discussed. Further research is needed to gain understanding of the complex developmental process of advertising literacy among young people in China. Global Collaboration to Teach Research Methods for Advertising, Public Relations, and Communication Majors: Review of Student Reflections and a Plan • Pamela Morris • This study investigates an innovative way to teach undergraduate research methods courses, specifically by collaborating globally. The paper provides an example of a research methods course taught by pairing U.S. and South Korean university students and an evaluation of the course based on the students’ reactions of the semester. The method of investigation is review of 22 student reflection papers. The student responses suggest that this model created an effective learning environment as seen in several themes, such as a wider perception, better understanding, and more respect for research, acknowledgement of the fun and excitement in conducting research, gaining more confidence, using skills in other classes, and considering how research could be used in their future careers. Culturally, students reported it was an eye-opening experience and that they also learned about themselves. The exploratory study attempts to add to the literature, as well as provide a foundation for new ideas and creative ways to leverage current technology, the globalized world, and students’ interest of other cultures. Teaching Ad Tech: Assessing Collaborative Teaching in an Advertising, Computer Science, and Design Course • Jay Newell; Wallapak Tavanapong; Sherry Berghefer, Iowa State University • Advertising technology is advancing quickly, incorporating digital techniques that may be beyond the experience of the individual faculty member. Collaborative teaching, where faculty members from different disciplines co-teach a course, may be a solution. This report assesses the learning outcomes of an advertising technology course taught by faculty from advertising, computer science and human-computer interaction programs. Two semesters of pre- and post-tests were analyzed, finding increases in student comfort with preparing and presenting technologically-advanced solutions to marketing challenges. PROFESSIONAL FREEDOM & RESPONSIBILITY (PF&R) Mentors and minority advertising students: A survey of the 2017 Most Promising Multicultural Student class • Alice Kendrick; Jami Fullerton • U.S. advertising agencies have struggled to attract and retain ethnic and racial minority talent for decades, and the absence of professional mentors has been cited as an issue in job satisfaction among minority employees in the advertising industry. University advertising programs are recognized as an important pipeline of prospective minority hires, especially for agencies. This paper examines a group of minority advertising college students in terms of whether they currently have a professional mentor, as well as their career preferences and perceptions of advertising industry employment. The role of mentorship for minority advertising students as well as implications for advertising educators and employers who seek to diversify their advertising organizations are discussed. Aspiring Advertising Professionals: Workplace Expectations Through a Gendered Lens • Jean Grow; Shiyu Yang • Generation Z, whose personal and professional expectations differ from previous generations, are entering our classrooms. Yet, workplace environments, and their structural underpinnings tend to change slowly. The advertising industry is no exception. This research investigates the expectations of 98 aspiring advertising professionals using social capital theory. We study the gaps between Generation Z’s expectations and workplace realities, while exploring the influences of gender; and suggest ways educators might bridge the gap between expectations and reality. Effects of Cosmetic Surgery Advertisements on Surgery Intention and Attitudes Toward Surgeons • Sung-Yeon Park, Univ. of Nevada, Reno; Sasha Allgayer, Bowling Green State University • The effects of cosmetic surgery advertising on perceived benefits, risks, acceptance of cosmetic surgery and attitudes toward cosmetic were explored. The advertising exposure was positively related to perceived benefits and surgery intention, but unrelated to perceived risk. Compared with doctors in general, cosmetic surgeons were trusted less, though exposure to cosmetic surgery advertisements improved some perceptions about cosmetic surgeons. In addition, consumer evaluation of cosmetic surgery advertising elements revealed many areas of confusion among consumers. STUDENT RESEARCH The Use of Search and Display Advertisements in Digital Advertising • Lindsay Bouchacourt • The purpose of the study is to examine search advertisements and display advertisements used in digital advertising and investigate whether one type of advertisement produces a lower cost-per-acquisition. The study also explores the use of different electronic devices (mobile phone versus desktop computers) and whether this has an effect on cost-per-acquisition. The study uses a Paraguayan mortgage company as the advertiser and Google AdWords as the source of media placement. It Takes "Less Than U Think": Implementation Of An Anti Binge-Drinking Campaign Targeting Expectancy • Eric Cooks; Katie Bell • This study analyzed the effectiveness of a student-led anti binge-drinking campaign in influencing alcohol expectancy. Results indicated that several components of social expectations for alcohol use changed significantly at posttest. Negative expectancies increased for alcohol’s ability to make parties fun, and to put people in better moods. Changes were also seen in expectations related to the taste of alcohol. Significant associations were observed in relation to participant gender and Greek affiliation. This campaign represents an integrated communications effort that incorporates psychological theory to address a significant public health concern. Any Benefits from Anxiety and Curiosity?: Exploring the Impact of Personality Traits in Ad Avoidance on Social Networking Sites • Naa Amponsah Dodoo; Jing (Taylor) Wen, University of Florida • Social network advertising continues to be a prevalent way advertisers employ to deliver their messages to their consumers. In this increasingly cluttered ad environment, consumers may adopt varying strategies, as ad avoidance, to prevent exposure to these ads. Literature suggests the link between personality traits and SNS use. Consumers’ personality traits may be important factors that determine how they engage in SNS ad avoidance. This study investigated potential underlying mechanisms of SNS ad avoidance and how personality traits function to determine consumers’ attitude and behavior toward SNS ads. The results of this study indicate the roles of perceived ad relevance, perceived ad intrusiveness and privacy concern in SNS ad avoidance. Specifically, while perceived ad relevance decreased ad avoidance, perceived intrusiveness and privacy concern increased ad avoidance. Interestingly, neuroticism and openness to experience were found to have significant relationships with perceived ad relevance, perceived ad intrusiveness and privacy concern. Theoretical contributions and implications are discussed. The effect of celebrity athlete endorser identification on brand attitude in TV advertising • Joongsuk Lee, University of Alabama • This study examined the effect of celebrity endorser identification (ID) on brand attitude under a soccer star’s religious or non-religious goal celebration as well as the reliability, validity, and applicability of Mael and Ashforth’s (1992) organization ID scale in measuring celebrity ID. Goal celebrations are the acts of celebrating a goal scored in a game. Two real and different TV ads, showing a sports drink brand endorsed by a sports celebrity, were used as stimuli to enhance the present results’ generalizability. Findings reported that the effect of celebrity endorser ID on brand attitude is negatively affected by a soccer star’s religious goal celebration (i.e., praying to God without sharing joy of scoring a goal with others) but positively affected by a soccer star’s non-religious goal celebration (sharing such joy with them without praying to God). Other findings showed that five of six items based on Mael and Ashforth’s (1992) organization ID concept were applicable, reliable, and valid in measuring celebrity ID. Making the unfamiliar the familiar: A qualitative framing analysis of disabilities as inspiration in advertisements • Summer Shelton, University of Florida • Research identified four frames advertising uses to inspirationally portray physical disabilities: inspiration porn, bionic or superhuman, supercrip and pity-heroism or tragedy-charity. Identified as problematic representations among disabled consumers, this study examined the framing of disabilities in advertisements. Because advertisements including models with disabilities are scarce, a purposive sample of 35 advertisements was identified. A qualitative content analysis of these advertisements was conducted. Recommendations for more accurate portrayals of disabilities in advertisements are provided. Sex, Nudity, and Humor: A Content Analysis of Condom Advertisements and Taboo Content on YouTube • Matthew Struss, Indiana University Of Pennsylvania; Sharon Storch; Mark Beekman, Indiana University of Pennsylvania • YouTube is an ideal media for sharing condom advertisements with taboo content. By conducting a quantitative content analysis of 85 different condom advertisements on YouTube over a 24-hour period we found there were no significant differences in the use of humor in the condom advertisements for birth control and disease control versus advertisements that promoted condoms as pleasure aids. Most condom advertisements with the “be prepared” theme did not employ heavy levels of sex. Scare’em or Irritate’em: Congruity between Emotions and Message Framing Promotes Advertising Engagement and Message Evaluation • Jing (Taylor) Wen, University of Florida • Emotional messages can capture audience’s attention and therefore be persuasive. Building on prior studies, this research examined the interplay between emotion types (anger vs. fear) and message framing (gain vs. loss) on individuals’ responses to different advertising messages. Experimental results revealed that individuals reported more favorable attitudes toward a fear appeal with a gain-framed message whereas individuals had more positive attitude toward an anger appeal with a loss-framed message. Additionally, increased in advertising engagement drives the observed improvement in attitudes toward the ad. These findings suggest direct implications for advertising design. From us to me: Cultural value changes from collectivism to individualism in Chinese commercials • Jingyan Zhao • China is generally regarded as a collectivistic society while the United States is treated as a country with individualism. However, Scholars noted that individualism has revealed itself in Chinese younger generation. This change may affect the content of Chinese commercials, as effective advertising must cater to its audience to promote products. This study conducted a content analysis of Chinese commercials in approximately 2006 and 2016 to examine how the cultural value of commercial has changed, with the consideration of merchandise type and production place. Results exhibit an increase of individualism usage in Chinese commercials. Research results exhibited an increase of individualistic factors usage in Chinese commercials. There was no significant difference between imported and domestic merchandise of using individualistic factors around 2006, in 2016 or regardless the time period. In addition, the merchandise usage type affected the percentage of individualistic and collective factors used in commercials. Collective usage merchandise still employed more collective factors regardless the time period. On the contrary, for individual usage merchandise, commercials have begun to apply more individualistic factors than they did ten years ago. SPECIAL TOPICS #Sponsored #Ad: An Agency Perspective on Influencer Marketing Campaigns • COURTNEY CARPENTER CHILDERS, University of Tennessee; Laura Lemon; Mariea Hoy • As social media continues to grow in terms of usage, influence, and ad spending, the advertising industry has been forced to develop innovative strategies to bring strong return on investment to clients. One such strategy to recently emerge is influencer marketing, where the focus is placed on connecting with specific online personas that target audience members trust and engage with regularly. eMarketer (2016) found that 48% of marketers plan to increase their budgets for influencer marketing in 2017. This study seeks to gain insight into strategic decision-making, impact on agency life and understanding of sponsorships and disclosures based on in-depth interviews with 15 U.S. advertising agency professionals. Results show that the billion-dollar influencer marketing industry is still largely unchartered territory that involves high cost but offers high reward; is keenly dependent on an effective vetting process; and reflects an appreciation of adherence to FTC endorser guidelines. Decoding Engagement: Chinese Advertising Practitioners’ Perspective • Huan Chen, University of Florida; Rang Wang, University of Florida; Xuan Liang • A qualitative study was conducted to examine Chinese advertising practitioners’ perception and interpretation of engagement in the digital age. Twenty three face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted to collect data. Findings revealed that in the life-world of Chinese advertising professionals, the meaning of the imported term “engagement” is multidimensional, fluidly, and diversifying lacking consensus on both conceptualization and execution. The current study also uncovered the perceptional gaps between academia and industry regarding the conceptualization and execution of engagement. Brand Sponsorship of Sport Officiating Technology: Effects of Social Identity and Schadenfreude on Attitude toward Sponsoring Brand • Jihoon (Jay) Kim, University of Georgia; Jooyoung Kim, University of Georgia • This study examined fan perceptions of an ad embedded in an instant replay video (IRV) and its sponsoring brand, using Social Identity Theory and the concept of schadenfreude. Results revealed that the positive emotion induced by a negative outcome supported by IRV for the opposing team (i.e., schadenfreude) led to a positive attitude toward the advertisement (Aad-IRV) and the sponsoring brand (Ab-IRV). The results also showed the suspense level moderated the schadenfreude’s effects on Aad-IRV. The Effects of Ad Framing, Regulatory Focus and Processing Fluency on Controlling Sugar Intake • Kang Li • Health authorities has pointed out that Americans consume too many sugar, which causes many health problems. The aim of this research was to examine the effectiveness of ad framing (gain vs. loss vs. neither gain nor loss) on persuading people to control their sugar intake. There were 1,104 participants completed an online experiment study. The results showed that both gain and loss frame were more effective than the neutral frame. Gain frame was the most effective one to persuade people to lower sugar intake. Moreover, individual difference of regulatory focus moderated the effect of ad framing (gain vs. loss). In addition, processing fluency mediated the effects of ad framing (gain vs. neutral/loss vs. neutral) on people’s intention to limit sugar intake. Contributions and implications were discussed. To Vape or Not to Vape: How E-Cigarette Companies Advertise Via Twitter • Joon Kim, University of South Carolina, Columbia; Carol Pardun, University of South Carolina; Holly Ott, University of South Carolina • This study examines how electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) companies advertise and engage with potential customers on Twitter. Using quantitative content analysis, this exploratory study examined 525 tweets from the top five e-cigarette companies that occurred between July 9, 2016, and September 9, 2016. Results highlight differences in how companies used Twitter as an advocacy role or as a purely commercially driven strategy. Theoretical and practical implications for advertising research and practice are discussed. Can Inspiring Advertisements Bust the Social Media Blues? The Effect of Inspirational Advertising on Consumer Attitudes and Sharing Intentions • Amanda Bailey, University of Florida; Frank Waddell, University of Florida • Social media has become common for advertising, yet research shows that social media use can negatively affect users’ mood. How can advertisers adapt their appeals to be successful in this advertising context? The present study tested the efficacy of “inspirational” advertising as a form of mood repair. Consistent with mood management theory, an experiment (N = 188) showed that inspirational advertising increased brand attitudes and sharing intentions via heightened photographic transportation and meaningful affect. Direct-to-consumer advertising, vulnerability and ethics of care • Tara Walker; Erin Schauster • This study conducts a textual analysis of direct-to-consumer advertisements for heart disease and cancer prescription drugs using an ethics of care framework. Direct-to-consumer advertising, (DTCA) is a controversial practice, often critiqued for ethical issues. Ethics of care provides a novel approach to understanding the relationships between patients, ethics and vulnerability within the context of DTCA. Ultimately, findings showed that the DTCA examined in the sample considered audience points of view and lived experiences, but fell short of honoring patient vulnerability and providing accurate, useful health information. 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17144 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/csw-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 12:44:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17147 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17147 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/comsher-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 12:57:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17151 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17151 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/ctec-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 13:10:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17154 FACULTY PAPER COMPETITION The Role of Self-Efficacy and Motivation in mHealth App Adoption: The “Food Friend” Case Study • Alexandra Merceron; David Atkin • Smartphone apps present an interactive, tailored, low-cost and culturally adaptive vehicle for health interventions. The present study employs Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) to explore the adoption of health apps. Study results demonstrate that the cognitive and motivational processes set forth by SCT—the self-system of observational learning, self-belief and efficacy to determine behavioral courses of action—and their interactions with the cognitive structures of motivation (external, vicarious and self-incentives) contribute to the mHealth adoption process. Self-tracking with cell phones: Exploring the effects of self-monitoring and perceived control in mHealth applications • Saraswathi Bellur; Christina Devoss • The smartphone industry has contributed to the widespread growth of the “Quantified Self” movement where individuals are monitoring their everyday lives like never before. We examine the role of self-monitoring, specifically, frequency of tracking and updating health information. Findings from an online survey (N = 524) show that these variables do positively impact attitudes, intentions, use and outcome expectations. Perceived control emerges as a significant mediator. We discuss theoretical implications and avenues for future research. Dual Screening the Candidate Agenda: The Moderating Role of Communication Technologies and Need to Evaluate for Attribute Agenda-Setting Effects of Presidential Debates • Lindita Camaj; Temple Northup; Regina Dennis; Felicia Russell; Jared Monmouth • This study explores the consequences of dual screening for political learning and opinion formation in the contexts of political campaigns and debates. Grounded in the agenda-setting theoretical framework, it investigates the impact of dual screened political debates on audiences’ perceptions about presidential candidates during the 2016 electoral campaign. The results suggest that the dual-screening practice can exert a significant moderation role for the agenda-setting effects of political debates. The effects of the televised debates were weaker for those individuals engaged in dual screening. Additionally, the results imply that the moderating role of dual screening is dependent on personality traits of the audience. Participants with low need to evaluate who watched the debates on television alone exerted the highest positive change in their perceptions of Trump’s attributes, but people with the same trait (low need to evaluate) who dual-screened the debate showed a slight negative change in their perceptions of Donald Trump. This study extends previous agenda-setting research by examining how media technologies moderate attribute agenda-setting effects at the individual level and linking these effects to broader social issues of digital disruption and political campaigning. Mobile-mediated multimodal communications, relationship quality and subjective well-being: An analysis of smartphone use from a life course perspective • Michael Chan, Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study examined the relationships among different uses of the smartphone with close friends (i.e. voice, email, SMS, Facebook, WhatsApp), perceived relationship quality and subjective well-being. Results showed that while frequency of face-to-face communications and friendship satisfaction were related to well-being, more positive emotions and less negative emotions across all age cohorts; the linkages for mobile communications were more varied. Mobile voice was related to friendship satisfaction and social support for the 35-54 and 55-70+ cohorts; but also, to more negative emotions for the 18-34 and 35-54 cohorts. Frequency of Facebook use and number of Facebook friends was related to social support and psychological well-being for the 18-34 cohort, but also related to negative emotions. While WhatsApp use was related to social support for all cohorts, it also predicted friendship satisfaction and psychological well-being for the 55-70+ cohort. Some mobile uses however were also related to increased feelings of entrapment and negative emotions, though only for the younger cohorts. The findings are framed in line with the life course literature, and the existence of both positive and negative outcomes suggest that future studies of communication technologies and well-being may better be served with more explicit dialectical perspectives and approaches. Perceived Online Friendships and Social Networking Sites • Yi-Ning (Katherine) Chen, National Chengchi University • This study examines the differences in the categories of online friends and perceived quality of friendships between Taiwan’s two most popular social networking sites, Facebook and LINE. We gather data from 805 adult respondents online. Results show females and younger people tend to have a bigger variety of friends. LINE is mostly used for maintaining relationships and task-oriented purposes, while Facebook is utilized for developing contacts and for being a source of information. More than just some pictures. An exploratory study into the motives of posting pictures on Instagram • Serena Daalmans, Radboud University; Nikkie Wintjes, Radboud University; Merel van Ommen, Radboud University; Doeschka Anschutz, Radboud University • The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the motives that underlie the posting of pictures on the popular app Instagram. Based on in-depth interviews with sixteen Instagram users, we found that there are at least six different motives to post pictures on the app and these motivations differ between men and women as well as younger and older users. Furthermore, in contrast with the often-negative connotation the posting of pictures online has in academic and popular discussions, the results paint a more positive picture. Users reveal that they receive more than just a status validation from the posting of pictures, they indicate that they feel part of a community that supports them both online and in real life. Political Discourse on Twitter Networks during the U.S. 2016 Presidential Election • Shugofa Dastgeer • This study explored Twitter network structure and uniqueness of their content across four days during and around the U.S. 2016 presidential election. While the findings indicate differences in the structure of the networks, the dominance of political candidates and mainstream media remained the same across the four days. Less than 25 percent of the data in the four networks was original tweets and the rest of them were retweets (51 percent) and mentions (25 percent). Augment Intrusiveness: The Role of Privacy Concern in the Use of Virtual Try-On Mobile Applications • Yang Feng, San Diego State University; Quan Xie, Bradley University • This paper investigates how smartphone users perceive self-viewing (trying a virtual product on one’s own image) versus other-viewing (trying a virtual product on a model’s image) virtual try-on mobile applications, and how smartphone users’ perception of control over their personal image information affects their app attitudes, brand attitudes, and purchase intentions. Results from Study 1 demonstrate that when smartphone users have high levels of privacy concern, self-viewing virtual try-on apps are more likely to generate perceived intrusiveness than other-viewing virtual try-on apps, which in turn leads to negative app attitude. Results from Study 2 indicate that regardless of smartphone users’ levels of privacy concern, giving users control over the privacy settings reduces their perceived intrusiveness of self-viewing virtual try-on apps, which in turn leads to more positive app attitudes and brand attitudes, and increased purchase intent. Commenting on news stories via social media • Sherice Gearhart, Texas Tech University; Derrick Holland, Texas Tech University; Alexander Moe, Texas Tech University • Previous research has validated the spiral of silence in Facebook among peers. However, no identifiable work has tested behavior in a non-peer circumstances, where theory may lack applicability. Using a 2x2 between-subjects design, participants indicated intent to refrain or comment on news posted by reputable news outlets after viewing either agreeable or disagreeable posts from others. Results support theory and reveal that individuals who selectively expose to likeminded content speak out regardless of the opinion environment. Personality Traits and Social Media Use in 20 Countries • Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Vienna; Trevor Diehl, University of Vienna; Brigitte Huber; James Liu • This study examines the relationship between peoples’ personality traits and social media uses with data from 20 societies (N = 21,314). A measure of the “Big Five” personality traits is tested on dimensions of social media: frequency of use, social interaction, and news consumption. Across diverse societies, findings suggest that while extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness are all positive predictors of different types of social media use; emotional stability and openness, are negatively related to them. Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Media: Can Corporate Citizenship Motivate Companies to Create Safe Social Media Platforms? • Jennifer Grygiel, Syracuse University/Newhouse; Nina Brown, Syracuse University/Newhouse • This paper investigates the legal framework governing social media platforms in order to assess whether companies are motivated to create safe social media platforms. Using case studies, we explore the idea that increased corporate social responsibility and corporate citizenship can encourage companies to enhance their platforms beyond their legal responsibilities, in order to increase user safety. Distributed Intimacies: Robotic Warfare and Drone Whistleblowers • Kevin Howley, DePauw University • This paper adapts the concept of “distributed intimacy” in an effort to identify and analyze unequal relations of power/knowledge in the mediated relationships articulated by drone warfare. Throughout, I contend this notion enhances our understanding of the authoritarian logic of disembodied control at a distance underpinning America’s drone campaign. The paper proceeds in three parts. The first develops an analytical framework for examining the distributed intimacies engendered and exploited by drone warfare. Doing so, I identify revealing points of comparison between commercial and authoritarian logics of digital mediation. The second considers the affective and political consequences of this new kind of war for drone operators turned whistleblowers. Here I consider the relationship between digital witnessing and trauma in the era of robotic warfare. Based on an examination of press accounts, broadcast interviews, and documentary films, this paper identifies drone whistleblowers – whose intimate testimony exposes the physical, emotional, and psychological brutality of drone warfare – as central actors in the formation of an alternative order of discourse surrounding weaponized drones. The paper concludes with an assessment of the personal and institutional challenges confronting the ranks of remote-control warriors as Donald Trump, one of the most authoritarian figures in recent American history, assumes the office of the presidency, and with it, command and control of the US drone program. Revisiting the privacy paradox: Exploring the mediating effect of privacy management and self-disclosure on social capital • Shih-Hsien Sandra Hsu, National Taiwan University; Yi-Hsing Han, Fu Jen Catholic University; Thomas Johnson • This study employed various measurements of key variables to update the current status of the privacy paradox phenomenon—the disconnection between privacy concerns and self-disclosure on Facebook—and found the break of the traditional privacy paradox and the existence of the social privacy paradox. It further examined the mediating role of privacy management to solve the dilemma. Findings confirmed that privacy management is important in redirecting the relationships among privacy concerns, self-disclosure, and social capital. Effects of Self-Presentation Strategies and Tie Strength on Facebook Users’ Subjective Well-Being • Wonseok (Eric) Jang, Texas Tech University; Jung Won Chun; Jihoon (Jay) Kim, University of Georgia • Existing evidence suggests that the use of Facebook (FB) has a positive impact on subjective well-being (SWB) when people use FB to interact with close friends. Based on the self-presentation literature, the current study identified an effective strategy for how FB users can enhance SWB while interacting with weak tie FB friends. The results indicated that FB users became happier after adopting strategic self-presentation while interacting with weak tied friends compared to true self-presentation. Mobile Moves: Engagement, Emotion and Attention to Social Media Images on Mobile and Desktop Screens • Kate Keib, Oglethorpe University; Bartosz Wojdynski; Camila Espina, University of Georgia, Grady College; Jennifer Malson, University of Georgia, Grady College; Brittany Jefferson; Yen-I Lee, University of Georgia • Screen size, input modalities, and use pattern differences between smartphones and desktop computers have been thought to influence information processing. This eye-tracking study compared consumers’ visual attention to, and engagement intent with, social media news images on mobile and desktop devices. Results show users pay significantly less attention to social media posts on smartphones than desktops, posts with images were perceived as more arousing than posts without images, and negative images were the most arousing. Unpacking unboxing videos: the mediating role of parasocial interaction between unboxing viewing motivations and purchase decision-making • Hyosun Kim, University of Wisconsin_Stevens Point • Via a web survey, the present study explored the effects of YouTube unboxing motivations on purchase decision making from use and gratification perspective. Also, the mediating role of parasocial interaction(PSI) was examined. Results suggested that PSI fully mediated when users view unboxing videos to feel realness of products or experience products vicariously, fostering purchase decision making. Though entertainment motivation did not directly predict purchase decision, it significantly affects people to consider purchase through PSI. Virtual Tours Promote Behavioral Intention and Willingness to Pay via Spatial Presence, Enjoyment, and Destination Image • Jihoon (Jay) Kim, University of Georgia; Thitapa Shinaprayoon, University of Georgia; Sun Joo (Grace) Ahn, University of Georgia • Despite the increasing popularity of virtual tours in tourism marketing, empirical supports for the benefits of virtual tours are lacking. This study (N = 118) investigates how a virtual tour affects behavioral intention and monetary valuation toward a travel destination. Results revealed that experiencing the virtual tour increased behavioral intention and willingness to pay, compared to reading the e-brochure, via spatial presence, enjoyment, and destination image. The theoretical and managerial implications of virtual tour experience are discussed. Influencers with #NoFilter: How Micro-Celebrities Use Self-Branding Practices on Instagram • Eunice Kim, University of Florida; Casey McDonald, University of Florida • The growth and popularity of user-generated content has created as a new form of celebrity known as ‘micro-celebrities.’ Micro-celebrities engage in strategic self-branding practices on social media through use of self-presentation strategies to attract and maintain a fan base. The study uses a content analysis to explore how micro-celebrities use self-presentation strategies (i.e., self-promotion, affiliation, and authenticity) on Instagram. Findings reveal that self-presentation strategies vary by gender and account types of micro-celebrities. When do Online Audiences Amplify Wellbeing Benefits of Expressive Writing? Identifying Effects of Audience Similarity and Commenting • Rachel Kornfield, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Catalina Toma, University of Wisconsin-Madison • It may be possible to enhance benefits of self-disclosure writing through adjusting online environments and thereby the perceptions of one’s audience. In a two-by-two experimental design, we examine effects of 1) establishing a shared identity between writers and audiences, and 2) enabling or disabling commenting. Results suggest that writers perceiving similar audiences showed more cognitive processing, while those led to expect comments wrote less about emotions. Audience similarity was associated with increased post-traumatic growth. Narcissism or Willingness: The way college students use Facebook and Instagram • Sangki Lee, Arkansas Tech University • This study examined how participants’ narcissistic traits and willingness to share personal information were related to social networking site (SNS) activities. 271 undergraduate students provided a self-report. 211 Facebook and 231 Instagram pages were coded based on self-promotional pictures. Results indicated both perspectives were related to SNS activities. However, participants’ willingness to share information about themselves better correlated with SNS activities, posting pictures in particular, than narcissistic traits did. Contribution and limitation were discussed. Promoting CSR Programs/activities via Social Media On social media, does reading online comments encourage people to speak up or be silent? Social Judgement and Spiral of Empowerment • Moon Lee, University of Florida; Jung Won Chun; Jungyun Won, University of Florida • We investigated effects of online comments on individuals’ willingness to speak out when a CSR program/activity becomes a topic of exchange via social media. An online experiment with 277 participants was conducted. People with positive prior attitude are more likely to speak out when reading both positive public opinion polls and two-sided online comments. People with negative prior attitude were less willing to speak out when reading others’ two-sided comments than negative comments. Lifestyles, Mobile Viewing Habits, Contextual Factors, and TV Content Interest as Predictors of the Intention to Adopt Mobile TV • Louis Leung, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Cheng Chen, Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study applies the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explain the intentions of Hong Kong consumers to adopt mobile TV and their interests in its content. Using a probability sample of 644 respondents, this study not only demonstrated the robustness of TPB in explaining consumer behavior but also showed that channel deficiency, mobile viewing habits (which were moderated by perceived behavioral control), and content interest could significantly influence consumers’ intentions to adopt mobile TV services. The Effect of Efficiency, Matching, Trusts and Risks on the Adoption of Content Curation Service • Lu Li, Sungkyunkwan University; Shin-Hye Kwon, Sungkyunkwan University; Byeng Hee Chang, Sungkyunkwan University • Content curation is now widely used in online film and music services. As a new way to organize and present information of goods, it attracts many users and promotes sales. There are many factors that influence the adoption of content curation services, and the present study focuses on the effects of perceived efficiency, perceived matching, perceived trust and perceived risk on attitude and intention to use of film and music content curation service. The differences between film content curation services and music content curation services were compared. Perceived trust was divided to trust in competence and trust in integrity. Perceived risk included product risk and time risk. An online survey with 448 samples was conducted to examine the effects of the above factors. The results showed that (1) perceived efficiency and perceived matching had a positive effect on attitude and intention; (2) perceived trust did not have significant effects; (3) perceived time risk had negative effects in music content curation services while perceived product risks influenced intention to use in film content curation services; (4) film and music content curation services had many differences in the effects of the above variables. Understanding Political Brand Communities from a Social Network Perspective: A study of the GOP 2017 Primary Elections • Jhih-Syuan Elaine Lin, University of Georgia; Itai Himelboim • This study analyzes Twitter activity by and about Republican Primary candidates in January 2016. The findings suggest that brand social mediators play an important role in connecting political brand communities across the network. Several social mediators are identified for winning and trailing candidates. Different patterns of information flow and network structures are found in winning and trailing brand communities. The interactions between candidates and direct vs. indirect communities also exhibit different patterns of information flow. Are People Willing to Share Their True Opinions on Social Networking Sites? Exploring Roles of Self-Presentational Concern in Spiral of Silence • Yu Liu; Jian Rui; Xi Cui, College of Charleston • The purpose of this study is to extend the spiral of silence framework with the integration of online self-presentation perspective to investigate the psychological processes of SNS users’ political self-disclosure through commenting, sharing or posting behaviors. Survey data from 296 SNS users confirmed the opinion-congruence based mechanism argued by the classic spiral of silence theory, and found that SNS users’ willingness of online engagement in controversial issues is also related to self-presentational concern and CSW. Credibility perception within social media frames: How Wechat mediates sources’ effect on responses to food-safety information • Ji Pan • Conceiving Wechat as a frame for mediated social interactions, this study conducts a controlled experiment to explore how Wechat shapes the effects of embedded source cues (China’s CCTV logo and avatars) on information assessment and on subjects’ responses to food-safety information. Findings show that when individual avatars re-paste CCTV-produced information about food safety on Wechat, the credibility of Wechat mediates the impact of CCTV credibility on information assessment, and the mediating effect is contingent on the frequency of Wechat use. The attitudinal and behavioral effects of CCTV credibility also depend on the perceived credibility of Wechat. The credibility of avatars exerts an independent effect on information assessment, but no impact on behavior or on attitude. Findings are discussed in terms of theoretical implications for integrating framing theory with media credibility literature in the Web 2.0 era. Academics versus Athletics and Rhetorical Mechanisms Used by Business Schools in Brand Promotion on Social Media • Shaila Miranda, University of Oklahoma; Rahnuma Ahmed, University of Oklahoma; Nazmul Rony, University of Oklahoma • "Branding is critical to business schools at a crossroad in public opinion. Research on brand promotion via social media offers little insight into how organizations should craft brand messages or how their institutional context might mitigate message efficacy. Based on dual process theories, we identified two sets of rhetorical mechanisms – systematic and heuristic. Investigation of tweets by eight schools indicated use of the mechanisms and traction they garnered with audiences is shaped by institutional contexts. News Gatekeeping and Socially Interactive Functions of Twitter: An Algorithmic Content Analysis • Frank Russell, California State University, Fullerton; Katie Yaeger, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Jennifer Para, University of Missouri School of Journalism • This study concerns Twitter use at the organizational level by the 26 most popular online news entities in the United States. An algorithmic content analysis compared characteristics of posts published on the news organizations’ main Twitter accounts during a one-month period in fall 2015. Statistically significant differences existed between news organizations in the use of three socially and technically interactive functions of Twitter: retweets, @mentions, and hashtags Reporting the Future of News: Constructing Risks and Benefits for Journalism, Silicon Valley, and Citizens • Frank Russell, California State University, Fullerton • This qualitative discourse analysis explored risks and potential benefits for journalism, Silicon Valley, and citizens in the digital transformation of news gatekeeping. Coverage by the Nieman Lab industry website described Silicon Valley platforms’ gatekeeping role between news media and citizens principally in terms of risks and potential benefits for journalism. The findings suggested that uncertainty over the conditions of contributing content to Silicon Valley platforms raised legitimacy concerns for news media. It’s Alt-Right: Tracing the Technosocial Evolution of White Nationalism on Twitter • Saif Shahin, Bowling Green State University; Yee Man Margaret Ng, The University of Texas at Austin • This study examines the evolution of White Nationalism on Twitter (2009-2016) by tracking the growing frequency of retweets of “alt-right” messages and the changing structure of the social network they constituted. It identifies the prospect of Barack Obama’s second election in 2012 as a key factor that bolstered the movement. It also shows that the movement was clustered, but a few weak ties across clusters allowed it become a megaphone for Donald Trump’s presidential campaign. Just Venmo Me the Money: An Exploratory Analysis of Alternative Banking Adoption • Evren Durmaz; Julie Ciardi, St. John Fisher College; Ronen Shay, St. John Fisher College; Gianna Sarkis; Nicholas Cieslica • To explore diffusion of alternative banking this mixed-methods study first surveyed 219 MTurk respondents to examine the factors that contribute towards alternative banking usage; whether age or perceived convenience have relationship with a consumer’s willingness to read the terms and conditions of online banking apps/websites; and how well alternative banking brands are trusted relative to traditional offline banks. Content analysis is also utilized to compare banking fees across platforms. A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Croatian and American Social Network Sites: Exploring Cultural Differences in Motives for Instagram Use • Pavica Sheldon, University of Alabama, Huntsville; Philipp A. Rauschnabel, University of Michigan - Dearborn; Mary Grace Antony, Schreiner University • The current study compares motives for Instagram use between participants of two countries: Croatia, a highly collectivistic culture, and the United States, a typically individualist culture. Findings reveal that Croatian students’ Instagram use reflects collectivist tendencies as they predominantly use it for social interaction. American students’ use of Instagram reflects individualistic trends, namely self-promotion and documentation. Personal ties, group ties and latent ties: Connecting network size to diversity and trust in the mobile social network WeChat • Cuihua Shen; He Gong • This study examines whether and how personal and group network sizes affect diversity and trust in the mobile social media WeChat. We argue that the social network affordances of WeChat, coupled with its distinct network privacy, give rise to a wide spectrum of relations ranging from strong, weak to latent ties. Online survey data (N = 313) reveal that both personal network size and group network size are positively related to people’s social network diversity (measured by the position generator). However, group network size is negatively related to people’s trust in their WeChat contacts. We argue that the increasing size of the group network and the existence of latent ties reduce familiarity, certainty and accountability that are prerequisites of trust. Can Immersive Journalism Affect Presence, Memory, Credibility, Empathy and Sharing? An Experimental Comparison of VR Stories, 3600 Videos and Text • S. Shyam Sundar, Penn State University; Jin Kang; Danielle Oprean • Immersive journalism in the form of VR headsets and 3600 videos is much touted for its ability to induce greater ‘presence’ in the mediated environment. In a controlled experiment (N = 129), VR and 3600 videos outperformed text with pictures, not only on such presence-related outcomes as being there, interaction and realism, but also on perceived source credibility, story sharing intentions and feelings of empathy. We explore theoretical mechanisms and practical implications of these effects. Barriers and Facilitating Conditions for parents’ mobile communication with adolescent children in resource-constrained contexts • Alcides Velasquez, University of Kansas • Access to and use of mobile and smartphones in resource constrained contexts does not come without adoption and use barriers. Mixing qualitative and quantitative methodologies, this study investigates what are the barriers parents of teenage children in resource constrained contexts face for mobile parenting. The qualitative phase of the study explored the individual and enviornmental barriers that parents in Bogotá, Colombia, faced when trying to use mobile communication technologies to contact their teenage children. The quantitative phase examined the relationship among the variables suggested by findings in the first phase. Findings show that parents use alternative resources available to them and that they take advantage of these resources to gain material access, but that the acquisition of skills to use mobile technologies can be affected by learning efficacy perception barriers. How the Serialization of News Affects Recipients’ Attitudes Toward Politicians Involved in Scandals • Christian von Sikorski; Johannes Knoll • Journalists tend to serialize political scandals and publish scandalous information bit by bit instead of all at once in a single news article. Participants took part in an experiment and were exposed to identical scandalous information about a political candidate. However, the form of presentation—exposure to 1/2/3/4, or 5 article(s)—was systematically manipulated. Serialization indeed indirectly decreased candidate attitudes via the perceived scandal importance, participants’ reading duration, cognitive elaboration, and intensity of negative emotions. Like My Posts? Exploring the Brand–Post Congruence Effect of Facebook Pages • Shaojung Sharon Wang, National Sun Yat-sen University; Yu-Ching Lin • This study explored the effects of Facebook Pages’ brand–post congruence and a brand’s product attribute on consumers’ intentions to interact on brands’ posts. The moderating effect of product involvement was also assessed. The experimental results showed that congruence level alone did not exert significantly different effects on interaction intention, but the interaction effect of congruence and product type was significant. Low brand involvement significantly increased interaction intention when the brand-post congruence was low. An integrated model of TAM and eWOM exploring WeChat payment use in China • Shaojung Sharon Wang, National Sun Yat-sen University; Chiao-Yung Chang • This study incorporated the TAM model into eWOM perspectives to explore WeChat payment adoption and use behaviors. PU had a positive impact on intention to use while EOU was not a significant predictor of behavioral intention. The effects of brand trust and profit gained was assessed. The quantity of strong tie recommendations partially mediated the effect of the recommenders’ tie strength on use intention. Implications on the application of TAM and tie strength are discussed. Peer-Citation and Academic Social Networking: Do Altmetrics Affect Peer-Citation and Article Readership in Communication Research? • ben wasike, university of texas rio grande valley • This study examined how altmetrics, the attention that research gets from social media and the Internet, affect readership and peer-citation in communication research. Citation data was examined alongside altmetrics from academic SNSs ResearchGate and Mendeley, and mentions on social media. All altmetrics positively correlated with citation. Posting articles on ResearchGate and Mendeley improves readership and the likelihood of citation. Impactful variables also include social media mentions, downloadable articles, co-authorship, and an active online presence. An Analysis of Google Scholar Profiles of Mass Communication Faculty at U.S. Research Universities • John Wirtz, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Sann Ryu; David Ross; Rachel Yang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • This paper presents an analysis of Google Scholar (GS) profiles of tenure-track faculty in journalism and mass communication departments at U.S. research universities (N=321). We found that males and females were equally likely to have a GS profile and that on average more than 35% of entries in a profile had 0 citations. Academic rank was the strongest predictor of total entries, citations and h index; academic department and total doctoral students were also significant. How Interactivity Influences Evaluations of Product Choice Among Consumers with Different Levels of Desire for Control • Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina; Denetra Walker • This study investigates the interplay between interactivity, desire for control, and product choice. The results indicated that with a small choice set, participants high in desire for control expressed more favorable product attitudes when interactivity was high versus low, but those low in desire for control expressed similar product attitudes across different interactivity conditions. When provided a large choice set, consumers’ product attitudes were not influenced by levels of interactivity or desire for control. Responding to Racism: Bystander Responses to Racist Posts on Social Media • Rachel Young, University of Iowa; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University; Michael Nelson, Michigan State University; Maddie Barnes, Michigan State University; Alex Torres • This experimental study investigated bystander response to racism on an app where users were visually anonymous (n = 373). Participants were much more likely to use more indirect options, such as down-voting or reporting the posts, than to directly confront racist posts with their own comments. The number of bystanders had no effect on action. Our study suggests avenues for fostering more active confrontation and engagement on the part of bystanders. “Big Brother is Watching You!” • Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University; Derrick Holland, Texas Tech University • Using data from a 2013 national survey of American adults (N = 1,801) from the Pew Research Center, this study examines the spiral of silence effect in the social media and offline settings during the Edward Snowden-NSA saga. Results indicate that Facebook and Twitter users were more willing to voice their opinions about the Snowden-NSA issue in social media and offline settings if they perceive their social media networks agree with them. Tablet Uses and Gratifications: Support, Attitude, Self-efficacy, and Anxiety • chenjie zhang, Bowling Green State University; Kate Magsamen-Conrad • We conducted a cross-sectional study to test how self-efficacy, attitude toward tablet use, perceived support availability, and anxiety affecting table uses and gratifications. Age, education level, and biological sex are control variables. Attitude and perceived support positively predict tablet uses and gratifications, whereas anxiety positively predicts information seeking and does not predict organization. Self-efficacy does not predict any subfactors of tablet uses and gratifications. Further discussion is provided in this paper. STUDENT PAPER COMPETITION Facebook: Antidote or poison? A study of the relationship between Facebook, depression, and older adults • Katie Anthony • This study examines the relationship between Facebook uses and gratifications among those 65+ years old and the signs and symptoms of depression. An online survey found that the social affection and informational gratifications are most sought and lead to an increase in depressive symptoms. However, the most popular gratification among the respondents was social interaction, suggesting that more people are drawn to Facebook for an emotional connection. Immersive narratives, 360 video, and VR: A pilot experiment examining 360 video and narrative transportation • Aaron Atkins, Ohio University; Dave McLean, University of Florida; William Canter, Georgia State • This study examines the impact of medium on narrative transportation. Virtual reality and 360-video are growing in journalism. This experiment serves as a pilot, examining a news narrative's level of transportation, immersion, and potential for attitude change, between 360-video viewed on a two-dimensional screen and in VR. Findings suggest VR condition participants experienced increases in transportation and immersion; however, a correlation between transportation and attitude change was not found. Practical implications for journalists are discussed. Technologies and Social Fitness: Examining Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy as Predictors of Health Monitoring, Goal-Setting, and Results Sharing • Kim Baker, University of Alabama; Sarah Pember, University of Alabama; Xueying Zhang; Kimberly Bissell, University of Alabama • This survey study employed theoretical frameworks of self-efficacy and sociometer theory to advance understanding of the effects of mobile technologies on fitness within the context of social interactions. Self-efficacy was a significant predictor for tracking, goal-setting, goal dedication, and perceived effectiveness of tracking for physical and mental benefits. Self-esteem was a significant predictor of the perceived effectiveness of tracking for physical benefits and intentions to try new technologies. “I’ve Lost the Weight, Now Feed Me Upvotes!”: Weight Loss Narratives in an Online Support Space and Strategic Impression Management for Garnering Social Support • Jared Brickman; Shuang Liu; David Silva, Washington State University • Online support communities are popular and growing. However, newer social interaction features like content aggregation and scoring through “likes” and “upvotes” have changed how people give and evaluate social support. This study used content analysis to identify the posting strategies and narratives used by members of the weight loss subreddit /r/loseit, which uses content aggregation. A negative binomial regression revealed which strategies and narratives resulted in the most engagement with the content. Self-mockery as an Alternative Social Strategy: Gratifications-sought, Need for Humor, Narcissism, and Self-Mocking Meme Usage • Miao LU, School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hua FAN, School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Based on a survey research of Chinese college students (N=506), this exploratory study examines the uses and gratifications of self-mocking memes on social media, and identifies six motivations: self-protection, social criticism, sociability, entertainment, venting personal negative feelings and recognition. All the six motivations are proved to be strong predictors of self-mocking meme usage. This study also addresses the roles of individual traits (i.e. need for humor and narcissism) in predicting gratifications-sought and intensity of self-mocking meme usage and need for humor is proved to be a strong predictor. Lastly, this study explores how intensity of self-mocking meme usage will impact Chinese college students’ psychological well-being and finds a mixed effect: it is positively related to harmonious interpersonal relationship but negatively related to self-acceptance. Instagram as a tool for communicating sexual health: Future recommendations and unanswered questions • NIcole O'Donnell; Davi Kallman, Washington State University; Whitney Stefani, Washington State University • Public health organizations often use the photo-sharing social networking site Instagram for communicating health risks. In the present study, we analyzed young adults’ likelihood to use Instagram for sexual health information seeking. Female gender, low condom-use self-efficacy, and high intentions to practice safe sex predicted likelihood to use a sexual health Instagram service. Message sensation value and message attention were also evaluated. Results provide insight into the effectiveness of using Instagram for sexual health promotion. Parasocial Interaction and YouTube: Extending the Effect to Online Users • Kirstin Pellizzaro, Arizona State University; Ashley Gimbal • Parasocial interaction has been widely studied in traditional mass media, such as television and radio, but few studies utilize this theory to understand the phenomenon within the ever-growing online video market. This study sought to fill a gap in the literature while adding to parasocial interaction research. Using an online survey, this study found that viewers of YouTube personas do not exhibit the same levels of parasocial interaction than those of traditional mass media. How great can Greater China be? A comparative study of the consumption of mobile apps in the Greater China area • Chris CHAO SU, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hang Kuang, Chinese University of Hong Kong • This paper focuses on the use of mobile applications (apps) and the model of cross-regional communication in the app markets of the Greater China area (mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau), and explores the influence of policy, capital, and regional cultural tastes on the consumption of mobile apps. The cross-regional degree of mobile apps is used to measure the circulation of apps in different markets, and to single out mobile apps and their producers that can achieve cross-regional commercial success and gain market recognition in the Greater China area. Built on quantitative methods, the final samples consist of 1,124 mobile apps that are ranked among the top 500 in at least two markets. Further coding of these apps and their producers has been done according to market platform, founding year, price, whether the app is listed or not, the location of producers, app genres, and cross-regional degree. The results show that, in the mobile app market, no such thing as a Greater-China community exists. The consumption of apps in these markets is significantly influenced by policies, company capital, and local cultural tastes. In addition, mainland China is obviously isolated from other Greater China regions. Compared with the cross-regional degrees of apps in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan, the degree in mainland China is rather low. Tell Me More: The Effects of Mobile Screen Size on Self-disclosure • Jinping Wang, The Pennsylvania State University; Eugene Cho; Bikalpa Neupane • As information disclosure occur more on mobile devices, how difference in screen sizes affect the level of self-disclosure when using mobile devices is worth exploring. A between-subject quasi-experiment was conducted to investigate this question. Findings suggested that being exposed to a larger screen elicited more disclosure related to health information. However, no corresponding effects appeared with transactional information disclosure. In addition, the level of mobile power usage moderated the relationship between screen size and self-disclosure. A Slap or a Jab: An Experiment on Viewing Uncivil Political Discussions on Facebook • Meredith Wang, Washington State University; David Silva, Washington State University • Across two experiments conducted in the end of last Presidential election, we replicate previous findings that exposure to incivility while viewing political debates on Facebook can be both upsetting and engaging. This study adds to research by testing differential effects of two kinds of incivility: insults and mockery. The effects of these two types changes between gun control and abortion topics, suggesting future research on online incivility may need to better address topic-specific outcomes. Are you a social media chameleon? Probing self-presentations across and within social network sites • Lewen Wei, Pennsylvania State University; Jin Kang • The presentation of self has been reasoned to be malleable and context-specific during social interactions. The purpose of this study was to extend and test this notion in social network sites (SNSs). Two studies were conducted. The first one takes the form of the interview with the second one as an online survey to explore users’ motivations, behavioral patterns and boundary regulation strategies when projecting multiple selves on social media. To meet or not to meet? Measuring motivations and risks as predictors of outcomes in the use of mobile dating applications • ka yee Janice WONG, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Randy Jay Solis, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Mobile dating applications (MDA) like Momo gratify the sexual needs of their users, among others, contributing to the radicalization of sexual ideologies in China. However, risk must also be considered within this context of needs gratification. Thus, this study asked: Do motivations and risks predict the outcomes of MDA use? Findings reveal that sexuality, self-esteem, and love are predictors of MDA use to meet for dates and sex, regardless of the risk of exposure. The Effect of Hedonic Presentation of Horticultural Product on Consumers’ Willingness to Pay and Purchase Intention • Jing Yang, Loyola University Chicago; Juan Mundel, DePaul University; Bridget Behe; Patricia Huddleston, Michigan State University • The current study investigated how the hedonic/utilitarian presentation of horticultural products influences consumers’ willingness to pay and purchase intention. A 2 (brand association: hedonic vs. utilitarian) x 3 (product presentation: hedonic vs. utilitarian vs. both) between-subject experiment was conducted to examine the impact. Results showed that the hedonic presentation of horticultural products has potential to positively influence consumers’ purchase intention and willingness to pay. Managerial implications for the horticultural industry and future research are also discussed. 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17154 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/ctm-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 13:13:00 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17157 OPEN CALL COMPETITION Mediated Food Cues: A Theoretical Framework for Sensory Information • Lauren Bayliss, University of Florida • Through a series of propositions, this paper outlines how message strategies related to the feelings food causes, such as full-stomach feelings and taste enjoyment, could be used to communicate food and nutrition information to laypeople. To incorporate somatosensory information into communication theory, this paper develops a framework for food and nutrition message processing based on perceived information importance and comprehension as conceptualized in Subjective Message Construct Theory (SMCT). Within this framework, concepts from food studies research are reviewed and applied to strategic health communication. By integrating concepts from food studies, nutrition labeling, and individual differences specific to food, such as eating restraint, the framework provides an approach to understanding how food messages may be different from other forms of communication. Finally, an example is given of how the theoretical framework can be applied when communicating about a specific type of nutrition information, energy density. Competitive frames and the moderating effects of partisanship on real-time environmental behavior: Using ecological momentary assessment in competitive framing effects research • Porismita Borah • One of the major findings from cognitive sciences demonstrates that humans think in terms of structures called frames. The present study conducted two focus groups and two experiments to understand the influence of competitive frames on real-time environmental behavior. To capture real-time behavior, the second experiment used Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methodology via mobile technology. Findings show that a message with elements from both problem-solving and catastrophe frames increased individuals’ environmental behavior. This relationship is moderated by political ideology, such that only those participants who identified as Democrats and Independents showed more pro-environmental behavior. Overall, Republications were low on pro-environmental behavior compared to the Democrats. But within the Republicans, participants showed more likelihood for pro-environmental behavior in the catastrophe framed condition. Implications are discussed. More Than a Reminder: A Method for Using Text Messages to Communicate with Young People and Maintain an In-Person Bystander Intervention Training • Jared Brickman; Jessica Willoughby, Washington State University; Paula Adams • One problem facing in-person communication campaigns is that the positive outcomes can fade over time. Text may be a perfect supplement. This study tested and evaluated a method for using text messages to maintain in-person intervention efforts. Over the course of four months, participants in the messaging group received a weekly text. At the end of the study, the program was rated highly by participants and the messaging group scored significantly higher on attitudinal outcomes. Emotions, political context and partisan selective sharing on Facebook • Yingying Chen, Michigan State University; Kjerstin Thorson, Michigan State University • The research examines the social sharing of partisan media messages under political contexts. Using with behavioural data, we analysed Facebook posts of Breitbart, Occupy Democrats and the New York Times before and after the 2016 presidential election. The result further confirms that emotional arousal is more correlated to social sharing, but partisan media and political contexts interacts with emotion responses to influence social sharing. Further results show that emotional responses to partisan media messages are different and changes as the circumstance of identity bolster or identity threat. Measuring Information Insufficiency and Affect in the Risk Information Seeking and Processing Model • Haoran Chu, University at Buffalo, SUNY; Janet Yang • "Utilizing structural equation modeling and latent difference score technique, the current study analyzed six different ways to model information insufficiency and four ways to model affective response in testing the risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model in two contexts - the 2016 presidential election and climate change. Latent difference score was found to be an effective approach in measuring information insufficiency as a latent structure. However, classic regression method provides a better fit to the data. Consistent with previous research, valence and uncertainty appraisal dimensions seem to be viable ways to measure affective response. When Information Matters Most: Adapting T.D. Wilson’s Information-seeking Model to Family Caregivers • Susan Clotfelter, Colorado State University • Family caregivers – the unpaid backbone of the American system of medical care – contribute an estimated $470 billion to the U.S. economy each year. Information-seeking constitutes one of their primary duties, including information related to the care recipient’s condition and disease progress, insurance, medications, therapies, and nutrition, as well as complex medical, insurance and financial systems. This paper synthesizes a key information-seeking model, that of T.D. Wilson (1999) with a list of cognitive barriers drawn from a research review and a theory from social stratification research. It proposes a new, expanded model that attempts to capture the influences, challenges and barriers now known to form part of the information journeys of family caregivers. The paper also examines the findings of recent caregiver studies in light of the proposed new model, an effort that offer indications for future research and interventions to assist this important, but overlooked and overworked demographic. Bypassing vs. Complying? Predicting circumvention of online censorship in networked authoritarian regimes • Aysenur Dal, The Ohio State University • Circumvention technologies offer alternative means for bypassing online censorship created by networked authoritarian governments to combat online dissent and suppress information. This paper explores the correlates of circumvention technology use by examining the influence of account capital-enhancing Internet use, attitudes toward Internet censorship, regime support as well as risk perceptions about Internet activities. Using an online survey of approximately 2000 Internet users in Turkey, we employ quantitative methods to examine what determines the frequency of use as well as motivations behind being a user or a non-user of circumvention tools. Social Identity Theory’s Identity Crisis: The Past, Present, and Future of a Human Phenomenon Metatheory • Julia R. DeCook, Michigan State University • Social Identity Theory is a phenomenon that is acknowledged and researched across many social science disciplines. Despite its prevalence and popularity, the way that the theory is applied and further, how social identity is measured, is incredibly inconsistent and convoluted. The purpose of this manuscript is to bring together different perspectives of this phenomenon through an exploration of the theory’s history, development, and growth, as well as to propose three dimensions of social identity and social identification to advance understanding as a discipline of this phenomenon. In the literature, social identification and social categorization are often confused and used interchangeably, when these are two distinct processes, as proposed by the original proponent of Social Identity Theory, Henri Tajfel. This manuscript aims to bring together Tajfel’s original conceptualization as well as other approaches to the theory and attempts to propose dimensions of “social identification.” Specifically, a dimension is proposed consistent with previous research on social identity theory and mass communication research, as well as two others based on a reading of the literature focusing on social identity theory. Future directions for developing a valid measure of social identity in the context of mass communication and media research are also discussed, and how this application can help to advance the theory as well as the discipline. In the eye of the beholder: How news media exposure and audience schema affect the image of the U.S. among the Chinese public • Timothy Fung; Wenjie Yan; Heather Akin • This study presents a theoretical framework that examines foreign publics’ use of foreign news from domestic media and pre-existing schema to form an image of another nation. To test the proposed theoretical framework, we examined Chinese citizens’ image of the U.S. using the data from a survey collected from a representative sample of Chinese adults. The findings suggest that the role of foreign news from domestic media is conditional on pre-existing schema, including individuals’ patriotism and whether they have traveled to the U.S. We conclude by discussing the implications of the results for research investigating national image and stakeholders interested in predictors of national image. Walking a Tight-Rope: Intimacy, Friendship, and Ethics in Qualitative Communication Research • James Gachau, University of Maryland • Qualitative research asks scholars to adopt and maintain a critical reflexivity that presents the biases, influences, and interests of the researcher vis-a-vis the research being conducted. A meta-method analysis of a research project involving participants who were close friends of the researcher is presented to explore the ways the author navigated the messy world of ethnographic research. The style and personality of the researcher is foregrounded, and put at the same critical plane as that of the research subject, to illustrate its centrality in giving a less false account than one in which the investigator is assumed to be “objective” in the traditional sense of the word. As Lindlof and Taylor write, “we should appreciate that researchers have been socialized by various cultural institutions to inhabit and perform their bodies in preferred ways” (2011, p. 139). Thus, the cultural and historical background of the investigator is examined to illuminate how it affected and influenced the research. The findings suggest that “intimate curiosity” (Lindlof and Taylor, 2011), coupled with the mutual recognition and respect of friendship (Honneth, 2014), can serve as effective tools to produce more robust data and yield more nuanced interpretations. The hope is that the essay offers a significant contribution to reflexivity and helps bolster the ethnographic imagination in communication research. Do Computers Yield Better Response Quality than Smartphones as Web Survey Response Devices? • Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State University; chenjie zhang, Bowling Green State University • This study consists of two field experiments on college students’ media use surveys to examine the effect of smartphones and computers as response entry device on Web survey response quality across different question types and delivery mode. We found that device effect on survey quality was only significant when interviewers were present. Difference in device was not significant in overall response quality in the e-mail delivered Web survey. When given a device choice in the e-mailed delivered Web survey, computers were twice as more likely to be chosen as the response device. Yet immediate response rate was much higher for smartphones than computers. Implications of the findings to survey researchers were discussed. Identification and negative emotions lead to political engagement: Evidence from the 2016 U.S. presidential election • Jennifer Hoewe, University of Alabama; Scott Parrott, University of Alabama • This study puts forth a model of political identification, where identification with political figures influences emotions and eventually changes levels of political engagement. Using a survey of young adults immediately following the 2016 U.S. presidential election, negative emotions are shown to mediate the relationship between identification with a political candidate and post-election political engagement, including election-related information seeking and sharing as well as intentions to participate in political activities. That is, when individuals identify with a political candidate and that candidate experiences something negative – producing negative emotions in supporters – that emotional experience leads to increases in political engagement. The Effect of Presumed Media Influence on Communicative Actions about Same-sex Marriage Legalization • Yangsun Hong, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Catasha Davis, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Shawnika Hull, George Washington University • This study examines presumed media influence of a social issue, legalization of same-sex marriage (SSM), on non-LGB individuals’ communicative action. Data (N = 1,062) was collected in four Midwestern cities two months before the SSM law passed nationwide, when majority of media coverage was favorable toward SSM legalization. We found that presumed media influence on others shaped perception of positive climate of public opinion toward SSM legalization, which influenced their opinion. Our results indicate that presumed media influence indirectly shaped willingness to express opinion about the issue and willingness to speak out against those stigmatizing LGB populations, through perceived climate of public opinion and own opinion about the issue. We discuss the role of communicative action in contributing to public deliberation and democratic policy making processes. We also claim that mass media may indirectly decrease social stigma to sexual minorities, and ultimately contribute to social change. Multitasking and Task Performance: Roles of Task Hierarchy, Sensory Interference, and Behavioral Response • Se-Hoon Jeong; Yoori Hwang • This study examined how different types of multitasking affect task performance due to (a) task hierarchy (primary vs. secondary multitasking), (b) sensory interference (low vs. high interference), and (c) behavioral response (absent vs. present). The results showed that task performance was reduced when the given task was a secondary task, when sensory interference was high, and when behavioral response was present. In addition, there was an interaction between task hierarchy and sensory interference, such that the effect of task hierarchy was more pronounced when there was sensory interference. There were some differences between Task 1 and Task 2 performance as an outcome. Theoretical, practical, and methodological implications for future multitasking research are further discussed. Effects of Weight Loss Reality TV Show Exposure on Adolescents’ Explicit and Implicit Weight Bias • Kathrin Karsay, University of Vienna; Desirée Schmuck • This study investigated the effects of exposure to a weight loss reality TV show on the implicit and explicit attitudes toward obese individuals. An experimental study with N = 353 adolescents was conducted. The results indicate that for those individuals who expressed fear of being obese, TV show exposure reinforced negative explicit attitudes via the activation of perceived weight controllability. Furthermore, for all adolescents TV show exposure enhanced negative implicit attitudes toward obese individuals Scale Development Research in Communication: Current Status and Recommendation for the Best Practices • Eyun-Jung Ki, University of Alabama; Hyoungkoo Khang; Ziyuan Zhou, The University of Alabama • This study was designed to analyze articles published in 11 communication journals that address new scale development from its inception until 2016. A total of 85 articles dedicated to developing a new scale for the communication disciplines. This study particularly examines characteristics of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis procedures, including sample characteristics, factorability, extraction methods, rotation methods, item deletion or retention, factor retention, and model fit indexes. The current study identified a number of specific practices that were at variance with the current literature in terms of EFA or CFA. Implications of these findings and recommendations for further research are also discussed. Who is Responsible? The Impact of Emotional Personalization on Explaining the Origins of Social Problems • Minchul Kim, Indiana University; Brent Hale, Indiana University; Maria Elizabeth Grabe, Indiana University; Ozen Bas, Indiana University • An experiment was designed to examine the influence of two news formats on how news consumers attribute causes for social issues. One story format followed the traditional objectivity standard of factual reporting while the other represented a human interest approach to storytelling, adding an emotional case study of the social issue to factual information. Participant (N=80) trait empathy was included as an additional factor in assessing how news formats might influence responsibility assignment for social problems. A week time delay between exposure to stimuli and open-ended responses enabled the observation of how (if at all) different story formats influence news consumer explanations of the causes behind social problems. Our findings show that participants with higher levels of trait empathy express a greater shift to collectivistic attribution after watching personalized news stories than do participants with lower levels of trait empathy. Our findings also suggest that the personalization of news stories and trait empathy does not affect individualistic attribution of social problem causes. The Study of Semantic Networks and Health News Coverage: Focusing on Obesity Issues • Sunghak Kim • This work investigates news coverage related to obesity to understand various discourses and relationships surrounding the health issues and explain their dynamics. Health news stories were analyzed to observe which issues, frames, and sources of obesity-related topics are shared through mass communication. By applying semantic network analysis, a map of relations and flows among different objects and attributes became apparent. Furthermore, the research illustrates the change of semantic network structures over different time periods. An Analysis of Process-Outcome Framing in Intertemporal Choice • Ken Kim • The current study was designed to explore how framing as process versus outcome works in intertemporal choice. Given the importance of earlier savings, one-hundred nineteen college students were recruited for the experimental study to investigate their intentions to begin saving earlier for retirement (i.e., begin saving at age 25 or as soon as you leave school). The obtained data indicated that a message emphasizing the process of earlier savings for retirement (that is, process framing) was more effective than a message stressing the outcome of earlier savings (that is, outcome framing) in intertemporal choice. Further, a process frame was more effective when it was presented in terms of losses than gains. However, the data revealed no difference between gain and loss framing in the outcome framing condition. Some implications for creating persuasive messages to encourage earlier savings were discussed. Mediated Vicarious Contact with Transgender People: How Do Narrative Perspective and Interaction Depiction Influence Intergroup Attitudes, Stereotyping, and Elevation? • Minjie Li, Louisiana State University • Taking the experimental design approach, the present study investigates how narrative perspective (Ingroup Perspective vs. Outgroup Perspective) interacts with valence of intergroup interaction depiction (Positive vs. Negative) in transgender-related media content to redirect people’s attitude towards and stereotyping of transgender people, transportation, and elevation responses. The findings reveal that the outgroup perspective narrative is more likely to elicit 1) positive attitudes towards the featured transgender character and the transgender outgroup as a whole; 2) higher levels transportation; 3) stereotyping transgender people with genuine qualities; and 4) meaningful, mixed and motivational responses. However, the positive depiction of transgender-cisgender intergroup interaction can only prompt more positive attitudes towards the featured transgender character, and elicit meaningful affect and physical responses. Relational Maintenance and the Rise of Computer-Mediated Communication: Considering the Role of Emerging Maintenance Behaviors • Taj Makki, Michigan State University • Existing typologies of relational maintenance behaviors do not account for communication behaviors that take place between romantic partners in online environments. This paper presents findings from a systematic literature review where the author aimed to assess the extent to which typologies for offline behaviors correspond with research findings pertaining to the use of CMC between romantic partners. Based on this review, and in efforts of moving toward a typology of relational maintenance behaviors that accounts for the precise range of efforts exchanged between partners to sustain relationship quality, the present paper proposes that additional dimensions be considered for their relevance to relationship outcomes. Specifically, conflict management and surveillance management are proposed as two maintenance-related behaviors that have emerged with the increasing use of computer-mediated communication between romantic partners. The present paper explicates each of these constructs in the context of relational maintenance and its intended outcomes, and proposes avenues for future research toward an all-inclusive typology of relational maintenance behaviors. React to the Future: Political Projection, Emotional Reactions, and Political Behavior • Bryan McLaughlin; John Velez; Amber Krause, Texas Tech Universtiy; Bailey Thompson • This study demonstrates the important mediating role political projection—the process of cognitively simulating future political scenarios and imagining the potential effects of these scenarios—plays in determining how campaign messages affect voting behavior. Using an experimental design, we find that campaign messages that are narrative in nature (compared to non-narrative) encourage higher levels of political projection, which elicits higher levels of anger, which, in turn, is negatively related to support for the opposing candidate. Media Violence and Aggression: A Meta-Analytic Approach to the Previous 20 Years of Research • Alexander Moe, Texas Tech University; Joseph Provencher, Texas Tech University; Hansel Burley • "This Meta-analysis examines research on the effects that violent media content has on individuals’ aggression. A total of a total of 28 studies reporting data for 2840 participants remained for analysis. The findings indicated the presence of homogeneity (Q = 37.10, df = 27, p < 0.05). The implications both for the current state of media violence research, as well as future research interests and practices are discussed. Corporate Sustainability Communication as Legitimizing and Aspirational Talk: Tullow Oil’s Discursive Constructions of Risks, Responsibility, and Stakeholders • S. Senyo Ofori-Parku, The University of Alabama • Critics of corporate social responsibility (CSR) worry that corporations use CSR communication to ‘greenwash’ their practices. But a recent version of the communication as constituting organization (CCO) perspective argues that such communication, even if misleading, can create positive organizational improvements. Underpinned by the corporate sustainability framework (which combines commonplace notions of CSR with risk management), the discourse-historical approach (DHA), and CCO, this study examines how an oil multinational—Tullow Oil— discursively constructs its sustainability issues and stakeholders. From a predominantly technical perspective of sustainability, Tullow constructs its identity as an aspirational, engaged and a responsible business. As seen in a shift in its Global Reporting Initiative certification from C+ in 2007 to A+ in 2013, Tullow’s CS talk has a potential to constitute desirable practices. However, the extent to which such discourse results in sustainable corporate outcomes hinges on whether it is used to merely reproduce or transform institutionalized notions of sustainability associated corporate practice. By combining the DHA and CSF, this research provides a novel technique for issues and stakeholder analysis—who and what is important to the organization. The implications are discussed. Unsupervised analyses of dynamic frames: Combining semantic network analysis, hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling • Joon-mo Park • This study analyzes the online discourse frames of the fine particulate air pollution issue in South Korea from May 12, 2016 to June 11, 2016. To detect frames, semantic networks combined with unsupervised learning techniques such as hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling were applied. 9,241 web documents posted on portal websites were collected. After extracting keywords from those documents, word frequency and co-occurrence matrix were measured. Through calculating the Euclidean coefficient, proximities between words were deducted. The analyses focused on the most frequently occurring 25 keywords which further functioned as elements in the hierarchical clustering analysis. Then multidimensional scaling showed the results over three phases of time period through changes of frequently occurring frames and proximities between concepts. In the first phase, many health-related and government-related concepts appeared. Next, the second phase, after government released official announcement on news, the government-related words were associated with individual responsibilities such as ‘mackerel’, ‘pork belly’, and ‘diesel price’. Institutional cause-related keywords appeared along with several energy-related keywords in the last phase. Moreover, in Phase 1 and 3, ‘China’ and ‘ultrafine dust’ were mentioned in terms of health risk, but in Phase 2, ‘China’ was associated with governmental coping ability. Finally, keywords such as ‘diesel price’, ‘related stock’ revealed what the public also concerned was the side effects of air pollution in daily lives. Who are the Voters? A Contemporary Voter Typology Based on Cluster Analysis • Ayellet Pelled, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Hyesun Choung, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Josephine Lukito, 1990; Megan Duncan, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Song Wang, Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison; "Winnie" Yin Wu; Hyungjin Gill, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Jiyoun Suk, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Trevor Kniaz • Most research on political party identification has focused on partisan voters and the consequences of political polarization. Independent voters are also an important feature of the political landscape, but far fewer studies have examined them. Too often researchers treat independent voters as a monolithic entity, using a single response category to identify them. But as made clear by the 2016 Presidential election, there are vast differences among independent voters. This study explores distinct clusters of voters that emerged in the context of the 2016 Presidential election. Using national survey data (N = 2,582) collected shortly before the November election, we conducted a cluster analysis to classify individuals into subgroups that share similar profiles of opinions concerning different personal values and worldviews. Nine clusters are distinguished: mainstream liberals, mainstream conservatives, anti-establishment liberals, anti-establishment conservatives, engaged floaters, patriotic liberals, disengaged isolates, disengaged floaters, and pragmatic liberals. Two of the nice clusters represent the traditional two party ideology while the other seven clusters are mixed in their party affiliation. Clusters differ in their political attitude and voting behaviors. Our study also reveals patterns in how engaged and disengaged partisans and independents choose media for their news source. The results suggest that voters’ party affiliation and political attitudes are not organized in a single dimension of ideological liberal/conservative. The political ideology is rather a multidimensional trait that should be measured in a more elaborated way so that can properly predict people’s political behavior including their voting choices. Credibility and Persuasiveness of News Reports Featuring Vox Pops and the Role of Populist Attitudes • Christina Peter • Exemplification research has consistently shown strong effects of vox pops exemplars, i.e. ordinary citizens voicing their opinion in news reports, on audience judgments. In this context, ordinary citizens as opinion-givers were found to be more persuasive compared to other sources, such as politicians. The main reason for this is seen in the fact that ordinary citizens are more trustworthy, yet this has not been empirically tested. In our study, we look at spillover effects of source trustworthiness on the news report itself. We investigate whether the integration of vox pops in a news article enhances the credibility of the article, and whether this mediates effects on personal opinion. In addition, we look at whether populist attitudes (i.e., the belief in the homogeneity and virtuosity of the people and a mistrust in elites) moderate these effects. In a web-based experiment, we confronted participants with news articles where arguments were put forward either by the journalist or by ordinary citizens as vox pops. Results indicate that the integration of vox pops enhances the credibility of the news article, which in turn leads to stronger persuasive effects. These effects were only found for people holding strong populist attitudes. Differential Uses and Gratifications of Media in the Context of Depression • Sebastian Scherr, U of Munich • Depression is the most common metal disorder linked with both higher and lower media use behaviors. Nevertheless, findings on the use of particular media in depression are scattered, dependent on individual motivations, and media demand characteristics. The associations between depression, media use, and motives are explored using robust regressions and representative data. Depression links with higher TV use, computer gaming, and music, and with lower use of newspapers with motives being both compensatory and non-compensatory. Measurement Invariance and Validation of a New Scale of Reflective Thoughts about Media Violence across Countries and Media Genres • Sebastian Scherr, U of Munich; Anne Bartsch; Marie-Louise Mares, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Mary-Beth Oliver, Pennsylvania State University • This study investigates reflective thought processes and meaning-making about media violence as a fact of social reality within two survey samples from the US and Germany. Building on a large item pool derived from qualitative interviews, we suggest a five factorial self-report scale to assess reflective thoughts about media violence. Given the established measurement invariance of the furthermore cross-conceptually validated scale across countries and genres, we strongly recommend its use and replicative future work. Authenticity: Toward a unified definition in communication • Diana Sisson, Auburn University; Michael Koliska, Auburn University • This study draws upon previous definitions and characteristics of authenticity from philosophy, psychology, and sociology to highlight the insufficient conceptualization and explication of authenticity in an interactive media environment. Findings revealed research foci across the various communication fields regarding authenticity lie primarily on the message sender neglecting what an authentic message is or how a message receiver may understand authenticity. This study is a first step to critically define authenticity in communication. Opinion Climates à la Carte - Selective and Incidental Exposure Impacts on Polarization, Public Opinion, and Participation • Daniel Sude, The Ohio State University; Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick; Melissa Robinson, The Ohio State University; Axel Westerwick • Hypotheses regarding political polarization were derived from cognitive dissonance, motivated reasoning, and spiral of silence theories. A selective exposure study (N = 118) featured six political online articles and examined impacts on attitudes, public opinion perceptions, and participation likelihood. Multi-level modeling demonstrated that encountering article leads influenced attitudes per article stance. Attitude-consistent messages were selected more often. Article selection, even if attitude-discrepant, influenced public opinion perception in line with article stance and fostered participation likelihood. Pathways to Fragmentation: User Flows and Web Distribution Infrastructures • Harsh Taneja; Angela Xiao Wu, Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study analyzes how web audiences flow across online digital features. We construct a directed network of user flows based on sequential user clickstreams for all popular websites, using traffic data obtained from a panel of a million web users in the United States. We analyze these data to identify constellations of websites that are frequently browsed together in temporal sequences, both by similar user groups in different browsing sessions as well as by disparate users. Our analyses thus render visible previously hidden online collectives and generate insight into the varied roles that curatorial infrastructures may play in shaping audience fragmentation on the web. “You Must Be This Anthropomorphic” to Write the News: Machine Attribution Decreases News Credibility and Issue Importance • Frank Waddell, University of Florida • Do readers prefer news attributed to human journalists due to the operation of a similarity attraction effect, or is news attributed to “robot journalists” preferred because automation is perceived as objective? An experiment was conducted to answer this question using a 2 (source attribution: human vs. machine) x 2 (robot recall: no recall vs. recall) design. Results reveal that machine attribution decreases news credibility and issue importance via lower source anthropomorphism and higher expectancy violations. The 2016 U.S. Presidential Public Opinion Polls: Third-Person Effects and Voter Intentions • Jane Weatherred, University of South Carolina; Anan Wan, University of South Carolina; Yicheng Zhu, University of South Carolina • Focusing on the 2016 U.S. presidential election, this study investigates how the American voting public perceives public opinion polls in terms of desirability of the message, partisanship, political affiliation and knowledge. The public’s intentions to impose restrictions on the polls were also examined relative to the third-person effect (TPE) gap. Results from a survey of 807 respondents indicate that the public does not understand how polls are conducted, yet still perceives that the polls are biased, and the greater the TPE gap, the more likely a person will support restrictions on the polls. Political Economy, Business Journalism and Agency: An Examination • Rob Wells, University of Arkansas • The political economy theory tradition of media studies is a powerful framework to examine business journalism, particularly news decisions in wake of the genre’s origins as a market participant. This theory is often used to criticize business reporting, but the literature rarely examines some fundamental theoretical assumptions and conflicts that arise from using the political economy theory. This theory, for example, has been criticized for its deterministic view of individual agency. Critics contend the theory’s focus on control by an elite superstructure minimizes the potential for individual initiative and innovation. This places the political economy theory in a basic conflict with individual agency, a core normative value in the journalism field, one with enduring power and embedded in institutional frameworks. The historical and sociological underpinnings of journalistic professionalism, for example, emphasize the role of reporter and editor autonomy, and these forces continue to have staying power. This essay seeks to answer the question, how does the political economy’s view of agency coexist, if at all, with the journalistic professional ideal of autonomy? The essay explores this question through a content analysis of business journalism coverage during the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s, for example, provides some significant examples of individual reporting initiative, particularly at a small trade industry newspaper called the National Thrift News. The essay concludes by noting the political economy theory fails to predict the extraordinary work of this small trade newspaper, which succeeded in large part due to a strong journalistic professional culture. Picture Yourself Healthy--How Social Media Users Select Images to Shape Health Intentions and Behaviors • Brianna Wilson; Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick • To test predictions derived from the SESAM model, participants (N = 265) selectively viewed Instagram-like postings featuring healthy or unhealthy food imagery. Beforehand, participants reported habits and perceived expert-recommendations regarding food intake. After viewing postings, participants chose gift cards representing healthy or unhealthy food purchases and indicated food intake intentions. Results show existing eating behavior predicts selective exposure to healthy or unhealthy food imagery, which in turn, shapes gift card choices and food intake intentions. No Comments, but a Thumbs-down: Estimating the Effects of Spiral of Silence on Online Opinion Expression • Tai-Yee Wu, University of Connecticut; Anne Oeldorf-Hirsch, University of Connecticut; David Atkin • This study tests Spiral of Silence theory in online news discussions by examining willingness to express one’s opinion via commenting, sharing, and voting. Results (N = 530) indicate that while fear of isolation is generally a negative predictor of opinion expression, perceived online anonymity positively predicts commenting. Moreover, one’s minority status and reference group support encourage the use of a thumbs-down, and opinion congruity with the news and issue involvement motivate news sharing. Is It Top-Down, Trickle-Up, or Reciprocal?: Testing Longitudinal Relationships Between Youth News Use and Parent and Peer Political Discussion • Chance York, Kent State University • Using data from a three-wave, parent-child panel survey and Slater’s Reinforcing Spirals Model (RSM) as an analytical framework, I document a “trickle-up” political socialization process whereby baseline levels of youth news use and political discussion with peers motivate future political talk with parents. Results suggest youth possess agentic political power and play an active role in their own political socialization, rather than being passive receivers of “top-down” influence. Methodological suggestions for modeling variables are discussed. Bridging the Divide Between Reason and Sentiment: Exploring the Potentials of Emotionality in Journalism • Sheng Zou • Following the line of scholarship to take emotionality seriously in communication, this paper theorizes the nexus between emotions/affects and journalism in the digital era, and develops a five-facet conceptual framework to delineate the civic potentials of emotionality in news reporting by transcending the conventional dualism between reason and emotion. It proposes a view of emotionality as an ally to rationality, and as an intermediary bridging public and private spheres, connecting the individual and the collective. 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17157 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/comjig-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 13:20:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17160 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17160 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/ccs-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 13:29:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17163 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17163 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/enews-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 13:47:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17166 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17166 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/esig-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 14:00:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17171 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17171 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/grad-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 14:24:18 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17174 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17174 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/hist-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 14:26:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17177 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17177 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/intl-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 14:30:59 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17180 ROBERT L. STEVENSON OPEN PAPER COMPETITION Future Growth of ACEJMC: U.S. and International Accreditation • Robin Blom, Ball State University; Lucinda Davenport, Michigan State University; Brian J. Bowe, Western Washington University • The number of journalism undergraduate programs accredited by ACEJMC has been stagnant for years. One way to grow the organization is further expansion abroad. A survey of journalism program directors indicated that many see opportunities to spread U.S. values and appreciation for free speech to countries where censorship is rampant, whereas other fear cultural imperialism. This paper discusses the pros and cons of journalism and mass communication accreditation in general, as well as international expansion. 'Love and courage': Resilience strategies of journalists facing trauma in northern Mexico • Stephen Choice, The University of Arizona • Mexico is one of the most dangerous countries in the world for journalists. This study focuses on types of trauma that journalists working in an environment marked by violence and threats experience, as well as the resilience they employ to continue working. Twenty-six print journalists in eight cities near the U.S. border have been interviewed to discover types of trauma and the extent of resilience achieved, as well as ways they go about doing so. Expressions of International Solidarity via Online Newspaper Stories and Public Comments During Times of Terror • Ioana Coman, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay; Catherine Luther • This study explores the major themes and the thematic markers related to transnational solidarity in The New York Times and Le Figaro’s news stories about the Boston Marathon bombing and their online comments. The overall findings indicate a solidarity narrative across these news stories and online comments. A terrorist attack may create homogeneous communities (Ruiz, et al., 2011), bonding individuals together at a transnational level regardless the possible political strains existing between the nations. Frame alignment and environmental activism： The case of international and grassroots NGOs in China • Fanxu Zeng; Jia Dai, Tsinghua University • This study examines the framing process in two environmental actions initiated by NGOs: the APP’s deforestation case and the Nu River dam project case. Through interviews with NGO personnel and media managers and analysis of media reports, we focused on an explanation of why certain types of NGO framing prove more effective in achieving their objectives than others. Using the concept of both framing alignment and contestation, we explore how NGOs package interpretive orientations of the issues and set up media frames, and how they cautiously assessed and readjusted their media strategies when confronting counter-frame arguments. Findings suggest that the international NGO Greenpeace were better at strategically use framing alignment with both the government and media, whereas domestic grassroots NGOs failed to align their frames appropriately to gain advantages in framing contestation. This study also reflects on the problem of civil society in China: If indigenous NGOs are quite weak and inept compared to a big transnational NGO like Greenpeace, the formation of a vibrant Chinese civil society may be problematic and unrealistic. A Qualitative Analysis of Themes in the Global West and the Global South Coverage of the Ebola Outbreak • Adaobi Duru, University of Louisiana at Monroe • Using a media systems comparative framework, I investigated news coverage of the Ebola outbreak. I compare coverage between the liberal media system and the polarized pluralist media system. Leveraging a highly salient event: the Ebola outbreak, I extended the Hallin and Mancini Model to non-western democracies. The study explored differences and similarities in coverage of the outbreak across media systems. Findings revealed that the liberal media system framing of the Ebola outbreak fell into three major categories that differed from the polarized pluralist framing. Journalists in the liberal media system emphasized the limitations of the African continent in the coverage of Ebola. On the other hand, the polarized pluralist media system framing of the outbreak differed from the liberal media system framing because they emphasized the broader implications of the outbreak. From Physical Space to Cyberspace: Discursive Constructions of “The Great Firewall of China” in Select Newspaper Cartoons • Lyombe Eko, Teexas Tech University; Li Chen • The Great Firewall is a metaphorical turn of phrase that is meant to frame the Chinese infrastructure of Internet information control as being analogous to the Great Wall, an ancient defensive bulwark that is central to Chinese history and culture. We studied international cartoon re-presentations of the imaginary Great Firewall of China. It was found that cartoons from many parts of the world presented China as the walled “Other” of the age of Global interconnectedness. Country Mentions on Twitter: An Emerging Theoretical Framework • Michael Elasmar; Jacob Groshek; Denis Wu, Boston University • This study focuses on country mentions on social media. It proposes and tests a new theoretical framework that explains and predicts country mentions on Twitter. This study concludes that countries with greater economic power will be mentioned more frequently on Twitter but also that, independent of economic power, larger countries will be mentioned more frequently and so will countries that experience more humanitarian crises. Implications and limitations of the findings are discussed. Comparing Journalistic Interventionism in News Content Cross-Nationally • lea hellmueller, University of Houston; Claudia Mellado; Maria Luisa Humanes; Mireya Márquez; Amado Adriana; Jacques Mick; Colin Sparks; Daniel Olivera; Martin Oller Alonso; Cornelia Mothes, TU Dresden; Nikos Panagiotou; Wang Haiyan; Gabriella Szabó, Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of S; Henry Silke; Moniza Waheed; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Agnieszka Stepinska; Daniel Beck; Pasti Svetlana • The concept of journalistic voice has not gained much attention in comparative media research at the expense of a stronger focus on the voices of sources in news coverage. Based on content analyses in 19 countries (N=34,514) this research investigates the types of journalistic voices that are performed in advanced democracies, transitional democracies and non-democratic countries. This study analyzes the neutral-advocate dimension of the journalistic voice in news stories introducing a cross-culture measure of journalistic voice in news. The results show that interventionism is not limited to Mediterranean or partisan media cultures, but can be explained by structural variables such as media freedom and the level of crime in society as well as organizational-level variables such as political leaning of the news outlet, news beat as well as the amount of sources that accompany the journalistic voice in news stories. Transnational media in a resurgent nationalist movement era: the role of identity in audience’s national and transnational media evaluation • Vanessa Higgins Joyce; Michael Devlin • Many believed in a post-national era, with accelerated globalization in past decades. However, recent nationalist movements resurge in the United States and abroad. This study sought to identify an association between transnational media use and nationalist and internationalist identities in the U.S. With a panel survey of Americans, it found that nationalism predicted perceived credibility of national media, and Fox news in particular. It also found that internationalism predicted credibility and consumption of transnational media. Drugs, Politics, and the Media: News Coverage of Drug Trafficking in Turkey • Duygu Kanver, Michigan State University; Manuel Chavez, Michigan State University • A bridge between the Middle East and Europe, Turkey has been in the heart of numerous “drug routes” for trafficking illegal drugs produced in the East and delivered to the West. As Turkish police fight drug smuggling through the borders, the public is not well-informed about the issue: A qualitative analysis of the news stories by two mainstream dailies, Hurriyet and Sabah, shows that the coverage is (1) highly politicized, and (2) low in quality. Testing Stereotypes about the Online Arab Public Sphere: Predictors of Concerns about Internet Surveillance in Five Arab Countries • Justin Martin, Northwestern University in Qatar; Klaus Schoenbach, Northwestern University in Qatar; Shageaa Naqvi • This study examined concerns about internet surveillance among internet users in Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Lebanon, Qatar, and the U.A.E. (N=4,160). Despite common stereotypes about how variables like gender, youth, income, nationality, and liberal or conservative ideology affect political and cultural attitudes in Arab countries, these indicators were not significant predictors of concerns about online surveillance by governments and companies. Arab nationals reported greater concern about companies monitoring their online activity, while expatriates were more worried about government surveillance. The study uses literature on the attribute substitution heuristic to discuss how people might form stereotypes about large groups of people. News under Pressure: Journalists Views about the Impact of Corporate and Political Ownership of News Media in India • Zara Masood, University of Miami • Indian news media have experienced considerable corporatization and, more important, politicization (politician owners, party leaning owners/editors) in recent years. This paper explores, through the views of journalists in India, the impact of corporatization as well as of the news-politician relationship on their work as well as on the content of news. It finds considerable instrumental use of the media to the advantage of corporate owners and particularly politicians. Partisanship shapes Indian news content considerably. The Influence of Journalistic Role Performance on Objective Reporting in Chilean, Mexican and Spanish News • Claudia Mellado; Maria Luisa Humanes; Mireya Márquez • Based on a content analysis of stories published in Chile, Mexico and Spain (N=7,868), this study examines the use of four objective reporting methods in newspapers from Spain, Mexico and Chile, and the influence of the performance of six journalistic roles in those reporting methods. The results show that the materialization of objectivity varies across journalistic cultures, revealing also a significant influence of the performance of professional roles on the implementation of objectivity in news. Revisiting the “Brazilian Paradox:” journalists’ attitudes towards left and right-leaning protests • Rachel Mourao, Michigan State University • This study analyzes Brazilian journalists’ news routines and attitudes towards the protests that swept the country in 2013 and 2015. Guided by literature on the “protest paradigm” and the “Brazilian self-censorship paradox,” a survey of 1,250 reporters reveals individual, organization and routine-level influences on personal attitudes, perceptions of employers’ editorial line and mainstream coverage. Findings reveal that both right and left-leaning reporters viewed mainstream media and their outlet’s coverage as adversarial to their own. Over Half a Century After Independence: Press Freedom in Zambia at the Crossroads • Gregory Pitts, Middle Tennessee State University; Twange Kasoma, Radford University • Zambia, over half a century after independence and as it commemoratinges its silver jubilee, since the return of multiparty elections finds itself at an awkward crossroads since the return of multiparty elections. This study examines the development of multiparty elections in Zambia and uses quantitative data to investigate the level of support for press freedom among members of the Zambian Parliament. The study finds that while Parliamentarians support press freedom, political and social values—influenced by Colonialism and Humanism—have not matured to sustain a free press and Zambia’s press freedom has regressed. Government control or dominance of media will stifle, rather than nurture, the growth of a generation of reporters who can function as independent journalists. Perceptions of Media Roles among Journalism Students in Serbia, Croatia, and Macedonia: Does news orientation have an impact? • Ivanka Pjesivac, University of Georgia; Iveta Imre, University of Arkansas; Katerina Spasovska, Western Carolina University • This study examined the perceptions of media roles among journalism students in Serbia, Croatia, and Macedonia (N=501). The results show that the most important are citizen-oriented and watchdog roles and that they are positively predicted by hard news orientation, whereas consumer and loyal roles are least important and positively predicted by the soft news orientation. This is the first study that comparatively analyzed students’ views in three countries of the former Yugoslavia using national samples. Diasporic vs. national media in covering an international deal: An investigation of how American and Iranian diasporic media covered the Iran Nuclear Deal • Mehrnaz Rahimi, Miami University; Rosemary Pennington, Miami University • After long time negotiations with P 5+1, Iran and the world reached an agreement on its uranium enrichment program in summer 2015. This agreement or deal was a major achievement for Iran because it resulted in the removing sanctions and the release of blocked funds. The current study analyzed the coverage of the Iran Deal in an Iranian diasporic media, Asr-e-Emrooz, as well as two American newspapers, The New York Times and Los Angeles Times. Analysis of 985 articles indicated that the three newspapers had a positive tone toward the Deal and framed it as a good compromise, although the Iranian newspaper showed more doubt about future of the Deal and its implementation by Iran. Toward a global model of agenda building and gatekeeping: Collective action and Right to Information legislation in the India case • Jeannine Relly, School of Journalism, The University of Arizona; Rajdeep Pakanati • This qualitative study of a purposive sample of journalists in India (N = 41) examines the collective nature of associations among news media practitioners, civil society organizations, social activists, and other stakeholders around the utilization of Right to Information Act in public interest initiatives. The research found myriad factors connected with these partnerships, including concerns about violence, shortage of time, and methods of using the RTIA as a powerful investigative tool. International News Coverage and Source Selection in U.S. Foreign Policy Debates: The Case of Iran Deal in Broadcast News • Mehdi Semati, Northern Illinois University; Bill Cassidy, Northern Illinois University; Mehrnaz Khanjani • This research examines broadcast news coverage of the nuclear negotiations between Iran and the West, applying “indexing” theory. Results present evidence of indexing, showing Iran deal coverage in broadcast news reflected official views within a framework of institutional debates among congressional and executive branch sources. The coverage indexed both consensus among the officials within the executive branch and the congressional opposition during different time periods studied. Additionally, the results present strong evidence of power indexing. "Tremendously Irritated": Media Trust among Urban Brazilian News Consumers • Flavia Milhorance, City, University of London; Jane B. Singer, City, University of London • Around the world, polls show a crisis in trust in civic institutions, the media foremost among them. This study adds nuance to the numbers within a single nation, Brazil. Original focus group data is analysed in the context of exclusive questionnaire data from the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism to understand why news consumers trust – or do not trust – their media, and the implications of those perceptions for Brazilian media and civic society. Human Rights Reporting in Rwanda: Opportunities and Challenges • Meghan Sobel; Karen McIntyre, Virginia Commonwealth University • News media play a role in increasing public understanding of human rights issues. Yet, little scholarship has analyzed human rights reporting in developing or post-conflict nations. Interviews with Rwandan journalists revealed that, in this post-genocide era of reconstruction, reporters define human rights broadly and believe reporting on abuses has a positive impact on the abuse. However, a lack of press freedom inhibits human right reporting, thus, prohibiting journalists from fulfilling their social responsibility. Comments on Covering Up: International Discourse on the Burkini Ban • Lauren Van Yahres; Sally Ann Cruikshank • Following the Bastille Day terrorist attack in Nice, France, costal towns banned Muslim full-coverage swimwear known as the burkini in July 2016. This study examined how five international news outlets, Al Jazeera, The Guardian, Russia Today (RT), The Times of India, and The Washington Post, and online commenters framed the ban. Among the news articles, four dominant frames emerged, colonialism, feminist, consumerist, and French nationalist. Commenters used different frames, Islamophobia, sexist, cultural conflict, and satire. A Conceptual Model of Watching Social Live Streaming in China: Who Are the Users and How About Their Psychological Well-Being? • Anan Wan, University of South Carolina; Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina • Social live streaming services (SLSSs) as a new type of social networking site (SNS) have been increasingly prevalent in China. This study proposed and tested a conceptual model to explore the motivations and consequences of using SLSSs among Chinese college students. Results of an online survey discovered that the entertainment motive and broadcaster attraction are the main reasons for watching social live streams. Moreover, users’ parasocial interaction with the broadcasters was identified as the underlying process of using these services, which in turn influenced users’ loneliness and addiction to SLSSs. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. The Effect of U.S.-based Social Media Use on Acculturation and Adaptation among Chinese Students in America • Chen Yang, University of Houston - Victoria • This study investigated how the use of major U.S.-based social media may influence the acculturation and adaptation among Chinese students in America. Survey data collected from 408 respondents showed that more frequent Facebook and Twitter use activities contributed to higher acculturation while more frequent responses received on the two SNSs led to better adaptation. Online network sizes have more robust effect on the acculturation than on adaptation. Implications about their network subgroups were also discussed. Individualizing depression responsibilities on Chinese social media: Analyzing the Weibo framing of three key players • Yuan Zhang; Yifeng Lu; Yan Jin; Yubin Wang • In recent years, depression has become a leading public health threat in China, and stigmatization due to cultural and historical reasons presents one of the biggest challenges in tackling the threat. Research indicates that individualizing health responsibilities, one of the most prominent frames in communicating health issues, is directly related to the formation of stigma. While both cross-cultural theory and prior research suggest the prevalence of contextual and societal attributions in China, the individualization of the Chinese culture in recent decades may potentially alter the pattern of responsibility attributions for public health issues such as depression. Against this backdrop, we content-analyzed how three key players in the fight against depression -- media organizations, mental health institutions and an online support group -- framed causal and problem-solving responsibilities for depression on Sina Weibo, one of the most influential social networking sites in China. We found that all three groups primarily assigned depression responsibilities to the individual (vs. the society). Moreover, state-controlled media organizations were more inclined to hold individuals responsible for fixing the problem than market-oriented media organizations. Despite the overall individualization of depression responsibilities, the online support group demonstrated a relatively stronger tendency to hold the society at large accountable for tackling this public health threat. These findings provide implications for alleviating mental health stigma and suggest future avenues for mental health communication research. Transnational news media coverage of distant suffering in the Syrian civil war: An analysis of CNN, Al-Jazeera English and Sputnik • Xu Zhang, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Catherine Luther • Building on previous literatures on the mediation of distant suffering in relation to the concept of cosmopolitanism, this study analyzed news articles published on the online sites of CNN, Al-Jazeera English and Sputnik to investigate the transnational news outlets’ portrayals of human suffering associated with the Syrian civil war. Using the qualitative data software analysis program NVivo, the analysis revealed that all three of the examined news sources commonly employed shocking numbers and brief narratives in their stories on the humanitarian disaster. CNN and Al-Jazeera English, however, provided more in-depth and emotive descriptions of misfortunes through quotes from local residents, thus connoting a cosmopolitan outlook. Russia-based Sputnik, on the other hand, tended to present the Russian government’s stance on Syria. Its stories included criticisms of the West and emphasized the humanitarian role of the Russian military. This finding indicates that transnational media outlets do not completely stay away from national institutionalized politics. Negative Emotions to Western Media and Reception of Mediated Public Diplomacy • Yicheng Zhu, University of South Carolina; Ran Wei, University of South Carolina; Guy Golan, University of South Florida • The current study explores the potential backfire effect in mediated public diplomacy. We built a conceptual model of negative emotions and support for retaliation campaigns. Using a national survey data from China, we tested the model in four scenarios (Japanese, U.S., Russian and European news), and discussed the importance of country friendliness and attention to international news as antecedents. We found people receiving public diplomacy could develop negative emotions, and even support for retaliation campaigns. MARKHAM STUDENT PAPER COMPETITION National Biases of World Games: Local and International Media Coverage of the “Lochtegate” • Heloisa Aruth Sturm, University of Texas at Austin • This study compared Brazilian and U.S news coverage of the “Lochtegate” during the 2016 Summer Olympics in order to untangle the ways in which information flows, source proximity and multilayered identities played a role in depicting that incident. Cultural proximity played a major role in the selection of sources. Differences were found concerning pace of the news, contextualization, and prognosis. National identity emerged in distinct ways through media portrayals of this event. Influence of Foreign News Programs on the International News Agenda of Rwandan Television and Newspapers • Wellars Bakina, University of Arizona • A quantitative content analysis conducted in 2016 indicates that the international news edition of Rwanda Television (RTV) depended mostly on foreign programs, mainly from Euronews and Al Jazeera English. Qualitative interviews with the RTV editorial team revealed the main factors influencing story selection. RTV and two Rwandan newspapers focused on the same news topics but used slightly different sources. Defining factors for this intermedia agenda-setting included institutional barriers, language, and the globalization of news. Gatecrashing: Exploring how Indian journalists tweet breaking news and what type of tweets attract followers • DHIMAN CHATTOPADHYAY, Bowling Green State University • This study examines how Indian journalists tweet when they share breaking news on Twitter, and what type of tweets lead to greater follower engagement. Specifically it focuses on a sensational breaking story to examine journalistic gatekeeping practices on social media: What type tweets were preferred by the journalists to disseminate breaking news? What type of tweets received most follower engagement? And finally, how did the nature of follower comments inform scholarly understanding of news consumption practices on social media platforms? Findings indicate journalists mostly Tweeted personal opinion, and this type of tweet also received most follower engagement through ‘likes’ and comments. Further, contrary to selective exposure theory, people engaged more with tweets when its contents did not agree with their pre-existing beliefs. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed. Under the Dome: How Chinese Newspapers Frame “Haze” • Minghui Fan, University of Alabama; Qingru Xu • In recent years, China’s polluted air has seriously affected on Chinese health. This paper explored whether journalists for the commercial newspaper Qilu Evening Newspaper were different from journalists for the party-organ newspaper People’s Daily in framing Chinese air pollution. After analyzing news coverage of two newspapers regarding Chinese air pollution from 2011 to 2016, this study found both newspapers primarily blamed individuals for the problem and engaged in propaganda for the Chinese Communist Party. Symmetrical Communication in Social Media: Analyzing Indonesian Ministries Communication Networks in Social Media • Ika Idris, Ohio University • Interactivity as the key feature of social media has opened the opportunity for symmetrical communication between organization and its stakeholders. Previous research on quantitative models of symmetrical communication focus on survey-based research which cannot fully capture the information flows. This study use social network analysis to investigate symmetrical communication in social media conversation networks. The subjects of the study are Indonesian Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Education and Culture and this study aims to analyze whether the governments use of social media has led to dialogue and mutual understanding. The country is the largest market of social media users in Southeast Asia and has been promoting Public Information Act since 2008. This study found that symmetrical communication was not implemented, the governments were the centrals of the networks, and the conversations were lack of engagement. The findings show that the ministries’ Facebook pages encountered spam posts and fake accounts that are potentially ruins government reputation. This study recommends Indonesian government to invest resources in planning better public relations strategies, specifically in a daily basis operation. It is time for Indonesian government to provide a better quality of information, not just focus to the information quantity. Pilot study: How do Chinese students change their social media habits after moving to the United States, and what factors motivate this change? • Liefu Jiang, University of Kansas • This project employs the uses-and-gratifications theory to analyze in-depth interviews of 23 Chinese students in a university in the United States. Findings suggest that most Chinese students use both U.S. social media apps and Chinese apps after moving to the U.S. Their social media choices are driven by different motivations. Also, findings suggest that social media usage benefits Chinese students in cultural adaption after moving to the U.S. Framing Diplomatic Conflicts: How Indian and Nepali Media Covered the Controversy Surrounding the Ratification of Nepal’s Constitution in 2015 • Amir Joshi, Iowa State University • This article investigated the framing of the controversy surrounding the ratification of the Nepali Constitution in newspaper articles published in Nepal and India for six months. Using framing analysis, this study compared the way in which Indian and Nepali newspapers differed in terms of frames, tone, and news sources. The content analysis revealed significant differences in the conflict frames and tone used. Both countries treated the story episodically and relied on official sources for the news. Dramatism Approach to International Apology/Apologia: 70 years Later • Emi Kanemoto • "Abe danwa, a speech by the current Prime Minister of Japan, Abe Shinzo, was nationally live broadcasted on August 14, 2015 in Japan on the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II in Asia. The goal of study was to reveal the intentions behind the broadcasted speech by unpacking to whom and how he was making shazai (apology with feeling of being indebted), owabi (apology with knowledge of wrong-doing), and kansha (appreciation). By utilizing the dramatistic approach, four themes emerged around these three key terms: owabi for past action, owabi for present/future, (no) more shazai? and kansha to whom? The critical thoughts in the end discussed what Japanese media reported after the speech and how Japan was labeled as a “forever-victimizer.” Choosing the Best Name: The Effectiveness of Brand Name Localization on Consumers’ Attitude toward a New Foreign Product • Xuan Liang; Huan Chen, University of Florida • An online experiment was conducted among 235 subjects to examine the effect of brand name localization on brand attitude, product attitude, and purchase intention. Results indicated that in general people prefer original, exotic brand name than localized brand name in the context of the U.S. In particular, young consumers have a more positive attitude toward and are more likely to purchase imported products with a foreign name than the ones with a localized name. In addition, more collectively oriented people evaluated the product with exotic brand name more positively than those less collectively oriented people did. The Elephant in the Room: Media Ownership and Political Participation in Hong Kong • LUWEI ROSE LUQIU, Pennsylvania State University • The political system of one county, two systems in Hong Kong presents a challenge for an authoritarian government that seeks to control media ownership in an open and law- abiding society. By focusing on the media ownership structure, this paper provides details regarding how the Chinese government used political power and capital to censor and shape the public sphere to temper political interests in Hong Kong. It also attempts to identify potential solutions to the problem and make predictions regarding the future of online and offline activism in Hong Kong. A Comparative Content Analysis of Argentine and British Print Advertising During the Malvinas/Falkland Islands War • Juan Mundel, DePaul University; Yadira Nieves-Pizarro, Michigan State University; Douglas Wickham, Michigan State University; Melinda Aiello, Michigan State University • Argentine and British print newspaper ads were content analyzed to examine how advertising expression and content differed in the two countries while they were fighting the Malvinas/Falkland Islands War. Appeals, advertised products, discursive strategies, and code-switching were studied. Results show that across both countries the types of products advertised during the war were similar, although there were more ads for hedonic products in Argentina. Further, the use of appeals was more common in Argentine ads, which could reflect cultural differences between the two countries. Interestingly, the use of national symbols was scarce across both countries which differs from trends found in other advertising markets. Unique storytellers--freelancers in international news production • Xu Zhang, University of Tennessee, Knoxville • "Economic strains and the emergence of new digital platforms have significantly changed the way foreign news is produced and reported in legacy news media. Freelancing, which is defined as a casualized and multi-skilled employment has been playing a vital role in covering international news in recent years (Edstrom and Ladendorf, 2012). Considering their emerging roles in international news production, this study examined the phenomenon of freelancing in the context of foreign news reporting. Semi-structured interview with 11 freelancers reveals that even though freelancers face insecurity and hardship of meeting the financial needs, they tend to be creative and unique in presenting the international news stories they covered. Particularly, their emphasis on the human aspect of stories reflects the values of humanity and diversity. This hints that freelancers could act potentially as an advocate force to change so often superficial, stereotyped International news coverage. Covering up or Telling Your Own Bad News? The Effects of “Stealing Thunder” Strategy on Journalists’ Reactions in Different Cultural Settings • Lijie Zhou; Carrie Reif-Stice • The current study examines the effectiveness of stealing thunder strategy on the United States and Chinese journalism students’ perceived credibility of organization, the interests of reporting the crisis, perceptions of crisis severity, and way of framing news. The findings indicate that using stealing thunder strategy increases the credibility of organization, but does not necessarily reduce participants’ interests of reporting the crisis and the perceptions of crisis severity. However, after adding culture as the second variable, the interaction effects of stealing thunder strategy and participants’ cultural background on participants’ responses and the way to frame news were found. 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17180 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/icig-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 14:34:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17183 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17183 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/law-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 14:39:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17186 OPEN COMPETITION ‘Famous in a Small Town’: Indeterminacy and Doctrinal Confusion in Micro Public Figure Doctrine • Matthew Bunker, University of Alabama • The determination of which defamation plaintiffs are public figures is frequently outcome-determinative in libel litigation. Yet courts are wildly inconsistent in their rulings on what this paper refers to as micro public figures – individuals who have achieved notoriety within a small geographic area or within a particular cultural niche. Should such plaintiffs be characterized as all-purpose public figures? This paper analyzes the case law and offers a more precise approach to this problem. Gag Clauses and the Right to Gripe: The Consumer Review Fairness Act of 2016 • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • This paper examines new legislation, including the federal Consumer Review Fairness Act signed into law in December 2016, targeting non-disparagement clauses in consumer contracts. Such “gag clauses” typically either prohibit or punish the posting of negative reviews of businesses on websites such as Yelp and TripAdvisor. The paper asserts that state and federal statutes provide the best means, from a pro-free expression perspective, of attacking such clauses, given the disturbingly real possibility that the First Amendment has no bearing on contractual obligations between private parties. Social Media Under Watch: Privacy, Free Speech, and Self-Censorship in Public Universities • Shao Chengyuan • This study examines social media monitoring in the case of two large Southeast public universities. One university has been using a social media monitoring program for years; the other has not adopted this new form of monitoring technology. In this survey, students were asked about their perception and acceptance of monitoring from the university, their concern for online privacy, support for online free speech, and experience with cyberbullying. This study explores the relationships among attitude toward online privacy and online free speech, perception and acceptance of monitoring, and willingness to self-censor when speaking on social media. The correlation analysis showed that the more one is concerned about online privacy and supports online free speech, the less likely that person would regard social media monitoring as acceptable. While those who were more concerned about online privacy were more likely to self-censor, those who were more supportive of online free speech were less likely to self-censor. Most important, this survey found that perception of monitoring was not positively correlated with self-censorship, which goes against the assumption that awareness of surveillance from an authority would cause self-censorship. In addition, this study found that, while 85 percent of the surveyed students use social media on daily basis, more than 60 percent were not greatly concerned about social media monitoring from the university and the government. Implications for studies on social media monitoring and direction for future research are discussed. Don’t Bother: How Exemption 3 of the Freedom of Information Act Enables an Irrebuttable Presumption of Surveillance Secrecy • Benjamin W. Cramer, Pennsylvania State University • The Freedom of Information Act of 1966 (FOIA) gives American citizens a legally-protected procedure to request documents from federal agencies in the Executive Branch and to appeal denied requests. However, the Act acknowledges that some government-held information should remain undisclosed for purposes of safety or security, so the act has exemptions mandating that certain categories of information can be withheld. Exemption 3 states that a federal agency can withhold a document that has already been deemed non-disclosable in a different statute. Exemption 3 is often used by agencies that are involved in traditional national security practices and the controversial modern techniques of pervasive electronic surveillance, as justification for keeping information on those practices secret. This is possible because there are many other statutes in the security field that already allow those types of documents to be withheld in the event of a citizen request, and FOIA Exemption 3 does not allow flexibility in how those statutes are interpreted. This has allowed agencies to exercise greater discretion toward information that they do not wish to disclose to citizens, while the judiciary has almost uniformly deferred to agency discretion. This article will argue that Exemption 3 has inadvertently made the security and surveillance establishment more secretive, creating a nearly irrebuttable presumption that documents must not be disclosed to citizens or journalists. Who Should Regulate? Testing the Influence of Policy Sources on Support for Regulations on Controversial Media • Kyla Garrett Wagner, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Allison Lazard, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Policy research has explored the relationship between perceived effects of controversial media exposure and support for regulations on controversial media, but it has yet to examine how the source of these regulations impacts support. Therefore, this study used a between-subjects experiment to explore how sources of media policies (government vs. industry) influence support for a media policy. Two policy were used: one on pornography and one on violent video games. Other potential predictors of policy support (source credibility, attitudes, and beliefs) were also assessed. We found that while the source of a media policy did not influence support for a media policy, perceived credibility of the policy source and personal beliefs and attitudes about the controversial media were significant predictors of support for a media policy. However, these variables influenced support for the two media policies differently. This study suggests 1) policymakers should assess regulations on controversial media individually to understand what will gain social support for a policy, and 2) future research is needed to explain the differences in these variables across media policies. Depictions of Obscene Content: How Internet Culture and Art Communities Can Influence Federal Obscenity Law • Austin Linfante, Ohio University • A recent decision by the United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa, United States v. Handley (S.D. Iowa 2008), complicates how current obscenity law (notably the PROTECT Act of 2003) can prosecute depictions of obscene content. These would include any sort of artwork or simulation that simulates or uses fictional characters to depict otherwise obscene material without using or harming any real-life living beings. This paper will first look at previous court cases, laws and academic literature to determine how obscene content as well as depictions of obscene content have been ruled in the past in terms of whether or not they are protected speech. This will also include examining how online art communities such as DeviantArt and FurAffinity police themselves when it comes to this type of content. There will also be a discussion about how specific types of obscene content like child pornography and bestiality affect a viewer’s likelihood to commit sex crimes themselves. Afterwards, this paper will present the case behind expanding current federal law on obscene content to include depictions of this type of obscene behavior. These model laws will all be based on how large art communities currently police this kind of content. This should ultimately lead to preventing future sex crimes against children and animals as well as provide effective obscenity law. A Gap in the Shield? Reporter’s Privilege in Civil Defamation Lawsuits 2005-2016 • Meghan Menard-McCune, LSU • The purpose of this study is to determine how state courts and legislatures have addressed reporter’s privilege in civil defamation cases. After an analysis of court cases in six states, the study found three issues relating to reporter’s privilege that the courts addressed: 1) The state shield law’s definitions of news and news media 2) The waiver of the shield law and the protection of unpublished material 3) The shield law’s defamation exception. "Oligopoly of the Facts"? Media Ownership of News Images • Kathleen Olson, Lehigh University • This paper examines the use of the idea/expression dichotomy, the fair use doctrine and the First Amendment in cases involving news organizations suing for copyright infringement over the use of their news images, including photographs, film and video footage. Voting Booth or Photo Booth?: Ballot Selfies and Newsgathering Protection for User-Generated Content • Kristen Patrow • This paper addresses whether ballot selfies qualify for First Amendment protection. The analysis includes both newsgathering and speech claims. Snapchat filed an amicus brief in the First Circuit case, Rideout v. Gardner. The work concentrates on Snapchat’s contention that user-generated work is newsgathering activity. The paper reviews cases on newsgathering during elections and the voting process. The analysis shows that ballot selfies are best understood as a hybrid of speech and access rights. Say this, not that: government regulation and control of social media • Nina Brown, Syracuse University/Newhouse; jon peters • Internet law and policy discussions are converging on the problem of fake news and the idea that “the private sector has a shared responsibility to help safeguard free expression.” They have also raised the possibility of federal government intervention. This article advances those discussions by exploring what Congress could do to enact legislation requiring social media platforms to remove fake news—and whether that would be prudent. It also explores the First Amendment’s role in the private sector. The Heat is On: Thermal Sensing and Newsgathering – A Look at the Legal Implications of Modern Newsgathering • Roy Gutterman, Syracuse University; Angela Rulffes, Syracuse University • Thermal imaging technology, which was once used primarily by the military, has made its way into the civilian world. Journalists have already begun making use of the technology, and as that use becomes more prevalent concerns about legal issues also arise. This paper, relying on tort privacy cases, Fourth Amendment case law, and theoretical conceptualizations of privacy, provides an in-depth examination of the legal implications surrounding the use of thermal imaging devices for newsgathering. Lock or Key: Does FOIA Sufficiently Open the Right to Information? • Tyler Prime, Arizona State University; Joseph Russomanno, Arizona State University • A year after the 50th anniversary of the passage of the Freedom of Information Act was observed, criticism of – and disappointment in – the law is significant. Though written with the strong guidance of journalists, FOIA, according to many, has failed to live up to its initial promise of peeling back the layers that too often shroud the federal government in secrecy, and allowing the news media and other citizens to contribute first-hand to the democracy. The United States was only the third nation to pass such a law, but during the half-century since then, the nation has slipped to 51st among world nations by one measure in right to information. FOIA is much to blame. Issues with response rates, unorganized systems and subjective interpretations of the act and its exemptions have combined to lock information from public access rather than acting as the key it was intended to be. This paper utilizes data from annual federal agency FOIA reports to the attorney general from 2008 to 2015. This information indicates that across multiple metrics, FOIA has increasingly struggled to fulfill and often failed to provide records to requesting parties. The trends revealed suggest that significant overhaul is necessary. Rather than prescribing another round of amendments that are little more than Band-Aids on a withering dinosaur, this paper concludes with a detailed set of recommendations – highlighted by a crowd-sourced request database – that move far from FOIA’s original paper-based model that still rests at its analog core. The Protection of Privacy in the Middle East – A Complicated Landscape • Amy Kristin Sanders, Northwestern University in Qatar • "throughout the Middle East – erroneously viewed by many outsiders as a homogenous region steeped in conservative Islamic culture – the legal landscape varies dramatically with regard to privacy. This article discusses the many influences that have shaped the legal culture throughout the region, which has drawn inspiration from the British Common Law approach, the European Civil Law heritage and centuries of Islamic thought. The result is unique legal environment that blends together traditional religious values, the impact of decades of colonialism and the recent effects of global interconnectedness as a result of the Internet and social media. Not surprisingly then, the legal framework surrounding the protection of privacy is intricate. It would be much easier to allude to the Middle East in sweeping generalizations, dividing it simply into the Levant countries on the western side and the Gulf countries on the eastern shore. But, that approach fails to address the peculiarities that exist from country to country. Although space constraints require painting with a broad brush, this article endeavors to shed light whenever possible on the region’s similarities and differences by using specific examples from countries. Recognizing the enormous undertaking that would be necessary to catalog each and every law pertaining to privacy across 14 nations, this article instead lays out a comparative framework – highlighting the influences of the common law and civil law traditions on the legal framework throughout the Middle East. It provides a high-level overview of privacy law as it exists throughout the Middle East – comparing various sources of law from Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen. In addition, a substantive case study highlights important recent developments and helps foreshadow coming trends in the region." Killer Apps: Vanishing messages, encrypted communications, and the challenges to freedom of information laws • Daxton Stewart, TCU • In the early weeks of the new presidential administration, White House staffers were communicating among themselves and leaking to journalists using apps such as Signal and Confide, which allow users to encrypt messages or to make them vanish after being received. By using these apps, government officials are "going dark" by avoiding detection of their communications in a way that undercuts freedom of information laws. In this paper, the author explores the challenges presented by encrypted and ephemeral messaging apps when used by government employees, examining three policy approaches -- banning use of the apps, enhancing existing archiving and record-keeping practices, or legislatively expanding quasi-government body definitions -- as potential ways to manage the threat to open records laws these "killer apps" present. Knowledge Will Set You Free (from Censorship): Examining the Effects of Legal Knowledge and Other Editor Characteristics on Censorship and Compliance in College Media • Lindsie Trego, UNC-Chapel HIll • Issues of censorship in higher education have lately been common in the news, however it is unclear to what degree college newspapers experience external influences. This study uses an online survey of public college newspaper editors to examine specific censorship practices experienced by newspaper editors at public colleges, as well as editor compliance with these practices. Further, this study explores how personal characteristics of editors might influence perceptions of and compliance with censorship practices. First Amendment Metaphors: From “Marketplace” to “Free Flow of Information” • Morgan Weiland, Stanford University • As cognitive linguist George Lakoff has shown, metaphors play a central role in structuring what humans understand as possible. In the First Amendment context, the central organizing metaphor for how judges, scholars, and the public understand the freedom of expression is as a “marketplace.” But little scholarly attention has been paid to a second metaphor that animates the Supreme Court’s thinking about expressive freedoms: the “free flow of information.” This paper’s project and contribution is to recover the free flow metaphor in the Court’s First Amendment doctrine, spanning over 40 opinions dating to the 1940s. This paper reviews every First Amendment opinion in which the Court used the metaphor, finding that the metaphor, by providing a new architecture that structures—and limits—how it is possible to think about who or what counts as a speaker, what qualifies as speech, what the proper role for the press is, and what role the state can play in the expressive environment, undergirds the Court’s development of libertarian theories of speech and the press. Understanding the free flow metaphor’s conceptual structure matters not only because it reveals a shift in the deeper logic of rights and responsibility undergirding the freedoms of expression, a perspective unavailable when looking at the doctrine through the marketplace metaphor’s lens. It also provides a better framework for understanding and fixing the contemporary expressive environment online because some of the most pressing social problems—cyberbullying and fake news—make more sense when assessed through the free flow metaphor’s framework. Fake News and the First Amendment: Reconciling a Disconnect Between Theory and Doctrine • Sebastian Zarate, University of Florida; Austin Vining, University of Florida; Stephanie McNeff, University of Florida • This paper analyzes calls for regulating so-called “fake news” through the lens of both traditional theories of free expression – namely, the marketplace of ideas and democratic self-governance – and two well-established First Amendment doctrines, strict scrutiny and underinclusivity. The paper argues there is, at first glance, a seeming disconnect between theory and doctrine when it comes to either censoring or safeguarding fake news. The paper contends, however, that a structural-rights interpretation of the First Amendment offers a viable means of reconciling theory and doctrine. A structural-rights approach focuses on the dangers of collective power in defining the truth, rather than on the benefits that messages provide to society or individuals. Ultimately, a structural-rights interpretation illustrates why, at the level of free-speech theory, the government must not censor fake news. DEBUT FACULTY PAPER COMPETITION Half the Spectrum: A Title IX Approach to Broadcast Ownership Regulation • Caitlin Carlson, Seattle University • Women make up half of the U.S. population yet own less than eight percent of commercial television and radio broadcast licenses. This is incredibly problematic given the important role women’s media production and ownership plays in the feminist movement. Mass media set the agenda for public debate, frames issues, and primes viewers with the frameworks they should use to evaluate those issues. Women’s greater participation at ownership levels would enable women to speak publicly about their experience, which could substantially alter the agenda set by mass media or shift the frames used to interpret current events. For its part, the FCC has been trying for the past 40 years to address the absence of women and people of color from media ownership. However, in 2016 the Commission rejected race- or gender-based considerations in favor of privileging independent media organizations as the most effective way to achieve viewpoint diversity. Given the failure of the FCC to fix the problem, I argue here that a radical new approach is needed. Using Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 a guide, I propose that legislation be developed that prohibits denying members of either sex the chance to participate in broadcast media organizations, which like educational institutions, receive financial benefits from the federal government. Here, I liken broadcast licenses to federal funds and propose that failure to comply with this anti-discrimination policy could result in license removal. China's personal information protection in a data-driven economy: A privacy policy study of Alibaba, Baidu and Tencent • Tao Fu • China’s Internet companies are expanding their businesses at home and abroad with huge consumer data at hand. However, in the global data-driven economic and technological competition, China’s personal information protection is behind that of the West. By content analyzing the online privacy policies of leading Chinese Internet and information service providers (IISPs) – Alibaba, Baidu, and Tencent, this study found their privacy policies to be generally compliant with China’s personal information protection provisions. The three IISPs used proper mechanisms showing their commitment, measures, and enforcement to data security but their Fair Information Practices need further improvement. The ecosystem of personal information protection in China is severe and users need privacy literacy. Privacy policies in this study offer more about ‘notice’ than they do ‘choice’. Chinese IISPs collect and use information extensively in the guise of providing value to the user. Societal mechanisms such as joining a third-party, seal-of-approval program and technological mechanisms such as using a standardized format for privacy policies have not been widely sought by Chinese IISPs. Lagging behind their global acquisition and operation, Chinese IISPs’ efforts in personal information protection have given insufficient consideration to transborder data flow, and to change of ownership. Recommendations were offered. Reforming the Lifeline Program: Regulatory Federalism in Action? • Krishna Jayakar; EUN-A PARK, Institute for Information Policy at Pennsylvania State University • This paper considers whether common national standards for determining participants’ eligibility and designating service providers in the Lifeline program are preferable to a decentralized system where state utility commissions have greater influence over these program parameters. Two recent decisions of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), a 2016 Order and its reversal in March 2017, on the designation of Eligible Telecommunications Carriers to provide broadband Lifeline service, centered on this question. Statistical analysis of program data demonstrates that state-by-state variations in enrollment may be attributed to state-level policy actions, after controlling for alternative demographic and economic explanations. On the premise that state-by-state variations in participation rates in a federal program are unfair because they burden consumers solely based on their location, this paper concludes in favor of national standards. The Medium is the Message: Digital Aesthetics and Publicity Interests in Interactive Media • Michael Park, Syracuse University • Recent application of the right of the publicity doctrine to interactive media has led to inconsistent rulings and uncertainty to the doctrine’s scope, when pitted against First Amendment considerations. These recent court decisions have inadequately explained the disparate application, and this uneven application of legal principles raises serious free speech concerns for expressive activities with other emerging interactive media platforms such as virtual reality. However, these recent decisions have unveiled discernible principles that help explain the disparate approach of the right of publicity doctrine to new interactive media. This article articulates the assumptions guiding the disparate application of the doctrine. This article begins with a historical overview of the right of publicity doctrine and the various approaches adopted by the courts. It will then focus its attention on the transformative work test and address the recent analytical pivot—from a holistic examination of the work to a myopic focus on the individual avatar—by employing a natural rights theory argument to explain the courts’ narrow approach to transformativity. Furthermore, this paper makes the case that the courts’ discordant doctrinal treatment of interactive games is premised in the misplaced notion that the medium lacks artistry and authorial signature (i.e. interactive games are not art, but rather craft). Finally, this work advances the argument that while today’s interactive games present rich historical and pedagogical content, courts have failed to adequately apply common law and statutory exemptions that include not only news, but works of fiction, entertainment, public affairs and sports accounts. The Privilege That Never Was: The Curious Case of Texas’ Third-Party Allegation Rule • Kenneth Pybus, Abilene Christian University; Allison Brown, Abilene Christian University • Beginning in 1990, the year the Supreme Court of Texas decided McIlvain v. Jacobs, journalists and media lawyers alike operated under the belief that news outlets in Texas had a powerful protection against libel lawsuits when reporting third-party allegations about matters of public concern. Relying on McIlvain, appeals courts cited the “third-party allegation rule” time and again when finding in favor of media defendants. But, after more than two decades, the Supreme Court threw the state’s libel jurisprudence into discord by ruling in 2013 that the third-party allegation rule didn’t exist in common law and, in fact, never had existed. A corrected opinion withdrew some repudiatory language but introduced more ambiguity. The Texas Legislature responded to this abrupt about-face in the summer of 2015 by crafting and passing an apparently sweeping statutory third-party allegation privilege that restores the protections journalists believed they had in such cases. Little legal scholarship has examined the circuitous history of this privilege and its powerful potential for limiting libel claims against media. Beyond “I Agree:” Users' Understanding of Web Site Terms of Service • Eric Robinson, University of South Carolina; Yicheng Zhu, University of South Carolina • With the ubiquitous use of websites and social media, the terms of service of these sites have increasing influence on users’ legal rights and responsilibities when using these sites. But various studies have shown that users rarely review these terms of service, usually because they are too much trouble and are often are too complex for most users to understand; one proposed solution is simplification of the language of these documents. Our experiment took advantage of a major website’s revision of its terms of service to reduce legal jargon and make them more understandable to determine whether the changes resulted in language that more effectively conveyed the intended meanings. But our results show that such changes are likely to have minimal effect, and that users generally based on understanding of what is permitted and not permitted on websites with their preconceived notions. Based on this finding, we present some proposals to address this issue. Revisiting copyright theories: Democratic culture and the resale of digital goods • Yoonmo Sang, Howard University • This study surveys theoretical justifications for copyright and considers the implications of the notion of cultural democracy for copyright law and policy. In doing so, the study focuses on the first sale doctrine and advocates the doctrine’s expansion to digital goods after discussing policy implications of the first sale doctrine. Arguments for and against a digital first sale doctrine are followed. The study argues that democratic copyright theories, in general, and the notion of cultural democracy, in particular, can and should guide copyright reforms in conjunction with a digital first sale doctrine. This study contributes to the growing discussion of democratic theories of copyright by demonstrating their applicability to copyright policy and doctrine. A Secret Police: The Lasting Impact of the 1986 FOIA Amendments • A.Jay Wagner, Bradley University • The 1986 amendments to the Freedom of Information Act were a passed as a last-minute rider to the Anti-Drug Abuse Act, the Reagan era legislative contribution to the War on Drugs policies. The amendments though small in number and limited in congressional discussion have made a lasting impact on FOIA implementation. The three pieces – a broad restructuring of Exemption 7, the law enforcement exemption; the addition of exclusions for law enforcement and intelligence requests; and introduction of a new fee structure – were aimed at addressing concerns from the law enforcement and intelligence communities and in-line with the general aims of the Anti-Drug Abuse in providing law enforcement more tools and less scrutiny in combating illicit drug production, sale and use. The paper looks to consider the amendment along two tracks. In the tradition of legal scholarship, preceding legislative efforts, judicial decision and executive messaging are pursued in an effort to understand motives and purpose of the amendment. The second track uses a dataset of cabinet-level department FOIA annual reports figures from 1975 until 2016 in exploring the ways the FOIA has been used and administered. The dataset gleaned from more than 550 annual reports traces the ways the 1986 amendment altered civic access to information on policing and national security. Presently, Exemption 7 accounts for 57 percent of all exemption claims and “no records” responses – a direct outcome of exclusions – account for the closure of 15 percent of all records processed and demonstrate massive growth after the amendment. The study demonstrates how the 1986 FOIA Reform Act has undermined the public’s ability to provide oversight of law enforcement. Essential or Extravagant: Considering FOIA Budgets, Costs & Fees • A.Jay Wagner, Bradley University • The budgets, costs and fees of the Freedom of Information Act represent the financial lifeblood of the access mechanism but are rarely considered in scholarship. This study considers these elements of FOIA administration through a combination of traditional legal scholarship and a database composed of more than 500 FOIA annual reports, compiling 93 percent of all cabinet-level department annual reports from 1975 until present. In exploring the legislative and judicial trajectory of the costs and fees of FOIA implementation, including the illustrative Open America decision and its recognition of a lack of resources as an acceptable rationale for delay, the study questions the sincerity of FOIA administration. Lack of resources has existed as a legal claim for delay since the 1976 Open America decision, yet no statutory progress has been made since. FOIA – a galling obligation for most federal agencies – is required to compete for funding with other agency priorities among the general agency budget. There is no legislative requirement nor guideline in how FOIA is funded, and as a result, FOIA funding is remarkably low (all while the federal government countenances resource excuses). Analysis of FOIA annual report data uncovers little in the way of consistent or coherent system in costs accrued, fees collected, staffing measures and general usage data. The study aims to take a small step in asking big questions about how and why FOIA is financed in the manner it is, and, further, whether such lack of funding and oversight demonstrates insincerity on the government’s part. State-level Policies for Personal Financial Disclosure: Exploring the Potential for Public Engagement on Conflict-of-Interest Issues • John Wihbey, Northeastern University; Mike Beaudet, Northeastern University • This paper examines personal financial disclosure practices required for public officials across U.S. states and finds that more than 80 percent of states rate poorly when evaluated on a set of objective criteria. A “disclosure degree” score is calculated for each state; these scores are then brought together with a related set of measures to evaluate transparency more broadly for public officials in each state. Levels of public corruption in each state are also considered. For financial disclosure to be meaningful, we argue, three interconnected areas must be evaluated: First, the precision of the information required by law to be disclosed; second, the degree of openness and relevance of information toward the detection of conflicts of interest; third, the degree to which institutional monitors – prosecutors, news media, ethics commissions – can generate public knowledge. 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17186 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/lgbtq-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 14:42:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17189 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17189 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/mag-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 14:45:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17192 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17192 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/mcs-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 14:49:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17195 OPEN COMPETITION Beauty ideals and the media: Constructing the ideal beauty for Nigerian women through music videos • Aje-Ori Agbese • The research examined how Nigerian music videos objectify and define beauty for Nigerian women. The contents of 100 music videos with a love/romance theme were analyzed. The study found that Nigerian music videos defined beautiful women as thin/skinny, light-skinned and smiling. Several videos also featured white women as the ideal. The paper also discusses the impact of such messages on a country where women had the world’s highest rates for skin bleaching in 2012. Framing Blame in Sexual Assault: An Analysis of Attribution in News Stories about Sexual Assault on College Campuses • Ashlie Andrew; Cassandra Alexopoulos • The current study is a quantitative content analysis examining media coverage of sexual assault on US college campuses. In particular, we focus on the language that journalists employ to tell these stories and assign attribution of sexual assault to the people involved. Drawing on two different theoretical perspectives, Attribution Theory and Media Framing, we analyze how frequently the language in news stories on sexual assault implicitly assign attribution (or minimize attribution) to either the victim or perpetrator in sexual assault cases. The Social Dimensions of Political Participation • Soo Young Bae • This study investigates the social dimensions of political engagement, and explores the underlying mechanism of the relationship between social media use and political participation. Using a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, this study reveals the growing significance of the source factor in the online information environment, and tests whether varying levels of trust that individuals have toward the information source can meaningfully relate to their engagement in politics. The Role of Media Use and Family Media Use in Children’s Eating Behaviors, Food Preferences, and Health Literacy • Kimberly Bissell, University of Alabama; Kim Baker, University of Alabama; Xueying Zhang; Kailey E. Bissell, The University of the South (Sewanee); Sarah Pember, University of Alabama; Yiyi Yang, University of Alabama; Samantha Phillips, University of Alabama • The relationship between the individual and social factors that might predict a child’s health behaviors specific to food consumption and eating is quite complex. A growing body of literature suggests that external factors such as media use, use of media while eating, and the home eating environment certainly could predict factors such as a child’s preference for specific food, nutritional knowledge, and even the ability to identify food products in food advertisements. Using a survey of children in 2nd and 3rd grade, this study examined questions about how much or if general media use, media use while eating, and familial media use during mealtimes related to a child’s general understanding of health specific to nutritional knowledge, food preferences, understanding of food advertising, and self-perception. Results indicate that media use by each child and by the parent—in general and in the context of eating—were related to lower scores on the nutritional knowledge scale, a stronger preference for unhealthy foods, an inability to correctly identify food products in food advertisements, and self-perceptions. Further results indicate that children’s ability to correctly identify food products in food advertisements was especially low, especially in children who reported spending more time with different types of media. These and other findings are discussed. Assimilation or Consternation? U.S. Latinos’ Perceptions of Trust in Relation to Media and Other Factors • Ginger Blackstone, Harding University; Amy Jo Coffey, University of Florida • Among the U.S. Latino community, even documented workers are nervous about the future. What role might Internet news exposure, television news exposure, newspaper exposure, radio news exposure, age, whether one was born in the U.S., or--if not—length of time spent in the U.S. be relevant to feelings of trust in the government, trust in others, and U.S. immigration policies? How do Latinos’ feelings in these areas compare to non-Latinos? Using the most recent American National Election Survey data available, the authors conducted a series of regressions and other statistical tests in search of answers. It was found that Latino respondents were more likely than non-Latinos to trust that the U.S. government will do the right thing. Television news exposure was a positive factor. Non-Latino respondents were more likely than Latino respondents to trust others. Internet news exposure, radio news exposure, and newspaper exposure were positive factors, while television news exposure was a negative factor. Trust in the government did not correlate with trust in others for Latino respondents; however, it did for non-Latinos but the effect was weak. Regarding U.S. immigration policy, difference between Latino respondents and non-Latinos were significant; however, a majority of both groups indicated support for an immigration policy that allowed undocumented workers to remain in the U.S. under certain (non-specified) conditions. Internet news exposure and radio news exposure were factors in some comparisons. Overall, no clear patterns were found; however, the findings correspond to the literature and provide an opportunity for future research. Toxic Peers in Online Support Groups for Suicidal Teens: Moderators Reducing Toxic Disinhibition Effects • Nicholas Boehm, Colorado State University; Jamie Switzer, Colorado State University • This paper describes the results of a study that examined if moderated online peer support groups for suicidal teens differ compared to non-moderated online peer support groups for suicidal teens in terms of the frequency of pro-suicide response and the frequency of uncivil and impolite response given by peers. Findings suggest pro-suicide, uncivil, and impolite responses are significantly more likely to occur in the non-moderated peer support group, as explained by the online disinhibition effect. Exploring Third-Person Perception and Social Media • John Chapin, Penn State • Findings from a study of middle school and high school students (N = 1604) suggest most adolescents are using some form of social media, with texting, Instagram, and Snapchat currently the most popular. Most (67%) have some experience with cyberbullying, with 23% saying they have been victims of cyberbullying and 7% acknowledging they have cyberbullied others. Despite the heavy use of social media and experiences with cyberbullying, participants exhibited third-person perception, believing others are more influenced than they are by negative posts on social media. Third-person perception was predicted by optimistic bias, social media use, age, and experience with various forms of bullying. Third-person perception may provide a useful framework for understanding how adolescents use social media and how they are affected by it. “Defensive Effect”: Uncivil Disagreement Upsets Me, So I Want to Speak Out Politically • Gina Chen • This study proposed and tested a mediation model called the “defensive effect” to explain the influence of uncivil disagreement online comments on emotions and intention to participate politically. An experiment (N = 953) showed uncivil disagreement – but not civil disagreement – triggered a chain reaction of first boosting negative emotion and then indirectly increasing intention to participate politically, mediated through that emotion burst. Findings are discussed in relation to affective intelligence theory. Facts, Alternative Facts, and Politics: A Case Study of How a Concept Entered Mainstream and Social Media Discourse • Moonhee Cho, University of Tennessee; Giselle Auger, Rhode Island College; Sally McMillan, University of Tennessee • Adopting agenda setting as a theoretical framework, this study explored how the term ‘alternative facts’ was covered by both mainstream and social media. The authors used Salesforce Marketing Cloud Social Studio and WordStat to analyze 58,383 total posts. The study follows the development of news story and examines some similarities and differences in top words and phrases used by mainstream and social media. The term ‘alternative facts’ had negative valence in both media types. Television, emotion, and social integration: Testing the effect of media event with the 2017 US Presidential Inauguration • Xi Cui, College of Charleston; Qian Xu, Elon University • This study empirically tests the social integration effect of media event and its psychological mechanism in the context of the live broadcast of the 2017 US Presidential Inauguration. A national sample (N=420) was drawn to investigate the relationships among television viewing of the live broadcast, viewers’ emotion, and their perceived social solidarity measured by perceived entitativity. In general, viewing the inauguration live on television positively predicted viewers’ emotion. Emotion also interacted with viewers’ national identity fusion to influence perceived entitativity. A significant indirect effect of television viewing on perceived entitativity through emotion was discovered. The same effects were found among non-Trump voters. For Trump voters, television viewing did not have any significant influence on any variable. Through these findings, this study shed light on the psychological mechanisms of media event’s social integration effect at the individual level, explicated the visceral nature of social identification related to media event, and argued for the relevance of this mass media genre in contemporary media environment and social zeitgeist. New media, new ways of getting informed? Examining public affairs knowledge acquisition by young people in China • Di Cui; Fang Wu • This study examined acquisition of public affairs knowledge as an effect of media use and interpersonal discussion in China, where there is a fast transforming media environment. This study examined public affairs knowledge in both mainstream and alternative forms. Findings showed that attention to traditional sources, exposure to new media sources and face-to-face discussion were correlated with public affairs knowledge. Use of new media sources was correlated with alternative public affairs knowledge. Implications were discussed. Multi-Platform News Use and Political Participation across Age Groups • Trevor Diehl, University of Vienna; Matthew Barnidge, University of Vienna; Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Vienna • News consumption in today’s media environment is increasingly characterized by multi-platform news; people now consume news across several multi-media devices. Relying on a nationally representative survey from the U.S., this study develops an index of multi-platform news use, and tests its effects on age-group differences in the way people participate in politics. Results show that Millennials are more likely to rely on multi-platforms for news, which is positively related to alternative modes of public engagement. Read All About It: The Politicization of “Fake News” on Twitter • John Brummette; Marcia DiStaso, University of Florida; MICHAIL VAFEIADIS, Auburn University; Marcus Messner, Virginia Commonwealth University; Terry Flynn, McMaster University • This study explored the use of the term “fake news” in one of the top news sharing tools, Twitter. Using a social network analysis, characteristics of online networks that formed around discussions of “fake news” was examined. Through a systematic analysis of the members of those networks and their messages, this study found that “fake news” is a very politicized term where current conversations are overshadowing logical and important discussions of the term. News, Entertainment, or Both? Exploring Audience Perceptions of Media Genre in a Hybrid Media Environment • Stephanie Edgerly, Northwestern; Emily Vraga, George Mason University • This study uses two experimental designs to examine how audiences make genre assessments when encountering media content that blends elements of news and entertainment. In Study 1, we explore how audiences characterize three different versions of a fictitious political talk show program. In Study 2, we consider whether audience perceptions of ‘news-ness’ are influenced by shifts in headline angle and source attribution. The implications of audience definitions of news and its social function are discussed. A new generation of satire consumers? A socialization approach to youth exposure to news satire • Stephanie Edgerly, Northwestern • This study explores how adolescents—at the doorstep of adulthood—are developing the exposure habit of news satire exposure. Using national survey data consisting of U.S. youth and one associated parent, the paper specifically examines: 1) the prevalence of youth exposure to news satire across a range of media devices and compared to other forms of news, and 2) the socialization factors—parents, school curriculum, and peers—that predict news satire use among today’s youth. Socially-shared children coming of age: Third-person effect, parental privacy stewardship, and parent monitoring • Betsy Emmons, Samford University; Nia Johnson, Samford University; Lee Farquhar, Samford University • There have been multiple discussions about Facebook’s privacy policies; discourse about parental privacy stewardship has been minimal. As the first generation of socially-shared children become social media users, the collision of privacy with what has already been shared by parents occurs. This study, grounded in third-person effect, asked parents about stewardship of their children’s privacy, and whether other parents were observant. Results affirmed third-person effect for both social media monitoring and privacy among parents. Journalists primed: How professional identity affects moral decision making • Patrick Ferrucci, U of Colorado; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Erin Schauster • Utilizing identity priming, this study examines whether professional journalists apply ethics differently when primed with occupationally identity. This between-subjects experiment (N=171) administered both conditions the Defining Issues Test, a much-used instrument that measures moral development. The results show identity priming does not affect how journalists apply ethics. The study also found that journalists are potentially far less ethical than they were 13 years ago. These results are interpreted through the lens of social identity theory. Hydraulic Fracturing on U.S. Cable News • Sherice Gearhart, Texas Tech University; Oluseyi Adegbola, Mr.; Jennifer Huemmer • Hydraulic fracturing, called fracking, is a drilling technique that accesses previously inaccessible oil and gas reserves. Although the process could aid U.S. energy independence, it is controversial and public opinion is divided. Guided by agenda-setting and framing, this study content analyses news coverage of fracking (N = 461) across cable networks (CNN, Fox News, MSNBC). Results show issues discussed and sources used vary ideologically, but all networks failed to provide factual information about the process. Self-Presentation Strategies’ Effect on Facebook Users’ Subjective Well-being Depending on Self-Esteem Level • Wonseok (Eric) Jang, Texas Tech University; Erik Bucy, Texas Tech University; Janice Cho, Texas Tech University • The current study examined the consequences of different types of self-presentation strategies on Facebook users’ subjective well-being, depending on their level of self-esteem. The results indicated that people with low self-esteem became happier after updating their Facebook status using strategic self-presentation rather than true self-presentation. Meanwhile, people with high self-esteem exhibited similar levels of happiness after updating Facebook using both strategic and true self-presentation. “Aging…The Great Challenge of This Century”: A Theory-Based Analysis of Retirement Communities’ Websites • Hong Ji; Anne Cooper • By 2040, the large over-65 population will change “religion…work…everything" according to an expert on aging. CCRCs are one health care/housing option for the final years of life. This study of 108 CCRC websites found a self-actualized photo population --smiling, wining/dining, and engaged in various fulfilling pursuits. The disconnect with reality -- more males, minorities and healthy people than actually live at CCRCs -- has implications for source credibility and the image of ideal aging. The Role of Social Capital in the United States’s Country Brand • Jong Woo Jun, Dankook University; Jung Ryum Kim, City of Busan; Dong Whan Lee, Dankook University • This study explores antecedents and consequences of social capital. Using Korean college students as research samples, survey research was implemented measuring U.S. media consumptions such as TV drama, Hollywood movies, POP music, advertising, and magazine. As results, American media consumptions influenced social capital elements such as interpersonal trust, institutional trust, network, and norms. Also, interpersonal trust, network, and norms influenced attitudes toward the United States which in turn lead to strong beliefs about the United States. This study extended the usability of social capital to country branding settings, and could provide significant managerial implications to academicians and practitioners. In the Crosshairs: The Tucson Shooting and the News Framing of Responsibility • Matthew Telleen, Elizabethtown College; Jack Karlis, Georgia College; Sei-Hill Kim • This research adds to the framing literature with a content analysis of media coverage following the 2011 shooting in Tucson, Arizona. Analyzing 535 items from the month after the shooting, it was determined that coverage of the Tucson shooting focused more heavily on societal issues like political rhetoric than on individual issues like mental illness It was also discovered that coverage varied from medium to medium and along political associations. Tweeting the Election: Comparative Uses of Twitter by Trump and Clinton in the 2016 Election • Flora Khoo, Regent University; William Brown, Regent University • "Social media are increasingly becoming important means of political communication and essential to implementing an effective national election campaign. The present study evaluates the use of Twitter by presidential candidates Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. Results indicate substantial framing differences in the tweets released by the two candidates. These differences are discussed along with implications for future research on the use of Twitter for political campaigns. The Role of Reanctance Proneness in the Manifestation of Psychological Reactance against Newspaper Editorial • HYUNJUNG KIM • This study investigated the role of trait reactance proneness in the affective and cognitive reactance processes in the context of organ donation in South Korea. A web-based survey experiment using a sample of South Korean residents was conducted. Findings demonstrate that an editorial advocating organ donation from ideologically incongruent media is perceived as more biased than the same editorial from other media. The perceived bias is linked to perceived threat to freedom, which, in turn, is related to affective reactance, leading to unfavorable attitudes toward organ donation, particularly for high trait-reactant individuals. These findings suggest that trait reactance proneness may moderate a psychological reactance process in which affective and cognitive processes of reactance operate separately. Pride versus Guilt: The Interplay between Emotional Appeals and Self-Construal Levels in Organ Donation Messages • Sining Kong; Jung Won Chun; Sriram Kalyanaraman • Existing research on organ donation has generally focused on message types but ignored how individual differences—and possible underlying mechanisms—affect the effectiveness of organ donation messages. To explore these issues, we conducted a 2 (type of appeal: pride vs guilt) X 2 (self construal: independent vs interdependent) between-subjects factorial experiment to examine how different self-construal levels affect emotional appeals in organ donation messages. The results revealed that regardless of self-construal levels, autonomy mediated the relationship between emotion and attitudes toward organ donation. Also, pride appeal messages generated more autonomy than guilt appeal messages, leading to more positive attitude toward organ donation. Furthermore, after controlling for autonomy, those participants primed with an independent self-construal preferred pride appeal messages more than they did guilt appeal messages. These findings offer important theoretical and applied implications and provide a robust avenue for future research. “Feminazis,” “libtards,” “snowflakes,” and “racists”: Trolling and the Spiral of Silence • Victoria LaPoe; Candi Carter Olson, Utah State University • Using a mixed methods Qualtrics survey of 338 Twitter and Facebook users, the authors explore the impact that the 2016 election had on people’s political posts both before and after the election and whether or not people actually experienced harassment and threats during the election cycle. This article argues that the internet constitutes a digital public sphere. If trolling causes people—particularly women, LGBTQIA community members, and people who identify with a disability—to censor themselves because they feel their opinion is in the minority or that they will be attacked for stating their ideas, then it would follow that trolling is changing our public sphere, which is affecting our political conversations in a profound way. Coverage of Physician-Assisted Death: Framing of Brittany Maynard • Sean Baker; Kimberly Lauffer • In 2014, Brittany Maynard, 29, diagnosed with terminal brain cancer, moved from California to Oregon, one of only three U.S. states with legal physician-assisted death, so she could determine when she would die. This paper examines how mainstream U.S. media framed Brittany Maynard’s choice to use physician aid in dying, arguing that although frames initially focused on the event, they transformed into thematic coverage of issues underlying her choice. Do Political Participation and Use of Information Sources Differ by Age? • Tien-Tsung Lee, University of Kansas; An-Pang Lu; Yitsen Chiu, National Chengchi University • Most studies on the connection between offline and online political participation either focused on young citizens or treated age as a continuous variable. Many of them also used a limited local sample. This survey study employed a national sample to examine the effects of age and information sources on offline and online political participation. The relationship between age and offline/online participation does not appear to be linear, which has important implications for future studies. Discussing HPV Vaccination: Ego-centric social networks and perceived norms among young men • Wan Chi Leung, University of Canterbury • This study examined the role of social norms in influencing young men’s support for the HPV vaccination. A survey of 656 young adult males in the United States indicated that the perceived injunctive norm was more powerful in predicting support for the HPV vaccination for males than the perceived descriptive norm. The average tie strength in their ego-centric discussion networks for sexual matters, and the heterogeneity of the discussants significantly predict the injunctive norm. The effects of message desirability and first-person perception of anti-panhandling campaigns on prosocial behaviors • Joon Soo Lim, Syracuse University; Jiyoung Lee • The current research examined the third-person effect (TPE) of anti-panhandling campaign messages. It tested both perceptual and behavioral hypotheses of the TPE. A survey was administered to 660 participants recruited from Mechanical Turk’s Master Workers. The results demonstrate the robustness of third-person perceptions for persuasive campaign messages. We also learned that the magnitudes of TPP for anti-panhandling campaign messages could be moderated by message desirability. Analyzing the behavioral component of TPE, the current study adds empirical evidence that presumed influence of positive social campaign on oneself can make the audience engage in prosocial behaviors as well as promotional behaviors. The third person effect on Twitter: How partisans view Donald Trump's campaign messages • Aimee Meader, Winthrop University; Matthew Hayes, Winthrop University; Scott Huffmon, Winthrop University • A telephone poll of Southern respondents in the United States tested the third person effect by comparing partisan perceptions about Donald Trump’s tweets during the 2016 presidential election. Results show that the third person effect was strong for Democrats who viewed the tweets as unfavorable, but diminished for Republicans who viewed the tweets as favorable. Additionally, Republicans’ estimation of media influence on themselves was comparable to Democrats’ perceptions, but estimations of Democrats varied by Party. ‘Where are the children?’: The framing of adoption in national news coverage from 2014 through 2016 • Cynthia Morton; Summer Shelton, University of Florida • Pilot research explored three specific questions: 1) what frames are represented in print news stories about adoption?; 2) which frames are most prevalent in their representation?; and, 3) what implications can be made about the effect of combination of the news frames and their frequency on audience perceptions? A qualitative content analysis was conducted. The findings suggest that print news’s coverage of the child adoption issue leans toward legal/legality and child welfare/work frames. Implications on adoption perceptions and the potential impact on individuals influenced by adoption are discussed. Exemplification of Child Abduction in U.S. News Media: Testing Media Effects on Parental Perceptions and Assessment of Risk • Jane Weatherred, University of South Carolina; Leigh Moscowitz, University of South Carolina • Despite decades of research, public misperceptions persist about the threat of child abductions in the U.S. Because prior research reveals that parental perceptions of child abduction are mediated by news coverage, this study offers one of the only experimental designs that found links between media coverage and parental perceptions of child abductions, advancing the literature on exemplification theory. This study advances our understanding of how media coverage can impact public perceptions of crime. Sharing Values vs. Valuing Shares: A Communication Model a Social-Financial Capital • Paige Odegard; Thomas Gallegos; Chris DeRosier, Colorado State University; Jennifer Folsom, Colorado State University; Elizabeth Tilak, Colorado State University; Nicholas Boehm, Colorado State University; Chelsea Eddington, Colorado State University; Cindy Christen, Colorado State University • Emphasizing the shift in priority placed on social, financial, and professional capital in an era of technological growth, this paper proposes the Communication Model of Social-Financial Capital (CMSFC). The paper discusses the effects of innate and acquired identities, and values on preference for social, financial, and professional capital, which in turn affect preference for social media platforms. Finally, the paper discusses how the model is applicable in realistic settings and suggests next steps for empirical validation. Understanding antecedents of civic engagement in the age of social media: from the perspective of efficacy beliefs • Siyoung Chung; KyuJin Shim; Soojin Kim, Singapore Management University • This study examines three efficacy beliefs— political self-efficacy, political collective efficacy and knowledge sharing efficacy—as antecedents of social media use and civic engagement. Employing more than one thousand samples in Singapore, we empirically test (a) a conceptual framework that can provide an understanding of the relationship between the three types of efficacy and civic engagement and (b) the underlying mechanism through which the three types of efficacy beliefs affect civic engagement via social media. The findings suggest that the current civic engagement is characterized by excessive use of social media. Also, the study implicates knowledge sharing efficacy was found to play an important role in mediating the relationships between social media and political self-efficacy, political collective efficacy, respectively. Online Surveillance's Effect on Support for Other Extraordinary Measures to Prevent Terrorism • Elizabeth Stoycheff; Kunto Wibowo, Wayne State University; Juan Liu, Wayne State University; Kai Xu, Wayne State University • The U.S. National Security Agency argues that online mass surveillance has played a pivotal role in preventing acts of terrorism on U.S. soil since 9/11. But journalists and academics have decried the practice, arguing that the implementation of such extraordinary provisions may lead to a slippery slope. As the first study to investigate empirically the relationship between online surveillance and support for other extraordinary measures to prevent terrorism, we find that perceptions of government monitoring lead to increased support for hawkish foreign policy through value-conflict associations in memory that prompt a suppression of others’ online and offline civil liberties, including rights to free speech and a fair trial. Implications for the privacy-security debate are discussed. Audiences’ Acts of Authentication: A Conceptual Framework • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Richard Ling, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Oscar Westlund; Andrew Duffy, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Debbie Goh, Nanyang Technological University Singapore • Through an analysis of relevant literature and open-ended survey responses from 2,501 Singaporeans, this paper proposes a conceptual framework to understand how individuals authenticate the information they encounter on social media. In broad strokes, we find that individuals rely on both their own judgment of the source and the message, and when this does not adequately provide a definitive answer, they turn to external resources to authenticate news items. Committed participation or flashes of action? Bursts of attention to climate change on Twitter • Kjerstin Thorson, Michigan State University; Luping Wang, Cornell University • We explore participation in bursts of attention to the climate issue on Twitter over a period of five years. Climate advocacy organizations are increasingly focused on mobilizations of issue publics as a route to pressure policy makers. A large Twitter data set shows that attention to climate on Twitter has been growing over time. However, we find little evidence of a “movement” on Twitter: there are few users who participate in online mobilizations over time. Is the Tweet Mightier than the Quote? Testing the Relative Contribution of Crowd and Journalist Produced Exemplars on Exemplification Effects • Frank Waddell, University of Florida • What happens when journalist selected quotes conflict with the sentiment of online comments? An experiment (N = 276) was conducted to answer this question using a 3 (quote valence: positive vs. negative vs. no quote control) x 3 (comment valence: positive vs. negative vs. no comment control) design. Results revealed that online comments only affect news evaluations in the presence of positive rather than negative quotes. Implications for exemplification theory and online news are discussed. Ideological Objectivity or Violated Expectations? Testing the Effects of Machine Attribution on News Evaluation • Frank Waddell, University of Florida • Automation now serves an unprecedented role in the production of news. Many readers possess high expectations of these “robot journalists” as objective and error free. However, does news attributed to machines actually meet these expectations? A one-factor experiment (human source vs. machine source) was conducted to answer this question. News attributed to robots was evaluated less positively than news attributed to humans. Attribution effects were invariant between individuals scoring low and high in anthropomorphic tendency. Express Yourself during the Election Season: Study on Effects of Seeing Disagreement in Facebook News Feeds • Meredith Wang, Washington State University; Porismita Borah; Samuel Rhodes • The 2016 election was characterized by intense polarization and acrimony not only on the debate stage and television airwaves, but also on social media. Using panel data collected during 2016 U.S. Presidential election from a national sample of young adults, current study tests how opinion climate on social media affect ones’ political expression and participation. Result shows disagreement on Facebook encourages young adults to express themselves and further participate in politics. Implications are discussed. Won’t you be my (Facebook) neighbor? Community communication effects and neighborhood social networks • Brendan Watson, Michigan State University • This paper examines the effect of neighborhood social context, specifically the degree of racial pluralism, on the number of residents who use Facebook to connect with their local neighborhood association to follow issues affecting their community. Analysis is based on a new “community communication effects” approach, replacing the city-wide analysis of prior studies with an analysis of neighborhood data more likely to influence users of newer, participatory communication platforms. Results suggest more complicated, non-linear effects than theorized by the existing literature. Some degree of neighborhood heterogeneity is necessary to create interest in neighborhood issues and spur mediated as opposed to interpersonal communication among neighbors. But too much heterogeneity is associated with a decline in following neighborhood associations on Facebook. The paper identifies where that tipping point occurs and discusses practical and theoretical implications. The needle and the damage done: Framing the heroin epidemic in the Cincinnati Enquirer • Erin Willis, University of Colorado - Boulder; Chad Painter, University of Dayton • This case study focuses on the Cincinnati Enquirer’s coverage of the heroin epidemic. The Enquirer started the first heroin beat in 2015, and it could serve as a model for other news organizations. Reporters used combinations of episodic, thematic, public health, and crime and law enforcement frames in their coverage. These news frames are discussed in terms of how individualism-collectivism, geographic location, available resources, and social determinants inform journalistic and societal discussions of the heroin epidemic in terms of solutions instead of responsibility or blame. Suicide and the Media: How Depictions Shape our Understanding of Why People Die by Suicide • Joyce Wolburg, Marquette University; Shiyu Yang; Daniel Erickson; Allysa Michaelsen • The contagion effect of the media upon suicide is well documented, given that suicide rates tend to increase following heavy news coverage of a death by suicide. However, much less is known about the influence that the media has upon attitudes and beliefs about suicide, particularly our understanding of why people choose to die by suicide and our tendency to lay blame for suicidal acts. Using text analysis, this study identifies and describes seven reoccurring themes across the entertainment media—in both drama and comedy—that address the reasons people die by suicide. Further analysis demonstrates how blame is assigned. Conclusions are drawn regarding the overall social impact, especially on the surviving friends, family, therapists, etc. MOELLER STUDENT COMPETITION How U.S. Newspapers Frame Animal Rights Issue: A Content Analysis of News Coverage in U.S. • Minhee Choi; Nanlan Zhang • Analyzing newspaper articles, this study explores how American newspapers have framed the issue of animal rights. Results indicate that news stories were more likely to present animal rights as a legal and policy issue, rather than a political and an economic issue, talking primarily about illegality of animal mistreatment and radicalized animal rights activists. Based upon the notion of frame building, this study also examines some factors that may influence the media’s selective use of frames. Moeller Student Competition • Framing the Taxpaying-Democratization Link: Evidence from Cross-National Newspaper Data • Volha Kananovich • This study explores the relationship between the nature of the political regime and the framing of the construct of a taxpayer in the national press. Based on a computer-assisted analysis of articles from 87 newspapers in 51 countries, it demonstrates that the less democratic a country is, the more likely it is for the press to frame a taxpayer as a subordinate to the state, by discussing taxpaying in enforcement rather than public spending terms. Moeller Student Competition • Who is Responsible for Low-Fertility in South Korea? • Won-ki Moon, University of South Carolina; Joon Kim, University of South Carolina, Columbia • This study investigated how South Korean newspapers have presented low fertility, specifically focusing on how newspapers attribute responsibility to society or individuals. Through a content analysis of South Korean newspapers (N = 499), we found that the newspapers were focusing heavily on societal-level causes and solutions when talking about low fertility. Among potential causes of and solutions for low fertility, insufficient government aids and financial incentives were mentioned most often. STUDENT COMPETITION Online Conversations during an Emergent Health Threat: A Thematic Analysis of Tweets during Zika Virus Outbreak • Alexander Moe, Texas Tech University; Julie Gerdes, Texas Tech University; Joseph Provencher, Texas Tech University; Efren Gomez, Texas Tech University • "Days after the World Health Organization declared an outbreak of Zika in Brazil a global emergency on February 2, 2016, United States President Barack Obama responded by requesting over $1.8 billion in Zika research and prevention funds from Congress. This event put the under-researched disease on the radar of American citizens. The present study examines a set of over 70,000 public Tweets during the days surrounding Obama’s request to understand how Twitter users in the States made sense of the emerging infectious disease. Understanding why American Christians are intolerant toward Muslims: Christian nationalism and partisan media selection • Kwansik Mun • This paper seeks to explain the formation of political intolerance by reviewing theoretical arguments on Christian nationalism and selective exposure theories. Our analysis confirms the significant relationship between Christian nationalism and ideological news selection, and the mediated effect of ideological news media on both perceived threats and political intolerance toward Muslims. The “Primed” Third-Person Effect of Racial Minority Portrayals in Media • Jiyoun Suk, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study explores how priming of different levels of media effects (either strong or weak) influences the third-person effect of media portrayals of African Americans. Through an online posttest-only control group experiment, results show that priming strong media effects heightened perceived media effects on in-group and out-group others, but not on the self. Also, it was the perceptions of in-group others, after reading the strong media effects message, that led support for media literacy education. Beyond Passive Audience Members: Online Public Opinions in Transitional Society • yafei Zhang, The University of Iowa; Chuqing Dong • This study examined audience members’ online comments of a popular TV news program featuring controversial social issues in the contemporary Chinese society. Findings suggested that audience members expressed more negative comments, substantial cognitive recognition, and constructive suggestions towards the government, elite class, and media. The pluralistic and legitimate public opinions expanded the literature on online public discourse in transitional societies. Audience members as citizens in the formation of public spheres were also discussed. 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17195 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/med-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 14:51:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17198 OPEN COMPETITION Student Understanding and Application of Virtues in a Redesigned Journalism Ethics Class • David Craig, The University of Oklahoma; Mohammad Yousuf, The University of Oklahoma • This study examines how students in a journalism ethics class demonstrated their understanding and application of virtues when several class assignments were tailored to virtue ethics. It adds to the limited study on virtue pedagogy in media ethics. Findings showed most students showed at least a basic understanding of nine virtues and their relevance to journalism. The study suggests several insights and refinements for future assessment of learning about virtue. Trust vs. evaluation: The interplay of ethics and participation in news • Katy Culver; Byung Gu Lee • Considerable research has pointed to declining levels of public trust in news media, as well as differences in trust based on political ideology. At the same time, the public has greater ability to participate in the processes of news, from commenting on stories to engaging through social media. This study explores the intersections of media trust, ethical performance, and participatory practices, as well as differences by ideology and chosen news outlets. Weeding out the differences: Market orientation’s effects on the coverage of marijuana legalization • Patrick Ferrucci, U of Colorado; Chad Painter, University of Dayton; Angelica Kalika, University of Colorado, Boulder • This textual analysis compares news coverage of Colorado Amendment 64, the 2012 ballot measure legalizing marijuana statewide, by the strongly market-oriented legacy newspaper the Denver Post and the weakly market-oriented online publication the Colorado Independent. Researchers found differences in storytelling, usage of stakeholders and sources, and coverage about the social and economic impacts of marijuana legalization. These findings are discussed through the theoretical lenses of market theory for news production and W.D. Ross’s duty-based ethics. An Ethics-Based Investigation of Algorithmic Use of Social Media Data for News • Tao Fu; William Babcock • Using W. D. Ross’s prima facie duties as the theoretical framework, in particular non-maleficence, beneficence and self-improvement, combined with gatekeeping theory and the echo-chamber effect, this study examines the dissemination of fake news on Facebook and its news ranking and recommendation during the United States’ 2016 presidential election. The researchers argue that while Facebook employs algorithms as gatekeepers, it is unrealistic to consider algorithms have in and of themselves an ethics component. So while algorithms are amoral, without moral sense or principles and thus incapable of distinguishing between right and wrong, how they are employed and by whom is the key ethics component to be considered. The Devil is in the Details: Comparing Crime Coverage Credos in the United States, The Netherlands, and Sweden • Romayne Fullerton; Margaret Patterson, Duquesne University; Katherine Hoad Reddick, The University of Western Ontario • This paper compares crime coverage practices in the United States to those in the Netherlands and Sweden. In the former country, journalists routinely name and provide as many facts as they can gather about persons arrested and charged with serious crimes. In contrast, the latter two countries’ default is not to name or otherwise identify alleged perpetrators. All three countries share a belief in the presumption of innocence and the public right to know, but the Swedish and Dutch foreground the former, while the Americans elevate the latter. We do not posit one set of ethical practices as superior to another, but rather explore the advantages and disadvantages of each approach to consider what the differing practices of naming and specificity versus anonymizing and generalization mean in a broad cultural context, and to consider the importance of their preservation in a globalized age. “I’m more ethical than you”: Third-person and first-person perception among American journalists • Angela Lee, University of Texas at Dallas; Renita Coleman, University of Texas at Austin • Extending first- and third- person perception to ethics, this study found that journalists at leading news outlets believe colleagues in the same organization act unethically significantly less frequently and act ethically significantly more frequently than those at other organizations and in other industries. The first- and third- person perceptions are a linear function of social distance, but are not the mirror image of each other. Suggestions for improving journalists’ ethics are offered. This study helps expand a field based in philosophy and media sociology by adding insights from social psychology to begin building a more mature scholarship of media ethics. Playing the right way: In-house sports reporters and media ethics as boundary work • Michael Mirer, University of Wisconsin • Sports teams increasingly hire in-house reporters to produce news content for their own websites. Drawing on the construct of boundary work and using interview data, this paper finds these writers use ethical discourse to formulate a professional identity as journalists, redefining core normative concepts. It argues that in-house reporters detach journalism’s practices and conventions from its overarching normative orientation and concludes by calling for a normative account of in-house reporting rooted in mixed-media ethics. Bringing Habermas into the newsroom: consensus or compromise and the rehabilitation of common sense • Laura Moorhead, San Francisco State University • Philosopher and media gadfly Habermas in the newsroom? This paper — through the frame of Habermas’s discourse ethics — highlights a path for debating ethics, including race and diversity, in journalism using rational-critical discussion, which can lead to consensus or compromise through a move from individual to collective community interests. The paper considers the rehabilitation of common sense, through emerging technology and an interdisciplinary approach. The point of debating ethics in journalism surfaces as the hope for solidarity despite increasing pluralism. Taking the white gloves off: The portrayal of female journalists on Good Girls Revolt • Chad Painter, University of Dayton; Patrick Ferrucci, U of Colorado • This textual analysis focuses on the portrayal of female journalists on the series Good Girls Revolt. Unlike many contemporary television series and films, the women of Good Girls Revolt generally are depicted positively. They are behind the scenes heroes and possess journalistic intangibles lacking in their male counterparts, who treat them in demeaning and dehumanizing ways. The researchers then explore the ethical implications of these portrayals through the lens of social responsibility theory. Teaching Journalism Ethics Through “The Newsroom”: An Enhanced Learning Experience • Laveda Peterlin, University of Kansas; Jonathan Peters, University of Kansas • As documented in multiple fields, students taking ethics courses can benefit from alternative pedagogical approaches using television shows for learning. This research paper explores the journalistic ethics conflicts depicted in the first season of the HBO show “The Newsroom.” Those conflicts, brought to life through vivid and realistic storytelling, enable students to experience how ethical decisions can affect a newsroom and the audience it serves. This is a form of televisual ethnography that provides journalism instructors additional resources to use in the classroom and creates an innovative, rich learning experience for students. The Evolution of the Potter Box in Mass Media Ethics • Matthew Reavy, University of Scranton • This paper examines the origins of The Potter Box, the most widely used model of decision-making in mass media ethics. The basic structure of the model is traced back to its roots in the work of Talcott Parsons and Ralph B. Potter Jr., through subsequent modifications and to its introduction in the field of mass media by Christians, Rotzoll & Fackler in 1983. Attention is given to variations of the model as they appear in current media ethics texts. “The Times F’d up”: Responsibility, blame, and journalistic paradigm repair following the 2016 U.S. presidential election • Miles Sari, Washington State University; Elizabeth Hindman, Washington State University • "Through an ethnographic content analysis of 55 print and online newspaper articles and editorials, this paper considers the ways in which the American journalistic paradigm repaired itself in the wake of the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Using the concepts of paradigm repair and attribution theory as guiding frameworks, this study suggests that American news media engaged in first-order and second-order news paradigm repair discourses to identify unethical lapses in news media election coverage, as well as to pinpoint the broader threats of fake news and the Donald Trump administration to the legitimacy of the American journalistic paradigm. Here’s What BuzzFeed Journalists Think of Their Journalism • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University; Cassie Yuan Wen Foo • This study seeks to compare BuzzFeed, a new entrant to the journalistic field, with traditional news organizations, from the perspective of BuzzFeed’s own journalists. Through in-depth interviews, this study finds that BuzzFeed’s journalists think they are more attentive to audiences and more willing to experiment than those from traditional news organizations. But at the same time, they also value the same ethical standards in journalism. Thus, BuzzFeed seems to engage in both differentiation and de-differentiation. News in the Peace Process in Northern Ireland: Reconciliation Isn’t Sexy • Charis Rice, Coventry University; Maureen Taylor • This research explores if and how the media help or hinder democracy in a post conflict nation. In this paper the explicit question about media’s role in democracy has, at its core, an implicit question about media ethics. We interviewed 15 community leaders who are active in ‘cross-community’ organizations in Northern Ireland. The findings suggest that community activists perceive the media to be contributing to the conflict and constraining debates about the way forward in Northern Ireland. Falsity, fakery and carbon monoxide: A typology of fake news and an ethical approach • Fred Vultee, Wayne State University • Deciding what to do about the epidemic of “fake news” requires both a definition of fake news and an understanding of why real news is valuable. Drawing on the philosophical distinction between lying (Bok, 1978) and bullshit (Frankfurt, 2005), this paper seeks to categorize the potential impacts of different varieties of fake news and to suggest an ethics-based framework for how to counter them. The practice of journalism can address some of these challenges as a craft and some as a profession; the paper concludes by suggesting that journalism and its audiences would gain from addressing the fake news problem on both fronts. A history of media ethics: From application to theory and back again • Lee Wilkins, Wayne State University • This paper focuses on practical issues that lead to ideas worth considering across disciplines. By discussing the evolution of four concepts, truthtelling, privacy, the impact of technology and moral development, it outlines the historic development of these ideas in the field of media ethics. Its central assertion is that media ethics has had something to contribute to philosophy and political philosophy as well as to working professionals. This contribution centers as much as in does in philosophy and political philosophy as it does in the more accepted domain of applied ethics CAROL BURNETT AWARD Spotlight: Virtuous Journalism in Practice • Yayu Feng, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • This paper uses the movie Spotlight as a case study of virtuous journalism. It interprets Spotlight by textual analysis with key concepts from virtue ethics theory—arête, phronesis, and eudaimonia—to discuss journalistic virtues, journalists’ practical reasoning, and how journalism profession can contribute to human flourishing through its professional goal of questing for truth. The paper also hopes to contribute a relevant case study to demonstrate the value of virtue ethics theory to journalism ethics. Ethical, moral, and professional standards in journalism practice: A baseline definition of journalistic integrity • Kimberly Kelling • What does it mean for a journalist to have integrity? How does that concept differ from the integrity of the journalist or journalistic institution? Conceptualizations of the term vary among industries and philosophical definitions are just as scattered. Exploring the usage of the term “integrity” in journalism discourse, this paper identifies micro-, meso-, and macro-level applications of journalistic integrity based on a metadiscourse analysis of newsroom codes of ethics and journalism trade publications. Providing a baseline definition of journalistic integrity enables professionals and the public to communicate about press responsibilities and performance with similar expectations. An Emotional Approach to Risk Communication • Shiyu Yang • The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that emotions are an important, if not integral, aspect of risk communication, and that using emotional appeals in risk communication is not inherently unethical; rather, whether the emotional appeals used in a risk message are ethical or not should be judged based on the context. To achieve this goal, I first establish that emotions can facilitate well-informed and ethically sound risk-related decision-making, by reviewing extant research literature on the dialectical tension between emotion and rationality. Then I advance the notion that emotions are an important aspect of risk communication, by applying the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and providing a brief discussion of how various kinds of emotions may aid our risk interpretations and help balance various ethical considerations about risks. Next, I proceed to review some of the potential benefits as well as possible negative outcomes of employing emotional appeals in designing risk messages. I further illustrate these points by conducting an ethical critique of a public health campaign, the “war on obesity”. Finally, I reaffirm the thesis statement that emotions are important in risk communication and that emotional appeals should and can be ethically applied to enhance the effectiveness of risk communication. SPECIAL CALL FOR STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION ETHICS The Use of Influence Tactics by Senior Public Relations Practitioners to Provide Ethics Counsel • Marlene Neill, Baylor University; Amy Barnes, University of Arkansas at Little Rock • Senior public relations practitioners prefer non-confrontational approaches such as asking questions and dialogue when raising ethical concerns to more senior leaders. Through in-depth interviews with 34 members of the PRSA College of Fellows, this study provides new insights regarding successful and unsuccessful attempts at providing ethics counsel. The role of ethical conscience in public relations was explored through the lens of organizational power and social influence theories. Implications for practice are discussed. 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17198 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/mmee-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 14:54:39 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17201 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17201 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/mac-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 14:58:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17204 FACULTY RESEARCH COMPETITION News Media, Body Image and Culture: Influence on Body Image and Body Attitude in Men • Cristina Azocar, San Francisco State University; Ivana Markova, San Francisco State University • A survey of racially and culturally diverse undergraduate men examined the news media’s influence on their body image and body attitude. While testing showed no significance between exposure to news media and body dissatisfaction there was a correlation between exposure to news media and social comparison. African American respondents felt the most dissatisfied with their bodies when they compared themselves to their peers and also agreed more often than other ethnic groups about desiring to be thinner, counter to research findings about African American women. The implications of the research are discussed. Latino News Media Engagement, Opinion, and Political Participation • Amy Jo Coffey, University of Florida; Ginger Blackstone, Harding University • This study examined the role that news media engagement plays in U.S. Latino political behavior, including voting, and answers a call by Subervi-Vélez (2008) for further research in order to better understand the complex relationship between media use and Latino political participation. Data from a national sample of U.S. Hispanics (N=655), gathered as part of the ANES Time Series Study, was analyzed. Statistically significant group differences revealed strong variations between Latino respondents’ level of news consumption and political behaviors, including their voting practices, voter registration, and political party registration. Yet, the results did not reveal the expected positive, linear relationship between news consumption and political behaviors. We have explored some of the potential explanations for this, but results do seem to confirm Subervi-Vélez’ (2008) assertion that the relationship between Latino news engagement and political participation is a complex and layered one. Muhammad Ali’s “No Quarrel with Them Vietcong”: Coverage of Ali’s Army Induction by the New York Times and the Louisville Courier-Journal • Abedin Zainul, Mississippi Valley State University; David R. Davies, University of Southern Mississippi • This study analyzes how the New York Times and the Louisville Courier-Journal framed Muhammad Ali’s use of athlete-heroic images as he opposed the country’s Vietnam War policy. Ali, alias Clay, struggled to uphold self-determination and civil rights during the period from 1967 through 1971 when he faced legal barriers and racial discrimination. Ali came into the media limelight for his opposition to the Vietnam War and for his refusal to join the U.S. Army as a conscientious objector. The study revealed the press was disrespectful to Ali’s historic fight for human rights and justice. Nonetheless, Ali’s challenge not only helped redefine the law of conscientious objectors protected by the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution but also has long been inspiring other athletes to raise their voices for civil rights. Status of the Diversity Research in Public Relations: Analysis of Published Articles between 1990 and 2016 • Tugce Ertem Eray, University of Oregon; Eyun-Jung Ki, University of Alabama • This study analyzes the status of the diversity research in public relations through content analysis of published articles between 1990 and 2016. Findings suggest that public relations field needs to go beyond the gender, race and ethnicity studies in terms of diversity issues, and scholars need to include topics about diversity in their curriculum, and prepare students to communicate with diverse audiences. Language and Social Distinctions Among Journalistic Cultures: The 2016 US Election Coverage on Spanish and English-Language TV Networks • lea hellmueller, University of Houston; Santiago Arias • In the 2016 US election, the Hispanic population made up a larger share of voters than in any previous election. Against the backdrop of Spanish-language TV networks nowadays competing with English-language networks, we examine the coverage of the presidential election on Spanish- and English-language newscasts analyzing 502 new stories that aired on national newscasts on ABC, NBC, Telemundo and Univision. Our results suggest that because of the dependence on presidential candidates as sources of English-language media during the election, Spanish-language network overall perform more civic-journalism roles than English-language networks. Furthermore, English-language networks perform more of an interpretive and service role, also focusing more on scandals and sensationalistic news content during the elections compared to Spanish-language networks. The results are interpreted based on structural differences between Spanish and English-language journalism cultures within the media system of the United States. TV and Web Cultivating Health Perceptions among older Latinos in Texas • Vanessa Higgins Joyce; Jessica L. James, Texas State University; Zahra Khani, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota • Latinos are less likely to turn to media for health-related information and to access healthcare. This study explored the impact of identity and media use in the perception of susceptibility to illness of English-speaking Latinos and non-Latinos. It surveyed 983 older Texans and found that television is the strongest predictor to susceptibility perception. It found that television has a mainstreaming effect, bringing English-speaking Latinos and non-Latinos closer together in their perception of susceptibility to illness. The lacking counterstereotyping effect of Black and Hispanic political candidates in the news • Jennifer Hoewe, University of Alabama • This study examines the use of counterstereotypes to promote pro-social attitudes by determining if the news media’s coverage of members of minority racial/ethnic groups in political leadership positions leads to more positive implicit and explicit attitudes toward members of those racial/ethnic groups more generally. The results show that the positive portrayal of Black and Hispanic political candidates does not produce a counterstereotyping effect among White news consumers. However, regardless of the news stories read, White Republicans reported more negative explicit attitudes toward Black and Hispanic individuals than did White Democrats, Independents, and those with no party affiliation. Fotos de Béisbol: An Examination of the Spanish-language Instagram Accounts of Major League Baseball Teams • Kevin Hull, University of South Carolina; Joon Kim, University of South Carolina, Columbia; Matthew Stilwell, University of South Carolina • While every Major League Baseball team has an official English-language Instagram account, only two have a Spanish-language account. The purpose of this study is to examine how those accounts attempt to reach Hispanic fans. Results demonstrate that the two accounts do actively showcase more Hispanic players and cultural events than would be expected. Further analysis demonstrates that posts with a Hispanic element register more user engagement than posts that do not. Understanding the Persuasive Potential of Group Comparison Information in the Promotion of Bone Marrow Donation for African Americans • Roselyn J. Lee-Won, The Ohio State University; Sung Gwan Park, Seoul National University • While research on communication about health disparities is growing, relatively little empirical research has been conducted regarding the effects of group comparison information on altruistic health behavior—such as bone marrow donation—for racial/ethnic minorities who are most in need of mobilized support. To fill this gap, we conducted two online studies with national adult samples of African Americans. Our findings suggest that group comparison information has the greatest persuasive potential for low in-group identifiers. Civility Matters: Quantitative Variations in Tone Between Two Web Discussions of Black Lives Matter • Doug Mendenhall, Abilene Christian University • "Articles about Black Lives Matter in July 2016 are analyzed for differences in message tone based on website genre. Leading U.S. political sites and leading black-oriented sites are compared using Diction 7.0, a common word-counting program that measures 41 variations of message tone. Black-oriented websites talk about Black Lives Matter with significantly higher levels of human interest, optimism, past concern, praise, satisfaction, and self-reference, while political websites exhibit higher levels of aggression, complexity, concreteness, diversity, exclusion, hardship, insistence, and numerical terms. In addition, a scale created to measure incivility registers significantly higher scores for messages on political sites. From a social identity perspective, the heightened tonal ingredients of messages on black-oriented sites are consistent with a strongly identified group responding to out-group opposition. Skin deep news values: Examining the role of visuals and racial cues in journalists’ news selection process • Kathleen Searles, Louisiana State University; Mingxiao Sui, Louisiana State University; Newly Paul, Appalachian State University • This paper tests how two factors—the mention of race and the inclusion of visuals—affects journalists’ perception of newsworthiness. Using an experiment conducted on 109 students, we examine whether: 1) photographs affect journalists’ recall of race, and 2) news values determine journalistic treatment of black and white candidates. Results indicate that images help improve recall of race and that journalists tend to use news values rather than racial considerations in selecting and disseminating news. Pedagogy of the Depressed: An Examination of Critical Pedagogy in Higher Ed’s Diversity-Centered Classrooms Post-Trump • Nathian Rodriguez, San Diego State University; Jennifer Huemmer • The study investigates and the lived experiences of instructors whose courses focused on gender/feminism, queer/LGBT, and race/ethnicity studies in response to the post-2016 election’s divisive socio political climate. Instructors’ preparation, content, and teaching were influenced by political and pop-culture events throughout the semester. Strategies for critical pedagogy included dialogue with students, a safe and open environment, and including the intersectionality of their students. Through pedagogy, instructors were able to create a sense of purpose. Calling Doctor Google? Technology Adoption and Health Information Seeking among Low-income African-American Older Adults • Hyunjin Seo, University of Kansas; Joseph Erba; Mugur Geana; Crystal Lumpkins • Low-income African-American older adults have been shown to lag behind in terms of their technology access and use. Understanding this group’s technology adoption and use is essential to developing programs aimed at helping them gain relevant digital skills. Against this backdrop, we conducted focus groups with low-income African-American older adults in a large Midwestern city to examine how this minority group adopts and uses technology and how technology adoption/use is associated with health information seeking behavior. Our findings show that while low-income African-American older adults perceive technology to be highly useful, they do not view it as easy to use thus preventing them from further adopting or using relevant technologies. Consequently, there is skepticism with respect to using technology to search for health information. Community-based organizations and faith-based organizations play significant roles in their getting information about health and wellness. Our study advances research on minority groups’ technology use and health information seeking by looking at the intersectionality of race/ethnicity, age and income. This study also offers several policy and practical implications such as how to incorporate health issues in computer classes to motivate this group to learn relevant technologies. Kept at arm’s length but not silent: African-American reporters and the 1962 Ole Miss integration crisis • Kathleen Wickham, University of Mississippi • This manuscript details the obstacles Moses Newson, of the Baltimore Afro-American, James Hicks of The Amsterdam News and Dorothy Gilliam, the first female African-American reporter faced covering the 1962 integration crisis at Ole Miss when James Meredith became the first black to integrate any public school in Mississippi. They were barred from covering the story of James Meredith because of their race and by fears for their own safety even before the riot broke out on campus. Ethnic Media as Interpretive Communities: Coverage of the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election • Sherry S. Yu, University of Toronto • The presidential election is a national hot-topic event that attracts significant media attention. Studies have confirmed that media messages during the time of the election influence voters’ decision-making to a certain degree. While this news content in mainstream media is well studied, that of ethnic media has been given less attention. With an electorate historically divided by race in their support of candidates, it is important to understand the discourse formed in ethnic media and the implications for minority voters and broader society. Samples drawn from New America Media—a network of over 3,000 ethnic media outlets and an ethnic news portal in the U.S.—this study conducts a content analysis of news coverage of the 2016 U.S. presidential election in ethnic media from the perspectives of ethnic media as interpretive communities, and explores identified analytical frames. The findings suggest distinctive news frames that are specific to ethnic communities in general as well as to certain communities in particular. STUDENT PAPERS “Hands Up, Don’t Shoot”: Media Portrayals of Race and Responsibility Framing in Police Shootings • Denetra Walker; Kelli Boling, University of South Carolina • This study examines race and responsibility framing in newspaper articles on police shootings. By performing a content analysis of nine newspapers (n = 442), this study found that newspapers were more likely to blame society as being responsible for the issue of police shootings. Findings also indicate that there are differences in the attributes used when covering police shootings as well as differences in the mention of race among conservative, liberal and African American papers. A gentlemen’s agreement: Framing the place of minorities in Austin’s City Council (1971 – 2014) • Lourdes M Cueva Chacon, The University of Texas at Austin • In November 2012, Austin voted to change the way the city council was elected. Austin will now move to an 11-member council with 10 members elected by single-member districts and a mayor elected at large. Contrary to most other cities, Austin’s city council election system had remained the same after six attempts at change. The reason, argued the local press, was an understanding called “The Gentlemen’s Agreement.” This agreement —established in 1971 between two white businessmen to avoid a lawsuit—institutionalized the reserving of two seats in the council, for one Black and one Hispanic to ensure the representation of Black and Hispanic minorities in the community. Soon after, the local press consistently mentioned the agreement to predict the outcome of the city council elections, justify its segregation, and in general, explain how it worked as a principle that regulated the council’s composition. On press accounts, the agreement had become a way of framing the place that minorities occupied in the city and the role they were allowed to play in it. Through the critical and cultural lens of race and framing theories, this study analyzes how the agreement was reported by local press, and through the social construction of the news, the agreement became a social norm, a way to organize the city’s issues and a way to guide policy and opinion. This study will also assess how the arguments and counter-arguments changed over the years to match the new Austin that voted for single-member districts. ‘We can’t win:’ The Emotional Politics in the Black Lives Matter Movement • Rachel Grant • The media’s coverage of Black violence reinforces covert racism because it defines what constitutes a “real death.” This study examined the depictions of four Black Lives Matter deaths by analyzing grief narrative in mainstream media. The findings revealed coverage reaffirmed racial stereotypes despite the larger issue of police brutality. Also, there were few instances that depicted individuals in humanizing ways. Overall the study questioned how the media controlled depictions of race and social movements. Blurred lines: The local view of federal responsibilities • Miriam Hernandez, City University of Hong Kong • The traditional analysis of immigration policy assumes a state-centric position, giving full power to the federal government and rendering state actors defenseless, while overlooking their involvement in law enforcement and social policy. Given the importance of blame designation for the passing of immigration laws and the conditions immigrants will be subjected to, the present study attempts to explain the contribution of media coverage to the scaled communication and attribution of responsibility in the immigration debate in the last thirty years (1982-2012). Parting from the structural pluralism and the geopolitical tenets, the current analysis compares how border newspapers assigned accountability for the “immigration problem”. Results indicate a growing attention to the contestation of power between federal and state actors, but a yet unchallenged supremacy of the nation-state authority. By stressing the divided responsibility across institutions, media may have contributed to the manipulation political actors engage in. Such debate has the potential to alter citizen responsibility judgments, “making it easier for state actors to get off the political hook (Maestas, Atkeson, Croom, & Bryant, 2008)”. Acknowledging Oppression: Traditional, Social and Partisan Media Effects on Attitudes About Blacks from White and Minority Audiences • Danielle Kilgo, University of Texas at Austin; Kelsey Whipple, University of Texas at Austin; Heloisa Aruth Strum • This study focuses on how use of traditional, social and partisan media relates to differences in explicit or implicit racist beliefs about Blacks, highlighting the differences between White and non-Black minorities. Results include findings that traditional media use is related to implicit racist attitudes and social media use is correlated with explicit attitudes, while partisan media, such as Fox News, can be linked to both. By Any Other Name: Black Lives Matter and the Struggle for Accurate Media Representation • Joy Leopold • The frames used by the mainstream media when covering protests and other events stemming from social movements are extensively studied for their ability to impact audience reception of, support for, and beliefs about social movements and protests. Generally the coverage centers around how a story is framed, and most research approaches the issue from the perspective of the news media. This research focuses on the framing of the specific statements media use to describe the motivations, goals, and initiatives of the Black Lives Matter movement -- sometimes these statements are just one sentence long. In addition, this paper contrasts these frames with the frames used by the organizers, founders, and supporters of BLM. This research is designed to highlight the disparity between the way movements describe themselves and the way they are described by the mainstream media. Different races, different thinking: Communicating HPV issues with college-aged women across race and ethnicity • Jo-Yun Queenie Li • This article describes an exploratory study designed to investigate problem recognition, constraint recognition, involvement recognition, and communication behaviors of college female students across race and ethnicity with regard to HPV issues. Using a pilot qualitative research of 28 college-aged women, this study employs the situational theory of publics to explore individuals’ communication behaviors related to HPV issues. By doing so, this study segments the general populations into subgroups based on individuals’ ethnicity and race and their relevance to HPV issues and provides practical implications to health communication practitioners. The findings show that minorities, including African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans, performed less communication behaviors due to the low recognition of the disease, the higher detection of obstacles to solve the problem, and a weak connection with the issues. Tailored messages and interventions for each ethnic/racial group maybe helpful in reducing the stigma associated with HPV and increasing the vaccination rates in each community. Afro Latin@s’ representation on TV: How Latino media articulates blackness within Latino Panethnicity • Yadira Nieves-Pizarro, Michigan State University; Juan Mundel, DePaul University • The representation of minorities in United States Latino media is scarce, as market forces push Latino panethnicity to appeal to a heterogeneous Spanish speaking audience in the country and in Latin America. Nonetheless, the biographical series ‘Celia’ aired by Telemundo in 2015 featured an Afro Latino cast to depict the life of Cuban salsa singer Celia Cruz. This study examines the portrayal of Afro Latin@s through a content analysis. Even though Afro Latino characters were depicted positively, they were still portrayed as something other than panethnic. This research contributes an empirical analysis of the representation of minorities in Latino media. An Examination of How African-American-Targeted Websites are Redefining the Black Press • Miya Williams • Scholars have previously conceptualized the traditional black press as print publications that are produced by and for African Americans and advocate for the race. This study investigates how online producers and consumers of black news are troubling previous definitions of the black press. I conclude that African-American ownership and advocacy are not requirements for the black press online and that entertainment content is often considered a relevant and important component of the digital black press. Communicative Dimensions in STEM Faculty’s Multicultural Mentoring of Underrepresented STEM Students • Leticia Williams, Howard University • Since the 1980s scholars, educators, and science practitioners have developed mentoring programs to increase the diversity of STEM students, specifically women, African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans. Yet, these mentoring programs have had minimal success in increasing the population of underrepresented students into the STEM pipeline (Merolla & Serpe, 2013). Although scholars have evaluated these programs, there is no research about the role of communication in these mentoring programs. The purpose of this study is to explicate the importance of communication, race, gender, and culture in the mentoring process for underrepresented graduate STEM students. This study used a qualitative research design to identify and evaluate the communication dimensions that facilitate multicultural mentoring practices utilized by STEM faculty to mentor underrepresented graduate STEM students. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 27 STEM faculty members who mentored underrepresented graduate STEM students to provide insight about their communication, multicultural mentoring, and relationship with protégés. Grounded theory methodology guided by an intersectional analysis revealed that STEM faculty mentors relied on several communication dimensions to mentor their protégés. Open, supportive, and consistent communication were essential to STEM faculty mentor’s communication with their protégés. These communication dimensions activated multicultural mentoring for STEM faculty, particularly when discussing diversity issues or challenges related to gender or race. 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17204 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/news-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 15:01:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17207 OPEN COMPETITION News Dynamics, Frame Expansion and Salience: Boko Haram and the War against Terrorism • Ngozi Akinro, Texas Wesleyan University • This study considers frame salience and frame change in relation to terrorism coverage. Through content analysis of 807 news articles by Nigeria Vanguard and Punch and two US newspapers; New York Times and Washington Post on the coverage of the Boko Haram crisis over 16-month period, this study examines change patterns in the coverage of the Boko Haram crisis. The Boko Haram group is an Islamic fundamentalist group operating out of north-eastern Nigeria since 2002. The group claims international ties with other terrorist networks such as al-Qaeda and ISIS (Alkhshali & Almasy, 2015). The group is responsible for nearly half of all civilian deaths in African war zones in 2014. This study considers episodic and thematic framing through a two dimensional frame changing pattern and found frame movement from issue specific framing to thematic suggesting humanitarian and emotional appeal, to global perspective focused on the war on terrorism. Mediated Policy Effects of Foreign Governments on Iraqi Independent Media During Elections • Mohammed Al-Azdee, University of Bridgeport (UB) • I use the term, mediated policy, to refer to messages sent to Iraq by foreign governments through their international news media during the 2010 Iraqi elections. I hypothesize that US Mediated Policy, Iranian Mediated Policy, and Saudi Mediated Policy are latent constructs interacting in a structural model, affecting a fourth latent variable, Iraqi Independent Media. The analysis shows in 2010 English was barrier to Iraqi independent media, and significant mediated policies influenced Iraqi independent media. The Effects of Disclosure Format on Native Advertising Recognition and Audience Perceptions of Legacy and Online News Publishers • Michelle Amazeen, Boston University; Bartosz Wojdynski • This experimental study examines elements of native advertising disclosures that influence consumers’ ability to recognize content as paid advertising and contrasts subsequent evaluations of legacy and digital-first publishers with those exposed to online display advertising. Although fewer than 1 in 10 participants were able to recognize native advertising, our study shows that effectively designed disclosure labels facilitate recognition. However, participants who did recognize native advertising had lessened opinions of the publisher and the institution of advertising, overall. “Alphabet soup”: Examining acronyms in newspaper headlines • Alyssa Appelman, Northern Kentucky University • American journalism is facing an uphill battle for respect and trust. Through a content analysis and survey, this project suggests acronyms as a potential explanation. Acronyms in a local newspaper were largely unknown to a sample of target readers, and one-third of participants specifically expressed negative emotions, including frustration and annoyance, when news outlets publish unknown acronyms. These findings suggest that focusing on reader comprehension over brevity can help journalists repair their public image. Who Gets Vocal about Hyperlocal: The Role of Neighborhood Involvement and Status in the Sharing of Hyperlocal Website News • Peter Bobkowski, University of Kansas; Liefu Jiang, University of Kansas; Laveda Peterlin, University of Kansas; Nathan Rodriguez, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point • To examine who shares hyperlocal news in person, over email, and through social media, a reader survey of seven hyperlocal news websites was conducted (n = 1,880). More readers share hyperlocal news in person than through email or social media. Higher neighborhood involvement and education tend to characterize readers who share hyperlocal news. Education moderates the relationship between neighborhood involvement and social media sharing. The study extends precepts of channel complementarity and communication infrastructure theories. An Investigative Journalist and a Stand-Up Comic Walk Into a Bar: The Role of Comedy in Public Engagement with Environmental Journalism • Caty Borum Chattoo, American University School of Communication; Lindsay Green-Barber, The Impact Architects • An investigative journalism project focused on environmental contamination in New Jersey, Dirty Little Secrets, worked with stand-up comics to translate investigative content into stand-up comedy routines performed in front of a live audience. Through a quantitative survey administered after two live comedy shows, this study finds that the public learned factual information, perceived comedians as credible, and expressed willingness to get involved in the core issue. Implications for public engagement with investigative journalism are discussed. Service at the intersection of journalism, language, and the global imaginary: Indonesia's English language press • John Carpenter, University of Iowa; Brian Ekdale, University of Iowa • Drawing on interviews with journalists who work in Indonesia’s locally owned and operated English-language press (ELP), we argue English’s status as the language of global and regional imaginaries informs how ELP journalists negotiate their understandings of public service. This study contributes to research on the contextual negotiation of professional ideologies of journalism by considering how publication language—here, English in a country where it is a foreign language—shapes the ways journalists conceive service to their various publics. Framing Drunken Driving as a Social Problem • Kuang-Kuo Chang, Shih Hsin University • This study content analyzed how drunken driving was framed in Taiwan’s local press in terms of the social determinants. Findings suggest that the coverage was highly negative and episodic substantiated largely by the predominant uses of convenient social actors. In contrast, public health advocates, academics and interest groups that can guide the reporting toward more thematic were barely used to present the causal factors and public policy as health determinants. Implications from the finding are elaborated. Gaming the News: Examining the Effects of Online Political Quizzes on Interest in News and Politics • Gina Chen; Yee Man Margaret Ng, The University of Texas at Austin; Victoria Chen, The University of Texas at Austin; Martin J. Riedl, The University of Texas at Austin • This study sought to understand whether people’s exposure to online quizzes about politics could pique people’s interest in news and politics. An online experiment (N = 585) showed that exposure to quiz questions about politics directly increased people’s perception of their own political knowledge. In addition, exposure to political quizzes indirectly lead to increased interest in politics and intention to get politically involved as well as boosted interest in political news. Connectivity with a Newspaper and Knowledge of Its Investigatory Work Influence Civic Engagement • Esther Thorson, Michigan State University; Weiyue Chen, Michigan State University; Stephen Lacy, Michigan State University • A survey of residents in the Florida Times-Union (T-U) market showed that both digital and print exposure to the newspaper’s content predicted positive attitudes about civic engagement, as mediated through news interest and perceptions of personal connectivity with the T-U. These attitudes predicted civic engagement behaviors such as volunteering and talking to others about community issues. T-U readers showed higher knowledge of major investigative projects the newspaper had done than those exposed to television news. Tripling the Price and Wondering Why Readership Declined? A Longitudinal Study of U.S. Newspapers’ Price Hikes, 2008-2016 • Iris Chyi, University of Texas at Austin; Ori Tenenboim, The University of Texas at Austin • Since the recession U.S. newspapers have increased the price of their print product substantially. While price is a major determinant of consumer demand, circulation trends are often reported out of context, leading to misinterpretations of reader preference. This longitudinal study examines 25 major newspapers’ print price and reveals that subscription rates nearly tripled since 2008, indicating readership declines are partly self-inflicted. Analysis of readership data suggests stronger-than-expected attachment to print. Managerial implications are discussed. PolitiFact Coverage of Candidates for U.S. Senate and Governor 2010-2016 • Joan Conners, Randolph-Macon College • This study explores PolitiFact fact-checking coverage for potential patterns of ideological bias, the types of claims being examined, as well as where such claims originate in claims about political candidates for the U.S. Senate or Governor in 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016. Republican candidate claims were judged to be less accurate than claims by Democratic candidates. Candidate claims that attacked one’s opponent were found to dominate PolitiFact coverage, and were frequently found to be inaccurate. A movement of varying faces: How “Occupy Central” was framed in the news in Hong Kong, Taiwan, mainland China, the U.K., and the U.S. • Y. Roselyn Du, Hong Kong Baptist U; Fan Yang, UW - Madison; Lingzi Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist U • News stories concerning the “Hong Kong Occupy Central” crisis were analyzed to define how the events were framed in the U.K., the U.S., mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Framing was analyzed in terms of selection and description biases, including news perspective, favorability toward the protesters or the government, sourcing pattern, and attribution of responsibility. The results show significant differences among the five markets, not only between contrasting media systems, but also between comparable ones. Fighting Facebook: Journalism’s discursive boundary work with the “trending,” “napalm girl,” and “fake news” stories of 2016 • Brett Johnson, University of Missouri; Kimberly Kelling • "Facebook is challenging professional journalism. These challenges were evident in three incidents from 2016: the allegation that Facebook privileged progressive-leaning news on its Trending feature; Facebook’s removal of the Pulitzer Prize-winning “Napalm Girl” photo from the pages of prominent users; and the proliferation of fake news during the U.S. presidential election. Blending theoretical concepts from the field of boundary work and platform ethics, this paper examines how the Guardian, New York Times, Columbia Journalism Review and Poynter editorialized Facebook’s role in these three incidents to discursively construct the boundary between the value of professional journalism to democracy and Facebook’s ascendant role in facilitating essential democratic functions. Findings reveal that with all three stories, these publications attempted to define Facebook as a news organization (i.e. include it within the boundaries of journalism) so that they could then criticize the company for not following duties traditionally incumbent upon news organizations (i.e. place it outside the boundaries of journalism). Misconception of Barack Obama’s religion: A content analysis of print news coverage of the president • Joseph Kasko, SUNY Buffalo State • This study examines the interaction between public opinion and media treatment of Barack Obama’s religious beliefs, which he is Christian. Yet, only 34 percent of Americans said that they believed Obama was a Christian in an August 2010 Pew Research poll. That was a 14 percent decline from a Pew poll the previous year. This study uses second-level agenda setting to explore if the media contributed to the misconception about his religion. Fake News, Real Cues: Cues and Heuristics in Users’ Online News Credibility Judgments • Kate Keib, Oglethorpe University; Bartosz Wojdynski • Two experimental studies sought to identify cues and heuristics used by consumers to assess online news content from an unknown source, and what influence these factors have on credibility assessments. Results show that on-page design cues including writing style, pictures and advertisements influence credibility assessments, and these cues do garner attention and influence such assessments. Practitioners can use on-page cues to build credibility among customers. The cues and heuristics identified warrant future research by scholars. Differences in the Network Agendas of #Immigration in the 2016 Election • Jisu Kim, University of Minnesota -Twin Cities; Mo Jang, University of South Carolina, Columbia • "As an application study of the network agenda-setting model, this study examines how the media and public network agendas can differ, based on which political candidate was mentioned along with with the immigration issue in news coverage and in public tweets. Through network analyses, this study shows that there were differences in the salient attributes of the immigration issue, and that the dominant narrative structure of the issue depended on which political candidate was mentioned. The Imagined Audience for and Perceived Quality of News Comments • Jisu Kim, University of Minnesota -Twin Cities; Seth Lewis, University of Oregon; Brendan Watson, Michigan State University • "A survey of news commenters’ perceptions of the quality and potential audiences for comments on news websites and Facebook found similar perceptions of quality and civility across platforms. But Facebook commenters were more likely to imagine friends among their audience, compared to politicians and journalists on news websites. Based on the imagined audience for comments, Facebook is not an equivalent substitute for commenting on news websites. Implications for journalism and future research are discussed. Does Working Memory Capacity Moderate the Effects of Regulatory Focus on News Headline Appraisal and Processing Speed? • Yu-Hao Lee, University of Florida • News consumers regularly scan news headlines before devoting more efforts to reading the content. During this stage, news consumers may use their intuitive responses to the headlines to determine if the news sounds interesting and is worth reading. This study examines how individuals’ regulatory focus orientations affect their appraisal of news headlines and the moderating role of working memory capacity on appraisal score and speed. One hundred and two undergraduate participants performed a news appraisal task in which they gave a score to headlines that used either a gain-frame or a loss-frame. The results showed that promotion-focused individuals gave higher scores to gain-framed headlines, and individuals with lower working memory capacity relied on their regulatory focus more during headline appraisal. However, there was no significant effect on loss-framed headlines. The study has theoretical contributions to understanding the psychological mechanism behind headline scanning and cognitive processing. It also has some practical implications for news editors on how to tailor headlines to individuals’ regulatory focus. Contest over Authority: Navigating Native Advertising’s Impacts on Journalism Autonomy • You Li • This study analyzes the discourses of 10 U.S. news organizations’ integration of native advertising across five years. The findings map three stages of integration ranging from sharing editorial space, editorial resource to editorial staff, exemplifying the renegotiation of the business-journalism boundary at the structural, procedural and cultural levels. The pro-native advertising discourse legitimizes the integration as extending journalistic quality to advertising, while in fact impedes journalistic autonomy both internally and externally. All Forest, No Trees? Data Journalism and the Construction of Abstract Categories • Wilson Lowrey; Jue Hou, Universtiy of Alabama • This study takes a sociology of quantification approach in exploring the impact of “commensurative” processes in data journalism, in which distinct incidents and events are aggregated into oversimplified abstract categories. This literature predicts heavy reliance on government data, use of national over local data, and a tendency to take data categories at face value, without scrutiny. Findings from a content analysis of data journalism projects at legacy and non-legacy outlets over time, reveals some support for predictions. Picturing the solution? An analysis of visuals in solutions journalism • Jennifer Midberry; Nicole Dahmen, University of Oregon • Solutions journalism, rigorous and fact-driven news stories of credible solutions to societal problems, is gaining a great deal of momentum. To date, research on this journalistic practice is scant and what little research there is has generally focused on text. Given the growing practice of solutions journalism and the dominant role of photographs in the news media, this research used content analysis and semiotic analysis to examine the use of visual reporting in solutions stories. Looking at past and present Intermedia agenda-setting: A meta analysis • Alexander Moe, Texas Tech University; Yunjuan Luo, South China University of Technology • The purpose of this study was to explore one important phase of agenda-setting research that looks at who sets the media agenda using rigorous meta-analysis approaches. The researchers drew upon empirical intermedia agenda-setting studies from 1990 to 2015. A total of 17 qualified studies included in the final analysis produced homogeneity, and the weighted grand mean effect size for those studies was .713, indicating consistent and strong intermedia agenda-setting effects in the findings across a range of studies. The results also suggest a convergence of media agendas despite an increasing number of different media outlets with the development of new media technologies. Social media echo chambers: Political journalists' normalization of Twitter affordances • Logan Molyneux, Temple University; Rachel Mourao, Michigan State University • This study analyzes the content of tweets sent by 784 political journalists during the first 2016 U.S. presidential debate. It finds that journalists most often interacted with each other, almost to the exclusion of audience members. Newer affordances of Twitter including quote tweets and reply threading are not as normalized as older affordances, and journalists used them in differing ways. Also, journalists’s tweets mentioning policy issues tended to be retweeted, whereas those containing humor did not. Disrupting traditional news routines through community engagement: Analysis of a media collaboration project • Jennifer Moore, University of Minnesota Duluth; John Hatcher, University of Minnesota Duluth • This research examines the impact of a community storytelling project designed to disrupt relationships between news organizations and their audiences. Informed by scholarship on the changing role of journalists as facilitators rather than gatekeepers of public discourse, community engagement methods were used to study this two-year storytelling project. Ripple Effect Mapping (REM) methods measured its impact. Findings reveal that traditional news media deviated little from established journalism routines while citizens participation was diverse and expansive. The Small, Disloyal Fake News Audience: The Role of Audience Availability in Fake News Consumption • Jacob Nelson, Northwestern University; Harsh Taneja, University of Missouri • Fears of fake news stem from two assumptions: that fake news consumption has grown widespread, and that it reaches an audience that spends little time with news and is thus more susceptible to false claims. However, prior audience behavior research suggests that light media users disproportionately gravitate towards established, popular brands, while heavy users visit both familiar and obscure fare. This paper examines online audience data in the months leading up to and following the 2016 presidential election to empirically analyze whether or not these long-observed patterns of audience behavior play out when it comes to fake news. We find a positive relationship between time spent online and fake news exposure, indicating that the fake news audience comprises a small group of heavy internet users. In doing so, we offer a more accurate portrait of the fake news audience, and contribute to the ongoing conversation about fake news’ reach, and its consequences. Covering Pulse: Understanding the lived experience of journalists who covered a mass shooting • Theodore Petersen, Florida Institute of Technology; Shyla Soundararajan, Florida Institute of Technology • "The June 2016 mass shooting at Pulse, a gay nightclub near downtown Orlando, Florida, provided a real challenge to local media. This qualitative study includes in-depth interviews with Central Florida print, television, and radio journalists to understand what it was like to cover such a tragedy. These journalists talk about ethics, sourcing, violence, and mental health. Gender Profiling in Local News • David Pritchard, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Emily Wright, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee • A content analysis of five weeks of staff-written stories in all sections of a large daily newspaper in the American Midwest (n=954 stories) tested a variety of hypotheses relating to patriarchal practices in journalism. The empirical results supported all hypotheses, documenting gendered practices both at the level of the individual journalist and at the level of the organization. Although gender profiling of the kind the research demonstrates are widely considered to be normal and natural in American journalism, the authors argue that such profiling not only reflects patriarchy, but reinforces it. By downplaying women’s contributions in social, economic, political, and cultural realms, patriarchal journalism diminishes democracy. When journalists think colorful but their news coverage stays grey. Exploring the gap between journalists’ professional identity, their role enactment and output in newspapers. • Patric Raemy, University of Fribourg, Switzerland; Daniel Beck • The aim of this study is to explore the connection between professional identity of newspaper journalists, their perceived freedom of reporting and their role performance in a multi-language country and a Western European context. We combine a content analysis of news coverage with an online survey among the authors of these articles. It is an exploration of the gap between journalistic role perception, enactment and performance as well as of the methodology of analysis. Whose tweets do you trust? Message and messenger credibility among mainstream and new media news organizations on Twitter • Anna Waters, University of Alabama; Chris Roberts, University of Alabama • Gauging message and messenger credibility has become even more complicated as more people consume media from social media instead of traditional channels. This experimental survey of young adults compared credibility of mainstream and new media, using the same messages on Twitter. Mainstream sources and their messages were considered more credible than new media sources. Media skepticism had a significant effect on perceived message and messenger credibility; political cynicism did not. Listicles and the BuzzFeed Generation: Examining the Perceived Credibility of Listicles Among Millennials • Sean Sadri, Old Dominion University • Listicles are a new media phenomenon that have become a staple of virtually every news organization (articles that are simply lists or rankings and offer arguably less substance than a traditional article). This study sought to determine the perceived credibility of listicles among the age group most inclined to read them (millennials). Examining the appeal of listicles can provide insight into the direction that news may be going for the next generation of news readers. Using a sample population of millennials (N = 363), participants were randomly assigned to read an article in one of two formats: a listicle or a traditional article. Following the article, participants were given a questionnaire rating the credibility of the article and another asking participants to recall facts from the story. The experiment found that millennials rated the listicle as significantly more credible than the traditional article. The study also hypothesized that millennials may retain more information from a well-constructed listicle than a traditional article containing the same information, but this hypothesis was not supported. The study results and the implications of these findings are discussed. Exploring the “wall,” Bible and Baphomet: Media coverage of church-state conflicts • Erica Salkin; Elizabeth Jacobs • This study seeks to build upon previous research on media coverage of law and faith by exploring newswork related specifically to church-state conflicts. Qualitative content analysis of coverage around two case studies reveals a broad assumption of audience familiarity with key constitutional and religious ideas. When scenarios venture into the unique, however, explication does emerge, suggesting that some lack of legal or religious depth may be attributed to a belief that audiences don’t need it. Alienating Audiences: The Effect of Uncivil Online Discourse on Media Perceptions • Natalee Seely, UNC-Chapel Hill • Online discussion forums offer news consumers venues for expression and participation, but these forums have also been condemned for offensive and uncivil language. Some news outlets have required users to register with identifying information before commenting in an effort to keep conversation civil. Others have discontinued discussion forums altogether for fear of losing credibility or turning off readers. Previous literature has identified several forms of incivility within comment forums, including insulting language, stereotyping, and vulgar speech. This study used a one-way experimental design to determine the effects of uncivil language within online news comment forums on participants’ (n=198) perceptions of news credibility, their willingness to participate in the discussion, and their levels of media trust. Results indicate that those who read a news article accompanied by uncivil comments—which contained insulting language and stereotypes about various groups—were significantly less willing to participate in the discussion compared to those who viewed neutral comments. No significant differences in credibility perceptions or media trust were found. Findings demonstrate that offensive speech in online forums may have a chilling effect on participation in news discussion. Anonymous Journalists: Bylines and Immigration Coverage in the Italian Press • Francesco Somaini, Central Washington University • This study investigated the relationship between news coverage of immigrants and refugees and identifiability of stories’ authors in the two daily newspapers with the largest circulation in Italy: Corriere della Sera and la Repubblica. The content of 400 news stories published in 2013 was examined. The data showed that the outlets produced comparable shares of “anonymous” and “signed” stories. Corriere della Sera, the more conservative outlet, provided consistently more negative representations of immigrants than la Repubblica, more liberal, did. However, in the left-leaning daily, articles that carried no byline—i.e., whose author was identifiable neither as a journalist nor as a wire service—tended to portray immigrants and refugees more negatively than stories carrying a byline did. Conversely, degree of antipathy for migrants expressed in online comments did not vary in relation to byline. However, readers of Corriere expressed more antipathy for immigrants than those of la Repubblica did. The findings suggest that anonymity might be associated with more frequent stereotypical representations of immigrants even in news outlets that are considered more liberal. Knowledge-based Journalism in Science and Environmental Reporting: Opportunities and Obstacles • Anthony Van Witsen, Michigan State University; Bruno Takahashi, Department of Journalism, Michigan State University • Recent calls for knowledge-based journalism advocate a new level of scientific knowledge in news reporting as a way of meeting the professional challenges caused by rapid technological change in the news industry. Scientifically knowledgeable journalism has the potential to redefine the existing science-media relationship; however early criticisms called it naïve and unworkable in existing, rapidly changing newsroom practices. This study attempts to go beyond the initial enthusiasm and the skepticism to develop a better theoretical basis by which knowledge-based journalism could function, how reporters and editors could learn it, and what audience might exist for it. It examines the history of earlier professional reform efforts in journalism to discover why new practices have sometimes been adopted or abandoned. It finds that implementing knowledge based journalism requires knowing the actual benefits of improved scientific understanding for news consumers and poses research questions designed to lead to testable hypotheses for developing it and measuring its impact on audiences. Among its conclusions: that increased scientific training by reporters might increase journalists’ grasp of the traditional problem of managing scientific uncertainty, changing the information asymmetry between journalists and their scientist sources and altering the balance of power between them. Over time, this could affect the audience’s tolerance for uncertainty as well. Coding the News: The Role of Computer Code in the Distribution of News Media • Matthew Weber, Rutgers University; Allie Kosterich, Rutgers University; Rohit Tikyani, Rutgers University • This article examines the role of code in the process of news distribution, and interrogates the degree to which code and algorithms are imbued with the ability to make decisions regarding the filtering and prioritizing of news, much as an editor would. Emphasis is placed specifically on the context of mobile news applications that filter news for consumers. In addressing calls to attend to the intersection of computer science and journalism, an additional goal of this article is to move the analytic lens away from the notion that code is replacing humans as producers of news and to shift towards an understanding of how code orders and communicates the news. Thus, the focus of this research is on algorithms as technological actants, filtering news based on decisions imbued into the code by human actors. An investigation of code contained in 64 open source mobile news apps is presented and the content of the code is analyzed. Findings highlight the journalistic decisions made in code and contribute to discussion surrounding the relationship between algorithmic and traditional news values. Examining the Relationship Between Trust and Online Usage • Katie Yaeger, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Harsh Taneja, University of Missouri • This study tests the relationship between trust and online usage of 35 popular United States news sources. A series of regression models using pooled cross-sectional data of trust measures and usage measures from three months found a positive, statistically significant relationship between trust and direct traffic, but it found no association between trust and frequent usage. It also found overall that additional variables did not significantly impact the relationship between trust and direct traffic. STUDENT PAPERS The Least Trusted Name in News: Exploring Why News Users Distrust BuzzFeed News • Jordon Brown, The University of Texas at Austin • "This experiment measured readers’ perceived sense of credibility when presented with three different news stories. Although all three news stories were actually from BuzzFeed, they were presented as though only one was, and one from Yahoo News, and one from The Wall Street Journal. This study found the perceived credibility was impacted by the news source, but not always by the individual article. Framing EU borders in live-blogs: A multimodal approach • Ivana Cvetkovic, University of New Mexico; Mirjana Pantic, University of Tennessee • New media and 2.0 Web technologies affected the breaking news reporting forcing traditional media to embrace a new multimodal format of live-blogs. By acknowledging the importance of multiple modes in meaning making, this paper employs multimodal method to examine the similarities and differences in framing the European Union borders in live blogs in European media. Three frames emerged from the analysis: border management, borders as lived spaces, and borders as politically constructed spaces. The mobile community: College students and the hometown sense of community through mobile news app use • Chris Etheridge, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • "This project explores how mobile technology can impact the relationship between geography and news consumption. Findings indicate that college students who have installed a mobile news app focused on their hometown have a higher connection to that community than those who do not have apps and those who have apps with a national or global focus. In this case, this connection exists even when circumstances remove the person from that community. Vapor and Mirrors: A Qualitative Framing Analysis of E-Cigarette Reporting in High-Circulation U.S. Newspapers • Vaughan James, University of Florida; Paul Simpson • Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been gaining popularity in the United States since their introduction into the market in 2008. Use among teenagers and young adults has recently skyrocketed, tripling between 2013 and 2014. Given that these products are still unregulated at the federal level, they represent a major public health concern. News media can have substantial effects on public perception of technology and health issues, and so it is important to understand the ways that the U.S. media present e-cigarettes. This study examined the framing of e-cigarettes in three major high-circulation U.S. newspapers. A qualitative content analysis was performed on 92 e-cigarette-related news articles published between January 2008 and October 2014. Three major frames arose in newspaper reporting: Comparison/Contrast, Regulation, and Uncertainty. Understanding the frames presented in the media can help to both explain e-cigarettes’ rising popularity and highlight potential regulatory issues that will require attention from public health officials. ‘Engaging’ the Audience: Journalism in the Next Media Regime • Jacob Nelson, Northwestern University • As the journalism industry loses revenues and relevance, academics and professionals have pinned their hopes for salvation on increasing “audience engagement.” Yet few agree on what audience engagement means, why it will make journalism more successful, or what “success” in journalism should even look like. This paper uses Williams and Delli Carpini’s “media regimes” as a theoretical framework to argue that studying the current open-arms approach to the news audience – and the ambiguity surrounding it – is vital to understanding journalism’s transition from one rapidly disappearing model to one that is yet to fully emerge. In doing so, it offers a definition of audience engagement that synthesizes prior literature and contributes an important distinction between reception-oriented and production-oriented engagement. It concludes with a call for more research into audience engagement efforts to better understand what journalism is, and what it might become. News Organizations' Link Sharing on Twitter: Computational Text Analysis Approach • Chankyung Pak, Michigan State University • This study aims to analyze news organizations’ news link sharing on social media. Computational data collection and text analysis techniques in this study allow for a large scale comparison between shared and unshared news. I found that news organizations are more likely to share hard news than soft news on social media while the latter is more published on their websites. News organizations’ decision on what to share constrains news diversity available to news readers. Way-finding and source blindness: How the loss of gatekeepers spread fake news in the 2016 Presidential election • George Pearson, The Ohio State University; Simon Lavis, The Ohio State University • Changing news patterns allows users to consume stories from multiple sources. This was hypothesized to lead to a disinterest in sources (source blindness) and reliance on curators for news. Additionally both variables were expected to lead to increased misinformation acceptance. A parallel mediation model on national survey data revealed that reliance on curators was not significant, however consuming news from multiple sources did increase source blindness which in turn increased misinformation acceptance. Is the Robot Biased Against Me? An Investigation of Boundary Conditions for Reception of Robot as News Writer • Bingjie Liu; Lewen Wei, Pennsylvania State University • This study tested effects of robot as news writer on reducing hostile media effect. In a 2 (robot vs. human news writer) X 2 (hard news vs. feature story) online experiment, 212 participants read news representing one of the four conditions randomly and evaluated its quality. We found for feature story, only believers of machine intelligence evaluated that by robot as positive whereas hard news by robot was well received regardless of one’s belief. Trustee Versus Market Model: A Journalistic Field Experiment • Douglas Wilbur, The University of Missouri at Columbia • This field experiment examines data gathered through a competition hosted by the Austin-American Statesman, the test their daily news via email delivery service the Midday Break, and a news aggregation service called the Statesman’s News For You, managed by the Reportory Company. The Midday Break represents the trustee model of journalism since stories are chosen by editors in a traditional manner. The Statesman’s News For You represents that market model of journalism since users select story preferences through a personalization function. Results of aggregate user data revealed that the Statesman’s News For You subscribers opened more of their services email and read more of their delivered news stories than those of Midday Break. A survey of both groups revealed that Statesman’s News For You subscribers gave their services higher ratings for crebibility, likelihood of recommending to a friend and perceived control than Midday Break subscribers. This field experiment lends some evidence that the market model of journalism might offer a better route for newspaper survivability and economic success. Young vs Old: How Age Impacts Journalists’ Boundary Work Shift in Social Media Innovation (ACES and MacDougall awards) • Yanfang Wu • A cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire online national survey (N=1063) was administered to examine how older and younger newspaper journalists differ in adopting social media as an innovation. The study found no significant difference exists between younger journalists and older journalists’ rating of social media innovation friendly culture in their news organizations. However, younger journalists tend to view innovative instructions on using social media as more frequent, useful, and effective than older journalists. The more effective younger journalists rated their news organizations’ innovative instructions on social media, the less younger journalists interact with audiences on social than older journalists, which reflects a higher social media instructions expectation from younger journalists for journalistic work boundary shift. The Syrian exodus: How The Globe and Mail, The New York Times and The Sun framed the crisis? • Zulfia Zaher, Ohio University • This study examined the cross-national coverage of the Syrian refugee crises in The Globe and Mail, The New York Times, and The Sun newspapers. The study employed a quantitative content analysis to measure the attention paid to the Syrian refugee crisis and investigated the prevalence of the five generic frames (economic consequences, human interest, responsibility, conflict, and morality) (Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000). This study analyzed 204 articles from these three newspapers published between February 1st, 2015 to February 28th, 2016. This study found that The New York Times attached more importance measured by the length and the page position while The Sun attached the least importance to the coverage of Syrian refugee crisis. The result also demonstrated that the most salient generic frames were human-interest. This study found that three out of five generic frames — economic consequences, responsibility, and conflict — are significantly different across these newspapers. The results further revealed that various events influenced the way frames were presented in these three newspapers. 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17207 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/10/jlid-fellows/ Mon, 23 Oct 2017 18:16:15 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=738 Universities listed were at the time of graduation from the JLID program. JLID Fellows 2008-09 [Final class of the JLID program.]

1. Brigitta Brunner, Auburn University
2. Heidi Hatfield Edwards, Florida Institute of Technology
3. Marie Hardin, Penn State University
4. Karen Kline, Lock Haven University
5. Teresa Lamsam, University of Nebraska Omaha
6. Loren Mulraine, Middle Tennessee State University
7. Greg Pitts, Bradley University
8. William Sutton, Achieving the Dream
9. Frances Ward-Johnson, Elon University

JLID Fellows 2007-08

1. Kathy Bradshaw, Bowling Green State University
2. Carolyn Byerly, Howard University
3. Anita Fleming-Rife, Grambling State University
4. Jon Funabiki, San Francisco State University
5. Sherlynn Howard-Byrd, Alcorn State University
6. Kimberly Lauffer, Towson University
7. Julianne Newton, University of Oregon
8. Humphrey Regis, North Carolina A&T University
9. Felecia Jones Ross, Ohio State University

JLID Fellows 2006-07

1. Louise Benjamin, Associate Professor, University of Georgia
2. Linda Callahan, Professor North Carolina A&T State University
3. Rochelle Ford, Associate Professor, Howard University
4. Louisa Ha, Associate Professor, Bowling Green State University
5. Suzanne Huffman, Professor, Texas Christian University
6. Mary Jean Land, Professor, Georgia College & State University
7. Amy Reynolds, Associate Professor, Indiana University
8. Sharon Stringer, Associate Professor, Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania
9. Barbara Zang, Associate Professor, Worcester State College

JLID Fellows 2005-06

1. Professor Hub Brown, Associate Professor, Syracuse University
2. Dr. Lillie Fears, Associate Professor, Arkansas State University
3. Dr. Mary-Lou Galician, Associate Professor, Arizona State University
4. Dr. Robyn Goodman, Associate Professor, Alfred University
5. Dr. Derina Holtzhausen, Professor, University of South Florida
6. Dr. Sundeep Muppidi, Associate Professor, University of Hartford
7. Dr. Zeny Sarabia-Panol, Professor, Middle Tennessee State University
8. Dr. James Tsao, Associate Professor, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh

JLID Fellows 2004-05

1. Dr. Debashis “Deb” Aikat, Associate Professor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2. Dr. Elizabeth V. Burt, Associate Professor, University of Hartford
3. Dr. Dwight E. Brooks, Associate Professor, University of Georgia
4. Dr. Jinx C. Broussard, Associate Professor, Dillard University, Associate Professor, Louisiana State Univ.
5. Dr. Kris Bunton, Professor, University of St. Thomas
6. Dr. Caryl Cooper, Assistant Dean of Undergraduate Studies, Associate Professor, University of Alabama
7. Dr. Judith “Judy” Cramer, Associate Professor, St. John’s University
8. Dr. Jennifer Greer, Associate Professor, University of Nevada-Reno
9. Dr. Linda Jones, Director, School of Communication, Associate Professor, Roosevelt University
10. Dr. Therese “Terry” L. Lueck, Professor, The University of Akron
11. Dr. Virginia “Ginny” Whitehouse, Associate Professor, Whitworth College

JLID Fellows 2003-04

1. Dr. Eddith Dashiell, Ohio University, Associate Professor, Scripps School of Journalism, Associate Dean, College of Communication, Ohio University
2. Dr. Barbara DeSanto, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Associate Professor, Graduate Program Coordinator, Department of Communication Studies
3. Dr. Nancy Mitchell, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Associate Professor, Department Chair, College of Journalism and Mass Communications
4. Dr. Jan Quarles, Middle Tennessee State University, Professor, Assistant Dean, College of Mass Communication
5. Dr. Sandra Utt, University of Memphis, Associate Professor, Assistant Chair, Journalism Department
6. Dr. Liz Watts, Texas Tech University, Associate Professor, Associate Director, School of Mass Communication
7. Dr. Maria Williams-Hawkins, Ball State University, Associate Professor, Department of Telecommunication, College of Communication, Information and Media

JLID Fellows 2002-03

1. Dr. Janet Bridges, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Associate Professor, Department of Communication
2. Dr. Kathleen Endres, University of Akron, Professor, School of Communication
3. Dr. John Omachonu, William Paterson University, Associate Professor, Chair, Department of Communication
4. Dr. Federico Subervi, Pace University, Professor, Chair, Department of Communication Studies
5. Dr. Birgit Wassmuth, Drake University, Professor, School of Journalism and Mass Communication
6. Dr. Jan Whitt, University of Colorado at Boulder, Associate Professor, School of Journalism and Mass Communication
7. Dr. Lynn Zoch, University of South Carolina, Associate Professor, College of Journalism and Mass Communications

JLID Fellows 2000-02 [Inaugural class began as a two-year fellowship.]

1. Prof. Sandra Birdiette, Wayne State University
2. Dr. Kenneth Campbell, University of South Carolina
3. Dr. Shannon Campbell, University of Kansas
4. Dr. Meta Carstarphen, University of Oklahoma
5. Dr. Qingwin Dong, University of the Pacific
6. Dr. Martin Edu, Grambling State University
7. Dr. Kathleen Fearn-Banks, University of Washington
8. Dr. Camilla Gant, State University of West Georgia
9. Dr. Cathy Jackson, Norfolk State University
10. Dr. Phil Jeter, Florida A&M University
11. Dr. Carmen Manning-Miller, University of Mississippi
12. Dr. Diana Rios, University of Connecticut
13. Dr. John Sanchez, Penn State University
14. Dr. Jeanne Scafella, Murray State University
15. Dr. Linda Steiner, Rutgers University
16. Dr. Karen Turner, Temple University

Return to IDL]]> 738 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/pjig-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 15:03:43 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17210 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17210 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/pcig-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 15:06:17 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17213 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17213 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/pr-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 15:08:52 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17216 OPEN COMPETITION What’s the “Right” Thing to Do? How Ethical Expectations for CSR Influence Company Support • Lucinda Austin; Barbara Miller, Elon University; Seoyeon Kim, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This study investigated a new concept in corporate social responsibility (CSR) research—publics’ perceived ethical obligation of companies to address CSR, comparing low- and high-fit CSR programs when companies contribute negatively to social issues through their products or processes. Through a mixed-design experiment, findings revealed that participants placed higher expectations for ethical obligation on corporations in high-fit CSR scenarios. Additionally, ethical expectations—when met—influenced participants’ attitudes about and supportive intentions towards the company. Risky Business: Exploring Differences in Marketplace Advocacy and High-fit CSR on Public Perceptions of Companies • Barbara Miller, Elon University; Lucinda Austin • A between-subjects experiment explored differences in outcomes for high-fit corporate social responsibility (CSR) versus marketplace advocacy programs. Findings revealed that marketplace advocacy, as compared to high-fit CSR, led to increased skepticism and attributions of egoistic motives, and decreased attributions of values-driven motives, company attitudes, attitudes about the social initiative, and supportive intentions. Testing Perceptions of Organizational Apologies after a Data Breach Crisis • Joshua Bentley, Texas Christian University; Liang Ma, Texas Christian University • This study used a 2x2x2x2x2 experimental design (1,630 participants) to test stakeholder reactions to four apology elements in two data breach scenarios. All four elements, expressing remorse, acknowledging responsibility, promising forbearance, and offering reparations contributed to participants’ perception that the organization had apologized. In a high blame scenario, remorse and forbearance were even more important. Acknowledging responsibility did not have a significant effect on organizational reputation, future purchase intention, or negative word of mouth intentions. Giving from the heart: Exploring how ethics of care emerges in corporate social responsibility • Melanie Formentin, Towson University; Denise Bortree, Penn State University • Public relations-based corporate social responsibility (CSR) research largely focuses on organizational goals; scholars rarely examine CSR impacts. In this paper, nonprofit-organization relationships are explored, illustrating how ethics of care is an appropriate normative perspective for encouraging CSR that privileges the beneficiary’s needs (Held, 2006). Depth interviews with 29 nonprofit representatives addressed scholarly gaps. Inductive analysis revealed that nonprofit practitioners describe good CSR as being concerned with themes related to trust, mutual concern, promoting human flourishing, and responsiveness to needs. Whose responsibility? Connecting Organizational Transgressors with Government Regulating Institution • ZHUO CHEN, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Yi-Hui Huang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study examines the underlying logic of situational crisis communication theory (SCCT), i.e., the concept that organizational transgressors are independent from the broader “institution” of their environment. Based on analysis of a case of false medical advertising (the Baidu-Wei Zexi case), our study contends that the responsibility attributed subject of a crisis should be extended from the corporate transgressor (Baidu and the hospital involved) to an institutional subject— the government regulating institution. Accordingly, we believe that the intensifying factors (consistency and distinctiveness) and consequential factors (affective and behavioral) should be modified. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, the empirical findings support this argument; for example, attributing responsibility to the government regulating institution rather than to a corporate transgressor can provide a more powerful predictor of activist action. Similarly, negative emotion about corporate transgressors can damage affective attitudes towards the government regulating institution. All in all, this study expands the theoretical scope of attributed subjects in SCCT—linking corporate wrongdoers to their government regulating institution. Thus, our study calls for revisiting the underlying logic of SCCT and contends that a corporate actor is indeed intertwined with the broader institution. President Donald Trump Meets HBCU Presidents: A Public Relations Post-Mortem • George Daniels, The University of Alabama; Keonte Coleman • When President Donald Trump welcomed more than 60 presidents of the nation’s Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) to the Oval Office for a photo opportunity in February 2017, he made history in the size of the crowd in his office. A textual analysis of 44 news articles and 22 statements of the HBCU presidents shows national media played up controversies while local media gave the HBCU leaders an opportunity to advocate for more resources. Linking SNS and Government-Citizen Relationships: Interactivity, Personification, and Institutional Proximity • Chuqing Dong; Hyejoon Rim, University of Minnesota • Recent years have seen an increasing adoption of social network sites (SNS) in governments at all levels, but limited research examined the effectiveness of the government using SNS that may differ by institutional proximities (e.g., federal, state, and local). To fill the gap, the study explored the interactive and interpersonal approaches of relationship management in the context of government SNS communication. Specifically, two experiments were employed to examine the effects of interactivity, organizational characters, and institutional proximity in predicting the public’s perceived government transparency, engagement intention with government SNS, and trust in government. The study found that agencies at the state and local levels would benefit to different degrees in the government-citizen relationship quality based on the two communication strategies. Moreover, the results encouraged authorities to embrace SNS as a relationship-building tool by replying more to individual citizens’ comments, use a personal tone in conversations, and post more of citizen-oriented contents instead of organization-centered information. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed in the context of the Organization-Public Relationships (OPR) in the public sector. Using Real and Fictitious Companies to Examine Reputation and News Judgments in Press Release Usage • Kirstie Hettinga, California Lutheran University; Melanie Formentin, Towson University • This study uses an experimental design to explore working journalists’ (N = 253) willingness to use or reference press releases that contain typos. The authors explore whether company reputation can overcome errors. The use of both real and fictitious companies yielded interesting findings for future public relations research. The reputations of existing companies, Starbucks and Dunkin’ Donuts, were rated more favorably than a fake company, and press release judgments most strongly predicted potential usage. CSR, Hybrid, or Ability Frames: Examining How Story Frames Impact Stakeholders’ Perceptions • Michel Haigh, Texas State University; Frank Dardis, Penn State University; Holly Ott, University of South Carolina; Erica Bailey, Penn State University • This study examines the impact of corporate social responsibility messaging strategies and messages frames on stakeholders’ perceptions of organizations through a 3 (ability/CSR/hybrid) x 2 (thematic/episodic) online experiment. Results indicated that corporate social responsibility and hybrid strategies perform significantly better than the ability strategy when thematic framing is employed, but that the ability strategy performs well in the episodic-framing condition. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Is social media worth of investment? Seeking relationship between social-mediated stakeholder engagement and nonprofit public donation--a big data approach • Grace Ji; Don Stacks • The majority of investigations in nonprofit public relations have been continuously studying how and whether nonprofit organizations (NPOs) can maximize the full potentials of social media to engage stakeholders online. Yet few have questioned if social media-based stakeholder engagement can impact organizational outcomes that happen both on and offline, such as public donation. Taking the stakeholders’ perceptive, this study attempts to examine the effect of Facebook-based stakeholder engagement with NPOs on organizations’ fundraising success. Using Ordinary Least Square estimation method with lagged variables, the authors modeled nine-year longitudinal social media and financial penal data from the largest 100 NPOs in the United States. Results suggest that not all stakeholder engagements are significant predicators for charitable donation. Only liking and commenting engagement behaviors are positively associated with public donation, but sharing behavior does not improve fundraising success. More interestingly, over posting could associate with a decrease in public donation. The findings bring new empirical insights to existing literature and also practical implications to non-profit public relations professionals. An Examination of Social Media from an Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) Perspective in Global & Regional Organizations • Hua Jiang; Marlene Neill, Baylor University • Communication executives perceive internal social media as a channel that should be integrated and consistent with other communication messages, and also understand the necessity of coordinating with other communication disciplines. Through in-depth interviews with 28 internal and social media communication executives working in the United States, we found evidence of both true collaboration and functional silos. We also examined social media policies and resources provided to empower employees as social media ambassadors. Implications and recommendations were discussed. The Rashomon Effect of an Air Crash: Examining the Narrative Battle over the Smolensk Disaster • Liudmila Khalitova, University of Florida; Barbara Myslik, University of Florida; Agnieszka Turska-Kawa, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland; Sofiya Tarasevich, University of Florida; Spiro Kiousis, University of Florida • The study explores the agenda-building efforts by Russian and Polish governments in shaping international news coverage of the airplane crash near Smolensk, Russia, which killed the Polish President. Compared to the two governments’ public relations messages, Polish and Russian news outlets played a more significant role as their countries’ advocates in determining the international media agenda. Moreover, the Russian media seemed more influential than the Polish outlets in shaping the international narrative about the crash. Growth of Public Relations Research Networks: A Bibliometric Analysis • Eyun-Jung Ki, University of Alabama; Yorgo Pasadeos, University of Alabama; Tugce Ertem Eray, University of Oregon • This research reports on a 6-year citation study of published scholarly research in public relations between 2010 and 2015 in comparison with Pasadeos, Berger, and Renfro (2010) and Pasadeos, Renfro and Hanily’s (1999) works, which examined the literature’s most-cited works in the 2000s and 1990s respectively and identified a research network. Like the two earlier studies, this study identifies current authors and their publication outlets, taxonomizes most-cited works, and draws a co-citation network. Comparing the current study’s findings with those of ten and twenty years earlier helps us understand how the field has evolved as a scholarly discipline and offers future directions for study. Enhancing Employee Sensemaking and Sensegiving Communication Behaviors in Crisis Situations: Strategic Management Approach for Effective Internal Crisis Communication • Young Kim, Marquette University • Understanding employees and their communication behaviors is essential for effective crisis communication. Such an internal aspect of crisis communication, however, has been undervalued, and the need for research has been recently growing. To fill the research gap, the aim of this research is to explore effective internal crisis communication within the strategic management approach, considering employee communication behaviors for sensemaking and sensegiving and their antecedents. A nationwide survey in the U.S. was conducted among full-time employees (N =544). This study found that two-way symmetrical communication and transparent communication were positively strong antecedents of employee communication behaviors for sensemaking and sensegiving in crisis situations, controlling for other effects. Bless or Curse: How Chinese Strategic Communication Practitioners Use Social Media in Crisis Communication • Sining Kong; Huan Chen, University of Florida • This paper aims to examine how Chinese strategic communication practitioners use social media in crisis communication. In-depth interview was used to collect data from twenty Chinese strategic communication practitioners, who have experience in dealing with crises and issues via social media. A model was advanced and depicted how to use social media to monitor and respond to crises, and how to use social media, especially the live broadcast, to mitigate publics’ negative emotions to rebuild positive relationship with publics. Unpacking the Effects of Gender Discrimination in the Corporate Workplace on Consumers’ Affective Responses and Relational Perceptions • Arunima Krishna, Boston University; Soojin Kim, Singapore Management University • The purpose of this study was to investigate (a) how allegations of gender discrimination impact consumers’ relationship with the brand in question, and (b) individual-level factors that impact consumers’ negative affective response to the allegations and eventually, consumer-brand relationships. Findings from a survey conducted among U.S. Americans indicate that individuals’ relational perceptions with a corporate brand whose products/services they consume are negatively affected by allegations of misconduct, in this case, gender discrimination. Results revealed that individuals’ moral orientation and anti-corporate sentiment predicted their perceptions of moral inequity of corporate behavior, which in turn impacted their negative affective response to the allegations. Such negative affective response then impacted individuals’ consumer-corporate brand relationships. Theoretical and practical implications of this work are discussed (120 words). Crisis Information Seeking and Sharing (CISS): Scale Development for Measuring Publics’ Communicative Behavior in Social-Mediated Public Health Crises • Yen-I Lee, University of Georgia; Yan Jin, University of Georgia • Although publics’ information seeking and sharing behaviors have gained increasing importance in crisis communication research, consistent conceptualization and reliable scales for measuring these two types of communicative behavior, especially in social-mediated crises, are lacking. With a focus on public health crisis situations, this study first refined the conceptual framework of publics’ communicative behavior in social-mediated health crises. Then two multiple-item scales for measuring publics’ crisis information seeking and sharing (CISS) in public health crises were developed and tested by employing online survey dataset from a random national sample of 559 adults in the United States. Results indicate that there are eight types of crisis information seeking behavior and 18 types of crisis information sharing behavior, online and offline, crossing over platforms, channels and information sources. The two CISS scales reveal underlying processes of publics’ communicative behavior and provide a valid and reliable psychometric tool for public relations researchers and crisis communication managers to measure publics’ information seeking and sharing activities in social-mediated public health crisis communication. Enhancing Empowerment and Building Relationships via Social Media Engagement: A Study of Facebook Use in the U.S. Airline Industry • Zhiren Li, University of Florida; Rita Linjuan Men, University of Florida • Born in the Web 2.0 era, social media platforms have altered the way people communicate and collaborate with others and with organizations. This study uses Facebook to examine the U.S. airline companies’social media engagement with their consumers. By conducting a web-based quantitative survey, our findings suggest that social media engagement in the U.S. airline industry has a positive influence on airline-customer relationships. Social media empowerment also mediates the effect of social media engagement on overall organization-public relationships. However, the results of our findings differ somewhat from previous studies, hence, we call for further research on social media engagement and organization-public relationships. Is Experience in Fact the Best Teacher? Learning in Crisis Communication • Clila Magen, Bar Ilan University • The following study deals with the crisis communication learning process of organizations in the private sector. It indicates that if there is any crisis communication improvement it is primarily on the exterior layer. In the cases analyzed in the study, very few profound changes were apparent when the organizations faced recurring crises. Despite the promising potential which lies within the Chaos Theory for crisis communication, the research demonstrates that a crisis will not necessarily lead to self-organizing processes which push the organization to improvement and advancement. How Should Organizations Communicate with Mobile Publics on Social Messengers: An Empirical Study of WeChat • Rita Linjuan Men, University of Florida; sunny tsai, university of miami • Mobile-based social messengers are overtaking social networking sites as the new frontier for organizations to engage online stakeholders. This study provides one of the earliest empirical studies to understand how organizations should communicate with mobile publics to enhance public engagement and improve organization-public relationships. This study focuses on WeChat—one of the world’s most popular social messaging apps. Organizations’ information dissemination, interpersonal communication, and two-way symmetrical communication are found to effectively drive public engagement, which in turn enhances relation outcomes. Strategic guidelines based on the study findings are provided. Crisis Management Expert: Elements and Principles for Measuring Expert Performance • Tham Nguyen, University of Oklahoma; Jocelyn Pedersen, University of Oklahoma • Crisis management or crisis communication has become an important research area and recommended course for college students studying public relations and communication. Yet, it takes time for students or average professionals to transfer knowledge into practice in order to be considered an expert in the field. In a study of twenty-five in-depth interviews with Belgian crisis communication practitioners, Claeys and Opgenhaffen (2016) found that practitioners relied mainly on experience, scientific research, gut feelings and intuition rather than theories to respond to a crisis. This study also noted that decision-making about crisis communication depends on the circumstances, particularly, when the crisis involves potential legal issues or when it threatens to damage an organization’s reputation and its many important relationships. Organizational decision makers sometimes call on experts to help them reduce the uncertainty and ambiguity of the situation they face. Yet, when is it appropriate to call an expert in a crisis situation? And how can decision makers gain the most from what a crisis management expert can offer? By reviewing literature in crisis management and expert performance, this conceptual paper discusses what experts and decision makers are, the relationship between crisis experts and decision makers, and it outlines elements and principles to consider in developing a measurement system for expert performance. In addition, the paper proposes a general model for crisis management expert performance. Concluding thoughts will provide suggestions about what to consider before calling a crisis management expert and what decision makers should expect from crisis experts. A Qualitative Analysis of How People Assess the Credibility of Sources Used by Public Relations Practitioners • Julie O'Neil, Texas Christian University; Marianne Eisenmann, inVentiv Health; Maggie Holman, Texas Christian University • This study examined how people assess the credibility of sources used commonly by public relations practitioners—earned news stories, traditional advertisements, native advertisements, independent blogs and corporate blogs. Researchers conducted five groups with 46 participants and implemented a survey with 1,500 participants recruited from a consumer panel. Participants view earned media stories as the most credible. Regardless of source utilized, people value strong writing, copious facts and balanced perspectives when processing public relations messaging. Examining the role of Culture in Shaping Public Expectations of CSR Communication in the United States and China • Holly Ott, University of South Carolina; Anli Xiao, the Pennsylvania State University • This study examines the role of culture in shaping publics’ expectations for CSR communication through survey research in the United States (N = 316) and China (N = 315). Results highlight differences in each public’s expectations of what and how companies should communicate CSR. Among Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity are identified as the strongest predictors for CSR variables. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Where are the women? An examination of the status of research on women and leadership in public relations • Katie Place, Quinnipiac University; Jennifer Vardeman-Winter, Univ. of Houston • Despite evidence that there are no significant differences in leadership ability among women and men in public relations, women are still largely absent from leadership and senior management positions. Furthermore, very few studies about leadership in public relations have considered the affect gender has on leadership enactment and success. Therefore, this secondary analysis examined the state of women and gender scholarship about leadership in public relations as part of a larger study about the state of women in the communication discipline. Specifically, our research found that the majority of the research about leadership and gender highlights women’s lackluster leadership presence, factors contributing to women’s lack of presence, leadership styles and preferences, and leadership and management roles of women. This manuscript provides recommendations for improving women’s presence in leadership roles, particularly in providing a roadmap for future research opportunities. These include considerations for methodological approaches, leadership approaches and roles research, types of leadership, cultural change, and education. Changing the Story: Implications of Narrative on Teacher Identity • Geah Pressgrove; Melissa Janoske, University of Memphis; Stephanie Madden, University of Memphis • This study takes a qualitative approach to understanding the connections between narrative, professional identity and reputation management in public education. Central to the findings are the factors that have led to a reputation crisis for the profession of teaching and thus contribute to the national teacher shortage. Ultimately, this study points to the notion that increasing retention and recruitment can be effected when narratives are understood and the principles of reputation management are applied. Spokesperson is a four-letter word: Public relations, regulation, and power in Occupy New York • Camille Reyes, Trinity University • "This case study analyzes interviews with members of the press relations working group of Occupy Wall Street in New York. Using critical cultural theory as well as history, the group’s media relations tactics are discussed with an emphasis on the role of spokesperson, revealing contested meanings about public relations work in the context of a social movement. The moments of regulation and production in the circuit of culture explain the constraints experienced by many of these activist practitioners as they navigate the horizontal structure/ideal of their movement with hierarchical norms of more institutional public relations practices—creating a paradox of sorts. How does one defy the status quo when seeking to engage with a mainstream media system that—to their eyes—is co-opted by the wealthy elite, while using tactics that are seen as equally problematic? Historical analysis lends a comparative frame through which to view a critical cultural interpretation of public relations in an understudied context. Distal Antecedents of Organization-Public Relationships: The Influence of Motives and Perceived Issue and Value Congruence • Trent Seltzer, Texas Tech University College of Media & Communication; Nicole Lee • Using an online survey of 514 US adults, this study identified which relational antecedents motivated individuals to enter organization-public relationships (OPRs) across a variety of organization types. Additionally, we examined the relative influence of motives, perceived issue congruence, and perceive value congruence on OPR perceptions. Findings suggest social/cultural expectations and risk reduction are the primary motives influencing perceptions of OPRs; however, perceived issue and value congruence with the organization are more influential antecedents than motives. Does an Organization’s CSR Association affect the Perception of Communication Efforts? • Kang Hoon Sung, Cal Poly Pomona • Organizations often utilize interpersonal communications tactics on social media such as responding to customer comments or adopting a human conversational voice for better evaluations. Past studies have shown that these interpersonal communication tactics could indeed lead to positive outcomes and give the organization a more human and sincere face. The study examined whether the organization’s perceived CSR associations could have an influence in this process. Grounded in prior research on suspicion and organization’s personality dimensions, the current study investigated the influence of organization’s prior CSR associations on the organization’s interpersonal communication efforts that are associated with increasing the sincerity personality dimension (e.g., increased interaction, enhanced conversational tone). The results of the online experiment revealed that CSR activities significantly increased the organization’s perceived sincerity personality dimension and decreased suspicions about motives of the organization’s communication efforts. The mediation analysis suggests that less suspicion leads to more perceived sincerity toward organization, eventually leading to increased relationship quality. The 'New York World,' Byron C. Utecht, and Pancho Villa's Public Relations Campaign • Michael Sweeney, Ohio University; Young Joon Lim, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley • This paper attempts to assess Francisco “Pancho” Villa not as a general or quasi-politician, but rather as a practitioner of public relations. It investigates, by close observation of his actions and words, his strategy and tactics to build support among three specifically targeted audiences: the people of Mexico, American war correspondents, and the people of the United States. This paper examines secondary literature about public relations and about Pancho Villa’s life for evidence of his practicing public relations as we understand it today. Supplementing this literature review are primary documents from the archives of Byron C. Utecht at the University of Texas at Arlington. Utecht’s collection consists of his original photographs of his travels in Mexico on behalf of the New York World; telegrams to and from the World; typewritten notes and stories; clippings of his articles in the World and the clients of its wire service; and published interviews with Utecht about his trips into Mexico both as a lone journalist and as an accredited correspondent. It seeks to answer the key question: How did Villa practice public relations? Ten years after The Professional Bond: Has the academy answered the call in pedagogical research? • Amanda Weed, Ashland University • CPRE is scheduled to release its next report of the status of public relations education in September of 2017. In anticipation of the report, this research seeks to determine if the academy has answered the call of The Professional Bond through an examination of pedagogical research published from 2007 to 2016 in four academic journals including the Journal of Advertising Education, the Journalism & Mass Communication Education, the Journal of Public Relations Education, and Public Relations Review. By conducting a meta-analysis of published research through a content analysis of article types, themes, and topics, this research determined that pedagogical research in public relations is lacking, especially among the topics specifically addressed in The Professional Bond. The Role of Dissatisfaction in the Relationship Between Consumer Empowerment and Their Complaining Behavioral Intentions • Hao Xu, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Jennifer Ball, Temple University • This experimental study examined the mechanism of how consumer complaining behavioral intentions are driven by social media empowerment, and the role of dissatisfaction in this mechanism. The results revealed that dissatisfaction has both mediating and moderating effects in the relationship between consumer empowerment and some of the specific complaining behavioral intentions. Both theoretical and practical implications in terms of the dynamics of consumer dissatisfaction and power-induced complaining intentions were discussed. Partisan News Media and China’s Country Image: An Online Experiment based on Heuristic-Systematic Model • Chen Yang, University of Houston - Victoria; Gi Woong Yun, University of Nevada, Reno • Based on Heuristic-Systematic Model, this research used a 2×2 pretest-posttest experimental design to measure China’s image after participants’ exposure to the news stimuli about China from a partisan media website. Two manipulated factors were media partisanship (congruent or incongruent partisan media) and news slant (positive or negative coverage of China). The results did not demonstrate any priming effect of news coverage. However, media partisanship had a significant influence on country beliefs. Significant interaction effects on country beliefs and desired interaction were also found. NGOs’ humanitarian advocacy in the 2015 refugee crisis: A study of agenda building in the digital age • Aimei Yang, University of Southern California; Adam Saffer • In the 2015 European refugee crisis, humanitarian NGOs offered help and actively advocated for millions of refugees. The current study aims to understand what communication strategies are most effective for humanitarian NGOs to influence media coverage and publics’ social media conversations about the crisis. Our findings reveal that agenda building on traditional media and in social media conversations require different strategies. Specifically, although providing information subsidies could powerfully influence traditional media coverage, its effect waned in the context of social media conversations. In contrast, NGOs’ hyperlink network positions emerged as the one of the most influential predictor for NGOs’ prominence in social media conversations. Moreover, stakeholder engagement could influence agenda-building both in traditional media coverage and social media conversations. Finally, organizational resources and characteristics are important factors as well. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. Using Facebook efficiently: Assessing the impact of organizational Facebook activities on organizational reputation • Lan Ye, State University of New York at Cortland; Yunjae Cheong, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies • This study analyzed 22 companies’ efficiency of using Facebook in reputation management by using data envelopment analysis (DEA). Results reveal that overall, the efficient companies (n =8) posted less frequently than did the inefficient companies (n = 14); companies receiving more engagements were more efficient than those receiving fewer engagements; and companies adopting one main Facebook Page were more efficient than those adopting multiple Facebook Pages. Size and length of history of an organization were not found to affect efficiency outcomes significantly. The Effects of Behavioral Recommendations in Crisis Response and Crisis Threat on Stakeholders' Behavioral Intention Outcomes • Xiaochen Zhang, Kansas State University; Jonathan Borden, Syracuse University • This experiment investigates the intersection between crisis threat, self-efficacy, affect and organizational messaging strategies on stakeholder behavioral outcomes in crises. Behavioral recommendations in crisis messages affected stakeholders’ behavioral outcomes through self-efficacy. Negative emotions also mediated behavioral recommendation and threat’s influence on stakeholders’ behavioral outcomes. Results imply that the extended parallel process model has significant implications for crisis management, however increases in stakeholder self-protective behaviors come at the expense of organizational reputation. Issues Management as a Proactive Approach to Crisis Communication: Publics’ Cognitive Dissonance in Times of Issue-Related Crisis • Xiaochen Zhang, Kansas State University • Through an experiment, this study examines effects of issues management (issues attribution framing) on publics’ response to issue-related crisis. In Coca-Cola and obesity crisis’s case, public-organization identification and issues involvement were identified as predictors of blame, corporate evaluation, and purchase intentions. Results indicated that high identification and high issue involvement publics may experience cognitive dissonance and are more likely to support the organization under the external attribution frame (framing the obesity issue as personal responsibility). STUDENT The First Generation: Lessons from the public relations industry’s first university-trained social media practitioners • Luke Capizzo, University of Maryland • Public relations educators are grappling with the best methods to prepare undergraduates for the constantly shifting world of social media practice. The recent graduates (2011-2016) interviewed for this study constitute the first generation of practitioners with robust, formal social media training. Their experiences in school and in the workforce reinforce some current best practices—such as the value of internship experiences, the resonance of case studies, and the importance of excellent writing skills—but also point toward the need for increased emphasis on strategic social media, brand writing, visual communication, and the continued importance of a deeply integrated curriculum. Using social cognitive theory as a guiding framework, this study examines the salience of observational learning, behavior modeling, and self efficacy for building pedagogical theory for the social media classroom. Unearthing the Facets of Crisis History in Crisis Communication: Testing A Conceptual Framework • LaShonda Eaddy, The University of Georgia • Coombs’s (2004) Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) identifies performance history, which includes crisis history and relationship history, as an intensifier of attribution of responsibility during crises. The proposed model examines crisis history and its possible roles among various stakeholder groups as well as possible impact on organizational control, crisis emotion and crisis responsibility. The study also offers a crisis history salience scale that was developed based on a thorough literature review as well as in-depth interviews with public relations practitioners, public relations scholars, journalists, and the general public. The crisis history salience scale can assist crisis communicators consider the multiple facets of crisis history during their crisis communication planning and implementation. Dominant coalition perceptions in health-oriented, non-profit public relations • Torie Fowler, University of Southern Mississippi • Unlike many departments within an organization, public relations is often faced with the task of proving their importance to the dominant coalition. In health-oriented, non-profit organizations, leaders may find it hard to prove their value when patients, research, or life-saving technology takes precedent. This study examined the perceptions of public relations leaders in this specific field regarding their inclusion in the dominant coalition, how they are able to influence decision-making in their organization, and what barriers could keep leaders from obtaining membership into the coalition. This qualitative study included nine in-depth interviews, where four of the nine participants, perceived they were included in the dominant coalition of their organization. Several themes were identified when participants were asked how they were able to influence decision-making, such as: being included early, having credibility, practicing proactive public relations, and devising a strategic plan. Although less than half of the participants believed they were included in the dominant coalition, all of them thought they could influence the decisions made by the dominant coalition in some capacity. There were two consistent barriers to inclusion: a misunderstanding of public relations and an uneducated or inexperienced practitioner. This study contributes to the body of knowledge about public relations by bringing additional insight into how health-oriented, non-profit public relations leaders perceive that they are able to influence decision-making of the dominant coalition. The study also shows how current literature about public relations inclusion in the dominant coalition does not align with actuality for this group of leaders. Constructing Trust and Confidence amid Crisis in the Digital Era • Jiankun Guo • Using a hypothetical food-poisoning crisis on campus, this qualitative research explored college students’ construction of trust and confidence online/offline via in-depth interviews. It applied the Trust, Confidence, and Cooperation (TCC) Model as a conceptual lens, but added new insights pertaining to the altering media landscape. Results showed that students constructed trust/confidence online according to a variety of factors (message features, sources, sites, and targets), but virtually all of them valued offline “facetime” due to its ability to convey emotional cues. Multimedia, therefore, offered an advantage in offering emotional reassurances via online channels. Participants also viewed trust-/confidence-building from the authority as a fluid process accumulated slowly overtime, regardless of channels. This study contributes to crisis communication scholarship in the digital era, particularly with an aim to facilitate community resilience. Understanding the Donor Experience: Applying Stewardship Theory to Higher Education Donors • Virginia Harrison, The Pennsylvania State University • This study examines how stewardship strategies and involvement impact organization-public relationship outcomes for higher education donors at three different levels of giving. Findings suggest that stewardship strategies positively predict OPR outcomes, and that donors at different giving levels experience stewardship strategies and OPR outcomes differently. Also, findings reveal that stewardship may include only three strategies. Involvement only slightly moderates the relationship between stewardship and OPR outcomes. Implications for fundraising practice and theory are made. Stakeholder relationship building in response to corporate ethical crisis : A semantic network analysis of sustainability reports • Keonyoung Park; Hyejin Kim, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities • This study explored how a corporation’s ethical crisis affects the way of sustainability reporting as a crisis communication tool. Especially, this study sheds light on the relationship building with stakeholders after the ethical crisis. To do so, we examined the Korean Air’s sustainability annual reports (SAR) before and after the ‘Nut Rage’ incident using a series of semantic networking analyses. Asiana Airline’s SARs before and after the crash at the San Francisco International Airport were also analyzed to find distinctive characteristics of the ethical crisis. The result suggested that the Korean Air’s SAR seemed to show the importance of relationship with stakeholders after the ethical crisis, while there was no meaningful change after the non-ethical crisis of Asiana Airlines. The results were discussed in relation to the situational crisis communication theory. What Did You Expect? How Brand Personality Types and Transgression Types Shape Consumers’ Response in a Brand Crisis • Soyoung Lee, The University of Texas at Austin; Ji Mi Hong; Hyunsang Son • The current research examined how different types of brand personality play a role to develop a specific consumers’ expectation toward a brand, and how this expectation works in various ways in different types of brand transgressions. Based on expectancy violation theory and brand transgression research, a 2 (brand personality types: sincerity vs. competence) × 2 (brand transgression types: morality-related vs. competence-related transgression) factorial design was employed. Corporate evaluations and purchase intention toward the brand were considered as dependent variables. The results revealed that a brand having a sincerity personality is more vulnerable to a morality-related transgression. However, there is no difference in consumers’ responses by transgression type for a brand with a competence personality. Findings showed that brand personality types and transgression types can be critical factors to influence consumers’ responses in times of crisis. Theoretical and empirical implications are discussed. What Makes Employees Stay Silent? The Role of Perceptions of Problem and Organization-Employee Relationship • Yeunjae Lee • This study aims to examine the impacts of individuals’ perceptions of problems and organization-employee relationship on employees’ silence intention during periods of an organizational issue. Using the situational theory of problem-solving (STOPS) and relational theory, this study intends to explore conceptual convergences by building linkages among issue-specific perceptions, relationship, and employee silence. An online survey was conducted for 412 full-time employees working in companies with more than 300 employees in the U.S. Results suggest that individuals’ perceived relationship is negatively related to their problem, constraint recognition, and silence intention, while it is positively related to involvement recognition. Perceptions of constraint recognition and less involvement to an organizational issue are associated with employee silence. Different impacts of individuals’ issue-specific perceptions and relationship were also examined for different types of silence—acquiescent, prosocial, and defensive silence. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. “Breaking the Silence”: Segmenting Asian Americans in the United States to Address Mental Health Problems in the Community • Jo-Yun Queenie Li • This article describes an exploratory study designed to investigate the applicability of cultural identity in public segmentation within a racial/ethnic population in order to address mental health issues in Asian community in the United States. Using a pilot survey of 58 Asian Americans, this research employs the acculturation theory and the situational theory of publics to explore individuals’ communication behavior related to mental health issues. By doing so, this study contributes to the (re)conceptualization and operationalization of cultural identity in intercultural public relations discipline and provides practical implications to organizations that target specific racial/ethnic groups. The findings show that Asian Americans who are more highly acculturated in the United States could be considered as the active publics. They may be helpful in spreading out information, reaching out potential publics, encouraging themselves and other members in the community who have suffered from mental health issues to utilize mental health services. Pouring Water on Conservative Fire: Discourse of Renewal in Facebook’s Response to Allegations of Bias • Tyler G Page, University of Maryland • Using Facebook’s 2016 trending topics crisis, this study applies the message convergence framework and discourse of renewal to analyze an organizational crisis response. The study reports a qualitative analysis of Facebook’s crisis response statements and a quantitative content analysis of 140 blog, magazine, and newspaper articles covering the crisis. Tone of news coverage improved when discourse of renewal strategy was covered and when media coverage included at least one quote from the organization. Understanding Public Engagement in Sustainability Initiatives: The Situational Theory of Publics and the Theory of Reasoned Action Approaches • Soojin Roh, Syracuse University • In an attempt to extend the situational theory of publics, this study tested a public engagement model to explain how situational factors, subjective norm, and attitudes toward a sustainability initiative influence public’s communication action as well as different types of behavioral engagement intention. An online survey (N=502) was administered to test predictors of participation intent for recycling clothes campaigns and continuous public engagement with the sustainability cause. Structural equation modeling results indicate that problem recognition and constraint recognition are key predictors of information gaining (information seeking, sharing, and processing) and campaign participation intent. Subjective norms and positive attitude toward the campaign lead to the greater likelihood of participating in the campaign. The analysis also yielded a significant association between information gaining and public’s behavioral engagement including civic engagement, suggesting the mediating role of information gaining. Furthermore, the analysis showed a significant direct effect of involvement on civic engagement. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. Understanding Public Engagement on Digital Media: Exploring Its Effects on Employee-Organization Relationships • Yuan Wang, The University of Alabama • This study examined the effects of employees’ organizational identification and engagement with mobile phones and social media on their relationships with the organization and positive word-of-mouth (WOM) communication through a web-based survey of employees via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Findings suggested that employees’ organizational identification significantly influenced their digital media engagement. This study also identified employees’ organizational identification and digital media engagement as new predictors of employee-organization relationships, which, furthermore, led to positive WOM communication. Defining and Communicating Diversity: A Content Analysis of the Websites of the Top PR Agencies • Anli Xiao, the Pennsylvania State University; Jinyoung Kim; Wunpini Mohammed; Hilton Erica; Colleen Pease • "This paper examines how top PR agencies define diversity, how they express diversity identities and communicate diversity values to prospective employees and clients. Through a content analysis of top PR agencies’ websites, this study finds PR agencies’ defined diversity narrowly and they showed limited efforts in communicating diversity values to future employees and clients. Agency ranking significantly correlated with some diversity efforts communicated. Implications are discussed. TEACHING Experiential Learning and Crisis Simulations: Leadership, Decision Making, and Communication Competencies • Hilary Fussell Sisco, Quinnipiac University; John Brummette; Laura Willis, Quinnipiac University; Michael Palenchar, University of Tennesseee • Students benefit from simulation exercises that require them to apply public relations research and theories. Using an experimental learning approach (N=16), this present paper assesses the effectiveness of a crisis simulation exercise using a pre-test/post-test evaluation. Findings suggest that crisis simulation exercises can prepare future practitioners by providing them practices in discipline-centric experiences that also bolster their personal professional development in the areas of leadership, decision making and communication competency. One Liners and Catchy Hashtags: Building a Graduate Student Community Through Twitter Chats • Melissa Janoske, University of Memphis; Robert Byrd, University of Memphis; Stephanie Madden, University of Memphis • This study takes a mixed-methods approach to understanding how graduate student education and engagement are intertwined, and the ability of an ongoing Twitter chat to increase both. Analysis includes the chats themselves, a mixed-methods survey to chat participants, and memoing completed by the researchers (also faculty chat participants and the chat moderator). Key findings include the importance of building both online and offline connections, the ability of Twitter chats to increase fun and reduce stress, and to gain both tacit and explicit knowledge. Finally, the project offers practical suggestions for those looking to start their own chat series. Millennial Learners and Faculty Credibility: Exploring the Mediating Role of Out-Of-Class Communication • Carolyn Kim • Every generation experiences distinct events and develops unique values. The Millennial generation is no exception. As Millennial Learners enter classrooms, they bring with them new views about education, learning and faculty/student communication. All of this blends together to influence their perspectives of faculty credibility. This study explores the mediating role of out-of-class communication (OCC) in relation to the historical dimensions known to compose faculty credibility. Examination of Continuous Response Assessment of Communication Course Presentation Competency • Geoffrey Graybeal, Texas Tech University; Jobi Martinez, Texas Tech University • This study examined the use of continuous response (dial test) technology as a means of providing feedback to improve formal presentations required to meet learning objectives in college communication courses and a variety of assessment strategies utilized in the assignment. Findings suggest that use of video assessment and a student self-assessment have the greatest impact on final presentation performance and that the first dial test pitch should not be graded. Competition and Public Relations Campaigns: Assessing the Impact of Competition on Projects, Partners, and Students • Chris McCollough, Columbus State University • Scholars in public relations pedagogy have provided a strong body of research on the impact of service learning, community partnerships (Daugherty, 2003), and applied learning in general on campaigns, writing, and production courses common to the public relations curriculum (Wandel, 2005). Rarely explored, however, is the impact of competition among student groups within a public relations course on the quality of campaigns, student experience, client satisfaction, and achievement of learning outcomes (Rentner, 2012). The paper will present a comparative analysis of campaign courses that employed competitive and non-competitive campaign course models to demonstrate the impact of incorporating competition within public relations courses. Integrating Web and Social Analytics into Public Relations Research Course Design: A Longitudinal Pedagogical Research on Google Analytics Certification • Juan Meng, University of Georgia; Yan Jin; Yen-I Lee, University of Georgia; Solyee Kim, University of Georgia • This longitudinal pedagogical research contributes with integrating web and social analytics-based activities into the Public Relations Research course design. Results from the pre- and post-tests confirmed that students’ knowledge on web and social analytics is low but desire to learn is high. Consistent patterns on learning outcomes suggest more experience-based learning activities are needed to leverage the practical implications of web and social analytics in public relations research and practice. More pedagogical recommendations are discussed. Media Relations Instruction and Theory Development: Relational Dialectical Approach • Justin Pettigrew, Kennesaw State University • There has been almost no research in the area of media relations or media relations instruction in the public relations literature. This study seeks to fill a gap in theory-building in the area of media relations and examines the state of media relations instruction in today’s public relations curriculum through a survey of public relations professors. The author suggests relational dialectical theory as a way to better understand the relationship between public relations practitioners and journalists, and proposes a relational dialectical approach to theory building and in teaching media relations in today’s changing landscape. Developing a Blueprint for Social Media Pedagogy: Trials, Tribulations, and Best Practices • ai zhang, Stockton University; Karen Freberg, University of Louisville • Social media research, and particularly social media pedagogy, has increased substantially as a domain in public relations research. Yet, along with this increased focus on social media pedagogy, educators and other higher education professionals are under pressure from industry, professional communities, and university administrations to keeping their classes updated and relevant for their students. To better understand the current state and rising expectations facing educators teaching social media, this study interviewed 31 social media professors to explore the trials and tribulations of their journey and to identify best practices of social media as a pedagogical tool. The study also suggested a blueprint for implementing social media pedagogy in the classroom. Future implications for both research and practice are also discussed. DOUG NEWSOM AWARD FOR GLOBAL ETHICS GLOBAL DIVERSITY An Exploratory Study of Transformed Media Relations Dimensions After the Implementation of an Anti-graft Law • Soo-Yeon Kim, Sogang University; JOOHYUN HEO • The Improper Solicitation and Graft Act, which went into effect on September 28, 2016, strictly prohibits gift-giving to journalists, thereby making a traditional media relations practice in Korea illegal. A survey of 342 public relations practitioners revealed that providing monetary gifts, performing formal responsibility, building informal relationships, getting paid media coverage, and taking informal support were found to be significant subdimensions of media relations. After implementation of the anti-graft law, public relations practitioners expressed a belief that the practice of providing monetary gifts will shrink the most and performing formal responsibility would experience the most growth. The formal responsibility factor was significantly positively related to support for the new law and public relations ethics, while taking informal support was negatively linked to public relations ethics. Getting paid media coverage showed the most significant positive relationship with difficulties of effective media relations. MUSEUM OF PUBLIC RELATIONS PR HISTORY AWARD Raymond Simon: PR Educational Pioneer • Patricia Swann, Utica College • Raymond Simon, professor emeritus of public relations at Utica College, whose teaching career spanned nearly four decades, was among PRWeek’s 100 most influential 20th century people in public relations. Simon’s contributions to education include developing one of the first full-fledged public relations undergraduate curriculums; authoring the first public relations-specific classroom textbooks for writing and case studies, in addition to a textbook for the principles course; and developing student potential through national student organizations and mentoring. 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17216 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/rmig-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 16:13:24 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17219 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17219 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/schol-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 16:16:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17222 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17222 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/spig-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 16:26:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17225 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17225 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/sports-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 16:32:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17228 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17228 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/06/viscom-2017-abstracts/ Fri, 02 Jun 2017 16:58:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17234 2017 ABSTRACTS]]> 17234 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/07/drones/ Thu, 20 Jul 2017 18:32:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17298 Drones: Just Another Tool By Mary T. Rogus AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Associate Professor E.W. Scripps School of Journalism Ohio University rogus@ohio.edu     (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, July 2017 issue) “Drone journalism? I didn’t know they could write.” Sometimes it takes someone completely unattached to journalism to cut right to the heart of an issue. Suddenly the thousand or so words already written to make a point seemed superfluous, but since they’re written, here they are. Two summers ago, a television station in my local market, Columbus, OH, received one of the FCC waivers to operate a drone for commercial purposes (before the licensing rules were adopted). With great promotional fanfare, the drone was named and launched. Every night on the evening news there was at least one story with drone video and multiple live aerial shots for weather, traffic or beauty bumper shots. Only about one in four of the stories effectively used or needed the drone video, and the weather and traffic shots were no better than those the station already had from tower and traffic cameras. I was immediately transported back to my years as a television news producer when some shiny new piece of technology came into our newsroom, and we were tasked with finding ways to use it. I vividly remember the frustration, shared by many, of having to kill legitimate stories so we could go to one more “Sky-7” chopper shot for breaking news, that often wasn’t news at all. That same “finding ways to use our new technological toy” attitude seemed to be the focus of drone classes presented at a recent academic conference for educators in broadcast and digital media. We heard all about what equipment to buy, and teaching students to operate drones and pass the certification test. One class even received a grant to buy kits for each student to build his or her own drone. But it wasn’t until we got to ask questions that there was any mention of ethics, or when and why to use drone video. There is no question that drones already are enhancing video journalism in the same way that helicopters did in the 1970’s and 80’s. It’s difficult to remember the days when we covered floods, tornado and hurricane damage, wild fires, crop damage from droughts, etc. without helicopter cameras. And that view from above provides an important perspective to coverage of marches and protests, while also being safer for journalists on the ground. More important, drones make aerial photography and videography accessible to a much wider range of journalism outlets because they are less expensive to own and operate. Getting certified to fly a drone and having the skills to shoot video or pictures with it would be a valuable extra for a journalism student entering the job market. But the essential skill is knowing when drone video or pictures are the best way to visualize a story and when they are simply a distraction. You do not need to be a certified Apple trainer to edit a compelling video story. You do not need to know how to take apart and put together a Sony XDCAM to shoot good video stories. University of Nebraska’s Drone Journalism Lab and University of Missouri’s Drone Journalism Program have the right idea in training students and professionals to use drones as one tool for visual storytelling. Both run regular workshops (although Missouri also is now teaching a full class) and have a professional staff, with certified and experienced pilots to operate and maintain the drone equipment. They have developed drone operation manuals, with safety and ethics prominently discussed. They also do what journalism schools should do with new technology — experiment and research the ways it can help journalists tell better stories. In addition, Poynter partnered with UN’s Drone Journalism Lab, Google News Lab and the National Press Photographers Association to provide intensive three-day workshops on using drones for journalism. The Professional Society of Drone Journalists (yes, there is one!) developed what it calls a layered approach to drone ethics, layered on top of existing ethics codes from organizations such as SPJ, RTNDA and NPPA. There are five layers creating a pyramid — the foundation of the pyramid is Newsworthiness and the top of the pyramid is Traditional Journalism Ethics: • Traditional ethics. “As outlined by professional codes of conduct for journalists.” • Privacy. “The drone must be operated in a fashion that does not needlessly compromise the privacy of non-public figures…” • Sanctity of law and public spaces. “A drone operator must abide by the regulations that apply to the airspace where the drone is operated whenever possible…” • Safety. “A drone operator must first be adequately trained in the operation of his or her equipment. The equipment itself must be in a condition suitable for safe and controlled flight….” • Newsworthiness. “The investigation must be of sufficient journalistic importance to risk using a potentially harmful aerial vehicle. Do not use a drone if the information can be gathered by other, safer means.” As journalism educators, we struggle with the journalistic value and ethical considerations, not to mention the skills learning, of constant technological innovation. A digital editor for the New York Times provided very helpful advice during a Poynter seminar on the Future of Journalism. As we eagerly asked which software and hardware we should be teaching our students, he said, “None! Any technology they use in college will be obsolete by the time they enter the job market.” Instead he urged us to always emphasize the story. Then get them so adaptable to changing technology, that when they have an idea for a story element, it’s second nature to google search for the freeware tool they need and find the YouTube video that teaches them how to use it. The first thing I did when I got back to my office was delete every step-by-step cheat sheet I had painstakingly created for the tools my students use. Sources: PSDJ Code of Ethics for Drone Journalists, http://www.dronejournalism.org/code-of-ethics/ Poynter, https://www.poynter.org/ The Drone Journalism Lab, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, http://www.dronejournalismlab.org/ Teaching Corner]]> 17298 0 0 0 https://twitter.com/newsengagement Fri, 22 Sep 2017 17:05:58 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17469 17469 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/09/students-jittery/ Thu, 28 Sep 2017 14:19:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17495 Are your students jittery, jaded or jazzed after the first day of class? By Carol Schwalbe AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Associate Professor Director of Graduate Studies School of Journalism University of Arizona cschwalbe@email.arizona.edu   (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, September 2017 issue) Summer is over, and the semester is about to begin. You’ve ordered books, selected readings and finished the syllabus. But have you paid much attention to what you’ll cover on the first day of class beyond reviewing the syllabus? Years ago, I met an architecture professor who told me that he launched his course by skimming over the syllabus, then energizing the students about the semester ahead by asking them a thought-provoking question: What is architecture? Does it have to be a human-built construction, or can it be an inspirational space, such as Lascaux Cave? What about a circus tent? A beehive? An egg carton? A merry-go-round? A log cabin? A computer program? A bonfire? Before long, we were engaged in a lively discussion. I often think of this encounter as I prepare for the first day of class each semester. Here are a variety of ways you can immerse your students in the content of your course and get them excited about the semester ahead. These activities will help you learn the students’ names, their aspirations and what will motivate them to do well in your course. The students are actively engaged. They begin to learn one another’s names, and they start doing journalism on the first day of class. First Impressions Students will size you up in just a few seconds. To set a positive tone, greet each student individually before your class begins. Dive into Content Save the syllabus review for the end of the class. Instead, use the first valuable minutes to stimulate students’ interest in your course. Ask a thought-provoking question, as the architecture professor did. Or pose an ethical issue, discuss a hot news topic or critique a media piece. Speed Interviewing I do a variation of speed dating known as speed interviewing. In addition to serving as an icebreaker, this activity primes students to listen for quotable quotes. We also review interviewing tips, such as keeping eye contact while taking notes. Before we start, we discuss the advantages of open-ended versus close-ended questions, then list possible items to ask about during the interview: Name, including the correct spelling of first name and last name Hometown Favorite things to do Reasons for studying journalism Best or worst journalism experience Dream career Contact information With notebook in hand, the students pair off and interview their classmate. The students then switch roles. Volunteers introduce their classmate and include a quotable quote. I give the volunteers a reporter’s notebook or extra credit. Afterward, the group discusses the questions that worked well and those that didn’t — and why. If I have enough time, the students write a short bio (between 250 and 300 words) of their classmate. They then exchange the bio with their classmate, who checks it for accuracy. The students hand in the bios, which give me a sense of the strengths and weaknesses of their interviewing and writing skills. Sharing the Syllabus To free up time for activities like speed interviewing, I ask the students to read the syllabus ahead of time and come prepared to answer questions. Here are examples: What two things surprised you about this syllabus? What two questions do you have about this course? What’s exciting you about this course? What’s confusing or making you nervous about this course? What would you change? I post the syllabus in our course management system several days before the first class, then email the assignment to the students. Divvy up the Syllabus If you prefer to review the syllabus in class, you can save time by dividing the students into small groups. Each group reviews a different section of the syllabus and shares the five most interesting/surprising things with their classmates. Ticket Out In the last few minutes of class I hand out blank 3x5 index cards. On this Ticket Out the students write two things they want to get out of class besides an A, along with any concerns, questions or things they’re looking forward to. The cards are anonymous, so students can express their honest feelings. During the next class I review the students’ answers, which often reveal concerns and misperceptions I can address early on. Wrap up 5 or 10 minutes early For some reason, many students resent profs who go the whole time on the first day of class. It’s a quirky thing with students. If you wrap up a bit early that first day, they will appreciate it. You can make up for the shortened class later in the semester. Bottom line These activities make students more excited about the semester ahead than they would be if we devoted the first class to reviewing the syllabus.   Teaching Corner]]> 17495 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2017/10/leading-discussions/ Thu, 26 Oct 2017 12:38:27 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17596 Strategies for Leading Discussions of Race and Diversity in the Classroom By Karen M. Turner AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Associate Professor Department of Journalism Temple University kturner@temple.edu   (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, November 2017 issue) My original idea for this month’s column was to focus on recapping and providing advice from a robust teaching panel discussion I participated in at the 2017 Chicago AEJMC Conference entitled, “Your Candidate Is a Loser - Strategies for Leading Discussions of Race and Diversity in the Classroom.” And then Hurricane Maria slammed into the Caribbean and I got another idea. Since both are important, this column will address two issues. Strategies for Leading Discussions of Race and Diversity in the Classroom The idea for the AEJMC panel came from Iona’s Mitchell Bard. He said the spark was watching the now president make racist comments during the presidential campaign and emboldening people with similar views to speak so openly.  He questioned what he would do if a student said something offensive or insensitive in his class.  As teaching chair of the Political Communication Interest Group, Bard said he approached the Minorities and Communication Division’s Melody Fischer about co-sponsoring and the panel collaboration was born. All four panelists provided tips from their well-worn teaching toolboxes and strategized with audience participants about specific classroom challenges.  I shared many of the teaching strategies I wrote about in my March 2017 column: http://www.aejmc.org/home/2017/02/conversation-about-race/ What made the panel so valuable was the diversity of the panelists and their institutional environments. Here are some words of wisdom from panelist Katy Culver, Wisconsin-Madison (kbculver@wisc.edu): • Pay attention to your course materials. I realized my readings in a technology class tilted almost entirely male. One of my lectures on visual communication included only one example featuring a person of color and that was in a negative context. Things like the names you include in assignments or quizzes matter. Diversify across the board. • Recognize that group projects can be a problem. Students’ implicit — or explicit — biases can make these projects thorny, yet problems are often invisible to you. I set up surveys at different mile markers in a project and ask students about the dynamics in the group. I don’t make it explicitly about race, gender, class or other variables that can raise bias concerns. Instead, I ask things like, “Is there anything I can do to help you be successful within your group?” One time, an adult returning student used this opportunity to tell me she felt shunned by her group members because she worked two jobs to put herself through school, which made meeting times tough to coordinate. I was able to both advise her on how to respond directly and alter my schedule, so class time could be used for meeting. • Talk about bias early and openly. I have students take a survey at the start of the semester about the kinds of qualities they think they have and the kinds they value in other people. I talk about how we may think we value others regardless of our differences, but what we think and how we act can be at odds. I have them do a reading on unconscious bias, and we talk about it in class. I haven’t had much luck with readings that are academic in nature. Instead, I use more popular ones, like this Fast Company article: https://www.fastcompany.com/3044738/7-simple-methods-to-fight-against-your-unconscious-biases. I also use current examples, saying things like, “I watched CBS News this morning and got ticked off because they went 21 minutes before I saw a female source used in a story. Do you guys ever notice that? Why do you think that happens?” The Importance of Leading Discussions about News Coverage I always teach a media literacy module focusing on what stories are missing from the news; or perhaps were covered in depth just weeks ago and have disappeared from the headlines; or those stories covered but perhaps not completely. A day or so following Hurricane Maria’s destruction in the Caribbean, I was scheduled to begin this literacy module.  We talked about the top stories in the news including the aftermath of Hurricane Maria and the devastating conditions reported on the ground in Puerto Rico. I pressed them to tell me about the condition of the other islands that were in Maria’s path.  Then I asked them to check their various mainstream media sources for hurricane reports.  What we found were numerous stories about the worsening situation in Puerto Rico.  At this point I shared with my class a friend’s personal story to illustrate the reality of stories not covered. The weekend following the storm, a colleague was desperately trying to get her daughter and fiancé off the island of St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands. That group of islands had suffered devastating damage, too, resulting in no electricity, lack of water and limited access to medical care – just to name a few of their challenges. However, the story of the U.S. Virgin Islands was missing from U.S. mainstream media reports. When I personalized a situation where reporting was lacking, the students seemed to grasp how the gatekeeping function of journalism can fall short.  I admitted that my personal connection to the Virgin Islands made me more aware of the reportorial shortcomings. We then identified other stories that had disappeared from the headlines such as the latest about ISIS, Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria. What’s encouraging is we then looked at several reputable social media sources where we found stories that were outside the reporting of mainstream outlets.  With so much media attention to low-hanging fruit and shiny objects, it’s always good to remind ourselves and this generation of news consumers to be aware of those important issues that are under-covered or not covered at all. Teaching Corner]]> 17596 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/01/thoughts-on-advising/ Mon, 08 Jan 2018 15:58:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17789 Some Thoughts on Advising By Natalie Tindall AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Chair Department of Communication Lamar University drnatalietjtindall@gmail.com   (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, January 2018 issue) Academics have an opinion on everything, including the issue of faculty advising. Some of us would prefer to advise the students in their departments from the moment they step on campus until the moment they walk across the stage. Some of us would rather chew glass than add another layer of work and work-related stress on top of the triad of teaching, research, and service. Some people don’t know what advising is or looks like, but they are terrified of it in any form. Now here is what the president of a national advising association said about faculty advising: “When it comes to helping students be engaged, to give them advice about what they need to do outside the classroom, faculty are not always the best,” said Charlie L. Nutt, executive director of the National Academic Advising Association, which represents professional advisers. “It’s not because they don’t care, but because they are hired to teach a specific set of courses. So they end up advising like they were advised in college: They give students a schedule and send them on their way.” Ouch. That hurts. We can do better than that. Many of us are required to do formal advising – the make-an-appointment-and-let’s-look-at-classes advising. Research on the topic of advising finds that these interstitial, informal advising moments as well as the more formal appointments play a role in promoting student success (Light, 2001), retaining college students (Feghali, Zbib, & Hallal, 2011) and bonding students to the university (Heisserer, 2002). Whatever your opinion is and whatever your title and role is on campus, faculty can do more with advising. Here are some tips and ideas.  I hope this advice helps makes your spring 2018 advising a bit smoother and less hectic. Understand the value and weight of advising. Kennemer and Hurt (2013) recognized that faculty priorities may not be solely focused on advising: “the quality of faculty advising can be impacted by the lack of reward for advising...Tenure track faculty are typically consumed with other responsibilities including teaching, scholarship, and service. In many cases, exceptional advising and out of classroom access to students is expected but has no real impact towards the tenure or promotion process.” Delve into your the promotion and tenure guidelines for your unit and the faculty handbook and note how advising is counted. If there are no specific, clear expectations for advising, the authors advocate for faculty to “[w]ork with appropriate colleagues and campus administrators to make advising part of reappointment / promotion / tenure criteria.” Know your role. Faculty and graduate students are not professional advisors, and that is important to note. We should know what perspectives exist on advising as well as best practices for working with undergraduate students. Montag et al. (2012) outlined the three orientations toward advising: prescriptive, developmental, and praxis. Crockett (1987) believed that the best role for faculty to assume is the developmental role where the faculty is a guide/mentor. That role may not work for all faculty. Some faculty might only be information centers, and “Disseminating accurate information such as degree plans and institutional deadlines is important, especially early in the advising relationship” (Kennemer & Hurt, 2013). This is known as prescriptive advising. Finally, other faculty members may choose a hybrid method known as praxis advising, where “advisors give students expert advice on course selection, but also engage them in discussions about their declared major” (Montag et al., 2012, p. 27). Whatever your preferred role is, it may shift dependent on the context and the student (Smith, 2002). Be prepared. Brush up on your institution’s requirements and your department’s requirements. Know who you are meeting with and review their status, current classes and degree plan. Also, be aware of additional resources on campus that may be helpful and necessary for students (e.g., the Student Health Center, Counseling Center, Office of Disability Support Services, Tutoring Center). Document the appointment. Take thorough notes on what happened in the meeting. Place in the student’s paper file or electronic file so other faculty members or advisors have a record of what was shared. You may want to email or copy the notes for the student as well, so they can keep a personal archive of their progress toward graduation. As a department chair who has to validate students for graduation, I appreciate a complete set of advising notes in a student file. Ask that your students be an active participant in the advising process. Crockett (1987) considered an effective advising situation to be one where all of those involved assume certain responsibilities and complete those responsibilities. For your students, their responsibilities should include thinking about the purpose of the advising appointment, having a list of questions or concerns, reviewing their transcript/degree audit for missing classes, and knowing which classes they would like to take during the next semester. The student handbook my department is developing gives students a checklist of things to do to prepare for an advising session. Advising is not a one-time event. Developing a relationship, especially a student-faculty advisor relationship, requires commitment, trust, and satisfaction. For a student to develop a trusting connection, he/she will need to have frequent interactions with the advisor. Faculty can encourage this by contacting the students via email, opening up office hours for drop-in advising appointments. Consider your professional liabilities. Many universities are moving to having all or part of advising done by people with the time and expertise to advise on pathways and document these interactions with students. Juggling multiple student appointments between teaching, research and service responsibilities can set up a faculty member for exhaustion as well as making mistakes. No one wants to make an error that would prevent a student from progressing in a degree plan or graduating, but mistakes can and do happen. Just in case, I would recommend that you consider professional liability insurance. Look for discipline-specific advising assistance. Although we are not trained to do advising in most graduate programs, all of us – graduate students, instructors, tenured and tenure-track faculty – will advise students informally. We will receive questions about which classes to take, which professors (in other departments, of course) to avoid, and what I should do with my life, and we will try our best to answer those questions. If you cannot find any, ask your organization or divisions to provide relevant, specific help via the annual conference, webinars and task forces/committees. References Crockett, D. S. (1987). Advising skills, techniques and resources: A compilation of materials related to the organization and delivery of advising services. Iowa City: ACT Corporation. Feghali, T., Zbib, I., & Hallal, S. (2011). A web-based decision support tool for academic advising. Educational Technology & Society, 14(1), 82.94. Heisserer, D. L., & Parette, P. (2002). Advising at-risk students in college and university settings. College Student Journal, 36(1), 69-84. Kennemer, C., & Hurt, B. (2013). Faculty advising. Retrieved from http://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/Facultyadvising.aspx Light, R.J. (2001). Making the Most of College: Students Speak Their Minds. Boston: Harvard University Press. Montag, T., Campo, J., Weissman, J., Walmsley, A., & Snell, A. (2012). In their own words: Best practices for advising millennial students about majors. NACADA Journal, 32(2), 26-35. Selingo, J. (2014, April 13). Who advises best, pros or profs? Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/education/edlife/who-advises-best-pros-orprofs.html?_r=0 Smith, J. S. (2002). First-year student perceptions of academic advisement: A qualitative study and reality check. NACADA Journal, 22(2), 39-49   Teaching Corner]]> 17789 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/02/second-half-of-your-class/ Mon, 19 Feb 2018 15:00:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17880 Five Tips to Make the Second Half of Your Class Better than the First By Jennifer Jacobs Henderson AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Professor and Chair Department of Communication Trinity University jennifer.henderson@trinity.edu     (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, March 2018 issue) The first days of the new term are like visiting Disney World for the first time. Everything is new and shiny. All wishes can be granted and all hopes fulfilled. The second half of the semester is more like holding on to the seat in front of you on a roller coaster. There doesn’t seem to be any good way to change course as everyone careens toward the end of the term, screaming in fear. The second-half of the term doesn’t have to be all panic and final exams, though. With a few small changes, you and your students can leave the academic term feeling accomplishment rather than anxiety. 1. Ask students what is working (and what isn’t). Midterm is an excellent time to find out how things in your class are going. Not what the students have learned or not learned (what you grade) but how your teaching is going (what they grade). These formative class assessments are helpful for both professors and students. Not surprisingly, students often see class much differently than we do. Time and again, we think class is going poorly when students are enjoying it, or we think it is amazing and they are lost, bored or both. Midterm is a great time to figure out the reality (which is often somewhere in between these extremes). An assessment like this can easily backfire if not carefully planned, though, turning into a gripe session rather than a productive exercise. To avoid the piling-on that can occur, ask things like: “what do you like most about class so far?” and “What one thing would you change if you could?” These questions allow students to give useful feedback that can actually be integrated into your future class sessions. 2. Implement the best suggestions. If you ask students for feedback and then do nothing with it, you are actually harming both you and them. It is better not to implement a formative assessment at all than pretend you are listening to students. Trust is an essential classroom element. Like molecular binding, it connects professors and students in a symbiotic, stable balance. I tell students before they complete a midterm evaluation of the class that there are things that I won’t change (assigning readings, giving exams), things that I can’t change (the date of the final, the number of credit hours of the class), and everything else, which can be altered. In past semesters, I’ve changed the amount of material we cover each session, the options for writing projects and the make-up of student teams, all because students said the change would make the class better. They were right. It did. Every time. 3. Remind students you listened. If you ask students for their input, and you’ve made changes based on that input, don’t forget to tell them so. Try to include as many students as possible in the praise, such as “Many of you suggested moving reading quizzes to Mondays when there is more time for reading. That’s really paid off in raising quiz scores. Great idea.” When students feel their ideas are taken seriously, they move from recipients of information to participants in education. 4. Change it up. By the time you get to the second half of the term, everyone in the classroom has figured out the routine and the expectations. Of course, this is what we want. To an extent. There is a fine line between routine and boredom. So, change things up. Go outside. Do a team exercise. Let them use their phones. Add a guest speaker. Students never complain that they didn’t do exactly what was on the syllabus for one day, but they always seem to remember the mock trial or ethics debate or television history timeline you added to liven things up after the thrill of Spring Break has faded. Low-stress surprises are a great way to improve productivity in the last weeks or months of the term. Like the groundhog, we all need to get out of the winter rut. 5. Plan an end-of-term celebration. I am a strong believer in marking occasions with celebrations. Birthdays. The Super Bowl. Ice Cream Day. My family makes fun of the fact that I have 17 door mats, one for each calendar holiday (and some for holidays I’ve invented). This philosophy has carried over to the classroom as well. While I have many colleagues who think my celebrations are beneath the dignity of the academy, I am a full professor, and I’m pretty sure that it’s okay to have fun while you learn. Examples of celebrations? Breakfast tacos during final presentations (I live in Texas). An exam review game with media fandom prizes (who doesn’t like a Wonder Woman pencil?). A snack free-for-all where students bring their favorite childhood treats (Gushers, anyone?). The end-of-term celebration is not a reward for surviving your course; it is an acknowledgement that they have reached another milestone. Something to celebrate for sure.   Teaching Corner]]> 17880 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/04/pac-041818/ Thu, 19 Apr 2018 14:56:57 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17981 Jennifer Greer, AEJMC President • 205-348-6304 or Sonya Forte Duhé, ASJMC President • 504-865-3633 | April 18, 2018 We, the Boards of Directors of AEJMC and ASJMC, stand in support of the letter sent earlier this month to Sinclair Broadcast Group about the danger of news organizations interfering with the journalistic process. By requiring news personnel to read prescribed corporate commentary without labeling it as such, Sinclair compromised the viewers' trust. We condemn this behavior and encourage autonomy among journalists. Please read the letter signed by deans, directors, and other leaders in our field below.

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April 6, 2018 David D. Smith Executive Chairman Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. 10706 Beaver Dam Road Hunt Valley, MD 21030 Mr. Smith: We are writing to you as faculty and leadership of journalism schools that have produced many fine graduates who have gone on to work at Sinclair-owned stations across the United States. Our comments are informed by our awareness of these fine, responsible, ethical journalists at Sinclair stations who have spent years building reputations as professionals with high standards for accurate and ethical news reporting. One of the tenets of American journalism and one of the foundations of American democracy is that news reporting serves as an independent voice free from government censorship and influence. Moreover, American news consumers have come to expect that news professionals cover news rather than advance the business or political interests of news organization owners. While news organizations have historically had and used the prerogative to publish and broadcast editorials clearly identified as opinion, we believe that line was crossed at Sinclair stations when anchors were required to read scripts making claims about "the troubling trend of irresponsible, one-sided news stories plaguing our country." Certainly, no news organization is beyond critique. And, as the Sinclair stations noted, social media have been used all too often to spread "false news." But these are two very different things - the work of professional journalists who produce real news and the false accounts on social media. In making the leap to disparage news media generally - without specifics - Sinclair has diminished trust in the news media overall. Ironically, Sinclair's use of news personnel to deliver commentary - not identified as such - may further erode what has traditionally been one of the strongest allegiances in the news landscape, the trust that viewers put in their local television stations. Indeed, the fears articulated in the Sinclair script regarding an extreme danger posed to democracy by news media telling the public what to think describes our fears about the impact of the Sinclair must-carry script. We have heard from students who now are apprehensive that what they have come to believe and appreciate about ethical and unbiased news reporting will come into conflict with demands placed on them by future employers. We would like to be able to continue to enjoy the relationship we have had with Sinclair, which provides our students with important opportunities to advance their careers while maintaining their journalistic integrity. We hope that your response to these concerns will make that continued and mutually beneficial relationship possible. Click here to view the complete letter signed by deans, directors, and other leaders in our field. <<PACS]]> 17981 0 0 0 https://convention2.allacademic.com/one/aejmc/aejmc18/ Mon, 21 May 2018 19:30:24 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18042 18042 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 18:36:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18110 Divisions:

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<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 18110 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/adv-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 18:46:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18113 Teaching Expectations v. reality: Comparing perceptions of the advertising industry between students and professionals • Sara Champlin, The University of North Texas; Sheri Broyles, Dr. • Perceptions of the industry matter to newly minted advertising graduates and to the professionals who recruit new talent. However, it’s unclear how these two perspectives overlap. The present study assessed student and professional perceptions simultaneously to determine opportunities for teaching that will bridge discrepancies. Professionals and students see eye-to-eye in many areas, but specific skills, salaries for account executives and media buyers, and overall performance/supervision differed between the two groups. Teaching suggestions are discussed. Dimensions of News Media Literacy among U.S. Advertising Students • Jami Fullerton, Oklahoma State University; alice kendrick • A national survey of advertising students addresses AEJMC’s 2017 recommitment to teaching news media literacy. On scales of knowledge and attitudes, advertising students rated themselves overall as above average on self-reported estimates of Media Literacy. Students exhibited higher degrees of understanding of and interest in the “Messages and Meanings” and “Authors and Audiences” dimensions than they did in the “Value of Media Literacy”. Those with higher grade point averages and access to internships placed a higher value on media literacy than other groups. Implications for educators are discussed. Rebuilding from the Ground Up: Developing a New Approach to Visual Communications Curriculum • Adam Wagler, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Collin Berke • As technology develops, visual communications education must evolve with the times. In the fall of 2015, the curriculum committee at [University Name] College of Journalism and Mass Communications was tasked with evaluating the visual communications program. This committee set out to answer one question: “Are we preparing graduates of our program to be successful in a dynamically changing media industry?” The purpose of this case study is to explore the development of a new visual communications program with summative assessment data that addresses this reality. The proposed solution changed the objectives from four production areas to four conceptual areas: critical thinking, storytelling, how technology works, and integrating media. This paper assesses the effectiveness of an emporium and challenged based learning model implemented for the new program that was launched in the fall of 2016. The results indicate evidence of the effectiveness of the approach through assessment data. The program recognizes that students need the space to learn, fail, and experiment while faculty must be willing to change as well as resist the urge to profess. The success relies on everyone's comfort in embracing changes in media. “Keep it true-to-life”: The role of experiential learning in advertising and public relations pedagogy • Amanda Weed, Ashland University • Experiential learning is an important component of advertising and public relations pedagogy as “real world” projects and provides students with distinct benefits that may improve their success as early-career practitioners. Through examination of five experiential learning categories, this study contributes to pedagogy practice by providing a detailed snapshot of how award-winning practitioners and educators perceive experiential learning, how experiential learning is integrated in advertising and public relations education, and identifies areas for improvement. Open Competition Applying artificial neural networks to predict ad viewership during TV programs • Fiona Chew, Syracuse University; Beth Egan; Chilukuri Mohan, Syracuse University; Ruochen Jiang; Sushanth Suresh, Syracuse University; Kartik Joshi, Syracuse University • We applied artificial neural networks (ANNs) to analyze TV ad viewership during commercial breaks predicated on second-by-second data that tracked audiences' mechanical ad avoidance behavior. ANNs comprise hardware and algorithm processing devices trained to discover relationships and patterns, establish and define linkages among numerous variables with large and diverse data. Results identified key attributes that predicted ad viewing declines. These included programs originality/rerun, number of ads, ad placement pod position and ad duration. An Examination of the Effects of Multicultural Advertising Strategies on Consumer Decision-Making Processes • Carolyn Lin; Linda Dam • Few advertising research studies address how perceived social distance – the level of acceptance individuals feel towards people from a different racial background – may impact consumer responses toward advertising spokespersons from different racial groups. This study explores whether perceived social distance between consumers and multicultural advertising spokespersons influences consumer decision-making processes. Findings suggest that cross-cultural group relations could help explain the underlying consumer decision-making process, which influences the effectiveness of multicultural advertising practices. Make It Fit: The Effects of Brand-Game Congruity in Advergames on Brand Recall, Attitude, and Purchase Intent • Frank Dardis, Penn State University; Michael Schmierbach, Pennsylvania State University; Jose Aviles, Wittenberg University; Erica Bailey, Angelo State University; Stephanie Orme, Penn State University; Jin Kang, The Pennsylvania State University • Brand congruity, or how well a brand seems to "fit" within the media or external environment in which it is placed, has been studied in numerous sub-areas within the advertising and marketing literature. The concept has received some attention in the realm of embedded in-game advertising (IGA) and advergames, with most studies focusing on brand memory. The current study was the first to manipulate a high-congruity and low-congruity brand within a single advergame and simultaneously evaluate players' brand recall, attitude, and purchase intent. Further, although differing from each other in absolute congruity, each brand was conceivably suitable in performing some of the real-world functions exemplified in the game. Results indicate strong support for the placement of a high-congruity brand in an advergame, particularly regarding brand attitude and purchase intent. This is especially compelling because, in the current study, participants had to use the brand to succeed at the game; the brand communication was not simply an embedded message. Practical implications are discussed. Got Muscle? A Longitudinal Study of Masculinity in Fragrance Ads in Esquire and GQ • Laura Beth Daws, Kennesaw State University; Justin Pettigrew, Kennesaw State University • Fragrance ads for women proliferate in style magazines for women, but what about ads for men’s cologne in men’s style magazines? This study examines men’s fragrance ads in the print edition of those periodicals longitudinally to see how ads use nudity and the “masculine ideal” to portray their product. Results of a content analysis of Esquire and GQ from 1950-2015 showed that the “masculine ideal” has remained a constant in fragrance ads over time. Investigating the Implications of Distinct Personality and Message Factors on Consumer Responses • Naa Amponsah Dodoo, Emerson College; Cynthia Morton Padovano, University of Florida • This research examined psychological determinants of consumer responses to social media ads to understand the effect of consumer personality traits, regulatory focus and product appeal on consumer responses to social media ads. To that effect, this study assessed the impact of openness to experience and neuroticism on consumer responses following exposure to social media ads that employed message strategies that manipulated regulatory focus (promotion vs. prevention) and product appeal (hedonic vs. utilitarian). Experimental results indicate main effects for openness to experience and neuroticism on responses to social media ads. Additionally, interaction effects were found between openness to experience, regulatory focus and product appeal, lending evidence to the influence of personality traits on message persuasiveness. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Comparative Advertising as a Signal of Quality: The Role of Brand Credibility in Consumer Responses • Naa Amponsah Dodoo, Emerson College • Comparative advertising is a widely-researched area within advertising research. Despite the wealth of information on comparative advertising, research suggests that results from these studies more often than not demonstrate insignificant findings. Drawing on the signaling theory as a framework, this study sought to examine comparative advertising and its role in conveying brand quality relative to noncomparative advertising. With a focus on the U.S. wireless industry, consumer responses to comparative advertising were investigated. Results to some extent support previous literature espousing advertising as a signal of quality. Brand credibility as an important aspect of signaling theory was also examined for both comparative and noncomparative ads and was found to have an impact in consumer responses. Implications and limitations are discussed. The role of media context and general advertising attitudes on ad avoidance • Esther Thorson, Michigan State; Samuel M. Tham, Michigan State University; Margaret Duffy, U of Missouri • This research develops theory about the role of media context and advertising attitudes regarding why people appreciate, are annoyed by, or attempt to avoid advertising. Media context is comprised of three elements: different media devices, media channels, and media content. The theory was applied in a nationwide survey and findings suggest that advertising appreciation, annoyance, and avoidance are processes rooted on all three factors identified as media context. Beauty Brands and Micro-blogging in China: How Content Choices Affect Consumer Engagement on Sina Weibo • Mengling Cao, Florida Institute of Technology; Youngju (YJ) Sohn, Florida Institute of Technology; Heidi Hatfield Edwards, Florida Institute of Technology • The purpose of this study is to explore how beauty brands use social media to meet customer's needs and improve customer engagement through social media posts. The development of social media helps brands extend their marketing areas and gain various benefits. Based on the uses and gratifications theory and literature about customer engagement, this study proposes several aspects about posts include posting day, message originality, modality, post content, and how they affect customer engagements online. In this study, a content analysis was conducted of 2,676 posts from the top 10 beauty brands in China on Sina Weibo, the biggest micro-blogging website in the country. In the results, customer engagements on Weibo were positively affected by modality (i.e., posts with videos) and post content (i.e., posts of incentives, giveaways, news, shows, and feedback, as well as posts with celebrity or spokesperson content). Soil and Flower: The Relationship between Social Media Usage and Consumer Response to Social Media Advertising • Yang Feng; Quan Xie • This study examines how consumers’ motivations to engage with seven social media platforms (i.e., Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, Snapchat, Pinterest, and YouTube) influence their evaluations of advertising on those platforms. Results from survey (N = 972, aged 18-35) not only provide empirical evidence for media context literature, but also advance media context literature by delving into different social media platforms. In particular, results revealed that people are driven by different motivations to use the seven social media platforms and they evaluate advertising on each platform in a different way. Furthermore, regression results revealed significant relationships between social media engagement motivations and ad evaluations (i.e., ad relevance, ad trust, ad attention, and ad intrusiveness). Also, the relationship pattern differs across the seven social media platforms. Discussion and practical implications were provided. Eye-Catching and Unforgettable: The Role of Ad Creativity in Online Video Ads Featuring Augmented Reality Technology • Yang Feng; Quan Xie • This study aims to examine the role of ad creativity in video ads featuring augmented reality (AR) technology uploaded on YouTube. Through an online experiment, we compared people who hold positive pre-existing attitudes toward a familiar brand, people who hold negative pre-existing attitudes toward a familiar brand, and people who are unfamiliar with a brand in terms of their perceived creativity of a video ad featuring AR technology. Further, we explored the differential effect of three dimensions of ad creativity, namely, message usefulness, ad novelty, and ad-consumer association, on short and long-term brand name recall, short and long-term brand message recall, ad attitude, and brand attitude. Results demonstrated that for a familiar brand, people’s perceived creativity of an ad is biased by their pre-existing brand attitudes. For an unfamiliar brand, since people do not have pre-existing attitudes toward it, their perceived creativity of an ad for the unfamiliar brand is mostly shaped by their impressions of the ad. Moreover, results revealed that the three dimension of ad creativity play different roles in ad effectiveness. The Impact of Erotic Appeal and Message Relevance on Selective Attention to Print Advertisements • Zijian Gong, Texas Tech University; Steven Holiday, Texas Tech University; Glenn Cummins, Texas Tech University • The effectiveness of sexual appeals in advertising continues to be subject to debate. One moderator of this effect is relevance, typically viewed as congruence between sexual appeals and the product. A contrasting view offered here is the relevance of the product to the audience. This experiment employed eye tracking to demonstrate how sexual appeals caused a visual distraction effect for low relevance ads. For high-relevance ads, this effect was not observed. Social Network for Good: Framing the Message Type and Execution Style of “Cause- Related Marketing” Advertising for a Sports Brand on Social Network Sites • Ji Yoon (Karen) Han; Seungae Lee • Companies now use social network sites (SNS) as an opportunity to promote their values and interact with consumers, particularly for purposes of cause-related marketing (CRM). Traditional print CRM ads focused on promoting social cause (PCS) messages about which a brand commits. However, recent social media-based CRM ads rely on partake-in-our-cause (PIOC) messages. This study applied cause framing (cause-focused ad) and profit framing (product-focused ad) to CRM execution styles and investigated the interplay between the message type (PIOC vs. PCS) and execution style (cause-focused ad vs. product-oriented ad) on consumer response in social media contexts. The findings indicate that when a product-oriented ad is shown, a PIOC message led to more favorable attitudes toward the cause and higher levels of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) intention than did a PCS message. In contrast, when people were exposed to a cause-focused ad, the message type did not significantly affect attitudes or eWOM intention. Further, attitude toward the cause is identified as the mediator to explain the interplay between message type and execution style on eWOM intention. How Advertising Relevance and Brand Relationship Strength Limits Disclosure Effects of Native Ads on Twitter • Jameson Hayes, University of Alabama; Guy Golan, University of South Florida; Janelle Applequist, University of South Florida; Stephen Rush, The University of Alabama • The growing scholarship on native advertising indicates that advertising recognition often leads to audience resistance of the persuasive messages. The current research conducts two national online experiments examining the impact of advertising relevance and brand relationship strength on native advertising outcomes on Twitter at low and high disclosure levels. Study findings indicate that both perceived relevance and brand relationship strength have the potential to limit audience resistance to the native advertisement. Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Influencer Product Recommendation Motives on Social Media • Mengtian (Montina) Jiang, University of Kentucky; Nora Rifon, Michigan State University • Social media has seen an explosion of sponsored content created and shared by social media influencers. This study examines how a consumer interprets and infers the influencer’s underlying motives for writing and sharing these posts on Instagram. Three online surveys develop and validate a scale that identifies six distinct types of influencer motives that co-exist during consumer processing of sponsored content: Money, Selling, Image, Love, Sharing and Helping motives. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Effects of Sensation Seeking, Creator Attractiveness, and Content Characteristics on Branded Entertainment • Dahyun Hong; Jong Woo Jun, Dankook University • This study explores effects of branded entertainment on information processing of consumers. Using Korean female consumers as research samples tries to identify roles of consumer psychological factors, creator attractiveness, and content factors on purchase intentions and word-of-mouth intentions. The findings of this study show that sensation seeking influenced purchase intentions and word-of-mouth intentions. Creator attractiveness is related in positive ways, and content novelty and content credibility influenced purchase intentions and word-of-mouth intentions. Lastly, attitudes toward content is connected to both purchase intentions and word-of-mouth intentions. These results could provide academic and managerial implications in terms of branded entertainment marketing. How Storytelling Advertising Affects Consumers: Emotion as a mediator between narrative level and WOM intention • Sookyeong Hong, Hansei University; Jin-Ae Kang, East Carolina University; Glenn Hubbard, East Carolina University • Experimental study (n=300) tested the effects of storytelling in radio advertisements on participants’ emotional responses and intentions to share information about the product by word of mouth. Treatments included a story told by the founder of a company, the same story manipulated to come from a customer and a purely informational non-story control stimulus. The founder’s story elicited more favorable responses and had some effect on word-of-mouth intention, especially among participants preferring narrative formats. Another Super Bowl Study: An Exploratory Research on the Impacts of Ad Effectiveness Factors on Consumer Engagement on Social Media • Gawon Kim; Ian Skupski; Yongick Jeong, Louisiana State University • Using Super Bowl ads, this study explores the relationship between various ad effectiveness factors (length, frequency, clutter, position, social media mention, and liking) and consumer engagement (overall, positive, and negative comments) on social media (Facebook and Twitter). The findings of this study indicate that ad factors have significant impacts on consumer engagement. The effect is in overall social media posts positive and negative sentiment posts, but differently. Marketing implications for the results are discussed. The attitudinal and behavioral effects of pictorial metaphors in advertising: Considering need for cognition and the mediating effect of emotional response • Soojin Kim, Louisiana State University • The current study investigates the effect of the interrelation between pictorial metaphor and headline in ads with an individual’s difference by Need for Cognition (NFC) on the attitude toward the ad, the brand, and purchase intention (PI), while considering emotions as a mediator. The current study’s findings highlight the importance of the match between pictorial metaphor and headlines for the ad effects by consumer’s cognitive tendency, considering affective responses. Examining the Personality Traits and Motives That Predict Attitudes Toward and Engagement with Sponsored Content in Snapchat • Tiany Sousa; William Kinnally, University of Central Florida • Social networking sites (SNS) have revolutionized the communication between consumers and brands, publishers, and marketers. These platforms have become a way for advertisers to communicate directly and engage users with content that is innovative and less intrusive. The aim of this research is to examine the personality traits and motives (based on the uses and gratifications theory) that predict attitudes toward and engagement with sponsored content in Snapchat including Filters, Lenses, Discover, and Snap Ads. An online survey with 606 participants showed that the main motives of using Snapchat were social information seeking, entertainment, and impression management. Hierarchical multiple regressions were used to examine the models that predict attitudes toward the sponsored features in Snapchat as well as the engagement with them. Several personality traits and Snapchat motives combined to predict attitudes toward and engagement with sponsored filters. In contrast, only social information seeking was significant predictor of attitudes toward and engagement with Discover feature. More results and practical implications are discussed. Influencer Marketing on Instagram: The Effects of Sponsorship Disclosure, Source Credibility, and Brand Credibility • Susanna Lee, University of Florida; Eunice Kim • With the rise of social media, influencer marketing appeared as a relatively new form of celebrity endorsement. Although promotional posts on Instagram include messages that disclosure sponsorship and activate persuasion knowledge, consumers’ attitude toward the post may vary by source credibility and brand credibility. This study examines the effects of disclosure types, source credibility, and brand credibility on the effectiveness of Instagram marketing using influencers. Findings reveal that highly credible brands featured in Instagram posts have a positive impact on message credibility, eWOM intention, purchase intention, and attitude toward the ad. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. The Effect of Soliciting Consumer Participation in Corporate Social Responsibility Campaigns • Sun Young Lee, Texas Tech University; Yeuseung Kim; Young Kim, Marquette University • This study explores the mechanisms through which corporate social responsibility (CSR) campaigns that require consumer participation create more value for companies than do non-participatory CSR campaigns. Based on two distinguishing characteristics of participatory CSR campaigns—interactivity and consumer empowerment—we posit two routes to persuasion, one in which participatory CSR activities generate more favorable attitude toward the company and higher purchase intention through consumer–company identification, enhanced through perceived interactivity, and the other in which participatory CSR activities, in comparison to non-participatory, empower consumers, which, in turn, affects perceived CSR motives. We demonstrate these proposed mechanisms using an online experiment with one non-participatory CSR activity and three different types of participatory CSR activities. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. Credible corporates require many likes: An examination of corporate credibility and bandwagon cues • Ruobing Li, Louisiana State University; Michail Vafeiadis, Auburn University; Anli Xiao; Guolan Yang • Compared to conventional advertising forms, social media native ads blend in the context and tend to be more interactive. To examine how corporate credibility and other viewers’ collective opinions associated with a promotional post influence its effectiveness, we conducted a 2 (high vs. low corporate credibility) by 2 (high vs. low bandwagon cues) between subjects experiment. Findings suggested that native ads published by highly credible corporate lead to less negative emotions among viewers and higher intention to engage in behaviors related to the ad and the product advertised; bandwagon cues influenced viewer psychology in a way that high bandwagon cues led to better evaluation of the ad, more positive attitude towards the ad, and higher behavioral intention. Corporate credibility also interacted with bandwagon cues in influencing the persuasive outcomes of the ad. Theoretical and practical implications on native advertising were discussed. Cognitive Appraisals on a Brand Safety Issue and Hostile Consumer Behaviors: The appraisal-emotion-behavior (AEB) model • Joon Soo Lim, Syracuse University; Junga Kim; Chunsik Lee • Grounded in appraisal theories of emotions, this study tested the appraisal-emotion-behavior model for brand safety. The model posited that the appraisals of harm severity, ad intrusiveness and blame attributions for brand ads displayed next to offensive content would elicit negative emotions, which propels consumers to engage in hostile behaviors such as complaints, negative word of mouth and boycotts. To test the model, data were collected through an online survey using quota sampling (N = 483). Results of the SEM analysis supported the hypotheses regarding the effects of the appraisals on negative emotions. A mediation analysis further demonstrated that the effects of appraisals on the hostile consumer behaviors were mediated by evoked negative emotions. Findings of this study suggest that consumers react to the brand safety issue to the extent that they appraise the potential harm of the offensive content and attribute the responsibility to the brand. Does When and Where Matter? The Influence of Ad Timing and Placement Context on the Effects of Online Behavioral Advertising • Xinyu Lu; Haesung (Claire) Whang; Jisu Huh • Behaviorally targeted advertising is receiving growing attention due to the preponderance of advertising dollars spent on online advertising and the rapid development of targeting techniques. Drawing on the goal activation model, this study examined the effects of two behavioral targeting strategies—ad timing and ad-context congruity—on consumers’ evaluations of an online behavioral ad. Results show a marginally significant relationship between ad timing and perceived ad relevance, and a significant relationship between ad-context congruity and consumer evaluations through perceived relevance. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed. Placing Brands on Facebook: How the Source and Context of Brand Posts Affect Brand Likeability • Mira Mayrhofer; Brigitte Naderer; Jörg Matthes, U of Vienna • In two experimental studies we examined how the source of branded messages and the contextual mechanisms elicited by surrounding posts influenced viewers’ evaluations of the messages. We found that humorousness of surrounding posts positively affected brand evaluations but only when the brand itself communicated the persuasive content. Hence, while user-generated brand posts might be less effective than previously thought, humorous contexts on social media sites can support positive environments for advertisers to communicate branded messages. Political Campaigning Meets Digital Engagement: “Old" Failures and "New" Triumphs • Sally McMiillan, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Courtney Childers, University of Tennessee; Stuart Brotman; Jinhee Lee; Jian Huang; Natalie Bogda • For decades, advertising spending, journalistic coverage, and polling predictions have been linked to presidential election outcomes. In the U.S. presidential election of 2016 those “old media” tools failed. Using big-data analytics, this study shows that volume and valence of digital political engagement on social media corresponded to the campaign outcome. The 2016 U.S. presidential campaign may represent a “tipping point” between “old” mass communication strategies and tactics and “new” approaches to citizen/consumer digital engagement. Healthy Living and The Companies That Pay for It: A Qualitative Exploration of Health Native Advertising on BuzzFeed and the Huffington Post • Chris Noland, University of South Carolina; Jo-Yun Queenie Li, University of South Carolina; Taylor Jing Wen, University of South Carolina • This exploratory study investigates the presentation of health native advertising on BuzzFeed and the Huffington Post, the two pioneers of displaying native advertisements on their sites. This qualitative content analysis identifies the sponsored companies, promoted products, presentation formats, information sources, and disclosure types in related to health native advertising. The current research offers health related advertisers, publishers, governmental officials, and scholars with key theoretical and practical insights upon which they can more effectively propose appropriate regulations and refine health native advertising strategies for audiences. Value from construal level theory: The matching effects of social distance and message orientation for environmental advertising • Sun-Young Park, University of Massachusetts Boston; Eunyi Kim • This study examines the effects of the interaction between social distance and message orientation (i.e., construal level effects) on responses to advertising messages that promote recycling behaviors. The results show that the messages focused on the high-level (why-laden) features were more persuasive in terms of generating more positive attitudes toward advertising when messages are framed in terms of socially distant entities, whereas the messages focused on the low-level (how-laden) features were more effective when asking participants to make judgments for their proximal entities. For behavioral attitudes and intentions these effects were observed under the how-laden and proximal condition, but not observed under the why-laden and distant condition. The findings also demonstrate a unique pattern of construal level fit effects and potential moderators/mediators, such as message persuasiveness and the perceived relatedness between recycling and climate change mitigation, in the context of recycling advertising campaigns. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed. When Our Goals Set Our Biases: How Regulatory Focus Moderates Persuasion Knowledge and Third-person Perception in Health Advertising • Giang Pham, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Chang-Dae Ham, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • This study investigates how regulatory focus moderates the effect of persuasion knowledge on third-person perception in the context of health advertising. Two experiments revealed that persuasion knowledge positively influenced third-person perception, which in turn negatively affected ad evaluations. Regulatory focus, either chronic (Study 1: n=105) or induced (Study 2: n=97), significantly moderates the effects of persuasion knowledge on third-person perception and ad evaluations. Implications for improving advertising effectiveness are discussed. A Meta-Analysis of Cause-Related Advertising Effects on Global Consumers • Michelle Rego, Johnson & Wales University; Dana Rogers; Mark Hamilton, University of Connecticut • Over the past 30 years, cause-related marketing (CRM) campaigns have expanded worldwide. A series of 6 bivariate meta-analyses were conducted using a random effects assumption to determine effect sizes in this field. Moderators were tested using meta-analytic regression, but not found to qualify the results, which included the effect of CRM campaigns on brand attitudes, r=.248, 95% CI(0.189,0.373), and purchase intentions, r=.277, 95% CI(0.141, 0.404). Recommendations for future campaigns and research are discussed. The Effects of Mood and Arousal on Information Searching and Processing on a Search Engine: Implications for Paid Search Ads • Sela Sar; George Anghelcev, Northwestern University in Qatar; Taylor Jing Wen, University of South Carolina; Chang-Dae Ham, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Jie(Doreen) Shen, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • An experiment was conducted to examine how mood and arousal interact to influence consumers’ searching tasks and their information processing on a search engine result page (SERP). The results showed that people in a positive mood were more likely to focus on general (global) information of search result ads, whereas people in a negative mood were more likely to focus on detailed (local) information of search ads. There was a significant interaction effect between mood and arousal on information searching and processing on SERP. Theoretical and practical implications for advertisers/marketers and web content designers are discussed. Determining the effectiveness of sustainability initiatives in advertisements for congruent and incongruent companies • Brett Sherrick, Purdue University; Jennifer Hoewe, Purdue University • This study aligns three theories – narrative engagement, identification, and congruity – to determine the most effective ways to communicate messages regarding companies’ work toward increasing their environmental sustainability. Using an experimental design, the results show that companies whose products run in line with a message of environmental sustainability should create advertisements illustrating their environmental efforts, as those ads should increase positive evaluations of that company. Featuring groups of people in these ads may work to further magnify those positive evaluations. Most interestingly though, this study finds that an advertisement containing a message presented in narrative form is effective in overcoming incongruity between the type of company and the sustainability initiatives presented in the ad. Explaining the Success of Femvertising: A Structural Modeling Approach • Miglena Sternadori, Texas Tech University College of Media and Communication; Alan Abitbol, University of Dayton • This survey of U.S. adults (N = 419) investigates attitudes toward femvertising as they relate to gender, age, support for women’s rights, feminist self-identification, political affiliation, and trust in advertising. Femvertising is defined as “advertising that employs pro-female talent, messages, and imagery to empower women and girls.” Structural equation modeling reveals several antecedents and consequences of attitude toward femvertising, specifically women’s rights supporters and self-identifying feminists seem highly receptive of femvertising. How Anticipated Regret Messages Interact With Mood To Influence Purchase Intention • Yanyun Wang; Sela Sar • The current study examines how different types of anticipated regret advertising messages (verbally framed vs. graphically framed) interact with consumer’s mood (positive vs. negative) to influence their attitudes and behavior toward the advertised product. The results revealed a significant main effect of message types. People tended to have better ad evaluation when the ad used graphically framed AR message compared with verbally framed AR message. Memory at Play: Personalizing Advertisements Based on Consumers’ Autobiographical Memory • Lewen Wei, Pennsylvania State University; Jin Kang, The Pennsylvania State University; Michael Schmierbach, Pennsylvania State University • Targeted advertising promises to increase relevance to consumers, but risks backfiring if it seems overly intrusive. In the present study, we examined whether personalizing the online advertisement based on one’s autobiographical memory can foster positive reactions toward the advertisement. In two studies, participants went through a fictitious social media website where they talked about a special memory and saw an advertisement that was or was not personalized based upon their memory. Results demonstrate that personalized advertisements elicited favorable reaction towards the advertisement via enhanced feeling of nostalgia, but did not show an influence on affect or perceived intrusiveness. Social Information in Facebook News Feed Ads: A Social Impact Theory Perspective • Fei Xue, The University of Southern Miss • Using social impact theory as a conceptual framework, the current research examined the effects of “social information” on Facebook users’ response to News Feed ads, including ad credibility, attitude-toward-the-ad, brand interest, intention to click, and purchase intention. Three factors were manipulated – relationship strength, physical distance, and number of affiliated friends. Strong main effects were found for relationship strength and physical distance. An interaction effect in click intention was also found between relationship strength and physical distance. Perceived Native-ness of Social Media Advertisements: A Conceptualization & Scale Development Study • Jing Yang; Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina; Rachel Quint; Jaini Bhavsar • As the development of native advertising across various social media platforms, it has gradually become one of the main streams in digital advertising. It is difficult to reach an agreement on a comprehensive definition of native advertisements among industry practitioners and academia scholars, due to the diverse formats of presenting native advertisements. Specifically, in the social media context, different social media platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and etc., all have their own formats of native advertising. Therefore, the current study proposes the concept of perceived native-ness, which emphasizes on individuals’ perceptions of native-ness of advertisements presented in the social media context. Through a two-phase research which involved (a) in-depth interviews and (b) a scale development and validation study, we generated and examined a 15-item scale for three underlying dimensions of perceived native-ness of social media advertisements, namely design congruence, personal congruence and content congruence. The theoretical and practical implications of this scale are discussed. Teens’ Responses to Facebook Newsfeed Advertising: The Effects of Cognitive Appraisal and Social Influence on Privacy Concerns and Coping Strategies • Seounmi Youn, Emerson College; Wonsun Shin, University of Melbourne • This study examines how cognitive (benefit-risk appraisal) and social factors (parent and peer communication) affect teenagers’ privacy concerns and individual and social coping strategies in dealing with Facebook newsfeed advertising. A survey conducted with teen Facebook users (N=305) demonstrates that benefit appraisal induces greater ad engagement while risk perceptions result in reactive coping strategies. Parents have limited impact on teens’ responses to newsfeed advertising, whereas peer communication makes teens less critical about advertising practices. Effects of Visual Strategies and Personal Relevance on Young Users’ Responses to Brand Content on Instagram • Lijie Zhou, Southern Utah University; Fei Xue, The University of Southern Miss • A 4 (customer-centric, employee-centric, non-brand, and product-centric) × 2 (first-person-view vs. third-person-view) × 2 (personal relevance: high vs. low) mixed-design experiment was used to investigate the effects of visual theme, visual perspective, and personal relevance on brand constructions (attitude-toward-brand, brand love, brand respect, brand image) on Instagram. Findings indicated using customer-centric-images with the first-person-view to promote a high relevance brand on Instagram received the most favorable attitude, strongest brand respect, and strongest feeling of sensuality. Professional Freedom & Responsibility Ethnic Diversity as a Solution to the Advertising Industry’s Creative Problem • Robin Spring, Grand Valley State University; Fang (Faye) Yang, Grand Valley State University • "Ethnic diversity in the advertising industry could be a solution for culturally insensitive advertising. Insights from advertising professionals, obtained via in-depth interviews, reveal prevalence of bias in recruiting, hiring and retention of minorities. Findings suggest that current methods to increase minority representation are not effective. Viewing ethnic diversity as a creative/business solution, versus a public relations problem, could motivate meaningful change in the advertising industry Special Topics Informing, Reinforcing, and Referencing: Chinese Young Male Consumers’ Interpretation of Social Media Luxury Advertising • Huan Chen; Ye Wang; Eric Haley • A qualitative study was conducted to explore Chinese young male consumers’ perception on luxury brand social media advertising. In-depth interviews were used to collect data and the phenomenological reduction was used to analyze data. Findings revealed four themes regarding the socially constructed meanings of luxury, luxury brand, and luxury brand social media advertising. According to Chinese young male consumers, “luxury” is perceived as a dual-dimensional lifestyle; for luxury brands, although Chinese young male consumers consider the price to be a blatant index of luxury, they perceive brand meanings are a more important symbol to differentiate luxury brands from other brands; and, luxury brands are deemed as an expression of those consumers’ personalities and styles or extension of their identities. Findings further uncovered the meanings of luxury brand social media advertising among Chinese young male consumers. According to the participants, luxury social media advertising assists their luxury brand products purchase in informing them about products of new seasons, reinforcing luxury brands’ image, and offering them a referential source. Theoretical and practical implications were offered. The Positive and Negative Effects of Intrusive In-App Advertising • Yunmi Choi, Indiana University Southeast • "As smartphone usage and ownership has increased, advertisers need to understand how to place mobile advertisements appropriately without causing negative effects such as irritation on their target audience. This empirical study focused on in-app advertising and its negative and positive impact on smartphone users. Subjects were invited to a computer lab and asked to play a smartphone application. The design of the study was a 2 (Ad Intrusiveness: 5-second vs. 30-second) x 2 (User Controllability: a close ad button vs. no button) x 2 (Task Orientation: hurry vs. free). The results indicate that users are more sensitive to the duration of ad exposure and controllability to close an ad. Irritation and perceived intrusiveness of the ad and app were found to be negative effects of intrusive in-app advertising while recall and recognition of the advertised brand were positive effects. In addition, perceived value and purchase intention of the brand were positively correlated with attitude toward ad and brand. Based on the study findings, it is suggested to offer the option to close in-app ads and reduce the ad exposure time to avoid irritation and perceived intrusiveness. However, if the goal of the in-app ad is to raise the brand awareness, being intrusive would be a good choice. App developers and managers should understand the influence of the absence of a close ad button will result in negatively perceived intrusiveness of their own application." Training to Lead in an Era of Change: Insights from Ad Agency Leaders • Sabrina Habib, University of South Carolina; PADMINI PATWARDHAN, Winthrop University • This study examines leadership training in advertising. Using constructivist grounded theory methodology, in-depth interviews with U.S. based agency professionals found lack of a systematic approach to leadership development; a consensus among professionals that training (whether formal or informal) is needed; diverse approaches to training; and recognition of barriers to establishing such programs in agencies despite need and benefits. The study also finds a role for advertising education to train the next generation of advertising leaders. Role of Immersive Characteristic, Emotional Engagement, and Consumer Responses in Virtual CSR Experiences: Drunk Driving Prevention 360 Degree Video by an Alcohol Company • Yoon-Joo Lee; Wen Zhao, Washington State University; Huan Chen • This study examined a unique context of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in the format of virtual reality (VR) video sponsored by an alcohol company through quasi-experimental design. The study aims to examine whether individual difference (immersive tendency) plays a role in perceiving the CSR initiatives in VR videos. This study revealed that consumers with a higher level of immersive tendency are more likely to have a positive attitude toward CSR ads via emotional involvement than those with a lower level of immersive tendency. However, consumers’ immersive tendency or emotional involvement with the VR video did not influence purchase intention. This study attempts to investigate how unique characteristic of VR video (e.g., telepresence, emotional engagement) can play a role in evaluating cognitive, attitudinal, and purchase intention in the unique context of VR video by adopting dialogic (emotional) engagement and HOE model. Theoretical and managerial implications were discussed. Does VR attract visitors? The mediating effect of presence on consumer response in tourism advertising using Virtual Reality • Wai Han Lo, Hong Kong Baptist University; Benjamin Ka Lun Cheng, Hong Kong Baptist University • 203 college students participated in an experiment exposing to a hotel advertorial that either use online blog, VR 360° video on mobile phone or VR 360° video using Cardboard goggles. The result supports the proposed path model, suggesting the mediating role of presence between using VR and consumer response. Theoretical and practical implications of the use of VR technology in branding and promotion are discussed. I (Don’t) Want to Consume Counterfeit Medicines: Preliminary Results on the Antecedents of Consumer Attitudes Toward Counterfeit Medicines • S. Senyo Ofori-Parku, University of Oregon; Sung Eun Park, The University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa • "Counterfeit medicine trafficking (an estimated $200 billion) enterprise has become one of the worlds’ fastest growing criminal enterprises. To the pharmaceutical industry, the uptick in counterfeit medicines raises brand equity and brand safety concerns, leading to huge financial losses. To consumers, it is a health and safety issue. But research has primarily focused on supply chain processes, technological, and legal mechanisms, ignoring consumer aspects. This exploratory study sheds light on some of the social, psychological, and normative factors that underlie consumers’ attitudes, risk perceptions, and purchase intentions. Consumers who (a) self-report that they know about the problem, (b) are older, (c) view counterfeit medicine consumption as ethical, and (d) think their significant others would approve of them using such products are more inclined to perceive lower risks and have favorable purchase intentions. Risk averseness is also inversely related to the predicted outcomes. Implications for brand advocacy and consumer safety education is discussed. Watching AD for Fun: Native Short-video Advertising on Chinese Social Media • Ruowen Wang; Huan Chen • Since 2016, the popularity of Social Media Marketing and Weibo short videos have encouraged brands and companies to cooperate with Weibo influencers to create attractive native short-video advertising for consumers. The current study used phenomenological research method to explore Chinese consumers’ attitude toward and perception on native short-video advertising. The first author recruited 20 Weibo short-video viewers to conduct in-depth interviews to understand their experiences of watching Weibo short-video advertising. The current study has theoretical implication on influencer marketing, native advertising, and social relationship marketing. Furthermore, the study also provides guidance and reference for social media influencers and brands on how to create effective native short-video advertising. Student Research The Effect of Endorser Body Type on Attitudes and Emotional Responses Toward Weight Loss Advertisements • Lindsay Bouchacourt, University of Florida • The present study explores the effect of endorser body type on female consumers' attitudes and emotional responses toward weight loss advertisements. Millennial female consumers were exposed to a weight loss advertisement that featured one of three endorser conditions: a mediated body type endorser, a realistic body type endorser, and no endorser. Attitude toward the ad, attitude toward the brand, purchase intentions, and emotional responses were measured. #Insta-Credible: The Impact of Influencer-Brand Fit on Source Credibility and Persuasive Effectiveness • Priska Breves, University of Wuerzburg; Nicole Liebers, University of Würzburg; Marina Abt, University of Wuerzburg; Annika Kunze, University of Wuerzburg • Two online-studies analyzed the impact of the fit between Instagram-influencers and the endorsed brand. While the first study (N = 687) used an experimental design and focused on internal validity, the second study (N = 197) employed a survey, presenting results high in external validity. Both studies validated a positive impact of influencer-brand fit on source credibility (trustworthiness and expertise), brand evaluations and behavioral intentions, especially for social media users with low-level parasocial relationships. Testing the Limits: Self-Endorsement in Ambient Intelligent Environments • Kristy Hamilton, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; SeoYoon Lee; Un Chae Chung; Weizi Liu • Self-endorsement—depicting the “self” as an endorser of a brand—illustrates a new, powerful advertising strategy made possible by affordances of new media platforms. Still, research on self-endorsement in advertising is dominated by discussions of features enabled within immersive virtual environments. Recognizing the multidimensionality of an affordance perspective, this experiment empirically tests the influence of self-endorsers and other-endorsers on brand attitude and purchase intentions using ambient intelligent technology (i.e., digital assistants). The Changing Landscape of Mobile Advertising: Current Practices, Key Insights and Future Research Directions • Xinyu Lu • Mobile advertising is gaining full momentum now. Consumers’ increasing reliance on mobile devices for consumption of media, coupled with improvements in targeting for mobile advertising, contributes to the growing market share of mobile advertising. Despite the increasing attention from advertisers and scholars, there is not a clear accumulation of empirical findings. This article delves into the changing landscape of mobile advertising brought by the advancement of mobile technologies to examine its implications on mobile advertising research, and provides an overview of the empirical findings. The article also develops a summary of key research opportunities and future directions. In sum, this review is intended to serve as a basis for scholars interested in understanding the mobile advertising literature, as well as a catalyst for future research explorations. We Eat What We Can "Process": How Regulatory Fit Affects Consumers’ Evaluation of Front-of-package Food Label and Health Claim • Giang Pham, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • This study investigates how regulatory fit affects consumers’ processing and evaluation of information on front of food packages. Promotion and prevention-focused participants (N = 253) evaluated food package designs that varied in nutrition labeling system (Facts Up Front, Traffic Light) and health claim frame (enhanced function, reduced disease risk). Results showed that there were significant three-way interactions between regulatory focus, nutrition labeling system and health claim frame on consumers’ perception of product healthiness, purchasing intent and recommending intent, but not attitude toward the package. Implications for improving food advertising effectiveness are discussed. The Effect of Ad appeals on Materialistic Consumers' Ethical Purchase • Yuhosua Ryoo; WooJin Kim; Eunjoo Jin, University of Texas at Austin • Materialism is known to be negatively related to consumers’ ethical behavior. Advancing this conventional wisdom, the current research investigated ways to motivate highly materialistic consumers’ ethical consumption by examining the moderating role of advertising appeals. The results indicated that consumers with high materialism showed more positive attitude toward advertisements and greater intention to purchase ethical products when the advertisements convey self-benefit appeals, rather than other-benefit appeals. On the other hand, low-materialistic consumers’ responses did not vary with different types of advertising appeals. The research also demonstrated that protective and enhancement motivations mediate the positive effect of self-benefit appeals on highly materialistic consumers’ ethical consumption. Do disabilities belong?: Exploring non-disabled consumer attitudes toward persons with physical disabilities in advertising • Summer Shelton, University of Florida • In advertising, which relies heavily on visual stimuli, what place do persons with disabilities (PWDs) hold? Through focus groups with non-disabled consumers, this research asked if advertisements featuring PWDS are encountered, assessed attitudes toward PWDs in advertising, and perceived reasons brands use PWDs. Findings revealed disability/health related advertisements encountered frequently and a desire for “normalization” of disabilities. Print or social platforms are presumed best, and larger brands are proposed leaders in improved disability representation. Using Anger and Efficacy as A Strategy to Prevent Alcohol-Related Sexual Assault: Dissuading Female College Students from Excessive Drinking within Social Settings • Jie(Doreen) Shen, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • Despite the fact that female college students’ excessive drinking is a prevalent risky factor that contributes to sexual assault, existing sexual assault prevention programs have rarely addressed the issue of women’s alcohol use. This study examines the effects of anger message appeals and efficacy message appeals on persuasion outcomes. An online experiment was conducted with 122 female college students in United States. They study used a 2 (anger appeal, non-anger appeal) x 2 (high-efficacy appeal, low-efficacy appeal) between-subjects design with attitudes toward excessive drinking and intentions of maintaining sober within social settings as the outcome variables. Results indicate the effectiveness of anger appeals as compared to non-anger appeals and the moderating effect of efficacy appeals on the relationship between anger appeals on attitudes. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. The 360-Degree Drunk Driving Prevention Advertising: The Impacts of Gender Role Beliefs and Self-Referencing on Purchase Intentions and Drunk Driving Avoidance • Wen Zhao, Washington State University • The primary purpose of this study was to examine the factors that influenced the effectiveness of the 360-degree CSR drunk driving prevention advertisement with nontraditional gender-role portrayals on consumers’ behavioral intentions. By conducting an experiment, this study found that the gender role beliefs exerted positive influences on purchase intentions through two sequential mediators, self-referencing and attitudes toward the ad. Additional analysis suggested that gender role beliefs negatively affect individuals’ avoidance of drunk driving through self-referencing. 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18113 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/comsher-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 18:51:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18117 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18117 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/ctec-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 18:58:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18120 Faculty Paper Competition No time to think: The impact of smartphone technology on mindfulness and reflection • Mary Beth Bradford, Florida Southern College • As smartphones have become more prevalent in society, so have become consequences. Using research from Carr (2010) and Turkle (2015), this study investigated the relationship between smartphones and reflection, mindfulness and hyperactivity. The results showed that smartphone addiction symptoms of withdrawal are significantly related to hyperactivity and negatively related to reflection. Phubbing, which is snubbing others with a smartphone, is negatively related to levels of mindfulness. Social media addiction was not a significant predictor. Pro-Vaxxers Get Out: Anti-Vaccine Advocates Influence Questioning First-Time, Pregnant, and New Mothers  on Facebook • Amanda Bradshaw, University of Florida; Summer Shelton, University of Florida; Easton Wollney, University of Florida; Debbie Treise, University of Florida; Kendra Auguste • Facebook has revolutionized health information-seeking behavior with crowd-based medical advice. Decreased vaccination uptake and subsequent disease outbreaks have generally occurred in localized clusters based upon social norms; however, geographically unrestricted Facebook networks may promote parental refusal congruent with digital identity formation. Interactions within the largest closed Facebook group for vaccination choice were analyzed through the lens of Social Influence Theory. Anti-vaccination advocates impacted questioning mothers’ expressed vaccination intentions through both informational and normative influence processes. Anyone Can Be a Troll: Predicting Behaviors and Perceptions of Uncivil Discourse Among Reddit Users • Daniel Montez, Brigham Young University; Pamela Brubaker, Brigham Young University; Scott Church, Brigham Young University; Ching (Jina) Shih, Brigham Young University; Spencer Christensen, Brigham Young University • Uncivil discourse is an increasingly pervasive problem on computer-mediated communication platforms. This study examined predictors of trolling behaviors as well as perceptions of trolling among 438 Reddit users. A path analysis indicated malicious motives mediated the relationship between personality traits (i.e., the Dark Triad) and online incivility. Outspokenness did not directly or indirectly predict incivility. Results also showed that both those with malicious motives who more or less serve as malicious online lurkers, as well as those who are uncivil online (i.e., trolls), view trolling as a functional approach to online discourse. This was further supported as both groups of individuals considered trolling as not being dysfunctional. Those who merely observed incivility on Reddit did not consider trolling to be a functional part of online discourse. Age, time spent on Reddit, and the Dark Triad did not predict functional/dysfunctional perceptions of trolling. Risk Factors for Cyberbullying Victimization: A Survey of Adult Internet Users in 19 Countries • Tiernan Cahill, Boston University; Kate Mays, Boston University; John Donegan, Boston University; Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Vienna; James H. Liu, Massey University • Research on cyberbullying has historically focused primarily on the experiences of children and adolescents and been limited to cross-sectional associations between risk factors and outcomes. The present study expands the understanding of causal risk factors for cyberbullying victimization among adults through a longitudinal panel survey of Internet users in 19 countries. The risk factors investigated include demographic attributes, online behavior, and personality attributes. Emotional expression and social media practices: A social identity-based perspective • Xi Cui, College of Charleston • This study explores general patterns of the relationship between emotional expressions and social media practices such as hashtags and post sharing with three datasets of two breaking events and one longitudinal collection. We assume a social identity perspective and attend to the identity meanings of various hashtags. Findings deepen our understanding of identity-driven social media uses in different topical contexts and possible influence of strategic self-presentation in moderating the expressions of emotions and identities. Predicting Cellphone Use while Driving and Walking Among College Students • Tao Deng, Michigan State University; Juan Mundel, DePaul University; Kristen Lynch, Michigan State University; Anastasia Kononova; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University • Amidst growing concerns related to use of cellphones while driving and walking, we explored different predictors of risky cellphone use, including demographic factors, psychological individual differences, and problematic use of technology using a cross-sectional survey of college students at a large Midwestern university (N = 577). Results showed that problematic social media use had the strongest predictive power on cellphone use while driving and walking, with psychological individual differences predicting risky cellphone use while driving. Facilitating Role of Opinion Climate in Speaking Out: Testing Spiral of Silence in Social Media • Sherice Gearhart, Texas Tech University; Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University • Through secondary analysis of data collected from a nationwide survey of adults (N = 956), this study uses the spiral of silence theory to examine the facilitating potential of the opinion climate cultivated on social media. Specifically, the role of individuals’ previous experience of online harassment via social media in speaking out is examined. Results identify potential positive effects of like-minded online opinion environment in facilitating speaking out behavior. From the Margins to the Newsfeed: Social Media Audiences’ Disruption of the Protest Paradigm • Summer Harlow, University of Houston; Danielle Kilgo, Indiana University • This content analysis expands protest paradigm research, examining the relationship between social media audience engagement and newspaper articles about protests in 2017. Results showed stories that were not posted to social media housed more negative frames and devices that delegitimize protesters. For select protests, audiences engaged more with articles with legitimizing content, suggesting users, like journalists, follow a paradigm that legitimizes some protests and marginalizes others. Instagramming Social Presence:  A Test of Social Presence Theory and Heuristic Cues on Instagram Sponsored Posts • Erika Johnson, East Carolina University; Seoyeon Hong, Rowan University • This study investigates Social Presence Theory, using sponsored posts on Instagram. By testing a 3 (social presence) x 2 (heuristic cues) x 2 (source of sponsorship) mixed subjects experiment (N = 378), the results showed significant main effects of social presence, heuristic cues, and source on social media engagement. Results show that higher social presence, higher likes (heuristic), and official sources lead to higher social media engagement. Our findings provide empirical evidence for how to effectively deliver sponsored contents on Instagram. I DON’T USE FACEBOOK ANYMORE: An investigation into the relationship between the motivations to leave Facebook and the Big Five personality traits • Seoyeon Hong, Rowan University; Klive (Soo-Kwang) Oh, Pepperdine University • This study linked the Big Five personality traits with motivational factors to leave Facebook. The Big Five were expected to predict eight factors retrieved from existing literature. Results showed that neuroticism was positively related to addiction, banality, peer pressure, and privacy while conscientiousness was negatively related to peer pressure, addiction, annoyance, and emergence of new platforms. Openness was positively related with banality but negatively with addiction and peer pressure. Theoretical and practical interpretations are also discussed. Who are the second screeners? Personality traits predicting dual screen use • Brigitte Huber; Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Vienna; James H. Liu, Massey University • This study investigates the relationship between personality traits and second screening for politics worldwide. Employing two-wave panel-data from 19 countries, this study tests how the Big Five personality traits relate to dual screening practices. Results show that extraversion positively predicts second screening. In contrast, agreeableness and openness to new experience are negatively related to second screening. Moreover, multilevel analysis is performed to test whether the between-country variation is related to cultural and technical indicators. Pundits, Presenters and Promoters: Investigating Gaps in Digital Production among Social Media Users Using Self-Reported and Behavioral Measures • Ke Jiang; Rui Wang; Lance Porter; Martin Johnson • We investigate the relationship between the social characteristics of social media users and their production of digital content. Matching survey data with self-reported user profiles and a year’s worth of actual posts on Twitter, we found four dominant fields of discussion and three main types of actors participating in these discussions. Pundits, presenters and promoters tweeted about different combinations of lifecasting, politics, promotion and entertainment to gain digital capital in 2016. Developing and Testing Web-based Avatar Customization as a Self-Affirmation Manipulation Tool • Hyunjin Kang, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University; Hye Kyung Kim, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University • In two lab experiments, this study tested the potential of web-based avatar customization as a new self-affirmation manipulation method. Study 1 (N = 126) found that the process of avatar customization has a self-affirming effect equivalent to a widely used self-affirmation method. Study 2 (N = 139) further found that avatar customization reduces defensive processing of self-threatening health information among those who most likely to be defensive. We discuss practical implications and future research directions. Effects of User versus Object Agency in Interaction with Smart Objects: A Moderated Mediation Model of Anthropomorphism and Perceived Connectedness • Hyunjin Kang, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University; Ki Joon Kim, Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong • In human-IoT interaction, both users and smart objects can exercise own agency. The current study examines interplay of the locus of agency (user vs. object) and anthropomorphic cues on user responses to interactions with IoT mediated by sense of connectedness. Experiment results (N =71) indicated that users generally exhibit more positive responses to IoT interactions when they have own agency. Yet, anthropomorphism was shown to relieve agency tension among users when objects have own agency. The effects of gratifications on the continuance intention to use a mobile instant messenger service • Hyunjung Kim • In this study, we examined the motivational factors associated with the intention to continue to use an MIM service and explored the relationship between the size of an MIM group chatroom and the respective effects of the motivational factors. The results demonstrate that the effect of the social interaction gratification on the intention to continue using the MIM was greatest among those who mainly use the service for small-group chatrooms with three to five members. Checking in During Irma: Investigating Motivations, Emotions, and Narratives on Facebook’s Safety Check Feature • Seoyeon Kim; Lucinda Austin, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Jeanine Guidry, Virginia Commonwealth University • This study investigated public discourse on social media during the recent natural disaster Hurricane Irma through a quantitative content analysis of 750 Facebook posts. Levels of public engagement across different motivations for use, emotions, and crisis narratives were examined. Posts elicited higher engagement when users were motivated by information sharing; expressing fear/anxiety; and using victim narratives. Emotions across different crisis narratives are also discussed. Snapchat Usage from the International Perspective: Comparison between the United States and South Korea • Haseon Park, University of North Dakota; Soojung Kim, University of North Dakota; Joonghwa Lee, University of North Dakota • This study explored international differences in Snapchat usage between the United States and Korea by taking long-term orientation, separateness self-schema, and motivations into account. The results from online survey revealed that both long-term orientation and separateness had positive relationships with attitudes toward Snapchat and intention to use Snapchat. Motivations that significantly influence attitudes toward Snapchat and intention to use Snapchat were also found to be different between the two countries. Implications are discussed. YouTube, show me “How-to”: exploring parasocial interaction and self-efficacy mechanism governing behavioral intent in YouTube tutorial videos • Hyosun Kim, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point • A web survey was conducted to examine how "How-To" videos on YouTube affect purchase intent toward the products featured in the videos. Drawing on social cognitive theory, the findings suggest that perceived authenticity predicts parasocial interaction, which then affects self-efficacy to predict purchase intent. Thus, results revealed a significant mediating role of parasocial interaction and self-efficacy in the learning process that positively affects people towards buying the product they learned about from the YouTube tutorial videos. Characteristics of Compensated Consumer Reviews and the Effect of Compensation Disclaimer on Attitude and Purchase Intention • Su Jung Kim, Iowa State University; Ewa Maslowska, University of Amsterdam; Ali Tamaddoni, Deakin Business School • This paper examines different characteristics and effects of compensated versus self-motivated reviews, and the mechanisms behind these effects, using mixed methods in two studies. The findings of text mining analyses suggest that, despite compensated reviews provide more elaborate and evaluative content, they are perceived less helpful than self-motivated reviews. The findings of a randomized experiment suggest that compensation disclosure negatively influence consumers’ attitude and purchase intention via increased suspicion of the reviewer’s ulterior motives. Peer-To-Peer Connections: Perceptions of a Social Networking App Designed for Young Adults with Cancer • Allison Lazard; Adam Saffer; Lindsey Horrell; Catherine Benedict; Brad Love • Objective: Social support is a critical, yet frequently unmet, need among young adults (YAs) affected by cancer. YAs desire age-appropriate resources that will help them connect to members of the YA cancer community. Given the overwhelming adoption of smart phones among YAs, a peer-to-peer, social networking mobile app is a promising intervention to provide this desired social support if the design affords meaningful connections. Methods: We interviewed 27 members of the YA community to assess perceptions of the Stupid Cancer app. Findings: Most participants expressed interested in using the app to connect with other YA survivors/caregivers. Connection preferences varied by prevalence or rarity of one’s cancer diagnosis. Additional themes shared included: juxtaposition of the desire for profile anonymity versus profiles with more personal information such as pictures, the need for multiple matching algorithms and filter options to find connections that meet varying support needs, and desire for tailored messaging and chat room features (e.g., topic-specific, search capabilities). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the promise of using an app-based platform to fulfill YA cancer survivors’ unmet peer support needs. Practical Implications: Peer-to-peer networking apps should be designed so users can control their identify and customize connection features in this underserved cancer population. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and Social Capital: Examining the Impacts of Mobile, PC, and Tablet Uses on Bonding and Bridging Social Capital • Hoon Lee; Scott Campbell • This study aims to tease out the distinctive repercussion of a particular ICT use for the accrual of social capital.  Our results demonstrate mobile phone use is positively associated with bonding capital, whereas using desktop PC explains enhanced bridging capital. It is further shown that private-oriented use of mobile phone mainly contributes to the cultivation of bonding capital while using desktop PC for political ends is the key predictor of augmented bridging capital. A Review of Media Addiction Research from 1991 to 2016 • Louis Leung, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Cheng Chen • In this review study, a descriptive analysis was conducted of the media addiction research published from 1991 to 2016. The search of all academic output published in 13 major academic databases within the 26-year period yielded 1,099 SSCI/SCI articles that were relevant to this study. The review was focused on the trends, developmental periods, study domains, themes, research methods, measurement instruments, and research purposes in the field of media addiction. The implications of these findings for future media addiction research are discussed. Does being an expert make you more negative? An investigation of subjective expertise and electronic word-of-mouth communication • Jiangmen Liu; Cong Li, School of Communication, University of Miami • This study aims examines how communicator’s subjective expertise impacts generation of eWOM and through what mechanisms. A 2 (subjective expertise: high vs low)  2 (anonymity: anonymous vs real identity)  2 (audience size: large vs small) between-subjects experiment conducted online. Results revealed a two-way interaction between subjective expertise and anonymity on eWOM valence. Findings provide theoretical contributions to eWOM research by exploring the influences of communicator characteristics and platform characteristics on eWOM generation. Issue-Based Micromobilization via Call-to-Action Message: Path analysis model linking issue involvement to expressive action in social media • Elmie Nekmat, National University of Singapore; Ismaharif Ismail, National University of Singapore • This study investigates identity- and perceptual-based factors determining individual expressive support for issue-driven collective action on social media. A mediated pathway model positing influence of personal issue involvement via individual-group identification, perceived individual-network issue opinion congruity, and perceived participative efficacy on likelihood to engage in expressive support (commenting, ‘liking,’ ‘sharing’ of message and information) was evaluated. Results reveal group identification as robust mediator of issue involvement, predicting expressive support irrespective of user issue attitudes. Perceived participative efficacy is the strongest predictor of likelihood to express support but, like perceived individual-network opinion congruity, demonstrate variances between users with different levels of issue involvement and attitude. Results suggest a more intricate micromobilization process that needs to consider contextual issue-group positions and status quo in society, as well as counter-groups dynamics on social media. The Emotional Consequences of Social Exclusion through Social Media • Dominik Neumann, Michigan State University; Nancy Rhodes, Michigan State University • Using social media affords an unfiltered window into the lives of friends. Although this can facilitate positive relationships, it also affords awareness of social activities friends are enjoying, that the user has not been included in. We report an initial, qualitative investigation into perceptions of self-exclusion and ostracism and emotional consequences of these types of exclusion. Thinking about an ostracism situation led to higher anger, and lower regret and happiness than thinking about self-exclusion. News Finds Them, and Then What? How Post-Millennials Engage with Social and Mobile Media News • Anne Oeldorf-Hirsch, University of Connecticut; Preeti Srinivasan, University of Connecticut • The reliance on social and mobile media for news is changing how young adults engage with and learn from news. Focus groups with current college students (N = 60) explore how they experience news via different media formats and how the content influences them. Results reveal social and mobile media as imperfect but unavoidable convenience, a general hesitation to engage publicly with news content, and a sense of awareness of but not learning from news. Twitter versus Facebook: Discussing Controversial Issues on Social Media • Mustafa Oz, Southern Indiana University • Abstract: This study compares how do people express their opinions on the Facebook versus on Twitter. It was sought to understand whether people were more willing to express their opinions on some social media channels than others. It was assumed that fear of isolation and affordances may influence users’ opinion expression behaviors on social media websites. Overall, the results suggested that people were more likely to express their opinion on Twitter than Facebook when they think the majority does not support their opinion. Smartphone and Self-Extension: Functionally, Anthropomorphically, and Ontologically Extending Self via the Smartphone • Chang Sup Park, University at Albany, SUNY; Barbara Kaye • This paper focuses on the blurring boundary between the smartphone and humans and aims to identify types of self-extension people experience through smartphone use. Based on in-depth interviews with 60 smartphone users, the findings support three types of self-extension via the smartphone – functional extension, anthropomorphic extension, and ontological extension. The findings suggest that smartphone users perceive that the smartphone has become an important part of their self and influences their identity. Big data and crowdfunding for startups: An application of social capital theory • Sun-Young Park, University of Massachusetts Boston; Boon Thau Loo • Crowdfunding is a recent financing phenomenon as a tool for startups to raise seed funding for them. Utilizing big data analytics for crowdfunding platforms, such as AngelList (N = 744,036) and Crunchbase (N = 10,156), and social media sites, such as Facebook (N = 37,761) and Twitter (N = 70,563), our research investigates the impact of social engagement on startup fundraising success through the lens of social capital theory. The results show cognitive, structural, and relational dimensions of social capital sources served as important predictors of fundraising for startups. Predicting Artificial Intelligence (AI) Chatbot Use in South Korea: The Roles of Socio-Demographic Characteristics, Innovativeness, Sense of Belonging, and Computer Self-Efficacy • Kyungeun Jang, Yonsei University; Jinyoung Choi, Yonsei University; Seonggyeol Cho, Yonsei University; Namkee Park, Yonsei University • This study explored the factors that affect individuals’ adoption and use of AI chatbots, focusing on socio-demographic characteristics, innovativeness, sense of belonging, and computer self-efficacy. The study fills the gap between the current use of AI chatbots and the lack of empirical studies that examined the predictors of adoption and use of the technology. The study is also expected to stimulate future research, calling for attention to individual and psychological factors for AI chatbot use. Take them there: From narrative engagement to behavioral intention in cause-related immersive storytelling • Geah Pressgrove; Nicholas Bowman, West Virginia University; Jennifer Knight • This study explores the role of immersive storytelling in a prosocial context. Across three stories, using immersive storytelling technologies (such as head-mounted displays) led to the highest levels of presence, but there was no association between presence and increased attitudes towards the story content. Only narrative engagement impacted attitudes. Data suggests that telling engaging narratives that increase the viewer’s self-efficacy, independent of immersive technologies, are key to behavioral intentions. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. How Many Will Read It on Reddit? A Model That Predicts Rankings of Reddit News • Aditya Ravindra Bhat; Ronald Yaros, University of Maryland • Research investigated social media sites in the context of user engagement and sharing of news, but few studies have focused on how user interactions could predict the ranking of news sources. 8,300 postings were collected from Reddit - the fourth largest news aggregator in the U.S. - to develop a new formula that can predict rankings of news sources. Initial results indicated the formula can successfully predict Reddit rankings with at least 70 percent reliability. Predictors of Multiscreen Use: A Comparative Study of the United States and the Netherlands • Claire Segijn, Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Anastasia Kononova • Previous cross-country studies found that media multitasking was most prevalent in the US and the least prevalent in the Netherlands. The current study seeks explanations for these differences by comparing survey data from the US (n = 314) and the Netherlands (n = 328) and examining audience, media, and cultural factors as predictors of multiscreening, a specific form of media multitasking. The results showed that media factors are the most important predictor of multiscreen use. Hey Alexa! Tell us Why People Adopt and Trust Voice Activated Digital Assistants • Claire Sauter, St. John Fisher College; Morgan van der Horst; Mary Wilson, St. John Fisher College; Sophia Germano, St. John Fisher College; Ronen Shay, St. John Fisher College • This study employed a survey (n=235) content analysis, and pseudo-experiment to examine the factors that contribute towards the adoption of Alexa, Google Home, and Siri devices. The findings demonstrated perceived companionship with the virtual assistant was the strongest predictor of adoption; statements before wake words are not found in device transcriptions; emotions towards assistants are positive, but neutral towards the degree of privacy; and perceived usefulness is a predictor of trust for all brands studied. Who Will Reply to A Troll? A Network Approach to Understanding Trolls in Online Communities • Qiusi Sun; Cuihua Shen • This study investigated trolls’ influence in online communities by examining how individual members react toward trolls. Trolls are antisocial individuals provoking emotional responses and disrupt discussions. Using social identity theory and a dataset from YouTube, the study found out that individual members’ centrality, discussion network’s density, other members’ previous response to trolls, and the community’s cumulative response to trolls and the negativity of troll posts are associated with individual members’ likelihood of responding to trolls. Social media and the classroom: Reversing the knowledge gap through tweets • Jason Turcotte • Knowledge gap theory demonstrated mass media’s role in facilitating learning disparities between the haves and have nots. The knowledge gap is also conditioned by the medium, yet the role of digital platforms is less clear. As social media plays an increasingly routine role as an information source and as a pedagogical tool, this study examines the effectiveness of incorporating social media in mass communication instruction. Who leads the conversation on climate change?: A study of the global network of NGOs on Twitter • Hong Vu; Hung Do; Hyunjin Seo, University of Kansas; Yuchen Liu, University of Kansas • Using a big data approach, this study investigates how climate change NGOs across the world communicate and interact on Twitter. It found that the Global North/South hierarchy is perpetuated in the network of these NGOs, with those from the Global North and Oceania dominating the conversations on climate change. Our social network analyses identified several types of centralities, conceptualized as connectivity, as predictors of an organization’s interactivity and posting. Implications for interorganizational communication and online opinion leadership were discussed. Space-body Relationship: Visualizing Geolocation on Instagram and the Implications on Psychological Well-being • Shaojung Sharon Wang, National Sun Yat-sen University • This study investigated how location-based image sharing on Instagram might provide meaning for socio-spatial interaction processes by connecting bodies with locations. The results of an online survey showed that the use of Instagram features and visual appeal of an Instagram profile can both significantly predicted the users’ sense of space. Users’ sense of space had a positive impact on inner space and online social support and both inner space and online social support positively predicted three aspects of perceived interpersonal attraction: physical attraction, sexual attraction, and group attraction. The three aspects of perceived interpersonal attraction can further positively predict psychological well-being (PWB). Theoretical implications on how Instagram users might shorten the inner distance and trigger social perceptions by exhibiting external spatial beauty on a visual-oriented social platform to achieve PWB are discussed. Information Control as a Mood Enhancer: Mood Management through Website Interactivity • Taylor Jing Wen, University of South Carolina; Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina; Reece Funderburk, University of South Carolina • This paper examines the interplay between mood (positive, negative, and neutral) and website interactivity (high and low) on responses to brand websites. Participants in a negative mood reported greater mood change and more positive attitudes toward a high-interactivity website whereas people in a positive mood exhibited non-significant mood change and comparable evaluations of the websites with different levels of interactivity. Participants in a neutral mood reported non-significant mood change but more favorable attitudes toward a high-interactivity website. ‘This Message Will Self-Destruct’: Brand Use of Ephemeral Content on Snapchat for Strategic Communication • Brooke Smith, Brigham Young University; Christopher Wilson, BYU; Pamela Brubaker, Brigham Young University • This study seeks to understand why and how brands use ephemeral content on platforms like Snapchat. The authors conducted in-depth interviews with 23 brand social media managers who were involved in with brands’ Snapchat account. The results show that the ephemerality of the content shared on Snapchat was a key driver in platform adoption. Also, brand representatives wanted to reach younger audiences by telling them authentic visual stories. However, brands must balance the desire for carefully crafted brand stories the rawness characteristic of ephemeral content. The Alternatives to Being Silent: Exploring the Opinion Expression Avoidance Strategies for Discussing Politics on Facebook • Tai-Yee Wu, National Chiao Tung University; Xiaowen Xu; David Atkin • This study integrates the theories of planned behavior and spiral of silence to examine one’s opinion expression avoidance on Facebook political discussions. Survey results suggest that self-efficacy and subjective norms promote the intention to adopt both tacit and “hassle” avoidance strategies. The latter could even benefit individuals with higher fear of isolation to less explicitly reveal disagreements if normative influence decreases. Findings from this comprehensive framework expand present understandings of online opinion expression and withdrawal. When Journalism and Automation Intersect: Assessing the Influence of the Technological Field on Contemporary Newsrooms • Shangyuan Wu, Nanyang Technological University; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Charles Salmon • In this era of “big data,” where information circulates in unprecedented amounts, this paper examines the use of automation in newsrooms to manage the data deluge – not from the perspective of news workers, but from the technologists driving these digital innovations instead. Using field theory and in-depth interviews with technological firms, this study maps out the principles and practices of the technological field and the pressures and powers it exerts on the journalistic field today. How Does Customization Influence Conspicuous Consumption among Socially Excluded versus Included Consumers? • Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina; Nanlan Zhang, University of South Carolina; nandini bhalla, University of South Carolina; Anan Wan, University of South Carolina • A lab experiment was conducted to analyze how the interplay between social exclusion and customization influenced consumers’ tendency of conspicuous consumption. The results indicated that compared to socially included participants, socially excluded participants expressed a significantly stronger tendency of conspicuous consumption after customizing a website. However, such a difference between social exclusion and social inclusion was not observed among participants who just read the information on the website without customizing it. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed and future research suggestions also provided. Relationships between Gameplay Motives, Gaming Activities, and Quality-of-Life Perceptions among Older Game Players • YOWEI KANG, KAINAN UNIVERSITY, REPUBLIC OF TAIWAN; KENNETH C.C YANG, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO, USA • Older adults have increasingly become an important and profitable segment. This empirical research analyzed data from 127 older game players (>55 years old) in Taiwan and examined how their gaming activities were influenced by their use motives and whether playing digital games could subsequently influence their quality-of-life (QOL) perceptions. The linear regression analyses found that the motive to seek social connectedness positively predicted their gameplay duration (β=0.36, t=2.76**). Participants’ motive to obtain relaxation also positively predicted their gameplay frequency (β=0.93, t=12.00***). In terms of their quality-of-life perceptions, our study found that gameplay frequency positively predicted participants’ satisfaction with their own material living conditions (β=0.13, t=2.87**) and social relationship with family members (β=0.34, t=4.03***). Commitment to playing digital games, on the contrary, negatively predicted participants’ satisfaction to take part in productive and main activities (β=-0.29, t=-3.28***). Beyond the “Good or Bad” Typology: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Association between Social Media Use and Psychological Well-Being • Fan Yang, University at Albany, SUNY; Ruoxu Wang, The University of Memphis • A meta-analysis of 54 studies was conducted to examine the association between social media use and psychological well-being. Using social media does not necessarily link to users’ psychological well-being because the relationship between the two is contingent upon different types of social media use (active versus passive), motivations for social media use (instrumental versus relational), and age of social media users. However, the association does not vary by social media platforms (Facebook versus others).   Student Paper Competition Repurposed Geo-data and the Counterpublic: Folk Theories of Remote Check-ins to Standing Rock on Facebook • Jeeyun Baik, University of Southern California • This study defines social media users’ remotely checking in to political locations as an evolving form of counterpublic. It conducted a case study on Facebook check-in posts to Standing Rock Indian Reservation in 2016 where the users virtually stood with protesters who were fighting against the Dakota Access oil pipeline construction. Analyzing the discourse across the public remote check-in posts, five folk theories were identified regarding solidarity, counter-surveillance, privacy, education on geo-data and debunking rumors. Whenever, Wherever:  The Persuasive Effects of Commercials Experienced with Mobile Virtual Reality • Priska Breves, University of Wuerzburg; Nicola Dodel, University of Wuerzburg • With the rise of mobile VR, advertisers started producing immersive commercials in order to engage and persuade consumers. A 2x1-between-subjects-experiment (N=62) was conducted in participants’ living rooms under natural conditions, where they either experiencing the immersive commercial with a cardboard HMD or on a laptop. Serial moderated mediation analyses indicated positive effects of mobile VR due to elevated feelings of spatial presence; however, persuasive effectiveness was only increased if reported cybersickness was low or moderate. The Effects of Modality, Device, and Task Differences on Human-likeness in Virtual Assistant Interaction • Eugene Cho, Penn State University; Maria D. Molina, Penn State University; Jinping Wang, Penn State University • This study attempts to explore the effects of modality, device, and task differences on attitudes toward virtual assistants (VAs), and the mediating roles of perceived human-likeness. A 2 (modality: voice vs. text) X 2 (device: mobile vs. laptop) X 2 (task type: hedonic vs. utilitarian) mixed factorial experimental design was employed. Findings suggest that voice (vs. text) interaction was mediated by higher level of perceived human-likeness to evoke more positive attitudes toward the VA system, but only with utilitarian (vs. hedonic) tasks. Interestingly, interaction using laptops (vs. mobile phones) also enhanced perceived human-likeness of the virtual agent. This study offers theoretical and practical implications for VA research by exploring the combinational effects of modality, device, and task differences on user perceptions through human-like interactions. Playing the Visibility Game: How Digital Influencers and Algorithms Negotiate Influence on Instagram • Kelley Cotter • Algorithms regulate who and what gains visibility on social media. Yet, discussions of algorithmic power often neglect the ways knowledge of algorithms might constrain their power. Through a thematic analysis of online discussions among Instagram digital influencers, I observe that influencers actively learn about the platform’s algorithms and pursue influence as if playing a game. Influencers’ discursive interpretations of algorithms—and the “game” more broadly—intervene between the algorithms and influencers to shape influencers’ behaviors. Moving with presence: A 4-week virtual reality-based exergame training with cognitive challenges on executive functions in people aged 50 and over • Tim Huang, Michigan State University • The older population, which has grown dramatically, is at a considerably higher risk for having problems related to the aging of the brain. Exergames show the potential to combine the cognitive benefits of physical activity and attractiveness of videogames and been found to be more effective as a tool for cognitive improvement in older adults. However, the mechanism by which exergames led to cognitive improvement has not been fully explored. The current research investigated the impacts of immersion (i.e., VR) and types of task-load on cognitive benefits in the context of exergaming and hypothesized the feeling of presence as a mediator between immersion and cognitive benefits. A 4-week exergame training, which consisted of eight 20-minute exergame sessions, was designed to test the hypotheses and answer the research question of the current research. The experiment was a 2 (high immersion vs. low immersion) x2 (task-relevant vs. task-irrelevant loads) between-subject factorial design. The results (N=41) showed that task-irrelevant load led to cognitive improvement immediately after a single-bout training, and immersion had an impact on cognitive impact after the 4-week training. However, the results after the 2-week training showed that both factors played an important role. Furthermore, spatial presence mediates the impacts of immersion on cognitive benefits. The significance of this study includes both theoretical and practical implications were also discussed. Predictors of Peer-to-Peer Communication among Elder Adults within an Online Interactive Communication System • Juwon Hwang, UW-Madison; Junhan Chen • Despite the benefits and growing interests in online communication using technology among elder adults, little is known about the factors that predict engagement in a computer-mediated social support (CMSS) communication among elder adults. Based on an interactive communication system for elder adults, we explore how psychosocial and physical well-being characteristics predict engagement in peer-to-peer communication. Of eligible participants who were 65 and older, and have experienced one or more of clinical criteria of this study, we analyzed 174 of participants who were assigned to the intervention and used the interactive communication system during the 6-month study period. Results indicated that participants who have better emotional well-being but more physical symptoms were more likely to engage in online peer-to-peer communication. Specifically, elder adults with higher social support and a bigger size of the social network, and those with less depression were more likely to engage in peer-to-peer communication, whereas those with more physical symptoms and worse physical quality of lives were more likely to interact with peers. How should an embodied conversational agent carry out small talks? The effect of the agent’s passivity in small talks on user psychology • Jin Kang, The Pennsylvania State University; Lewen Wei, Pennsylvania State University • We examined how an embodied conversational agent (ECA) should carry out small talks with human users. In a 3 (agent type: active vs. passive vs. control) x 2 (topic: selfie vs. etiquette) between-subjects online study, participants interacted with a fictitious ECA who engaged in small talk as an active participant or a passive observant of human culture. We found that the passive agent elicited higher threat to uniqueness and perceived interactivity than the active agent. Snapping Up Legacy Media: Using Theory of Affordances to Explain How News Outlets Behave on Snapchat • Eun Jeong Lee, Texas State University • This study uses an affordances approach to explore how U.S. media outlets utilize Snapchat to reach young people, the audience least engaged with traditional media. Using content analysis and interviews, this study found that publishers on Discover adopt Snapchat’s affordances and adapt their story topic and presentation of content with an emphasis on the visual. Yet, differences emerge between traditional “legacy” and “new” media outlets, especially in news judgment. International Student’s Social Networking Sites Use,  Perceived Social Support, and Acculturative Stress • Lin Li • This study examined the mechanisms through which ethnic and host social networking site (SNS) use influenced international students’ acculturative stress. By surveying international students in an American university (N = 263), the study found that host SNS use was associated with less acculturative stress through the increased level of social support from the host country, while ethnic SNS use was associated with more acculturative stress through the decreased level of social support from the home country. Intermittent Discontinuance: The case of Twitter • Margaret Yee Man Ng • Early studies tend to view innovation discontinuance as a one-time complete abandonment of an innovation in use. However, this study argued that post-adoption behavior is not simply a binary distinction between use and non-use, but is a wide array of practices enacting varied degrees of engagement with and disengagement from an innovation. Using a national Twitter user survey (N = 419), this study identified differences (i.e., demographic, psychographic, and behavioral characteristics) among continuing adopters, intermittent discontinuers, and permanent discontinuers. Normalized Incivility: Two Studies of Social Cues in Online Discussion Environments • David Silva, Washington State University • Civility is required for democratic political communication, but the frequency of incivility online presents a vexing problem. This study approaches incivility from a social psychological framework and tests the efficacy of social cues on discussion intention. Findings from two experiments show group norms predict group identification, which affects communication intentions. Some social cues reduce perceptions of normative incivility, but others have adverse effects. Best practices and future research are discussed considering these results. The Effects of Expectation Fulfilment of Likes on Anxiety and Depression: The Role of Perceived • Lipei Tang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Using a cluster sampling method, this study (N = 475) proposed and tested a moderated mediation model to examine the effect of expectation fulfilment of Likes on social media on anxiety and depression. Results found both conditional direct effect and conditional indirect effect of expectation fulfilment on people who Liked on anxiety and depression through perceived social support (importance of social media post as moderator). Theoretical implications are discussed. “NextDoor People Are Nuts”: Analyzing Twitter Perspectives About the People and Purpose of NextDoor • Kelsey Whipple, University of Texas at Austin • This qualitative textual analysis examines how social media users characterize NextDoor, the private, geo-specific social platform dedicated to fostering neighborhood communities online, on another social platform: Twitter. By exploring the major themes of Twitter public discourse about NextDoor, this study seeks to analyze NextDoor’s role within a larger network of virtual online communities, as well as understand what type of people are assumed to use it and how users share and prioritize information. Self-control and Media Multitasking:  The Role of Conflict Identification and Intrinsic Motivation • Shan Xu, Ohio State University; Guanjin Zhang, Ohio State University • Based on the preventive interventive (PI) model of self-control, the current study investigates how trait self-control influences multitasking while studying and pinpoints two mediators: intrinsic motivation and conflict identification. Results from a survey study suggested that students who scored high on trait self-control were more likely to identify a conflict between media multitasking and schoolwork, and had a stronger intrinsic motivation toward study, which in turn decreased media multitasking during educational activities. Human-like vs. Robot-like Voices: The Impact of Voice Cues of a Virtual Health Assistant and Health Information Sensitivity on Users’ Perception and Behavioral Intentions • Hyun Yang, The Pennsylvania State University; Ruosi Shao, Penn State University • This study shows (1) the relationship between voice cues of a virtual health assistant and perceived social presence; (2) the relationship between perceived social presence and credibility; (3) the moderating effect of trustworthiness beliefs in machine/human on the relationship between voice cues and perceived credibility; (4) the effects of perceived credibility on self-disclosure and behavioral learning intentions; and (5) the effect of health information sensitivity on self-disclosure intention. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18120 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/ctm-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:01:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18124 Open Call Competition The messenger is part of the message: The role of expectancy violations in media theory • Robin Blom, Ball State University • Many studies in mass communication have focused on source credibility in persuasion, but to the point that some scholars have overlooked other important factors, such as the actual message. In its place, media phenomena could be better understood by integrating expectancy violations in theoretical models explaining how media content affect audience members, in particular by taking into account an interaction between source trust and content expectancy. This may better explain why people sometimes believe distrusted sources more than trusted ones, and vice versa. Overriding the Threat Dynamic: Facebook Sociability for Trust and Perceptions of Difference • Brandon Bouchillon, Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne • The more racial or ethnic diversity a person lives around, the less likely they are to espouse feelings of trust for the average person, as differences have instead become reasons to pull back, prompting a mass erosion of social capital in America. The present study looks to social networking sites as a means of still hosting diverse contact, even in spite of the hunker down, for reinforcing trust and perceptions of difference locally. Results of a two-wave national web survey (N = 387) indicate that using Facebook to interact with new people at Time 1 contributes to generalized trust at Time 2, while neighborhood-level racial and ethnic diversity still undermines trust over the same period. Yet, diversity has less of a negative impact on trust for more sociable Facebook users, as interacting with new people on the site moderates the negative association between racial/ethnic differences and trust. This suggests that Facebook has a utility for not only facilitating diverse contact, but reinforcing trust, toward changing the way users perceive of diversity everywhere. Mental schema as explanations for third-person perceptions, censorship and media literacy programs addressing “revenge porn” • Michael Boyle, West Chester University; Michael Schmierbach, Pennsylvania State University • Although mental schema are offered as an explanation for third-person perceptions, prior research on this topic has tended to focus on perceived exposure. This study extends the schema explanation by measuring self-reported exemplar availability, demonstrating this factor is a critical predictor of perceived influence on self and others across two national studies. Additionally, analysis shows that these mental examples directly and indirectly influence support for restrictions on revenge porn and support for media literacy programs to help train individuals to be critical media consumers related to this issue. Experimentally presented exemplars did not amplify the availability of such examples or alter overall perceptions, suggesting these models are deeply held and may stem from broader concepts of powerful media. Building and bridging political divides. Reconceptualizing political disagreement and its consequences for political tolerance. • David Coppini, University of Denver • This study uses a sample of the American adult population (N=693) to examine the relationships between different forms of political disagreement and political tolerance. First, this study re-conceptualizes exposure to political disagreement along the lines of political heterogeneity and political extremity. Second, this study examines how the intersection of political heterogeneity and political extremity shapes political tolerance. Third, this study examines the affective mechanisms that explain the relationship between political disagreement and political tolerance. Mediatized rituals: De-reify the media in the age of deep mediatization • Xi Cui, College of Charleston • We propose the concept of mediatized rituals to better address the ritualistic orientation toward an increasingly mediatized social reality which is constructed through algorithmic collection, processing and (re)presentation of data by communication technologies. We argue that two characteristics of human communications in mediatized societies can objectivate a socially constructed reality as something natural and authentic, giving rise to people’s ritualistic orientation toward this reality. Bitcoin is analyzed to illustrate the utility of the concept. Communication Mediation Model Across Cultures: Multilevel Mediation Model Effects of News and Discussion on Participation • Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Vienna; Trevor Diehl, University of Vienna; Brigitte Huber; James H. Liu, Massey University • Since introduced by Prof. McLeod and the Wisconsin School at the turn of the century, a large body of research on the Communication Mediation Model account has showed positive mediated effects of news use and discussion on political participatory behaviors. Most of these studies, however, rely on individual-level survey-data, collected in the USA. This paper seeks to palliate these shortcomings by testing the CMM on a multilevel mediation model with data collected across twenty countries. The Evolution of Regime Legitimacy Imaginaries on the Chinese Internet • Yingru Ji, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Angela, Xiao Wu • This study examines popular perceptions about the ruling state on the Chinese Internet. To observe the impact of the state’s project of “online public opinion guidance,” we chose two historical moments from 2011 and 2016, and systematically captured and analyzed massive amounts of speech traces on Weibo that contain the term tizhi, a discursively flexible, yet distinctively Chinese concept onto which sentiments related to the state are projected. Combining semantic network clustering and critical discourse analysis, this study revealed, historically and macroscopically, the relative dominance of differing ways of evaluating the state’s legitimacy. Specifically, we found that the previously dominant legitimacy-challenging framework comprised of (Western) democratic references imploded and was absorbed by a nationalist discourse that enhances state legitimacy, and that the legitimacy-criticizing framework drawing from the state’s own “reform framework” has undergone depoliticization into administration-focused compartments. Our study has conceptual and methodological implications for researching Chinese web-based contentious politics. The "Affective News" Extended Model (ANEM): A Multi-Topic Study of Narrative Persuasion from Political Messages • Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick; Melissa Robinson; Rebecca Frazer; Emily Schutz • Narrative persuasion has garnered much attention but yielded inconsistent results. The present work focuses on narrative persuasion regarding political attitudes and derives hypotheses from the “Affective News” Extended Model (ANEM). A 2 x 2 online repeated-measures experiment (N = 225) presented four texts on controversial political issues, which were either presented as news or fiction and either in a narrative vs. inverted-pyramid version. A narrative text structure produced greater attitude change in line with text stance than inverted-pyramid texts, which was still detectable with a one-day delay measure. Narrative texts also instigated greater suspense, which mediated the persuasive impact. These impacts occurred regardless of whether texts were presented as news or fiction. Expression and the Political Self: How Political Expression on Social Media can Strengthen Political Self-concepts • Daniel Lane, University of Michigan; Slgi Lee; Fan Liang; Dam Hee Kim, University of Michigan; Liwei Shen, University of Michigan; Brian Weeks, University of Michigan; Nojin Kwak, University of Michigan • Communication theorist have argued that expression can shape our self-concepts. While researchers have often used this theoretical perspective to explain political communication processes on social media, little work has explicitly tested the mechanisms underlying political expression effects. This study addresses this theoretical gap, by testing a model in which political expression on social media increases the importance of users’ political self-presentation concerns, which in turn is associated with strengthened dimensions of political self-concept. Cause and Effect: Development and State of the Art of Experimental Communication Research, 1980-2015 • Jörg Matthes, U of Vienna; Franziska Marquart, University of Amsterdam; Brigitte Naderer; Desiree Schmuck; Florian Arendt, University of Munich (LMU) • This paper examines the development and state of the art of experimental communication research by focusing on two aspects: External validity and theoretical scope. We provide content analytical data of 36 years of experimental studies published in Journal of Communication, Communication Research, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, and Media Psychology. Findings point to persistent shortcomings, especially with respect to samples, stimuli, exposure settings, and theory-driven design decisions. Implications for experimentalists, editors, and reviewers are discussed. It’s not “Fake” it’s “Alternative”: Experimentally Parsing the Effects of Misinformation • Robert McKeever, University of South Carolina; Joon Kyoung Kim, University of South Carolina; Susan Rathbun-Grubb; Mark Tatge • A between-subjects (N=570) experimental study examined how fake news might influence public perceptions and decisions to share false information related to the recently reignited autism–vaccine controversy. Findings indicated that – relative to participants in a factual news condition – those exposed to a fake news story (purporting that vaccines cause autism) reported stronger beliefs in the existence of an autism-vaccine link. Counterfactual beliefs, in turn, were positively associated with greater levels of communicative engagement with the issue. The Political World Within: Conceptualizing Political Transportation • Bryan McLaughlin, Texas Tech University; John Velez, Texas Tech University; Joshua Dunn, Texas Tech University • This paper conceptualizes political transportation. Specifically, we clarify the process through which citizens represent diverse political narratives in the mind and then mentally simulate these political story worlds “as if” they were directly experiencing them. Additionally, we introduce the concept of self-generated political transportation. Finally, we discuss how political transportation provides a novel understanding of how and why political communication messages affect political attitudes, emotions, beliefs and behaviors, providing suggestions for future research. A Typology of Information Distribution Organizations • Jasmine McNealy, University of Florida • This study investigates the ways in which IDOs create, use, distribute, and store information to create a typology. Typologies group things by familiar characteristics, thereby constructing descriptive definitions of what should fit into a particular category. In so doing, this study advances information processing theory (IPT), which theorizes a continuous pattern of development for human brains, but which uses the model of a computer to describe how humans process sensory data. Further, IPT is used in the modern study of artificial intelligence and explores the needs of information users including specific processes or practices. The Effects of Modality, English Language Proficiency, and Length of Stay on Immigrants’ Learning from American News About Politics • Yulia Medvedeva, Zayed University; Glenn Leshner, University of Oklahoma • This online experiment empirically tested the findings of a survey conducted by Steven Chaffee and colleagues in which immigrants with lower language proficiency and shorter tenure in the U.S. demonstrated higher political knowledge scores when they reported relying on television news instead of print news. Data demonstrated that immigrants who perceived they were lacking in language skills correctly recognized 1.13 more answers to questions about stories from television news in comparison to print news. Electroencephalography in Communication Research: Some Fundamentals, Opportunities, and Challenges • Alyssa Morey, University at Albany • EEG holds vast potential for pursuing a range of communication inquires and advancing understanding of a variety of communication processes. Primary objectives of this manuscript include facilitating basic literacy of EEG methods and research among communication scholars, and inspiring enthusiasm for EEG-communication research. Integration of EEG methods into communication research further advances the agenda of expanded horizons and innovated boundaries that has and will continue to bestow vibrancy, prominence, and relevance upon the discipline. Thumbs Up! Impacts of Interactive News Voting Affordances on Selective Exposure, Voting and Persuasion • George Pearson, The Ohio State University; Daniel Sude, The Ohio State University; Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick • News is now commonly consumed online, often displayed with popularity cues (i.e., likes, votes). An experiment manipulated users’ ability to “vote” on news and observed pro- vs counter-attitudinal selective exposure, along with attitudinal impacts. Participants showed a preference for pro-attitudinal material, but consumed less pro-attitudinal material when voting. Actual reading of and down-voting a counter-attitudinal article were not related, implying people voted without reading. When participants had the ability to vote, their attitudes were weakened. The Trump Bump: The Influence of Elite Anti-Media Rhetoric and Political Activity on Emotions, Perceptions of News Media Importance, and Public Support for the Press • Jason Peifer • Examining how political figures in the mold of President Trump may affect various facets of goodwill for the press, a two-wave online experiment exposed participants (N=330) to anti-media rhetoric or news coverage of policy-related actions. Results highlight how when one perceives the President to represent a force of harm, the emotion of anger and values about the normative roles of the press can mediate the influence of such representations on support for the press. The secret parents and health campaigners want to know: How social appeals influence the information processing of healthy foods • Lelia Samson, Radboud University; Moniek Buijzen, Radboud University • Aiming to prevent obesity by promoting healthy eating, this research investigated how social appeals can increase attention, positive emotions, and memory for nutritious foods. Framed through the information-processing framework and the social modeling of eating, two mixed-factorial experiments examined how adolescents process pronutritional images varying in social appeals. This approach is promising as adolescents are especially susceptible to social factors due to their developmental stage. Study 1 (N = 58; 12-18 years old; 54% female) investigated how social cues activated the appetitive motivational system, attracting attention, affect, and arousal. Study 2 (N = 165; 12-18 years old; 53% female) examined whether social appeals further directed attention and mental resources towards processing the healthy foods. As hypothesized, adolescents’ attention, positive emotions, memory, and visual focus to healthy foods were increased through social appeals. Recommendations for health communication practice and research are formulated. Media Use and Depression in the General Population: Evidence for a Non-Linear Relationship • Sebastian Scherr, University of Leuven • Depression is the most common metal disorder linked to media use. Theoretically, the relationship between depression and media use has been conceptualized as a linear function. However, depressive symptoms vary from dysphoric moods to severely depressed states with major social impairment, thus providing a strong alternative rationale for a non-linear relationship. We report on findings from a representative telephone survey of the general German population (N = 2002) including both the respondents’ motivation behind spending time using traditional media and a measure to screen for depression in the general population. Our curve-fitting methodology revealed that the associations between depression and media use are described by a cubic growth function for newspapers, the radio, magazines, and books; associations with television use were positive, but more complex. The relationship between depression and media use should be modeled as a polynomial function for more accurate estimations in the future. Equal Access to Online Information? Google’s Suicide-Prevention Disparities May Amplify a Global Digital Divide • Sebastian Scherr, University of Leuven; Mario Haim, University of Munich (LMU); Florian Arendt, University of Munich (LMU) • Worldwide, people profit from equally accessible online health information via search engines. Therefore, equal access to health information is a global imperative. We studied one specific scenario, in which Google functions as a gatekeeper when people seek suicide-related information using both helpful and harmful suicide-related search terms. To help prevent suicides, Google implemented a “suicide-prevention result” (SPR) at the very top of such search results. While this effort deserves credit, the present investigation compiled evidence that the SPR is not equally displayed to all users. Using a virtual agent-based testing methodology, a set of three studies in 11 countries found that the presentation of the SPR varies depending on where people search for suicide-related information. Language is a key factor explaining these differences. Google’s algorithms thereby contribute to a global digital divide in online health-information access with possibly lethal consequences. Higher and globally balanced display frequencies are desirable. Terror, Terror Everywhere? How Terrorism News Shape Anti-Muslim Policy Support: Perceived Threat and Risk Controllability • Jörg Matthes, U of Vienna; Desiree Schmuck; Christian von Sikorski • A quota-based experiment (N = 501) examines the effects of terrorism news on emotions and policy support depending on threat components (i.e., the number of offenders) and risk components (i.e., diffuse vs. non-diffuse risk). News articles featuring a diffuse risk elicit fear irrespective of the number of offenders, whereas a portrayed non-diffuse risk evokes fear as well as anger, only when the number of offenders is high. Anger and fear subsequently increase anti-Muslim policy support. The Effects of Hostile Media Perception and Third Person Perception on Political Participation in the Partisan Media Context • Ki Deuk Hyun; mihye seo • Scholars suggest that hostile media perception (HMP) and third-person perception (TPP) can motivate people to take political action to counteract the unwarranted influence of slanted media. Little research has been undertaken, however, regarding how HMP and TPP relate to political participation in partisan media settings in which news media hold specific partisan or ideological inclinations. This study explored HMP and TPP of partisan media and their associations with political participation in South Korea, which has a strongly partisan media system. Findings indicate that partisans tend to have strong HMP and TPP of antagonistic partisan media. Interestingly, progressives’ HMP and TPP of hostile conservative media were stronger than conservatives’ HMP and TPP of progressive media. Accordingly, HMP and TPP of conservative media were more strongly associated with political participation than HMP and TPP of progressive media. The political and media contexts of a specific country that might shape the relationships among HMP, TPP, and political participation are discussed. Questionable Morals: A Systematic Analysis of Reliability in Research Using the Moral Foundations Questionnaire • Daniel Tamul, Virginia Tech; James Ivory, Virginia Tech; Jessica Hotter, Virginia Tech; Madison Lanier, Virginia Tech; Jordan Wolf, Virginia Tech • While Moral Foundations Theory has drawn significant interest from the popular press and academics alike, the moral foundations questionnaire (MFQ) is subject to questions about reliability in both its scale building and validation phases. We examine the scale’s development and offer a systematic content analysis of 539 scholarly works using the MFQ in to assess its internal consistency. Mean reliability scores for four of the five subscales were below acceptable reliability thresholds. What’s More Scandalous? How the Interplay of Textual and Visual Frames Affects Candidate Attitudes and Voting Intentions in Political Scandals • Christian von Sikorski; Johannes Knoll • Previous framing effects research largely examined textual and visual influences separately thus neglecting potential interaction effects between the two communication channels. A 2x2 experiment examined the effects textual, respectively, visual isolation of a scandalized politician. Results revealed that textual isolation cues had no effect. In contrast, visual isolation resulted in more negative candidate attitudes. Yet, this effect was only detected in absence of the textual isolation frame. Negative attitudes, in turn, decreased individuals’ voting intentions. Journalism History, Web Archives, and New Methods for Understanding the Evolution of Digital Journalism • Matthew Weber, Rutgers University; Phil Napoli, Duke University • Archived webpages are a critical source of data for understanding change in the news media industry. This article outlines a methodological approach to utilizing Web archives as a means of examining change in the news media industry. In order to highlight the power and potential of Web archives for journalism research, a case study examining local news in the United States is used to illustrate the methodological challenges and promise of working with these data. Who has Set Whose Agenda on Social Media? A Dynamic Social Network Analysis of Tweets on Paris Attack • Fan Yang, University at Albany, SUNY • This study investigates the agenda-setting theory in the context of social media through dynamic social network analyses of 102,145 Tweets in a week after Paris attack on Twitter. Results indicate that professional mass media organizations still hold a greater agenda-setting ability than individual opinion leaders. While the overall media agenda significantly correlates with the individual-opinion-leader, time-series analysis reveals the inter-agenda-setting effects between the two are immediate and decrease as time elapses. Testing the Criterion Validity of 10 Measures of Media Favorability for Corporate Financial Performance: A Case Study of the Media Coverage of Food Companies • XIAOQUN ZHANG, University of North Texas • This study identifies 10 measures of media favorability in the literature and compares the conceptual differences among them. Using the data of nine food companies, it tests the criterion validity of these measures for corporate financial performance. The results suggest one measure — Fombrun-Shanley index — has the highest criterion validity among 10 measures of media favorability, and is the best measure to predict corporate financial performance.   Student Paper Competition Credibility labels and perception of partisan news brands • Megan Duncan, University of Wisconsin-Madison • "Concern about partisan audiences blindly following partisan news brands while simultaneously being unable to distinguish the credible news from hoax news dominates media criticism and theoretical inquiries. Some have proposed a credibility label as a solution. This experiment manipulates the partisan cues of the news brand and of the news content. Then, it introduces a credibility label and measures the changes in perception, monitoring for a backfire effect. Using news credibility theory and literatures on selective exposure and Partisan Media Opinion hypothesis, it investigates the effects credibility labels have on partisan audiences, partisan news brands, and partisan news stories. It finds credibility labels may be an effective media literacy tool, though a relatively diminished effect is found on strong partisans. An enterprise for magic, dragons, and Impalas: Evaluating and Comparing Multiple Fandoms Through A Semiotic Approach • Sara Erlichman, Penn State • By perceiving fans as critical consumers who are textual poaching, Rabinowitz’s (1985) interpretation strategies creates an all-inclusive fandom comparative analysis, by focusing on narrative properties. Through a content analysis, this study conducted a preliminary analysis evaluating the use of semiotics to understand fans discourse online in the fandom forums of Star Trek, Harry Potter, Game of Thrones, and Supernatural. This quantitative study successfully demonstrates the value in cross-comparison of outside genre fandom community’s discourse. Understanding the Effects of Perspective-taking on Stereotyping and Negative Evaluations: A P-curve Analysis • Qian Huang; Wei Peng, University of Miami; Jazmyne Simmons • Perspective taking has shown mix results and stirred controversy in its effects on stereotype suppression. The inconsistent results raise concerns about the robustness of true perspective-taking phenomenon. The present study used the p-curve analysis to examine the possibility of p-hacking and publication bias among published studies in perspective taking. The result showed evidential value regarding potential p-hacking problems. The implications for both perspective-taking and p-curve analysis were discussed. News and Informational Media Usage, and Vaccination Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Perceived Vaccine Efficacy and Perceived Vaccine Safety • Juwon Hwang, UW-Madison • Given the importance of vaccination to reduce the health consequences of vaccine-preventable diseases, media have covered benefits and necessity of vaccination through news and informational program. This study investigates the associations between both news and informational usage of media (TV, radio, magazines, and the Internet) and vaccination behaviors (Flu, H1N1, and Pneumonia) focusing on the mediating role of perceived vaccine efficacy and perceived vaccine safety. Analyzing a representative U.S. sample, a total of 19,420 adults who over age 18 were included. Results showed that both news and informational media usage contributed to the higher perceived vaccine efficacy, and in turn, the more uptakes for Flu, H1N1, and Pneumonia vaccination. Similarly, the more use of TV news and NPR led to the higher perceived vaccine safety, and in turn, the more vaccination uptake of Flu, H1N1, and Pneumonia. In contrast, informational media usage contributed to the less perceived vaccine safety, and in turn, the fewer vaccination uptakes of Flu, H1N1, and Pneumonia. Does Natural Mean Healthy? How Natural Label Contributes to Nutritional Self-Betrayal Among Health-Conscious Consumers • Donghee Lee, University of Florida • Thanks to the recent surge of interest in health and well-being, American consumers are more health-conscious now than ever. Despite this awareness, however, even self-described health-conscious consumers still eat unhealthy food for pleasure. This study provides a conceptual model describing the process through which health-conscious individuals may justify unhealthy food consumption. Using the Cognitive Dissonance Theory, this paper argues that individuals rely on the loophole effect, which refers to the psychological process of engaging in active self-deceit. Individuals can use this effect to capitalize on the healthfulness commonly associated with the word “natural” that often appears on the labels of unhealthy food, convincing themselves that the food is actually good for them. Once health-conscious individuals recognize a natural label on the unquestionably unhealthy food package, they experience guilt from the conflict between their health and hedonic goals. This paper provides a counterargument to widely-accepted information deficit models in this field by arguing that the unhealthy food choices of consumers are founded neither on the lack of information nor their vulnerability to food manufacturers’ deceitful advertising. Rather, consumers are an active agent making self-serving choices, using a “natural” label as an excuse to attribute blame for their health and hedonic goal conflict. This paper attempts to advance Cognitive Dissonance Theory by presenting possible factors influencing one’s food-related dissonance process. How Issue Attribution and Power Exemplification Redirect Transgender Intergroup Stereotype Content: An Integrated Threat Approach • Minjie Li • Through an experiment, the present study explores how issue attribution and power exemplification in news coverage influence the general audience’s intergroup cognition. More specifically, this experiment investigates how issue attribution (Societal Attribution vs. Individual Attribution) interacts with power exemplification (High-Power Transgender Exemplar vs. Low-Power Transgender Exemplar) in the media narrative to redirect people’s stereotype content of transgender people and the consequent emotional, behavioral, and attitudinal outcomes. Furthermore, I explore the role of perceived threats in the cognitive processing of stereotype content. The experiment findings demonstrated that issue attribution and power exemplification in the news coverage did not significantly influence people’s stereotype content of and attitudes towards transgender people. However, realistic threats were negatively associated with perceived warmth, while symbolic threats were negatively associated with perceived competence. Emotional Flow and Order Effects: Anger, Compassion and Moderating Effects of Perceived Interest • Hang Lu, Cornell University • Emotional appeals can elicit emotions that evolve over time. As an exploratory step to empirically test emotional flow of multiple discrete emotions, the current study investigates whether the order of information inducing anger vs. compassion influences persuasion, the conditions under which the order is more impactful, and the underlying mechanisms. The results of a one-factor between-subjects experiment show that among those highly interested in a message topic, there is a primacy effect of anger-inducing message on punitive policy support. Further analyses suggest that the anger elicited by the first message and the emotional intensity aroused by the last message explain this primacy effect. The current study contributes to the literature by integrating classic research on order effects with the emerging emotional flow perspective, exploring an understudied emotional experience, empathic anger, and providing new insights on the role of emotional intensity in influencing persuasion. Stepping into the Story Worlds: Modeling the Effects of Narratives in Immersive Mediated Environments • Zexin Ma • This paper presents an extended theoretical framework to model the psychological mechanisms and persuasive effects of narratives in immersive mediated environments (IMEs). IMEs allow individuals to perceive themselves to be completely enveloped with the aid of immersive technologies. Drawing upon previous research on narrative persuasion and immersive media, the model of narrative effects in IMEs (MNEIMEs) predicts that narratives presented in immersive (vs. non-immersive) mediated environments will promote more story-consistent attitudes and behavioral intentions/willingness. In addition, MNEIMEs proposes that viewers in IMEs will experience a higher level of spatial presence, social presence, transportation, and identification than those in non-IMEs. Spatial and social presence are hypothesized to mediate the effect of media format (i.e., IMEs vs. non-IMEs) on transportation and identification, respectively. Furthermore, media format will have an indirect effect on counterarguing through spatial presence, social presence, transportation, and/or identification. These psychological mechanisms (i.e., spatial presence, social presence, transportation, identification, and counterarguing) are also predicted to mediate the effects of media format on persuasive outcomes. Theoretical contributions and directions for future research are discussed. 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18124 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/ccs-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:04:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18127 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18127 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/enews-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:07:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18130 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18130 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/hist-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:08:59 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18133 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18133 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/intl-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:10:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18136 Markham Student Paper Competition Phillip Arceneaux, University of Florida • The West Africa we were shown: A visual content analysis of the 2014 Ebola epidemic • Via content analysis, this study investigated what themes of West Africa were visually publicized by U.S. newspapers, and if such themes mirrored coverage of African groups. Data were collected from the New York Times, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, and Dallas Morning News. Quantitative findings suggest coverage favored victim-based frames which became significantly less negative once Ebola patients were in the United States. Such results contribute to literature regarding public perception of foreign affairs covered in the media. William Edwards; Kyle Saunders • Perceptions and Reality of Press Freedom Following the Arab Spring: An Analysis of Egypt, Iraq, and Tunisia • This study examines the relationship between perception of press freedom and both frequency of political news consumption and perception of government corruption in Egypt, Iraq, and Tunisia in 2013. Results showed that frequency of political news consumption is positively correlated with a poor perception of press freedom in Egypt, and that poor perception of press freedom is positively correlated with perception of corruption levels in government in Egypt and Iraq. James Gachau • Facebook Groups as Affective Counterpublics • Using counterpublic theory à la Nancy Fraser, Catherine Squires, Zizi Papacharissi, and Michael Warner, this article analyzes the media content shared on three Facebook groups’ walls. Based in Kenya, the first group identifies with freethought and atheism in a society that is predominantly Christian. The second group campaigns for a proud Black identity in a world increasingly perceived as hostile to Blacks. The third group espouses a feminist atheist identity against Judeo-Christian “white male supremacy.” Chen Gan, 1990 • Influence of Cultural Distance on Female Body Image: Race, Beauty Type, and Image Processing • This experimental study aimed to investigate the role of cultural distance on beauty ideal, regarding different races and inclined beauty types, in women’s responses to idealized media images. A sample of 140 young Chinese women viewed advertisements containing East Asian models in Cute/Girl-next-door looks (CG), East Asian models in Sexual/Sensual looks (SS), Caucasian models in CG looks, Caucasian models in SS looks, or product-only images. Image processing variables (comparison, fantasy, and internalization) and body image outcomes (state mood and body satisfaction) were measured immediately after advertising viewing. It was found that exposure to CG-type models elicited higher comparison, fantasy, internalization, and improved positive emotions among participants than SS-type models. Model's race only had effect on internalization, and participants exposed to Caucasian models reported higher internalization than those exposed to East Asian models. Moreover, regression analyses revealed significant relationships between image processing variables and body image outcomes. This study develops a framework for cross-cultural body image research and casts some implications on the influence of exposure to Western media on Chinese women’s beauty ideal and feminine values. Gregory Gondwe, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO • News believability, trustworthiness and information contagion in African online Social networks: An Experimental design • This experimental study seeks to find out what kind of news source is most believable in Africa between those generated by the West and those generated within the African continent. Second, it measures the levels of contagion within those news stories from two different continents. Using Zambian and Tanzanian online news sources, the study employs experiments to argue that NWICO and McBride's debates are still relevant in today's digital age. Volha Kananovich • Thanks, Obama: Internet Memes as Contested Political Spaces in the United States and Russia • Drawing on the concept of a meme as a “nationwide inside joke” and a potential vehicle of anti-elite political expression, this study compares the evolution of Obama memes in America and Russia. The findings show that, despite the broad participatory appeal of the format, the reach of the meme remains contingent on the socio-political context. This may constrain the meme’s diffusion outside the tight community of liberally minded, politically savvy Internet users. Liudmila Khalitova, University of Florida; Sofiya Tarasevich, University of Florida • Assessing the role of international broadcasters as information subsidies in the international agenda-building process • This paper explores the agenda-building potential of government-sponsored international broadcasting (GIB) by focusing on the relationships between congruence of political culture and journalists’ practices regarding the use of foreign government-sponsored news content. The findings suggest that value proximity between a broadcaster’s home country and the host country increases the likelihood that the host country’s media will use the GIB as an information source and will accept frames promoted by the government that funds the GIB. Claire Shinhea Lee • Making Home through Cord-cutting: The Case of Korean Temporary Visa-status Migrants’ Post-Cable culture in U.S. • With the rapid development of new media technology, many people are “cutting the cords” and viewing television through Internet-based video services via streaming or downloading. This study aims to better understand and contextualize this phenomenon through investigating Korean temporary visa-status migrants’ television viewing practices. Through 40 qualitative interviews and employing the framework of the domestication theory perspective, this paper examines how these deterritorialized individuals who experience dislocation make home through cord-cutting practices. By making use of the Internet and delivery technologies/ interfaces legally and illegally, Korean tempv migrants go beyond territorial limitations and make home materially, feel home affectively, and connect home relationally in their diasporic space. Moreover, the study debunks some utopian ideas about online audiences and shows what remains fixed in terms of transnational post-cable culture. I argue that the paper provides many insights into investigating contemporary television audiences and suggest a novel approach to studying migrant media practices. Nyan Lynn, University of Kansas • The danger of words: Major challenges facing Myanmar journalists on reporting the Rohingya conflict • When covering the Rohingya conflict, Myanmar journalists were criticized for failing to question the government and army. They were also criticized for their reports, most of them are one-sided and lack of multiple voices. This research studied why Myanmar journalists failed to report this conflict professionally and what major challenges they have faced. This research interviewed 17 reporters and editors from 10 media outlets, most of them based in Yangon. Ruth Moon, University of Washington • "They only threaten you or cut off your job": How Rwandan journalists learn self-censorship • This paper examines the communication and implementation of a self-censorship norm among journalists in Rwanda. Using observation and interview data from eight months of fieldwork, I show that self-censorship in this context is communicated in a two-step process that can be understood using the concept of isomorphism from institutional theory. Editors and publishers are directly pressured to produce particular kinds of news coverage and pass on the expectation to reporters through obliquely communicated expectations. Subin Paul, University of Iowa • The Qatar-Gulf Crisis and Narratives of Emotionality in Nepal’s English-language Press • This study examines the media discourse on the 2017-18 Gulf diplomatic crisis and its effect on one of the most marginalized populations in Qatar: Nepali migrant workers. While the diplomatic crisis made news headlines across the Middle East, Nepal-based newspapers were the only ones to cover the vulnerable migrant worker population in some detail. In writing about this population, three prominent English-language publications in Nepal, the Kathmandu Post, Republica, and People’s Review employed emotional storytelling. Drawing on Wahl-Jorgensen’s notion of the “strategic ritual of emotionality,” this study specifically analyzes the use of emotion in the three publications’ news coverage. The study finds that the publications engaged in the ritual of emotionality not by assigning that function to external news sources, as common in Western newspapers, but mainly through their own journalists and opinion writers who narrated their subjective viewpoints and concerns. This unreserved embrace of emotions and subjectivity in newswriting illuminates a unique, cultural mode of producing journalism.   Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition Kirsten Adams, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Daniel Riffe; Meghan Sobel; Seoyeon Kim • “Pivoting” With the President's Gaze: Exploring New York Times Foreign-Policy Coverage Across Nine Administrations • Through an analysis of 50 years of New York Times’ international news coverage (N = 20,765) across nine presidencies, ranging from Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966 to Barack Obama in 2015, we apply an interpretive framework guided by presidential historians’ nonpartisan insights to an examination of the top-ten countries and topics covered during each administration in order to assess whether the Times’ gaze toward particular events or issues aligned with presidential “pivots” or priorities in foreign policy agendas. This study extends previous research on press nationalism and foreign policy coverage, updating this line of inquiry to examine whether or how an elite American newspaper covered international affairs throughout the past 50 years. We find limited evidence exists of an “echoing press” consistently following the “presidential gaze,” illustrating that events in the rest of the world can turn the press’ gaze away from policy goals; however, countries and topics covered during each administration do indicate some alignment with key presidential “pivots” or priorities over time. Further, some presidential and press priorities remained consistent across administrations, illustrating the linear way conflict and diplomacy carry over from one president to the next. This study documents and interprets changing patterns in foreign-policy coverage and contributes to a larger body of work discussing the complex roles of the president-as-newsmaker and of the press who cover – and sometimes “echo” – his administration’s efforts. Aje-Ori Agbese • Thanks, Tonto and Mercy! Three Nigerian Newspapers’ Coverage of Domestic Violence in Nigeria, 2015-2017 • This study explored how Nigerian newspapers portrayed domestic violence and domestic violence cases in Nigeria. Through content and thematic frame analyses of three Nigerian newspapers from 2015 to 2017, the study found that Nigerian newspapers provided their audiences with a variety of information and failed to portray domestic violence cases as a social problem. Rather, they were portrayed as isolated incidents and blamed the victim for her death or beating. Ali Al-Kandari, Gulf University for Science and Technology; Mariam Alkazemi, Virginia Commonwealth University; Deb Aikat, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Political and Cultural Forces on the Uses and Gratifications: Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat in the U.S and Kuwait • Fundamentally disparate norms of politics, freedom and culture distinguish civil societies in U.S. and Kuwait and impact social media users. By integrating uses and gratifications theories, this study compares U.S. and Kuwaiti social media users’ motivations, time spent, and engagement with Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Snapchat, the leading social media platforms. Based on an audience-oriented survey of U.S. and Kuwaiti social media users, this study concludes that while Kuwaiti users were more likely to use Snapchat and Twitter, U.S. users were more likely to use Facebook and Instagram. Different free speech norms differentiate U.S. and Kuwait. Freedom of speech is not absolute in Kuwait like most nations in the Arab region. The U.S. protects free speech through the First Amendment to its Constitution. This explicates why Kuwaiti social media users’ motivation of learning and information through Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Snapchat constituted mean values higher than users in the U.S. Mel Bunce • Foreign correspondents and the international news coverage of Africa • This paper contributes to our knowledge of the factors influencing international news coverage of Africa. It presents the results of 67 interviews with foreign correspondents in sub Saharan Africa that explore the daily practices, working conditions and news values of these journalists. The interviews show that foreign correspondents in Africa have significant autonomy to shape news content – but only when they work at more elite news outlets – those which Pierre Bourdieu would describe as seeking ‘symbolic capital’. Li Chen, WTAMU • When Hippocrates encountered Confucius – A textual analysis of representations of medical professionalism on Chinese medical dramas • Using the theory of Social Representation, the current research project studies the representations of medical professionalism on Chinese medical dramas. The study has three goals: 1) to reveal the anchoring of medical professionalism on Chinese medical dramas; 2) to examine the objectification of medical professionalism; and 3) to analyze the consistency and inconsistency between the localized medical professionalism and the medical professionalism codes proposed by medical scholars and professional associations such as Charter on Medical Professionalism. The results of the textual analysis suggest that medical professionalism was anchored within a Confucian framework: medical dramas used two typical terms, benevolent skills and benevolent heart, to describe the meaning of medical professionalism. Chinese medical dramas were found to add two more components to medical professionalism, making it inconsistent with conventional medical professionalism. Karin Assmann, University of Maryland; Stine Eckert • ProQuote: A German women journalists’ initiative to revolutionize newsroom leadership • Using standpoint epistemology and critical mass theory this study examines outcomes of the so-called ProQuote [Pro Quota] initiative in Germany to bring at least 30 percent of women journalists into leadership per newsroom. In-depth interviews with 25 journalists in 12 newsrooms find somewhat increased transparency in personnel decisions; improvements in work culture; and more representation of women and diversity on the editorial agenda in all newsrooms that have reached or came near ProQuote’s goal. Katherine Grasso; William Edwards • A Different Story: Examining the Relationship between Exposure to Snapchat’s “LIVE” Story Feature and Perceptions of Muslims and Arabs • Using Intergroup Contact Theory, the relationship between viewing content depicting Muslims/Arabs on Snapchat and viewers’ attitudes toward Muslims/Arabs was tested. In an online survey, 397 participants reported the frequency and nature of portrayals of Muslims/Arabs in news media, entertainment media, and on Snapchat. Participants’ attitudes about Muslims/Arabs were also measured. Portrayals of Muslims/Arabs on Snapchat were positive, but attitudes toward Muslims/Arabs were not better among Snapchat viewers than non-viewers. These tests, however, lacked statistical power. Lyombe Eko; Natalia Mielczarek • Raping Europa Again?: Discursive Constructions of the European Refugee Crisis in Four German and Polish News Magazine Covers. • Newsmagazine covers are visual narratives that draw upon myths and archetypes to explain contemporary events. We analyzed how four German and Polish news magazine covers re-presented the European immigration crisis of 2015. The covers of Der Spiegel, Die Stern (Germany), WSieci and Polityka (Poland) couched critiques and concordance with government policy in ancient myths of difference between East and West. Despite discordance of form, the covers demonstrated concordance of substance with respect to the crisis. BELLARMINE EZUMAH, Murray State University • De-Westernizing Journalism Curriculum in Africa through Glocalization and Hybridization. • The debate that dominant model of global journalism education is predominantly western has permeated the journalism education discourse for decades. Despite several attempts by scholars and international organizations, specifically, the UNESCO through the International Programme for Development of Communication (IPDC), to de-westernize journalism curriculum, remnants of the dominant paradigm debate still persists. This paper recognizes the existence of western concepts in journalism education worldwide at the same time, concedes that striking attempts have been made to de-westernize and glocalize journalism curriculum. Essentially, this paper hinges on the thesis that instead of resisting the UNESCO model, reformation and adaptation through glocalization and hybridization is encouraged. As such, we further provide a practical application whereby both sides of the above argument are accredited and a hybridization intervention was applied in a collaborative venture between a US-based Scholar and Ugandan Scholars in developing a locally-congruent curriculum for a brand new journalism program at a university in Uganda. Alex Fattal, Penn State • Target Intimacy: Notes on the convergence of the militarization and marketization of love in Colombia • This article looks beneath the linguistic hinges of “campaigns” and “targets” that connect military and marketing expertise, two spheres that are experiencing a tactical and epistemological convergence in Colombia. The plain of that convergence, I argue, is intimacy and the shared objective is the instrumentalization of love—in the pursuit of victory and profit. I trace how both sets of experts—generals and executives—have come to valorize and appropriate, by any means possible, intimacy, a fleeting index of love, in the context of the Colombian military’s individual demobilization program. Through ethnographic analysis I trace the way in which consumer marketers working with the military try to persuade guerrilla fighters to abandon the insurgency, and the ways military intelligence officers do the same. In juxtaposing the two respective the processes, I show how targeting serves as a switch that connects the counterinsurgency state and the marketing nation in Colombia. Victor García-Perdomo, Universidad de La Sabana; Summer Harlow, University of Houston; Danielle Kilgo, Indiana University • Framing the Colombian Peace Process: Between Peace and War Journalism • This bilingual, cross-national study analyzes stories about the Colombian peace process that were engaged with on social media to understand the use of peace and war framing in news reporting. Results show that, even during peace talks, media use war narratives more often than peace frames, and social media users amplify more war than peace-oriented content. Proximity also was shown to be an important factor, as Colombian media used more war frames than foreign media. Vanessa Higgins Joyce, Texas State University; Summer Harlow, University of Houston • Seeking Transnational, Entrepreneurial News from Latin America: An Audience Analysis • Digital-native entrepreneurial news sites from Latin America are generating change in the region’s industry. These news organizations are being accessed nationally and across national boundaries. This study examined, through the theoretical lens of social capital, factors contributing to the creation of transnational audiences for these news organizations. A survey of audiences for these independent news sites in Peru, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Venezuela indicated that economic capital, youth, and being female predicted transnational entrepreneurial news use. Lea Hellmueller; Valerie Hase • Giving Voice to Terrorists: A longitudinal model explaining how national political contexts influence media attention toward terrorist organizations • Few studies have examined how national political contexts shape news attention of terrorism beyond the coverage of terrorist attacks. Based on an automated content analysis between 2014 and 2016 (N = 18,531), this study examines media attention in the US and the UK toward international terrorist organizations in a longitudinal setting. Results reveal that mediated visibility of terrorists is based on media’s political and national embeddedness besides characteristics of terrorist groups. Lea Hellmueller; Matthias Revers, University of Leeds • Populist Journalism Challenging Media and Political Fields: Transnational analysis of right-wing meta-journalistic discourses • Anti-institutional media discourses have become an integral part of digital right-wing media (e.g. Big Journalism on Breitbart.com). Drawing on automated text analysis, this study analyzes media criticism of right-wing digital websites (2015-2017) in Germany, Austria, and the US. Media outlets, while focusing on anti-globalization discourses, embrace transnational logics of concerns for the decline of Western democracies. Discourses are theorized as space between journalistic and political fields that transcend national boundaries and contribute to social destabilization. Liefu Jiang, University of Kansas; Peter Bobkowski, University of Kansas • Reading, commenting, and posting: Social media engagements and Chinese students’ acculturation in the United States • Through an online survey with 209 participants, this paper employs acculturation theory to investigate the relationship between social media use and Chinese students’ acculturation in the United States. The findings suggest that the use of western social media platforms is positively related to Chinese students’ acculturation. Specifically, consuming and creating engagements on western social media are positively related to students’ psychological adaptation, while contributing engagements on western platforms are positively related to sociocultural adaptation. Ralph Martins; Shageaa Naqvi, Northwestern University in Qatar; Justin Martin, Northwestern University in Qatar • Predictors of Cultural Conservatism in Six Arab Countries • This study examined predictors of self-reported cultural conservatism/progressivism among nationals in six Arab countries (n=4,529): Egypt, Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and the UAE. Many variables found in prior research to be correlated with conservatism in Western countries—support for censorship, income, support for cultural preservation, and others—were not positively associated with conservatism in Arab countries. In fact, willingness to censor media was mostly negatively associated with conservatism in the Arab countries studied here. Some variables did correlate with conservatism in ways reflective of countries where conservatism has been studied extensively; age was positively associated with conservatism and education was negatively correlated, for example, but these relationships were not consistent across countries. Self-reported conservatism differed significantly across countries; Emiratis and Tunisians felt more conservative than people in their countries, while Lebanese and Egyptians were more evenly split among conservatives and progressives. Mireya Máruqez-Ramírez; Claudia Mellado; María Luisa Humanes; Adriana Amado; Daniel Beck; Jacques Mick; Cornelia Mothes; Dasniel Olivera; Nikos Panagiotou; Svetlana Pasti; Henry Silke; Colin Sparks; Agnieszka Stepinska, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan; Gabriella Szabo; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Moniza Waheed; Haiyan Wang • Detached watchdog versus adversarial reporting: a comparative study of journalistic role performance in 18 countries • This paper analyses the performance of the detached/passive and the adversarial/active orientations of the watchdog role (N= 33,640) from 18 countries, modelling the factors that better explain their presence in the news. The findings showed that the detached watchdog prevails around the world, although significant differences appear in the type of hybridization of journalistic cultures depending on the orientations – passive versus active - of the watchdog role. The data revealed that the adversarial/active type of watchdog prevails in advanced democracies with contexts of political and economic turmoil, and also in some transitional democracies from Eastern Europe; while the passive stance of this role peaks in liberal democracies such as the United States and Germany. Our results also indicate that societal variables are the strongest predictors of both types of orientations, but specially of adversarial reporting. Rachel Mourao, Michigan State University; Weiyue Chen, Michigan State University • Covering protests on Twitter – The Influences on Brazilian Journalists’ Social Media Portrayals of the 2013 and 2015 Demonstrations • This paper uses a media sociology approach to untangle how multiple influences shaped the way Brazilian journalists tweet about left and right-leaning protests. Through a mixed methodology matching survey to social media data, we found that individual attitudes predict the way reporters tweeted about protestors, indicating that social media is a space for personal, not professional, expression. As a result, patterns of protest coverage were often challenged, suggesting that Twitter has not yet been normalized. karlyga myssayeva, al-Farabi Kazakh National University; Saule Barlybayeva, al-Farabi Kazakh National University; Sayagul Alimbekova, al-Farabi Kazakh National University • Political News Use and Democratic Support: A study of Kazakhstan’s TV impact • This study examines the impact of television during the democratization process in Kazakhstan. Television plays a significant role as a public watchdog, with greater success than other media in disseminating a range of perspectives, information, and commentary in Kazakhstan. The analysis examines whether televised political news and information leads to support for democracy and increases public interest in the democratization process. The study discusses the utility and implications of the role of television in democratization. Olga Kamenchuk, Ohio State University; erik nisbet • Liberation or Control? How do the attitudes of Russian Facebook users differ from those on Runet platforms Vkontakte and Odnoklassniki? • We examine the potential of social media to be a technology of liberation or control in Russia. We theorize that Facebook users, as opposed to users who only use co-opted Russian platforms will express more pro-democratic attitudes. Employing a nationwide household survey conducted in 2016 our analysis shows Facebook users are less trusting and more critical of the government and also express greater support for civil liberties than Russian’s who only use Vkontakte or Odnoklassniki. BRETT LABBE, University of Indiana South Bend; SangHee Park, University of Wisconsin - Whitewater • U.S. News Media's Framing of the 'North Korean Crisis' Under the Trump Administration: The New Ideological Foreign Affairs Paradigm • On 11 February 2017, North Korea launched its first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) test of the Trump Administration. Over the ensuing year the North Korean government continued to defy international pressures through the intensification of its ballistic missile and nuclear programs. During this timeframe, an escalation of adversarial rhetoric between the Trump Administration and the Kim Jong-un military government gained widespread media attention for its potential to escalate into military aggression. This study analyzes USA Today coverage of the 'North Korean crisis', and its subsequent de-escalation following the announcements of diplomatic talks in March 2018 in order to gain insight into the nature of mainstream U.S. media framing of the issue. Consistent with 'Cold War' and 'War on Terror' framing scholarship, this study found that the mainstream U.S. media facilitates the construction of dominant, ideological narratives that guide dominant interpretations of the international system and the United States' position and actions within it. Subin Paul, University of Iowa; David Dowling • Dalit Online Activism: The Digital Archive as a Site of Political Resistance in India • As digital news archives maintained by mainstream media outlets and libraries proliferate across the world, much less is discussed in academic literature about the efforts of socially marginalized groups to document their news stories. Our case study of Dalit Camera (DC), an online news archive based in Hyderabad, India, examines how historically disadvantaged groups such as Dalits, or “Untouchables,” are leveraging digital tools to narrate their oppressive past to the outside world parallel to the rise of political censorship in India. As part of its archiving process, DC is preserving footage of Dalit resistance against the hegemonic domination by caste Hindus and is thus becoming a useful resource for journalism history scholars. Through their grassroots network of citizen journalists, DC is also engaged in reporting caste-based discrimination and violence today, contributing to the Dalit social movement for equality and justice. Using Manuel Castells’s insights on social movements in the digital age and situating the work of DC within the field of Subaltern Studies, our essay explores the challenges and politics of news archiving in contemporary India, in the process explaining how various socio-political factors curate the content of news archives, and consequently, the construction of journalism history. Victoria Knight, University of Georgia; Ivanka Pjesivac, University of Georgia; Michael Cacciatore, University of Georgia • Otherization of Africa: How American Media Framed People Living with HIV/AIDS in Africa from 1987 to 2007 • This study examined otherization framing of people living with HIV/AIDS in Africa in American media 1987-2007. The results of a content analysis of the representative sample of news articles from three outlets (N=421) show that American media overwhelmingly used otherization frames throughout the 20-year period, in relation to negative article tone. The study represents the first attempt to quantify otherization framing of Africa in HIV/AIDS context. The implications for international reporting and theory are discussed. Jyotika Ramaprasad • Journalism Ethics and the BRICS Journalist • This paper presents results of a survey of journalists from BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) on their ethical orientations: absolutist, situationist, subjectivist, and exceptionist. These orientations are personal level generalized ethical beliefs based on a person’s relativism and idealism in the ethics arena. Individual, work related, and societal level factors are considered as correlates to assess how much they account for these beliefs. Nataliya Roman, University of North Florida; Mariam Alkazemi, Virginia Commonwealth University; Margaret Stewart, University of North Florida • Tweeting about Terror: Using World Systems Theory to compare international newspaper coverage online • This study looks at news coverage of terrorist attacks on Twitter over a five-year period. It examines Twitter accounts of three American and three UK elite newspapers. This study found that World Systems Theory predicted terrorist attacks coverage in the American media, but not in the UK media. Terrorist attacks in core countries received significantly more attention than attacks in non-core countries in the American media. Also, this study revealed that just three terrorist attacks: January and November 2015 Paris attacks and Brussels 2016 bombings, accounted for nearly a half of the overall U.S. and UK tweets examined in this study. Jane B. Singer, City, University of London; Marcel Broersma, Centre for Media and Journalism Studies, University of Groningen • Innovation and Entrepreneurship: International Journalism Students' Interpretive Repertoires for a Changing Occupation • Amid ongoing media disruption worldwide, discourse about journalism has increasingly emphasized innovation within the newsroom and the rise of entrepreneurial initiatives outside it. This paper uses the concept of interpretive repertoires to understand how international students preparing for journalism careers understand innovation and entrepreneurialism in relation to changing industry circumstances and long-standing conceptualizations of occupational norms and behaviors. We find shared repertoires that embrace technological change, but generally within an acceptance of traditional normative practice. Elizabeth Stoycheff, Wayne State University; Maria Clara Martucci; G. Scott Burgess, Wayne State Univesity • To censor and surveil: Cross-national effects of online suppression technologies on democractization • Using country- and multi-level analyses, we assess whether internet censorship and surveillance obstruct democratization, providing the first cross-national tests of online surveillance effects. Across 63 countries, online government monitoring is negatively associated with democratization, while internet censorship exhibits no additional effect. We theorize that suppression technologies erode democratic progress by thwarting collective action and examine how they affect individual-level disruptive political participation in a sub-sample of 21 countries. Together, these results suggest the need for greater scrutiny of surveillance and censorship technologies and the countries that use them. Political implications are discussed. Linsen Su; Xigen Li • Perceived Agenda-Setting Effects in International Context: Media’s Impacts on Americans’ Perception toward China • The previous studies on agenda setting mainly address the effects on aggregate level without full consideration of individual differences. The current study puts forward a highly-related but different concept—the perceived agenda setting effects of media by the audience. The study confirms the existence of perceived agenda setting effects through a structured online survey (N=848) of American adults in April 2016. It finds that coverage on issue involving US interests has the strongest perceived agenda setting effect, while coverage on Chinese tourism has the least effect. The study finds that the media use, interest in China, and media trust are all positively related with perceived agenda setting effect, but direct experience of traveling to China has no significant effect. The study identifies the mediation effect of media use on perceived agenda setting effect through interest, but moderation effects of media trust and direct experience are not significant. Miki Tanikawa • Is “Global Journalism” truly global? Conceptual and empirical examinations of the global, cosmopolitan and parochial conceptualization of journalism • An acute debate has arisen among some journalism scholars as to whether or not a brainchild of the age of globalization was born in the media world: global journalism. This study introduces the debate and conceptually clarifies the points of disagreement between the two camps including those who deny its existence. In a parallel quantitative study, measures developed to capture the concepts, “stereotypes” and “domestication” whose existence in the news journalism is viewed as inconsistent with the tenets of global journalism, were employed, and found that such content has increased in major international news media in the last 30 years. Olesya Venger • Nation’s Media Usage and Immigration Attitudes in Europe: Exploring Contextual Effects Across Media Forms, Structures, and Messages • Drawing upon theories of social threat and media systems, the current study uses aggregate data on 20 European nations to examine the basic relationship between nation’s media usage, public attitudes about the general consequences of immigration, and their specific beliefs about immigrants worsening the nation’s crime problem. Nations with higher daily usage of newspapers and the internet were found to have more positive general attitudes toward immigrants, but television viewership was not significantly associated with these attitudes. Regardless of media source, national attitudes about immigrants causing crime were also unrelated to the density of media usage within these countries. Content analyses of several national newspapers (e.g., UK, Hungary, Sweden) were conducted to help understand the pattern of these aggregate relationships and other supplemental analysis revealed the moderating effects of nation’s media system on these results. The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings and their implications for future research on media’s role in shaping public attitudes about immigration and other social issues across different types of media forms, structures, and messages. Anan Wan, University of South Carolina; Leigh Moscowitz, University of South Carolina; Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina • Online Social Viewing: Cross-Cultural Adoption and Uses of Bullet Screen Videos • Bullet screen technology, is an innovative way of presenting online videos, allowing viewers to contribute comments that simultaneously appear over the videos. Popular in East Asia, the technology is making its way to American audiences. This study employs a comparative qualitative focus group approach to explore how American and Chinese viewers respond to and interact with this new format of online videos. Three themes have emerged: 1) unique affordance, 2) barriers to adoption and usage, and 3) cultural differences pertaining to technology adoption and usage. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Aimei yang, University of Southern California; Wenlin Liu, U of Houston; Rong Wang • Discourse of the Cross-Sectoral Alliances Network in the Global Refugee Crisis: Studying CSR through a Global Perspective • The scope and magnitude of the current global refugee crisis is unprecedented. This crisis has posed severe challenges to social stability and sustainable development around the world. Surprisingly, in an era when corporations are expected to take part in addressing social issues, our initial assessment showed that some of the largest corporations in the world have communicated their alliances with NGOs and IGOs on the refugee issue quite differently. We draw upon the National Business System Theory and the Media Repertoires Approach to understand what factors influence corporations’ CSR communication of strategic alliances with nonprofit and public-sector organizations on the refugee issue. Findings of this study showed that countries’ economic inequality, citizens’ education level, and philanthropic culture, as well as the nature of digital media platforms affected the communication of cross-sector strategic alliances. Implications for CSR theory and practices are discussed. Li ZHI, Cityu University of Hong Kong; Limin Liang • Media Improvisations and Bureaucratic Tensions in China:Transcending media control & news routines in disasters • In the controlled media environment in China, marketized media go beyond their normal reporting mode when bureaucratic tensions arise in the propaganda system’s response to major disasters. This study builds on the framework of regulated marketization and the literature of fragmented authoritarianism in understanding Chinese media and the propaganda system. Through analyzing 36 significant disasters and conducting a case study on one typical disaster, it reveals how marketized media get the chance to strive for more autonomy and improvise new strategies to report disasters. Regulated by the Party-State, marketized media must follow the propaganda apparatus’s reporting guidelines in routines. The media’s journalistic roles, norms, obligations are confined to the limited realm delineated by the reporting guidelines. Even in the very unexpected and newsworthy disasters, the marketized media need to abide by the guidelines. They could not go beyond the routine practices and improvise strategies to accommodate the disasters, when the Party-State’s control are strict and consistent. However, sometimes, the propaganda agencies involved in disasters may lack good coordination or have conflicts of interests. Such tensions delay, suspend, and nullify some of the strict reporting guidelines, making disasters venues for improvisations.   2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18136 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/law-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:12:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18139 Open Competition Making @YourState “Friends” With #Privacy: Rights and Wrongs In State Social Media Privacy Password Statutes • Jacob Elberg, University of Kansas; Genelle Belmas, University of Kansas • Since 2012, over half the states have adopted social media privacy laws to protect students and employees from demands of schools and employers for their passwords or social media content as a requirement of admission or employment. This paper evaluates the legal landscape of social media privacy in terms of vintage communications laws and cases as well as new state statutes and makes some recommendations as to the best ways to craft new statutes. Artificial Authors: Making a Case for Copyright in Computer-Generated Works • Nina Brown, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications • For years, computers have dominated humans at chess, poker, and even Jeopardy! Now, increasingly sophisticated artificial intelligence creates music, art, and even news stories. And though the purpose of copyright law is to encourage this exact type of artistic production, none of these works are protected because in the U.S., only humans can own copyrights. Instead of accepting the that law must lag behind technology, this paper explores whether copyright law can-and should-evolve. First Amendment Envelope Pushers: Revisiting the Incitement-to-Violence Test with Messrs. Brandenburg, Trump & Spencer • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • This paper examines weaknesses with the United States Supreme Court’s Brandenburg v. Ohio incitement test as its fiftieth anniversary approaches.  A lawsuit targeting Donald Trump, as well as multiple cases pitting white nationalist Richard Spencer against public universities, provide timely springboards for analysis.  Specifically, In re Trump: 1) illustrates difficulties in proving Brandenburg’s intent requirement via circumstantial evidence, and 2) exposes problems regarding the extent to which past violent responses to a person’s words satisfy Brandenburg’s likelihood element.  Additionally, the Spencer lawsuits raise concerns about: 1) whether Brandenburg should serve as a prior restraint mechanism for blocking potential speakers from campus before they utter a single word, and 2) the inverse correlation between government efforts to thwart a heckler’s veto via heightened security measures and Brandenburg’s imminence requirement.  Ultimately, the paper analyzes all three key elements of Brandenburg—intent, imminence and likelihood—as well as its relationship to both the heckler’s veto principle and the First Amendment presumption against prior restraints. Report and Repeat: Investigating Facebook’s Hate Speech Removal Process • Caitlin Carlson, Seattle University; Hayley Rousselle, Seattle University • Facebook’s Community Standards ban hate speech. Users are tasked with reporting this content, but little is known about how Facebook responds to these reports. This study identified 144 (n=144) posts containing hate speech and reported them to Facebook. A qualitative content analysis was performed on the removed (n=64) and not removed (n=80) content. This revealed inconsistencies in the removal process that curtailed certain forms of expression and left users open to abuse. Journalists’ Access to 911 Recordings: Balancing Privacy Interests and the Public’s Right to Know about Casualties • Erin Coyle, Louisiana State University; Stephanie Whitenack, Louisiana State University • Nine-one-one call recordings may capture unique distress from a person’s final moments of life. Journalists argue that publicly disclosing those recordings could shed light on matters of public interest, but publishing that content might emotionally devastate surviving family. This research explored whether and how state statutes, court opinions, and attorney general opinions address that potential conflict and determine whether journalists may access and publish content from 911 calls related to tragic death scenes. This research found a tendency for court rulings, statutes, and attorney general opinions to strike a balance between the public interest in learning about government actions and the likelihood for disclosure of 911 records to intrude upon privacy interests. Some struck that balance by allowing journalists to listen to tape recordings, releasing transcripts of calls, or redacting sensitive personal information prior to releasing records. The Internet of Platforms and Two-Sided Markets: Implications for Competition and Consumers • Rob Frieden, Penn State University • This paper examines developments in the Internet marketplace that favor powerful intermediaries able to install a platform accessed by that both upstream sources of content and applications as well as downstream consumers.  Ventures such as Amazon, Facebook and Google have exploited, “winner take all” networking externalities resulting in the creation of seemingly impenetrable barriers to market entry even by innovative companies.  Courts and regulatory agencies recognize the substantial market shares these ventures have acquired, but refrain from imposing sanctions on grounds that consumers accrue ample benefits when platform operators use upstream revenues to subsidize downstream services. The paper examines digital broadband platform operators with an eye toward assessing the aggregate benefits and costs to both upstream firms and downstream consumers.  It concludes that governments have failed to revise and recalibrate tools that examine potential marketplace distortions and assess the potential for damage to competition and consumers.  The paper demonstrates how the Justice Department, Federal Trade Commission and the Federal Communications Commission have relied on economic and legal doctrine ill-suited for digital broadband market assessments.  These agencies have generated false positives, resulting in market intervention where no major problem exists, and false negatives where undetected major problems cause harm without remedy.  Additionally these agencies appear to misallocate their resources and attention on insignificant matters when more compelling problems exist. Sheppard v. Maxwell Revisited:  A "Roman Holiday," a "Carnival" or "Decorum Comparable with the Best? • W. Wat Hopkins • Possibly the most common term used to characterize the trial of Sam Sheppard for the murder of his wife is “Roman holiday.”  The Supreme Court of the United States reported that “bedlam reigned in the courthouse during the trial.  Four months after the Supreme Court delivered its opinion, however, 10 journalists who covered the trial for respected media organization wrote the justices and told them they were wrong.  The trial, they told the justices, was conducted with “decorum comparable with the best.”  This paper explores the question of who was right – the Court or the reporters. Anthem Protests & Public-College Athletes: Is There a Need for a Constitutional Audible? • Carmen Maye, Univ. of South Carolina • National-anthem protests reveal complexities associated with symbolic counter-speech tied to symbols of patriotism. For public-college officials and coaches, the complexity of game-time anthem protests extends beyond the court of public opinion. Uniformed collegiate student-athletes occupy a constitutional limbo-land in which the signals are mixed. Courts considering coach-imposed limits on anthem protests should eschew the traditional and school-specific options in favor of one that allows for a more direct balancing of interests. “Walk” This Way, Talk This Way:  How Do We Know When the Government is Speaking After Walker v. Sons of the Confederacy? • Kristen Patrow, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill • "One prong of the three-part government speech test developed in Walker required the Court to examine whether reasonable observers would understand the message as the government’s. Determining what a “reasonable observer” might consider government speech is nebulous at best. Analysis of six cases shows that paths to limiting this ambiguity of the doctrine include requiring a clear message, the government to self-identify as the speaker, and medium scarcity." Seeking clarity: European press rights at peaceful assemblies • Jonathan Peters, University of Georgia • European intergovernmental organizations are developing guidelines to establish a baseline for press rights at peaceful assemblies. This paper contributes to those efforts in two ways. First, it reviews existing European press protections in the assembly context. Second, it discusses issues that should be addressed in the forthcoming guidelines. The scholarly value of this paper is to explore the procedural and substantive dimensions of European press rights at assemblies, while the practical value is to clarify key issues and suggest ways to address them. Considering Fair Use: DMCA’s Takedown & Repeat Infringers Policies • Amanda Reid, UNC Chapel Hill • The 20th anniversary of the DMCA is an appropriate occasion to reflect on the First Amendment implications of this legislative compromise between copyright holders and online service providers.  DMCA safe harbors were intended to protect business interests and expressive interests. As digital media are woven into modern daily life, this safe harbor schema needs recalibration to protect fair uses.  To recalibrate, this paper explores how fair use considerations should be operationalized under the DMCA framework. Transparency Reporting and Content Takedowns: Examining Internet Censorship in the United States and India. • Enakshi Roy, Western Kentucky University • Drawing on the literature on internet censorship this study investigates the practice of content takedowns carried out by the United States’ and Indian governments. To that end this research employs two studies. Study 1 examines the transparency reports of Google, Facebook, and Twitter from 2010- 2015 to find out what content is removed from these platforms. Study 2 through in-depth interviews with technology lawyers and authors of transparency reports finds out about the content removal process and its complexities. The findings show “defamation” is one of the most cited reasons for content removal in both the United States and India. “Privacy and Security” is another top reason for content removal in both countries. In India, “Religious Offense” was the most frequently cited reason for content removal. Findings reveal a disturbing trend where defamation notices were misused to request takedown of content that was critical of the governments, politicians, public figures, law enforcement officials, and police. The findings of this comparative study are important, they demonstrate several ways in which the internet is being censored even in democratic countries without the knowledge of the users. Such censorship maybe eroding the freedom of speech guaranteed by the Constitutions of both the United States and India. Internet Memes and “Cultural Flourishing”: A Democratic Approach to Copyright • Yoonmo Sang, Howard University • This paper explores the socio-cultural implications of Internet memes in conjunction with legal and policy inquiry that involve copyright and freedom of expression. In doing so, the concept of cultural democracy is advanced to better understand Internet memes that are created and shared by ordinary people to express their emotions, ideas and opinions in order to better understand cultural and political events. This normative study unpacks implications of Internet memes and applies the concept of cultural democracy to Internet memes in the context of copyright law. This study ultimately argues that the concept of democratic culture provides an alternative understanding of copyright legislation as well as a viable theoretical justification for copyright reforms in support of users’ creative use of preexisting cultural works in the age of user-generated content. The Artificial Marketplace: Examining Potential Changes to Marketplace Theory in the Era of AI Communicators • Jared Schroeder, Southern Methodist University • Artificially intelligent communicators, particularly since the 2016 U.S. presidential election, have occupied an increasing role in democratic discourse. Their natures, as non-human actors with fundamentally different capabilities and motivations than citizens, raise substantial questions about whether the marketplace of ideas theory, the Supreme Court’s dominant rational for freedom of expression, can persist in its current form. In other words, the growing presences of artificially intelligent communicators undermine some of the foundational assumptions of the marketplace approach. This paper contends that without some revisions to the fundamental building blocks of the theory, it will no longer be viable as a rationale for freedom of expression in the AI-infused discourse of the twenty-first century. To this end, this paper explores the increasing influence of artificially intelligent communicators, the traditional assumptions of the marketplace approach, the longstanding criticisms of the theory, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes’s conceptualization of truth, and judicial opinions regarding the rights of other non-human communicators, such as animals and corporations. This paper ultimately proposes a process-focused, public-good-based revision to the theory’s foundational assumptions. Ideally, such a revision would allow the theory to remain functional in the growing artificial marketplaces of the twenty-first century. Give Me a ©: Refashioning the Supreme Court’s Decision in Star v. Varsity • Jared Schroeder, Southern Methodist University; Camille Kraeplin, Southern Methodist University; Anna Grace Carey, Southern Methodist University; Lauren Hawkins, Southern Methodist University • Fashion designers have struggled to establish their works as expressions that qualify for copyright protection. The Supreme Court’s decision last spring in Star v. Varsity was less of a victory for fashion designers than it might appear. The Court’s effort to clarify and apply the “separability test,” stopped short of providing the clarity needed to protect the works of fashion designers. This article contends that this confusion can be resolved by conceptualizing fashion designs as forms of art that are often applied to useful objects, rather understanding them as useful items that, if their designs can be conceptually separated from the object, can receive protections. Confronting Power, Defining Freedom and Awakening Participation: An Argument for Expanding Media Law Education • Erik Ugland • This article contends that some understanding of media law and policy is now indispensable for citizens in the Digital Age and proposes strategies for expanding knowledge of these subjects. This knowledge is essential to citizens’ self-preservation and individual agency, it equips them to engage in emerging First Amendment debates, and it enables their participation in settling media policy dilemmas (surveillance, net neutrality, big data) whose resolution will ultimately affect the broader balance of social power. Defamation Per Se and Transgender Status: When Macro-Level Value Judgments About Equality Trump Micro-Level Reputational Injury • Austin Vining, University of Florida; Ashton Hampton; Clay Calvert, University of Florida • This paper uses the September 2017 defamation decision in Simmons v. American Media, Inc. as a springboard for examining defamatory meaning and reputational injury.  Specifically, it focuses on cases in which judges acknowledge plaintiffs have suffered reputational harm, yet rule for defendants because promoting the cultural value of equality weighs against redress.  In Simmons, a normative, axiological judgment – that the law should neither sanction nor ratify prejudicial views about transgender individuals – prevailed at the trial court level over a celebrity’s ability to recover for alleged reputational harm.  Simmons sits at a dangerous intersection – a crossroads where a noble judicial desire to reject prejudicial stereotypes and to embrace equality collides head-on with an ignoble reality in which a significant minority of the population finds a particular false allegation (in Simmons, transgender status) to be defamatory.  The paper concludes by proposing variables for courts to apply in future cases where a dispute exists over whether an allegation is defamatory per se, rather than leaving the decision to the discretion of judges untethered from formal criteria. Requester’s Paradox: Acknowledging FOIA’s Defects, Moving toward Proactive Disclosure • A.Jay Wagner, Bradley University • "Hillary Clinton’s email fiasco exposed long-standing issues in the FOIA. Her deliberate circumvention of records management rules and the State Department’s intentionally misleading response to FOIA requests demonstrated deep and troubling flaws in the contemporary FOIA paradigm. In looking at the laws and judicial interpretation that undergird records management and adequate search elements, the study finds little in the way of legal obligations and a court system limited in combatting the problems. FOIA requesters already suffer from a paradox – never truly knowing what records exist – and these twin failures further undermine the access mechanism. The study explores the unsteady foundation on which the FOIA rests and uses these failures to campaign for more reliance on proactive disclosure mechanisms. In considering proactive disclosure, the study looks at both international and domestic efforts where no request for information is needed. The United States has already experimented with expanding proactive disclosure, including a Justice Department pilot study and amended small elements to the FOIA statute in 2016. 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18139 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/mag-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:14:30 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18143 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18143 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/mcs-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:16:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18146 Moeller Student Competition Effects of Self-Construal and Environmental consciousness on Green Corporate Social Responsibility perceptions • nandini bhalla, University of South Carolina • "Using a 2 (location of the company: India vs. U.S.) x 2 (location of the CSR: India vs. U.S.) between subjects experimental design, the study examines the citizen’s attitudes, WOM, and purchase intent towards a fictitious company doing green CSR in India and in the U.S. A SEM model is created, and results indicated that the individuals’ self-construal orientation play an important role in perceiving and evaluating corporation’s environmentally-friendly initiatives." Nothing but the Facts? Journalistic Objectivity and Media Adjudication of President Trump’s False Claims • Deborah Dwyer, Student • Previous research indicates reporters tend to shy away from formally settling disputed claims when covering political topics. This does not assist readers in determining what is true, damaging their epistemic political efficacy and interest. This content analysis examines the type of adjudication practices journalists use when covering untrue statements made by U.S. President Donald Trump. Adjudication practices by outlets that audiences consider “conservative” or “liberal” are compared to determine if and how they differ. Open Competition Examining the Rage Donation Trend: Applying the Anger Activism Model to Explore Communication and Donation Behaviors • Lucinda Austin, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Holly Overton, University of South Carolina; Denise Bortree, Penn State University; Brooke McKeever • A national survey (N = 1275) explored how individuals’ anger and efficacy predict attitudes toward political and social activism, related communication behaviors, and financial support behaviors. Findings revealed partial support for the Anger Activism Model, which was tested in this unique context. Efficacy emerged as a stronger predictor compared to anger, and path analysis suggests that while anger directly predicts attitudes and communication behaviors, it also partially predicts efficacy. From Reality to Drama: The Role of Entertainment TV Storytelling in Empowering U.S. Hispanic Parents • Caty Borum Chattoo, American University School of Communication and Center for Media & Social Impact; Lauren Feldman, Rutgers University; Amy Henderson Riley, American University School of Communication and Center for Media & Social Impact • In 2017, the Univision network and Too Small to Fail, a prosocial multi-media campaign, produced media content across three television storytelling genres (scripted drama, reality TV, news) in order to entertain and educate Hispanic parents and primary caregivers of children aged 0-5 about early brain development, and consequently, the role of parents and caregivers in the successful development of young children. This experimental study assessed the impact of each TV genre and found significant direct effects on knowledge, attitudes, and behavior; the effects were mediated by perceived entertainment value and positive emotions. Explaining the “Racial Contradiction:” An Experimental Examination of the Impact of Sports Media Use and Response Strategy on Racial Bias towards Athlete Transgressors • Kenon Brown, The University of Alabama; Joshua Dickhaus, Bradley University; Ray Harrison, Jefferson State Community College; Stephen Rush, The University of Alabama • Previous studies (Authors, 20XX, Authors, 20XX) have found that minority athletes were perceived more positively than their White counterparts, counterintuitive to previous research. In order to explain this “racial contradiction,” this study analyzes the racial differences in response to criminal accusations based on the response strategy utilized and the amount of sports news consumed by participants. A between-subjects, double blind experiment was conducted among 464 participants to examine how an athlete’s race, an athlete’s chosen response strategy, and participants’ level of sports news consumption affects the perception of athletes accused of criminal allegations. Results show that while low sports news consumers did not differ in their perception of an athlete, whether he was Black or White, high sports news consumers perceived Black athletes more positively than White athletes, supporting the “racial contradiction.” Also, results showed that while participants that were low sports news consumers accepted the White athlete’s use of denial more than the Black athlete, participants that were high sports news consumers accepted the Black athlete’s use of denial more than the White athlete. Music Use and Genre Choice as Coping Strategies for Emotions • Jewell Davis; Li-jing Chang, Jackson State University • This study used a survey to explore music use and genre choice as coping strategies for emotions. A total of 605 people answered the survey. Results showed a plurality of the respondents use music frequently to help cope with stress, deal with an issue and express emotions. The study also found rock, country, and pop were top genre choices to help cope with specific emotions, and mood maintenance drives more music use than coping needs. Effects of Scandals and Presidential Debates in the U.S. 2016 Presidential Elections • Esther Thorson, Michigan State; Weiyue Chen, Michigan State University; Leticia Bode • The study investigates the impact of the presidential debates and two political scandals (Trump groping scandal and Comey reopening of the Clinton email case) on attitudes toward Clinton and Trump, and vote intent. The data include 49 days of a rolling cross section sample of 100 U.S. adults. Results show the campaign events have major effects that differ by partisanship, and that candidate attitudes often mediate the effect of events on vote intent. Individual differences in second-level agenda setting • Renita Coleman; Denis Wu, Boston University • Studies of individual differences in agenda setting focus primarily on the first level, not the second. This study found some individual differences that make people more susceptible to the media’s agenda of issues do not work the same for affect. Education works in the opposite direction, with the highly educated more protected against media influence. Political party affiliation helps inoculate against the media’s affective agenda, but only when it comes to the opposition party’s candidate. Effects of Race, Attractiveness, and Mental Health Attribution in Mass Shooting News • Tao Deng, Michigan State University; Syed Ali Hussain; Samuel M. Tham, Michigan State University; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University • This study explored effects of shooter ethnicity, attractiveness, and mental illness on a Facebook post using a 2 (ethnicity: White-Muslim) x 2 (attractiveness: low-high) x 2 (mental illness: present-absent) between-subject factorial design (N = 699). Findings showed that negative stereotypes against Muslim can be intensified by reading mass shooting news with Muslim perpetrator. Combining Muslim ethnicity and mental illness, participants expressed less favorable attitude toward mental illness. This trend reversed when the perpetrator was White. Why? Because I like you: Effects of familiarity on perceptions of media trustworthiness • Stephanie Dunn, Missouri Western State University • This paper assesses the role familiarity and parasocial relationships have on perceptions of trustworthiness and credibility, particularly in evaluation of political commentators. Research presented demonstrates how familiarity and PSR allow commentators to overcome retraction messages. Findings suggest increased familiarity and higher PSR generate more positive message evaluations, higher assessments of source credibility, and increased likelihood of persuasion. PTSD and Depression in Journalists Who Covered Harvey • Gretchen Dworznik • Thirty journalists from some of the most hardest hit cities during Hurricane Harvey were surveyed for symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PTSD) and depression 2 months after the storm. 20% had storm related PTSD and 40% had depression. Though not all met the criteria for diagnosis, 90% were experiencing symptoms of both disorders to varying degrees. Implications for disaster coverage planning and newsroom managers are discussed. Parents, Children, and Social Media: A Study of Value Congruence • Lee Farquhar, Butler University; Betsy Emmons, Samford University; Nia Johnson • This study examines value congruence, identity stewardship, and parent awareness of child’s behaviors. Participants had typical behavior patterns regarding social media use and concerns for privacy. However, parent monitoring of children’s online behaviors was remarkably low. These same parents were also confident that children were not taking part in behaviors they were not aware of. Lastly, value congruence was associated with open communication and positive behavior modeling, which supports past research. Hot or Cold: #climatechange Societal Sentiment on Pinterest • Jeanine Guidry, Virginia Commonwealth University; Lucinda Austin, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Linsey Grove, University of South Florida • This study examined visual social media posts focused on climate change through a quantitative content analysis of 500 Pinterest posts. Posts from nonprofit organizations received the least engagement. Inclusion of perceived benefits of addressing climate change and self-efficacy were associated with increased engagement; however, these concepts were mentioned far less frequently than severity of and susceptibility to climate change, which did not drive engagement. Errors and Corrections in Digital News Content • Kirstie Hettinga, California Lutheran University; Alyssa Appelman, Northern Kentucky University • A between-subjects experiment (N = 386) explores the effects of correction features and reader investment on perceptions of digital news content. Findings suggest that participants paid more attention to the source and the correction when they read from the digital news outlet (Yahoo.com), rather than the legacy news outlet (The New York Times). Findings also suggest that liberal readers cared more than conservative readers about the LGBT-rights-related correction. Recommendations for online corrections practices are discussed. The Effects of Constructive Television News Reporting on Prosocial Intentions and Behavior in Children • Iris Van Venrooij; Tobias Sachs; Mariska Kleemans • To overcome negative effects of news on young audiences and, instead, foster prosociality, constructive journalism promotes the inclusion of positive emotions and solutions in negative news stories. We experimentally tested whether including constructive elements in a story about a disaster indeed increased prosocial intentions and behaviors among children (N=468; 9-13 y/o). Results showed that solution-based news led to less prosocial behavior than emotion-based and non-constructive news. Negative emotions, but not self-efficacy, served as a mediator. D.C. media coverage of the District’s Death with Dignity Act • Kimberly Lauffer; Sean Baker, Central Michigan University; Natalee Seely • In 2016, the District of Columbia City Council passed the Death with Dignity Act. Afterward, Congress attempted to block implementation of the law by invoking its power first to overturn the law and then, when unsuccessful in that effort, withhold money from the District. Previous studies examining local media coverage of aid-in-dying legislation have identified several recurrent frames, including fear of abuse, good death vs. bad death, preserving rights/autonomy, and culture war. D.C. media invoked those frames as well as others more specific to the District and the publications within it Framing and Persuasion: A Frame-building Perspective • Jiawei Liu; Douglas McLeod • Research on framing effects has demonstrated that exposure to frames leads to shifts in readers’ preferences and attitudes. Applying this to message construction, we expect that frames’ persuasive effects will also be reflected in the frame-building process: in order to change preference in a particular direction, the corresponding frame will be selected. Our experimental findings suggest that the link between persuasion and frame-building is strong for emphasis frames but relatively weak for equivalence frames. “They’re Turning the Frogs Gay!” Credibility and Attributes of Parasocial Relationships with Alex Jones • T. Phillip Madison, University of Louisiana - Lafayette; Emily Covington, University of Louisiana - Lafayette; Kaitlyn Wright, University of Louisiana - Lafayette; Timothy Gaspard, University of Louisiana - Lafayette • Exploitation of Americans’ information diets by foreign powers for the purpose of creating civil unrest is a well-documented practice and relies on “knowing” people whom we will never meet. Much of our responses to fake news, whether we buy into it or not, center around the one-sided relationships we have with people whom we see in the media. Such relationships are called “parasocial relationships,” or PSRs (e.g., Horton & Wohl, 1956) and have a tendency to shape our senses of reality and reactions to those senses of reality. Horton and Wohl (1956) originally identified “para-social relationships” as the one-sided relationships audiences have with mediated personae, namely people we see on television. Parasocial relationships seem to be more powerful than ever, as illustrated by fake news, inflamed divisiveness in the western word, weaponization, and Russia’s countless bots, trolls, and social media pages. According to Westneat (2017), “The information war is real, and we’re losing it.” In this bizzare, new era, fake news occupies all forms of media. In fact, many of today’s societal problems have been blamed on the pervasiveness and influential nature of fake news. This study examines parasocial relationships as well as perceived credibility and viewing frequency of Infowars, hosted by Alex Jones. Through our sample of Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) users (N = 584), we have explored which attributes of PSRs are related to perceived credibility of Alex Jones and viewing propensity. This research highlights the value of parasocial research as scholars navigate this post-2016 American presidential election news cycle. Parasocial relationships have become a large part of our identities and, thus, warrant thoughtful scrutiny. Social (Media) Construction of Public Opinion in the Press • Shannon McGregor • A content analysis of election news and in-depth interviews with journalists documents the use of social media to report public opinion, classifying uses along the type of data, well as its function. Journalists used social media posts as sources of vox populi quotes, especially to showcase public reaction to media events. Social media firms marketed their quantitative metrics as public opinion to journalists, who reported these mostly in service of positioning candidates in the horserace. Younger millennials’ media use: A qualitative gratifications and media repertoires approach • Danielle Myers LaGree, Kansas State University; Margaret Duffy, U of Missouri • The new media landscape has encouraged media multitasking behaviors. This exploratory study sought to understand why younger millennials are motivated to routinely attend to media across multiple sources and devices. An intregated uses and gratifications and media repertoires theoretical approach guided this qualitative study. In-depth interviews (N = 21) revealed that participants were more emotionally connected to their laptops than their cellphones and use media sources and devices to create work and entertainment spaces. An experimental test of the effects of hurricane news about human behavior on climate-related attitudes • Jessica Myrick, Penn State University; Jeff Conlin • Mass communication about hurricanes--via traditional and online outlets--often features stories about morality. The best of us help others and the worst of us take advantage of the situation. The present study investigated how these types of hurricane news coverage, when displayed online featuring other users' reactions, impacts climate-change intentions and policy support. A between-subjects online experiment (N = 514) was conducted using a 3 (news content: acts of kindness, acts of cruelty, control) x 3 (Facebook emoticon reactions: mostly love with some anger, mostly anger with some love, equal love and anger). Results reveal that emotional responses are key mediators of message effects. Expanding Visibility on Twitter: Author and Message Characteristics and Retweeting • Chang Sup Park, University at Albany, SUNY; Barbara Kaye • Using a content analysis of 3,429 tweets about the South Korean Anti-Terrorism Act of 2016, this study finds that the tweets created by civil society, political actors, and mass media/journalists are more likely to be retweeted than the tweets written by ordinary individuals, suggesting the role of heuristic strategy. This study also finds that content factors influence retweeting (systematic strategy). Emotional tweets are more likely to be retweeted, and rationality of tweets moderates the association between author characteristics and retweeting. Switchers & Seniors: Evaluating technology versus cohort-based changes in TV news consumption, 1984 -2008 • Patrick Parsons, Penn State University; Krishna Jayakar, Penn State University • This study uses cohort analysis and comparative simulation to gain a better understanding of the relative influence of technological displacement versus shifting demographic patterns in television news consumption from 1984 to 2008 with special attention to TV news consumption declines in the early and mid-1990s, prior to expansion of internet-based news. It considers implications of the research for current and near-future news consumption patterns. The Effects of Flow in Mobile Gaming: Involvement, Spending Practices, and Attitude • Gregory Perreault, Appalachian State University; Samuel M. Tham, Michigan State University • This research studies free-to-play mobile game players in the United States (n=592) regarding their experience of flow, gaming involvement, and attitude towards the game’s financial model. Following Creswell and Clark’s (2007) exploration model of mixed methods, both qualitative and quantitative measures were utilized to identify and examine the variables. Even though participants reported low attitude towards advertising, the more involved participants indicated they would be accept alternative advertising if it led to more in-game currency. Content Analysis of Music Alcohol-Dependent Women and Controls Associate with ‘Going Out’ versus ‘Staying Home’ • Anastasia Nikoulina, Indiana University; Thomas James, Indiana University; Joshua Sites, Indiana University; Edgar Jamison-Koenig, Indiana University; Glenna Read, Indiana University; Robert Potter, Indiana University • A content analysis of 636 songs was conducted for alcohol content, drug content, sexual content, risk-taking content, and musical tempo. The song corpus was created by female participants in a previous experimental study and represented their favorite titles for 'going out with friends,' or 'staying home by yourself.' Participants were selected for the experiment from two cohorts: those with self-reported alcohol dependency and controls. Results of the content analysis show that, as predicted by theory, Party Music was more likely to contain lyrical mentions of alcohol, drugs, and sexual behaviors. Party Music was also significantly faster in tempo than Home Music. These main effects did not interact with which cohort provided the titles. In addressing a research question, results show that regardless of cohort,Party Music was more frequently from the Pop and Hip-hop genre while Home Music was more often Rock and Indie. Who is to blame? Analysis of government and news media frames during the 2014 earthquake in Chile • Magdalena Saldana, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile • This study relies on Entman’s definition of framing to analyze how the Chilean government and news media framed an earthquake occurring in Chile in 2014. Using structural topic modeling, 705 news stories and 174 press releases were content-analyzed to identify under which conditions the media may attribute blame when disasters are framed beyond the realm of accident. Findings are particularly relevant to understand the relationship between political actors and the press when disasters occur. “What’s racist about deporting criminal illegal ‘Felons’?” Examining the link between emotion and cognition in tweets about immigration • Saif Shahin, American University; Laura Seroka, Bowling Green State University; Md Rezwan Islam, Bowling Green State University • This study examines nearly 4 million tweets about immigration posted during the 2016 U.S. presidential election (July-December). Sentiment analysis reveals Trust, Fear, and Anger to be the most prominent emotions. Topic modeling suggests Trust was on account of Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, while Muslims and Mexicans aroused Fear and Anger. We also explain how emotions may produce cognitive connections among seemingly disparate issues and lead to post-hoc rationalization of anti-immigrant tweets. Field and Ecological Explanations of Data Journalism Innovation: A Focus on the Role of Ancillary Organizations • Wilson Lowrey, University of Alabama; Lindsey Sherrill, University of Alabama; Ryan Broussard, University of Alabama • This study assesses the roles of ancillary organizations in data journalism innovation from the perspectives of both field and ecology paradigms using interviews with actors in the data journalism profession, including working journalists, leaders of foundations and professional associations, and educators. These two meso-level spatial approaches, field theory and ecology theory, are compared to shed light on the relative helpfulness of field approaches vs. ecology approaches in our social understanding of journalism and news construction. Exploring Mechanisms of Narrative Persuasion in a News Context: The Role of Narrative Structure, Homophily, Stigma, and Affect in Changing Attitudes and Altruistic Behavior • Daniel Tamul, Virginia Tech; Mary Beth Oliver; Jessica Hotter, Virginia Tech • Two exploratory studies demonstrate, for the first time, that narrative persuasion can diminish the stigma attached to social groups featured in journalistic narratives. Study 1 shows narrative format improves attitudes toward Syrian refugees and this effect is mediated by narrative engagement and subsequently stigma, homophily, and meaningful affect. Study 2 replicates these findings against a separate participant pool, an additional story topic, and compares changes in engagement and stigma to a non-narrative fact sheet and a control condition. What the fake?! How social media users define, spot, and respond to fake news • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Darren Lim, NTU Singapore • Through dyadic interviews involving 20 social media users in Singapore, where members of each pair are friends both offline and on social media, this study sought to understand how social media users define, spot, and respond to fake news. The study found that the participants define fake news in terms of facticity, intention, and ethics. They verify if news is real or fake based on their own gut-feel, the content itself, through interpersonal checks, and through institutional sources. Finally, whether or not they correct others who post fake news depends on issue relevance, interpersonal relationships, and personal efficacy. While correcting others might be consistent with their need to do what is right, it might also negatively affect their need to maintain social relationships. Post-Network Television: Motivations, Behaviors, and Satisfaction in the Age of Netflix • Alec Tefertiller, Kansas State University; Kim Sheehan, University of Oregon • Newer video technologies such as smart TVs and web streaming applications have radically altered how audiences consume televised content. Using an online, national survey (N = 790), this study identified five motivational factors for television viewing, most notably relaxing entertainment. In addition, patterns of ritualistic and instrumental viewing were identified. Audience activity facilitated by new technology was strongly associated with satisfaction and affinity for the television medium. Dual Influences of Media Figures on Young Undergraduates’ Life Values: The Role of Wishful Identification • Caixie TU; Stella Chia • This study examined media and social influences of media figures and proposed a theoretical framework wherein two influences exert effects on undergraduates’ values. This study also adopted a psychological mechanism of wishful identification to investigate how it mediated such two influences. The whole framework was tested by survey data. Results showed media consumption was directly associated with value endorsement. The indirect associations were mediated by interpersonal discussion about media figures and wishful identification with figures. Don't Believe the Next Tweet: Designing and Testing News Media Literacy Interventions for Social Media • Melissa Tully, University of Iowa; Emily Vraga; Leticia Bode • Scholars have called for media literacy interventions as a response to the spread of misinformation online. This study examines the effectiveness of "news media literacy" (NML) messages for Twitter. Using two experimental designs, this study tests NML tweets designed to mitigate the impact of exposure to misinformation and to boost people's perceptions of their own media literacy and its democratic value. Findings suggest it is difficult to craft messages that achieve these goals simultaneously. Creating Agents of Change through Civic Media Production, Critical Media Literacy and Experiential Learning • Cindy Vincent, Salem State University; Jennifer Jeffrey, Salem State University • This study applies the civic media model within a media literacy course to examine how the convergence of critical media literacy, civic education and experiential learning help college students understand themselves as engaged community members. Interviews with college students collected over three semesters is qualitatively analyzed to understand how civic media production and experiential learning build a sense of civic agency within college students as collaborators of voice, dialogue and critical consciousness. Can Inspiration Cross Party Lines? How News Framing of Morality and Partisan Cues Influence Elevation, Disgust, and Moral Judgments of Political Actors • T. Franklin Waddell, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida • Do partisans judge political actors based on the consistency of their moral behavior, or does partisan affiliation override moral evaluation? An online experiment (N = 710) revealed that participants exposed to acts of altruism or redemption reported higher levels of elevation relative to control, while acts of transgression or falls from grace elicited higher levels of disgust relative to control. No evidence of moderation by partisanship was revealed. The implications of these findings are discussed. Do Press Releases about Digital Game Research Influence Presumed Effects? How Comparisons to Real World Violence and Methodological Details Affect the Anticipated Influence of Violent Video Games • T. Franklin Waddell, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida • Do comparisons to real world violence or details about how aggression is measured in the laboratory affect the presumed influence of violent video games? An online experiment (N = 505) examined this question using a 2 (comparison to violence: present vs. absent) x 2 (measurement details: present vs. absent) between-subjects design. Results reveal that comparisons to violence elicit differential effects on presumed influence contingent on the presence of methodological details and respondent sex. Is the Grass Greener on the Other Side of the Geofence? • Kearston Wesner • Geofencing technology enables companies to obtain users’ physical location and deliver customized communications, including political messages. But to accomplish this, some businesses transmit user data to third parties without consent. The privacy tort of intrusion and Federal Trade Commission actions target unfair or deceptive practices, but these avenues are inadequate. Users’ privacy should be safeguarded by creating a federal privacy statute that requires opt-in notification and periodic reminders of data collection, usage, and transmission practices. Depictions of Asperger’s Syndrome on Prime-Time Television: An Intergroup Contact and Social Cognitive Theory Approach • Stephanie Whitenack, Louisiana State University; David Hamilton; Meghan Sanders • Certain depictions of Asperger’s syndrome (AS) on prime-time television can affect how individuals perceive the disorder (Holton, 2013). Learning and relational differences among those who view onscreen portrayals of AS can affect audiences’ understanding, perceptions, and behavioral intentions of the out-group. An experiment was conducted with a total of 130 participants. Results reveal that people identify with more explicit portrayals on screen, however this may produce greater intergroup anxiety when thinking about real-life interpersonal contact. Conceptualization of the public health model of reporting through application: The case of the Cincinnati Enquirer’s heroin beat • Erin Willis, University of Colorado Boulder; Chad Painter, University of Dayton • This case study seeks to demonstrate the Cincinnati Enquirer’s use of the public health model of reporting and public health news frames. The Enquirer created the first newspaper heroin beat in January 2016. Enquirer reporters framed the heroin epidemic as a public health issue, focusing on solutions, contextualizing the issue through societal determinants of health, and incorporating the voices of constituent groups. Findings are discussed using news framing and the public health model of reporting. Big Data and Journalism Transformations: Evaluating Automation as a New Entrant to the Journalistic Field • Shangyuan Wu, Nanyang Technological University; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Charles Salmon • As information circulates in unprecedented amounts, contemporary newsrooms are turning to automation to manage the data deluge. Amid falling revenues and newsroom closures, this study uses field theory and in-depth interviews to investigate how automation, as a new entrant, is transforming the journalistic field, including its impact on the field’s governing principles, the types of capital that journalists must acquire to remain competitive, and journalist attitudes towards the transformation and/or preservation of the field. Undesirable Issue Indeed, but No Censorship Please! The Third Person Effect in Fake News on Social Media • Fan Yang, University at Albany, SUNY; Michael Horning, Virginia Tech University • An online survey (N =335) was conducted to examine the third person effect (TPE) in fake news and suggested that individuals indeed perceived a greater influence of fake news on others than on themselves. Although they evaluated fake news on social media as socially undesirable, they were also unsupportive of censorship as a remedy. Instead, individuals reported to be less willing to share the news they read on social media either online or offline. Digital inequalities or personality differences? A longitudinal analysis of social media usage divides in China • Yiyan Zhang, Boston University; Lei Guo, Boston University; Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Vienna • This study contributes to the digital divide literature by better explicating a usage divide and by adding a China’s context based on a longitudinal analysis of varied social media uses among a national representative sample collected in mainland China. The results showed age and income significantly predicted many aspects of the usage divide, moderated by individuals’ personality traits. The study also demonstrated that the age- and income-generated usage divide were not significantly widened over time. Student Competition Stuck on Social Media: Predicting Young Adults’ Intentions to Limit Social Media Use • Nick Boehm • Health concerns of social media overuse (e.g., depression, anxiety, social isolation, etc.) warrant examinations of factors influencing the use of these technologies. While studies have characterized people’s adoption and use of social media, none have examined factors that would drive individuals to limit their social media use. This study found that an extended theory of planned behavior model significantly predicted intentions to limit daily social media use and behavior surrounding social capital maintenance and growth. Colorism and Love for Fair Skin: Exploring Digitization’s Effect on India’s Arranged Marriage Matrimonial Ads • Dhiman Chattopadhyay, Bowling Green State University; Sriya Chattopadhyay, Bowling Green State University • Previous studies have found the presence of colorism, especially a bias toward fair-skinned women, in India’s newspaper matrimonial advertisements, where fair complexion is equated with beauty among Indian women. Historically matrimonial advertisements in newspapers are posted by family elders, such as parents of prospective brides. This study explores if the advent of online matrimonial portals has empowered marginalized members of families such as prospective brides greater access to and control over posting matrimonial ads, and if this in turn has changed the way women are depicted in matrimonial ads. Textual analysis of 150 online matrimonial ads indicated that younger women such as would-be brides posted more ads in online media, compared to older family members such as parents; that while there was less overt focus on physical attributes of women such as fairness of skin, colorism was present in more subtle forms; and that while online ads described women’s skills, and desires, they were unable to break free from shackles of socially constructed patriarchal norms where women’s physical attributes such as fair skin were considered critical qualities. Findings were consistent with the tenets of Critical Race Theory that colorism is an ingrained feature of social systems and is constantly negotiated based on a group’s own social interests. Implications of the findings are discussed. Asian International Students’ Mass Media Use and Acculturation Strategies: Considering the Effects of Remote Acculturation • Lin Li; Shao Chengyuan • Surveying Asian international students in two U.S. universities about their mass media use and acculturation strategies, this study found that American news media use before relocation was positively related to assimilation and negatively related to separation, whereas American TV use after relocation had positive effects on assimilation, integration, and marginalization through increased cultural knowledge. Asian TV use was found to be positively related to separation and negatively related to assimilation and integration across time periods. Crisis Management on Social Media: Inoculation Strategy and Organizational Interactivity • Pratiti Diddi, PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY; Lewen Wei, Pennsylvania State University • In this study we conducted a three-phase online experiment to examine the efficacy of the inoculation strategy and organizational interactivity in bolstering attitudes in crisis management on social media. With exposure to crisis of selected issues, if not preempted, users’ threat levels went up; if preempted, on the other hand, low response rate to negative comments led to undesirable perceptions of the organization. Implications and limitations are discussed. Discussing Vulcans, Hermione, Khaleesi, and the Winchesters: An evaluation of parasocial interactions in online fandom forums • Sara Erlichman, Penn State • As parasocial interactions (PSI) are increasingly becoming observable in online settings and associated with fandom, it brings to question the role of parasocial relationships (PSR) in fandom communities. By conducting a content analysis, this study analyzes whether PSIs were present in online fandom forums (i.e. Star Trek, Harry Potter, Game of Thrones, and Supernatural), as a possible indicator of fans actively maintaining their PSRs. The presence of parasocial interactions was supported in this study demonstrating the overlap of participatory fandom and fans’ relationship maintenance for fictional characters. Social Media as an Emerging Institution: Expectations and Norms Online at the U.S. State House • Meredith Metzler • This paper draws on Polsby’s (1968) classic piece to ask: is social media an emerging political institution? Social media is a differentiated communication medium, but state legislative offices find it difficult to navigate. The perceived behavioral norms of the site—speed, confrontation, and boundary-less communication—conflicted with the legislators’ norms of “civil” interpersonal communication primarily with constituents. As social media emerges as an algorithmic communication institution, the conflicting norms will need to be reconciled. Fake News Correction: How USDA Corrects Fake News about Organic Foods on Social Media • Keonyoung Park, Syracuse University; Jun Zhang, Newhouse School of Syracuse University; Laura Canuelas-Torres; Zheng Li • Building on the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion, we explored the effects of different social media sources (i.e. government, nonprofit organizations, news corporations, and businesses) in correcting misinformation from fake news about organic foods. We conducted an online experiment, using a Mturk sample of US adults (N=264). Government (i.e., USDA) was the only source with significant impact on leading individual’s efforts to correct previous knowledge. Users seem to activate the central processing during this activity. Local to global via social media: Using social media for news could make you global-minded • Aditi Rao, University of Connecticut • Contemporary society is becoming increasingly global. This globalization is often referred to in the context of businesses, tourism, trade, education, etc. However, globalization of individuals, i.e., having a global mindset, especially in the context of social media is not often heard of. The current study aimed to investigate whether using social media for news correlated with global-mindedness. A cross-sectional survey administered online asked college students (N = 324) to indicate their news-seeking habits on the four social media platforms—Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat. A Global-Mindedness Scale was also included in the same survey to measure global-mindedness and its five dimensions (responsibility, cultural pluralism, efficacy, globalcentrism, and interconnectedness). Results showed a positive correlation between social media use for news and global-mindedness and its dimensions, except for globalcentrism. With regard to using social media for seeking news, Facebook and Twitter were found to be used the most. However, Snapchat and Instagram were the most used social media platforms. Implications of these findings are discussed. Finding A Voice: Newspaper Editors and The Effect of Sexual Assault and Rape News • Susan Tebben, Ohio University • A qualitative study on newspaper editors in northern and southern Ohio. Using in-depth interviews, the study focuses on personal experiences and training and its effect on victim-naming policies, word choice in stories of sexual assault and rape, and the effect of an editor’s particular training and/or experience on how the topic is covered in newsrooms. Journalistic standards are consistent among the editors interviewed, but editorial decisions depend on the particular editor’s experience and training. Underlying Effects of Endorser Identity and Bodily Addressing in Public Service Announcements • Lewen Wei, Pennsylvania State University; Arienne Ferchaud; Bingjie Liu • This study conducted a 2 x 2 between-subjects online experiment (N = 423) to explore audience reactions towards public service announcements (PSA) varying in the identities of message endorsers (peer vs. celebrity) and their bodily addressing styles (front vs. side), and the underlying psychological mechanisms. Findings suggest that on selected issues (anti-smoking and anti-sexual-abuse), celebrity endorsers with a frontal bodily addressing style induced more positive reactions to PSA via parasocial interaction experience with the endorser, whereas peer endorsers with a side bodily addressing rendered more message effectiveness via elicited empathy towards the endorser. Implications and limitations are discussed. 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18146 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/med-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:17:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18149 Carol Burnett Award Fake News and the Fourth Estate: The Role of Editorial Messaging in Repairing the Journalistic Paradigm • Deborah Dwyer, Student • The White House has weaponized the term “fake news” to brand mainstream media as unethical. Ironically, this presents an opportunity for the Fourth Estate to reestablish credibility at a time when trust in media is frighteningly low. This content analysis explores traditional media’s editorial discourse about fake news to determine if it has sparked efforts to repair the journalistic paradigm—the unwritten and fundamental behaviors and standards media assert to be intrinsic to the profession. Carol Burnett Award “This Corporation Cares”: Considering Ethics in Communicating Nonprofit CSR Relationships Online • Virginia Harrison • A qualitative content analysis of corporate social responsibility (CSR) webpages of top-ranked corporations was conducted to determine the ethical nature of online communications surrounding nonprofit partnerships. Evidence shows that website communications often engage in self-promotion rather than genuine support for nonprofit partners. Through corporate branding of CSR activities, advertising through philanthropy stories, and using employee volunteerism and donations as unpaid labor, the balance of CSR relationships tilts heavily in the corporation’s favor.   Open Competition An Ethic of Advocacy: Metajournalistic discourse on the practice of leaks and whistleblowing 2004-2017 • Brett Johnson; Elizabeth Bent, University of Missouri; Caroline Dade, University of Missouri • Leaks are vital to journalism, especially since the early 2000s. This study analyzes the discourse surrounding leaks crafted by online journalism trade publications since 2004 to understand how journalism has shaped itself as an institution vis-à-vis the role of leaks in reporting and the meta-ethical norms surrounding the use of leaks. Findings suggest that journalism has embraced an advocacy role with leaks despite (or perhaps because of) ethical contradictions surrounding their use of leaks. Facebook and the Virtue of Friendship • Jeffrey Maciejewski, Creighton University • Although social media are used by billions worldwide, they have not received commensurate attention by ethicists. This paper is an attempt to fill this vacancy in the literature by examining Facebook friendship using Aristotelian virtues as a normative lens. Given that Aristotle envisions the highest form of friendship––perfect friendship––as arising from quid pro quo friendships of utility and pleasure, and since self-love, addiction and compulsion are entwined with Facebook use, this paper examines the virtue of friendship as it relates to the nuanced nature of Facebook relationships. Requirements of virtue friendship are analyzed and applied to Facebook friendships, and the complicating influences of asynchronous “frictionless” interactions, sometimes fueled by narcissism, are discussed. How "activist" ethics at the New York Times overcame the "chilling effects" of libel • Ali Mohamed, UAE University • The civil rights movement of the 1960s serves as context in exploring deployment of ethical principles associated with activist democracy by the New York Times. A content analysis shows that the Times maintained a vigorous challenge to the social order in Alabama even after a series of libel suits were brought by state officials. This suggests that when media cover a story in an activist spirit, the intimidating “chilling effects” of libel can lose effect. "Ethically Listening" to Different Perspectives : News Fixers' Thoughts on the Dangers They Face in the Field • Lindsay Palmer, UW-Madison • This paper attempts to answer Stephen J.A. Ward and Herman Wasserman's call for more "ethical listening" in communications scholarship, most especially where cross-cultural dialogue is concerned (2015). Drawing upon qualitative interviews with 75 news "fixers" in 36 different countries, the paper argues that these locally-based media employees are vital in protecting correspondents in the field. Because news fixers guide correspondents through unfamiliar locations and give them advice on how to navigate dangerous cultural differences, international news organizations depend heavily on fixers to keep their journalists safe on assignment. Yet, these news organizations do not return the favor by protecting news fixers in any systematic way. Because of this, the paper ultimately argues that journalism practitioners and scholars need to engage in more "ethical listening," actively considering and respecting news fixers' perspectives on the risks they face in their work. Without news fixers, the work of international reporting simply would not be possible; therefore, international news outlets and the scholars who study them need to take news fixers' perspectives seriously, relying on these particular perspectives as a guide for how to improve fixers' safety. Electoral Reckonings: Press Criticism of Presidential Campaign Coverage, 2000-2016 • Elizabeth Bent, University of Missouri; Kimberly Kelling; Ryan Thomas, University of Missouri • Elections offer the press a relatively predictable cycle to enact its democratic role. The cyclical nature of presidential elections allow a level of self-reflexivity as the press reflect on election coverage. Through a textual analysis of press criticism after presidential elections from 2000-2016, this study explores how themes around routines, norms and values remained relatively steady until the 2016 election creates a hyperactive response and discursive shift as the press moves from public-advocate to self-advocate. Fair balance or false balance: Accuracy or impartiality in climate change reporting • Kristin Timm, George Mason University; Richard Craig, George Mason University • Despite the scientific consensus that human-caused climate change is occurring, it continues to be presented as a two-sided debate-creating a 'false balance' that can distort the audience's perceptions of the issue. With 52 interviews and a survey of nearly 2000 news media professionals from the U.S., we reveal how frequently an opposing viewpoint is included in climate change stories, why it is included, and how journalists understand and practice objectivity in climate change reporting. The Discursive (Re)Construction of the Objectivity Norm • Tim Vos, University of Missouri; Ryan Thomas, University of Missouri; Amanda Hinnant; Yong Volz, University of Missouri • While objectivity has long been an ethical anchor for the institution of journalism, it has seemingly been contested in the last two decades. This study examines two decades of journalists’ discourse – what has come to be called metajournalistic discourse – to examine the meaning, state, and legitimacy of objectivity. While we find that the meaning of objectivity has shifted and faces a steady stream of discursive contestation, the objectivity norm or ethic still finds purchase. Ethics of Authenticity: Travel Influencers and the Production of Sponsored Content • Mariah Wellman, University of Iowa; Ryan Stoldt; Melissa Tully, University of Iowa; Brian Ekdale • This paper argues travel influencers rely on an ethics of authenticity to build credibility when deciding which commercial brands to work with, what content to produce, how to disclose brand relationships to audiences, and whether to omit experiences that might otherwise damage their personal brands. An ethics of authenticity puts the influencers’ brand identity and relationship with their audience at the forefront while also allowing them to profit from content designed to benefit brands and destinations. Special Call for Advertising and Public Relations Ethics • Still no End to Gender Stereotypes in Advertising: A Content Analytical Comparison of Different Channels. • Kathrin Karsay, University of Vienna; Jörg Matthes, U of Vienna; Valerie Fröhlich • Scholars repeatedly voiced ethical criticism with regards to stereotypical gender role portrayals in television advertisements. The present study analyzed gender stereotypes in a total of N = 1022 advertisements from four Austrian television channels: a public service channel, a commercial channel, and one commercial special interest channel for men and for women respectively. The results showed that well-known stereotypical gender portrayals are prevalent in all four channels. However, significant differences between channels exist. 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18149 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/mmee-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:19:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18152 Open Competition Substitutability and Complementarity of Broadcast Radio and Music Streaming Services: The Millennial Perspective • Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida; Rang Wang, University of Florida; Kyung-Ho Hwang, School of Liberal Studies, Kyungnam University • Digital technologies have redefined how audiences use audio media. Faced with great challenges, broadcast radio stations launched mobile apps to compete with music streaming services in engaging the largest generation in the U.S., the Millennial. Guided by the uses and gratifications approach, this study investigated the Millennial’s perceptions of the substitutability and complementarity of broadcast radio, its apps, and music streaming services through a national survey. Strategic implications for broadcast radio were provided. The paper was based on the collaborative work among partners from the academic, radio stations, and the mobile app industry with professional relevance. The Impact of Organizational Climate on Trauma Suffering in Journalism • Kenna Griffin, Oklahoma City University • This study measures the role of the newsroom organizational climate in preparing journalists for trauma exposure and providing them with support afterward. The 829 respondents reported high levels of trauma exposure at work and intense symptoms as a result. Despite this, few journalists were trained about trauma exposure. This support would help them cope with emotions related to experiencing traumatic events and could help them avoid emotional trauma altogether, creating a more emotionally healthy profession. Entrepreneurial News Sites as Worthy Causes? Exploring Readers’ Motivations Behind Donating to Latin American Journalism • Summer Harlow, University of Houston • "This study uses surveys with readers of entrepreneurial news startups in seven Latin American countries to examine their motivations for donating to journalism. Using the donor-organization relationship from public relations scholarship as a framework, this study showed content, independent/objective journalism, interactivity, and community as main motivating factors for donating. A lack of priority, techno concerns, and capitalism were reasons why readers did not donate. Professional and theoretical implications are discussed. The digital linchpin for mobile startup? Exploring the social media knowledge and managerial skills of mobile entrepreneurs • Gejun Huang, The University of Texas at Austin; Wenhong Chen, The University of Texas at Austin; Bryan Stephens, The University of Texas at Austin • The flourish scene of high-tech entrepreneurship in the U.S has prompted growing academic interests in the relationship between social media and entrepreneurship. However, limited attention has been paid to exploring the degree to which entrepreneurs’ social media knowledge and managerial skills affect their business performances. This paper aims to fill this gap by investigating the variations of mobile entrepreneurs’ social media strategies from the perspectives of technological knowledge and IT managerial skills that derive from resource-based theory. Using qualitative data drawn from 45 semi-structured interviews with mobile entrepreneurs and advocates in the major U.S. tech hubs, we find the formation and implementation of their social media strategies are premised on social media knowledge and managerial skills. The knowledge and skills correspond with mobile entrepreneurs’ understanding of mobile technologies and user practices, their business development needs and network, as well as the broader industry context. Examining Cord-Cutting Media Consumers: Usage, Perceptions, Motivations, and Segments • Hun KIM; Kyung-Ho Hwang, School of Liberal Studies, Kyungnam University; Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida; Byeng-Hee Chang, Sungkyunkwan University • This study investigates factors affecting consumer segments within cord cutting using IDT, U&G theory, the media substitution, channel repertoire and media usage. Theoretically, this study is an early study of consumer segment related to cord cutting and is based on IDT and U&G to analyze perceptions of two services consumer. Practically, this study provides practical insight to cord media and streaming video service industries. The Economics of State-Run News Media Policy: A Case Study of Vietnam • Huyen Nguyen, Ohio University; Trung Bui • In Western world, government intervention via media policy is supposed to help correct market failures such as the existence of external cost/benefit on third parties, the  lack of public goods, and the abuse of monopoly power (Rolland, 2008; Hoskins, McFayden & Finn, 2004; Picard, 1989). In still communist nations, government intervention is more often viewed as to protect political ideas (Chin-Chuan, Zhou & Yu, 2006; Silverblatt & Zlobin, 2004; Siebert, Peterson & Schramm, 1978). However, in the post-communist era, communist governments have always been steered towards a market economy, leading to their mixed media policy goals. In this study, the analysis of 267 policy tools and seven interviews with media scholars, news leaders and state officials   in Vietnam, a still communist nation, unveil that correcting market failures is an involuntary and secondary goal of Vietnam news media policy. Besides, a survey of 40 news organizations indicates that organizations who perceive policy effectiveness  tend to yield more revenues and commit more to news quality than those who do not. McClatchy’s “Reinvention” and Socially Responsible Existentialists: An interview-based case study • Mark Poepsel, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville • As the McClatchy news chain introduces a “Reinvention” plan in its newsrooms, some journalists are wary. Questions of autonomy arise when upper-level management hands down checklists and digital engagement targets. Journalists’ concerns must be balanced with the organization’s need to focus on digital revenues. Management’s efforts at financial salvation must be balanced with the need to preserve the social responsibility role of news outlets. This is a case study of a small-city news organization with national investigative journalism chops. This manuscript examines through the normative theoretical frame how journalists, accomplished at balancing their autonomy with social responsibility, respond to “Reinvention.” Does Geographical Location Matter in Business-to-Business Advertising Expenditure Decisions? Evidence from Manufacturing Firms • Nur Uysal, DePaul University; Juan Mundel, DePaul University • Previous literature on advertising spending typically related advertising to the sales or profitability of the firm or industry. Even though the relationship between advertising and sales has been studied extensively, the results are usually muddied by other marketing mix elements, such as promotion and distribution effect. Although the marketing literature has showed an enduring interest in geographic location, there has been relatively scant research on geographical proximity as a determinant of B2B advertising expenditure in the advertising scholarship. Using Cluster Theory as a framework, this paper tests whether industry cluster affect B2B marketing expenditure decisions. The researcher constructed a study sample of manufacturing firms (with primary three-digit SIC between 200 and 399) with a high percentage of their assets and employees located at the firm’s corporate headquarters (N = 2331 firm-year observations from 651 firms). Results of a t test and a series of multiple regression analysis yielded empirical evidence that geographic proximity to an industry cluster location affects firms’ decisions on B2B advertising expenditure. Implications for media management research and theory are discussed. Comparing Online and Offline Media Engagement: A Triangular Measurement Approach • Lisa-Charlotte Wolter, University of Florida; Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida; Daniel McDuff • Media engagement can serve as a useful approach for cross-platform effectiveness measurement and optimization. Through an industry-academic research partnership between a research university, Google/YouTube, and Microsoft, the study conducted online-offline cross-platform comparisons of YouTube and TV video usage experience using both implicit and explicit measurements. Results from the comprehensive lab-based mixed-methods study shed light on how the two video platforms differ in terms of attention and engagement – measured triangularly (cognitive, affective, behavioral). (Industry Relevance) Legacy Media Versus Emerging Online Sources of News and Information: A Niche Study of Competition and Coexistence • Mohammad Yousuf • This study applied the Theory of the Niche to examine if the legacy news media competes with institution-generated content, activist-generated content, and user-generated content—three emerging sources of news and information. A survey of online media users (N=1,103) shows each of four content types has a moderate niche on news gratifications. Niche overlap coefficients suggest moderate to strong competition among the content types although the legacy news media maintains competitive superiority over all others.   Special Topics Business Characteristics of a Network Media Agency:  A Case Study Using a Dyadic Perspective of Agency–Client Joint Business Activities • Melanie Herfort, University of Bayreuth, Germany; Reinhard Kunz • This paper studies a media agency’s business characteristics using a dyadic agency–client view to explore the collaborative value of co-creation business activities. The paper applies a qualitative case study method based on a network media agency. We contribute that the knowledge about nonmedia services, such as content and technology, and their clients as business partners play a large role in furthering the business activities of this agency. Emotional Responses to Online Video Ads: The Differential Effects of Self-Brand Congruity and Ad Duration • Todd Holmes, California State University Northridge • The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of self-brand congruity and ad duration and how these factors impact emotional responses to embedded online video advertisements. To achieve these aims, an online experiment was conducted based on a two (self-brand congruity) X two (ad duration) between-subjects design. Two dependent measures, emotional response to the ad (ERad) and emotional response to the brand (ERb) were used to examine the effectiveness of the ads and three brand personality dimensions (excitement, sophistication, ruggedness) were included in the model as replicates. Self-brand congruity was found to significantly impact respondents’ level of pleasure experienced when they viewed an ad for a brand that was low or high in excitement. Significant differences were found in terms of the pleasure that subjects ascribed to brands deemed to be low or high in sophistication. In addition, an interaction effect was found in the sophistication dimension with respect to arousal. 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18152 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/mac-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:21:05 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18155 Faculty Research Competition Acculturation, Pluralism, Empowerment: Cultural Images as Strategic Communication on Hispanic Nonprofit Websites • Melissa Adams; Melissa Johnson, North Carolina State University • This quantitative visual content analysis investigated the use of acculturation, pluralism, empowerment, and resistance-themed messages and images in nonprofit strategic communication and digital intercultural communication. The study analyzed data from 135 U.S.-based Latino nonprofit websites. Based on study findings, the authors argue that these nonprofits may be missing opportunities to strengthen relationships and cultural ties with target publics. This analysis applies acculturation theory to visual communication and extends the literature on digital intercultural public relations. Racially Framed: A content analysis of media frames in the coverage of the Ferguson controversy • Kris Boyle, Brigham Young University • After the death of Michael Brown in 2014, protests in Ferguson, Missouri, sparked nationwide discussion about race, police use of force, and police militarization. This study analyzes the media’s framing of the events in Ferguson, comparing coverage from local media (The St. Louis Dispatch) with national media (The New York Times). Both framed the events as a conflict between police and protesters. However, the Times used more race-based terms in its coverage than the Post-Dispatch. 'Sharing Hope and Healing': A culturally tailored social media campaign serving Native Americans • Rebecca Britt, The University of Alabama; Brian Britt; Jenn Anderson, South Dakota State University; Nancy Fahrenwald; Shana Harming • Social media campaigns designed to promote health can be effective when tailored appropriately and can successfully improve quality of life, including an increased number of living kidney donors among ethnic minorities. In the current manuscript, the authors discuss the results of a social media campaign designed to promote communication and education about living kidney donation and transplantation (LKDT) among Native Americans, who experience a uniquely great need for increased transplantation and suffer from a disproportionate number of related health burdens. Engagement, reach, and impressions were measured within the campaign for its duration via a set of hierarchical linear regressions.  Notable results indicated that success stories about LKDT were statistically significant predictors of campaign engagement, reach, impressions, as well as negative feedback. Implications, limitations, and future directions for partnering with tribal communities, relevant stakeholders, and developing advertising and mass communication efforts are outlined. Racist Media Representations of Police Shootings: The Problem of Primary Definition • Alfred Cotton, University of Cincinnati • The purpose of this paper is to analyze the narratives of two cases of police-involved shootings of Black men as presented in mass media to show how, if left unchecked, allowing elites and officials (particularly when they are representative of the individuals in the case) to define the narratives of such events can lead to misrepresentation of the narrative of the events.  Only when video evidence disputing the police officers’ version of events did mainstream journalists begin to question the veracity of the officers’ claims their decisions to shoot these men were justified.  The analysis examines the shifting discursive positions of the police, public officials, and media representatives over time and how those evidence a racist system of journalistic practices in American mainstream news media. Impact of Media Use and Pro-Environmental Orientations on Racial/Ethnic Groups' Attitudes Towards Ecobranding • Troy Elias, University of Oregon • This research uses national survey data from 1,180 Hispanics, African-American, non-Hispanic White, and Asian-Americans to explore the comparative likelihood of Hispanic, African-American, White, and Asian Americans engaging in pro-environmental behaviors and harboring pro-environmental orientations, in particular attitudes towards eco-branding. The results of the study indicate that Hispanic, African-American, White, and Asian-American respondents did not significantly differ in their attitudes towards eco-branding. Additional results indicate that Asian-Americans and Hispanics, to a relative extent, outpace everyone else in terms of pro-environmental attitudes, behaviors, and attitudes towards green purchasing. These results further disconfirm the notion that ethnic/racial minorities care less about the environment than racial minorities. More than a Black and White Issue: Racialized Identity Constructs and Support for the Black Lives Matter Movement • Lanier Holt, The Ohio State University; Matthew Sweitzer, The Ohio State University • We examine which factors guide opinions about Black Lives Matter. We find ethnic identity predicts why African Americans’ have positive attitudes towards BLM, but is a poor predictor of Whites’ beliefs. Attitudes about social dominance better predicts which Whites will oppose BLM. However, when Whites discuss racial issues, the impact of social dominance is negated, leading them to more positively evaluate BLM. These processes have implications for communication about racial issues. How Race, Gender, and American Politics Influenced User  Discourse Surrounding the Jemele Hill Controversy • Guy Harrison, Youngstown State University; Ann Pegoraro, Laurentian University; Miles Romney, Brigham Young University; Kevin Hull, University of South Carolina • On September 11, 2017, ESPN's Jemele Hill tweeted that United States President Donald Trump was a "white supremacist." Online reaction was swift and divided. The purpose of this study was to analyze how people were discussing the incident on Facebook using the theoretical lens of framing. Results demonstrate that discussions devolved into stereotypical tropes and uncivil discourse. Ultimately, Hill's race and gender became as much of a topic of contention as did her comments about Trump. Media Effects and Marginalized Ideas: Relationships Among Media Consumption and Support for Black Lives Matter • Danielle Kilgo, Indiana University; Rachel Mourao, Michigan State University • Building research analyses of Black Lives Matter media portrayals, this inquiry uses a two-wave panel survey to examine the effects coverage has on the evaluation of the core ideas from the BLM agenda. Results show conservative media use increases negative evaluations; models suggest this relationship works as a multidirectional feedback loop. Mainstream and liberal media consumptions do not lead to more positive views on BLM. An Examination of Non-White Crime Portrayals in Local Broadcast News • Jeniece Jamison, University of Memphis; Stephanie Madden, Pennsylvania State University • The purpose of this study is to examine trends in the coverage of crime stories in local broadcast television news. Findings showed that while whites may have been underrepresented as criminal actors, non-whites’ representation in crime stories were on par with their representation within the market area. Interviews from newsroom employees revealed newsrooms try to eliminate bias by hiring individuals from a variety of backgrounds, creating open dialogue concerning diversity in the newsroom, and considering the effects of crime on their communities before deciding to air a crime-related story. Civil Rights and Sports: Jackie Robinson's Continuing Crusade as a Newspaper Columnist • Raymond McCaffrey, University of Arkansas • This historical study explores the journalistic career of Jackie Robinson, who began writing a newspaper column for the African-American press after retiring from the Brooklyn Dodgers, the team with which he broke Major League Baseball’s so-called “color line” in 1947. Of particular interest is a consideration of Robinson’s use of his column to advance the growing movement of athletes fighting for civil rights on the sports field in the 1960s. This study involves a reading of hundreds of Robinson columns. This examination focused on the period after Robinson’s retirement from baseball in 1957, when the civil-rights trailblazer came to be labeled by some as an “Uncle Tom” because of what was viewed as a too conciliatory approach to race relations. This study suggests that a review of his columns throughout the 1960s reveals that not only did Robinson’s positions on numerous civil-rights issues evolve through the decade. He was strategic in his taking of positions, coming out early in support of key battles to advance civil rights on the sports field. Robinson ultimately came to take almost militant stands on major issues, a revelation considering he had once backed Richard Nixon and had been an outspoken critic of Malcolm X. Old Stereotypes Made New: A Textual Analysis on the Tragic Mulatto Stereotype in Contemporary Hollywood • Brandale Mills, Norfolk State University • Historically, Black women’s most persistent images on-screen have typically neither been Black nor that of a woman, partly because of media’s love affair with damaging stereotypes such as the Tragic Mulatto, marked by gendered racism (Cartier, 2014; Mask, 2015). Media representations of Black culture, people and their communities have been a major force in shaping their portrayals in popular culture (Barnett & Flynn, 2014) and this has especially been true for fostering an environment of racial (in)tolerance and acceptance. While Black characters have historically shaped audience member’s perceptions, biracial representations in the media have provided a space for discussion and at times the disregard of multicultural politics. This study examined biracial female characters in films directed by Black women, using Black Feminist Thought to assess whether these depiction strayed from the historic portrayals of the tragic mulatto. The study's finding illustrated evidence of the traditional tragic mulatto with elements of empowerment and liberation. The Effects of Latino Cultural Identity and Media Use on Political Engagement and Vote Choice in Election 2016 • Maria Len-Rios, The University of Georgia; Patricia Moy • Using a post-2016 U.S. presidential election national Qualtrics panel survey (N = 720), we examined individual, cultural-identity and media variables predicting political knowledge, political participation and vote choice among Latino voters. Findings show acculturation was associated with greater political knowledge. Social dominance orientation decreased both political knowledge and participation. Print news and social media use fostered participation, while TV use eroded it. Spanish-language news negatively predicted knowledge. Gender was strongly associated with vote choice. Representation of Minorities in Hospitals' Online Platforms: Manifestation of Diversity in Images and Videos • Taryn Myers; Finie Richardson; Jae Eun Chung, Communication • While hospitals' health promotion via social media has the potential to be a critical source of health information, research shows racial and ethnic disparities exist in health-related knowledge that may be, in part, related to media representation. The purpose of this study is to examine the racial and ethnic representation of people featured on Washington, D.C. hospitals' social media platforms to understand how hospitals embed cultural competency into their health communication. By comparing the diversity of images on hospitals' social media platforms with the demographics of hospitals' neighboring communities, the researchers intend to highlight opportunities to improve targeted health messaging to underserved communities, particularly Black and Latino communities. Among the 1,305 images coded, the researchers found that Whites and Asians were over-represented while Latinos were severely under-represented in hospitals' social media representation as compared to the community demographics. Enhancing minority representation on hospitals' social media-based health promotion may contribute to addressing the disparities in healthcare. Stuck in the myth of Model Minority: Representation of self in Asian Indian ethnic newspapers • Somava Pande, Washington State University • Extant literature posits that ethnic media play an important role in constructing their readers' perception and knowledge of race and ethnicity. This study extends scholarship on Asian Indian ethnic media, by demonstrating how in the recontextualization of social constructs like borders, immigration, etc., in the current socio-political scenario Asian Indian ethnic newspapers construct their own group identity. Critical discourse analysis of 289 news articles revealed the presence of ambivalence as they represent their own group. "To Ferguson, Love Palestine": Mediating Life Under Occupation • Cristina Mislan; Sara Shaban, University of Missouri • Palestinian activists and Black protesters in Ferguson, MO created a transnational network of solidarity after recognizing their shared experiences of police brutality. The authors focus on both the online and offline politics of #Ferguson through a textual analysis of the digital media discourse and by conducting interviews with community activists. Findings reveal the shared ‘resistance culture’ made visible through digital media, emphasizing the affective expressions of Brown and Black voices resisting the force of militarization.   Student Paper A Conceptual Model on Black Consumer-Brand Identity Congruence and Personal Care Purchase Intentions • Yewande Addie, UF; Brett Ball, University of Florida; Kelsy-Ann Adams, University of Florida • Nielsen reports black buying power is expected to increase nearly $1 trillion by 2021. Thus our research is rooted in offering intellectual support to exploring that economic contribution and filling existing gaps in academic literature on black female consumer relationship with brands. This study offers a conceptual model aimed at analyzing the potential impact of brand-consumer identity congruence between personal care brands and black female consumers and its influence on purchase intentions. Marketing to One Color: An Analysis of the Emergent Themes in Cancer Television Commercials from 2014-2017. • Aqsa Bashir, University of Florida • There is considerable amount of research available on cancer incidence and mortality; however, the role of the media in framing cancer as a health issue has not been analyzed. This paper uses framing analysis approach to analyze cancer television commercials to better understand how the social marketers are portraying cancer to the masses. Four themes emerged from a framing analysis of the ads: emotional appeal, empowerment, social support and research advancements. Additionally, this study explored whether racial disparities and underrepresentation of racial minorities exist in cancer advertisements. The findings revealed that Blacks in particular are underrepresented in cancer advertisement even though cancer incidence and mortality rates are higher in the Black population. This study provides practical implications for cancer organizations and social marketers by offering insights on the popular themes being applied in cancer advertisements. Racialized Reporting: Newspaper Coverage of Hurricane Harvey vs. Hurricane Maria • STEFANIE DAVIS, The Pennsylvania State Universtiy • There is little that is natural about natural disasters. Storm impact site to relief efforts are rooted in geographical, social, and racial inequalities. News coverage of natural disasters is subject to these same biases. This study aims to tease out the different news frames used in coverage of Hurricane Harvey (Texas) and Hurricane Maria (Puerto Rico). A content analysis of newspaper articles, supplemented by a qualitative textual analysis, suggests significant differences in framing techniques of each storm. Specifically, Maria was framed more politically than Harvey, and coverage of Harvey included more human interest stories than Maria. Implications on issues of geography, race, and citizenship are discussed. ____ Lives Matter: The Impact Of Exemplar Race and Story Frame on Percieved Issue Severity • Robert Jones, Missouri School of Journalism • Exemplification research on minorities has focused on the relationship between stereotypical portrayal of minorities and stereotypical judgments. Research that observes the interaction between exemplar race and frame in news media is lacking. The study observed the relationship between exemplar race and story frame on perceptions. Results show media that focus on the accounts of common folk are perceived as more credible than those that focus on accounts of police officers. Immigrant frames and responses to mass media identity positioning • Debra Kelley, University of Minnesota, School of Journalism & Mass Communication • Somali-American women research participants call on discourses from mass media to negotiate social status and sexual identity and explain contradictions they exhibit in different discursive situations. For the immigrants in my study, mediation both enables and constrains representations of themselves. This paper provides a voice to these Somali-Americans, adding to a paucity of literature about the Somalis’ trajectory as one of the largest refugee groups in the United States and cultural conflicts inherent in re-locating. Media Framing of the Movement for Black Lives: Tone and Changes Over Time • Michelle Perkins, University of Houston • Media attention is a vital factor in a social movement’s struggle against hegemonic norms, thus framing can greatly impact their influence. Frequency of coverage within the initial four years of Movement for Black Lives was compared to social occurrences to determine impacts on coverage. Employing a content analysis, the present study examined coverage about the movement to determine overall tone and changes in coverage over time, with results compared by ideology of the media outlet. Black Masculine Scripts in Hip-Hop Media • Christin Smith • This paper investigates scripts of the Black masculine sexual body and Hip-Hop music based on Jackson’s Scripting the Black Masculine Body (2006). The scripts are the pimp, thug and roughneck, thug misses, stud, player, and baller scripts (Jackson, 2006). Through a textual analysis of Hip-Hop music videos and a semiotic textual analysis of Hip-Hop lyrics, this paper argues that Black bodies in Hip-Hop media have internalized negative inscriptions of their bodies to be true. 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18155 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/news-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:23:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18158 Open Competition Examining who political journalists @mention on Twitter • Brooke Auxier, University of Maryland, College Park; Kalyani Chadha, University of Maryland, College Park • Many journalists have adopted social media platforms as a means for gathering breaking news and promoting their work. Though tools like Twitter allow journalists to interact directly with their audiences and average users, some critics suggest that journalists often write for each other and interact largely with others in the industry. An analysis of 5,000 tweets found that political journalists mostly @mention other journalists, news organizations and politicians. The Journalism and Mass Communication Capstone Course: Bringing It All Together? • Brian J. Bowe, Western Washington University; Robin Blom, Ball State University; Lucinda Davenport • Although most higher education programs include a capstone course to culminate the student experience, program directors disagree on what the experience should look like. Updating previous research, this study examined the main goals, teaching methods, and subject areas covered in journalism and mass communication capstone courses. It also compared capstone course content and format to what professionals say is important to know. Based on a survey of department chairs and directors, the results show that capstone courses have become increasingly focused on individual coaching, the production of individual student projects, and the examination of issues related to careers and media in society. Data journalism and black-boxed data sets • Wilson Lowrey, University of Alabama; Ryan Broussard, University of Alabama; Lindsey Sherrill, University of Alabama • Interviews with data journalists reveal there are differences in practices for data-driven journalism across different types of news outlets and levels of expertise in data journalists. Findings include an unlikeliness to question data categories from government agencies and a difference in how journalists at national and digital-only organizations generally systems in place to check data compared to journalists at smaller publications. Authors argue for a need to increase critical thinking in how data is used. Knowledge begets knowledge:  Impacts of civic and political knowledge on knowledge gain from online news • D. Jasun Carr, Idaho State University; Mitchell Bard • "This paper uses a Twitter-based experiment to examine relationships between the content choices Post-Millennials make in a social media context, and how their civic and political knowledge influence factual recall. Results indicate that, while Post-Millennials were more likely than expected to select news over entertainment – leading to increased knowledge gain – their existing civic and political knowledge influences retention of information with increased base knowledge leading to higher factual recall. Routine Adjustments: How Journalists Framed the Charleston Shootings • Bill Cassidy, Northern Illinois University; Betty La France; Sam Babin • National newspaper coverage of the 2015 mass shooting at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, S.C. was analyzed via a two-dimensional measurement scheme for examining media frames. Results suggest that journalists incorporated attributes unique to this tragedy into their coverage when compared to studies of similar events. A wider variety of frames on time and space dimensions were consistently utilized, and there was increased attention to the societal/past frame combination. To share or not to share? Credibility, emotion and false news on Twitter • Haoran Chu; Janet Yang; Jun Zhuang • An experimental survey based on a nationally-representative sample showed that source credibility features such as verification badge increased people’s perceived credibility of false news on Twitter, while high social approval reduced such belief. Credibility perception further mediated the effects of tweet features onto sharing intention. Additionally, anger as a high-arousal emotion led to stronger intention to share false tweets, while the low-arousal emotions like fear and sadness did not. What to Think About: The Applicability of Agenda-Settings in a Social Media Context • Holly Cowart • "This study examined how agenda-setting works in a social media setting. Three areas were tested for their effect on issue salience. More than 360 participants viewed variations of a mock Facebook feed and answered questions about issue importance. Results showed that increased repetition of a news story did influence participants’ perception that the news story topic was important. Total time spent on Facebook, gender, and ethnicity had a significant influence on perceived story importance. Don’t Quote Me: Effects of Named, Quoted and Partisan News Sources • Megan Duncan, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Kathleen Culver, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Douglas McLeod; Christopher Kremmer, University of News South Wales, Australia • "Many news organizations have developed policies on use of named and unnamed sources in stories, including when the latter should be directly quoted or paraphrased. In an experiment, we test how audience members respond to these policy dictates by measuring news credibility in a political story that manipulates whether the source is named, whether that source is directly quoted, and the political relationship between the person accused and the accuser. We find that while each of these manipulations has little or no effect, the combine to trigger a discernible change in credibility in the eyes of the audience. Does a more diverse newspaper staff reflect its community? Analyzing The Dallas Morning News' content • Tracy Everbach, UNT; Jake Batsell, Southern Methodist University; Sara Champlin, The University of North Texas; Gwendelyn Nisbett, University of North Texas • This analysis of print and digital content in The Dallas Morning News examines whether a regional newspaper’s coverage reflects the diversity of its community on multiple platforms. Using a constructed week from Fall 2017, this study employs mixed methods to research bylines, visual credits, text sources, and visual subjects in the Morning News’ print editions and website. Results show that the content does not match the diversity of the surrounding community, which is 40% Latinx. Understanding the Conflict Between Journalism Professionalism and Emotional Trauma • Kenna Griffin, Oklahoma City University • This study measures how journalists’ professionalism may play a role in their willingness to admit suffering emotional trauma or seeking help for it, and how professionalism may affect journalists’ views of work-related trauma, in general. The 829 respondents reported a strong sense of professionalism, but agreed that it is difficult to remain objective when covering traumatic events. The respondents also disagreed that journalists have a special resiliency that allows them to do their jobs without suffering emotional trauma. Despite this, the journalists still identified emotional trauma as a problem for others in the industry, but thought it was unlikely to happen to them. Fake news is not controlled in a controlled environment: An analysis of China’s online news • Lei Guo, Boston University • The widespread dissemination of fake news has become a serious concern in many western democracies. This study adds to the literature by demonstrating that fake news is not controlled even in a controlled media environment like China. Based on a comprehensive intermedia agenda-setting analysis, the research suggests that official news websites in China also contributed to the perpetuation of fake news by advancing fake news themselves and by inducing other media outlets to do so. The Local-Mobile Paradox:  Missed Innovation Opportunities and The Future of Local News • Meg Heckman, Northeastern University; John Wihbey, Northeastern University • "We employ a mixed methods approach to examine the state of mobile web publishing among U.S. local newspapers. Analysis of the mobile version of news websites (N=100) across the 50 states yields an uneven picture, with innovation lagging in key areas. A survey with local owner-operators (N=77) in a large U.S. state suggests that devoting attention to mobile audiences may be associated with revenue opportunities, and the ability to innovate is not necessarily associated with firm size. We explore implications for the viability of local news. All the News That Tweets: Newspapers’ Use of Twitter Posts as News Sources from 2009 to 2016 • Kyle Heim, Shippensburg University • This study analyzed a sample of New York Times, Washington Post, and USA Today stories from 2009 to 2016 in which Twitter posts were cited as news sources (N = 440). Although the use of tweets as sources has increased, the tweets generally were not featured prominently within the stories. Tweets were used most often in international stories, and journalists relied mostly on the tweets of official sources such as politicians rather than ordinary citizens. Strangers to the Game? Interlopers, intralopers, and shifting news production • Avery Holton, University of Utah; Valerie Belair-Gagnon, University of Minnesota • The contours of journalistic practice have evolved substantially since the emergence of the world wide web to include those who were once strangers to the profession. Bloggers, hobbyists, amateur journalists, programmers, mobile app designers, web analytic professionals, non-governmental organizations, start-ups, and many others have become part of the organizational field of journalism, collectively influencing news production. These strangers, whether welcomed by journalists or shunned as interlopers, represent what the sociologist Georg Simmel (1950) described as potential wanderers, or those individuals who might influence journalism briefly before moving on, as well as those who might have a more lasting footing. This conceptual essay argues that by beginning to delineate differences among these strangers—those who have not belonged to traditional journalism practice but have imported their qualities and work into it—a more holistic understanding of the impact of outsiders on news production, and journalism broadly, can be advanced. Following Eldridge’s (2018) call to consider the organizational field of journalism as a fluid one, we offer typologies of these strangers as explicit and implicit interlopers as well as intralopers, offering possible definitions and examples for each. In working to understand these strangers as innovators, disruptors, and challengers of news production, we begin to unpack how they are contributing to increasingly un-institutionalized meaning of news while also suggesting a research agenda that begins to give definition to the various strangers who may be influencing news production more specifically, and the organizational field of journalism more broadly. Fake News Cues: Examining content, source, and typology cues in identifying mis- and disinformation • Avery Holton, University of Utah; Amber Hinsley, Saint Louis University • Using a survey of U.S. adults, this research examines the content, source, and other credibility cues people rely on when assessing fake news. This study also considers people’s perceptions about various emerging fake news typologies. Participants who had lower confidence in their ability to identify fake news were less reliant on multiple credibility sources as well as cues like headlines and visuals to help them determine mis- and disinformation. These signal a need for increased, continuous digital literacy education. Sentiment Contagion in the 2016 U.S Presidential Election Media Tweet Networks • Claire Youngnyo Joa, Louisiana State University Shreveport; Gi Woong Yun, University of Nevada, Reno • Sentiment contagion across the media tweet, including traditional and non-traditional news media, network of 2016 U.S. presidential election was identified and analyzed using a series of time-series analysis. Online non-partisan media reported the highest use of positive sentiment words, while political commentators reported the highest level of negative sentiment word use. Online partisan media Twitter accounts, including @drudgereport, were identified as intermedia agenda setters that led negative sentiment contagion in multiple media categories. No evident individual agenda setter was found in positive sentiment contagion. “Not one of us”: Social Identity and American Metajournalistic Discourse Surrounding Glenn Greenwald • Courtney Johnson, Pew Research Center • Journalists increasingly face challenges to their professional autonomy. The internet allows anyone with a computer or mobile device to post content online, making it easy for individuals with little or no journalistic training and no formal news outlet affiliation to engage in reporting. Whether this content creation constitutes “journalism,” however, is often contested by those traditional journalists affiliated with mainstream media outlets (Carlson, 2012; Singer, 2007). Mainstream journalists now feel challenged by online actors who consider themselves journalists, or at least consider the work they do to be journalistic in nature. Given the recent challenges posed to journalism by the internet, and guided by past research on social identity theory and boundary work, this paper examines the relationship between evolving journalistic professional identity and mainstream journalists’ treatment of Glenn Greenwald. Using a textual analysis of metajournalistic discourse, this study illustrates how definitions of journalism are changing in the digital age, and how journalists working for traditional news organizations draw boundaries around their profession and attempt to differentiate themselves from new forms of journalism enabled by the internet. Results indicate that journalists moved to protect their professional boundaries in ways predicted by social identity theory: Journalists enhanced their profession identity by subsuming the innovative aspects of Greenwald’s work under the rubric of traditional journalism, and used the other (less professionally desirable) aspects of Greenwald’s behavior to place him outside the boundaries of real journalism. Mediating Empathy: The role of news consumption in mitigating attitudes about race and immigration • Kelly Kaufhold, Texas State University • Controversies over racism and xenophobia during and after the campaign of President Donald Trump contributed to big increases in media consumption – and racist incidents. This study examines whether and how much news media consumption mitigates perceptions of 12 measures of attitudes about race and immigration, using a national instrument of 64,600 cases. News media use – especially newspaper use – does soften attitudes about race and immigration, although it isn’t as predictive as party identification. Protests, Media Coverage, and a Hierarchy of Social Struggle • Danielle Kilgo, Indiana University; Summer Harlow, University of Houston • News coverage is fundamental to a protest’s viability, but research suggests media negatively portray protests and protesters that challenge the status quo (a pattern known as the protest paradigm). This study questions that assumption, interrogating how topic, time, and region shape coverage. Results suggest Black Lives Matter and policing protest coverage follows more of a delegitimizing pattern than stories about women’s or immigrants’ rights protests. A model for a hierarchy of social struggle is proposed. The meaning of numbers: Effect of social cues perceived as bandwagon heuristic in online news • Jiyoun Kim • "This quantitative study focuses on how peoples’ reactions to an online article are affected by social cues associated with the news article. This study found that online content with a high number of likes, shares, and comments show significant effects on the following: perceived bandwagon, willingness to consume news, perceived news worthiness, and people’s likelihood of news sharing. The findings indicate, however, that social cues have its effect when conditions are low-risk and low-involvement. Reliance on Government Sources at American Newspapers in the Digital Era • Beth Knobel, Fordham University • This paper examines sources used in over 5,000 enterprise articles on the front pages of nine American newspapers before and after the advent of digital journalism to assess whether newspapers are becoming more reliant on government sources in the Internet era. This research suggests that journalists’ reliance on officials has increased in the digital era, but only slightly, as the ease of finding sources online has been eroded by budget cuts at American newspapers. Re-examining news overload:  Effects of content characteristics and news topics on selective scanning and avoidance • Angela Lee; Avery Holton, University of Utah; Victoria Chen • The rapid proliferation of digital news platforms has exacerbated average consumers’ perception of overload and complicates the ways they selectively consume and avoid the news. Through an online panel survey, this study advances research on news overload by (1) proposing a more holistic measure of news overload, (2) examining the moderating effect of content characteristics and news topics on overload, and (3) investigating the ways in which these variables influence selective scanning and news avoidance. The results indicate that the antecedents and effects of news overload is more complex than previously thought and deserve more scholarly and industry attention. Understanding the Role Performance of Native Advertising on News Websites • You Li, Eastern Michigan U • This study compares the role performance of native advertising between the legacy and the digital-only news websites in the United States. By analyzing the content characteristics, the study finds that native advertising primarily plays a service role. Those on the legacy news websites prioritized the civic role, while those on the digital-only news websites emphasized the infortainment role. The composition of native advertising message has yet to comply with the journalistic standard. Perceptual Learning in Mass Communication Research: Immediate & Delayed Effects of Perceptual-Learning Methods on AP Style Knowledge • Justin Martin, Northwestern University in Qatar; Shageaa Naqvi, Northwestern University in Qatar; George Anghelcev, Northwestern University in Qatar • Perceptual-learning methods teach skills via numerous, rapid-fire questions that provide immediate visual feedback. This study tested the effects of a perceptual-learning module (PLM) on acquiring declarative and procedural knowledge of Associated Press editing style. A quasi-experiment compared a PLM condition of non-journalism majors to a control condition of journalism majors who learned AP style in a traditional way: by taking an introductory journalism class, being assigned the AP Stylebook as a textbook, and submitting AP-compliant assignments. A perceptual-learning module of 200 rapid, multiple-choice questions with immediate feedback significantly improved participants’ declarative and procedural knowledge of AP style, and was clearly more effective than the classroom method. Perceptual-learning participants, who spent just 1 hour 10 minutes completing the PLM, outperformed the classroom/control condition (a 14-week class) on AP editing ability. Importantly, these effects did not attenuate in a delayed posttest seven weeks after initial posttest. This is the first experiment testing effects of a PLM on linguistic editing ability. Shithole and the President: News use of Trump’s profanity • Michael McCluskey, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga • "When President Trump used shithole to describe several countries in discussion of immigration, news organizations faced violating norms against profanity to use his precise language. Evaluation of 2,469 stories containing “shithole” in 70 large newspaper websites over a 15-day period found the meeting and response, public policy and politics, and evaluation of Trump were the most common themes. Analysis showed the influences of news values, journalistic norms and organizational practices on use of profanity. Healing and recovery as a news value • Michael McCluskey, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga • "News values and journalistic values are used to explain which events or issues are mentioned in the news. One common news theme after traumas is healing and recovery, which is not explicitly mentioned as a value. Analysis evaluates the role of journalism after traumatic events to aid the healing and recovery of the affected parties, including communities. Evidence from previously published work and recent traumatic events is used to illustrate eight common themes. ‘Tell me something good’: Testing the longitudinal effects of constructive news using the Google Assistant • Karen McIntyre, Virginia Commonwealth University • In a mixed design quasi-experiment, participants received access to a Google Assistant feature in which they could prompt the assistant to summarize constructive news — stories that highlight societal progress. After two weeks, those who used the feature were more likely, between pretest and postttest, than those who did not to feel positive while consuming traditional news, suggesting constructive news could mitigate the effects of more typical, negative news. Fact-checking and Facebook users’ engagement: Debunking fake news and verifying Trump’s claims • Paul Mena, University of Florida • "This study explores Facebook users’ engagement with fact-checking regarding categories of this journalistic activity and the authors of the claims being assessed. A content analysis of Facebook posts published by two major fact-checking organizations was conducted. The results show that the debunking of fake news by fact-checkers might produce higher levels of engagement. Additionally, this study found that fact-checking audiences on Facebook were significantly engaged with posts related to the verification of President Trump’s claims. Fake News: A Concept Explication and Taxonomy of Online News • Maria D. Molina, Penn State University; S. Shyam Sundar • The growth of fake news online has created a need for computational models to automatically detect it. For such models to be successful, it is essential to clearly define fake news and differentiate it from other forms of news. We conducted a concept explication, yielding a taxonomy of online news that identifies specific features for use by machine learning algorithms to reliably classify fake news, real news, commentary, satire, and other related types of content. Exploring a Branding Alignment Typology: Influences on individual, organizational, and institutional forms of journalistic branding • Logan Molyneux, Temple University; Seth Lewis, University of Oregon; Avery Holton, University of Utah • Contributing to the growing literature on how journalists engage in branding—promoting themselves, their organizations, and fellow journalists—this study proposes, tests, and confirms a branding alignment hypothesis. This typology, examined through a first-of-its-kind survey of journalists and branding (N = 642), sheds new light on how certain branding approaches match up with individual, organizational, and institutional forms of motivation and influence. Moreover, this approach shows how branding is manifest over and above social media dynamics alone. Readers’ Perceptions of Newsworthiness and Bias as Factors in Commenting on Digital News Content • Greg Munno, Syracuse University • "This study tests a structural model of commenting behavior using survey data (N = 335). The model builds on suggestions of a connection between hostile-media effects and commenting. This study adds newsworthiness to the structural equation. The model tested had indicators of good fit, although hostile-media effects did not play a prominent role in the structural model. Peace Journalism: A War/Peace Framing Visual Analysis of the Charlottesville Protests • Dara Phillips, Regent University; Stephen Perry, Regent University • Peace journalism has typically applied to international events, but this study examined the Charlottesville protest to determine if war/peace imagery is applicable to domestic conflict. The protest was selected for its imagery and sudden public awareness. Using Neumann and Fahmy's visual coding, researchers conducted Chi-square analyses to examine what ways war/peace imagery was used in state and national newspapers. Further quantitative analysis showed no difference in peace journalism usage between state and national newspapers. No Quick Fix: How Journalists Assess the Impact and Define the Boundaries of Solutions Journalism • Elia Powers, Towson University; Alex Curry, University of Texas-Austin • The Solutions Journalism Network (SJN) defines its mission as supporting and connecting journalists interested in “rigorous reporting on responses to social problems.” One problem facing journalists and researchers is the lack of a shared framework for discussing solutions journalism’s impact. This mixed-methods study addresses how SJN and its journalist members assess and discuss impact. Findings shed light on how proponents and practitioners of solutions journalism view its objectives, measure its effects, and define its boundaries. Solidarity in the Newsroom? Media Concentration and Union Organizing: Case Study from the Sunshine State • Jennifer Proffitt, Florida State University • This paper examines the struggles, actions, and challenges of the journalist organizers at two Florida legacy newspapers—the Lakeland Ledger and the Sarasota Herald Tribune—who unionized in 2016 with The NewsGuild-Communication Workers of America. In-depth interviews with journalists from both papers suggest that unionizing can help to counter the effects of media concentration, corporate practices, and the resulting changes in organizational structure and their impact on the working conditions of reporters. Tweeting local sports: Best practices of a successful sports reporter • Matthew Reavy, University of Scranton; Kimberly Pavlick, University of Scranton • This paper uses a mixed methodology approach to analyze the Twitter habits of a local sports reporter from the perspective of Uses and Gratifications theory. An in-depth interview with the subject, together with a content analysis of more than 14,000 tweets over a two-year period, are used to compare the reporter's Twitter habits with ideals defined by journalists in previous research. Suggestions are made for "best practices" in local sports journalism. Conceptualizing fake news from the perspective of its producers • Craig Robertson, Michigan State University; Rachel Mourao, Michigan State University • "Interest in fake news peaked after 2016, but studies have focused on the way scholars, journalists, audiences, and Trump define it. Guided by Goffman’s (1959) dramaturgical model and journalists as interpretive communities (Zelizer, 1993, 2017) this paper explores the ways fake news producers present themselves on their “About us” and social media bios. We found that fake news is an alternative interpretive community guided by openly partisan discourses championing subjective truths and rejecting objectivity. Measuring quality dialogue: Unproductive, uncivil discourse dominates news commenting forums • Arthur Santana, San Diego State University • Online commenting forums of news sites have been much maligned for the rampant incivility they often engender, and anecdotal accounts are that many news sites are abandoning them. Via content analysis of 4,800 comments from online commenting forums from around the country, this research quantitatively examines not just the civility but the overall quality of the comments. It also quantifies how many news sites host the forums. Key variables are anonymous commenters and non-anonymous commenters. Geolocated News: How Place, Space and Context Matters for Mobile News Users • Amy Schmitz Weiss, San Diego State • This study examines mobile news consumers and non-mobile news consumers perceptions of geolocated news and their news consumption behavior. Based on a national online survey of U.S. adults (n=979) that was conducted in fall 2017, findings show that mobile news consumers are seeking out geolocated news. The context by which they seek out location-based information is dependent on where they live, work or play as well as where their family and friends live. Journalism and Trauma: The Role of Education and Trauma Resources in Humanizing Newsrooms • Natalee Seely • Many journalists must report on trauma, but undergraduate journalism education and newsroom resources may not offer adequate trauma preparedness and support. A survey (N=254) examined the relationships between trauma education and workplace resources, and journalists’ level of trauma awareness and their willingness to seek support in their newsroom. Education regarding crisis reporting positively predicted trauma awareness, indicating that journalism programs may produce more prepared journalists if they include curriculum about crisis reporting. Participation in workplace resources also significantly predicted willingness to seek emotional support in the newsroom. Results from surveys also showed that crisis reporting education and trauma-related resources are lacking in journalism programs and newsrooms. Nearly half of journalists surveyed reported that their current newsroom offered no trauma-related resources, such as debriefings, counseling or trauma training. Additionally, more than half (53%) reported never having received any type of education related to crisis reporting or covering trauma. Reporting on Tragedy and Violence: Journalists' Perspectives • Natalee Seely • Journalists witness and experience traumatic events as part of their jobs. A lack of education and newsroom resources about trauma, along with a newsroom culture that often stigmatizes vulnerability and promotes a “suffering in silence” attitude, can take its toll on reporters. This study offers a qualitative perspective to reports that newsrooms are facing a “mental health epidemic” (Huffington Post, May 26, 2015). In-depth interviews with journalists from around the country identify journalists’ experiences with trauma, their coping mechanisms, and their perspectives on how their education and newsroom environments have (or have not) prepared them for covering violence, tragedy and conflict. Context Matters: Journalists' Ideals, Narration, and Practices in the United States and Malaysia • Moniza Waheed; Lea Hellmueller • A content analysis of newspapers from the United States and Malaysia along with a survey among journalists found that the watchdog role conception, narration, and performance was more pronounced in the United States compared to Malaysia while the loyal facilitator model, akin to development journalism was more pronounced in the latter. The role conceptions of these models were linked to the narration of journalists but were not necessarily reflected in the news reports journalists produced. Biting The Hand: Accountability Journalism in the Trade Press • Rob Wells, Univ of Arkansas • "This article examines accountability journalism in the trade press, the specialty business publications, a topic not covered in prior research. Qualitative research methods involving interviews with top trade journalists reveal their in-depth reporting led to conflicts with advertisers, such as boycotts. Trade journalists describe a complex relationship with their industries, in line with the political economy theory, yet they adhered to journalistic norms such as autonomy, which readers valued. Overloaded: The Impact of Visual Density on Advertising Recognition within Sponsored News Articles • Ryan Kor; Bartosz Wojdynski, University of Georiga • Drawing from load theory, this study hopes to investigate the possible implications of a native ad’s visual density and characteristics of the disclosure label on advertising recognition. The current study uses a 3 x 2, between subjects lab experiment which utilizes eye-tracking software to measure participants’ attention to disclosure label positions based on visual density. Journalism’s Relationship to Democracy: Roles, Attitudes, and Practices • David Wolfgang, Colorado State University; Tim Vos, University of Missouri; Kimberly Kelling • "Journalism is often discussed in terms of its relationship to democracy. But one’s conception of democracy can influence how one understands journalistic concepts. This study surveyed 204 US political reporters to determine their views on democracy and how their views relate to professional roles, trust, and sourcing. The findings show journalists support traditional norms but differ in their support in interesting ways based on their conception of democracy. “All the President’s tweets”: A Large-scale Study of Uses of Social Media Content in Online News • Mohammad Yousuf; Naeemul Hassan, The University of Mississippi; Md Main Uddin Rony, The University of Mississippi • This longitudinal study examines uses of social media content in online news from 2013 to 2017. Computational methods were used to analyze 59,356 articles from 68 mainstream news websites and 85 highly controversial online-only news portals. Results show uses of social media content in news almost doubled in five years. Both mainstream and controversial sites prefer Twitter to Facebook as a source of information. Social statuses of cited sources vary across mainstream and controversial websites. Hostile Media Perception and Intention to Participate in Public Discussion of Mental Health Issues: An Examination of the Role of Involvement • Xueying Zhang; Kim Baker; Kim Bissell; Sarah Pember; Yiyi Yang • "The current study tested the “corrective action hypothesis” by analyzing intentions to discuss mental health issues publicly after exposing to news coverage of mass shootings using a “dangerous people” frame. An online survey of 288 respondents suggested that affective involvement independently predict as well as mediate self-interest involvement in predicting HMP, which then predicted individuals’ intentions to take part in public discussion about mental health.   Student Papers Breaking Babel: Understanding the Dark Side of Digital News • David Berman, University of Pennsylvania • Using attention economics as a theoretical framework, this paper pursues a comparative historical analysis of William Randolph Hearst’s yellow newspaper The New York Journal and the digital news website BuzzFeed. In so doing, this paper arrives at a structural understanding of the conditions that lead to the production and distribution of misinformation. Blame the ABC: news framing and the future of public service broadcasting in Australia • Lauren Bridges, University of Pennsylvania • This paper draws on textual analysis of 157 newspaper articles to contend that commercial news framing of recent media reform in Australia work to normalize deregulation as the only way to "save the media" from digital disruption, while also implicating public service broadcasters, as "competing unfairly" in commercial media markets. By conflating the ABC charter with the need for media reform, commercial newspapers aim to delegitimize digital services provided by public broadcasters thereby limiting their future growth. Message or Medium? Effect of Virtual Reality on News Stories • Noah Buntain; Shengjie Yao, S.I. Newhouse School Of Public Communications, Syracuse University; Dongqing Xu • This quantitative study tested whether viewer reactions to a video story were different when presented in virtual reality. Based on LC4MP, we predicted that the VR medium would elicit higher levels of presence, emotion, and empathy than standard video. Subjects (N=40) were students, staff, and faculty from a large private university in the United States. Results indicated that VR presentations are not significantly different on these factors than standard video. Learning news credibility cues in politicized news • Megan Duncan, University of Wisconsin-Madison • "Audiences, who cannot investigate the credibility of most news stories for themselves, rely on non-content heuristic cues to form credibility judgments. For most mediums, these heuristics were stable over time. Emerging formats of journalism, however, require audiences to learn to interpret what new heuristics credibility cues mean about the credibility of the story. In an experiment, participants (N=254) were given instructions about how to interpret the credibility cues in three formats as they read a politicized news story, which were compared to a control condition that did not have any instructions. The results show the effects of partisanship and the format of the instructions on both the ability to learn news heuristics and the perceived credibility of the story. The Politicizing of ESPN: A Content Analysis of its Perceived Partisanship • Adrianne Grubic, -- please select a prefix -- • Since the 2016 presidential election, politics has not only taken the forefront in news, but in sports as well. ESPN’s protest coverage became a source of debate as various media outlets accused the network of being partisan with a liberal bias. Through a content analysis, this study found that espn.com readers were more likely to be uncivil towards other commenters and were less concerned with a perceived bias. Control and resistance: The influences of political, economic, and technological factors on Chinese investigative reporting • Lei Guo • "This study utilizes interviews with 12 current or former investigative journalists in China to find out how important systematic players influence on investigative news. By adopting hierarchy of influences model, this study finds that Chinese investigative news is subject to control by both central and local propaganda departments and financial and public relations institutions; while new technology can facilitate journalists’ strategies to finish their reporting. A Community that has Lost its Way: Framing the Sherman Park Unrest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin • Rachel Italiano, Marquette University • Officer-involved shootings of African Americans have received extensive media coverage recent years. This analysis examines how the local press of a Midwest city framed Syville Smith’s shooting death by a Milwaukee police officer and the subsequent unrest that occurred. Fifty-nine articles from the Milwaukee Community Journal and the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel were analyzed. Overall, Sherman Park was framed as a community that has lost its way because of several factors. Implications are discussed. Fake News and Its Sourcing Patterns • Soo Young Shin, Michigan State University • This study examined the differences in sourcing patterns between fake news and mainstream news.  A content analysis of stories from fake news sites and top circulation mainstream news media during the 2016 presidential election was conducted to compare each of their source selections. The results revealed that fake news mostly relied on other media outlets for their sources, which played a role in reinforcing bias and existing beliefs of fake news consumers. Constructing fake news’ identity by verifying opinions with other media was suggested as one reason for the heavy reliance on other media. Non-official sources were also valued by fake news to arouse public interest.   2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18158 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/pr-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:25:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18161 Doug Newsom Award for Global Ethics Global Diversity Julia Daisy Fraustino, West Virginia University; Sang (Sammy) Lee, West Virginia University; Ji Young Lee, WVU Public Interest Communication Research Lab • Being Bad Abroad: Effects of Stealing Thunder by Self-Disclosing Corporate FCPA Violations • Tensions between legal counsel and pubic relations counsel, especially during crises, are well established. For example, legal and PR professionals might find themselves at odds when an organization learns of its officials’ possible global ethics violations. Publics relations crisis best practices urge for quick, accurate, and full disclosure with publics; and the US government may require reporting; but legal and business teams may hesitate and request organizational silence, fearing image and financial concerns. Thus, this study seeks to investigate the public relations outcomes of voluntary disclosure to publics and the US government regarding corporate Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations. Primarily using the situational crisis communication theory and stealing thunder frameworks, this work offers a moderated serial mediation model of the effects of stealing thunder (i.e., self-disclosing crisis information first before a third party breaks the news). A 2 (stealing/thunder: organization vs. media) x 2 (corporate social responsibility history: CSR vs. no CSR) experiment probes participants’ responses. Results indicate a significant mediation effect of stealing thunder x CSR history on (a) attitudes toward the company, (b) perceived company ethics, and (c) investment intentions serially through perceived crisis severity and level of anger. Ultimately, results practically provide evidence to support legal teams joining PR teams for a transparent and perhaps more ethical approach to communicating about FCPA violations—while theoretically adding to SCCT and crisis communication literature by advancing knowledge about the mechanisms driving the scarcely researched but meaningful effects of stealing thunder in a global ethics context.   Open Competition Alan Abitbol, University of Dayton; Miglena Sternadori, Texas Tech University College of Media and Communication • Championing Women’s Empowerment as a Catalyst for Purchase Intentions: Testing the Mediating Roles of OPRs and Brand Loyalty in the Context of Femvertising • This survey of U.S. adults (N = 419) examines company–cause fit, CSR association, purchase intention, organization-public relationships, and loyalty for four Fortune 500 companies in the context of messages that portray girls and women positively through empowering words and imagery. Results show consumers believe the women-empowerment messages fit with the tested companies. Company loyalty, by itself, or combined with OPRs, mediates the CSR association–purchase intention relationship. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Tien-Tsung Lee, University of Kansas; Peter Bobkowski, University of Kansas; George Diepenbrock, University of Kansas; Patrick Miller • Research exposure: Associations between university news release features, news coverage, and page views • This study identified the features of a university’s news releases about faculty research and expertise that were related to news coverage of the university, and to unique page views on the university’s website. More than 800 news releases generated by one university’s news affairs office over nearly two years were examined. News release subjects (i.e., social sciences, arts and humanities), and the use of adverbs and distribution tools, were related consistently to news release effectiveness. Labeling the news release as an advisory, headline length, and the use of a video were not related to news release effectiveness. Jonathan Borden, Syracuse University; Xiaochen Zhang, Kansas State University • Ultimate Crisis? An Examination of Linguistics and Ultimate Attribution Error in International Organizational Crisis • Through an experiment, this paper examines linguistics and ultimate attribution error in international organizational crisis. Findings suggest that attribution error exists when additional attribution information is minimal (e.g., low attribution victim crisis). Crisis attribution (crisis clusters) directly affects publics’ use of abstract language in describing and commenting on the social media crisis news. Results empirically test and apply two attribution-based theories, Linguistic Categorization Model and Ultimate Attribution Error, in international organizational crisis contexts. Nicholas Browning, Indiana University; Sung-Un Yang, Indiana University; Young Eun Park, Indiana University; Ejae Lee, Indiana University; Taeyoung Kim, Indiana University • Do Ethics Matter? Investigating Donor Responses to Primary and Tertiary Ethical Violations • Using 2 x 2 experimental survey, the researchers examined how frequently committed (single vs. repeated occurrence) ethical misconduct regarding values closely aligned to an organizational mission (primary vs. tertiary values) affect stakeholders’ attitudes toward, support of, and relationship with an offending nonprofit. Findings showed negative main effects on attitudes toward the organization and donation intention. Additionally, perceived organizational responsibility for ethical misconduct and deteriorating organizational-public relationships (OPRs) significantly mediated the effects of primary ethical violations. Zifei Chen, University of San Francisco • Examining the Impact of Electronic Word-of-Mouth on Consumer Responses toward Company: An Alignment-Social Influence Model • An Alignment-Social Influence Model is proposed to examine the impact of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) by addressing its alignment with prior corporate associations and anticipated interaction on social media. Through a 2 (associations) x 2 (valence) x 2 (interaction: lurker vs. poster) experiment, three-way interactions showed lurkers who saw aligned negative eWOM had greater attitude shift than lurkers who saw nonaligned negative eWOM; no such difference was found for posters. Positive eWOM helped maintain positive attitude. Ying Xiong, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Moonhee Cho, University of Tennessee; Brandon Boatwright • Hashtag Activism and Message Frames Among Social Movement Organizations:  Semantic Network Analysis and Thematic Analysis of Twitter During the #MeToo Movement • In the recent #MeToo movement, social movement organizations (SMOs) establish an emotional bridge between the target public and the appeal for feminism. Applying both semantic network analysis method and thematic analysis, this study explored how SMOs address feminist activism and they use hashtags to participate in the #MeToo movement. Findings of the study enhance literature of social movement organizations and activism as well as provide practical implications for effective social movement. Minhee Choi, University of South Carolina; Soo-Yeon Kim, Sogang University • Strategic Value of Conflict, Activism, and Two-way Communication: Examination of Activists’ Public Relations • This study investigated the relationships between activists' perceptions of conflict, activism, and two-way symmetrical communication, and their use of public relations tactics, by surveying activists in Korea. Two conflict subdimensions, conflict and mediation approach, had significantly positive relationships with activism perception. Conflict approach had a positive relationship with a few legal and informational public relations tactics. This study found that activists are more likely to focus on informational activities through two-way symmetrical communication. Angie Chung; Kang Bok Lee • Dealing with Negative Publicity: A Dual Process Model of CSR Fit and CSR History on Purchase Intention and Negative Word-of-Mouth • This paper proposes and tests a dual process model of CSR communication. Building upon the framing theory and associative network theory, the authors examine how including statements about a company’s CSR fit and CSR history in apology statements can impact purchase intention and negative word-of-mouth. Perceived integrity, attitude towards the apology statement and attitude towards the company are the sequential mediators that will subsequently affect purchase intention and negative word-of-mouth. The results show that CSR fit will positively affect purchase intention and negatively affect negative word-of-mouth through increased perceived integrity and attitude towards the apology statement, which will positively affect their attitude towards the company. The findings also show that CSR history will positively affect purchase intention and negatively affect negative word-of-mouth through increased perceived integrity and attitude towards the apology statement, which will positively affect their attitude towards the company. For managers, the results of this study suggest that communicating a company’s CSR activities after bad publicity can help increase purchase intention and reduce negative word-of-mouth but two factors—CSR fit and CSR history—should be taken into account. Hue Duong, University of Georgia; Hong Vu; Nhung Nguyen • Grassroots Social Movements in Authoritarian Settings: Examining Activists’ Strategic Communication and Issues Management • Triangulating 16 in-depth interviews with activists and campaign participants, news coverage, and social media content related to the campaign “6,700 people for 6,700 trees”, this study identifies activists’ strategic communication and its influence on a public protest in Vietnam. Results indicate that activists strategically used social media and interpersonal communication to advance an issue to the public arena. Activists’ unique strategies were key to the protest’s success. This study offers meaningful theoretical implications on issues management and practical lessons for activists on how to apply these strategies to foster social change. Savannah Coco, Wayne State University; Stine Eckert • #sponsored: Consumer Insights on Social Media Influencer Marketing • Through in-depth interviews with 15 women, this study begins to fill the gap in scholarship on consumer perceptions of sponsored content posted by social influencers online. Findings show women follow social influencers because of prior topic interests, when they can relate to them, and find them authentic. But social exchange and relationship management theories cannot account for purchasing decisions despite negative views of consumers. We argue for a new theory called Influencer Relationship Management Theory. Virginia Harrison; Michail Vafeiadis, Auburn University; Pratiti Diddi; Jeff Conlin • What about Our Cause? The Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Nonprofit Reputation • While research has shown that corporate social responsibility (CSR) can boost a corporation’s reputation, little is known about how CSR impacts the nonprofit partner’s reputation. An online experiment tested how corporate reputation (high vs. low) and CSR message credibility influenced a high-reputation environmental nonprofit. While credibility and corporate reputation increased the nonprofit’s reputation, only the partnership with a low-reputation corporation increased supportive intention toward the CSR initiative. Implications for nonprofit CSR messaging are discussed. Seoyeon Hong, Rowan University; Kyujin Shim, University of Melbourne • ETHICAL PUBLIC TYPOLOGY: How Does Moral Foundation Theory and Anti-Corporatism Predict Public Differences in Crisis? • This study proposes a new public typology utilizing Moral Foundation Theory and anti-corporatism. Based on a survey using population representative data (N = 1124), four ethical public types are classified as moralists, antagonists, optimists, and pragmatists. In testing the applicability of the new typology, our results suggest that ethical public types react differently in attributing crisis responsibility, expressing their emotional responses, and showing boycott intentions in evaluating a corporate crisis. Hyun Ju Jeong, University of Kentucky • The roles of self-identity cues and public self-consciousness in supporting stigmatized causes on social media • The current study examines whether and when socially stigmatized cause (e.g., prochoice) campaigns can fuel the volunteering intention of young people through effective communication on social media. A 2 (self-identify cues: group vs individual) x 2 (public self-consciousness: high vs low) online experiment study found that the group-cues were more effective in generating the intention to volunteer than the individual-cues, in particular for those low in public self-consciousness. For those high in public self-consciousness, however, the intention to volunteer was not differently shaped by the type of self-identity cues soliciting the causes. Public self-consciousness negatively influenced the intention to volunteer. Theoretical and practical implications were further discussed. Jeesun Kim, Incheon National University; Hyun Jee Oh, Hong Kong Baptist University; Chang-Dae Ham, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • Leadership Matters: The Role of Values Congruence between Leadership Styles and CSR Practice in Corporate Crises • Studies have examined the role of CSR in the crisis context; but no studies examined the role of values congruence between leadership styles and CSR practice. We aim to fill this gap by conducting a 2 (crisis type) x 2 (leadership style) x 2 (CSR motive) between-subjects experiment. We found that insulating effects of CSR practice were maximized when leadership styles and CSR motives were congruent, but only when a victim crisis occurred. Implications are discussed. Arunima Krishna, Boston University • Climate Change Lacuna Publics: Advancing a Typology of Climate Change Disinformation Susceptibility • The purpose of this study is to (a) identify lacuna publics about climate change, and (b) reconceptualize Maibach et al.’s (2009) Global Warming’s Six Americas segmentation into a typology of disinformation susceptibility by integrating it with Krishna’s (2017a) operationalization of lacuna publics. Surveys were conducted among American adults to understand lacuna publics’ information behaviors compared to non-lacuna publics, and to identify individuals falling within four zones of disinformation susceptibility conceptualized in this study. Seow Ting Lee, University of Colorado Boulder • H1N1 News Releases: How Two Media Systems  Responded to a Global Health Pandemic • Pandemics, as non-linear, atypical health communication contexts characterized by high uncertainty and information scarcity, present a valuable opportunity for explicating the relationships between health authorities’ information subsidies and news coverage. This study is based on a two-country comparative analysis to examine the intersections of public relations and journalism in the U.S. and Singapore with respect to the use and influence of information subsidies in shaping news coverage of the H1N1 Influenza A pandemic. It examines framing characteristics related to episodic-thematic frames, gain- and loss-frames, and tonality and traces the development of framing devices in two public health agencies’ news releases to subsequent news stories about the 2009 H1N1 A influenza. Findings reveal parallels and differences, and salient patterns that are contextualized to assess the relationships of variants between the two distinct media systems. Sun Young Lee, Texas Tech University; Young Kim, Marquette University; Yeuseung Kim • The Co-Creation of Shared Value: What Motivates the Public to Engage with Participatory Corporate Social Responsibility Activities • The purpose of the study is to explore contextual factors—an organizational factor and four issue-related factors—that might influence the public’s intention to engage with a participatory CSR activity, based on the scholarship on organization–public relationships (OPRs) and the situational theory of problem solving (STOPS). We conducted a survey with 698 respondents living in the U.S., and we tested the model across two issues (girls’ empowerment and deforestation). The results showed that constraint recognition, involvement recognition, and a referent criterion, and OPRs were significant factors, and that OPRs and involvement recognition were the strongest predictors. Problem recognition, however, did not have significant relationships with CSR participation intention. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications. Zongchao Cathy Li, San Jose State University; Weiting Tao, University of Miami; Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina • The Love-Hate Dilemma: Interaction of Relationship Norms and Service Failure Severity on Consumer Responses • This study aims to investigate consumers’ attitudinal and behavioral outcomes after service failure encounters with companies they previously established good relationships with. The study argues that consumers’ decision making is guided by the conformity or violation of relationship norms, and that their subsequent attitudinal and behavioral outcomes are further dependent on the severity of the service failure. Through a 2 (relationship norm types: exchange vs. communal) ✕2 (service failure severity: minor vs. major) between-subjects experiment, the study shows well-maintained relationships can help companies mitigate the negative impact of service failure under the minor failure condition. Such a buffering effect holds true for both communal and exchange relationships. However, the study also evidences a counterintuitive situation where communal relationships backfire and induce more negative consumer responses than exchange relationships when the severity of the service failure becomes extreme. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Wenlin Liu, U of Houston; Weiai (Wayne) Xu, University of Massachusetts • Tweeting to (Selectively) Engage: A Network Analysis of Government Organizations’ Stakeholder Management on Twitter during Hurricane Harvey • The ability to manage a multitude of stakeholder relationships has long been viewed important for effective crisis management. With stakeholder communication increasingly taking place on social media like Twitter, however, it remains less explored how organizations may selectively engage with multiple stakeholders (e.g., citizens, NGOs, media, businesses) on this networked platform, and how engagement priorities may shift dynamically across different stages of a crisis. Using stakeholder theory for crisis management, the current study examines the stakeholder engagement network on Twitter by 42 government and emergency management (EM) organizations across three stages of Hurricane Harvey. Organizational actors’ reply and mention networks were analyzed, suggesting that government and EM organizations prioritize engaging with primary stakeholders including citizen groups and peer governmental agencies during crisis, whereas secondary stakeholders like media and nonprofit organizations are more prioritized only at post-crisis stage. Hua Jiang; Yi Luo, Montclair State University • Driving Employee Organization Engagement through CSR Communication and Employee Perceived Motives: CSR-Related Social Media Engagement and Job Engagement • Employee engagement and corporate social responsibility (CSR) have been two important issues attracting an increasing amount of attention from both public relations and CSR researchers. A theory-driven model that conceptualizes employee social media engagement, job engagement, and organization engagement and explicates how they are related to CSR communication strategies and motives is still lacking. To place our study in the context of employee/internal communication and CSR communication, we proposed a strategies-motives-employee engagement model. Results from an online Qualtrics survey (n = 836) supported all our hypotheses except for the direct link between interacting CSR communication strategies and employee organization engagement. Interacting CSR communication strategies significantly predicted employees’ CSR social media engagement and job engagement. Employee perceived intrinsic CSR motives were significantly associated with all three engagement variables in our model. We conducted a two-step Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis to test all our hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed. Liang (Lindsay) Ma, Texas Christian University; Joshua Bentley, Texas Christian University • Understanding the Effects of CSR Message Frames and NWOM Sources on Customers’ Responses on Social Networking Sites • Negative word-of-mouth (NWOM) communication on social networking sites (SNSs) is influential to customers’ responses to corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication. This study examined how strategic framing of CSR communication can better counter the effects of online NWOM, depending on the NWOM information source. Four hundred Starbucks’ customers recruited from a Qualtrics panel participated in this 2 (strategic framing: company-centered vs. engagement-centered)  2 (NWOM source: stranger vs. friend) online experiment. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. Angela Mak; Song Ao, School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University • Revisiting social-mediated crisis communication model: The Lancôme regenerative crisis after Hong Kong Umbrella Movement • This paper intends to 1) identify how this case follows the regenerative crisis model, 2) explore the trends of emotions and engagement of different publics and Lancôme in the Social-Mediated Crisis Communication model, and 3) identify the roles and strategies used by social media influencers. An online content analysis revealed the interlocking connection among the involved publics. Followers’ emotional responses were not only attached to Lancôme, but also the re-framing strategies adopted by the influencers. Menqi Liao; Angela Mak • “Comments are disabled for this video”: A heuristic approach to understanding perceived credibility of CSR messages on YouTube • Scarce research has focused on the technological aspects of social media in CSR communication. This study explored how bandwagon heuristics (more likes/dislikes) and identity heuristics (enable/disable commenting) influence the perceived source credibility assessment (trustworthiness, goodwill, and competence) on YouTube through a 2 x 2 experiment (N=108). No main effects were found separately, but an interaction effect existed towards perceived competence of the company. Implications of CSR communication research and effectiveness of using YouTube are discussed. Brooke McKeever; Robert McKeever, University of South Carolina; Geah Pressgrove; Holly Overton, University of South Carolina • Predicting Public Support: Applying the Situational Theory of Problem Solving to Prosocial Behaviors • This study explores the situational theory of problem solving (STOPS) through a survey of people (N=1,275) who supported issues they care(d) about in 2017, a year filled with social movements, natural disasters, and other important issues. Beyond finding support for the STOPS model in terms of predicting communicative action, this study found support for situational motivation influencing other behaviors, including volunteering, donating, and other forms of advocacy. Implications for research and practice are discussed. Rita Men, University of Florida; Cen April Yue, University of Florida • Creating a Positive Emotional Culture: Effect of Strategic Internal Communication and its Impact on Employee Supportive Behaviors • The study surveyed 506 employees in the United States to test the effect of strategic internal communication (i.e., corporate-level symmetrical and leadership-level responsive communications) on fostering a positive emotional culture characterized by companionate love, joy, pride, and gratitude. In addition, we tested the interplay between corporate internal communication and a positive emotional culture and its influence on positive employee behaviors, specifically, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and employee advocacy. Results indicated that symmetrical communication and responsive leadership communication cultivated a positive emotional culture in organizations. Such culture also fostered employee OCB and advocacy. Moreover, corporate symmetrical communication directly and positively influenced employee OCB. Finally, this study found that employee OCB positively affected employee advocacy. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings for public relations scholars and practitioners were discussed. Tham Nguyen, University of Oklahoma; Robert Pritchard, U of Oklahoma • Enhancing Student Learning Outcomes from the Business Side of Student-run Public Relations and Communication Firms • Existing studies found pedagogical benefits of public relations and communication student-run firms. Yet, very little research has been done in this area. In a recent study, Bush, Haygood, and Vincent (2017) found that although interviewees placed the highest value on real-world experiences, developing soft skills, securing first jobs as well as career successes, student-run firms fell short in providing a better understanding of the business process and protocols of public relations and communication firms. This study examines the student learning outcomes from the business and financial side of student-run firms. Specifically, four research questions are proposed, including (1) To what extent are the students involved in determining services being offered?, (2) How do student-run firms approach potential clients?, (3) How do student-run firms formulate fee structure?, and (4) What business process and protocols do student-run firms teach their members? The study included an online survey, followed by interviews with firm advisors at different universities in the U.S. A preliminary report from the online survey data revealed that students mostly suggested offering multimedia/digital media services, or expanding their scope of services beyond their traditional services. Word-of-mouth and referrals were the most popular ways to recruit new clients, while sales pitches were undertaken only occasionally. Fee structures were formed depending on the firm’s business objectives and learning opportunities for students. Teaching business processes and protocols was also discussed. Theoretical implications for experiential learning theory as well as practical implications to enhance learning outcomes from the business side of student-run firms are offered. Chuka Onwumechili • The Sun (UK) Newspaper: Strategic Audience Choice in Crisis and Reputation Repair • Organizations and individuals depend on the mass media to transmit a transgressor’s apologia to the public. However, agenda setting scholars point out that such a transgressing party (Organization or individual) is forced to depend not only in its ability to choose effective apologia strategies but also on the media to frame the apologia in ways that the party may be successful. Unfortunately, with most studies focused on transgressors who rely on media as third party, little is known of what happens when that third party (media) is the transgressor. This study on the Sun newspaper explores media as transgressor. It investigates the following: (1) how do other media react when a competing medium transgresses? and (2) how is audience reaction shaped, considering that the transgressing mass medium has direct communication line to that audience? Jo-Yun Queenie Li, University of South Carolina; Joon Kyoung Kim, University of South Carolina; Holly Overton, University of South Carolina; nandini bhalla, University of South Carolina; Won-ki Moon, University of South Carolina; Minhee Choi, University of South Carolina; Nanlan Zhang, University of South Carolina • What Shapes Environmental Responsibility Perceptions? Measuring Collectivistic Orientations as a Predictor of Situational Motivations and Communicative Action • "This study investigates individuals’ cognitive, motivational, and communication responses regarding an environmental CSR issue using arguments from the situational theory of problem solving (STOPS) with a cross-situational factor as an antecedent. Survey results provide empirical support for the application of the STOPS in a CSR communication context and suggest that a collectivistic orientation predicts individuals’ situational perceptions and cognitive reactions toward organizations’ environmental CSR efforts. Theoretical and practical implications for strategic communicators are discussed." Yufan Qin, University of Florida; Rita Men, University of Florida • Exploring Negative Peer Communication of Companies on Social Media and Its Impact on Organization-Public Relationships • This study examined whether and how the publics' negative peer communication (NPC) about companies on social media could influence the quality of organization-public relationships through the theoretical lens of social learning theory. It also explored the sundry individual (i.e., social media dependency, tie strength) and corporate-level factors (i.e., perceived corporate reputation, public interactions with companies on social media) that could affect the publics' engagement in NPC behavior about companies on social media. Through an online survey of 356 social media users in the U.S. who have discussed negatively about companies and brands on social media and a structural equation modeling analysis, results showed that NPC about companies on social media negatively influenced the quality of organization-public relationships. Publics who were more dependent on social media and who had stronger ties with their peers on social media tended to engage more in NPC about companies. Publics who perceived a favorable reputation of the company were less likely to engage in NPC about companies on social media. Further, perceived corporate reputation and public interactions with companies on social media positively predicted the quality of organization-public relationships. Hyejoon Rim; Jisu Kim, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Chuqing Dong • A Cross-National Comparison of Transparency Signaling in CSR Reporting • This study examines the level of transparency signaling in CSR reports in three countries: the U.S., South Korea, and China. By analyzing 181 CSR reports from 2014 to 2017 with a computer-aided content analysis program, Diction 7.0, this study found that the three dimensions of transparency signaling – participation, substantial information, and accountability in CSR reports were varied across different countries. In CSR reports, companies in the U.S. and South Korea showed higher scores in the participation and accountability dimensions than China, while companies in China showed high scores in the substantial information dimension. In CEO letters, we discovered that the U.S. companies emphasized the participation aspects, while South Korea and China companies underscored the accountability aspect of transparency signaling. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Erin Schauster; Marlene Neill, Baylor University; Patrick Ferrucci, U of Colorado Boulder; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University Singapore • Public relations primed: An update on practitioners' moral reasoning, from moral development to moral maintenance • To understand how professional identity influences moral reasoning and guided by theories of moral psychology and social identity, 153 public relations practitioners working in the United States participated in an online experiment. According to the results, moral reasoning scores have remained steady since the last time they were measured in 2009. Professional associations appear to be a valuable resource for socialization as members of PRSA who, in addition to engaging in higher levels of moral reasoning than the average adult, report they have access to regular ethics training, ethics resources and mentors, and are familiar with their industry's code of ethics. In addition, socialization in later career stages appears to incorporate aspects of maintenance rather than development, helping to sustain levels of moral reasoning. Other communication disciplines should take note of public relations' strong commitment to ethics education and implement similar professional development opportunities. Hongmei Shen, San Diego State University; Yang Cheng, North Carolina State University • The Relationship Exchange Theory: Organization-Public Relationship (OPR) in the Big Data Age • With the expressive behavior on social media in the big data era, public relations researchers can easily track the information flows among organizations and their publics on common issues over time. Instead of examining organization-public relationships at a static point by using experiments or surveys, this study posited the relationship exchange theory, including an issue-stance-relationship phase framework and the operational six relationship modes aiming to provide a longitudinal approach to examining the relationship dynamics among two or multiple parties. Empirically, this study presents a case study on the conflicts between McDonald’s and its activist publics. By tracking the changing stances of the organization and its publics longitudinally, results show how the relationship exchange theory can help examine the intensity and direction of OPR over time. Hongmei Shen, San Diego State University; Hua Jiang • Dedicated to Our Work? An Employee Engagement Model in Public Relations • Engagement has emerged as an important concept in public relations scholarship. Yet a theoretically-informed model with a clear and coherent explication of the construct is still lacking. By situating our study in the internal context, we provided an updated conceptualization and operationalization of employee engagement and proposed a strategy-engagement-behavior three-step employee engagement model. Results from an employee survey (n = 568) supported our conceptual model, showing that organizational engagement strategies positively predicted employee engagement, which in turn accounted for employees’ positive and negative messaging behavior as well as their contextual performance behavior. After controlling for significant demographics variables of gender, age, organizational size, number of subordinates, and level of management position, we identified a complete mediation effect of employee engagement in our two-step structural equation modeling analysis. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Melissa Dodd; Hilary Sisco, Quinnipiac University; John Brummette, Radford University; William Kennan • Developing a Measure of Social Capital for Public Relations • This research synthesizes literature in order to propose a comprehensive conceptualization of social capital as a resource- and exchange- based function of public relations that provides an ontological argument for the discipline as a whole. More than conceptualization, this research proposes and empirically tests a disciplinary-specific measure of social capital among a random sample of public relations professionals. Findings suggest some relational factors of social capital shared a significant predictive relationship with public relations outcomes. Diana Sisson, Auburn University • Control Mutuality and Social Media Revisited: A Study of National Animal Welfare Donors • Guided by OPR, relationship management, and social media literature, this study employs an online survey panel to examine national animal welfare donors’ (n = 1,033) perceptions of control mutuality and its role in social media engagement. Findings suggest that heightened perceptions of control mutuality may have positive implications for social media engagement on a national level. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed for strategy development. Weiting Tao, University of Miami; Cheng Hong; Wanhsiu Sunny Tsai, University of Miami; Bora Yook, University of Miami • Publics’ Communication on Controversial Sociopolitical Issues: Extending the Situational Theory of Problem Solving • Capturing a unique moment within a particularly volatile political climate where various issues such as climate change, immigration, and healthcare are increasingly polarized, this survey examines the factors driving publics’s engagement and disengagement in communications on controversial sociopolitical issues. It applies and expands Situational Theory of Problem Solving (STOPS) by integrating the theoretical insights from the literature of information omission and avoidance. Results not only support the applicability of the STOPS model in explaining publics’ communication on controversial sociopolitical problems but also the viability of integrating two new behavioral outcomes of information omission and avoidance into the STOPS framework. Theoretical and strategic implications on social issue advocacy are provided. Jiun-Yi Tsai, Northern Arizona University; Janice Sweeter, Northern Arizona University; Elizabeth Candello, Washington State University; Kirsten Bagshaw, Northern Arizona University • Examining Efficiency and Effectiveness in Online Interactions Between United States Government Agencies and Their Publics • Text-based computer-mediated communication (e.g., email) has become indispensable for U.S. state agencies to respond to requests and engage with citizens, thereby contributing to build public trust in local governments. Despite the essential role of digital communication in enhancing public engagement, there is limited understanding of how government agencies manage generic queries to maintain relationships with publics. By synthesizing chronemics research and organization-public relationship (OPR) scholarship, we introduce an original Response Engagement Index (REI) consisting of response speed, communicated commitment, and conversational voice to measure various levels of communication engagement. We conduct a field experiment encompassing emailing a request for information to 438 state agencies based in New York, Texas, Florida, Illinois and Rhode Island. A total of 293 organizational responses were manually analyzed to reveal the usages of engagement strategies. Results show the interactive potential of e-government communication is largely underutilized as the average scores of response engagement remain low. Human responses are less engaging than auto-reply messages, and require one-day waiting period, if not longer. Response types and gender significantly differ in response time and engagement strategies. Findings advance the OPR literature and identify best practices for government communicators to promote citizen engagement. Michail Vafeiadis, Auburn University; Denise Bortree, Penn State University; Christen Buckley, Penn State University; Pratiti Diddi, PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY; Anli Xiao • Combatting fake news: Examining the role of crisis response strategies and issue involvement in refuting misinformation on social media • The dissemination of fake news has accelerated with social media and this has important implications for both nonprofit organizations and their stakeholders alike. Hence, the current study attempts to shed light on the effectiveness of the crisis response strategies of denial and attack in addressing rumors on social media. Through an online experiment, users were first exposed to a fake news Facebook post accusing the American Red Cross of failing to protect its donors’ privacy because of an alleged data breach, and then participants were exposed to a version of the nonprofits’ rebuttal. Results show that highly involved individuals are more likely to centrally process information and develop positive supportive intentions toward the affected organization. In addition, low involvement individuals who were exposed to a denial response rather than an attack response rated fake news as less credible. Finally, the attack response was more effective for high involvement individuals (for whom privacy was important) than those with low involvement. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Rachel Deems, Moroch Partners; Jan Wicks, University of Arkansas School of Journalism & Strategic Media • Exploring Tweeting at the Top: Do Goods-Producing and Service-Producing Firms Appear to Set Different CSR Agendas on Twitter? • This exploratory content analysis examined how 33 Global 2000 companies portray corporate social responsibility (CSR) on Twitter, and whether the agenda firms appear to present varies by industry category. Goods-producing firms appear to set an environmentally-friendly agenda, tweeting about sustainable development and using interactivity to promote their agenda widely. Service-producing firms appear to set a customer-friendly agenda, tweeting about philanthropy topics affecting many people, perhaps to transfer salience to the largest number of stakeholders. Chelsea Woods, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) • Responding to Product (Mis)Placement: Analyzing Crock-Pot’s Paracrisis Management • Social media can breed publicly visible threats, known as paracrises. In 2018, an emotional television episode sparked online chatter surrounding Crock-Pot, which effectively managed the threat, turning the event into a public relations opportunity for the brand. This case extends our knowledge of effective paracrisis management by describing how humor can be used alone or with denial, altering our perception of ‘credible’ sources during these unique threats, and introducing two new paracrisis management strategies. Xiaohan Xu; Maria Leonora Comello, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Suman Lee, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Richard Clancy • Exploring Country-of-Origin Perceptions and Ethnocentrism: Implications for PR Efforts to Introduce U.S. Dairy Products to China • American dairy producers face an unprecedented opportunity to export products to China. This study examines the influence of country-of-origin effect and ethnocentrism (COO) in purchase intentions of U.S. dairy products by conducting an online survey of 505 Chinese urban consumers.  Results suggest that purchase intentions of U.S. dairy products are positively associated with higher levels of affective and cognitive COO, as well as lower ethnocentrism.  Implications for PR efforts are discussed. Aimei yang, University of Southern California; Yi (Grace) Ji, Virginian Commonwealth University • The Quest for Legitimacy and the Communication of Strategic Cross-Sectoral Partnership on Facebook: A Big Data, Social Network Study • Nowadays, many wicked problems such as environmental issues require organizations from multiple sectors to form cross-sectoral alliances. Cross-sectoral alliance networks can transfer resources and they can also signal affiliations and value alignment between strategic partners. The communication of cross-sectoral alliances is a form of CSR communication that serves organizations’ strategic goals and objectives. Drawing on the literature on digital CSR communication and legitimacy theory, this article examines what legitimacy needs shape the formation of cross-sectoral ties on Facebook in addressing environmental issue and sustainable development issues in the United States. Combining data-mining, text-mining, social network analysis, and exponential graph modeling, this research investigates the structure of a network among 3071 organizations across multiple sectors. Findings show that organizations’ cross-sectoral tie formation is mainly driven by social legitimacy and alliance legitimacy needs. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. Su Lin Yeo, Singapore Management University; Augustine Pang, Singapore Management University; Michelle Cheong, Singapore Management University; Jerome Yeo, Singapore Management University • Emotions in Social Media: An Analysis of Tweet Responses to MH370 Search Suspension Announcement • Considered one of the deadliest incidents in the history of aviation crises and labeled a “continuing mystery”, the ongoing search for the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 offers no closure. With endless media attention given to the crisis and negative reactions of stakeholders to every decision made by the Airlines, this study investigates the types of emotions found in social media posted by publics to the MH370 search suspension announcement. It content analyzed 5.062 real-time tweet messages guided by the revised Integrated Crisis Mapping Model. Our findings indicated that, in addition to the four original emotions posited, there was a fifth emotion because of the long-drawn crisis and only two dominant emotions were similar to the Model. A redrawn version to better encapsulate all the emotions is offered for one quadrant in the Model. Implications for both crisis communication scholarship and the importance of social listening for organizations are discussed. Xiaochen Zhang, Kansas State University; Jonathan Borden, Syracuse University • Linguistic Crisis Prediction: An Integration of Linguistic Categorization Model in Crisis Communication • Through two experiments, this study examines the relationship between linguistic choice and attribution perception in organizational crises. Results showed that abstract (vs. concrete) language in crisis news elicited higher attribution and lower purchase intentions. High (vs. low) attribution crisis led to higher usage of abstract language and that language mediates crisis types’ effect on purchase intentions. The findings empirically connect two Attribution Theory-rooted theories: Linguistic Categorization Model and the Situational Crisis Communication Theory. Ziyuan Zhou; Xueying Zhang; Eyun-Jung Ki, The University of Alabama • Were These Studies Properly Designed?: An Examination of 22 Years of SCCT Experimental Research • This study examines the current state of the application of experiment method to studies investigating SCCT published between 1995 and 2017. Through a content analysis of 55 experiments in 50 articles published in 16 journals, the results revealed that the use of manipulation checks is questionable in the field. One-fourth of the published experiments failed to provide any information about manipulation checks, which poses a serious challenge to the validity of the experiments. The generalizability can be significantly improved if researchers set up crisis scenarios in diverse situations, such as a different way of presenting the stimuli, a different medium of the stimuli, a different industry the organization belongs to, etc.   Student Sarah Aghazadeh, University of Maryland • “Recovery warriors”: The National Eating Disorder Association’s online public and rhetorical vision • This paper explores how organizations facilitate shared meaning with publics in an online context. I used Bormann’s symbolic convergence theory to identify rhetorical vision on the National Eating Disorder Association’s (NEDA) Facebook page. The results suggest that NEDA facilitated rhetorical vision of eating disorder “recovery warriors” by extending its rhetorical community and encouraging the “chaining” process. Lastly, I argue for theoretical and practical implications of NEDA’s efforts. Brooke Fowler, University of Maryland, College Park • The internal angle of police-worn body cameras:  A hommo narrans approach to understanding patrol officer perceptions of body cameras • Relatively little research is available on how patrol officers perceive body cameras.  This paper conceptualizes patrol officers as an internal public and utilizes the homo narrans approach known as the theory-behavior complex, which combines symbolic convergence theory and situational theory of publics (Vasquez, 1993, 1994).  Twenty six semi-structured interviews were conducted.  This study adds to the limited number of homo narrans pieces in PR and proposes a new type of covert internal activism, under-the-table activism. Virginia Harrison • "I Don't Consider Myself a Corporate Fundraiser": Understanding the Nonprofit Perspective in CSR Relationships • Taking an often-neglected viewpoint, this study examines corporate social responsibility (CSR) partnerships from the perspective of nonprofit beneficiaries. In-depth interviews with corporate relations officers at public research universities across the U.S. revealed three main factors have contributed to a rapidly evolving climate for corporate partnerships: CSR partnerships help universities build their reputations rather than endowments; feature new preferences in communication-based stewardship practices; and raise questions about university autonomy and authority. These findings contribute new understandings to how CSR-related communication creates mutually beneficial relationships. Yingru Ji, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Exploring Publics’ Expectations for Crisis Outcomes: A Communication Mediated Psychological Mechanism in Social Media Era • The study conceptualizes consumer publics’ expectations for outcomes, in times of a preventable crisis, as a construct with three dimensions—organizational accommodation responses, punishment of the organization, and societal level regulations. The study also develops a reliable and valid scale to measure the construct. Using an online survey in Beijing China, this work empirically investigates the degree to which publics’ crisis blame and varied communication behaviors (i.e., information seeking and online expression) serially mediates the relationships between publics’ causal attribution and various publics’ expectations. The simple mediation results of crisis blame indicate that the largest mediation effects were on the psychological mechanism leading to publics’ expecting the organization to be punished. Moreover, the findings regarding serial mediation—crisis blame and communication behaviors as two mediators—suggest that active information seekers expect organizational accommodations and societal level interventions. Active online expressers, in contrast, expect to see the organization punished. Yingru Ji, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Moderating Effects of Perceived Government Controllability over Crisis Outcomes and Consumer Collective Efficacy on Responsibility Attribution and Demands for Regulatory Interventions • Through an online survey of Beijing consumer publics, the study empirically examined a moderated mediation model of public demands for regulatory interventions. The findings revealed that as issue involvement improved, publics—who perceived both high levels of government controllability over crisis outcomes and consumer collective efficacy—attributed less responsibility to the in-crisis company and were less likely to demand regulatory intervention. The study also found that perceived government controllability had larger impacts on public demands for regulatory interventions than responsibility attribution did in China. By delineating the relationships among issue involvement, responsibility attribution, perceived government controllability over crisis outcomes, and consumer collective efficacy, the study outlines a comprehensive psychological mechanism of public demands for regulatory interventions in times of crisis. Keqing Kuang; Sitong Guo, University of Alabama • Being honest to the public: Lessons from Haidilao’s crisis responses in China • On August 25th, 2017, the news was reported by Legal Evening News in terms of a restaurant in China named Haidilao Hot Pot’s irresponsibility to its kitchen hygiene and it went viral on social media and online news websites. Facing the scandal, Haidilao uses several crisis-response strategies to win back public support as well as to save its reputation and image. The purposes of this study are twofold: (1) understanding publics’ responses regarding Haidilao’s crisis communication, and (2) examine whether publics think the organization being honest or not. A content analysis is conducted through collecting publics’ comments and reposts on Weibo, a popular social media platform in China. The results indicate that publics respond to Haidilao and its crisis communication strategies positively and favorably in general, and results of perceived organizational performance of Haidilao are mixed. Ejae Lee, Indiana University • Authenticity in Public Relations: The Effects on Organization-Public Relationships • This study aimed to explicate an organization’s authenticity, develop the authenticity measurement, and investigate the effects of perceived authenticity on OPR outcomes to address the implication of perceived authenticity of an organization in public relations. The study examined the validity and reliability of the proposed authenticity measurement with two constructs, awareness and consistency. The results of SEM found the direct and indirect effects of authenticity on transparency, trust, distrust, commitment, and switching intention. Jungkyu Rhys Lim, University of Maryland • How Public Relations Builds Mutually Beneficial Relationships: Public Relations’ Role in Creating Shared Value (CSV) • Public relations strives to build mutually beneficial relationships. However, public relations scholarship has not clearly developed strategies for mutually beneficial relationships. Creating Shared Value (CSV) is one answer, as CSV strengthens the company’s competitiveness and improves the communities simultaneously. While public relations scholars have studied Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), CSV is understudied. This paper examines how public relations contributes to CSV and mutually beneficial relationships, through a case study on a multinational company’s CSV program. Keonyoung Park, Syracuse University • Sharing the Problem-Solving Experience with Corporations: How Brand Activism Creates Brand Loyalty • Brand activism is a corporations’ advocacy on social issues. Although corporations’ social engagements have been already popularized phenomena, there are only limited academic attention on brand activism. Building on social identity theory, this study investigated brand activism as a shared problem-solving experience between publics and a corporation. The current study tried to suggest a comprehensive social media brand activism model showing the relationships between individuals’ activism engagement triggered by a corporation, brand trust, and brand loyalty. In doing so, this study conducted an online survey adopting the case of #AerieREAL campaign. Results showed that brand activism has impacts on mobilizing public engagements, which increase brand trust and loyalty. Practical implications of the study were discussed, considering both activism- and business-perspectives. Patrick Thelen • Supervisor Humor Styles and Employee Advocacy: A Serial Mediation Model • This study examines how supervisor humor styles influence employee advocacy by building the linkage between affiliative humor, aggressive humor, supervisor authenticity, employee-organization relationships, and employee advocacy. Through a quantitative survey with 350 employees who work for a variety of organizations, this study’s results indicated that the relationship between supervisor humor style and employee advocacy is fully mediated by supervisor authenticity and employee-organization relationships. Significant theoretical and practical implications are discussed.   Teaching Gee Ekachai, Marquette University; Young Kim, Marquette University; Lauren Olson, Marquette University • Does your PR course syllabus excite, intrigue, and motivate students to learn? • The purpose of this study is to examine how a format of a syllabus influences student motivation and engagement in a public relations course and impression on the course and course instructor.  The course syllabus functions as a pivotal role in evaluating initial course perceptions by students that could lead to student motivation to engage in classroom activities.  However, there has been a lack of research that examines how a format—design or length—of a course syllabus can affect or promote student engagement in PR courses. To fill the research gap, two studies, focus group interviews (Study I, N = 10) and a lab experiment (Study II, N = 84), were conducted with undergraduate students. Results from the two focus group interviews revealed that students preferred the long version of the visually appealing syllabus. However, findings in the experimental study indicate the importance of a visually-appealing and short syllabus as an initial point of positive impressions on the course and instructor in a public relations classroom. Hong Ji; Parul Jain; Catherine Axinn • Perceptions of Guest Speakers in Strategic Communications Courses:  An Exploratory Investigation • Using linkage beliefs theory and focus group methodology, we conducted a systematic investigation to understand students’ perceptions of having guest speakers in strategic communications courses. Our findings suggest that students prefer speakers from a variety of backgrounds and experiences with whom they could relate and prefer to hear about tips related to networking, job search, and career advancements. Theoretical and practical implications of findings are discussed. Carolyn Kim, Biola University; Karen Freberg, University of Louisville • Online Pedagogy: Navigating Perceptions and Practices to Develop Learning Communities • With the maturation of online education, there has been increased attention given to standards, motivations and best-practices within online education. This study is designed to explore the intersections between perceptions and practices that educators who teach online hold in relation perceptions and practices of students who are taking online courses. Implications from the findings on online education and ties to the recommendations from the Commission of Public Relations Education Report are noted. Christopher J. McCollough, Columbus State University • Visionary Public Relations Coursework: Assessing Economic Impact of Service Learning in Public Relations Courses • Literature in public relations education on service learning offers strong examples of a wide variety of benefits, yet little is said about the potential long-term benefits for economic development. Given the obvious connection between public relations functions and successful businesses, this paper dis-cuss the course development, execution, and subsequent early indicators of economic impact of a collaborative project to promote a visionary arts venue and the community that neighbors it. Amanda Weed, Ashland University • Is advertising and public relations pedagogy on the “write” track?: Comparing industry needs and educational objectives • Writing skills are paramount to the success of entry-level employees in the fields of strategic communication, yet sparse pedagogical research has been published in the past decade that specifically address methods to teach unique writing skills in the strategic communication curriculums. This study examines three unique categories of written communication—business writing, creative writing, and writing pedagogy—to provide a set of pedagogical recommendations that address the needs of the advertising and public relations industries. 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18161 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/schol-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:28:52 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18164 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18164 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/viscom-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:30:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18167 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18167 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/comjig-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:33:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18170 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18170 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/esig-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:34:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18173 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18173 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/grad-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:36:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18176 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18176 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/icig-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:37:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18179 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18179 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/lgbtq-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:40:25 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18182 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18182 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/pjig-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:42:31 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18185 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18185 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/pcig-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:43:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18188 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18188 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/rmig-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:45:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18191 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18191 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/spig-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:47:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18194 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18194 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/sports-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:48:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18197 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18197 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/06/csw-2018-abstracts/ Wed, 27 Jun 2018 19:49:59 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18200 2018 ABSTRACTS]]> 18200 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/07/call-for-book-reviewers-cbq/ Sat, 14 Jul 2018 14:35:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18287 Call for Communications Booknotes Quarterly Journal Book Reviewers AEJMC members are invited to contribute to Communications Booknotes Quarterly Journal (CBQ), a Taylor & Francis publication. Reviewers from a variety of backgrounds and interests are sought to contribute to upcoming issues. The journal seeks contributions from emerging researchers and advanced graduate students, as well as from seasoned scholars. Essays are also sought that comment about contemporary topics relevant to books, media and related global issues. CBQ is an annotated review on all aspects of mediated communication designed for an audience of scholars and librarians in the United States and around the world. Subject areas of interest include, but are not limited to: advertising, public relations, strategic communications, journalism, telecommunications, gender, global media, media theories, media economics, media regulation and policy, media ethics, risk communication, ethnicity/race and media, media communication history, critical/cultural studies of media, popular culture, social media, books and publishing, media and society, visual communication, gender and representation, and media management. Review essays range between 850 to 1,000 words. Some titles available now include: • Kentucky's Rebel Press: Pro-Confederate Media and the Secession Crisis • The News Untold: Community Journalism and the Failure to Confront Poverty in Appalacia • United Blacks in a Raceless Nation: Blackness, Afro-Cuban Culture, and Mestizaje in the Prose and Poetry of Nicolás Guillén • Reading Smell in Eighteenth-Century Fiction • The Phantom Unmasked: America's First Superhero • Reading as Collective Action: Texts as Tactics • It's Just the Normal Noises: Marcus, Guralnick, No Depression, and the Mystery of Americana Music • Ishiro Honda: A Life in Film, from Godzilla to Kurosawa • An Empire of Print: The New York Publishing Trade • Across the Waves: How the United States and France Shaped the International Age of Radio • Becoming the Story: War Correspondents Since 9/11 • Media Localism: The Polices of Place • Risk Communication and Miscommunication: Case Studies in Science, Technology, Engineering, Government, and Community Organizations • Trump and the Media • After the Fact: The Erosion of Truth and the Inevitable Rise of Donald Trump • Books are Weapons: The Polish Opposition Press and the Overthrow of Communism • Treadbare: Class and Crime in Urban Alaska • Reading African American Autobiography: Twenty-First-Century Contexts and Criticism If you are interested in one of the titles above, or others on our list, contact Meta G. Carstarphen at mcarstarphen@ou.edu and cc: CBQ Associate Editor Margarita Tapia at margarita.tapia@ou.edu and put “CBQ Review” in the subject line. You will receive detailed guidelines and a review copy of the selected title. Review drafts are generally due 4 to 6 weeks after assignment. Final reviews are published with a credit line and a brief bio, and your work will be registered with your unique digital (ORCID) number.   Calls and Nominations]]> 18287 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2018/08/pac-082218/ Wed, 29 Aug 2018 14:01:58 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18364 Jennifer Greer, University of Alabama, AEJMC 2017-18 President | August 22, 2018 As members of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) concluded their conference in Washington, D.C., earlier this month, the group that organized the 2017 "Unite the Right" rally in Charlottesville, Va., came to the nation's capital to mark the one-year anniversary of that deadly event. The AEJMC board urges educators openly discuss coverage of these and similar rallies in their classes and to be thoughtful in their approach to preparing future journalists to report on hate speech. Hate speech is a grey area in media law, and its exact definition is widely debated. AEJMC supports free speech and acknowledges that hate speech generally is protected by the First Amendment. We maintain, however, that free speech does not offer a pass to incite violence against marginalized people. Speech that encourages violence has a silencing effect on groups that include people of color, those with disabilities, people from sexual and gender minority groups, people practicing marginalized religions and refugees. In the face of the violence surrounding hate speech, victims weigh their need to be protected from being targeted against their need to be heard - and often choose silence. Media professionals and the educators who teach future media professionals have important roles in countering these silences. AEJMC urges its members, both professional and academic, to remember these best practices in covering hate speech:

• Seek out silenced people and give them a voice. Don't overlook them because they are not obvious in the public sphere. However, not all marginalized groups are silenced, and journalists should seek to fairly portray voices of those who remain underrepresented and stereotyped in news coverage.
• Avoid quoting inflammatory sources that promote hate speech. Coverage of racist organizations and actions can legitimize and institutionalize extremist discourse.
• Include appropriate context in coverage of extremist groups to help consumers of news to understand the origins and factors behind the values these groups are espousing. The more journalists who disseminate historical context, the more powerful and useful the discussion and the story will be.
• Use the groups' names rather than an obscuring catchphrase, such as "alt-right.," "white nationalists" or "protest groups." Groups that endorse hate based on race-for example, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) or White Aryan Resistance (WAR)-should be referred to by name and identified as white supremacist groups. Organizations such as the Southern Poverty Law Center, the Associated Press and Poynter Institute provide guidelines on these labels.
• Be mindful of subtle examples of hate speech and marginalization and work to understand the cultures of marginalized groups. Journalists, above all, should recognize their own biases.

We believe in comprehensive education of students, and as such, we urge educators preparing media professionals to reach audiences in the current social, political, economic and cultural environments to:

• Encourage historical research on hate speech and marginalized groups. Asking students to compare historical eras with current events and analyze how the past informs the present is a powerful critical thinking exercise. Studying language used to describe marginalized groups over time offers insights into social views.
• Assign seminal readings focusing on free speech and hate speech in Western societies. Encourage students to use these texts to inform debates about free speech, hate speech and speech that may be offensive.
• Expose students to media coverage of victimized groups and/or hate groups that places both in context and gives voice to all marginalized publics. Encourage students to seek out balanced coverage and to be able to defend why they have defined it as such.
• Explore the range and complexity of issues that marginalized populations face and why underlying issues that surround these groups may not always be newsworthy and why these issues may shift in different environments.

We encourage journalists and other media practitioners to strengthen their guidelines for coverage of hate speech to ensure that marginalized voices are heard and that adequate context is provided. Journalism and mass communication educators must provide opportunities for students to develop the knowledge, skills and abilities to most effectively communicate about hate speech and its ramifications on our society. <<PACS]]> 18364 0 0 0 http://www.aejmc.org/home/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/WJEC-Paris-2019-Call-Abstracts.pdf Wed, 26 Sep 2018 15:55:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18542 18542 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/01/learning-to-teach/ Wed, 23 Jan 2019 19:20:49 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18836 Learning to Teach, Finally By Mary T. Rogus AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Ohio University rogus@ohio.edu     (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, January 2019 issue) When I first walked into a classroom at Ohio University with 20 years of television news experience, I was, like many of us who come to academe after a professional career, fairly confident I could teach students to write, report and produce for television. Heck, that’s what I had been doing every day as an executive producer, hadn’t I? After my first couple of quarters, I was a little panicked. I had good evaluations because of my professional “creds” and great war stories, but the students’ work didn’t show they got it. I went to colleagues and got some good advice about overcoming the “expert syndrome” of forgetting that students don’t know those things that had become second nature to me, and they don’t learn from my war stories. With that insight and lots of trial and error, I got the hang of it. But now, in my 21st year of teaching, I’m finally learning how to teach, by learning how students learn. I want to use this space to share some of my aha moments after completing the first half of a year-long teaching academy that Ohio University provides for a dozen professors every year. I hope they will encourage you to do what I should have done    20 years ago — seek out pedagogy research and resources. (If you were smart enough to do that when you first started or    had a great teaching seminar as part of your graduate program — I’m sure you can find something else in this newsletter to read!) One of the most valuable resources has been How Learning Works: 7 Researched-Based Principles for Smart Teaching (Ambrose, et al, 2010). We’re up to number 5 and the margins of my book are full of notes on changes I can make in my courses using the research-based strategies the authors present. Here are three which I found especially useful. “Principle: Students’ prior knowledge can help or hinder learning” (Ambrose, et al, pg. 13).  Many of us teach skills classes that are sequenced to build on previous classes. Ambrose, et al cite research that found students must be able to connect new knowledge to some prior knowledge or experience in order to learn. The point that struck me was, we can’t assume students are making those connections automatically. We have to activate their prior knowledge and make sure it is sufficient and accurate, before building on it. That idea of activation made me think of a struggle our newscast practicum students have with proper television news scripting. Although they learn and practice it in the requisite class, students still make lots of scripting mistakes which lead to errors when the newscasts go to air. It may be that they are not able to activate that prior knowledge with just a review lecture. We will try hands-on scripting exercises during our training workshops before they start producing newscasts, and also will emphasize in the requisite class why proper scripting is so important beyond a good grade. “Principle: To develop mastery, students must acquire component skills, practice integrating them, and know when to apply what they have learned” (Ambrose, et al, pg. 95). At first read this principle seemed obvious to me, and probably to anyone who teaches skills classes. We teach AP Style, information gathering, interviewing, narrative formats, etc., before we have students write a complete story. Then the authors used the example of the component skills required for case study analysis. I use the same basic steps for my ethics students which they described as component skills—define the problem, identify stakeholders and your ethical obligation to each, choose relevant values/codes for guidance and make a decision. I never thought about those steps to reaching a decision as individual skills that I should have students practice. That could explain why students struggle with their written case study assignments even though we go through multiple practice cases in class. Next time I teach this class, I will focus on developing each component skill before they have to integrate them into a full decision-making assignment. “Principle: Goal-directed practice coupled with targeted feedback are critical to learning” (Ambrose, et al, pg. 125). It was the key features of “goal-directed” practice that I found enlightening: “(a) focuses on a specific goal or criterion for performance, (b) targets an appropriate level of challenge relative to students’ current performance, and (c) is of sufficient quantity and frequency to meet performance criteria” (Ambrose, et al, pg. 127). As I thought about how this applies to the newscast practicum semester mentioned above, I realized that while the experience of producing a live television newscast four days a week was very real-world, we were not maximizing student learning. Students rotate through different jobs every day, and with the exception of reporting, they typically get two to four rotations on most jobs. My co-instructor and I critique everything from day one of live newscasts and grade based on all aspects of the rubrics for every job. We’ve discussed making some changes in how we focus our feedback and grading—for example, during the first two to three weeks emphasizing more basic skills such as deadlines, and proper scripting. Then weeks three to five dig into conversational and transitional writing, storytelling, and more sophisticated producing. The final five weeks would focus on the complete product. We also will have students repeat their job rotations for two weeks in a row, rather than wait until each student does every job once, hoping that without a 2-4 week gap between rotations they benefit from immediate frequency. It will be interesting to see how disrupting our well-oiled machine, and focusing on research-based learning techniques, works for the students.

Reference:  Ambrose, S., Bridges, M., DiPietro, M., Lovett, M., Norman, M. (2010) How Learning Works: 7 Research-Based Principles for Smart Teaching. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Teaching Corner]]> 18836 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/03/infecting-students-research-bug/ Wed, 13 Mar 2019 17:44:44 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=18965 Infecting Students with the Research Bug By Raluca Cozma AEJMC Committee on Teaching Kansas State University cozma@ksu.edu     (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, March 2019 issue) I’ve been fortunate to work at institutions that allowed me to play to my strengths and teach courses on topics that I am passionate about. That freedom made teaching easy, fun and rewarding. Of those subjects dear to me, however, one in particular I tended to avoid in my early teaching career, due to stories I heard about how challenging it can be to make mass communication students relate to the material and inspire them to love research as much as we do. After having taught research methods with great success in the recent years, I can say I was wrong in assuming that our majors shun research and statistics. Here are some approaches I think helped. First, as I started preparing my syllabus and lectures, I remembered what it was like being a student and a budding journalist. I put myself in the students’ shoes and tried to look at research and the scientific method from their perspective. Before choosing academia, I always wanted to be a journalist. It was a research methods course taught by an inspiring mentor that helped me see that journalism and social science have quite a bit in common. Just as in reporting courses I emphasize to my students that they are not working on news articles or packages (or other clinical terms) but rather on stories, in the research methods course I tell them that they are not working on research papers but are actually telling important stories, using information gathering techniques similar to those employed in their journalistic pursuits. We have an entire conversation where we draw parallels between journalism and scientific research. The two endeavors are guided by kindred goals and governed by similar ethical principles, for instance. Once they see the similarities, students engage with research as less of an onerous foreign language and more as a new form of storytelling, one that allows them to take a balcony perspective on issues, analyze their profession critically, and make generalizations or even predictions. In one of the highlights of this semester, a former student stopped by my office to tell me about a research idea she had based on an Army promotional video she had watched earlier that day. She excitedly talked about how her brain had switched and research ideas came to her on a regular basis, just like story ideas did before. Every question now had the potential of being a research question. She had caught the research bug. Second, I remembered one of the common traps that new instructors fall into, and that is to mistake the familiar for the obvious. In an interpretation of George Bernard Shaw’s famous aphorism on teaching, those who “do” and have a lot of expertise on a subject, can often struggle to teach it well. Just because we are closely acquainted with a topic or concept, that doesn’t mean our audience works with the same set of assumptions. Especially with more technical material, it is important to gauge the existing knowledge level of our students and break new concepts down into their simplest and most relatable components. Third, I provide three types of examples to help students assimilate concepts better. First, every time I introduce a new method, I provide examples of work (class research papers or theses) from previous students. Seeing research conducted by peers reduces the intimidation factor. Then, just like in writing and reporting courses, I bring examples from the best in the field. I look for studies on topics that are relevant to the millennial generation, because an exciting topic can make reading highly technical content more enjoyable and relatable. Third, I provide examples from my own work. I talk about the ideation process behind some of my favorite studies, challenges and successes. For the methods that I have not personally employed in my own research, I invite scholars to have as guest speakers. Students respond well to first-person accounts, and a researcher’s enthusiasm about a pet project is more likely to rub off on them. Fourth, I incorporate multimedia as much as possible into my lectures. From short clips (such as of the focus-group scene in the Mad Men series or explanation videos from the Pew Research Center) to comic strips from Piled Higher and Deeper, to funny memes on “correlation is not causation,” these spoonfuls of sugar help the medicine go down and humanize what sometimes can feel like dry or detached material. Finally, when we get to the statistics part of the semester, I have students approach data analysis as a game. After working hard to gather their data, I tell them that they now can use clever tools to solve the puzzle and finally get to the part where they create new knowledge. For each statistical test, I do an in-class tutorial where students follow along step by step, followed by an in-class exercise, followed by a home assignment that practices the same test. I make recorded step-by-step tutorials available to them and emphasize that it is important that they understand the process rather than memorize it and that they  know where to look for resources when in doubt. The final exam is a take-home as well, where I allow students access to references, as long as they know how to use and interpret them. I tell them that even seasoned researchers have to jog their memory on occasion, if several years have passed since they used a specific method or test. Once students understand that, they are less intimidated by the process and approach datasets like kids in a candy store. For extra credit, they attend and critique on-campus research presentations. If you teach research methods and have other tips to share, please let me know at cozma@ksu.edu or flag me down at the AEJMC conference in Toronto. <Teaching Corner]]> 18965 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 14:04:24 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19073 Divisions:

• Advertising
• Communicating Science, Health, Environment, and Risk (ComSHER)
• Communication Technology (CTEC)
• Communication Theory and Methodology
• Cultural and Critical Studies
• Electronic News
• History
• International Communication
• Law and Policy
• Magazine Media
• Mass Communication and Society
• Media Ethics
• Media Management, Economics, and Entrepreneurship
• Minorities and Communication (MAC)
• Newspaper and Online News
• Public Relations
• Scholastic Journalism
• Visual Communication (VisCom)

Interest Groups:

• Community Journalism
• Entertainment Studies
• Graduate Student
• Internships and Careers
• Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer
• Participatory Journalism
• Political Communication
• Religion and Media
• Small Programs (SPIG)
• Sports Communication (SPORTS)

Commissions:

• Status of Women

<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 19073 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/advd-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 16:48:34 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19076 Open Research Puffing on Instagram: Effects of Puffery Claim Types on Assessment of Persuasive Intentions and Knowledge • Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University; Olivia JuYoung Lee; Anastasia Kononova; Jef Richards; Na Rae Park; Tao Deng, Michigan State University; Jessica Hirsch • The current study examines the effects of puffery in persuasive posts on Instagram. Findings indicated that attribute puffery claims were rated higher on sincerity, understanding persuasive intent and tactics, and purchase intention, while they were rated lower on skepticism and deceptiveness, in comparison to comparative and negative puffery claims. There were significant two-way interaction effects between familiarity and puffery type. The results are discussed using theoretical framework of puffery advertising and persuasion knowledge. Reconsider Media Multitasking and Counterarguing Inhibition: Empirical Evidence of Underlying Mechanism and Offline-to-Online Advertising Effects • Yuhmiin Chang • Two studies were conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanism and subsequent advertising effects of counterarguing inhibition while television-internet multitasking. The two studies involved different product categories and measures and did not support counterarguing inhibition hypothesis. The results consistently showed that media multitasking increased capacity interference and cognitive load, which did not lead to fewer counterarguments. Media multitasking directly produced fewer counterargument which lead to lower urge to search and buy the target products. Comparing the Effectiveness of Help-Seeking and Product-Claim Direct-to-Consumer Advertising (DTCA): A Persuasion Knowledge Perspective • Ida Darmawan; Hao Xu; Jisu Huh, University of Minnesota • This study examined the effects of help-seeking direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) as a form of covert advertising and compared its effects with those of product-claim DTCA on consumers’ persuasion knowledge activation and its outcomes. An online experiment was conducted with adults experiencing symptoms mentioned in fictitious experimental ads. Help-seeking DTCA was less likely to activate persuasion knowledge than product-claim DTCA, resulting in lower skepticism, more positive attitude toward the ad, and higher behavioral intentions. Context Matters! Effects of Contextual Information on Processing of Social Media Ads • Kristen Lynch, Michigan State University; Tao Deng, Michigan State University; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University; Ali Hussain, Arizona State University; Olivia JuYoung Lee • The individualized social media experience and the algorithmic approach to media buying highlight the importance of contextual effects in advertising. This study explicates the effects of sequential information processing as it pertain to ad processing through the lens of Zillman’s (1971) excitation transfer theory. The study focuses on the effects of emotional content preceding the ads, where ads were placed after pictures that varied in valence and arousal. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. Privacy tradeoffs, localized deals, and consumer acceptance of mobile advertising • Lisa Farman, Ithaca College • This study explores consumer acceptance of mobile advertising, using a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults from the Simmons National Consumer Survey (N=19,657). Consistent with privacy calculus theory, willingness to make privacy trade-offs positively predicted acceptance of mobile advertising. However, desire for a specific trade-off (local deals) was a stronger predictor than a more general theoretical willingness to make privacy trade-offs. Privacy self-efficacy positively predicted mobile ad acceptance, while Internet use had a negative effect. Does In-Stream Video Advertising Work? Effects of Position and Congruence on Ad and Brand-Related Responses • Jason Freeman, Pennsylvania State University; Lewen Wei, Pennsylvania State University; Hyun Yang; Fuyuan Shen • This study examined the effects of in-stream video advertising on consumer responses to the ad and brand. A 2 (ad position: pre versus mid-roll) x2 (congruence: low versus high) between-subjects experiment was conducted, whereby subjects viewed a short narrative video with embedded ads. We found that mid-roll advertisements led to higher levels of perceived intrusiveness and anger than pre-roll ads. Advertisements more congruent with the content elicited less anger, reduced perceived intrusiveness, but lowered brand attitudes. Children and Unboxing Videos Online: Implications for Advertisers and Policy Makers • Deepti Khedekar; Harsha Gangadharbatla • Sponsored content, particularly content targeting young children, is on the rise on new media platforms. One such type of sponsored content is unboxing videos on YouTube that young children often watch on mobile devices like smartphones and tablets (Kabali et al., 2015). Using a sample of 421 parents with children between the ages of 4 and 10, our study investigates the role of parental mediation and the influence of selling and persuasive knowledge on such mediation when it comes to children’s consumption of unboxing videos. Results indicate that unboxing videos are highly effective in eliciting purchase demands and, in the absence of strict regulations online, parental mediation through higher levels of selling and persuasive knowledge might be the only line of defense in combating the persuasive effects of unboxing videos. “Vioxx Provides Powerful 24-hour Relief of Arthritis” but “Vioxx Has Caused Number of Deaths from Strokes and Heart Attacks!” – Should I Continue to Take My Medicine? • Heewon Im; Jisu Huh, University of Minnesota • DTCA promoting the benefits of medications and drug injury ads emphasizing the most fatal side effects present consumers with extremely contradictory information about the same product. How would exposure to these types of ads influence consumers of prescription drugs? Addressing this question, we investigated relationships between exposure to DTCA and drug injury advertising and consumers’ beliefs about their illnesses and medications, and their medication adherence behavior. Findings offer important implications for advertising research and practice. Antecedents of Ad Avoidance in Different Media Contexts • A-Reum Jung; Jun Heo, Louisiana State University • This study aims to a) identify a comprehensive list of the antecedents of ad avoidance and b) examine how strongly they relate to ad avoidance, and (c) to investigate how those relationships differ across media formats (traditional vs. new media). In order to fulfill these purposes, a meta-analysis was conducted. This study found 52 antecedents. Consumer perception of advertising was the main predictor of ad avoidance. The antecedents of new media ad avoidance were not much different from traditional ad avoidance although their degree of influence on ad avoidance differed across media formats. Interaction Effects of Source Type and Message Valence in Instagram-Based Advertising Messages About Veganism • Joe Phua, University of Georgia; Seunga Venus Jin; Jihoon Kim • A between-subjects 2 (source type: celebrity versus non-celebrity) x 2 (message valence: positive versus negative) factorial experiment (N = 288) examined the effects of source type and message valence on various outcomes of Instagram-based advertising messages about veganism. Results of data analyses indicate significant main effects of message valence on perceived information value of pro-veganism posts on Instagram and significant interaction effects of the two manipulated factors on consumers’ intention to spread electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) about pro-veganism. Furthermore, perceived prosocial characteristics of the pro-vegan source and intention to build an online friendship with the source significantly moderated the effects of endorser type and message valence on perceived information value and eWOM intention. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed. How Hateful Social Media Content Spills Over to the Adjacent Brand Ad: Implications for Brand Safety • Junga Kim; Chunsik Lee, University of North Florida; Joon Soo Lim, Syracuse University • This study proposes and tests negative spillover effect in the brand safety violation context. It created the two different experimental conditions that varied the levels of the offensive content-ad association and tested consumer responses to the advertised brands. The findings of the experimental study demonstrated that when the ad was highly associated with the offensive content, the negative emotion evoked by offensive content spilled over to the brand. The study also found that the negative spillover was amplified by ad intrusive perception and mediated by blame attribution to the brand. Lastly, negative emotions contributed to heightening negative word-of-mouth intentions. How to Promote Health Products Online • Gawon Kim; Chun Yang, Louisiana State University; Yongick Jeong • This study examines the impacts of three critical factors on the effectiveness of online health product/service ads. Using a three-way mixed-repeated design, this study conducted online experiments with previously identified indicators of health advertising effectiveness, 2 (contextual similarity) × 2 (health threat orientation) × 2 (digital ad type). The results indicate a strong influence of contextual similarity on both Aad and PI, along with partial interaction effects of digital advertising type and health threat orientation. Keeping up with influencers: Exploring the impact of social presence and parasocial interactions on brands • Hyosun Kim • A between-subject experiment was conducted to examine the mediating role of parasocial interaction in influencer marketing on Instagram. Drawing on the computer-mediated communication literature, the level of social presence was tested as a predictor of parasocial interaction. In a fitness blogger’s Instagram posts, social presence significantly predicts purchase intent of the brand featured in the posts as well as self-efficacy, working through parasocial interactions. Thus, parasocial interaction serves as a mediator and influencers act as role models to motivate people to exercise and benefit the brand featured in the post. Higher social presence in the posts led individuals to feel that the posts were less promotional. The effect of parasocial interaction, however, is moderated by advertising recognition, such that lower social present posts appeared to suggest promotional appeal and negatively affect purchase intent. Can Visuals Mislead? A Test of the Visual Superiority Effect in Advertising • Kyongseok Kim, Towson University; Hyang-Sook Kim, Towson University • Based on the visual superiority effect and message framing, this study examined the role of an image in the processing of an advertising message. When the message content was ambiguous and difficult to grasp, participants tended to rely more on the image than its textual counterparts (e.g., a framed headline and/or body content) in forming attitudes toward a potential health-risk behavior (coffee drinking). Psychological mechanisms of the visual superiority effect and practical implications are discussed. The effects of message framing and image valence on consumers’ responses to green advertising: Focus on issue involvement as a moderator • Jinhee Lee; Moonhee Cho • This study examines the effects of message framing, image valence, and issue involvement on consumers’ responses in the green advertising context. A 2 X 2 between-subjects experimental study was conducted. Significant main effects of message framing and image valence on consumers’ attitudes and purchase intentions were found. Regardless of message framing, positive images triggered stronger consumers’ responses than negative images. Lastly, this study revealed issue involvement’s moderation effects, and theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Going Native on Instagram: The Effects of Product Type and Endorser Congruity on Native Advertising Effectiveness • Susanna Lee; Huan Chen, University of Florida; Yu-Hao Lee, University of Florida • In recent years, brands have been actively using self-promoted individuals, also known as “micro-celebrities” or “influencers”, on native advertising to make the ad resemble a post uploaded by one’s online friend (Marwick & Boyd, 2011). This study explored how self-expressive product and perceived product-influencer congruence affect Instagram native advertising outcomes. Findings revealed that native ad with a high self-expressive product and product-influencer congruence positively influence attitude toward the ad, attitude toward the brand, source credibility, and eWOM intention. Furthermore, results showed that people’s persuasion knowledge moderate the effect of product-influencer congruence on the source credibility. When Online Behavioral Advertising Mistargets: The Underlying Mechanism of its Negative Impact • DongJae (Jay) Lim, University of Georgia; Shuoya Sun, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA; Bartosz Wojdynski, University of Georgia • The present study sought to define and test the effects of “mistargeting” – that is, the phenomenon in which consumers are delivered online behavioral advertising (OBA) that has served them an irrelevant ad based on misinterpreted characteristics. Results of a 2 (ad mechanism disclosure: present/ absent) x 2 (targeted ad accuracy: high/low) between-subjects experiment (N = 109) show that mistargeting produces higher reactance than simple low ad relevance, and subsequent negative effects for brands. Effects of Disclosing Ads on Instagram: The Moderating Impact of Similarity to the Influencer • Brigitte Naderer; Joerg Matthes, U of Vienna; Stephanie Schäfer, U of Vienna • We investigated the effects of ad disclosures on Instagram and explored the moderating role of similarity to the influencer. We conducted a 2x3 experiment with N = 396 women, manipulating the presence of an ad disclosure and follower-influencer similarity. Findings suggest that ad disclosures can foster persuasion knowledge. However, disclosures can also lead to increased influencer trustworthiness when there is high similarity. Trustworthiness, in turn, impacts purchase intentions and future intentions to follow the influencer. Fear of Missing Out: Components of the Experience and Experiential Variations In Different Contexts • Dominik Neumann, Michigan State University; Esther Thorson, Michigan State University • Fear of missing out (FOMO) has gained increased attention in recent years. However, dimensionality and context-dependency of the concept remain unclear. Using semi-structured interviews we examine three possible attributes of FOMO: social comparison, counterfactual thoughts, and negative affect. We examine whether these dimensions are context-dependent, that is, whether they vary in application to advertising versus social relationships. Findings suggest the importance of all three dimensions across contexts. Implications for theory and scale development are discussed. “The Algorithm Follows Me:” Knowledge and Experience of Targeting and Re-Targeting in Online Advertising Across Age Cohorts • Olga Shabalina; Michelle Nelson • Personalized online advertising is becoming more common across online environments, especially the use of re-targeting across media devices. Research has shown that the practice can be relevant and creepy. In our exploratory study, we interviewed people of two age groups (ages 18-27; 55-67) to gauge their knowledge and experience. Both age groups developed tactics to avoid retargeted ads, but behaviors varied given differences in media experience, feelings towards OBA, and level of privacy concerns. Chatbots as the Next Frontier for Brand Communication • Ching-Hua Chuan, University of Miami; Wanhsiu Tsai, University of Miami; Yu Liu, Florida International University • This study presents one of the earliest empirical studies on the use of chatbots for brand communication. Specifically, this study evaluates how chatbots’ anthropomorphic design and communication that projects social presence jointly influence perceptions of parasocial interaction and dialogue, which in turn improve consumer evaluation and overall brand-liking. The findings advance the emerging research on chatbots for brand communication, and provide strategic guidelines to help advertisers capitalize on the power of chatbots to engage consumers in interpersonal communication. Exploring the effects of compliance/non-compliance framing, desirability of end states, and brand zealotry on consumers’ responses to wearables advertising • Ruoxu Wang; Yan Huang; George Anghelcev, Northwestern University in Qatar • This study examined the combinatory effects of compliance/non-compliance framing, desirability of end states, and brand zealotry on consumers’ responses to wearables advertising. Results showed compliance framing was more effective than no-compliance framing on ad attitude, purchase intention, and WOM intention. Desirable end-states was more effective than undesirable end-states on ad attitude, purchase intention, and WOM intention. Brand zealotry moderates the interaction between compliance/non-compliance framing and desirability of end- states on purchase intention and WOM intention. Message Features Predict Engagement with #MeToo Tweets • Nathan Lemburg; Ming Wang • This paper examines how message features affected engagement with #MeToo posts on Twitter. This study analyzed a dataset of 393,135 tweets with the #MeToo hashtag dated between November 29 and December 25, 2017. Focusing on three message features – personal reference, time orientation and emotions – results show that these three features were associated with the liking and sharing behavior toward the #MeToo tweets in different ways. Writing Style Matters: Comparing Narrative and Expository Native Advertisements with Different Disclosure Levels • Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina; Naa Amponsah Dodoo, Emerson College; Chris Noland, University of South Carolina • Previous native advertising research has reported inconsistent findings related to the impact of advertising disclosure, implying the existence of potential boundary conditions. This study compared the effectiveness of narrative and expository native advertisements with different disclosure levels and confirmed the moderating effects of the writing style. The results of an online experiment indicated that the negative impact of explicit disclosure on content liking and share intention was only significant for the expository native advertisement, but not for the narrative native advertisement. These findings are believed to be meaningful to theory building for native advertising and to advertising professionals who are running native advertisements. Native CSR Advertising: How Does Advertising Recognition Influence Public’s Responses to Proactive and Reactive CSR? • Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina; Holly Overton, University of South Carolina • Corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication has started to take the format of native advertising. Noticing its growing popularity and the lack of research in this area, the present study was conducted to fill this gap. Through an online experiment, this study investigated how advertising recognition influences the public’s responses to a proactive and a reactive native CSR advertisement. The results indicated that participants expressed more favorable attitudes and greater WOM intention toward a proactive native CSR advertisement than a reactive one only when they did not recognize the persuasion purpose of the native ad. This study also confirmed the mediation of perceived manipulativeness for the effects of advertising recognition and the mediation of values-driven motivation for the effects of CSR type. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. Exploring the Effects of Facebook-Use Fluidity, Flow and Motivations on User Interaction with Newsfeed Advertising • Xiaowen Xu; Carolyn Lin • This exploratory study tested the relations among technology fluidity, social media motivation, flow and consumer responses to newsfeed advertising. The path analysis results suggest that fluidity may impact social media motivation, social media motivation could help elicit flow and perceived ad usefulness. While flow may influence perceived ad usefulness, social media motivation and perceived ad usefulness could help shape product attitude. Perceived ad usefulness and product attitude in turn may help explain purchase intention. Teaching and Pedagogy The Ideal Advertising Professor • George Anghelcev, Northwestern University in Qatar; Shageea (Gia) Naqvi; Sela Sar; Jasmine Moultrie • Advertising faculty and program administrators would benefit from knowing what advertising students expect from the “ideal” advertising professor, yet no research has examined the topic. The present study constitutes a first step towards building knowledge in that specific domain. We explored the issue directly by attempting to answer the question, ‘how do students imagine the “ideal” advertising professor’?, in a manner that allowed the students to freely define their expectations without being constricted by the researchers’ views. The results were partly intuitive and partly surprising. They revealed a nuanced and rather sophisticated set of expectations from the ideal advertising professor, and have actionable pedagogical implications beyond the study’s contribution to literature and methodology in advertising education research. Inter-Agency Collaboration: Account and Creative Teams Speak Out About Their Relationship • Robyn Blakeman, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Eric Haley, University of Tennessee; Maureen Taylor, University of Tennessee, Knoxville • The relationship between account management and creative is a complicated and ever-changing one. A common theme in the advertising literature is that account and creative teams sometimes struggle with inter-agency communication. This paper looks at why communication is still an issue today and what knowledge modern account and creative teams need to know about the others role in the agency to close the long-standing communication gap. We asked both account and creatives what they wished the other understood about their roles within the agency. From their answers, we identify pedagogical suggestions for advertising professors as they work to better prepare students for careers in the industry. Professional Freedom & Responsibility (PF&R) Gender Expression and Contribution Amounts in Social Responsibility Advertising for Pride Collections: Does Doing More Make a Difference? • Sara Champlin; Minjie Li • One social issue that has gained popularity in recent years is representation of LGBTQ models and messages. Using samples of heterosexual and LGBTQ participants, this study examines the impact of boundary-crossing model gender expression (masculine, feminine) and non-profit contribution amount (1%, 100% of sales) on consumer responses to advertisements that feature a social justice topic. Findings from this study suggest that complete (100%) donations may elicit skepticism among consumers, implications for practitioners are discussed. Are Digital Natives Naive About Digital Influence? An Exploration of Generational Differences and Understanding of Social Media Influencer Marketing • Brandon Boatwright; COURTNEY CHILDERS, University of Tennessee • Influencer marketing has upended traditional notions of celebrity endorsement, as advertisers partner with social media users with smaller followings but higher levels of engagement among key audiences. Twenty-five (n=25) diverse participants between the ages of 18-51 years shared their experiences with and opinions of influencer marketing via personal interviews. Findings suggest that there are differences between generational groups’ perceptions of social media influencers and move us closer towards establishing a model of audience-influencer relationships (AIRs). Gender Portrayals in Adverts in the Gulf: A Content Analysis of Gender Portrayals in Television Advertising • Ali Khalil, Zayed University; Ganga Dhanesh • The stereotyping of women in dependent and familial roles in advertising has traditionally prevailed according to numerous studies. This study examined the level of gender stereotyping in television advertising in the Arab Gulf region, where conservative traditions and patriarchal structures remain strong among native populations. There is very little research into gender portrayal in advertising in this region. Following the lead from previous studies, this research has found that traditional stereotyping patterns mostly hold ground in the Gulf region, but change is starting to appear in certain areas. Special Topics in Advertising An Eye-Tracking Approach to Evaluate Personalized Advertising Effectiveness on Social Media: From Attention to Click • A-Reum Jung; Jun Heo, Louisiana State University • The main purpose of this study was to (a) examine how personalization influences advertising effectiveness and (b) investigate the roles of ad types and privacy concern during the persuasion process by employing eye-tracking equipment. The results revealed that perceived personalization of Facebook ads is positively related to (a) ad attention (i.e., total visit duration) and (b) ad clicks (i.e., click count). However, the positive effectiveness was significant only when participants viewed native ads and when they reported low privacy concern. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Power Users’ Branded VR Experiences on Immersiveness and Sharing Behavior: Moderating Effect of Prior Company Schema • Yoon-Joo Lee, Washington State University; Mina Park; David Silva; Jinho Joo; Pritha Agarwal • Virtual reality advertising campaigns allow consumers to interact with a company offering the VR experiences in a novel way. This study examined how individuals’ differences in power usage (confidence levels in using technology in an innovative and a functional way) and the company schema (trustworthy-related perception of a company) interact in experiencing immersion and evaluating attitudinal and behavioral intentions (share and recommendation of the VR experiences). The findings revealed that power users are more likely to be immersed into the VR environment, have positive attitude toward the VR experiences, and sharing the experiences, but less likely to recommend the VR experiences than non-power users. These effects of power usage were moderated by the trustworthy-schema toward the company providing VR experiences. Power users were less sensitive to the company schema than non-power users. The implications of the findings and future studies were further discussed. Will Location Privacy Concerns Influence Location-Based Advertising Effectiveness? • Yowei Kang, National Taiwan Ocean University; KENNETH C. C. YANG, The University of Texas at El Paso • An important, but less explored, question about location-based mobile advertising (LBA) is how location privacy concerns would affect its effectiveness. Empirical results from an online survey of 391 U.S. participants found that location privacy concerns negatively predict attitudes toward, intention to use, and actual use of LBA. Positive attitudes predict a higher intention to use LBA, but not actual use. Overall, location privacy concerns predict LBA effectiveness even after considering users’ demographics and previous LBA experience. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Graduate and Undergraduate Student Research He Said, She Said: The Role of Gender in Influencer Marketing in Saudi Arabia • Khalid Alharbi, University of South Carolina • This study uses social learning theory and congruence between social media influencers (SMI) and consumers to evaluate the impact of gender in influencer marketing. The findings indicate that SMI-consumer congruence positively increases the attitude towards the brand and the endorsement, especially when the endorser is a male influencer and the consumer is female. Also, influencer marketing appears to be a useful tool to increase consumer purchase intention and generate positive eWOM. Advertising and Ethics: Theme and Community Segregation on Chicago’s Rapid Transit System • Ava Francesca Battocchio, Loyola University Chicago • Home to the United States’ second largest public transportation system, Chicago has a long history with economic, educational, and racial disparities amongst its 77 neighborhoods. Through content analysis, this study examines and categorizes 1,048 advertisements by their community demographics such as education, income and race, to examine theme variance within the context of residential segregation on Chicago's rapid transit rail system. The Impacts of Consumer Personality Traits on Online Video Ads Sharing • Chang Won Choi, School of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of South Carolina • Despite the increasing importance of advertisement sharing, research on the characteristics of people sharing advertisements with others is limited. This study examines the impacts of personality traits on online video advertising sharing intention. Structural equation modeling test results show that neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion among big-five personality traits have positive impacts on the intention through the advertising message involvement. Implications of the findings as well as suggestions for further research are discussed. Conflicting Messages: Eye Tracking Participant Outcomes of Empowerment and Objectification in Contemporary Advertising • Amelia Couture Bue, University of Michigan • Empowerment-themed advertising (ETA) is becoming a popular marketing strategy, and ETAs often pair ostensibly empowering messages with objectifying visuals. This study explores the independent and collective contributions of text and visual messages on women’s self-objectification and felt empowerment, including message processing. Results indicated that ETA visuals paired with empowerment-themed captions produced the lowest objectification scores, but the presence of the photo decreased feelings of empowerment. Limited differences in message processing differences were found across conditions. Transparent Deception: Exploring the Relationship between Moral Ecology and Native Advertising • Jason Freeman, Pennsylvania State University; Michael Krieger • This study examined how the moral ecology of advertising and public relations agencies influence native advertising attitudes and practices. Six in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with advertising and public relations executives working at two New York based agencies. Participants discussed their views on native advertising using a dualistic perspective, at one moment speaking as a consumer, and then in the next as practitioners. Insights into the structural forces that shape a practitioners’ ability to negotiate their work are discussed. The Effect of Verbal and Visual Product Information on Cognitive and Affective Responses • Xiaohan Hu, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Chen Chen, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign • Visual and verbal are the two primary presentation formats in online information consumption. We conducted an experiment to investigate the effects of different presentation formats, as well as Internet use motivations, on the audience’s cognitive and affective responses respectively in the context of online product information search. Results revealed that verbal presentation led to better cognitive responses (i.e., the perceived amount of information). Utilitarian and hedonic motivations positively influence the audience’s attitudes and behavior intentions toward product information. The Influence of Beauty-Related YouTube Content on Consumers’ Purchase Intentions • Kyungji Lee • Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) is considered an effective tool in appealing consumers. Previous studies primarily focus on text-based eWOM. This study builds on earlier studies by applying the Information Adoption Model to beauty-related videos on YouTube. It confirms that information quality and source credibility are important determinants of perceived information usefulness which positively influence information adoption and purchase intention. It also found expected relationships between dependent variables within the elaboration likelihood model (ELM). Exploring Musical Characteristics in Public Service Announcement: A Content Analysis on PSA Videos • Bitt Moon, Indiana University Bloomington • This study analyzed the PSA advertisements to examine how music is associated with message framing and message appeals. A content analysis was conducted on a total of 362 PSA ads. The results showed that background music with positive music emotion was observed most often in PSA ads. The findings also revealed the significant relationships between musical characteristics and message components. Theoretical and strategic implications were discussed. Listicles vs. Narratives: The Interplay Between Mood, Message Type and Disclosure on Native Advertising Effectiveness • Chris Noland, University of South Carolina • Two studies examine the interplay between mood and native advertising type (listicle and narrative) on attitudinal and behavioral response. Study 1 suggests that people in a negative mood find native ads presented in a listicle format more appealing while people in a positive mood prefer native ads presented as narratives. Study 2 added disclosure language as a potential moderator; however, the results showed consistent findings as Study 1 and suggested disclosure language did not influence the effectiveness of native advertising. Furthermore, Study 2 also identified manipulativeness as an underlying mechanism which explains the interaction between mood and native ad type. Effects of celebrity, social media influencer, and peer endorsements on attitude and behavior towards a celebrity-owned brand: The role of source credibility and the concept of congruence • Shiyun Tian, University of Miami • Product endorsement is a widely used advertising technique. In addition to traditional celebrity endorsement, electronic Word of Mouth appears to be highly effective for brand promotion, either through online opinion leaders (i.e., social media influencers (SMIs)) or through consumers’ peer reviews. This study investigates the effectiveness of three types of product endorsement (i.e., celebrity, SMI, and peer endorsements) from the perspectives of source credibility and congruity theory. Results indicated that source credibility, especially perceived expertise, play an important role in consumers’ evaluation process of product endorsement messages. In addition, the endorser-consumer congruence and the endorser-product congruence can serve as a moderating role that reinforces the effectiveness of product endorsement. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Product Category Involvement Moderates Emotion Spillover Effect on Advertising Effectiveness • You Zhan, University of California, Davis • This study proposed and tested the idea that product category involvement could influence the elaborative level of advertising processing, and therefore moderate the effects of preceding emotional content on subsequent advertising effectiveness. Verbal and visual recognition, product attitude, and purchase intention data were collected to examine the predictions and research questions. The results demonstrated the interaction effects of preceding emotional content and product category involvement on advertising processing, product attitude, and purchase intention. The recognition data showed as the product category involvement level increased, more cognitive resources were directed from visual information to verbal information, improving the elaborative level of advertising processing. In addition, the preceding arousing content had greater influence on the elaborative level of advertising with moderate or high product category involvement compared with that of advertising with low product category involvement. Similar pattern was found on product attitude. And the effect of preceding arousing content on product attitude was smaller when the product category involvement was low compared with when the product category involvement was moderate or high. Furthermore, a three-way interaction of preceding valence, preceding arousing content, and product category involvement on purchase intention was observed. Particularly, the purchase intention for low-involvement product categories benefited most from the preceding positive arousing content while that for moderate- and high-involvement product categories was the highest when the preceding content was positive calm. Practical implications of the study and suggestions for future research have also been discussed. < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19076 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/sher-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 17:08:14 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19079 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19079 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/ctec-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 17:18:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19082 Faculty Paper Competition Examining the Role of Individual Differences & Motivation in Predicting Social TV Viewing Behaviors among Young Adults in the U.S. • Alexandra Merceron; David Atkin • Social TV is the modern media multitasking behavior in which audiences engage in simultaneous social media use while watching linear or streaming television. An online survey (N = 276) tested uses and gratifications and social cognitive theory as a framework for examining motivations closely associated with television consumption and social media use. Results suggest that Personal Innovativeness, Internet Self-Efficacy and the Need for Control over media positively influence the likelihood of using Social TV. Is video news better in virtual reality? An experimental examination of news processing outcomes between 2D and 360-degree formats on mobile platforms • Aaron Atkins, Graduate Student Interest Group; JAtin Srivastava, Ohio University; Eric Williams; John Bowditch; Benjamin Carpenter; Daniel Ryan • Considering 360-degree videos as a part of the news media fundamentally influences the way we think about the building blocks of journalistic practice, such as defining a story or defining the role of the journalist as a content creator. It also raises concerns about the audience’s ability to process the content effectively, which is vital to developing a critical understanding of that content. Unlike entertainment-based contexts, processing in 360-degree news environments involve assessment of the quality of the information and the source, among others, to make decisions about validity of the information being presented; immersive environments may hamper this evaluative process, which involves counter-argumentation and a deeper level of scrutiny. To address this, an experimental study was conducted to compare the nature of information processing between two-dimensional (2D) video news delivered through a mobile handset, 360-degree video news delivered through a mobile handset, and 360-degree video news delivered via head-mounted display. Findings indicated that across modes of delivery, 360-degree video news elicited a stronger experience of presence from its audience than the 2D format, which was expected. However, the 2D video format was associated with deeper processing of the messages than the 360-degree news. Implications of these findings for future research as well as professional journalism practice are discussed. Countering Othering Through Digital Technology: How Online Semi-Structured Micro-Interventions across Difference Influence Belonging and Curiosity • Gina Baleria • This exploratory qualitative study sought to discover how a single, relational intervention in a digital space focused on civil, respectful conversation across difference might increase marginalized college students’ sense of belonging and privileged students’ level of curiosity. Findings involved how the digital intervention influenced student feelings of belonging, curiosity, and connection in other parts of their lives, including a desire and openness to foster rapport and build relationships where before they may have avoided engagement. Hashtag Justice: Implications of Social Media Engagement on Social Movement Perceptions • Nadine Barnett Cosby, Iona College • In recent years social media platforms have emerged as integral and operative elements of activism social justice movements. Prior studies have focused primarily on quantifying the use of social media in political and social campaigns. The overall purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the quality and types of engagement that occur on social media platforms related to social justice movements. The study used mixed qualitative methodologies to investigate how the use of social media to communicate and/or engage with protest movements – specifically Black Lives Matter and Take a Knee -- impacts awareness and perceptions of the movement. The mixed-methods research design incorporated content analysis of approximately 1400 Facebook and Twitter posts that utilized prevalent hashtags for the movements, in-depth interviews with a select sample of 5 participants, and analysis of the social media discourse on the topic among the interview subjects’ social media timelines. Findings indicate that discourse via social media affords movements and activists the opportunity for organization, mobilization and free expression of a movement’s people, purpose and plans. As a result, social media has become a preferred medium giving voice to the marginalized. However, one of the pitfalls of social media used in this way is the potential to effectively drown out or subvert the narrative of a movement by those presenting counter-narratives, which presents a major issue of concern for many activists and movements. Media Participation When Nothing and Everything Is at Stake: Creative, Consumptive Influences on Political Engagement • Erik Bucy, Texas Tech University; Jacob Groshek, Boston University; Li Zhang, Boston University • This study builds upon previous inquiries into the media participation hypothesis, originally advanced by Author (2005) and recently buttressed with longitudinal data (Author, 2018). In this analysis, we examine the extent to which previous theorizing based largely on the presidential campaign context holds when considering midterm elections in the United States. A series of hierarchical regression analyses using nationally representative data from 2014 and 2018 were modelled and compared across dimensions of campaign participation, crossover political talk, and political system efficacy. On the whole, support is found for increased use of creative media activity in comparison to more passive consumption of traditional media in positively predicting political engagement. One instance where this did not hold, however, was in augmenting political system efficacy. Findings are discussed in the context of midterm versus presidential elections as well as changes in the perceived consequence of the highly disparate midterm elections of 2014 and 2018. This study thereby introduces additional nuance to the media participation hypothesis while contextualizing the evolving nature of the uses made of increasingly interactive and participatory media. Virtual Diffusion: Psychometric Predictors of Consumer-Level VR Device Adoption and Usage • James Cummings, Boston University; Tiernan Cahill, Boston University; Blake Wertz, Boston University; Qiankun Zhong, UC Davis • In recent years virtual reality (VR) technology has been mainstreamed for everyday media audiences, with various consumer-facing devices released by media firms such as Facebook, Google, Samsung, and HTC. In order to better understand who is most likely to adopt mainstream commercial VR technology for personal use, the current study seeks to produce a psychographic profile of VR users. The present research investigates the role of various psychological factors in predicting VR adoption rates and patterns of sustained use over time, examining psychographics relevant to the unique immersive affordances of the technology (e.g., immersion, mental absorption, sensory richness, and escape from external reality), as well as trait levels of individual innovativeness and user demographics. Separate analyses were conducted for fixed versus mobile VR platforms, in light of distinct technological affordances. In general, models accounting for psychometric factors - specifically, individual differences in immersive tendencies, openness to absorption, sensation-seeking, need for cognition, and social well-being - offered additional predictive insight into VR technology adoption, initial usage, and change in usage over time. The findings yielded here not only expand upon the limited work previously investigating theoretically-relevant individual differences predicting VR adoption, but also mark the promise of psychometrics for understanding the diffusion of consumer-facing VR devices. Areas for future study - including explanation of distinct predictors of adoption versus usage, as well as testing of additional psychological variables of possible relevance - are discussed. Social Media Engagement Tactics in Community Policing: Potential Privacy and Security Concerns • Alexander Carter, University of Tennessee; Mariea Hoy; Betsy DeSimone, University of Tennessee • Despite law enforcement’s best efforts to use social media as a means of community policing, some engagement tactics may lead citizens to disclose personally identifiable information (PII). Through Salesforce Marketing CloudRadian6 software, researchers coded 100 tweets with the popular #9PMRoutine that tagged @PascoSheriff for participant PII. Implications for law enforcement to protect their communities are discussed as well as opportunities to continue to cultivate their online relationships in a more secure forum. Technology Power Usage and Health Portal Acceptance among Chinese Cancer Patients and Their Families • Chan Chen; Yujun Nam; Hang Guo • The advancement of mobile technology provided a unique opportunity for health communication research in China. Internet-based healthcare portals allowed users to remotely make appointments, consult with doctors and keep updated on current health news. Results showed that individual difference in technology power usage is associated with intention to adopt health portal to enhance health communication independently and via its prior influence on perceived control of health portal. Implications to healthcare practices are discussed. Determinants of Technology Acceptance: Two Model-Based Meta-Analytic Reviews • Charles Feng, Shenzhen University; Xianglin Su, Shenzhen University; Zhiliang Lin, Jinan University; Yiru He, Shenzhen University; Nan Luo, Shenzhen University; Yuting Zhang, Jinan University • The technology acceptance model (TAM) and its variants and extensions are the most popular theoretical framework in examining the adoption of technologies. Two model-based meta-analytical approaches, i.e., the meta-meta-analysis and the conventional meta-analysis, were used to pool the correlations and to test the path relationships among the variables of the TAM. It was found that the extended TAM which we term the TAM Plus, prevails in the model fit testing and that the results of the pooled correlations and path coefficients estimated using the meta-meta-analysis and meta-analysis were generally consistent. The effects of internet use, bystander experiences, and moral disengagement on children’s online privacy violation. • Yi-Hsing Han, Fu Jen Catholic University; Shih-Hsien Hsu, National Taiwan University • Based on national survey data, this study proposes new advances by examining the relationship among problematic internet use, online observation of cyberbullying, moral disengagement, and online privacy invasion among three age groups. Results show that the social cognitive development of self-efficacy, use of euphemistic labeling, and moral disengagement vary between children and adolescents. Children’s age, problematic internet use, and bystander experiences all predict their moral disengagement, causing their sharing and liking others’ privacy violation incidents. Mobile Users and Power Users: Digital newspaper readers’ device preference, familiarity with technology, and engagement • Jackie Incollingo, Rider University • Mixed-methods research examines uses and gratifications sought by a newspaper’s mobile users, and correlations with technological familiarity and engagement. Survey results (n=1,252) demonstrate mobile-first participants had statistically significant higher levels of engagement. Participants most at ease with technology preferred mobile devices, and reported higher engagement. In semistructured interviews (n=25), convenience and affinity for mobile devices was salient. Correlations between mobile news preference and ease with technology suggest a process gratification derived from using mobile devices. Interdependent Self-Construal and System-Generated Cues: Causal Attribution in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Campaigns • Jinho Joo; Yoon-Joo Lee, Washington State University; Hye Jin Yoon, Southern Methodist University • This article examined the interactions between interdependent self-construal and system-generated cues in evaluating casual attribution in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR) campaigns. Under a high number of Twitter followers on a CSR campaign page, individuals with a high level of interdependent self-construal tend to perceive a CSR campaign more genuine and therefore have higher purchase intentions. However, under a low number of Twitter followers, the conditional indirect effect was not found. Walk Me Through my Social World: The Uses and Gratifications of News Values on Social Media • Jack Karlis, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire • This study examined the uses and gratifications of news values on social media by 18-29 year-olds, the largest demographic of social media users through an electronic survey (N=613). Using Bednarek’s (2016) news values on social media and Sundar and Limperos’ (2013) gratifications of social media, a new gratification, Aided Exploration, and it was also found to be a predictor of news value consumption on social media. Cognitive and Affective Processing of Interactive Infographics on the web • Narae Kim; Adam Pitluk; Glenn Leshner, University of Oklahoma • Effects of interactive infographics along with multiple modalities on online websites users’ cognitive and affective information processing outcomes were tested. A 2 (low/high interactive infographics) × 2 (low/high modalities) between-subjects factorial experiment was conducted in an online setting. Significant main effects and interaction effects were found on participants' information comprehension, recall, recognition, and disorientation. Such outcomes were addressed in the context of theoretical frameworks guided this study. Implications and limitations were also discussed. Facebook Birthday Fundraising as an impression management tool: The mediating role of altruistic motive on prosocial behavior • Hyosun Kim • An online experiment was conducted to understand how Facebook Birthday Fundraising helps enhance donation intent. Results revealed that social distance (proximal vs. distant) with friends does not directly affect willingness to donate to the Facebook Birthday Fundraising; however, the relationship between social distance and donation intent is mediated by altruistic motive and issue involvement. That is, individuals attribute the fundraising to altruistic motives when the fundraising is run by a socially close friend. Perceived altruistic motives then increase issue involvement to positively affect donation intent. Understanding Public Engagement with #Refugee on Twitter: A Digital Movement of Opinion Framework • Ammina Kothari, Rochester Institute of Technology; Emily Ehmer • This study applies the digital movement of opinion framework to analyze how the Twitter hashtag #refugees was used to foster digital citizen participation. While the peak of the refugee crisis has plateaued, there is still political engagement around the issue of the refugees on social media which in turn shapes public opinion. Using a combination of computational and interpretive methods we examine public tweets in English (n=7,908) posted between October 2016 and March 2019. Results indicate that the digital movement of opinions around the refugees was driven by a combination of private citizens and officials accounts of NGOs which was then amplified by individual users. How Age-Morphed Images Make Me Feel: The Role of Emotional Responses in Building Support for the Elderly Among Millennials and Generation Xers • Ah-Ram Lee, University of Florida; Eunice Kim, Ehwa Women's University; Linda Hon, University of Florida; Yoo Jin Chung • This study explores the potential of age-morphing technology as a communication tool for promoting public engagement in elderly-related issues. Drawing on the perspective-taking theory, this research examines emotional responses as an underlying mechanism. Two experiments (laboratory and online) were executed to test the effects of subjects of images and temporal status manipulated by age-morphing technology on individuals’ attitudes toward the elderly and behavioral intentions to support elderly-related issues on the samples of different generations. Parents, Peers, And Pot: Adolescents’ Social Media Sharing of Marijuana-Related Content • Jessica Willoughby; Stacey Hust; Jiayu Li; Leticia Couto; Soojung Kang; Shawn Domgaard • Adolescents often post content related to risk behaviors online, but it is unclear what types of content related to marijuana are being posted on social media and what may influence such sharing. We conducted an online survey in Washington state (n=350) to examine adolescents’ social media sharing of marijuana-related content. Peer marijuana use and perceived approval of marijuana were positively associated with the likelihood of posting marijuana-related content, and parental monitoring was negatively associated. The Interplay of Self-Awareness and Self-Esteem Influencing Selective Exposure to Downward and Upward Social Comparisons on Social Media • Wenbo Li, The Ohio State University; Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick • The study investigates the effects of self-awareness and self-esteem on selective exposure to online blog posts that portrayed upward and downward social comparison targets. A novel self- awareness induction was developed and shown to be effective in inducing private and public self-awareness. State self-esteem, on the other hand, was captured as a moderator. Participants then browsed the blog posts for five minutes. Their selective exposure to upward and downward social comparisons (portrayals of successful vs. unsuccessful others) was unobtrusively recorded. The results show that, for people with low state self-esteem, public self-awareness made them spend more time on upward social comparisons whereas private self-awareness made them spent more time on downward social comparisons. High state self-esteem individuals, on the other hand, preferred upward comparisons in the private self-awareness condition. Effects of Bandwagon Cues and Automated Journalism on Reading, Commenting and Sharing of Real vs. False Information Online • Maria Molina, The Pennsylvania State University; Jinping Wang, Pennsylvania State University; Thai Le; Carlina DiRusso; S. Shyam Sundar • Do social media users read, comment and share false news more than real news? Does their engagement with news depend on whether the source of the story is a staff writer or a bot, and whether the story is endorsed by many or only a few others in the network? We conducted a 2 (real vs. false news story) x 2 (staff writer vs. bot) x 2 (high vs. low bandwagon) experiment to find out. Nudge Effect of Fact-Check Alerts: Conditional Moderation Analysis of News Source and Media Skepticism • Elmie Nekmat • This study investigates the effectiveness of fact-check alerts to deter news sharing on social media, moderated by news source, and whether this moderation is conditional upon users’ skepticism of mainstream media. Experiment results (N = 929) revealed significant main and interaction effects from fact-check alerts and news source. The decrease in news sharing was, however, greater for mainstream news when nudged. No moderated moderation was found. Instead, media skepticism amplified nudge effect only for mainstream news. #BeTheMatch: Assessing How Testimonial Narratives on Reddit Promote the Importance of Donating Bone Marrow • Nicole O'Donnell, Virginia Commonwealth University; Jeanine Guidry, Virginia Commonwealth University • This study explores how testimonials on Reddit encourage bone marrow donation. The integrative model of behavior prediction guided a content analysis of 1,024 Reddit comments about donation. Comments addressed more positive than negative outcome and efficacy beliefs related to donation. Additionally, exposure to testimonials successfully encouraged individuals to sign-up for national and international bone marrow registries. This research reveals how organic conversations on Reddit can positively lead to health information seeking and advocacy behavior adoption. Effects of Cultural, Social, and Technological Influences on Snapchat Usage: A Cross-Cultural Study Comparing United States, Germany, and South Korea • Haseon Park; Joonghwa Lee, University of North Dakota; Soojung Kim, University of North Dakota • This study addressed unbalanced popularity of Snapchat worldwide and explored cultural, social, and technological influences associated with Snapchat usage by comparing United States, Germany, and Korea. The results from an online survey showed that separateness self-schema, personal-level norms, and perceived usefulness and ease of use had significant positive effects on attitudes toward Snapchat and behavioral intention to use Snapchat. National differences among United States, Germany, and Korea were discussed. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Tweeting the Screen: Investigating Types of Second Screeners and Their Social Media Behaviors • Ke Jiang; Ruobing Li; Lance Porter; Rui Wang • This paper extends the previous research on second screening as a hybrid media practice by taking a broad look at second screening activities. Matching survey data on second screening with a year’s worth of Twitter data from survey respondents, we identified four types of second screeners, and found different Twitter behaviors among them. Twitter users who second screen at high levels are more active content producers and users are consequently more influential. Mobile Phones and a Capability Approach to Those Experiencing Homelessness in Southern California • Nathian Rodriguez, San Diego State University; Peggy Peattie, San Diego State University • The study examines how individuals experiencing homelessness in San Diego County in Southern California use mobile phones in their daily routines to enable their capabilities – a concept of what a good and valued life is for themselves; what individuals are actually able to do and be, rather than what society says individuals should do and be. Employing the capability approach, the study found mobile phones contributed to nine out of the ten capabilities on the Central Human Capabilities List. It also found that capabilities are not mutually exclusive, but rather overlap in particular circumstances. Social Bots as Threat for Digital Democracy? How News Coverage Can Empower Media Users • Desiree Schmuck, University of Vienna; Christian von Sikorski • We conducted two experimental studies to investigate how exposure to news coverage about social bots influences perceived threats from bots. Across both studies, we found that individuals perceived higher threats for their online political information behavior when the news media report about social bots in election campaigns without conveying literacy about bots. In contrast, when the news media include literacy, these threats were reduced, which could be explained by an increase of perceived behavioral control. Community Social Media and Civic Life: Exploring Relationships among Social Media, Trust, and Participation in U.S. Local Communities • K. Hazel Kwon, Arizona State University; Chun Shao, Arizona State University; Seungahn Nah • Drawing upon social capital theory and a communication mediation model, this study investigates relationships among community social media use, trust, and civic participation across the US communities. Findings suggest that interpersonal trust is predicted by the uses of community social media. However, organizational and institutional trust played a more important role as mediators between community social media use and participatory behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications for civic technology and civic community building are also discussed. Predicting Parasocial Relationships, Binge Watching and Social Media Engagement from Favorite TV Character Perceived Personality Attributes • Heather Shoenberger, Penn State University; Freya Sukalla; Ryan Tan, Penn State University • Contemporary television viewing exists in stark contrast to the days when people tuned in to their favorite show once a week. People have a plethora of choices in the entertainment content they consume and how they consume it. Television show creators encourage their audiences to interact with the episodes they are watching via social media to capture some of the attention diverted to multiscreen viewing (e.g., watching TV while also on a cell phone, tablet or laptop device). Some entertainment programs are marketed as “binge worthy,” a suggestion that several episodes of the program can be painlessly watched in one sitting. Media executives seek to engage consumers across all mediums or devices; enticing eyeballs from their programs on the television screen, the laptop or on the smartphone. This paper examines whether underlying character attributes may predict parasocial relationships with favorite characters, increased engagement with the program on social media as well as the proclivity of a television show to be binged. Social media literacy: A hierarchy of competencies • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Jeremy Ong, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Ysa Marie Cayabyab, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Duan Xu, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Han Zheng, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Matthew Chew, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Janelle Ng, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Cui Min Lim, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Lydia Rui Jun Cheng • This study sought to understand the problems that social media users encounter on social media and the competencies they think they need to address these problems. Guided by the social theory of literacy, this study refers to these as literacy events and literacy practices respectively. Through a focus group discussion involving 62 social media users in Singapore, this study finds correspondence between literacy events and practices: technical, privacy-related, social, and informational. Based on the results, which are grounded in social media users’ actual experiences, this study conceptualizes social media literacy as a hierarchy of competencies. Fewer Ads or More Technology? Advertising Avoidance, Technology Acceptance, and Motivations for Cable Cord-Cutting • Alec Tefertiller, Kansas State University • Cable cord-cutting occurs when users cancel their cable subscriptions to adopt web-streaming as their primary means of watching television. This study sought to better understand the influence of advertising avoidance alongside perceived technological advantages on television users’ cord-cutting intentions. Using a survey (N = 599) analyzed via structural equation modeling, it was determined that advertising avoidance does not influence cord-cutting intentions. However, the perceived technological advantages of streaming are an important predictor of cable cord-cutting. Digital Inclusion and the Third-level Digital Divide: A Social Cognitive Perspective • Hsin-yi Sandy Tsai • Bridging the digital divides has been an important issue. This study examines factors affecting how Internet users take use of the Internet and develops a theory of digital inclusion by using a mixed-method approach. An online survey and 17 in-depth interviews were conducted by applying social cognitive theory for Internet adoption. The results show that social cognitive factors (expected outcomes, observational learning, enactive learning, and self-efficacy) are important for shortening the third-level digital divide and facilitate digital inclusion. Social TV and Audience Engagement • Hsin-yi Sandy Tsai; Mina Tsay-Vogel; Hui-Fei Lin, National Chiao Tung University • This study examined how social media engagement relates to the performance of entertainment TV programs. Investigating social TV engagement in the context of a popular reality talent program, The Voice, this case study considers how messages on the Facebook fan page of the program relate to program ratings. Specifically, three seasons (82 episodes) of social TV usage data were collected. Findings revealed a positive relationship between social TV use and TV ratings. User Experience (UX) Matters: What are the Most Desired Skills in the UX Designer and UX Researcher Job Ads? • Ruoxu Wang; Jin Yang; Louis Asser, University of Memphis • A content analysis study (N = 200) was conducted to examine the most desired skills in UX designer and UX researcher job ads. Results showed the visual interface design skill is the most needed design skill for UX designers. Behavioral mixed and behavioral qualitative are the two most needed research skills for UX researchers. Information Technology & Service and Computer & Network Security are industries that have the highest need in UX designers and researchers. Regulating Mood and Arousal: The Benefits of Interactivity as Information Control • Taylor Jing Wen, University of South Carolina; Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina; Sela Sar • The present study explores the relationship between mood, arousal, and interactivity. The results demonstrated that when individuals are in positive moods and moderate arousal or negative moods and high arousal, they displayed more positive attitude toward the website and more favorable brand attitude to the high-interactivity website than the low-interactivity website. In contrast, the level of interactivity doesn’t seem matter much for people in positive moods and high arousal or negative moods and moderate arousal. American and Chinese Subjects’ Explicit and Implicit Perceptions of AI-Generated Content: A Mixed-Methods Approach • Yi Mou; Yuheng Wu; Zhipeng Li; Kun Xu • Prior literature has accumulated mixed findings regarding subjects’ perceptions of content generated by algorithm. To resolve this inconsistency, an online experiment and follow-up content analysis have been conducted to investigate the explicit and implicit perceptions of AI-generated poetry and painting on two samples from the U.S. and China. The American subjects were more critical of the AI- than the human-generated content, both explicitly and implicitly; yet the Chinese subjects represented explicit approval but implicit underappreciation. Will Location Privacy Concerns Influence Mobile Users’ Communication Privacy Management Strategies? • KENNETH C. C. YANG, The University of Texas at El Paso; Yowei Kang, National Taiwan Ocean University • Mobile services and apps rely heavily on users’ location information to deliver highly-targeted and -personalized contents. An important, but less studied, question is how consumer location privacy concerns may influence their privacy management strategies in the age of pervasive computing. A survey was used to collect data from conveniently recruited 391 participants from the United States. Empirical results from four hierarchical regression models found that mobile users’ location privacy concerns motivate them to employ different communication privacy management strategies to protect their own location information. After taking into consideration users’ previous experience with location-sensitive services/apps and demographics, location privacy concerns continue to be a powerful predictor of privacy management strategies. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. Student Paper Competition Problematic Instagram Use: Are Certain Affordances and Gratifications Responsible for Addictive Behavior? • Cheng Chen, The Pennsylvania State University; Olivia Cohen, Pennsylvania State University; S. Shyam Sundar • This study examined risk factors of problematic Instagram use from a uses and gratifications perspective. Data were collected from 493 Instagram users. Findings showed that 25.1% of the participants had PIU. The level of PIU was positively related to the lurking, broadcasting, and community-building affordances, as well as modality- and interactivity-based gratifications, but it was negatively related to navigability-based gratifications. Additionally, the mediating role of gratifications was examined in the relationship between affordances and PIU. I am a Doctoral Student: A Content Analysis of Doctoral Students’ Online Self-Disclosure and Support-Seeking on Weibo • Haoyang Chen, Hong Kong Baptist University; Qiushi Jia; Jiawei Du, Hong Kong Baptist University • Various factors are influencing doctoral students’ well-being and their doctoral education experience. This study offers one of the first to examine Chinese doctoral students’ use of Weibo for in-group communication, through a content analysis of 930 anonymous posts in a Weibo super-hashtag page. The results elucidate the emotional states in the posts, nine topics of contents of the posts and the prevalence of supportive communication among doctoral students online. Alexa, Netflix and Siri: User Perceptions of AI-Driven Technologies • Cheng Chen, The Pennsylvania State University; Carlina DiRusso; Hyun Yang; Ruosi Shao; Michael Krieger; S. Shyam Sundar • With the arrival and diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) in media platforms, it is important to understand user perceptions of AI-driven technologies. Two focus groups identified five gratifications (i.e., efficiency, outsourcing, being served, information accuracy, and communicating without social pressure), two disappointments (i.e., lack of human warmth and intimacy and fears of malfunctioning), and two expectations (i.e., need for transparency and error-free performance). The findings provide significant implications for uses and gratifications of AI-based media. Retailers in an Age of E-commerce: How Instagram User-Generated Content Frames the Target In-Store Experience • Teresa Daniel, University of Memphis • While consumers increasingly fill shopping carts online, this study employs a social listening tool to conduct a content analysis of Instagram posts containing the physical Target shopping cart. Findings show that through their user-generated content (UGC), customers frame Target as an experience, one in which adults can act like children and no shopping list is required. Target also encourages these frames through their re-posts of UGC on Instagram, a tool they use for digital communication. The Relationship Between Influencers’ Self-Presentation Strategies and User Engagement on Instagram • Andrea Gudmundsdottir • This study investigated what self-presentation strategies of influencers affect user engagement. Influencers’ commercial viability is largely dependent on self-branding, where they capitalize on number of followers and user engagements for commercial gains. Thus, self-branding involves appealing to followers through self-presentation. This study employed content analysis of top influencers on Instagram based on three overarching self-presentation strategies: Authentic, real person; opinion leader; and micro-celebrity. The results show that micro-celebrity strategies are the main driver of engagement. Real-world relationships matter: Attachment theory as a framework for explaining loneliness on social media • Yu-Jin Heo, University of South Carolina • This study employed attachment theory to explore how social media users’ attachment styles influence related psychological outcomes. Unlike other attachment theory studies, this study focused on real-world friends online. Findings show high-anxiety individuals tend to be sensitive to their real-world friends’ feedback on their activity on social media. Feedback sensitivity, in turn, increased loneliness. These findings imply real-world friends may be the key factor to explain psychological outcomes of social media use. Chinese Automated Journalism: A Comparison Between Prior Expectations and Actual Perceptions • Chenyan Jia, The University of Texas at Austin • Chinese automated journalism started relatively late but developed rapidly due to the large market. This work adopts expectation-confirmation theory. Two experimental studies (Study 1: n = 125; Study 2: n = 308) were conducted to investigate the difference between the prior expectations and actual perceptions of Chinese automated news and human-written news. Participants in study 1 were randomly assigned to read either human-written or automated news. Participants in study 2 were asked to read both human-written and automated news. Results show that readers’ actual perceptions of human-written news do not meet up their expectations while readers’ actual perceptions of automated news are higher than expectations. When participants read both human-written and automated news, actual perceptions of human-written news are significantly higher for readability and expertise. When participants read either human-written or automated news, significant differences only exist for expertise. The Untapped Potential of Big Data to Assess Organization-Stakeholder Relationship Type on Social Media • Devin Knighton, Purdue University • Big data has the potential to change the way public relations identifies and assesses the quality of its relationship with its stakeholders. Computational approaches, including text mining and semantic network analysis, represent untapped potential for public relations go beyond traditional social media analytics that measures audience reactions to stakeholder relationships. The study explores themes from analyzing more than 80,000 tweets from two major technology conferences – Adobe Creative Max and Salesforce.com’s Dreamforce. The results show map stakeholder-stakeholder communication to relationship type and demonstrate the power of CEO Communication at live events. Motivations, Interaction, Knowledge, and Participation: An O-S-R-O-R Model of Second Screening’s Political Effects in China • Yiben Liu, University of Alabama; Shuhua Zhou, University of Missouri; Hongzhong Zhang • Second screening refers to a bundle of media practices in which individuals simultaneously use an additional media device while watching TV to further engage with the television content. Applying an O-S-R-O-R model, this study demonstrates a integrated procedure of second screening’s political effects among Chinese citizens -- from motivations to second screening practices to mediating activity (online interaction) and psychological post-orientation (political interest), and finally to the cognitive and behavioral outcomes (political knowledge and participation). Support Seekers on Instagram: Discrepancy between Given and Received Attention and Psychological Well-Being • Lihong Quan, Sungkyunkwan University • This study examines the relationship among the discrepancy between given and received attention on Instagram, support seeking behavior, perceived social support and loneliness. The results of the online survey (N = 300) showed that support seeking behavior increased perceived social support. However, it widened the discrepancy between given and received attention, which further undermined perceived social support. In addition, we found that support seeking behavior on Instagram intensifies loneliness. Majority or Success: How Other’s Online Behaviors Shape Perceptions of Descriptive Incivility Norms • David Silva • Perceptions of descriptive norms are used to determine appropriate behaviors in online discussions. These norms can be formed by observing the majority’s actions, but online forums also provide additional social information through social endorsements. An experiment compared the effects of majority influence and social endorsements on perceptions of descriptive incivility norms. Findings show the effect of social endorsements on group norms is sometimes stronger than majority influence, but only when viewing a person’s ingroup. Snap at me! Self-disclosure, Maintenance Expectations, Entrapment and Relationship Satisfaction on Snapchat: Experience Sampling Method • Preeti Srinivasan, University of Connecticut • This study applies the mobile maintenance expectations paradigm to the context of Snapchat, and looks at how self-disclosure, expectations, entrapment impact relationship satisfaction, and whether entrapment and satisfaction change over eight days. N=68 college students completed the study. Results indicate that maintenance behaviors positively predicted relationship satisfaction. Entrapment negatively affected relationship satisfaction, albeit contemporaneously. Entrapment decreased over a period of eight days. Practical implications for Snapchat’s design and theoretical implications for interpersonal relationships are provided. Conspicuous Donation and Strategic Self-Presentation on Social Media: Prosocial Fitness App as a Double-Edged Sword • Lewen Wei, Pennsylvania State University; Wanying Zhao, Indiana University Bloomington • We conducted two studies to explore prosocial fitness apps users’ conspicuous donation behaviors on social media, and how networked audiences might respond to those users’ strategic self-presentation. Study 1 examined context collapse among users and found they tended to engage in positive self-presentation on Twitter. Study 2 indicated employing both self-oriented and other-oriented frames in posting donation messages would increase audiences’ self-presentation-related attributions to the message sender, which led to undesirable interpersonal and motivational outcomes. Predicting Intentions to Use Mobile Fitness Apps: The Integration of TPB and TNSB • Ryna Yeoh; Yujun, Amanda Lin; Alvin Daniel Ho; Kai Feng Ho • This study integrates the theory of planned behaviour and the theory of normative social behaviour to study mobile fitness app use intentions. By comparing users and non-users, this study explores group difference by adoption phases. A sample of 277 university students participated in an online survey. Results highlighted the need to strengthen measurement of social influence in behavioural models, and revealed the effect of perceived behavioural control as the key difference between users and non-users. Excitation Transfer Effect in Journalism Consumption in Mixed Immersive Environments • Li Zhang, Boston University; Xinyue Liu, Boston University; Di Mu; Bochao Sun; James Cummings, Boston University • With the mainstreaming of virtual reality and 360° video, media consumption will increasingly include engaging highly immersive messages alongside more traditional media formats. That means users will need to potentially switch back and forth between highly immersive and relatively non-immersive media messages. However, little is yet known about how transitioning between drastically different immersion levels may impact the cognitive and emotional processing of those messages. This paper presents the first study to examine the impact of immersion on excitation transfer during such transitions and the corresponding impact on message recall. We find strong support for the existence of excitation transfer of arousal elicited by an initial immersive message (T1 stimulus) to arousal response to subsequent non-immersive media experiences (T2 stimulus). Curiously, we also find that physiological arousal at T2 does not linearly increase with higher levels of message immersion at T1. However, in contrast to recent empirical work, higher subsequent arousal levels were not associated with greater memory of high-priority media content (e.g. messages that are more goal-related). Additionally, the non-specificity of valence in excitation transfer, a key feature of the original theory, was also confirmed. Theoretical implications and future research directions related to the psychological processing of sequences of messages of varied immersion level are then discussed. < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19082 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/ctam-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 17:22:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19085 Open Call Competition Social Networking for Interpersonal Life: Facebook Use and the Forms of Competence • Brandon Bouchillon • This study considered associations between Facebook use, computer-mediated communication competence, and interpersonal competence over time. Results indicate CMC competence contributed to interpersonal competence, and interpersonal competence related to CMC competence. Facebook use related to CMC competence as well, but not to interpersonal competence, at least not directly. Facebook use did contribute to interpersonal competence indirectly, through increasing CMC competence over time. Social networking can facilitate real-world interactional capability by first adding to its online counterpart. Beyond the What to the Who: Advancing Archetype Theory to Improve Branded Communication • Katie Wiliams; Karissa Skerda; Jared Brickman, Carnegie Dartlet • Archetypal theories have been long studied to better define human personality. Concurrently, brands looking to separate from their peers have attempted communication strategies that take advantage of emotional storytelling through the voice of a personified protagonist. However, bringing consensus around this vision is difficult in organizations with varied stakeholders. This paper extends archetypal theory in communication specific to organizations while also proposing a method for consensus-driven research to uncover the “who” of higher education institutions. Mediation analysis in communication science: Examining the study of indirect effects in communication journals between 1996-2017 • Michael Chan; Panfeng Hu; Macau K. F. Mak, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Mediation analysis is one of the most popular techniques in communication research. However, a systematic synthesis of the trends, tools and statistical methods used to conduct mediation analysis in the field is lacking. This content analysis examined 595 journal articles published in 14 communication journals from 1996 to 2017. Results showed an exponential increase in the number of studies employing mediation analyses in the past two decades using both regression and SEM-based approaches. The proportion of studies using regression-based approaches in particular has grown rapidly in the second decade, due to the popularity of user-friendly macros that simplifies necessary procedures to test indirect effects. Bootstrapping has become the most popular method for testing indirect effects while uses of the Baron & Kenny and Sobel approaches have declined over time. Many studies though claim mediating mechanisms without formally testing the indirect effects, and others report the indirect effects, but not how they were tested. Findings and implications for practice are discussed. Climate frame dynamics over time: Computer-assisted detection and identification of news frames • Yingying Chen, College of Communication Arts and Sciences, Michigan State University; Kjerstin Thorson; John Andrew Lavaccare • We analyze the evolution of news frames about climate change over the course of four years, between 2012-2015. We use a structural topic model combined with human coding to detect frames in news coverage of twelve climate-related events between 2012-2015. Findings suggest that frame usage strongly varies by event, and that some events seem to constrain the diversity of news media framings. Journalists also consistently rely on a small set of “default” frames about climate. That’s not news: Audience perceptions of ‘news-ness’ and why it matters • Stephanie Edgerly; Emily Vraga • How do people identify news on social media sites? This study uses an experimental design to isolate two features of a headline shared on Twitter to determine the impact on audience ratings of ‘news-ness.’ We find that headline story type (breaking, exclusive, opinion, fact check) and source (AP, MSNBC, Fox News) separately impact news-ness, with partisanship conditioning the influence of source on news-ness. News-ness then mediates these effects on outcomes of tweet credibility and verification. What makes gun violence a prominent issue? A computational analysis of compelling arguments and partisanship • Lei Guo, Boston University; Kate Mays; Yiyan Zhang, Boston University; Margrit Betke; Derry Wijaya • Drawing upon theories of compelling arguments and selective exposure, this study examines the impact of mainstream and partisan media on U.S. public opinion regarding a highly polarized issue: gun violence. Results demonstrate that episodic framing of gun violence in the mainstream media increases the issue prominence among conservatives than liberals, thus to some extent narrowing the opinion polarization. Exposure to conservative media, however, makes people believe gun violence is a less important issue. Priming Postpartum Prejudice: Comparing Media Effects and Embodied Risk to Accessibility of Mental Illness Concepts • Lynette Holman, Appalachian State University; Robert McKeever, University of South Carolina • A between-subjects experimental replication (N = 581) was conducted to ascertain whether a media exemplar could prime a stereotype of mental illness among women who are pregnant or of child-bearing age and how that media effect compared to the effect of one’s health status. The findings suggest that the provocation of the exemplars alone was not significant predictor of participant perceptions of risk. Pregnancy prominently predicted mental illness stereotypes, increased risk perceptions, and treatment avoidance. Foundations for the development of communication that works with, not against, stakeholders’ existing viewpoints • Sadie Hundemer, University of Florida; Martha Monroe, University of Florida • The scientific and social complexity of natural resources issues can yield perspectives that vary substantially among stakeholder groups. This diversity can make it difficult to structure communication that promotes outreach objectives and cross-group collaboration while also attending to existing viewpoints. This study uses cultural domain analysis to examine stakeholders’ mental models of regional water challenges and explore ways natural resources communicators can use this information to bridge cognitive divides. Mapping the Corporate Social Responsibility Research in Communication: A Network and Bibliometric Analysis • Grace Ji, Virginia Commonwealth University; Weiting Tao, University of Miami; Hyejoon Rim • This study evaluates how scholarly research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) in communication has developed over the last four decades and discovers the pattern of knowledge diffusion during this process. Comprehensive bibliometric analyses were conducted with 290 peer-reviewed articles published between 1980 to 2018 by 490 authors in 61 communication journals. Taking a network perspective, invisible colleges of CSR research were unveiled via co-authorship and co-citation analyses. The study identifies the studies and publication sources that have the most significant influence over the construction of CSR scholarship in communication and uncovered the social networks of scholarly collaboration. Results empirically demonstrate the area of CSR research in communication is notably multidisciplinary, which is investigated by scholars from public relations, advertising, organizational communication, and environmental communication. In addition, results also show the joint impact from management and marketing literature to CSR scholarship and their transformation into the communication field via public relations and advertising research. Future paths of CSR research in communication are suggested. Inferential statistical analysis with Inaccurate self-reports Comparing correlational outcomes with self reported and logged mobile data • Mo Jones-Jang; Yu-Jin Heo, University of South Carolina; Robert McKeever, University of South Carolina; Leigh Moscowitz; David Moscowitz, School of Journalism and Mass • Research on the social and psychological effects of mobile phone use primarily employs self-report measures. However, recent findings suggest that such data contain a significant amount of measurement errors. The key question of this study is not only to examine discrepancies between survey and logged data, but also to compare correlational outcomes resulting from two different measures. Two hundred ninety seven college students participated in this study by providing both self-reported and digital trace data of daily minutes of screen time and number of phone screen unlocks over seven days. We specifically examined correlations between smartphone use and four social variables, including bridging, bonding, well-being, and problematic use of smartphone. The results indicate that the effect sizes of correlations using self-reported data are in fact smaller compared to inferential statistical results with logged data. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed. Classifying Twitter Bots • Michael Kearney, School of Journalism | Informatics Institute | University of Missouri; Lingshu Hu, University of Missouri; Iuliia Alieva, University of Missouri - Columbia • The current study sought to leverage public Twitter lists in order to develop a machine learning classifier of “bot” accounts. In addition to developing a Twitter bot detecting-classifier, we have also exported this classifier in two ways. First, we have exported the classifier as an interactive Shiny web application. Second, we have exported the classifier as an R package, tweetbotornot. As a programatic tool, it is possible to leverage the classifier to get probability estimates of up to 90,000 Twitter accounts every fifteen minutes. Through our work to develop and share list-leveraging Twitter bot classifier tools, we threfore offer three major contributions. First, we provide a novel and flexible approach to the classification of Twitter accounts. While accounts were initially labelled using well-known “bot” accounts and lists published in previous research, additional labelling was achieved via a new snowballing method wherein additional accounts were identified if they appeared on similar Twitter lists. Second, we provide a transparent, user friendly (Shiny web application), and scalable tools (R packages) for classifying Twitter accounts. These tools can be used by members of the public and academics alike. Finally, we provide a template for a flexible and dynamic approach to the construction of Twitter classifiers. Twitter lists can similarly be leveraged for other types of accounts, allowing researchers to further maximize information gleaned from the large trove of Twitter data. Culling on Social Media: Antecedents and Consequences of Unfriending and Unsubscribing • Dam Hee Kim; Kate Kenski; Mo Jones-Jang • This paper investigates whether selective avoidance actions on social media such as unfriending and unsubscribing in the context of elections are determined by motivated reasoning styles. Analyses of a two-wave national survey collected before and after the 2018 midterm election revealed that individuals with a high need for cognition and a high need to evaluate were most likely to selectively avoid over time, which then positively predicted political expression on social media. Framing Effects of Numerical Information in Communicating Risk • ByungGu Lee; Jiawei Liu, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Hyesun Choung; Douglas McLeod • In messages that present information about risk, the same piece of information can be presented in alternative ways. This article investigates the interplay between risk statements (i.e., positive versus negative portrayal of risks) and number formats (i.e., raw frequency versus percentage) in influencing readers’ comprehension of numerical information and their subsequent emotional and cognitive evaluations. Experimental findings across two issue contexts (impaired driving and endangered species) showed that statistics in the form of percentages reduced the effects of positive versus negative risk statements and produced more accurate and reliable comprehension of risks as compared to statistics with raw frequency formats. Moreover, the comprehension of risk statistics determined the level of emotions readers experienced, which in turn affected their risk perceptions. Implications are discussed. Highlights of Two U.S. Presidential Debates: Identifying Candidate Insults that Go Viral • Josephine Lukito, UW Madison; Prathusha Sarma, UW Madison; Jordan Foley, UW Madison; Jon Pevehouse, UW Madison; Aman Abhishek; Dhavan Shah, UW Madison; Erik Bucy, Texas Tech University; Chris Wells, Boston University • This study analyzes social media discourse and debate rhetoric during two U.S. Presidential debates: the first 2012 debate between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney, and the first 2016 debate between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. Using a combined strategy involving time series analysis to identify potential viral moments in social media and natural language processing to determine whether words shifted in use in the pre-viral and post-viral moment, we find and examine several viral moments in both debates. Notably, the majority of 2016 debate viral moments were insults or remarks about a scandal, rather than gaffs or mistakes. Overall, the results of both 2012 and 2016 suggest that candidates can induce viral moments on social media to temporarily increase attention towards themselves. Processing News on Social Media. The Political Incidental News Exposure Model (PINE) • Joerg Matthes, U of Vienna; Andreas Nanz, U of Vienna; Raffael Heiss, Management Center Innsbruck; Marlis Stubenvoll • This paper outlines the Political Incidental News Exposure Model (PINE). The PINE model understands incidental news exposure (IE) as a dynamic process by distinguishing two levels of IE: the passive scanning of incidentally encountered political information (first level) and the intentional processing of incidentally encountered content (second level). The PINE model further differentiates intention-based and topic-based IE, and it conceptualizes IE with respect to political and non-political content. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed. Agenda Setting by News and by the Audience in a News Portal Experiment • Martina Santia; Raymond Pingree, Louisiana State University; Kirill Bryanov, Louisiana State University; Brian Watson • A 12-day experiment embedded in a purpose-built online news portal tested effects of the news agenda and the “user agenda.” Participants were randomly assigned to encounter more or fewer real, timely news stories on particular topics (the news agenda) and altered rankings of stories in a recommended or trending sidebar (the user agenda). News agenda setting effects were found only on education. A user agenda emphasizing racism increased perceived importance of immigration, particularly among Republicans. Why Defining Automation in Journalism is not Automatic • Jia Yao Lim, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Ruoming Zheng, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Andrew Prahl, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Shangyuan Wu, Nanyang Technological University Singapore • This paper examined the ways automation has been defined in manufacturing, education, healthcare, and journalism, arguing that the journalism industry can learn from the experience of other industries when it comes to understanding the impact of automation. In the context of journalism, most definitions include references to an autonomous system that entails the replacement of humans, consistent with fears that algorithms might displace human journalists when it comes to writing stories. However, many of these definitions have focused on automated writing, when journalism is more than just writing articles. Personality factors differentiating selective exposure, selective avoidance and the belief in the importance of silencing others: Further evidence for discriminant validity • Yariv Tsfati, University of Haifa • Recent research proposed self-report measures tapping three different strategies used by people to place themselves within an ideologically homogeneous information environment: selective exposure, selective avoidance and the belief in the importance of silencing others (BISO). However, demonstrating that people are able to answer survey questions about these strategies falls short of establishing that people are able to distinguish between them. Using online survey data collected in Israel (n = 749), the present investigation explores the discriminant validity of these constructs. Confirmatory factor models and model comparisons support their empirical differentiation. In addition, it is argued that the constructs are empirically different given the fact that they correlate differently with personality factors. BISO is more strongly and positively associated with authoritarianism. Selective avoidance is more strongly negatively associated with openness to experience. Selective exposure was positively associated with empathy, with which selective avoidance was negatively associated. Further differences in the correlates of these constructs are discussed. Theorizing News Literacy: A Proposed Framework for Unifying a Fractured Field • Emily Vraga; Melissa Tully; Adam Maksl, Indiana University Southeast; Stephanie Craft, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Seth Ashley, Boise State University • News literacy research has received increased attention as we consider the role of news in a chaotic public sphere. However, existing research lacks a consistent definition of news literacy or guiding theoretical framework. Therefore, building from the Theory of Planned Behavior, we propose a model for exploring critical news consumption in which we add news literacy – defined as knowledge and skills in five domains – to the model. We conclude by proposing a continued research agenda. News About Victims’ Delayed Sexual Harassment Accusations and Effects on Victim Blaming: A Mediation Model • Christian von Sikorski; Melanie Saumer • We lack research on how news about delayed sexual harassment accusations affect victim blaming. Drawing from construal level theory and attribution theory, we experimentally tested how participants react to news about a victim’s delayed accusations (harassment occurred years ago), non-delayed accusations (harassment occurred days ago), or accusations with no time cue. Findings showed that delayed accusations resulted in the attribution of negative motives toward the victim. Negative motives, in turn, increased victim blaming. Testing the Role of Positive News in the Empathy-Helping Relationship • Masahiro Yamamoto, University at Albany; Chun Yang, Louisiana State University • This study integrates two types of news consumption, positive and crime news, into the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis. Data from an online survey of Japanese citizens reveal that positive news use at Time 1 has a positive effect on helping at Time 2. Data also indicate that positive news use does not have a significant effect on empathic concern and personal distress. Rather, empathic concern at Time 1 has a positive effect on both positive news use and crime news use at Time 2. Implications are discussed for the role of positive news in promoting prosocial, helping behaviors. Exploring Genetic Contributions to Motives for News Use: A Study of Identical and Fraternal Twins • Chance York, Kent State University; Paul Haridakis, Kent State University • Prior research conducted within the Uses and Gratifications theoretical framework has considered the contribution of numerous social and psychological (e.g., personality) differences to media use and effects. In this study, we explore whether an additional fundamental source of individual differences—genes—also may explain motives to use media. Utilizing original data collected on identical and fraternal twins, we find differences in underlying genetic traits explained 35% of the variance in news consumption for surveillance purposes. Understanding privacy concern in using social media: The extension of Marshall McLuhan • Bu Zhong, Pennsylvania State University; Tao Sun, University of Vermont; Yakun Huang, Jinan University; Yu Zhou, South China University of Technology • The advances of information and communication technologies (ICT) have reinvigorated a long tradition of searching for the links between the dominant communication technology of an age and the key features of society. Guided by Marshall McLuhan’s media ecology theory highlighting the ICT role in defining historical stages, this study analyzes the Internet privacy concern (IPC) among social media users (N = 1,340) from the United States and China. It has found a generation gap concerning IPC between people growing up with social media as a dominate media platform and those who did not. A significant correlation between the power use of social media and IPC was also identified, which was further moderated by respondents’ cultural background. The findings expand media ecology theory by providing empirical support to it in terms of the impact of dominant ICT on societal perceptions, thus contributing to the understanding of IPC in a cross-cultural setting. Student Paper Competition Realtime Distributed Cognition: A Conceptual Framework • Wes Hartley, Regent University • While the broad framework of distributed cognition has proven to be a versatile theoretical lens through which to view team problem-solving structures, this broad use of distributed cognition theory has, perhaps, allowed the theory to drift away from some of the root ideas that grounded the original concept. This paper seeks to advance the distributed cognition framework by narrowing the parameters of the theory and providing a new conceptual framework with clear boundaries for identifying distributed cognition units. Two real-world scenarios will be evaluated using this new conceptual framework in order to demonstrate its functionality. An Approach for Measuring Partisan Segregation in Political Media Consumption • Jacob Long • Despite the amount of research on the topic, there are few direct measurements of partisan segregation in media use. Of those that do exist, none are easily transferable to multi-party systems. Using a network analytic approach, I use data from a nationally representative survey of the United States to describe the amount of partisan segregation in media consumption and discuss further applications for these measures. Improving the Generalizability of Inferences in Quantitative Communication Research • Jacob Long • This paper discusses the quality of quantitative communication research in light of the so-called “replicability crisis” that has affected neighboring disciplines. I discuss some of the problems these fields have faced and suggest implementing some of their solutions in communication research. I then argue for greater consideration of generalizability and propose a theoretical framework for assessing the quality of studies suited to a variable field like communication. A Territorial Dispute or An Agenda Battle? A Cross-National Examination of the Network and Intermedia Agenda-Setting Effects between Newspapers and Twitter on Diaoyu Islands Dispute • Yan Su, The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University; Jun Hu, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California • Within the theoretical frameworks of Network Agenda-Setting (NAS) model and intermedia agenda-setting, this study analyzed the media agendas in China, Japan, and the U.S. on the Diaoyu Islands dispute – a geopolitical issue involved multiple subjects, in terms of the theme, directionality, and valence of present relationships. Further, the study analyzed the discussions on Twitter and probed the intermedia power flow between Twitter and the selected media. The findings showed that the Chinese media's depictions were more biased. Although reciprocities emerged, Twitter exhibited an overall stronger power in predicting traditional media’s agenda. Moreover, Chinese and the U.S. media had stronger transnational intermedia effects, whereas Japanese media is less likely to exert influence across the national boundaries. < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19085 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/ccsd-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 17:25:31 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19088 2019 Abstracts]]> 19088 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/endd-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 17:36:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19091 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19091 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/hist-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 17:40:24 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19094 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19094 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/intc-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 17:47:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19097 Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition “Newsmaker-in-Chief”? Presidents’ Foreign Policy Priorities and International News Coverage from LBJ to Obama • Kirsten Adams, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Daniel Riffe, UNC-Chapel Hill; Meghan Sobel, Regis University; Seoyeon Kim, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Through a mixed-method analysis of country mentions across 50 years of U.S. presidents’ speech transcripts (N = 284) and New York Times’ international news coverage (N = 20,765) across nine presidencies, we find the phenomenon of an “echoing press” following the “presidential gaze” toward foreign-policy priorities steadily declining over time and within administrations. This study examines the complex roles of the “newsmaker-in-chief” and the press who cover – and sometimes “echo” – his administration’s foreign affairs agenda. Investigating Empathic Concern, Reporting Efficacy & Journalistic Roles as Determinants of Adherence to Peace Journalism • Oluseyi Adegbola; Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University • This study examines the influence of empathic concern, perceived journalistic roles, and reporting efficacy on journalists’ adherence to peace journalism. Quantitative surveys (N=324) and semi-structured interviews (N=10) of Nigerian journalists were conducted. Results suggest that Nigerian journalists adhere to peace journalism more than to war journalism and that empathic concern, perceived reporting efficacy, and subscription to the interventionist role are strong predictors of adherence to peace journalism. Reporting Bias in Coverage of Iran Protests: An Analysis of Coverage by Global News Agencies • Oluseyi Adegbola; Janice Cho; Sherice Gearhart, Texas Tech University • This study examines reporting of intense Iranian protests by global news agencies located in the United States (Associated Press), United Kingdom (Reuters), France (Agence France-Presse), China (Xinhua), and Russia (Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union). A census of reporting (N = 369) was content analyzed. Results show reporting remains influenced by political systems. News agencies also vary in their assessment of causal agents, moral evaluations, and treatment recommendations. Implications for reporting foreign conflict is discussed. Intimate Partner Violence: What do Nollywood Movies Teach Us? • Ajeori agbese • Scholars have long criticized mass media for largely ignoring, negatively stereotyping and downplaying the seriousness of intimate partner violence (IPV). However, considering few studies have examined this issue in movies, this paper examined Nollywood movies to determine the messages audience get about IPV in Nigeria. The paper also wanted to find out if the movies challenged societal stereotypes about IPV and gender roles in intimate relationships. The contents of nine IPV-themed movies were interpretively analyzed, using social learning and cultivation theories as guides. The analysis showed that while Nollywood movies depicted the severity of the issue, the portrayals mostly mirrored the stereotypes and beliefs people already have about IPV and gender roles in intimate relationships. The movies largely blamed victims and other outside forces for abuse in intimate relationships. In addition, the portrayals barely challenged the perception and problem of IPV in Nigeria and did not provide realistic solutions. The role of media for young Syrian Refugees at a time of uncertainty and changing living conditions • Miriam Berg • A considerable number of refuges that came to Germany in 2015 and 2016 were unaccompanied minors. This study examines the Syrian minor refugees among them, who now, as young adults, are using media as a whole in their everyday life and how their usage has changed since their arrival in Germany. There is a particular focus on correlations with the changing living conditions of the minors from mass emergency shelters to refugee accommodation and youth flats. The study also explores how media was used in their home country and during their flight to Germany. The research was carried out in the form of 30 semi-structured interviews with refugees between the ages of 18-21 who arrived in Hamburg, Germany in 2015 as unaccompanied minors. Findings of this study have shown that digital media and internet connectivity is seen as a necessity in contemporary living for young refugees and is considered as important as food and shelter to survive. However, despite internet access being seen as the most efficient way to stay informed and connected with families, friendships developed offline were found to be more important and helpful in terms of adjusting to a new environment, coping with loneliness and the feeling of being unwanted in their host country. Journalists, Newsmakers and Social Media in East Africa • Steve Collins; Kelly Merrill; Chad Collins; Kioko Ireri; Raul Gamboa, University of Central Florida • This study involved an analysis of 1,784 Twitter accounts representing journalists, news organizations and newsmakers in East Africa. An analysis of social media influence metrics suggests that although news organizations are on even ground with the people and organizations they cover, individual journalists are not. The data suggest a digital divide, with Kenya and Uganda ahead of Rwanda and Tanzania. By one measure, female journalists have more social media influence than men. Framing Syrian refugees: US Local News and the Politics of Immigration • Aziz Douai, Ontario Tech University; Mehmet Bastug • The article investigates news coverage and media framing of the Syrian refugee debate as a public opinion issue in US local news in 2015. Political response to the Syrian refugee crisis was divided, but public attitudes shifted after the terrorist attacks on Paris in November 2015 with calls for more restrictive immigration policies and smaller refugee quotas. In the US, GOP leaders demanded “extreme vetting” and “screening” of refugees and many opposed resettling them. The study analyzes local news coverage variation across the states that welcomed, not welcomed or did not commit to accepting Syrian refugees at the height of the Syrian refugee crisis in 2015 and 2016. The findings of the study demonstrate that the editorial framing of the Syrian refugee crisis downplayed the global responsibility and international commitment of the US, highlighted the administrative costs, and framed them security threats. The implications of these frames are discussed. India’s Mediated Public Diplomacy on Social Media: Building Agendas in South Asia • Nisha Garud Patkar • One tool in India’s mediated public diplomacy is the increasing use of social media platforms to build agendas among foreign audiences. In 2017, the Indian government ranked seventh in the world in its use of social media for diplomacy and had more than 1.2 million users following its diplomatic accounts on several social media platforms. Despite this high ranking and a sizable following on social media, little research has been done to understand India’s mediated public diplomacy through Twitter and Facebook. To address this literature gap, this study examined: (i) the agendas the Indian government builds on its social media accounts and (ii) the rank order of these agendas with the perceived agendas of the followers of these accounts. A quantitative content analysis of 6,000 tweets and status updates published on the 15 Indian diplomatic accounts along with a survey of 500 followers of these accounts were conducted. Results showed that politics, culture, economy/finance, and infrastructure were the top-ranked agendas of the Indian government on social media. These agendas rank ordered with a few top-ranked agendas for followers which were education, health and medicine, environment, economy/finance, and infrastructure. Gatekeeping and the Panama Papers: an analysis of transnational journalism culture • Nana Naskidashvili, University of Missouri; Beverly Horvit, University of Missouri; Astrid Benoelken; Diana Fidarova • ICIJ’s Panama Papers transnational journalism project was analyzed on three levels suggested by Hellmueller (2017): the evaluative, the cognitive and the performative. The gatekeepers interviewed demonstrated a common understanding (evaluative) of what it means to be an investigative journalist. Regardless of a journalist’s location, prominent people were deemed newsworthy (cognitive), and the journalists created rules for searching and double-checking their data. At the performative level, the gatekeepers agreed when the stories would emerge. Cognitive and Behavioral Factors of Online Discussion as Antecedents of Deliberation and Tolerance: Evidence from South Korea, United Kingdom and United States • Irkwon Jeong; Hyoungkoo Khang • The current study examined cognitive and behavioral factors of online discussion as antecedents of attitudes toward opposing views and two aspects of social norms, perceived importance of public deliberation and social tolerance. Employing surveys in South Korea, United Kingdom and United States, this study found that adjustment motive and discussion heterogeneity are positively associated with perceived importance of public deliberation and social tolerance in all three countries. Framing Newsworthiness on Twitter: Analysis of Frames, News Values, and Tweet Popularity in Lebanese Media • Claudia Kozman, Lebanese American University • This content analysis of Lebanese newspapers and television stations’ accounts on Twitter revealed the media frame their tweets in terms of conflict and responsibility, while relying mostly on the news values of prominence and entertainment/human interest. Compared to newspapers, television stations were more likely to use impact instead of conflict as a news value. Judging tweet popularity, analysis revealed conflict and impact stories are the most attractive in terms of favorites, retweets, and comments. Mainstream media, social media, and attitudes toward immigrants: A comparative study of Japan & South Korea • Heysung Lee, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Gaofei Li ; Yibing Sun; Hernando Rojas • The paper examines media effects on attitudes toward immigrants in Japan and South Korea, through an online survey with 500 respondents from each country. Analyses show mainstream media associates to positive attitudes in both countries. However, regarding social media, Kakaotalk use in South Korea elicits negative attitudes, while Line use in Japan is not related to attitudes. The interaction effects indicate that Kakaotalk dampens the positive effects of mainstream media, whereas Line amplifies them. Will internal political efficacy predict news engagement equally across countries? A multilevel analysis of the relationship between internal political efficacy, media environment and news engagement • Shuning Lu, North Dakota State University; Rose Luwei Luqiu, Hong Kong Baptist University • This study serves as the first to document the current status of news engagement with regard to the three proposed dimensions (e.g., overall news engagement, user-user, and user-content news engagement) across 36 countries. We employ hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to test the individual, aggregate, and cross-level effects on news engagement based on the multi- national cross-sectional survey data (N=72,930). This study demonstrates how internal political efficacy, the media environment, both political and technical, together shape news engagement. The findings reveal that internal political efficacy is positively associated with news engagement. Internet penetration could negatively predict the three indicators of news engagement. Press freedom moderates the effect of internal political efficacy on news engagement. The study contributes to the existing literature on the formation of news engagement regarding both individual and contextual mechanisms. Africa in the News: Is News Coverage by Chinese Media Any Different? • Dani Madrid-Morales, University of Houston • In recent years, Chinese media have been challenging European and North American dominance of African news. While Chinese journalists claim they Africa coverage is quantitatively and qualitatively different, previous research has challenged this claim. Based on a content analysis of 1.1 million news from two Chinese and two non-Chinese media (2015-2015), this paper shows that Chinese reporting is more abundant, positive and diverse. However, for most countries, coverage is rare, episodic and monothematic. Portrait of an Azerbaijani Journalist: Unpaid, Dissatisfied, but nevertheless Passionate and Committed • Rashad Mammadov • This study seeks to partially fill a gap in knowledge about the practice of journalism in Azerbaijan, a former Soviet republic. The study proposed here represents the first time Azerbaijan has been studied in a systematic fashion consistent with the literature of comparative journalism as represented by The Global Journalist (Weaver & Willnat, 2012) and Worlds of Journalism (Hanitzsch, 2011), studies well recognized as the standards against which all such efforts should be measured. One of the primary goals of the project is to explore the roles these journalists believe they play in the controlled, post-Soviet environment. Data, collected through an online survey of journalists indicate that several identifiable, perceived professional roles existed along the dimensions of Hanitzsch’s (2007) journalistic milieus. In addition, three other dimensions were identified that did not fit the model, but proved to be specific to the Azerbaijani media environment: Political Activist, Citizens’ Helper, and Entertainer. Press Freedom in Ghana • Jason Martin, DePaul University • This paper analyzes original survey data (N=241) to investigate Ghanaian journalists’ attitudes toward libel law protections, Right to Information legislation, and professional ethics. Journalists in Ghana perceive themselves as straddling normative press freedom roles of watchdog and social responsibility while incorporating unique elements of their culture in their work. The results provide context for the successes and challenges of Ghana’s journalists and contribute to the more precise theoretical explanations of international press freedom protections. Diagnosing Newsjunkies: Fielding and Validating a Measure of Intrinsic Need for Orientation in Three Arab Countries • Justin Martin, Northwestern University in Qatar • This study introduces an intrinsic need-for-orientation scale, and assesses reliability and validity of the measure in nationally representative samples from Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the UAE (N=3,239). Since the 1970s, need for orientation has been called an intrinsic motivation to consume news, but in operationalization, relevant research has not measured an inherent motivation, but rather the strength of political party identification and interest in an upcoming political event—usually an election—as the markers of a strong need for orientation. As this approach is inappropriate in many countries, which may not have political parties or campaigns, and also given there is likely a broader, intrinsic need for orientation (INFO) that motivates people to regularly seek news about current events, this study tested a parsimonious, four-item scale. The scale demonstrated robust internal reliability in both Arabic and English, and among nationals and non-nationals in the three countries. In line with the hypothesis that news use and certain media-related attitudes, such as support for freedom of expression, should be positive correlates of an intrinsic need for orientation, regression models of media-use variables and media-related attitudes explained considerable amounts of INFO variance in Saudi Arabia (52%) and the UAE (30%), and a more modest share in Qatar (15%). Journalism during global disasters: Healing, coping and recovery • Michael McCluskey, U. Tennessee-Chattanooga; Lacey Keefer • Journalists often apply themes of healing, coping and recovery in news following significant traumas. Eight natural disasters on five continents were analyzed for the presence of nine themes of healing, coping and recovery in both international and local news outlets. Analysis (n = 528) found evidence that contextual factors like centralization of the disaster, type of disaster and number of casualties, along with structural factors like political freedom, had significant influences on the nine themes Explaining the Gap Between Journalist’s Role Conception and Media Role Performance. A Cross-National Comparison • Claudia Mellado; Cornelia Mothes; Daniel Hallin; Maria Luisa Humanes; Adriana Amado; María Lauber; Jacques Mick; Henry Silke; Colin Sparks; Haiyan Wang; Olga Logunova; Dasniel Olivera • This cross-national study combines survey (N=643) and content analysis data (N = 19,908) from nine countries to investigate gaps between journalists’ ideals and their media organizations’ performance of the interventionist, watchdog, loyal, service, civic and infotainment roles. The findings show significant gaps for all roles across all countries, with the ‘civic’ and the ‘watchdog’ role showing the largest gaps. Multilevel analyses also reveal that organizational and individual-level influences explained the gaps better than country differences. Implications are discussed with regards to journalism as a profession in times of increasing media skepticism. Public Diplomacy for the Media: A Survey of Exchange Program Alumni • Emily Metzgar, Indiana University; Yusuf Kalyango, Ohio University • This research surveys alumni (N=66) of the American government’s Study of the U.S. Institute for Scholars (SUSI) on Journalism and Media. The program brings scholars and media professionals to the United States to study and build professional networks. Framing discussion in the international communication literature, we assess SUSI’s potential as a public diplomacy effort with implications for both the study and practice of journalism and promotion of improved attitudes toward the United States. Esto no es un problema político, es moral: Examining news narratives of the 2018 border policy • Lisa Paulin, NC Central University • This study analyzes the news narratives of a controversial U.S. immigration policy that included the separation of children from their families when attempting to enter the United States along the border with Mexico during the spring and summer of 2018, under the Donald Trump administration by analyzing the stories in Spanish-language media and English-language media by two news services: EFE, in Spanish and the Associated Press (AP), to see how these stories fit into cultural ideologies. The AP told a story of a political battle while EFE told a story of immoral policy and community solidarity. Global media and human rights: Teaching the Holocaust across national fault-lines • stephen reese, university of texas; jad melki, Lebanese American University • Media literacy requires a ‘global outlook’ in dealing with issues across national and tribal affiliations. These challenges are explored here with a multi-national group of student, engaging with the Holocaust to better humanise global issues and understand how media are implicated in genocidal dynamics, using a survey of 165 previous participants in the programme over 11 years. We find that a historically-rooted but globally reflective approach is needed to understand genocide across national fault-lines. Testing the Spiral of Silence Model: The Case of Government Criticism in India • Enakshi Roy, Western Kentucky University • This study extends the spiral of silence theory to India and examines self-censorship on Facebook and Twitter with regards to government criticism. Survey (N=141) results suggest while respondents with liberal attitudes were unwilling criticize the government on social media, respondents with pro-censorship attitudes, even if they deemed the opinion climate as hostile, were willing to support Prime Minister Narendra Modi on social media. Findings from this study expand understandings of online opinion expression and self-censorship in India. Everybody Loves a Winner: Legitimation of Occupational Roles among Award-winning Financial Journalists in Africa • Danford Zirugo, City, University London of London/University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Jane B. Singer, City, University of London • Through an examination of award-winning stories and the discourse around them, this study explores how the interpretive community of African financial journalists defines and legitimates preferred occupational roles. Contrary to research immediately following the global financial crisis, which suggested that financial journalists primarily serve elites in their everyday coverage, this study concludes that stories deemed exemplary by the community are instead public service-oriented and fulfill a watchdog role. Naming names or no? How Germany fits in an international comparison of crime coverage • Romayne Smith Fullerton, University of Western Ontario; Maggie Jones Patterson, Duquesne University • “Naming names and ethnicity or no? How Germany fits in an international comparison of crime coverage” offers the final installment of a nine-year study examining mainstream media’s crime coverage choices in ten democracies, and how journalists’ voluntary ethical choices reflect underlying cultural attitudes. Previously, the authors have argued protectionist policies that do not identify accused persons are common in Northern and Central Europe and are part of established cultural attitudes that construct everyone as community members, but new German data, collected in 2018, suggest journalistic choices to protect an accused’s identity, and all that practice implied, is no longer the reporting default. The Aftermath of 2019 Pulwama Terror Attack • Nihar Sreepada, Texas Tech University; Ioana Coman, Texas Tech University; Simranjit Singh, Texas Tech University • The study analyses the coverage of the 2019 Pulwama terror attack by two major newspapers of India and Pakistan - The Times of India and Dawn. The online news stories and the dialogue within the comment sections are compared and examined through a qualitative content analysis. The findings are explored from a social psychological perspective along with the ramifications of the conflict on the international community. Automated framing analysis of news coverage of the Rohingya crisis by the elite press from three countries • Hong Vu; Nyan Lynn • Triangulating several methods including automated framing analysis and critical assessment of texts, this study examines how the press from three countries frames the Rohingya refugee crisis in 2017. It finds that The Irrawaddy (Myanmar) tends to incorporate a nationalist narrative into news content. The New Nation (Bangladesh) frames the crisis according to the country’s priorities. The New York Times uses a Western hegemonic discourse. Findings are discussed using the lens of ideological and cultural influence. Welcome to Canada: The challenge of information connections for resettled Syrian refugees • Melissa Wall, California State University - Northridge • Based on interviews with Syrian refugees resettled in Canada, as well as volunteers, NGO workers and government officials, this paper considers the ways the refugees interact with both formal (government, NGO) and informal (family, volunteers and shared heritage Canadians) in their communication practices. Refugees (“newcomers”) use a combination of digital tools such as social networks and interpersonal interactions to access information and work toward understanding and adapting to their new environment. Distinguishing the Foreign from Domestic as Defensive Media Diplomacy: Media Accessibility to Credibility Perception and Media Dependency • Yicheng Zhu, Beijing Normal University • Given the fact that some foreign media (e.g. Twitter, The New York Times) have limited accessibility in China. This study conceptually distinguishes foreign media and domestic media, and examines the relationship between perceived media accessibility, media credibility and media dependency for both foreign and domestic media. It found that foreign media accessibility perception is an antecedent of foreign media credibility and foreign media dependency. In terms of foreign v.s. domestic media credibility competition, the final model showed that foreign media credibility positively relates with domestic media credibility. In sum, the model illustrated the role of accessibility perception in the media dependency formation process, the results imply that controlling foreign media accessibility may be an effective method to limit foreign media influence domestically. James W. Markham Student Paper Competition A devil's dissection: Thematic analysis of the discussion of the Mexican documentary The Devil's Freedom on Twitter • Gabriel Dominguez Partida • Mexican documentary films have tried to raise awareness among citizens against violence - for instance, The Devil's Freedom, a story of violence's testimonials of victims and victimizers. Three months of tweets related to the film’s discussion were analyzed to identify how people react to the message. The analysis suggests a group of citizens concern and sending signals to others about a social change; however, they urge the government to take actions instead of themselves. Trollfare: Russia’s disinformation campaign during military conflict in Ukraine • Larisa Doroshenko, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Josephine Lukito, UW Madison • This study explores the strategies of information warfare of the Russian Internet Research Agency (IRA) against Ukraine during the military conflict in Donbass. Using a 10% Twitter gardenhose archive, we investigated the type of information spread by the IRA accounts and analyzed how they increased followers. Our study shows that the IRA created news websites and spread links to these pages on social media, accumulating followers by including these links and @mentioning other IRA accounts. Health information sharing for a social exchange on WeChat in China • Lu Fan • WeChat has become an important platform of high sociability and social exchange in China. This study conducted a survey (N = 329) in China to understand people’s health information sharing behavior with the purpose of social exchange. The results reveal that people are motivated by the goal of sharing useful information, showing care and maintaining the social relationship when they share health information on WeChat, and older people are more likely to do so. For whom do we do this work and in whose voice? Examining the role of International Communication in Africa • Greg Gondwe, University of Colorado-Boulder; Rachel van-der-Merwe, University of Colorado-Boulder • This study offers an overview of the state of the field of international communication in Africa. It argues that despite the boom in international communication scholarship, a schism still exists between theory emphasizing the perpetuated colonial tendencies and those that seek to situate African scholarship at an interactive position with other continents. The study operates under some founded hypotheses that International Communication studies in Africa are peppered with tales of marginalization, poverty, wars, and tribal conflicts. Literature asserts that such labels have impeded the quest for African scholars to realize the true definition of the field, therefore, reproducing a systemic litany of what the other world expects of them. While some scholars call for a broader and mutual interaction of the global communications systems, others hanker on ostensible arguments that perpetuate the propagandist approaches, which emerged as a result of the cold war. The two approaches underscore the western values versus the ‘African’ communication and postcolonial debates that have characterized much of the postcolonial discourses. Social media network heterogeneity and the moderating roles of social media political discussions and social trust: Analyzing attitude and tolerance towards Chinese immigrant women in Hong Kong • Macau K. F. Mak, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Lynette Jingyi Zhang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • The social and political antagonism between China and Hong Kong has led to the stigmatization of mainland Chinese in Hong Kong. In particular, the Chinese immigrant women, a minority group faced with social and economic plight, have been viewed as locusts who exploit social resources in Hong Kong without any contributions. This study examines how social media network heterogeneity influences the social tolerance and political tolerance of local citizens in Hong Kong towards the Chinese immigrant women through general attitude towards these women. It also addresses the moderating role of social media political discussions and social trust in the influencing process. The analysis of survey data (N = 728) illustrates the moderated mediation process in which a more heterogeneous network on social media is indirectly related to higher levels of both social and political tolerance towards Chinese immigrant women through a more positive attitude towards these women. This indirect effect is enhanced by more political discussions and greater social trust. Implications of the results are discussed. Reporting (ethno)political conflict in former colonies: An exploration of British and French press coverage of the Cameroon Anglophone crisis • Pechulano Ngwe Ali, The Pennsylvania State University • This study explores how the press in Africa’s former colonial masters frame (ethno)political crisis in their former colonies. Using a qualitative textual analysis approach, the study investigates how British (the BBC) and French (Radio France Internationale; rfi) framed the ongoing Cameroon Anglophone crisis, using news stories published from October 1, 2016 to April 2018. The case of Cameroon is unique because what has been politicized is a nexus between ethnicity and linguistic identity where a minority ethnopolitical group that is seeking greater rights. Findings point evidence that suggest that the British press validates and legitimizes the ‘actions’ and ‘requests’ of Anglophone Cameroonians (the return of federalism or complete separation of the duo), while the French press outlet suggest alignment with the ideas of the Cameroon government (one and indivisible nation), casting doubt on marginalization claims of Anglophone Cameroonians. Considering that the current Cameroon Anglophone is historically rooted in European (British and French) colonialism, it is important study from a postcolonial perspective, how the press in these countries that and created what is now a bilingual and ‘bicultural’ Cameroon, would report political crisis half a century after independence. Findings have implications on the development a fresh perspective of postcolonial media theory. East Asian man ideal types in contemporary Chinese society: fluidity and multiple parameters of masculinity • Janice Wong • Asian masculinity is always an important, but under study area. There are concrete ideas of masculinity in the Western society, but in the East Asian culture, masculinity is not well-defined. Moreover, the way man tackles the fluidity and multiple parameters of masculinity is always changing in modern East Asia. Male surely have some ideal types of male images in their mind that they will try to manage their appearance included face and body, impression and images to achieve an ideal type. This study tries to generalize those male ideal types in East Asia culture through the wen-wu dichotomy. This exploratory study found that there are about eight ideal types of masculinities in East Asia. These ideal types are models or categories that for man to achieve. During the process of achieving an ideal type, male disclosed their reasons: social “other’s” expectations, institution’s expectations and also constructed by the consumer market, and the strategies they used to modify and improve their face and body. For men, they will depend on the inherent they owned, which can influence their self-perception, then select an ideal type that they can associate with or the standard they can reach and go toward that type. Men will control and modify their appearance, both face and body, manage their impression (or their front stage) toward the ideal beauty image standard or improve their impression (through symbolic capital) to satisfy the criteria of an ideal type. The Moderating Role of Media Freedom on the Relationship Between Internal Conflict and Diversionary External Conflict Initiation: 1948-2010 • Kai Xu, Wayne State University • Conflict-as-functional theorists argue that since a critical function of initiating international conflicts for a country is to divert public attention away from its domestic problems, there must be a significant relationship between a country’s internal conflict and the likelihood of creating external conflict. This study aims to further examine this relationship by introducing a new moderator – the effect of a country’s domestic conflict on external conflict initiation is moderated by its media freedom level. < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19097 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/lawp-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 17:52:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19100 Open Competition Boycotts, Blacklists, and De-Platforming: The ACLU Wrestles with Private Censorship • Stephen Bates, UNLV • In the late 1940s and the 1950s, the ACLU wrestled with the concept of "private censorship"--protests against speech that have the effect of suppressing the speech. The issues arose over identity, such as the NAACP's protest against the TV adaptation of "Amos 'n' Andy"; over morality, such as the Legion of Decency's protest against the film "The Miracle"; and over ideology, such as the American Legion's protest against films featuring Jose Ferrer and other purported communists and fellow travelers. The issues were difficult, and the ACLU tried various tests and formulations for distinguishing proper counter-speech from improper suppressive speech. This paper is based on internal documents from the ACLU, now in the Princeton University archives. Lost in translation: The disturbing decision to limit access to audio court files for podcasters • Kelli Boling, University of South Carolina • In its October 2017 decision in Undisclosed LLC v. The State, the Georgia Supreme Court recognized that Georgia Rule 21 allows for public access to court files including both inspecting and copying records. However, the court held that a court reporter’s audio files from trial are not actually court records because only the official transcripts, not the audio tapes, are filed with the court. Therefore, audio tapes cannot be copied by the media for use in podcast production. This article explores the problems with this Supreme Court decision and argues that the courts need to revisit the right to access and produce a definitive answer to the current dilemma for emerging media in the wake of true crime podcast growth. Troll Storms and Tort Liability for Speech Urging Action by Others • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • This paper examines when speakers, consistent with First Amendment principles of free expression, can be held tortiously responsible for the actions of others with whom they have no contractual or employer-employee relationship. Recent lawsuits against Daily Stormer publisher Andrew Anglin for sparking “troll storms” provide timely analytical springboards. The issue is particularly problematic when a speaker’s message urging action does not fall into an unprotected category of expression such as incitement or true threats and thus, were it not for tort law, would be fully protected. The paper also reviews the U.S. Supreme Court’s “authorized, directed, or ratified” test for vicarious liability established more than thirty-five years ago in the pre-Internet era case of NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. The paper concludes by proposing a framework for vicarious liability when speakers urge action that results in others’ tortious conduct. Media Mea Culpas and Journalistic Transparency: When News Outlets Publicly Investigate Their Reportage • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • This paper examines some important legal issues and implications surrounding reports commissioned by journalism organizations like Rolling Stone to investigative their own journalistic flaws and failures. Specifically, the paper explores how such reports carry the danger in cases such as Eramo v. Rolling Stone, LLC of blurring the crucial line separating journalism ethics from media law. Additionally, the paper examines the possible impact of third-party reports on the critical issue of truth and falsity in defamation lawsuits. Wither Zauderer, Blossom Heightened Scrutiny? • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • This paper examines how the United States Supreme Court’s 2018 decisions in the First Amendment cases of National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra and Janus v. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees muddle an already disorderly compelled-speech doctrine. Specifically, dual five-to-four decisions in Becerra and Janus raise key questions about the level of scrutiny – either a heightened test or a deferential variant of rational basis review – against which statutes compelling expression should be measured. Critically, Becerra illustrates the willingness of the Court’s conservative justices to narrowly confine the aging compelled-speech test from Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel. Furthermore, the paper explores how Justice Clarence Thomas’s concurrence in a third 2018 decision – Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission – heightens problems with the compelled-speech doctrine. The paper concludes by proposing multiple criteria for the Court to consider when determining the level of scrutiny to use in compelled-speech cases. Exploring Legal Solutions to Address the Problem of Hate Speech in the United States • Caitlin Carlson, Seattle University • This paper explores potential legal remedies for addressing the proliferation of hate speech in the United States. Solutions include an anti-hate speech law, a change in the federal threats statute, group defamation, and reconsidering intentional infliction of emotional distress as a viable response for victims of hate speech. The strengths and weaknesses of each approach are analyzed in light of existing jurisprudence and intentional infliction of emotional distress is identified as the best path forward. ‘Funding Secured:’ A Forty Million Dollar Tweet that Highlights First Amendment Issues Associated with Regulating Speech on Social Media • Samuel Cohn • The following article is written in the wake of a legal battle that began in Augusts 2018. The parties involved are Elon Musk and the Securities and Exchange Commission. To limit the discussion of Musk's behavior on Twitter to Securities law, largely the way mass media has done to this point, ignores Constitutional realities with respect to the use of social media in 2019. It is true that the legal battle between the SEC and Musk has more significance for corporations and their executives than the average person posting online. This reality does not discount the gravity of Musk’s situation. It is also true that Elon Musk is not the average Twitter user – he is a billionaire with twenty-five million followers and stands at the helm of multiple corporations. And yet, Elon Musk is an American citizen with the same rights as any other American in the United States. As such, he deserves the same constitutional protections. We can look at his recent involvement with the SEC as a prime example of the issues associated with regulating individual speech online as well as the chilling effects that stand to follow if said regulation is executed without considering the potentially adverse effects to the exercise of protected speech. Federal agencies, such as the SEC, should act with extreme caution when regulating the communication of individuals on social media as the legal boundaries of this new mode of communication are not fully understood. Privacy Exceptionalism Unless It’s Unexceptional: How the American Government Misuses the Spirit of Privacy in Two Different Ways to Justify both Nondisclosure and Surveillance • Benjamin W. Cramer, Bellisario College of Communications, Pennsylvania State University • This article explores the American government’s contradictory stances toward privacy, via an analysis of the jurisprudence surrounding the Freedom of Information Act and the Privacy Act, while comparing that to surveillance-oriented jurisprudence surrounding the actions of the national security and law enforcement establishments. The article argues that the government has displayed two contradictory stances toward privacy in these endeavors: it cites privacy concerns to withhold documents while ignoring privacy during its mass surveillance of citizens. This contradiction allows the government to violate the spirit of government transparency and the value of privacy in two different ways while becoming more secretive across the board. The article starts with an analysis of trends that have enabled agency rejections of FOIA requests for often facetious reasons of personal privacy – what researchers have dubbed “privacy exceptionalism.” This is followed by a similar analysis of the Privacy Act as another example of the American government’s professed concern for protecting personal privacy. The article then reviews how the national security and law enforcement establishments have largely ignored personal privacy as they conduct widespread electronic surveillance of citizens. The evidence will point to a new type of “privacy unexceptionalism” because privacy values have been unable to overcome the excesses of the surveillance state. The article concludes that the contradictions between these two views of privacy in the American government have enabled new patterns of secrecy and nondisclosure. Past Imperfect: Packingham, Public Forums, and Tensions Between Media Law's Present and Internet Regulation's Future • Anthony Fargo, Indiana University • Justice Anthony Kennedy suggested in Packingham v. North Carolina that the internet had supplanted physical spaces as essential public forums for many users. The analogy is problematic because public forums are usually government-controlled spaces, while internet platforms are privately owned. Comparing the internet to other media generally is similarly problematic because the internet has no comparison. This paper argues that courts should view the internet as a unique medium with unique issues. Forum Delegation: The Birth and Transposition of a New Approach to Public Forum Doctrine • Brett Johnson, University of Missouri; Shane Epping, University of Missouri • This paper explores the concept of forum delegation: the power of government officials to suggest which forums to allow speakers to use. The concept is born out of a recent legal battle between the University of Minnesota and conservative speaker Ben Shapiro, in which the UMN required Shapiro to speak in a venue away from the heart of campus due to concerns over the school’s ability to provide adequate security for the event. The paper first analyzes the UMN case to assess the constitutionality of forum delegation in the context of regulating speech and public universities. Next, it applies Robert Post’s theory of constitutional domains to transpose forum delegation from the public university context to situations in which cities must deal with controversial speakers. The goal in explicating the concept of forum delegation within this latter context to is give cities a tool in which to constitutionally balance the interests of speakers, audience members, public safety concerns, and efficient resource management. Such a tool can be especially helpful at a time when provocateurs have sought to weaponize the First Amendment through politicizing and polarizing free speech principles. TL;DR and TC;DU: An Assessment of the Length and Complexity of Social Media Policies • Jonathan Obar, York University; Andrew Hatelt • A study of the length and complexity of terms of service (TOS) and privacy policies (PP) for 10 social media services. Average TOS is 26,320 words and PP 7,984 words, with most policies written at a grade 12 or college reading level. These findings may contribute to critiques of notice privacy policy, providing empirical evidence that policies continue to be “too long” and “too complicated”, contributing to users that “didn’t read” and “don’t understand”. “I also consider myself a First Amendment lawyer” • Jonathan Peters • Charles Harder. Lin Wood. Tom Clare. They are among a small number of American lawyers who have significant experience bringing claims against news organizations for their editorial activities. They play important roles in the news ecosystem, and they are subjects worthy of scholarly attention. Their perspectives about their work, which is reshaping media law, can contribute to a better understanding of claims against the press. With that in mind, we interviewed eight such lawyers about their practices. Deciding Fair Use • Amanda Reid, UNC Chapel Hill • The epic legal battle between Google and Oracle is knocking on the SCOTUS’s door – again. Viewing the jury verdict “as advisory only,” the Federal Circuit independently re-weighed the fair use factors and concluded that allowing Google to commercially exploit Oracle’s work would “not advance the purposes of copyright.” This case raises important and timely questions about how to conceptualize and operationalize fair use. The ontological nature of copyright fair use is often misunderstood. As a mixed question of law and fact, fair use does not fit neatly into the law/fact paradigm, which typically guides decision making authority. Is fair use a fact question for the jury or a legal question for the court? On appeal, are fair use decisions reviewed deferentially or de novo? In other words, is fair use a question of fact for the jury and off limits to appellate court second-guessing, or is fair use a question of law for which an appellate court can decide anew? Rather than hiding behind the “slippery” distinction between “fact” and “law,” this essay highlights the plainly political nature of allocating decision making authority. The policy question is whether we want speech-protective rights assessed by a judge or a jury. Who has the institutional capacity to do a better job? Who do we trust more? The Trouble With “True Threats” • Eric Robinson, University of South Carolina; Morgan Hill, University of South Carolina • With abusive language endemic online, the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Elonis v. United States did not resolve many issues in determination whether a statement is a “true threat.” In the absence of guidance, courts have applied various factors to rule in these cases. This paper quantifies and analyzes how courts have applied these factors in various cases, showing the need for clear standards for what communication can be considered “true threats.” The Tribal University: Factions, iGen and the Threat to Free Speech on Campus • Joseph Russomanno, Arizona State University • The American college campus was once the ultimate marketplace of ideas. Now, speakers are sometimes shouted down or disinvited. Fear of trauma abridges classroom discussion. As the nation tribalizes, so do college students – members of iGen and psychologically fragile. This paper examines the interconnectedness of these issues. It also invokes factions – the tribalism of America’s founding era – and illustrates how James Madison’s approach to control them can be applied to speech on the contemporary campus. A Structural Imperative: Freedom of Information, the First Amendment and the Societal Function of Expression • A.Jay Wagner • In the United States, the ability to gain access to government information is predicated by statute, the 1966 FOIA. Despite influential First Amendment scholars asserting access to government information to be a necessary corollary, the Supreme Court has only partially recognized such a right. The manuscript tracks this legal trajectory and examines international constitutional rights of access and explores why access has been rhetorically identified as an imperative yet has not received legal priority. The Understanding of Absolute Right to Freedom of Expression Concerning Hate Speech in the Case of the Charlottesville Incident • Qinqin Wang; Roxanne Watson, University of South Florida • The purpose of this paper is to explore whether there is an absolute right to freedom of expression with regard to hate speech, and more specifically, whether tolerance should be exercised toward speech even in circumstances where this speech presents a clear and present danger to the public. The paper will delve into the decision by the Virginia Court that allowed the rally in Charlottesville which resulted in the death of a 32-year old woman. Algorithms, Machine Learning, and Speech: The Future of the First Amendment in a Digital World • Sarah Wiley • By mediating how information is produced, distributed, and consumed, algorithms have a vast impact on how individuals perceive the world and thanks to machine learning and big data, they do so more autonomously than ever. This article examines how First Amendment jurisprudence has struggled to keep up and recommends a way to realign the doctrine with its underlying values of democratic self-governance, the distribution of knowledge and ideas, and individual autonomy in light of machine learning. Neutral Reportage “Missing In Action” In U.S. Law But Expanding In Foreing Law As A Libel Defense • Kyu Ho Youm • Few media law scholars and practitioners in the U.S. have paid close attention to neutral reportage in foreign law. To fill the glaring void in the study of neutral reportage as a fascinating export from American law, this paper examines neutral reportage as a case of “reverse perspective.” Three questions provide the main focus of this study: (1) Why was Anglo-American law on republication of defamatory statements problematic for news reporting?; (2) How has neutral reportage been recognized as a libel defense in foreign law?; (3) How is neutral reportage similar to, and different from, the “public interest” defense in England and other countries? < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19100 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/magd-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 17:55:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19103 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19103 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/mcsd-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 18:11:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19106 Open Competition Sharing Native Advertising on Twitter: Evidence of the Inoculating Influence of Disclosures • Michelle Amazeen, Boston University; Chris Vargo • Based upon a large data set of tweets linking to native advertising in leading U.S. news publications, this study explores whether the practice of native advertising disclosure in the field serves the inoculating function of resistance to persuasion. Leveraging the Persuasion Knowledge Model (Friestad & Wright, 1994) and inoculation theory (McGuire, 1964), results show a) regular use of disclosures on publisher landing pages, b) the absence of disclosures in over half of publisher thumbnail images, and c) a negative moderating effect of disclosures on the valence of organic comments. Effective Targeting of Youth through Online Social Networks in Diverse and Multicultural Marketplaces: New Developments and Perspectives. • Mian Asim, Zayed University • This study examines and compares the effectiveness of social networks to target youth for precision marketing under the conditions of cultural dispositions, innovative aptitude, and perceived medium credibility in emerging marketplaces. Under the premise of Social Identity framework, the results reveal external factors like recommendations, product offers, and appearance are more relevant than an individual’s traits and dispositions when evaluating products on social networks. The theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed. Ads for Forever Families: How Public Service Advertising Portrays Adoptive Children and Teenagers • Jackson Carter, University of South Carolina; Taylor Jing Wen, University of South Carolina • There is a dearth of research in mass communication regarding family adoption, which may hinder meaningful progress to help policymakers, academics, content creators, and families. The current study adopts a qualitative approach to identify the persuasive appeals, dominant frames and media representation of adoptive parents and children in the PSAs that promotes adoption. This research informs social work professionals about how media portrait family adoption, and allow them to strategize how to shape future communication. Developing and Validating the Scale of Parental Social Media Mediation Across Child and Parent Samples • Liang Chen; Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University; May Lwin; Lunrui Fu • "This research aims to enhance the conceptualization and operationalization of parental social media mediation. First, we conducted focus groups with both children and parents in Singapore to categorize parental mediation strategies of social media. Then, a survey was conducted with a nationally representative sample of 1,424 child participants and 1,206 parent participants in Singapore to develop and test the scale. The results of focus groups identified four conceptually distinct parental mediation strategies of social media – labelled as active mediation, restrictive mediation, authoritarian surveillance, and monitoring as well as developed an initial scale of them. Based on the data from survey questionnaires, we investigated both inter-item and item-total correlations and performed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), which developed and validated the scale of parental social media mediation. Third-Person Effects of Fake News on Social Media • Yang Cheng, North Carolina State University; Zifei Chen, University of San Francisco • This study proposed and tested a model to understand the antecedents and consequences of third-person perceptions of fake news about a company on Facebook. Survey results (N = 661) showed impacts of self-efficacy, social undesirability, and consumer involvement on the perceived influence of fake news on self and others. The perceived influence on others served as a mediator in the model and positively predicted support for corporate corrective action, media literacy intervention, and governmental regulation. Local civic information beyond the news: Computational identification of civic content on social media • Yingying Chen, College of Communication Arts and Sciences, Michigan State University; Kourtnie Rodgers, Michigan State University; Kjerstin Thorson; Kelley Cotter; Sevgi Baykaldi • This study proposes a conceptual definition of local civic information to guide computational analyses of the civic information health of communities. We define civic information by the functions it could serve in a community, rather than producer. To demonstrate utility, we use structural topic modeling and human coding to identify clusters of Facebook posts which may serve a diverse community functions and demonstrate that these posts were produced by a diverse set of community organizations. Outside of Spiral of Silence?: Examining Partisans Outspokenness on Social Networking Sites • Stella Chia • This study discloses the direct and the indirect effects of issue involvement on partisans’ outspokenness on SNSs in the context of legalizing same-sex in Taiwan. The indirect effects appear to offset the direct effects. On one hand, partisans are motivated to speak out online by their strong involvement; on the other hand, their strong issue involvement leads to presumed media influence, which prohibits them from expressing opinions on SNSs. Their offline participation is also affected. Uncertainty Management in Mass Shootings: Antecedents, Appraisals, and Communication Behavior • Surin Chung, Ohio University • This study investigates how situational antecedents affect perceived uncertainty and how uncertainty appraisals influence publics’ communication behavior about mass shootings. A total of 637 responses were collected through an online survey. The results revealed that situational antecedents were significantly associated with uncertainty. The results showed that uncertainty had a positive indirect effect on information seeking intention via anxiety and hope. Also, uncertainty had a positive indirect effect on information attending intention via anxiety and sadness. Combatting science myths: The effects of fact-checking and platform congruency on hostile media bias and news credibility perceptions • Raluca Cozma, Kansas State University; Xiaochen Zhang, University of Oklahoma • An experiment was conducted to examine differences in story credibility and hostile media bias perceptions between readers assigned to attitude congruent vs. incongruent cable news platforms and between readers who read stories fact checked by a reporter, a scientist, or not corrected at all. The study advances understanding of the effects of fact checking in the realm of science news and found attitude congruency to be a predictor of news credibility perceptions. Audience’s Emotion and Sense of Social Solidarity during a Media Event: Examining the Effects of Two Media Platforms • Xi Cui, College of Charleston; Qian Xu, Elon University • This study examines audiences’ emotional and social experiences of Donald Trump’s presidential inauguration through television and social media. A survey of a national sample (N = 420) was conducted following the inauguration ceremony. Drawing on media events, emotional appraisal and identity self-categorization theories, the study found that television was socially integrative while social media was socially disruptive. Media events’ influences on audiences’ social and emotional experiences depended on both their identities and media affordances. How is CSR covered in news media? A cross-national study of comparative agenda setting of CSR news coverage using topic modeling • Chuqing Dong; Yafei Zhang • "This study explored multifaceted corporate social responsibility (CSR) covered in major news media in the UK, US, Mainland China, and Hong Kong (HK) from 2000 to 2016. Under the theoretical framework of agenda setting, 4,487 CSR-related news articles from both business and nonbusiness news sources were analyzed using computer-assisted content analysis (LDA) techniques. This study contributes to CSR communication research by adding a global media perspective regarding what CSR means and should focus on. Identification with stereotyped social groups: Counter-stereotyped protagonists and stereotyped supporting casts influence on symbolic racism • Joshua Dunn, Texas Tech University; Bryan McLaughlin, Texas Tech University • While exposure to stereotyped minority characters reinforces prejudice, when viewers identify with counter-stereotyped characters prejudice tends to decrease. This study examines the juxtaposition of identifying with either a counter-stereotyped Black protagonist or a stereotyped supporting cast. Participants read a prompt (group vs. individual salience), watched a television episode, then reported their identification with the protagonist and the social group. Findings suggest that individual identification reduces prejudice, while social identification with a stereotyped group does not. Making sense of Harvey: An exploration of how journalists find meaning in disaster • Gretchen Dworznik-Hoak • Thirty journalists who covered hurricane Harvey and who also lived in the areas affected were interviewed in order to explore how journalists make sense of and cope with their exposure to the trauma associated with a natural disaster. Baumeister’s (1991) four needs for meaning framework was used as a guide to uncover how journalists used justification, purpose, efficacy and self-worth to find meaning in their traumatic experiences. Implications for news managers and future research are discussed. Engaging the Dark Side: Fictional Antagonists and Real World Attitudes toward Criminals • Rebecca Frazer, The Ohio State University; Emily Moyer-Gusé • This work investigates whether moral salience (vice salience vs. virtue salience) and the revelation timing of a character’s immoral behavior in a fictional narrative (late reveal vs. early reveal) impact identification with morally ambiguous antagonists. Further, real-world attitudinal outcomes of antagonist identification are examined. A two-part study (n = 173) demonstrated that identification with a fictional antagonist can significantly impact real-world attitudes. Additionally, gender differences emerged in the impact of revelation timing on identification. The Hostile Media Effect in Coverage of International Relations: Testing the Relationship Between Source, Nationalism and Perceived Source Bias • Guy Golan, Center for Media and Public Opinion; T. Franklin Waddell, University of Florida; Matthew Barnidge, The University of Alabama • The significant expansion of government-sponsored news organizations across traditional and social media places mediated engagement of foreign audiences at the heart of the global news ecosystem and modern international relations. While governments compete to build and shape the desired foreign policy frames, there is some reason to believe that foreign audiences may view foreign media sources as biased. The current study aims to investigate this possibility. Drawing upon the rich body of scholarship on the hostile media phenomenon, the study experimentally compares perceived media bias in foreign versus domestic news sources. A crisis in pictures: Visual framing of the opioid epidemic by the Cincinnati Enquirer • Matthew Haught, University of Memphis; Erin Willis, University of Colorado Boulder; Kathleen I. Alaimo, U of Colorado • Local newspapers often are on the front lines of reporting about drugs, particularly the current ongoing opioid epidemic. The present study builds on a case study of the Cincinnati Enquirer’s heroin and opioid reporting by considering the visuals used in the reporting. Thorough a visual framing analysis, this research finds that while the previous researchers’ case study found a dominance of thematic framing in reporting, its accompanying photojournalism tends to be more episodic in nature. Spatial Dimensions of Latin American Journalists’ Role Perceptions: A Hierarchy of Influence Analysis • Vanessa Higgins Joyce, Texas State University; Summer Harlow, University of Houston; Amy Schmitz Weiss, SDSU; Rosental Alves • Local, national, regional, and global networks of power intersect in this digital era, raising questions of how re-conceived notions of space are transforming the hierarchy of influences model. This study surveyed (N=1,543) the journalism community from 20 Latin American countries examining how spatial influences are changing journalists’ role conceptions. Findings suggest that, at the organization-structure level, spatial dimensions are related to role perceptions, and regional-institutional forces remain strong influences over how journalists see their roles. An Examination of Information Behaviors Surrounding Controversial Sociopolitical Issues: Roles of Moral Emotions and Gender • Cheng Hong, Virginia Commonwealth University; Weiting Tao, University of Miami; Wanhsiu Tsai, University of Miami; Bo Ra Yook, University of Miami • Given the emotion-laden nature and moral considerations of controversial sociopolitical issues, this study examines two key antecedents of information behaviors regarding controversial issues. We focus on the under-researched emotions by investigating the effects of moral emotions induced by controversial issues, and a key demographic factor, gender, on information behaviors toward such issues. Results of this study highlight the significant role of moral emotions and expand theoretical understanding of public advocacy on highly divisive sociopolitical issues. Will Consumers Silence Themselves when Brands Speak Up about Sociopolitical Issues? Applying the Spiral of Silence Theory to Consumer Boycott and Buycott Behaviors • Cheng Hong, Virginia Commonwealth University; Cong Li, University of Miami • To investigate boycotting and buycotting as responses to brand activism, this study adopted a 2 (consumer stance: consistent vs. inconsistent with the focal company) × 2 (public support of consumer stance: majority vs. minority) between-subjects experiment, with a third factor (perceived credibility of public opinion survey) measured. Findings showed brand attitude mediated the effect of consumer stance on boycott and buycott intention, moderated by magnitude of public support and perceived credibility of public opinion survey. The Safety Dance: Examining the Reasoned Action Approach in Severe Weather Preparedness • Jue Hou, University of Alabama; Cory Armstrong; Nathan Towery • In light of the recent national-scale severe weather hits from Hurricane Michael to wildfires on the West Coast and blizzards in the East, this study sought to investigate factors that may advance residents’ disaster preparedness behaviors. In particular, this paper examined the model of Reasoned Action Approach (RAA) under the context of severe weather preparedness. A number of natural disaster-related concepts, from prior experience to the perceived knowledge base, were examined regarding their predictive ability towards subjects’ behaviors against severe weather outbreaks. With data collected from 1,035 participants, findings indicated that people’s disaster preparedness behaviors generally fit the reasoned action approach model. In specific, background factors would predict behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, as well as control beliefs. These factors consequentially influenced people’s preparatory intentions, which would eventually impact extreme weather preparedness behaviors. Academic insights regarding severe weather protection as well as practical implications on public disaster education were discussed. They said it’s ‘fake’: Effect of ‘fake news’ online comments on information quality judgments and information authentication • Rosie Jahng, Wayne State University; Elizabeth Stoycheff, Wayne State University; Scott Burgess; Annisa Meirita Patimurani Rochadiat, Wayne State University; Kai Xu, Wayne State University • Using a mixed-design online experiment, this study examined how individuals determine the quality of information they encounter online and what factors motivate individuals to engage in information verification and authentication processes. The effect of a heuristic cue typically encountered when reading online news articles, i.e., online comments labeling presented contents as ‘fake news’ was tested. Results showed main effects of ‘fake news’ label in online comments on participants’ accuracy in identifying fake news, need to authenticate the information encountered, and their reliance on legacy news channels to authenticate the information. Press, Protests and The People: How Media Framing and Visual Communication Affects Support for Black Civil Rights Protests • Danielle Kilgo; Rachel Mourao, Michigan State University • This study tests the impact of news frames on audience support for a civil rights social movement. Using a 3 X 2 experimental design, we explore how frames and visuals affect audiences’ criticism of police and protesters, support, and identification with the movement. Findings show legitimizing narratives have limited impact on increasing support and identification with protesters, and police criticism. Delegitimizing frames increase criticism towards protesters, decrease support and identification, and decrease criticism of police. Children’s Fear Responses to News: A Survey on Fear Evoked by Children’s Television News • Mariska Kleemans, Radboud University Nijmegen; Ming Ebbinkhuijsen, Radboud University Nijmegen; Serena Daalmans, Radboud University Nijmegen • To get up-to-date insights into children’s fear responses to children’s television news, a survey was conducted among 892 children (9-12 y/o). Results show that children’s television news is still an important source of information. However, a majority of children reports being frightened by this news, in particular girls and younger children. Thus, it is necessary –for both theoretical and practical reasons– to further investigate how news can be more adapted to children’s social-emotional needs. Examining the Paths of Influence between Individual Motivators, Information Behaviors, and Outcomes in Disaster Risk Reduction • Chih-Hui Lai, National Chiao Tung U • Building on the integrative models of media effects and audience activity, this study conducts a cross-lagged analysis of two-wave data in Taiwan. The results show that the relationships between individual characteristics and disaster risk reduction (DRR) information behaviors are driven both by media effects and selection effects, depending on the type of information behavior. Different mediating mechanisms exist as personal factors influence DRR information seeking and sharing differently, which then predict outcomes of DRR. Complementary and Competitive Framing: Framing Effects, Attitude Volatility or Attitude Resistance? • Shirley Ho, Nanyang Technological University; Yan Wah Leung, Nanyang Technological University • This study is designed to answer two big questions regarding framing theory. First, what happens when frames are challenged? Second, how resistant are the opinions that initial frames induce? 1,006 participants completed an online experiment where they were randomly assigned to first view a blog post with either complementary or competitive framing on driverless cars. Participants also viewed a blog post that challenged the stance of the first blog post. Participants indicated their attitudes and levels of support for driverless cars after viewing each blog post. Results revealed that complementary frames polarized opinions, while competitive frames neutralized opinions. Further, competitive frames induced more resistant opinions than complementary frames did. Overall, we found that attitude and support were exceptionally susceptible to new, antagonistic information. Taken together, this study found that framing effects are typically ephemeral and easily challenged by new information. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. Power Exemplification of Minority Members in the News Can Influence Attribution of Responsibility for Social Issues, Intergroup Attitudes, dehumanization, and Aggression • Minjie Li • This study experimentally investigates how the power exemplification of minority members (i.e. High-Power vs. Low-Power Transgender Exemplar) in the news narrative interacts with the audience’s sex to redirect people’s responsibility attributions for transgender issues, intergroup attitudes, dehumanization, and aggression towards transgender people. The findings demonstrated that after reading the news article featuring a high-power transgender woman, cisgender women respondents reported significantly higher levels of transphobia, individual attribution of transgender issues, and dehumanization of transgender people’s human nature. Exploring the Role of Perceptual and Affective Factors in Predicting K-Pop Gratifications and Transcultural Social Networking • Carolyn Lin; Suji Park; Xiaowen Xu; Yukyung Lee, University of Connecticut • This study examines how K-pop (Korean popular music) promotes social media use among non-Asian college students via testing a Transcultural Communication Networking Model. Findings indicate that perceived social distance, cultural familiarity and perceived cultural similarities (between K-pop and American pop music) have either an indirect or direct effect on attitudes toward K-pop. While attitudes are linked to K-pop gratifications, these two variables and perceived cultural dissimilarities contribute to transcultural networking frequency on social media. The Effects of Framing and Advocacy Expectancy on Belief Importance and Issue Attitude • Jiawei Liu, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Min-Hsin Su; Douglas McLeod; Joseph Abisaid • Message frames have been found to influence relevant issue attitudes by influencing the weight of issue considerations emphasized in the message. This study investigates differences in the framing effects of advocacy groups, depending on whether the message fits readers’ expectations for the communicator’s issue position (expected advocacy) or not (unexpected advocacy). Findings suggest that frames with unexpected advocacy significantly influenced readers’ perceived belief importance, which in turn influenced issue attitudes. 25 Years of Thematic and Episodic Framing Research on News: A Disciplinary Self-Reflection through an Integrative Process Model of Framing • Lesa Hatley Major, Indiana University; Stacie Meihaus Jankowski • This current study analyzes over 25 years (1991 – 2018) of research in academic journals on thematic and episodic frames in news coverage of social issues. As Peters states at the onset of a lengthy piece on the struggle of the communication field to define its purpose and institutional focus,“self-reflection is a key part of healthy social science” (1986, p. 527). Our purpose in this paper is twofold: 1) an examination of the research conducted on thematic and episodic frames in news coverage of social issues (1991 – 2018) using Matthes’ coding concepts from a 2009 study on framing research, and 2) an exploratory exercise of systematically organizing and analyzing our research using deVreese’s integrative process of framing model (2005) to understand our findings about episodic and thematic frames in news coverage, while positing a path forward for research on these frames in news coverage. Without the first part of this study, we could not undertake the second part of our theoretical exploration. While we do not address the current debate on framing research, it’s fractured state or declared demise, we believe our work in this study sheds light on the value of framing as a theoretical and practical foundation and articulate one path for its continued use to conduct research in communication. #Blocked: Engaging with Politicians on Social Media in the Age of Trump • Gina Masullo Chen, University of Texas at Austin • This study sought to understand the phenomenon of Americans being blocked on social media by politicians, including President Trump. Using qualitative interview data (N = 22), this analysis reveals that blocking constitutes a threat to democratic norms and damages American’s perceptions of political actors and the health of democracy. Findings also show that some Americans perceive blocking by Trump as a badge of honor, while blocking by other politicians is an unfair act of silencing. Viewing media about President Trump’s dietary habits and fast food consumption: Partisan differences and implications for public health • Jessica Myrick, Pennsylvania State University • A nationally representative survey (N = 1,050) assessed connections between Americans’ attention to media about President Donald Trump’s preference for fast food and public perceptions and intentions regarding fast food. Results revealed a significant positive relationship between attention to media about Trump’s diet and perceptions that fast food is socially acceptable, as well as intentions to consume it. Additionally, some differences emerged for audiences who identified as Republicans versus Democrats. Credibility Effects of Fact-Checking Labels on Social Media News Posts • Anne Oeldorf-Hirsch, University of Connecticut; Mike Schmierbach, Pennsylvania State University; Alyssa Appelman, Northern Kentucky University; Michael Boyle, West Chester University • With most Internet users now getting news from social media, there is growing concern about how to verify the content that appears on these platforms. This study experimentally tests the effects of fact-checking labels on social media news posts on credibility, virality, and information seeking. Results indicate that fact-checking labels do not have a beneficial effect on credibility perceptions of individual news posts, but that their presence does increase judgments of the site’s quality overall. Testing the Viability of Emotions and Issue Involvement as Predictors of CSA Response Behaviors • Holly Overton, University of South Carolina; Minhee Choi, University of South Carolina; Jane Weatherred, University of South Carolina; Nanlan Zhang, University of South Carolina • Corporate Social Advocacy (CSA) has become more prominent as companies continue taking stands on politically charged social-justice issues. This study examines emotions and issue involvement as antecedents of theory of planned behavior variables (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) to predict CSA response behaviors. A survey (N = 373) was conducted to examine the public’s response to a recent CSA example–Nike’s ad campaign featuring Colin Kaepernick. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. The Representation of Stigma in U.S. Newspapers • Scott Parrott, The University of Alabama; Nicholas Eckhart, The University of Alabama • A content analysis examined the representation of stigma in 1,524 stories published by U.S. news outlets between 2000 and 2018. Stigma was discussed in relation to dehumanized conditions such as schizophrenia, drug addiction, and HIV/AIDS. However, journalists frequently trivialized stigma by referencing it in relation to football teams, food, and objects that do not experience the stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination inflicted upon certain social groups. Something is better than nothing: How the presence of comments may decrease the sharing of fake news on social media • John Petit; Cong Li, University of Miami; Barbara Millet; Khudejah Ali; Ruoyu Sun, University of Miami • This study used a between-subjects experimental design to examine the effect of user comments on news readers’ perceived news credibility and sharing intention. It was found that, regardless of the type of news, participants who read news with no comments were most likely to share the news. This effect was mediated by perceived news credibility and news liking. These experimental results have important theoretical and practical implications for future research on fake news on social media. Interlocking Among American News Media • Adam Saffer, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; Deborah Dwyer, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Jennifer Harker, West Virginia University; Chris Etheridge, University of Arkansas Little Rock; Mariam Turner; Daniel Riffe, UNC-Chapel Hill • In today’s media landscape, companies seem to be more intertwined than ever. But are they? Is interlocking affecting journalists and the content being produced? This examines the networks at play among today’s media organizations and corporate businesses by using a three-method design. The first phase network analyzed interlocks among news media companies’ board of directors. The second phase surveyed editors of newspapers owned by these companies to assess the influence on the newsroom from the board and parent company. In the third phase, news coverage of directors and their affiliated organizations was content analyzed for newspapers whose editors perceived pressure “from above.” The network analysis results suggest a monolithic structure that Han (1988) and Winter (1988) feared has emerged. Unlike previous studies, we took this investigation two steps further to examine whether interlocks were pressuring newsrooms and influencing the news content produced. For about one third of survey respondents, interlocks were seen by pressured editors as having influence on the newsroom. Pressured editors indicated significantly stronger perceptions of financial pressures emanating from the newspaper’s boardroom, board of directors, “ownership/upper management,” and business interests than editors who did not indicate pressure from interlocks or their corporate parent. So, what was the pressured newsrooms’ coverage of the interlocks? Routine coverage of interlocks and their affiliated organizations was lacking. Even the disclosure of a relationship between a director or affiliated organization and the newspaper was disclosed half of the time and traditional journalistic scrutiny was applied to less than half of the time. Effects of Narrative Political Ads on Message and Candidate Attitudes • Fuyuan Shen, Pennsylvania State University; Guolan Yang, Pennsylvania State University; Jeff Conlin, Pennsylvania State University; Pratiti Diddi, Pennsylvania State University • This study examined the effects of narrative political ads on message attitudes and candidate evaluations. We conducted a 2 x 2 x 2 between-subjects online experiment whereby participants viewed political ads manipulated by message valence (positive vs. negative), message format (narrative vs. non-narrative) and message focus (issue vs. character). Results suggested that both message valence and message format had some significant main and interactions on message and candidate evaluations. How does Profanity Propagate Online? Measuring the Virality of Swearing on Social Media • Yunya Song, Hong Kong Baptist University; K. Hazel Kwon, Arizona State University; Jianliang Xu; Xin Huang; Shiying Li, Brown University • Swearing, also known as profanity, refers to the behavior of using foul language that is often linked to online incivility. In China, state government has been actively censoring profanity under the rationale of protecting civility in digital space. This study examines the diffusion of profanity in social media, based on the case of China’s microblogging service, Sina Weibo. The study utilizes computational methods to reconstruct the cascade networks of sampled swearing and non-swearing posts and compares various structural features of diffusion networks, including size, depth, width, and interlayer width ratios, between the propagation of swearing and non-swearing posts. The study contributes to the understanding of the diffusion process of profane speech online, and expands discussions about the impact of online incivility in shaping online discursive culture in China. The Rise of Fact-Checking in Asia • Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Lim Darren, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Weng Wai Mak, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Shawn Tan, Nanyang Technological University Singapore • This study seeks to understand the roles, ethics, and routines of fact-checking organisations in Asia through interviews with 11 fact-checkers in the region. Results showed most fact-checkers developed similar routines whether they have a journalistic background or not. Leveraging of social media and technology were common answers given in searching for issues to fact-check, with those single operator or smaller fact-checking operation being dependent on their audience to bring trending issues to their attention. When it comes to the ethical principles that guide them, our participants identified the values of impartiality, independence, and accuracy. Finally, our participants conceptualised their role in society as educators, disseminators, and watchdogs. Serial Tweeters: The individuals and organizations that sustain attention to the climate issue on Twitter • Luping Wang, Cornell University; Aimei Yang; Kjerstin Thorson • The study examines a group of serial participants who consistently tweeted about the climate change issue over five years. The findings suggest a once loosely connected set of Twitter users have become more akin to a community of practice over time. Their network positions in serial participants’ network correlate with their positions in the broader network of Twitter users discussing the climate issue. Organizational actors continue to play a strong role as attention hubs. Who speaks for the majority? Comparing exemplar indicators of public opinion in a social media setting • Jinping Wang, Pennsylvania State University; Mike Schmierbach, Pennsylvania State University • This study explores both the origins and consequences of perceived opinion climates in an online environment, combining exemplification theory and the spiral of silence. Using a 3 x 3 experimental design, we examine the effects of exemplars within news stories and subsequent social media comments. The results showed that the news exemplar shaped the majority opinion perception among one’s close friends, which predicted one’s willingness to express opinions, moderated by fear of isolation. The Medium is (Indeed) the Message: The State of Social Media Research at the AEJMC National Convention • Amanda J. Weed, Kennesaw State University; Chris McCollough, Columbus State University; Karen Freberg, University of Louisville; Enakshi Roy, Western Kentucky University • A systematic review of AEJMC national convention abstracts (n = 1,345) examined the state of social media research from 2009 through 2018. Analysis of abstracts examined volume of social media research, what platforms were studied, which research methodologies were employed, and how research was practically applied in 10 unique content areas of journalism and mass communication. Findings revealed social media research has grown from 3.8% to 25.0% of total research presented at the national convention. The Public and the News Media: How Americans Think About Journalists and the Media Before and After Trump • Lars Willnat, Syracuse University; David Weaver; Jian SHI, Syracuse University • Based on two national surveys conducted among U.S. citizens in 2014 and 2018, this study analyzes how political polarization and social media use might affect perceptions of the news media. While perceptions of the media improved from 2014 to 2018, Republicans have become significantly more negative in their views of the media. Traditional media use, social media interactivity, and perceived effects of social media on journalism were associated with more positive evaluations of the media. A New Era of Para-social Relationship: Mapping the Value of Social Media Influencers • Shupei Yuan, Northern Illinois University; chen lou • The current study investigated the determinants of para-social relationship (PSR) between social media influencers and their followers and the effect of PSR in explaining the value of influencers via an online survey. Results showed that influencer traits and fairness of communication procedure significantly predicted the strength of PSR. PSR was a significant mediator that drove followers’ interests in influencer-mentioned products. The findings extended our understanding of PSR and provided practitioners insights in enhancing the relationship strategically. Hostile Media Perception and Intention to Participate in Public Discussion of Mental Health: An Examination of the Role of Involvement • Xueying Zhang • The current study tested the “corrective action hypothesis” (see Rojas, 2000) by analyzing intentions to discuss mental health issues publicly after the exposure of news coverage of a mass shooting using a “dangerous people” vs. “dangerous gun” frame. 300 respondents were recruited through Qualtrics national research panels. The results of the survey suggested potential benefits of employing HMP (hostile media perception) in educating the public by appealing to empathy and value systems. Keeping Up with the In-Crowd: The Extent and Type of Substance Use in Celebrity Gossip on Twitter • lara zwarun, UMSL • Following celebrity lifestyles via Twitter is a popular pastime. This study examines how often references to alcohol, tobacco, and drugs appear in tweets sent by celebrities and gossip media, and on webpages linked to in these tweets. It also considers whether the substances are portrayed in a positive or a negative light, using measures based on social cognitive theory. Substance references appeared occasionally but consistently in tweets, whether from celebrities or gossip organizations, and more frequently in content on the linked webpages. Portrayals were varied: some contain humor, slang, and appealing photographs that make substance use sound interesting and attractive, while others mentioned negative consequences. The findings suggest that people who follow celebrities and celebrity gossip via Twitter are likely to encounter substance use messages, and that some, but not all, of these messages may glamorize that substance use. Student Competition “Anyone in their right mind wouldn’t create it”: Online community formation through shitposting • Yi En Ho; Dion Loh; Tsi Ying Au; Celine Mok • This exploratory study provides a structured understanding of shitposting and examines its form and role in online community formation by conducting interviews and a content analysis on Facebook’s largest closed shitposting group, Spongebob Shitposting. Results revealed that members defined shitposting as posts with unfunny and nonsensical humour that require online cultural literacy to understand, having a recognisable form that are created with varying intentions. Findings also gave insight to shitposting’s role in forming a community. Examining Media Modality and Social Media Engagement: A Content Analysis of Police Departments’ Facebook Posts • Rachel Italiano, Manship School of Mass Communication, Louisiana State University; Anthony Ciaramella, Manship School of Mass Communication, Louisiana State University; Jessica Wyers, Manship School of Mass Communication, Louisiana State University • This content analysis examined if modality (text, photo, video) used by police departments (PDs) in Facebook posts impacts post engagement. Poisson regression results show that modality impacts post engagement. Posts using photos and videos increased engagement. Significant differences were found between large city PDs and small city PDs. Small city PD posts have less engagement than large city PDs. Overall, these results suggest how PDs can use social media as a community engagement tool. A serial mediation model of media exposure on body shame: The role of internalization of appearance ideals and self-objectification • Lin Li, Michigan State University • Building on objectification theory and media effects research, this study found that image-focused magazine and Instagram use was associated with higher levels of internalization of appearance ideals, which in turn was related to increased self-objectification; this greater self-objectification translated into greater body shame. Image-focused TV and Facebook use were directly related to greater body shame. Snapchat use was negatively related to body shame through reduced internalization of appearance ideals. Where Local Meets Plethora: Patterns of Media Usage and Community Integration • Meredith Metzler • Communication scholarship is seeing a renewed interest in the question of the impact of declining local news media. Underlying much of this research is the assumption that local news media will be used if it exists. This qualitative study uses the case studies of two rural communities to understand which media connect and disconnect individuals from their geographic community. The findings reveal that media use often relied on affinity for outlets and were contextually dependent. Disposition Theory and Protest: The Influence of Media Frames and Individual Disposition on Audience Response to Protest • Hailey Grace Steele, University of Alabama • This study examined the influence of news frames and individual disposition on audience response to protest. The study sought to determine whether the social group depicted as the main actor in news coverage of protest would influence audience support for protest. Informed by disposition theory and tested using experimental design, the study found that certain audience characteristics can significantly predict attitudes toward protest based on the types of media content to which audiences are exposed. Beyond the Differential Gains Model: The Effects of Authoritarian Orientation, Social Media Use, and Political Discussion on Political Participation in Taiwan and South Korea • Yan Su, The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University; XIZHU XIAO • In an attempt to investigate the roles of authoritarian orientation, social media use, and political discussion in shaping political participation in transitional democracies, this study analyzes nationwide surveys from two third-wave democracies: Taiwan and South Korea. The regression results show that in both societies, the effects of social media use and political discussion are positively associated with political participation; authoritarian orientation was only negatively associated with political participation in Taiwan. This study does not find significant moderating effects of communication variables on their relationships with political participation, which expands extant research on the conventional differential gains model research that mainly focused on liberal democratic countries. A significant three-way interaction also emerged in South Korea. #Ageism: Exploring aging issues on Twitter • Tammy Walkner, University of Iowa • Twitter is a microblogging site that many people use to share their opinions on various topics. It's not just young people who tweet - 28% percent of Twitter users are 55 or older. People in this older age demographic are using Twitter to speak out about ageism and the discrimination they have faced. This research examined tweets using #ageism, #agism, and keywords ageism and agism to investigate if the tweets discuss stigma or activism. Moeller Student Paper Competition Does Internet Access Still Matter?: A Lesson from China - How VPN Usage Influences People's Attitude towards China-US Trade War • yezi hu, Washington State University • Digital divide studies have shifted from access problem to use problem because of the high Internet penetration in the world. However, the case of China is challenging such an optimistic bias. China has the most Internet users in the world but also has strict censorship. Chinese people have to use a VPN account to access the uncensored information on blocked websites, such as Facebook, Twitter, Google, and Youtube. Using a survey, this research studied predictors of VPN usage in China and found that age and income play pivotal rules. Moreover, revolving around a case of China-US trade war, this study found that the more frequently people use VPN, the more they support American positions. This study alerted us of the threat from censorship to the Internet access and made us rethink the definition of access. Therefore, it extended our understanding of access studies of the digital divide. Two Sides of the Bed: Does Mood Affect Consumer Response to Controversial Advertising? • Chris Noland, University of South Carolina • Mood management theory posits that people try to maintain intensity of good moods and diminish intensity of bad moods. This study uses mood management theory to examine the interplay between mood and controversial advertising. The results suggest people in positive moods have more positive attitudes toward non-controversial ads and less positive attitudes toward controversial ads. Conversely, people in negative moods have more favorable attitudes toward controversial ads and less favorable attitudes when evaluating non-controversial ads. Post Facto: Experimental Test of a Game-Based News Literacy Intervention • Tamar Wilner, University of Texas at Austin • "Online misinformation abounds, from the long debunked link between autism and the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine, to doubts over climate change, to rumors that have stoked ethnic violence in Myanmar, India, and Sri Lanka. One way to address the misinformation problem may be news literacy, which aims to help people think more critically about the media they consume. But little is known about whether the current crop of news literacy interventions empower people to discern credible from non-credible information online, especially in the contexts of social media and news websites – a skill I call “digital news literacy.” In addition, most news literacy curricula do not take into account research findings related to selective exposure, which can substantially influence what media a person consumes and, therefore, what information they’re exposed to. This study sought to test, using a two-condition, single-level experiment (N = 228), whether a game-based news literacy intervention could improve the news literacy of adults outside a formal educational setting. Results showed that playing the game did not increase news literacy scores by a statistically significant amount compared with the control condition, in which participants played an unrelated game. However, people with more education were significantly more likely to score higher on news literacy, compared to those with less education. The results highlight the difficulty in affecting news literacy using short-term interventions, given that news literacy skills are likely built up over many years. < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19106 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/ethc-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 18:17:26 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19109 Open Call Shared Vulnerability as a Virtuous Frame for Poverty Journalism • Sandra L. Borden, Western Michigan University • This paper proposes a unified account of the ethics of poverty journalism that takes the sheer banality of poverty–its commonplaceness–as its moral starting point. The virtue ethics theory of Alasdair MacIntyre (1999) will be used to argue for a shared vulnerability news frame to cover poverty. After assessing the failures of mainstream journalism’s record on the shared vulnerability account, the paper closes with a discussion of the implications for poverty journalism. Exploring the Ethical Dimensions of Organ and Tissue Donation Coverage in Mainstream U.S. Media • Christina DeWalt, Florida Atlantic University • This study used textual analysis to examine 75 organ and tissue donation-focused news stories published by mainstream U.S. media outlets over a one-year period. Framing theory was employed to explore deontological and consequentialist ethical perspectives forwarded in organ and tissue donation-related media content. Data was analyzed using the theoretical framework of Beauchamp and Childress’ (2008) four principles of bioethics. Moral reasoning and development across industries of mass communication • Patrick Ferrucci, U of Colorado-Boulder; Erin Schauster; Edson Tandoc, Nanyang Technological University Singapore; Marlene Neill, Baylor University • This study examines how professional journalists, public relations executives and advertising executives score in moral development. The data illustrates very different industries than the ones tested in decades prior. We theorize that media fragmentation, blurred professional boundaries and a changing workforce contribute to a mass communication ecosystem with three industries acting similarly in terms of ethical application. The ethic of transparency: A review of corrections language in international journalistic codes of ethics • Alyssa Appelman, Northern Kentucky University; Kirstie Hettinga, California Lutheran University • Abstract: A thematic analysis of journalistic codes of ethics (N = 88) was conducted to assess discussions of correcting inaccuracies. The sample included codes from newspapers, broadcast outlets, digital outlets, press councils, and NGOs. Overall, discussions across codes revolve around four themes: correction process, normative values, impact, and superficiality. The codes represented 55 countries, and the press freedom designation of those countries influenced results, as well. Implications for journalists and media organizations are explored. The Ethical Dimensions of President Trump’s Tweets: Acceptable Advocacy or Democratic Demise? • Wendy Melillo, American University • This study examined the ethical dimensions of President Trump’s tweets from June 2016 to December 2017 using the ten principles of the Edgett (2002) advocacy model for persuasion ethics, and the Gambrill (1992) list of indicators for propaganda. The analysis found a greater need for the executive branch of the U.S. government to engage in public discourse based on the use of public relations ethical advocacy theories to help protect and strengthen America’s democratic system. Seeing is believing? Ethical implications for AR, VR, and 360º technologies in journalism • Margaret Duffy, Missouri School of Journalism; Janis Page • This study offers an exploratory and cautionary critique of normative and ethical challenges of VR, AR, and 360º video, impressive and immersive tools in the practice of journalism. We first review definitions of the tools in use as of this writing. Second, we review theoretical frameworks that may be applied to these questions including semiotics, anticipatory ethics, and normative journalistic theory. We seek to link these perspectives to offer a critique of technologies that may manipulate news stories, affect reactions to stories by news receivers and have larger social implications. Third, we conduct a semiotic analysis of a well-regarded story from the New York Times. We find the characteristics of the technology and its bricolage of semantics create semiotic ambiguity. The lack of a reliable narrator, the gaps in recognizable story sequence, the possibility of cross purposes within the production team, and the reliance on implicit trust from the viewer/user all raise ethical questions. A particularly potential danger in this immersive journalism is the prospect that users may experience damage from high impact content, thus breaching codes such as those of the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) guidance to “minimize harm” (SPJ, 2019). In the spirit of anticipatory ethics, it is important that journalists and scholars consider the values and ethical challenges that these remarkable technologies bring to journalism, thus we conclude with some considerations and guidance for both journalists and news consumers. It takes a village: Communitarianism and Spotlight • Chad Painter, University of Dayton; Alexandra Scherb, University of Dayton • Communitarians argue that social identity is formed through the connection between individuals and their communities. This textual analysis focused on the breakdown of four Boston institutions depicted in the film Spotlight that failed their community, allowing decades of sexual abuse to go unrecognized and unpunished. Through the lens of communitarian ethics, the researchers argue that stakeholders must recognize the need for a strong community from which the press can report, explain, correct, and connect. Toward a Humanistic Turn for a More Ethical Journalism • Perry Parks, Michigan State University • This paper argues that the social-scientific epistemology that has dominated journalism for the past half-century has devalued the moral implications of public affairs news and deprived citizens of the ethical tools necessary to make humane political decisions. Reviewing the contingent history of the integration of journalistic and social scientific methods leading to journalism’s computational turn, the essay calls for a humanistic reconceptualization away from journalists’ role as political interpreters toward a comparable role as moral interpreters. Rights, Rites and Rituals: An international comparison of crime coverage practices • Romayne Smith Fullerton, University of Western Ontario; Maggie Jones Patterson, Duquesne University • This paper offers an overview of the conclusions of a nine year international study considering how mainstream media covers serious crime in ten developed , westernized countries. Under consideration were Canada, the United States, England, Ireland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Using primary and secondary sources, and interviews with nearly 200 media professionals and academics, we used crime coverage decisions as a key to examine underlying cultural attitudes toward concepts like public, private, public right to know and justice. We group countries under three main media models and offer summaries of the differing ethical crime coverage practices, and suggest what these ethical choices might mean about larger social attitudes to crime and criminals. Carol Burnett Award for Graduate Student Papers Inside the Ivory Tower: How Student Reporters Reason about Ethics • Yayu Feng • This paper presents a preliminary study that investigates ethics orientation and moral reasoning of student reporters. It aims to understand how student reporters, an important indicator for the future of journalism yet an understudied group, perceive and practice ethics. Ten face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with student reporters in an independent university newspaper. The findings revealed that the student reporters have an instrumental understanding of ethics, perceiving ethics as rules to follow and what’s taught in the newspaper’s ethics training. When confronted with what they perceive to be ethical dilemmas, which sometimes are false ones, they tend to consult editors and follow their advice without asking for further explanation. For student reporters who have taken ethics courses, theories or templates learned in class are not applied or thought of. Their moral reasoning is largely based on intuition, trust of authority/expertise, and the need to follow rules to avoid punishment. Based on the results, the study raises concerns, points out challenges and advice for ethics education inside student newsrooms, and outlines further researches. Why should we care about care: The potential for feminist moral, environmental, and political philosophy in journalism ethics • Joseph Jones • This paper thus seeks to “contaminate” an ethics of care with three different but interrelated theoretical interventions: the expansion of the care ethic beyond interpersonal relations, ecofeminism, and feminist political theory. This makes care theoretically resilient: durable enough to have grounded meaning but flexible enough for situational application. This furthermore makes care a primary concept capable of subsuming some aspects, without being reduced to, the traditional ethical theories of deontology, consequentialism, and virtue ethics. Special Call for Media Ethics and Teaching Looking at future and seeking alternatives: An exploratory study on the uses of Team-Based Learning (TBL) in media ethics pedagogy • Dr. M. Delwar Hossain; Julie Estis • This study examines the impact of Team-Based Learning (TBL) in teaching media ethics. TBL is a paradigm shift from course concepts conveyed by the instructor to the application of course concepts by students. This instructional strategy has revolutionized pedagogy in different fields by achieving high levels of cohesiveness in small groups in a classroom setting. An extensive literature review shows no prior studies on the impact of TBL in teaching media ethics. Therefore, the current project will extend the existing knowledge on the role of TBL in media ethics pedagogy. This is a mixed-method study using both TeamUSA Quality Enhancement Plan (QEP) pre/post course surveys and in-depth interviews to conduct the study. The findings show TBL helped media ethics students in collaboration and critical thinking. Both collaboration and critical thinking are important methods journalism students use to deal with daily issues related to media. Hence, the findings of the study will help improve the pedagogical approach of media ethics in the future. Constructing a Game Design Framework for Ethics Teaching • Yuan Yuan; KUN FU; Barend Pieter VENTER • Citizen morality reflects civilization and is significant to society. Ethics education for improving morality, especially in China, may fail because of its reliance on lecture-based teaching. Game-based learning presents an innovative approach to ethics education. This paper identifies problems in tertiary ethics education and reviews relevant game design principles before establishing a framework for designing educational games that may assist in ethics education. It then proposes a game design model for teaching ethics. < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19109 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/mmee-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 18:20:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19112 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19112 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/macd-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 18:23:43 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19115 Faculty Research Competition Doesn’t Beto Look Hispanic? Perceived Co-ethnicity and Voting in the 2018 Texas Senate Election • Oluseyi Adegbola; Sherice Gearhart, Texas Tech University • Existing research has shown that Hispanic voters are likely to support Democratic candidates as well as candidates with matching ethnicity. However, voters' decisions are influenced by a host of other factors including, but not limited to, political advertising, agreement with candidates’ issue positions, and candidate evaluations. The current study examines how these factors collectively guide Hispanic voters using survey data (N = 424) collected during the 2018 Texas senate election featuring Anglo Democrat, Beto O’Rourke, and Hispanic Republican, Ted Cruz. Results suggest that different pathways led to support for Cruz and O’Rourke. Hispanics exposed to advertising supporting Cruz also perceived him to be Hispanic, leading to shared issue positions and support for him. Hispanics exposed to advertising supporting O’Rourke were more likely to share his issue positions, leading to positive evaluations and electoral support for the congressman. Implications for future research on Hispanic voting are discussed. What do scientists look like? Race, Gender, and Occupation in Children’s STEM-Focused Educational Television • Fashina Alade, Michigan State University • This content analysis draws attention to race and gender representation amongst the characters in STEM-focused children’s television programs. Across 90 episodes, 1,086 unique speaking characters were coded on their demographics, physical attributes, centrality to the plot, and modeling of STEM behaviors and occupations. Findings align closely with prior character-focused content analyses, with female and minority characters being underrepresented compared to U.S. population statistics, but also present some areas in which the industry may be improving. Perpetual foreigners: negotiating the framing of Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans via Twitter after Hurricane Maria • Maria DeMoya, DePaul University; Vanessa Bravo, Elon University • In September of 2017, Puerto Rico was hit with Hurricane Maria, one of the costliest and deadliest storms in U.S. history. Its effects on the island’s infrastructure and socioeconomic situation are still felt more than a year later. The media attention that this crisis brought resulted in coverage not only about the hurricane but also about the island and its people, bringing renewed attention to the territory status of Puerto Rico and the different type of citizenship held by its residents. As with any modern natural disaster, people relied on traditional and digital media to obtain need-to-know information and make sense of the situation. In this process, Twitter users articulated a place for Puerto Ricans in the American imaginary. Through a critically-informed content analysis of Twitter conversations, this study explores the question of the treatment of Puerto Rico and its people, and how this treatment was shaped by Twitter discussions. YouTube’s content influence on college-aged Black women’s decision to transition to natural hair • Cameron Jackson; Vanessa Bravo, Elon University • Not knowing how to care for their natural hair and not wanting to be judged by older generations, young Black women are turning to YouTube to gain information and support for their decision to go natural, and to become part of a larger online community. To understand their motivations, this study analyzed the narratives of 17 Black, college-aged women, from five universities(two private liberal arts universities, two large state universities and two historically Black universities), about their experiences of going natural and the role YouTube played in their journey. The different meanings of transitioning to wearing natural hair and the role that YouTube played in the process of making that decision, according to the participants’ narratives, are discussed in the study. Findings suggest that YouTube videos about natural hair have helped these women to overcome challenges encountered during their natural hair journeys, such as facing societal judgment and going against familial norms. However, the participants also revealed concerns surrounding the accuracy of YouTube depictions in regard to colorism, hair textures and branded content. Implications of how YouTube has influenced these Black women’s sense of identity and how it has given them a shared online community are discussed. JMC Deans of Color Lead with a Purpose: A Qualitative Study • Keonte Coleman, Middle Tennessee State University School of Journalism and Strategic Media • This qualitative study contextualized the leadership experiences of journalism and mass communication (JMC) deans who self-identified as persons of color. These deans expressed bringing a higher purpose to leading their programs while anonymously participating in a virtual focus group. This study aims to elucidate the benefits of increasing the diversity of JMC leadership and to illuminate the need to improve the working environment to help recruit future JMC leaders of color. Expanding the Theory of Planned behavior: Implications for Media Use, Race/Ethnicity, and Pro-Environmental Intentions • Troy Elias; Jay Hmielowski, Washington State University • Using a purposive sample of 302 Latinos, 305 African Americans, 310 non-Hispanic Whites, and 299 Asian Americans, we examine the relationship between media (e.g., liberal, conservative, and non-partisan) and pro-environmental intentions. Existing studies show the impact media’s ideological perspectives have on shaping orientations. We propose a mediated moderated model examining whether the conditional indirect relationship of various media outlets on behavioral intentions through key components of the Theory of Planned Behavior varies by race. "I am Enough": (Re)Constructions of Gendered and Racialized Subjectivities in Crazy Rich Asians • Marianne Fritz, California State University, Los Angeles • As the first film in 25 years to feature an all-Asian cast, Crazy Rich Asians has generated a lot of interest among profession film critics and, more importantly, film spectators. The present paper considers the film’s counter-hegemonic depictions of Asian Americans. In addition, I examine the film’s depiction of gender roles within heterosexual romantic relationships, and the way it normalizes Asian-Asian pairings, while at the same time sexualizing the image of the Asian male. Latina Millennials in a Post-TV Network World: ‘Anti-stereotypes’ in the Web-TV Series East Los High • Celeste Gonzalez de Bustamante, University of Arizona; Jessica Retis, Cal State University - Northridge • This paper analyzes the emergence of ‘anti-stereotypes,’ and attempts to locate Latina millennial latinidad in East Los High, by paying specific attention to the topic of teen pregnancy. In addition, we aim to identify attempts to create collective action through scale shifting strategies (Livingston and Asmolov, 2010; Author 2014). The chapter interrogates how Latinas are being represented and representing themselves in a historically political and transformative mediatic era, and what might be the prospects for social change. In addition, the chapter examines the potential for collective action among producers and actors of East Los High through the process of “scale-shifting”. In Tarrow’s (2005) definition, scale-shifting involves ‘‘a change in the number and level of coordinated contentious actions to a different focal point, involving a new range of actors, different objectives, and broadened claims. It can also generate a change in the meaning and scope of the object of the claim’’ (p. 121).” While, Tarrow, Livingston and Asmolov were concerned with the potential for activists to side-step bona-fide political actors and structures in nation-states, we focus our attention on the structural issues involving the entertainment industry, and the ability of Latina/o producers and actors to circumvent traditional power structures to contribute to collective-action to effect social change. They argue that “the growth of networked non-state actors and scale shifting sometimes bypasses both states and traditional news organizations” (Livingston and Asmolov, 2010, p. 751). We ask in this post TV-network era, whether approaches involving transmedia and edutainment (using entertainment outlets and content to entertain and educate) strategies (Ramasubramarian, 2016; Wang & Singhal, 2016), and/or the use of social media by entertainment actors as activists may contribute to create a sense of collective action. We suggest that there is room and need for more programming similar to ELH that incorporates the dual functions of entertaining Latina youth and education about relevant social issues. News media apologies for racism • Robin Hoecker, DePaul University • Should news organizations apologize for racist coverage? What should such an apology look like? This study looks at three case studies of publications that apologized publicly for their contributions to slavery, racism and racially motivated violence: The Hartford Courant in 2000, National Geographic in 2018, and the Montgomery Advertiser in 2018. It reviews the elements of an effective apology and then evaluates each publication’s statement on those parameters. It compares and contrasts these efforts and discusses potential best practices for publications considering apologies in the future. Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Patriotic Advertising to Ethnic Minorities • Gawon Kim; Jun Heo, Louisiana State University • This research revisits the identity complexity, identification, and distinctiveness theories to understand how ethnic minorities in the U.S. respond to patriotism-themed advertising. The significance of acculturation was emphasized in evaluating patriotic ads, beyond the ethnicity itself. Online experiment revealed that Americans, regardless ethnic backgrounds, preferred patriotic advertising, and the preference improved with an ethnicity-matching appeal. The authors argue acculturation of new generations among ethnic minorities reduces the gap between ethnically dominant group and minority groups. She's not one of ours: Social identity, black sheep effects and transgressive female athletes • Lance Kinney, University of Alabama; Dylan Teal; Amanda Flamerich • She’s not one of ours: Social identity, black sheep effects and transgressive female athletes. This research reports the results of a 2 (female athlete race: Black or White) x 2 (female athlete appearance: threatening or non-threatening) experiment. Participants read a simulated media report and recommended punishment for an athlete accused of using performance-enhancing drugs. Participants with high levels of personal racial identity recommended significantly harsher punishments to athletes of other races. Sex effects were observed for White female participants and Black male participants. Learning to be More or Less Prejudiced? How News Media Moderate the Effects of Ideologies and Partisanship on Attitudes toward Migrants • Tien-Tsung Lee, University of Kansas; Yuki Fujioka, Georgia State • Using a large national survey, this study investigated the predictors of Americans’ attitudes toward migrants. Younger, better educated, non-White, liberal, and Democrat-leaning individuals are more supportive of migrants. Political partisanship mediates the relationship between ideology and attitudes toward migrants. The number of television news programs watched, and the number of radio news and talk shows consumed, have a moderation effect on the connection between the support for migrants and one’s ideology as well as partisanship. Does Professor’s Gender or Ethnicity Matter to College Students? A Case of Prejudice in Higher Education • Moon Lee, University of Florida; Povedano Shiselle • This study investigated how college students rated professors’ qualifications and their intention to take a course based on a professor’s race and gender after reviewing an identical syllabus of a communication course. The purpose was to investigate whether a professor’s ethnicity/gender influences college students’ perceptions of the professor and their evaluations of the class. Five hundred twenty-seven undergraduate students participated in this post-test only group experiment. We found an interaction effect between a professor’s gender and ethnicity on a student’s perception of the professor’ qualifications, likability, and student’s intent to enroll in a class. Latino Trust in Journalists and the 2016 U.S. General Election: An Analysis of Voter Responses • Maria Len-Rios, The University of Georgia; Patricia Moy, University of Washington; Ivanka Pjesivac, The University of Georgia • This paper reports qualitative and quantitative data from a national online panel survey of Latinos (N=720) after the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Participants reported in their closed-ended responses a level of distrust toward the news organizations that largely parallels national figures. In open-ended responses, Latinos cited cable news journalists most as trusted journalists, with additional differences by partisanship and whether individuals were U.S. or foreign born. Implications for political news consumption and identity are discussed. Muhammad Ali in New York, 1967-1970: The Media and an Exiled Boxer Fight the Establishment • Raymond McCaffrey, University of Arkansas • This historical study explores the relationship between Muhammad Ali and the New York media from April 1967 to October 1970, when the boxing champion was exiled from fighting after refusing military induction. The study examines Ali’s relationship with powerful media personalities who stood by him when many journalists refused to even use his Muslim name. This examination reveals Ali’s skill and daring as he publicized his fight against the U.S. government and the boxing establishment. The Supreme Court's Plessy and Brown decisions, democratic rights, and journalism ethics in the battle over segregation in the South, 1960-1964 • Ali Mohamed, UAE University • We examine the role of the Southern press in the “massive resistance” to the High Court’s Brown v. Board of Education ruling of 1954 to integrate schools, and the extent to which newspaper editorial arguments relied on legal and social rationales for segregation from the High Court’s earlier Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896. Plessy’s three rationales for institutionalizing segregation -- the “separate but equal” doctrine, state’s rights, and a tiered system of “social rights”, were widely adopted by the press. However, newspapers took the “equal” part of Plessy’s “separate but equal” doctrine much more seriously than did elected officials in the South. A content analysis of the Birmingham News from 1960 to 1964 found support for Thornton’s (2002) thesis that post-Brown electoral politics in Alabama produced staunch segregationist officials whose relations with the press became highly adversarial. While the News supported segregation and states’ rights, after George Wallace was elected governor in 1962, the paper opposed his policies and the editorial page became a platform focused more on advocacy of greater equality, voting rights, and the rule of law." Advertised Stereotypical and Masculine Images of Black and White Men: Where Are We Now? • ADRIENNE MULDROW, East Carolina University • To assess the portrayal of hegemonic masculinity from Black and White males in magazine advertising, an in-depth content analysis of advertised imagery appearing in two representative genres of two mainstream, male-directed magazines—men’s lifestyle magazines and sports magazines from 2015 to 2017--was completed. Drawing upon Mahalik and colleagues’ (2003) conformity to masculinity inventory and using social identity theory and cultivation theory, the primary aim of the study was to compare stereotypical images of Black men and stereotypical images of White to determine the frequency of these images and if there is a significant difference in these images by race. Overall results from 2,135 images from 72 magazines indicate that the image of Black men in contemporary magazines is improving and most images, favorable or unfavorable, are comparable to those of White men. Images of Black men were shown in equivalent percentages as White men with regard to primary roles, professional roles violent imagery, and with the most desirable body type. The study relates current findings to prior findings of stereotypical images to determine how advertisers in these magazine genres are choosing to display images of Black and White men and with what possible effects. Thinking Black: an Analysis of the Impact of Black Racial Identity on the Discourse and Work Routines of Cable Media Practitioners • Gheni Platenburg, University of Montevallo • Black journalists working in the mainstream press face an “identity crisis: Am I Black first and a reporter second? Or do I owe my primary allegiance to the newspaper (or other media)?” The researcher explores this concept through semi-structured interviews with black, news practitioners from FNC, MSNBC and CNN. Findings revealed race further impacted black media practitioners' discourse through employer-mandated limitations, on-air interactions with colleagues, considerations of audience reactions and more. Preparing for the worst: Lessons for news media after Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico • Bruno Takahashi, Michigan State University; Qucheng Zhang, Michigan State University; Manuel Chavez, Michigan State University School of Journalism • Hurricane Maria was the most devastating hurricane in Puerto Rico in the last 90 years. The entire communication system collapsed, including cellular networks and telephone system. Media organizations in Puerto Rico, with the exception of one radio station, were unable to transmit much needed information during and immediately after Maria made landfall. The present study examines changes in journalistic practices, organizational readiness and disaster coverage plans, and infrastructure preparedness almost 18 months after the event. This study extends the limited research examining long-term changes to news media preparedness plans in the context of disasters, and expands theoretical understandings of media practices in the context of the hierarchy of influences model. The results suggest that infrastructure damage severely hampered the ability of news organizations to perform their work, but solidarity among media was useful in the immediate aftermath of the disaster. Each media played a differentiated and important role in the aftermath of the disaster based on their resources and organizational structure. The study shows that preparedness plans were inadequate and that changes are slowly been implemented to deal with challenges related to infrastructure, electricity, and technology, but with limited focus on the long-term well-being of media workers. Recommendations to improve communication responses to future natural disasters are presented. Exploring Psychosocial Comorbidity Messages and Illness Perception: A Focus Group Study With African American Survivors of Prostate Cancer • Sean Upshaw, University of Utah • Prostate cancer remains a health challenge in U.S. health care, especially among African American men, who experience elevated levels of prostate cancer diagnosis compared to other racial/ethnic groups. However, psychosocial comorbidity challenges often affect the perception of illness and engagement with prostate cancer. This qualitative focus group study explored the implications of illness perception (IP) and psychosocial comorbidity messages (PSCM) concerning prostate cancer among 12 African American survivors. Findings suggest that IP that can identify existing mental health barriers associated with prostate cancer as influenced by PSCM in African American survivors. The findings also indicate that PSCM can provide insight into how African American survivors developed an IP framework about prostate cancer through communication. The Black Digital Syllabus Movement: The Fusion of Academia, Activism and Arts • Sherri Williams, American University • As Black America experienced some of the most profound shifts in politics and entertainment in recent history, from the Ferguson rebellion to the release of Beyonce’s Lemonade, Black academics worked to find ways to help Black people and the nation understand and contextualize these major events and connect them to history. Using social media Black scholars curated lists of texts, films and music that related to the Black American experience of the present and past and shared them on social networks giving birth to the Black digital syllabus movement. The Black digital syllabus movement taps into the amplifying power of Black Twitter and Black digital culture to bridge the gap between pop culture, politics and scholarly work and spread contextualized, curated lists of important Black works. The syllabi analyzed in this study, created between August 2014 and August 2017, are the Ferguson Syllabus, #BlkWomenSyllabus, Charleston Syllabus, Lemonade Syllabus, A Seat at the Table Syllabus and the 4:44 Syllabus. This study uses the historical method in qualitative research to examine the syllabi and the context in which they were created. Meaning Co-creation and Social Influencers in Race-relevant Crisis: A Social Network Analysis Study of Starbucks’ Crisis in Philadelphia • Ying Xiong, University of Tennessee; Moonhee Cho • The purpose of the research was to explore how meaning co-creation by the publics during the Starbucks’ crisis in Philadelphia and examined who were the social influencers in Starbucks’ Crisis in Philadelphia. The research applied semantic network analysis and social network analysis. Research results found the co-created meanings addressed three issues: Starbucks’ racial training, racial identity, and other celebrities who have received racial critiques. Mainstream media, celebrities, and activists were social influencers in the crisis. Beyond the Reversal: Imagining New Ethnicities in Self-Representation • Sherry Yu • The under- and mis-representation of minorities in the media comes as no surprise. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation’s sitcom, Kim’s Convenience, is an interesting case study in this regard, as it is not only about representation of a minority group, but also about self-representation by a minority. A Critical Discourse Analysis of Kim’s Convenience explores ethnicity at the intersection of various social characteristics, and suggests the potential to imagine Stuart Hall’s new ethnicities. Student Paper Politicking While Black: News and Social Media Representations of Three Black Female Political Candidates Running for the House of Representatives in the 2018 Midterm Election • Zeina Cabrera-Peterson • African American women have been the leading force in political campaigns long before they had the right to vote and hold office. Today, roughly 5% of African American woman hold political positions (CAWP, 2018). However, despite their political participation, there are few studies that examine representation of Black female political candidates in news media. This study employed a content analysis of news reports and three Black female candidates’ Twitter campaign accounts to examine how news media represented these three, first-time candidates and to analyze how these candidates represented themselves on Twitter. Based on the overall analysis of a census of newspaper articles and Twitter candidate accounts, the study found that race and gender was not a leading area of news coverage or self-representation in tweets. The research found that these candidates were mostly identified by their former occupations and were not questioned because of who they are, but because of what they do. These findings are significant because it challenges and reshapes gender and race identities. Puerto Rican college students’ experience with Post-hurricane María media environment • Laura Canuelas-Torres; Naiya Brooks • Utilizing a Digital Diaspora framework, researchers explore the experiences of Puerto Rican college students during and after Hurricane Maria. We conducted and analyzed 13 interviews, examining media use, the impact of communication interruption, and opinions on media coverage. Results show that students used both mainstream and social media to learn about the hurricane’s impact and reported feeling uncertainty, anxiety, and anger related to the inability to reach family, and the American government’s response. “Zero-Tolerance” Transnational Motherhood: Images of Mothers and Children at the U.S.-Mexico Border • Ana R Good • It all began during a law enforcement event in Scottsdale, Arizona, when then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced a new, “zero-tolerance” policy in the handling of illegal border crossings. Though at the time, Session’s announcement did not generate much buzz, the United States was soon faced with an onslaught of gut-wrenching images. Using the lens of “transnational motherhood,” this paper will argue that the images taken at the border of the United States employed humanizing effects. Black bad men or bad niggers: Popular culture and hypermasculinity in Black Greek letter fraternities • Rafael Matos, Indiana University of Pennsylvania • Black Greek Letter Fraternities are influenced by popular culture to maintain hyper masculine beahviors. The study will explore the impact popular culture has on the way NPHC fraternity members reinforce constructs that encourage hyper-masculinity through new member presentations. Buying Blackness: Black Audience Decoding of Nike Advertisements • Diamond Stacker • This study reviews representations of Blackness in media, specifically in sports media, to uncover the harmful, yet subtle stereotypes in sports advertising. Applying Hall’s (2001) encoding/decoding theory to analyze the impact of selling Blackness, the research used focus groups to examine how Black, college-young adult audiences engage with and identify racial constructions in Nike advertisements, and thus, how that influences their views on Nike as a brand. Adapting to Change: Rethinking Advocacy in the 21st Century Black Press • Miya Williams Fayne • The black press is often conceptualized as an advocacy press but in the current digital environment this definition is malleable. Black press websites that primarily produce entertainment news create ambiguity about advocacy as a requirement. Informed by interviews with journalists and focus groups with readers this research finds that advocacy in the black press is fraught as entertainment advances it, by providing increased representation of African Americans, and threatens it, by decreasing hard news content. < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19115 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/nond-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 18:26:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19117 Open Competition Embracing the visual, verbal and viral media: How post-millennial consumption habits are reshaping the news • Chris Gentilviso, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Deb Aikat, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • The post-millennial or Generation Z constitutes people born in 1997 or after. This study theorizes how news consumption habits of the post-millennial generation are reshaping the news. Based on a 2019 meta-analytical research review of 16 key studies (published between 2017 and 2019) of media consumption habits of post-millennials, this research study delineates news consumption habits of post-millennials. It theorizes how this new generation of media users are embracing the visual, verbal and viral media and, in turn, reshaping news content. The propensity of the post-millennials to participate in the news cycle shapes their rapidly-changing preferences and usage patterns Written in code: Exploring the negative effects of acronyms and abbreviations in news headlines • Alyssa Appelman, Northern Kentucky University • Through an experiment (N = 131), this study looks at whether the negative effects of acronyms and abbreviations in news articles are based on their presence or their difficulty. In all, it finds support for a presence/absence effect rather than a difficulty/ease effect. Rather than explaining acronyms and abbreviations in news articles, this suggests that journalists should strive to avoid such constructions altogether. Journalistic compatibility: How social networking sites fit with users’ preferences for consuming hard, soft news • Steve Bien-Aime, Northern Kentucky University; Mu Wu, California State University, Los Angeles • Through a MTurk survey, this study explored whether users perceived Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat as compatible with consuming hard and soft news on those platforms. Participants reported Twitter and Facebook as the most compatible social networking sites in terms of consuming hard and soft news. Additionally, heightened perceived compatibility was significantly positively associated with individuals’ future intentions to use a SNS for news consumption. (MacDougall Student Paper Award) Newspaper editors’ interactions with journalistic serendipity • Matt Bird-Meyer, University of Missouri • This mixed-methods study explores the information behavior of newspaper reporters regarding their serendipitous encounters with information that lead to story ideas, and how newspaper editors affect their ability to pursue such encountered ideas. As an interdisciplinary examination in human information behavior and journalism studies, behaviors and routines emerged that encouraged and potentially limited certain behaviors and routines. The findings also identify behaviors wherein newspaper editors match reporters with certain traits to certain story assignments. Misrepresentation of cosmetic and reconstructive surgery in the American and French press • Sandrine Boudana, Tel Aviv; David Boudana • Research on media representation of plastic surgery has focused on American television and magazines to conclude that these media give a distortedly positive image of plastic surgery. Our study tests the hypothesis that, due to a more critically-orientated tradition, the print press rather emphasizes the negative aspects of plastic surgery and raises concerns about the procedures. Extending our study to a comparison with the French press, we also test the hypothesis that, given its polemicist tradition, the French press might be more critical than the American press towards plastic surgery. Content and framing analyses of 500 American and French newspaper articles show that the press is equally - although in different ways - critical of plastic surgery in both countries. However the comparison of media representations with statistical realities reveals that the negative judgment is not based on accurate representations of the realities of the profession. Conservative News Nonprofits: Claiming legitimacy without transparency • Michael Buozis, Temple University; Magda Konieczna, Temple University • This study is the first examining and categorizing conservative news nonprofits. Using discourse analysis to explore their missions and other public statements, we note that many of these organizations draw on the legitimacy of mainstream journalism outlets while critiquing them, at once associating with and dissociating from them. This enables them to justify their engagement in the kind of activism normally found outside of journalism, even as they obscure their ideological orientations and funding sources. Understanding the Nonprofit News Landscape in the United States • Monica Chadha, Arizona State University; Jesse Lecy, Arizona State University • This paper attempts to create a landscape of digital nonprofit news sites by examining their categorization as provided by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) through the use of National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE). The study also used a content analysis to examine the sites’ mission statements and find out which ones emphasized public journalism, investigative journalism, or both, thus providing nuance to scholarship that until now, has highlighted both as nonprofit news offerings. Framing of the 2016 Presidential Election of Donald Trump from the World Press • Yu-li Chang, Bethel University • The ascent of Trump as the president of the United States after the 2016 election offered an excellent opportunity to look into how the world press opined on this surprising outcome. This study examined the editorials and columns from the English-language world press on the moral judgment frame, that is, the lessons learned from Trump’s election and the future prospects of the Trump presidency. Mixed methods were chosen as the tool for data analysis – a quantitative content analysis followed by a qualitative narrative analysis to dig deeper into nuances in the thematic frames generated from the content analysis. The findings showed that the world opinion framed Trump’s election more unfavorably than favorably.  This study discovered a central narrative relating to the world’s concerns over Trump’s ability to lead the world to solve its pressing challenges and to do so on moral and cultural grounds.  World opinion framed Trump’s unpredictable personality and policy ignorance as the largest sources of uncertainty, horror, cataclysm facing the world.  Trump was viewed not only being incapable of leading the world to solve its problems; he was portrayed as being capable of bringing catastrophe to the already uncertain and dangerous situation.  World opinion also predicted a degradation of the United States as a beacon of freedom, liberty and democracy because of the resurgent racism, bigotry, xenophobia, and misogyny manifested in Trump and his followers. Do Students Know the Code?  How Coding is (and isn’t) Taught in Accredited Journalism Programs • Jim Foust; Katherine Bradshaw • A census of ACEJMC-accredited journalism programs reveals that less than a quarter require students to learn code. Despite industry desires for journalists with coding skills nearly 40 percent of the units offer no coding classes. Among programs that require code, most rely on a course or courses taught by full-time faculty in the accredited unit. About one third of units that do not require code currently have plans to add it in the future. Who perpetuates “fake new” in China? Rumor diffusion on mainstream news websites, Weibo, and WeChat • Lei Guo, Boston University; Yiyan Zhang, Boston University • This study examined the diffusion of online rumors on mainstream news websites, Weibo, and WeChat—the three major media platforms for online news consumption in China. The results show that Weibo was most likely to advance rumors, while WeChat performed the best in refuting rumors. Additionally, mainstream news websites set the agenda of Weibo and WeChat in both advancing and refuting rumors. Within social media, governmental accounts took the leading agenda-setting role in refuting rumors. Examining the Narratives of Syria: A Longitudinal Frame Analysis of the Syrian Conflict • Emily Burns, Texas State University; Michel Haigh, Texas State University • This study examined news coverage of the Syrian refugee crisis from 2011-2018. Specifically, it investigated how various mainstream news publications framed the Syrian refugee story, the overall tone of coverage, and shifts in coverage of the Syrian refugee crisis over time. Refugees were depicted positively. Tone of coverage became more positive over time, and the most common frames employed were the foreign government response frame and the conflict frame. Political Polarization and Digital Discourse: Cross-National Analysis of Negativity in Facebook News Comments • Edda Humprecht; Lea Hellmueller • Negativity in news comments arguably leads to a polarization of public debates. We examine how commercialization, but also market-orientation and political leaning of media organizations explain negativity. The study content-analyzed comments on Facebook of six news organizations (N = 1800) in the US and Germany. We find that negative sentiments are particulary prevalent in the polarized information environment of the US. Moreover, hyper-partisan outlets in both countries provoke significantly higher levels of negativity. Does Newspaper Presence in Household Affect Subscribers’ and Non-Subscribers’ Perceptions of Their Buying Behavior? A Mixed-Method Study • Anastasia Kononova; Esther Thorson, Michigan State University; Jef Richards; Kristen Lynch, Michigan State University • With the ascendancy of digital advertising, there have been only a handful of studies of the newspaper free-standing inserts (FSIs), also known as preprint, as an advertising medium. Given the threatened health of America’s newspapers, the value of FSIs as the primary source of revenue is critical. This paper looks at the impact on newspaper presence in subscribers’ and non-subscribers’ households on their self-reported buying behavior. Individuals from two segments: 1) subscribers to a local daily newspaper (N = 60) and 2) non-subscribers (N = 58) participated in a field study, where the newspaper was delivered to their households for 14 days and was put on hold for another 14 days. Each day, participants reported if they used the newspaper and if they bought anything. Subscribers were found to be older, wealthier, more educated, more likely retired, longer-term community residents, and greater comparison shoppers than non-subscribers. They reported more instances of buying behavior than non-subscribers. Paradoxically, participants who received the newspaper during the study reported fewer instances of buying behavior. Newspaper delivery was associated with increased instances of shopping for health and beauty products. Focus groups were conducted to explain the findings, and the implications were discussed using consumer socialization approach. Newspaper coverage of Colorado’s 2016 End of Life Options Act • Kimberly Lauffer, Ball State University, Department of Journalism; Sean Baker, Department of Journalism, Central Michigan University; Natalee Seely, Ball State University • Since 2014, several states have introduced and passed legislation permitting aid in dying. In Colorado, Proposition 106, the End of Life Options Act, passed Nov. 8, 2016, with 65 percent of Coloradans approving the law. How newspapers cover contentious issues is important because these representations influence public opinion. This study found a relationship between item type and overall stance, as well as a difference in the content produced by journalists and laypersons or columnists. Approach or Avoid? Emotional Sentiments and Reactions in News of Sexual Assault • Yu-Hao Lee, University of Florida; Mo Chen, University of Florida • We conducted a sentiment analysis on the news headlines and the social media descriptions of 2340 news articles on sexual assault accusations and #MeToo from October 2017 to February 2018. Based on the emotions-as-frames perspective and theories of political ideologies. We examined whether news organizations with more conservative users used more words that signaled anger, anxiety, and sex. Furthermore, we examined to what extent do the news sentiments of anger, anxiety, and sexual-framed messages predict social media engagement behaviors (like, share, comments) among mostly conservative or liberal users. The results showed that news organizations with more conservative users used more emotional sentiments in their headlines and descriptions. Moreover, anxiety sentiments were associated with less engagement while sexual sentiments were associated with more engagement among most-conservative users. Drowning out the message: How online comments on news stories about Nike’s ad campaign contributed to polarization and gatekeeping • Jinhee Lee; Zulfia Zaher; Ed Simpson; Elina Erzikova • This study examined audience commentary on Fox News, CNN, and MSNBC’s YouTube and Facebook platforms associated with news stories on Nike’s selection of controversial former NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick as spokesman for its 2018 campaign. The study, using the theory of gatekeeping as a starting point, sought evidence for a drowning effect, in which the audience strayed from the primary message of the journalism presented to it. A significant drowning effect was found, across platforms and outlets. Understanding the Typology of Native Advertising on News Websites • You LI, Eastern Michigan U; Ye Wang • This study explored how 57 U.S. news websites integrated native advertising through placement locations and yet differentiated it from editorial content through disclosure languages and designs. The websites placed native ads in more than two locations on average. While 79% of websites met FTC’s disclosure guideline, only a quarter used maximum disclosure tactics. The publishers with more cultural capital (i.e., the number of Pulitzer awards) differentiated native advertising from editorial content to a greater extent. News Media Credibility Ratings and Perceptions of Fake News Exposure among Internet Users in Five Countries • Justin Martin, Northwestern University in Qatar; Fouad Hassan, Northwestern University • This study examined media credibility ratings and perceptions of fake news exposure online among internet users in five Arab countries: Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and UAE (N=4,616). Perceptions of fake news exposure were not consistently associated with either ratings of news media credibility or news consumption; rather, respondents who said governments and the public should stop the spread of fake news online were reported coming across fake news online more often. The Story Behind the Story: How Transparency About the Journalistic Process  Boosts Perceptions of News Outlet Credibility • Gina Masullo Chen, University of Texas at Austin; Alex Curry, The University of Texas at Austin; Kelsey Whipple, The University of Texas at Austin • This two-study package (Study 1: N = 753; Study 2: N = 599) sought to understand whether adding a transparency box that explains how journalists did a news story could improve perceptions of the credibility of a news outlet. Our findings from Study 2 demonstrated this box was effective in boosting perceptions of news outlet credibility when used with real news sites among the audience members for those sites. Responding to Online Disagreement Comments: It’s Not What You Say, But How You Say It • Gina Masullo Chen, University of Texas at Austin; Marc Ziegele, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Martin Johannes Riedl, The University of Texas at Austin & Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society; Pablo Jost, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Teresa Naab, University of Augsburg • An experiment (N = 1,231) in Germany found that moderators responding to disagreement comments on a news site’s Facebook page should use high-person-centered (HPC) messages, which acknowledge people’s emotions, rather than low-person-centered (LPC) messages, which dismiss feelings. HPC messages improved attitudes toward the news site and loyalty to the site’s online community, regardless of whether the disagreement comments were civil, uncivil, or impolite. Improved attitudes toward the news site were heightened if journalists were moderating. Mediating Transnational Movement: Indian News Media and the #MeToo Movement • Suman Mishra • This study explores the media coverage of the #MeToo movement in India. Using thematic analysis of news articles from six prominent Indian newspapers (The Hindustan Times, The Times of India, The Indian Express, The Telegraph, The Pioneer, and The Economic Times), the study reveals the unique way in which this transnational movement was discussed in the Indian context. Patriarchal conditioning, fear of retaliation and reputational harm, and lack of recourse through slow and unresponsive judiciary, were some prominent cultural themes in the coverage. In addition, there was a focus on the entertainment industry and its celebrities. This focus limits “Me Too” movement’s potential and resonance with the larger Indian public who are likely to see it as an elite Hollywood-Bollywood phenomenon. Further discussion is provided. Guilt by association: How chum box advertising affects news readers’ perceptions • Logan Molyneux; Bartosz Wojdynski, University of Georgia • As content referral widgets and other forms of native advertising continue to be lucrative means of subsidizing journalism, critics and industry observers have derided these “chum boxes” as damaging to the user experience and the journalism they’re adjacent to. This study theorizes mechanisms behind this proposition and tests it in two controlled experiments. Results suggest that chum box ads damage message and source credibility in circumstances where readers are motivated and attentive. Journalism Practice in a Digital Age: Utilization of Social Media in Online News • Mirjana Pantic, Pace University; Ivana Cvetkovic, University of New Mexico • This study employed the gatekeeping perspective to examine what practices 10 prominent U.S.-based news websites embrace when deriving content and sources from social media. A thorough content analysis of 180 online news shows that journalists primarily rely on institutional, official sources when utilizing social media in the news production process. Furthermore, journalists are most likely to employ written information from Twitter in online news and publish such information in entertainment and politics sections. “Why the h**l is there a White House Correspondents' Dinner?” Field Theory in Political Journalism • Gregory Perreault; Kellie Stanfield, Missouri School of Journalism; Shelby Luttman • This study aimed to analyze the shifting role conceptions of journalists in the field, primarily in reference to the White House Correspondents' Dinner. Researchers conducted 32 phone interviews with political journalists from news outlets ranging from the Los Angeles Times to VICE. This study argues that the present format of the dinner presents a challenge to the journalistic field, one that political journalists have difficulty managing within their journalistic role. Media Literacy to Rebuild Trust in Journalism: A Typology for a Changing News Audience • Sue Robinson, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Kelly Nelson, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Carlos Davalos, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Trust in all institutions has plummeted across the board, internationally – especially trust in the political institution that is the press. One popular solution to rebuilding trust calls on increased forms of media literacy. Using a series of 15 case studies involving initiatives around the globe to rebuild citizen trust in news media, this research explores the links between media literacy and relationships with information in a digital, populist age through both textual analysis of these projects’ materials as well as in-depth interviews with their founders and directors. It puts forth a more complex definition of media literacy, typologizes kinds of literacy (settling on civic consumption, amateur (co-)production (sharing), professional information production (newsrooms), and algorithms/technology), and reimagines who is responsible to become literate and to teach literacy. We find that the notion of “literacy” has application for not only schools, universities and adult citizens, but also for journalists and platforms themselves. Border Patrol: The Rise and Role of Fact-Checkers and Their Challenge to Journalists' Normative Boundaries • Jane B. Singer, City, University of London • Although most research to date has focused on leading U.S. fact-checkers, similar initiatives are springing up all over the world. This study draws on a globally disseminated questionnaire, plus interviews with fact-checkers on four continents, to examine how they describe their fundamental norms, understand their social role, and engage their audiences. A conceptual framework of journalistic boundary-setting helps guide exploration of the ways that fact-checkers see themselves in relation to legacy journalists. Diffusion of Video Advertising on Community Newspaper Websites? • Burton Speakman, Kennesaw State University; Michael Clay Carey, Samford University • This study reviews diffusion of innovation at community media websites regarding the use of video and video advertising. Results suggest that video reached a point where a sizable number of community media outlets publish them online. Yet, video advertising lags behind in use. Furthermore, it appears that elements such as circulation and size of a media corporation have little influence in the development and use of video and video advertising on community media websites. When do people share fake news online? The effect of social network size and homophily • Ruoyu Sun, University of Miami; Cong Li, University of Miami; Barbara Millet; Khudejah Ali; John Petit • "This study examined the impact of social network size and homophily on people’s intention to share news, especially fake news, on Facebook. Based on an experiment, it was found that perceived homophily with Facebook contacts was positively associated with news sharing intention. A significant three-way interaction effect between network size, homophily, and news type on news sharing intention was also discovered, and this effect was mediated by motivation to socialize with online contacts. Enacted Journalism Takes the Stage: How Audiences  Respond to Reporting-Based Theater • Ori Tenenboim, The University of Texas at Austin; Natalie (Talia) Jomini Stroud, The University of Texas at Austin • From offering comment sections to hosting town hall meetings, news organizations have experimented with different ways of engaging audiences. This paper focuses on reporting-based live-theater performances followed by conversation. Drawing on surveys of audiences attending performances of three different plays (n=279) and in-depth interviews with 13 people involved in the plays, this paper shows that what we term “enacted journalism” can increase knowledge, boost efficacy, and influence what people think about the media’s role. A New Kind of Journalistic Paradigm Repair: How U.S. News Outlets Rejected the Label "Enemy of the People" • Leslie-Jean Thornton, Arizona State University; Susan Keith, Rutgers University; Sue Robinson, University of Wisconsin-Madison • "In August 2018, more than 600 news organizations answered the Boston Globe’s call for a united editorial stand against more than two years of unprecedented attacks by the U.S. President. Qualitative analysis revealed movement beyond paradigm repair into paradigm justification through oppositional identity markers, affinity reminders, and validity claims. This represents a more substantial defense of the foundational idea that a press is necessary for a vibrant democracy. Here’s what to know about clickbait: Effects of image, headline and editing on audience attitudes • Fred Vultee, Wayne State University; Scott Burgess; Darryl Frazier, Wayne State University; Kelsey Husnick, Wayne State University • "This quantitative study examines responses to three features of news practice: headline style, selection of illustrations and level of processing applied to the text. The strongest influence on perceptions of quality or credibility come from editing, and the presence of editing also influences whether traditional or clickbait headlines are associated with better memory for story details. News use, Internet use, news source and field of study also influence outcomes. Whistleblowing, leaking, or both? A text-mining analysis of definitional discrepancies in major metro newspapers • Stephenson Waters • Using a framing-centered text-mining analysis, the purpose of this study was to examine the content of 2,100 news stories from major metro daily newspapers to uncover if and how the connotations surrounding whistleblowing and leaking acts may vary depending on a journalist’s word choice. Considering the risks whistleblowers take when disclosing information to the news media, the question of how they are defined by journalists is consequential. Crucial to the success of a whistleblower’s intention of actionable change or remedy of misdeeds is the public dissemination of their claims and evidence, so media coverage matters. Initial results found journalists overall tend to frame whistleblowers and leakers in objective language in the majority of their coverage of these subjects. More subjective terminology was infrequent, considering the vast number of stories in the overall data set; however, the occurrences of subjective language is still instructive, as it showed preliminary results that leakers and leaking are framed negatively and with more skepticism than whistleblowers and whistleblowing. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed. Report for America, report about communities: local news capacity and community trust • Andrea Wenzel, Temple University; Sam Ford, Tow Center for Digital Journalism; Efrat Nechushtai, Columbia University • This study looks at Report for America’s efforts to strengthen the capacity of local news and increase trust from the perspective of a neighborhood on Chicago’s West Side, and a rural county in Eastern Kentucky. Using a communication infrastructure theory framework, it follows 28 residents through project-start and end focus groups. This is complemented by 15 interviews with journalists and RFA staff, and content analysis of local stories from the Chicago Sun-Times and Lexington Herald-Leader. Look Around and Learn: Effects of 360-Degree Video in Online News • Bartosz Wojdynski, University of Georgia; Ivanka Pjesivac, The University of Georgia; Jihoon Kim; Matt Binford, University of Georgia; Keith Herndon, University of Georgia • In a between-subjects eye-tracking experiment, adult readers of a large metropolitan daily newspaper (N=48) viewed and evaluated one of two versions of the same online news feature: one with an embedded 360-degree video alongside text and images, and the other using exclusively text and static images. Findings show that the presence of 360-degree video increased attitudes toward the article, article credibility, and visual attention to article content, but did not significantly affect recall of the story Keepers of the comments: How comment moderators handle audience contributions • David Wolfgang, Colorado State University; Hayley Blackburn, Colorado State University; Stephen McConnell, Colorado State University • "As news commenting has evolved as a participatory tool and journalists have developed traditional practices for moderation, there are increasing questions about how to promote quality spaces for news discourse. Using gatekeeping theory, this study analyzes in-depth interviews with 13 news comment moderators to understand how these individuals establish moderation routines and define their professional role. This provides new insight into the journalist-audience relationship and the development of new media practices for online news production. Commenters as a threat to journalism? How comment moderators perceive the role of the audience • David Wolfgang, Colorado State University; Stephen McConnell, Colorado State University; Hayley Blackburn, Colorado State University • "Journalists and commenters have struggled to negotiate the appropriate use of news forums. But research about perceptions of commenters has typically focused on journalists and not the comment moderators who specifically manage content. This study uses in-depth interviews with 13 U.S. news comment moderators to understand through a field theory analysis how moderators perceive commenters as possible threats to the profession and, potentially, help to develop quality commenting into a form of journalistic cultural capital. Student Papers Democracy’s gatekeepers? How editorial boards constructed moral equivalence between 2016 presidential candidates • Kirsten Adams, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Through a mixed-method analysis of 75 major U.S. newspapers’ 2016 editorial endorsements, this study asks how editorial boards evaluated the two most controversial and unpopular major-party presidential candidates in U.S. history and the threats they posed to democratic norms and institutions. I find that while attempting to fill the seemingly vacated role of “democracy’s gatekeepers,” news organizations simultaneously undermined these efforts by actively constructing moral equivalence between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. Darker cloud or silver lining? News framing of the opioid crisis and organ donation • Alexis Bajalia, University of Florida; Amanda Bradshaw • America’s opioid crisis is doing more than taking lives. It is contributing to a substantial increase in organ donation, which some conclude is saving lives. A qualitative framing analysis of 59 U.S. news articles explored how journalists frame the relationship between the opioid crisis and organ donation. Four major themes emerged: silver lining and hope out of tragedy; shortcut to saving lives, times, and organs; medical acceptance, innovation, and evolution; and rewriting the narrative and changing the stigma. Because news articles tended to frame the relationship between the opioid crisis and organ donation as having a positive effect on society, this study provided practical and theoretical implications about how such framing may impact consumers’ knowledge, attitudes, and/or beliefs about the opioid crisis and/or organ donation. Similarities and Differences in Western Media Portrayals of the Greek Economic Crisis • Tryfon Boukouvidis, Louisiana State University • This study examines newspaper coverage of the Greek economic crisis in the summer of 2015 through a qualitative content analysis on the attribution of responsibility to the actors involved. Prior literature indicates that American newspapers present economic crises from an elite perspective, possibly distorting public opinion to reflect elite views. Newspapers have become more rigorous in interpreting the underlying mechanisms of a crisis instead of superficially covering episodic events, but most analysis comes from editorials. Biased Optimism: Online Fake News and Their Influence on Third-Person Perception and Corrective Action • Hyungjin Gill; Moonhoon Choi • This study examines the potential presence of 3PE in fake news and investigates at what third-person perception (“3PP”) may do to people’s willingness to engage in different forms of corrective action. Additionally, based on the root-idea embedded in 3PE (i.e., anticipation of media influence on self vs. others), the study delves into whether such perceptual distinction exists in presumed corrective action intention as well. And finally, the research aims to identify various kinds of corrective actions that may exist in different forms of reactions in response to online mis/disinformation to further previous communication research findings on undesirable media and attitudes toward censorship. Results shows presence of third-person effect (presuming greater effect of potentially harmful media content on others than self) in fake news exposure. Respondents also saw others as having more willingness to engage in corrective behaviors to counter fake news than themselves, serving as potential explanation for the spread of mis/disinformation during elections. Implications of corrective action items and the association between third-person perception and corrective action intention are discussed. Framing Immigration:  Criminal Frames of Latinx Immigrants and Social Distancing • Elizabeth Hurst, University of Oklahoma; Juliana L. Barbati • This experiment sought to examine how manipulation of high-order social identities can impact the perception of different news frames at four different levels (i.e., the communicator, the receiver, the text, and the culture. The results indicate that political party identification had the most significant impact on social distance towards Latinx immigrants and national identity salience. Implications for single-exposure framing experiments, the level of culture within framing research, and social identity research are discussed at length. Interpretation, participation and negotiation in China’s online news: A study of The Paper • RAN JU • This article selects The Paper (Pengpai), a Chinese online news media which incorporates the functionality of the party press into market-oriented journalism, to examine how online news embraces an interpretive journalism paradigm to collaborate with the party-state, to encourage the community involved in, and to find a place in the Chinese digital market. In addition to in-depth interviews with reporters and editors in The Paper, this study analyzes 2239 news articles posted on The Paper website and the comments underneath these articles over the period from 2015 to 2016. It is argued that the connection and disconnection between the journalistic role conception and performance are shaped by the negotiation between multiple groups and institutions that are constituted by interpretive communities. Journalistic interpretation in the online platform, on the one side, enlarges the boundaries of journalists’ collective authority, and on the other side, equips engaged readers with discursive resources in public debates. Tweets, Statements, and Quotes: News Source Selection, Gatekeeping, and Bias coverage of Indian #Metoo movement • Shreenita Ghosh, University of Wisconsin Madison; Kruthika Kamath, University of Wisconsin–Madison • This study explores the source categorization, source prominence, gender representation, journalist gender, and the coverage of #metoo movements in India. A content analysis of nine major English-language daily newspapers coverage of the movement shows that the digital age has only made a marginal dent in norms of inclusion and credibility of ordinary and minority citizens as sources. Further, medium selection and journalistic gatekeeping are considerably different in the two phases of the Indian #metoo movement. Battle of the Frames: Perspective Collision and Hyper-Mediation at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. • Chelsea Bonser; DI LAN; Stephen McConnell, Colorado State University • A collision of perspectives at the Lincoln Memorial revealed how one moment in today's digital news environment can rapidly produce news frames that define and redefine "reality" along ideological lines. Through a content analysis of media outlets that vary on the political spectrum, the authors found significant associations regarding how each outlet distinctly portrayed and framed the main actors of the event, as well as how new frames rapidly formed as new information became known. Addressing News Media Image in an Age of Skepticism • Soo Young Shin, MSU • This study explored news media image as perceived by the public by employing a concept used in marketing literature—image. Journalism stakeholders and scholars suggest the public’s perceptions of news media is not favorable, which consequently decreases readerships and makes the public lean towards alternative news (i.e., fake news). Considering this growing negative sentiment toward news media, it is crucial to understand the public’s perceptions of news media to address the public’s negative perception(s) and hopefully change them. Particularly, the news media industry has not yet possessed broad concepts, not to mention measures, to capture the public’s overall perceptions in terms of news organizations. The perceptions of 44 participants (over the course of nine sessions) living in the Midwestern U.S. were investigated using focus group methods. The results revealed eight dimensions of news media image: news quality, news usefulness, social responsibility, personality, usability, transparency, perspective-taking, and news selection bias. Participants believed that news media organizations are mostly biased in their selection of news stories, as news organizations are under pressure to make profit. Despite holding this view, certain ideals of news media, such as the potential role of the media as community watch-dogs and “protectors” of democracy, are highly valued. Participants particularly valued transparency, rather than objectivity, of news organizations and indicated that news is generally useful in acquiring information directly relevant to their lives. The Emergence of Social Justice Journalism • Allison Steinke, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities • Social justice journalism is an emerging style of newswork in for-profit and nonprofit newsrooms in the United States. This qualitative study provides in-depth analysis of interviews with journalists who cover social justice topics at mainstream legacy media and nonprofit newsrooms across the U.S. Some reporters have formal social justice beats while others are general assignment reporters, investigative reporters or columnists who occasionally cover social justice topics or beats including criminal justice, government corruption, marginalized populations, immigration, and homelessness. Through the conceptual lens of the sociology of newswork and imagined audiences, this study explores social justice journalists’ beats, identities, and constructions of their audiences. This study argues that journalists who cover social justice often identify as advocates within the public sphere while others oppose advocacy in their work and prefer to pursue traditional journalistic values of fairness, accuracy and objectivity. < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19117 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/prdv-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 18:30:00 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19120 Doug Newsom Award for Global Ethics and Global Diversity An Appeal to Shared Values: Faith, Advocacy, and Persuasion in the Council on American-Islamic Relations’ Public Relations • Brian J. Bowe, Western Washington University; Derek Moscato, Western Washington University; Mariam Alkazemi, Virginia Commonwealth University • While much attention has been paid to the way news media both represent and misrepresent Muslims, much less work has been devoted to Muslim self-representation in the public sphere. This study examines press releases issued by the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) to begin to close this gap in understanding of Muslim American self-representation. The study explores four strategic frames related to incident reports, legal responses, public sphere engagement and interfaith solidarity. It also examines the calls to action employed in the press releases. Finally, the findings show that releases also emphasized moral language related to protect the rights of individuals to be fully included in public life. Open Competition Toward an Emotional Intelligence Approach to Public Relations • Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University; Oluseyi Adegbola • This study provides an overview of the role of emotional intelligence in public relations and assesses the research in this area. Existing research has focused mostly on emotional intelligence as a competency vital to effective leadership. This study calls for further research investigating the role of emotional intelligence in different aspects of public relations such as media and customer relations, as well as methodological pluralism in future research. Resilient Aging: Examining how AARP Constructs Public Resilience Through its #DisruptAging Campaign • Lindsey Anderson, University of Maryland; Sylvia (Jiankun) Guo • We completed an analysis of AARP’s #DisruptAging campaign to understand how the organization crafts messages about resilience to facilitate successful aging among its publics. We found the campaign reflected the processes of resilience communication, as well as a new strategy—acceptance/appreciation. These findings illuminate the societal role of organizational discourse by showing how inclusive organizational-public communication can disrupt stereotypes; thus contributing to a fully functioning society and marking the future of public relations scholarship. The role of self-transcendent emotions and empathy in motivating communication about social and environmental issues • Denise Bortree, Penn State University; Michail Vafeiadis, Auburn University; Pratiti Diddi, Pennsylvania State University; Julia Gessner, Penn State University; Virginia Harrison; Yiting Chai, Penn State University • This study examines the role of emotions in situational motivations toward communication. In specific, the study looks at how self-transcendent emotions and empathy predict problem recognition, constraint recognition, involvement recognition and situational motivation in problem solving for two issues – climate change and immigration. A 2x2 experimental study found that self-transcendent emotions increase empathy which significantly influences communication motivators. However, not all self-transcendent emotions work in a positive direction for both issues. Implications are discussed. Exploring the Influence of Stakeholder Personality on Crisis Response Evaluations and Outcomes • Natalie Brown-Devlin, The University of Texas at Austin; Hayoung Lim; Lindsay Bouchacourt, The University of Texas at Austin; Michael Devlin, Texas State University • While public relations professionals are beginning to utilize psychographic data points for more refined methods of audience targeting, this study proposes a novel approach for understanding stakeholders by examining how their elemental personality traits impact 1) crisis communication outcomes (lessen levels of attributed crisis responsibility, improve individual’s image, and increase positive word-of-mouth) and 2) evaluations of employed crisis response strategies. Stakeholder personality traits provide unique psychographics about the target audience, which may assist public relations professionals by micro-targeting strategic crisis response strategies. This study utilized an experimental design with 368 collegiate participants from two Texas universities. Results suggest that several underlying personality traits predict image repair-outcomes regardless of the communication strategy used, while others are more likely to interact certain strategies that embody certain ideal crisis communication outcomes. Several theoretical and practical implications were provided. Enhancing Perceptions of the value of public relations through MBA education • Kristie Byrum, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; Kathleen Rennie Ph.D APR Fellow PRSA Professor, New Jersey City University • The Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) launched its MBA/Business School Program in fall 2012 to help MBA programs in the United States introduce strategic communication into the business school curriculum. The leading professional organization in the United States launched the program after finding that MBA curricula do not typically include a focus on communication topics. Since launching the program, the PRSA has engaged 16 colleges and universities across the country as participants in the program, allowing them to offer courses specifically designated to strategic communications. This qualitative study set out to better understand outcomes of the courses, most notably how the course can influence the individual’s perception of the public relations process. The study gauged the impact of the class on the perceptions of students (seasoned business professionals) about the public relations profession and the value of strategic communication. This study reports on the students’ perceptions of the business value of public relations, the use of strategic communication, and why the students’ perceptions are meaningful. (Re)centering human experience: A provocation for a critical humanistic orientation for public relations • Erica Ciszek, University of Texas at Austin • The article reflects on the contemporary status of public relations, highlighting the tensions between functionalist traditions and emergent critical perspectives. It presents critical humanism as an avenue for propelling public relations research and practice. This article imagines possibilities for critical humanistic work in public relations, drawing from and building upon research on feminism, queer theory and critical theories of race, advocating for the discipline to function as an avenue for social change. Personal Influence in Public Relations • Krishnamurthy Sriramesh, University of Colorado Boulder; Jolene Fisher, University of Colorado Boulder • Personal influence plays an important role in the functioning of public relations across all cultural contexts, yet the concept has been neglected in the field’s scholarship. This study presents a review of the origins and use of the term, an examination of the current state of the personal influence model as it relates to the body of knowledge of public relations, and a research agenda that advances understanding of personal influence in public relations. Assessing the Relationship between Self-Benefit and Other-Benefit Message Framing, Perceived Transparency Effectiveness, and Organizational Trust • Jolene Fisher, University of Colorado Boulder; Toby Hopp, University of Colorado Boulder • The frames used in organizational transparency messages have meaningful implications as they pertain to the formation of organizational trust among publics. Specifically, in this study, we proposed that transparency messages that emphasize an organization’s commitment to the social good are more likely to elicit trust-based gains than transparency messages that emphasize the organization’s value to the self. The results of two experiments supported this contention. Understanding the Church of Scientology’s Interpretation of Effective Public Relations • Melanie Formentin, Towson University; Cylor Spaulding, Georgetown University • Scientology’s public relations (PR) function is based on research and writing by L. Ron Hubbard, who studied PR and drafted documents directing Church communication strategies. Hubbard had the textbook Effective Public Relations reprinted with annotations for Church practitioners. Textual analysis shows Hubbard selectively adopted PR strategies; he embraced identifying primary publics and using interpersonal communication but eschewed psychological principles and media relations strategies. The findings show how a religious organization has employed industry principles. How institutional pressure influences corporate crisis communication practice?: A comparative case study from China • Qijun He, School of Journalism and Communication, Shanghai University • This study aims to explore the influence of institutional pressure on corporate crisis communication practice in China. Through comparing six cases in three pairs of crisis type, i.e., victim, accidental and intentional, the study showed that the firms depended on its willingness to conform to institutional pressure and resistant ability to adopt various strategic responses to cope with institutional pressure in crisis, and accordingly adapt their crisis communication strategies and forms of response to satisfy both self-interest and institutional pressure with less communicative strategies yet more invisible strategies, low-profile stance, and a more timely, active and consistent form of response. Is fake news the new social media crisis?: Examining the public evaluation of crisis management for organizations targeted in viral fake news • Rosie Jahng, Wayne State University; Scott Burgess; Maria Clara Martucci, Wayne State University • This study conducted a mixed-design experiment to test the main effect of intention to damage the brand and political motivation on crisis identification, crisis severity, and audience acceptance of crisis responses was tested. Also, the moderating role of intention to damage the brand in fake news on the proposed dependent variables were further tested. Results indicated that while fake news with high intention to damage the brands are perceived and evaluated as a severe crisis, fake news with political motivation is not considered as a reputational crisis as much. Organizations should make strategic decisions based on the strength of intention to damage the brand reputation and the presence of political motivations when they find themselves as victims of fake news spreading on social media. Toward A Relational Theory of Employee Engagement: Understanding Authenticity, Transparency, and Employee Behaviors • Hua Jiang, Syracuse University; Hongmei Shen, San Diego State University • Based on the relationship management paradigm in public relations and the job demands-resources model, we proposed a relational theory of employee engagement integrating employees’ immediate supervisors’ authentic leadership behavior and transparent organizational communication as antecedents of engagement and contextual performance behavior and turnover intention as behavioral outcomes that engagement leads to. Results from an employee survey (N = 727) indicated that immediate supervisors’ authentic leadership exchange with employees helped promote transparent organizational communication. Both authentic leadership and transparent organizational communication predicted employees’ level of physical, emotional, and cognitive engagement, which, in turn, largely explained employees’ contextual performance behavior and turnover intention. Moreover, transparent organizational communication was directly associated with employees’ turnover intention, and indirectly related to their contextual performance behavior via employee engagement. Finally, transparent organizational communication and employee engagement directly mediated the relationship between authentic leadership and two behavioral outcome variables in our model. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Social Media Research in Public Relations, 1998 - 2018: Status and Future Directions • Ran Ju; Sandra Braun; Dat Huynh; Sarah McCaffrey • This study examined the development of social media PR research by analyzing 189 articles published between 2008 and 2018 from two leading PR academic journals through quantitative and qualitative content analysis. Quantitative findings suggested a steady increase in scholarly attention on this topic, an international development of social media research, and a shift of perspectives used to examine this topic. Qualitative findings revealed themes on prominent results and practical implications from the examined articles. A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Public Relations as A Scholarly Field • Eyun-Jung Ki, University of Alabama; Yorgo Pasadeos, University of Alabama; Tugce Ertem-Eray, University of Oregon • This bibliometric study aims to evaluate the state of the art in the global public relations literature since its inception to 2017. A total of 24,922 citations from 442 articles permit us to conclude that the growth and popularity of global public relations is steady in the scholarship. The literature is still in the process of interdisciplinary borrowing. The topics of interest in the global public relations research can be generally categorized into three groups: culture or cultural dimensions, application of public relations theory or perspective to another country, and public diplomacy. The Role of Social Distance, Crisis Severity, and Crisis Response Strategy in Crisis Communication: A Construal Level Perspective • Jeesun Kim, Incheon National University; HyunJee Oh; Chang-Dae Ham, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • Despite growing research on public attributions of crisis responsibility, relatively little is known about the role of perceived social distance to organizations along with crisis severity and crisis response strategies. Applying Construal Level Theory (CLT) to the context of crisis communication, we examine the role of construal fit between social distance, crisis severity, and crisis response strategy in determining crisis responsibility and negative word-of-mouth (WOM) intention. A test of 2 (social distance: close vs. distant) x 2 (crisis response strategy: defensive vs. accommodating) x 2 (crisis severity: low vs. high) between-subjects experiment finds three two-way interaction effects: 1) between social distance and crisis response strategy; 2) between social distance and crisis severity; and 3) crisis response strategy and crisis severity on negative WOM. No interaction effect was found on crisis responsibility, however. The psychological mechanism based on social distance plays a role in drawing different public reactions to crisis response strategies and different levels of severity. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Activating constructive employee behavioral responses in crisis situations: Examining the effects of pre-crisis internal reputation and crisis communication strategies on constructive and destructive employee voice behaviors • Young Kim, Marquette University; Hyunji Lim, Marquette University • This study explores how organizational management can promote employee voice behaviors, as positive behavioral reactions with constructive ideas, in responding to organizational crisis. Using an experimental study (N=640) among full-time employees in the United States, the study found that pre-crisis internal reputation and crisis communication strategies—accommodative response and stealing thunder—positively and directly affected constructive employee voice behaviors in a crisis situation. Furthermore, the study revealed how post-crisis internal reputation mediates the influences of pre-crisis internal reputation and stealing thunder on positive/constructive and negative/destructive employee voice behaviors. An Ecological View and A Multi-Level Analysis of Public Organizations’ Communication Behaviors on Social Media • Chih-Hui Lai, National Chiao Tung U; Rebecca Yu, National Chiao Tung University • This study applies an ecological view and a multi-level analysis to unpack public organizations’ communication on social media as embedded in the broader environment. Through manual and automated content analysis of 617 public organizations’ one-year Facebook posts in Taiwan, the data reveal the unique patterns of public organizations’ social media communication as manifested in both message function and message content, as well as the association between these two, after controlling for time and organizational influence. Crisis Response Strategy Differences: U.S. vs South Korea • Soehyeon Lee; Moon Lee, University of Florida • In this study, we compared the types of crisis response strategies in terms of crisis types utilized in two different countries (i.e., the USA and South Korea) and tested the applicability of a major theoretical approach, Situational Crisis Theory, by analyzing 222 actual crisis cases (USA: n = 114; KOR: n = 108) happened during the last decade (from January 2009 to March 2018). Rebuilding strategy was the most often used strategy, regardless of countries. We also found differences between these two countries in terms of response strategies/specifics in organizations’ responses to crises. Theoretical and practical implications are further discussed in this study. Toward an Integrated Model of Employees’ Communicative Behaviors on Social Media: Individual and Organizational Determinants • Yeunjae Lee; Katie Kim • To advance theoretical understanding of employees’ communicative behaviors on social media, this study proposes and tests an integrative model that incorporates individual and organizational antecedents. The model specifically examines the collective impacts of the social media-related behavioral motivations of individuals and the quality of organization-employee relationship (OER) on their positive and negative information sharing intentions on personal social networking sites and anonymous social media. The results of an online survey with full-time employees in the U.S. showed that OER significantly increases employees’ positive behavioral intentions and social media-related motivations. Further, OER significantly decreases employees’ negative information sharing intentions on anonymous websites but not on their own social media. Considerable and distinct effects of individuals’ positive (i.e., help organization, self-enhancement, enjoyment) and negative (i.e., vent negative feelings, warn others) behavioral motivations on social media are also found. Theoretical and practical implications for public relations and employee behaviors are discussed. The Value of Public Relations in Enhancing Employees’ Health Information Disclosure Intentions in the Workplace • Jo-Yun Li, University of Miami; Yeunjae Lee • Various mechanisms and processes have been established that lead to employees’ decisions to disclose their health information in the workplace. The existing literature has emphasized individuals’ stigma, privacy, or discrimination but often overlooked the influence of organizations’ internal communication effort. This study focused on organizations’ public relations practices and explored the antecedents of employees’ health-related perceptions, communicative behaviors, and intentions to disclose their health information in the workplace. In particular, this study tested the impact of symmetrical internal communication and the quality of organization–employee relationship (OER) on employees’ perceived risks and benefits of information disclosure and their communication strategies for their health information. The results of an online survey showed that a positive OER increased the employees’ perceived benefits and direct communication behaviors within an organization. In addition, the OER quality decreased the employees’ perceived risks for disclosing their health information to their supervisors but not to their colleagues. Results also found the varying impact of employees’ perceptions and communication strategies on their intention to disclose their physical and mental health problems. Theoretical and practical implications for public relations and health communication were discussed in this study. Being honest in crisis communication: Implications of pre-crisis engagement and stealing thunder • SANG LEE, 1961; Jiyoung Lee, WVU • This research reports on the buffering effects of two proactive crisis communication strategies: pre-crisis engagement and stealing thunder, which is an organization’s voluntary revelation of crisis information when facing a crisis. The results showed that the effectiveness of stealing thunder was moderated by the pre-crisis engagement with stakeholder petitions such that the effects of stealing thunder were only observed when the organization engaged with stakeholder complaints in the pre-crisis stage. A moderated parallel mediation model explored the underlying mechanism in which crisis responsibility and crisis severity parallelly mediated the interaction effects between pre-crisis engagement and stealing thunder. Empowered giving: Understanding the role of psychosocial empowerment in charitable giving behavior to mental health organizations • Taylor Jing Wen, University of South Carolina; Jo-Yun Li, University of Miami • Although mental illness constitutes a large part of the burden of disease, it is one of the least funded diseases in the United States. Guided by the theoretical frameworks of giving behaviors and psychological empowerment, this study seeks to understand the effects of individual characteristics (i.e., altruistic personality traits) and contextual factors (i.e., social capital) on individuals’ cognitions of psychological empowerment and individuals’ subsequent donation behaviors. A survey of 604 participants found that individuals’ beliefs about the meanings and impacts of their charitable giving (i.e., meaning and impact) and the control they have over their ability to make such donations (i.e., competence) are the specific dimensions that reinforce the effects of altruism and social capital on donation intentions. The incorporation of different cognitions of psychological empowerment may help mental health organizations and communication practitioners to address the issue of the relative lack of monetary contributions from the public. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Information vetting as a key component in social-mediated crisis communication: An exploratory study • Xuerong Lu, University of Georgia; Yan Jin; Taeyeon Kim • In order to understand publics’ information consumption behavior in current media environment, this study addresses how and why individuals vet information (or not) in crisis situations. Grounded in dual-process model and meta-cognition theory, an initial conceptual framework of crisis information vetting was outlined. An exploratory study, including four focus groups and 13 in-depth interviews, was conducted to investigate: 1) indicators of information vetting behavior according to participants’ self-reported experience; and 2) what motivate and what prohibit participants from engaging themselves emotionally and cognitively in the process of crisis information vetting. Our qualitative data provided evidence for a two-step process of crisis information vetting, namely, primary vetting and secondary vetting. A total of 48 vetting behavior indicators were further rendered, which serve as a strong content base for future scale development and further conceptual model refinement. Corporate vanguards: The contemporary role of organization altruism • Lincoln Lu, University of Florida; Kalyca Lynn Becktel, University of Florida; Myiah Hutchens, University of Florida • Dramatic influx of brands embracing diplomatic action as part of their strategic marketing and public relations tactics is muddying the definition of corporate social responsibility. This study utilizes the recent Central American migrant caravan as the context to examine participants' reactions to corporate philanthropy. A 2x3 experimental design was utilized with an online sample. Organizations adopting explicit positions did not increase brand-public relationship, but perceived altruism was increased for all participants regardless of political identity. The strive for legitimacy? Corporate diplomacy practices of European MNEs in the UAE • Sarah Marschlich; Diana Ingenhoff • Applying a neo-institutional public relations approach, the purpose of this study is to assess to what extent corporate diplomacy in the United Arab Emirates is used as a legitimation strategy. For this, we conducted in-depth interviews with public relations executives (N=20). Our findings imply that companies engage in corporate diplomacy to align with governmental social expectations in their host country, which can contribute to the companies’ moral legitimacy. A Different Kind of Public Sector Practice: Local Law Enforcement Public Relations • Lindsay McCluskey, SUNY Oswego • Researchers have distinguished between public and private sector public relations, identifying critical environmental factors that influence public relations practices and ultimately organization-public relationships (Horsley, et al., 2010; Liu & Horsley, 2007; Liu & Levenshus, 2010; Liu et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2012). Taking these variables into consideration, scholars created (Liu & Horsley, 2007) and refined (Horsley et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2012) the Government Communication Decision Wheel, a theoretical model. The GCDW studies did not focus on understanding practices and characteristics associated with specific segments of the profession; therefore, they did not account for variables that may be specific to departments or segments within levels of government. Horsley et al. (2010) and Liu et al. (2012) acknowledged such limitations to their research. This study adds to the theoretical understanding surrounding the GCDW by addressing some of the more “nuanced differences” (Liu et al., 2012, p. 237) associated with a segment of public relations practice that shares “similar missions or tasks” – local law enforcement public relations (Horsley et al., 2010, p. 288). This work is based on 20 interviews with local law enforcement public relations personnel across the United States. Several prominent themes emerged regarding the perceived differences associated with local law enforcement public relations. These include demand and being “24/7;” the level of attention paid to, the level of interest in, and the level of media scrutiny associated with local law enforcement; and the inherent nature and complexity of law enforcement interactions and information. Communication Strategies to Drive Internal Social Media Usage and Relationship Cultivation with Employees • Rita Men; Julie O'Neil, Texas Christian University; Michele Ewing • This study examined the administrative and communication strategies used by organizations to encourage employee participation on internal social media and analyzed whether employees’ internal social media usage engenders increased transparency and relational outcomes. Specifically, researchers proposed and tested a conceptual model that links organizational communication strategies (i.e., strategic information dissemination, two-way symmetrical communication), employee internal social media usage, perceived organizational transparency, and employee-organization relationships. Through an online survey of 1,150 employees from various organizations in the United States that had adopted internal social media, results showed that strategic information dissemination and social-mediated, two-way symmetrical communication both encouraged employees’ use of internal social media, which in turn, led to employees’ perception of organizational transparency and quality relationship outcomes with the organization. The study also found that organizations primarily use internal social media to post information about news and events in order to keep employees informed and updated. Companies most often utilized Facebook to communicate with employees. While majority companies had a social media policy in place, over half of them did not provide social media training. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Exploring the Role of Stakeholder Engagement in Enhancing Resilience in Emergency Communication: A Qualitative Study • Lan Ni, University of Houston; Weidong Shi, University of Houston • This paper explores the role and mechanism of stakeholder engagement in addressing challenges and enhancing resilience in emergency communication. Through qualitative interviews with 16 emergency managers, this study identified four levels of challenges in enhancing resilience (information challenges, expectation challenges, perception challenges, and personnel challenges). Findings also revealed how key stakeholder engagement processes such as stakeholder identification and relationship management can address these challenges and better activate and empower stakeholders to be partners. A Human Touch and Content Matter for Consumer Engagement • Hyojung Park, Louisiana State University; Yangzhi Jiang, Louisiana State University • This study explores the roles of consumer motivations and brand communication in increasing consumer engagement with a brand on social media. Data from a survey of a quota sample of 691 U.S. consumers indicate that the motivations of entertainment and remuneration are positively associated with consuming and contributing to brand content on social media. In addition, the motive of obtaining information prompts people to consume brand content (e.g., reading a brand’s posts or watching videos), while the motivation for self-expression leads to contributing activities (e.g., conversing on a brand’s account and uploading videos). After controlling for these motivations, brand communication strategy (such as content and tone) appears to influence consumers’ brand-related activities on social media, which subsequently results in consumer intentions in favor of the brand. Cultivating #Cupfusion: An Exploration of the Unintended Consequences of Communication in a Public Relations Campaign • Timothy Penn, Towson University • This case study is an exploration into the application of Merton’s (1936) typology of unanticipated consequences of purposeful social actions to a public relations campaign. Merton used scientific analysis to understand factors leading to unintended consequences, rather than attributing them to chance or fate. Using qualitative methods,including in-depth interviews, organization-provided document analysis, and content analysis of the Reese's brand Facebook page, this study found four of his five factors, including lack of foreknowledge, habit, myopia, and values, have proved applicable to the 2016 Reese’s #Cupfusion campaign. Merton's typology and the idea of unintended consequences has application for public relations theory and practice. The concept of lack of foreknowledge has implications for both chaos and complexity theory, and how they can be applied to unintended consequences and crisis. This research also supports and adds to social media and strategic campaign planning practice, by providing a lens for the analysis and execution of both pre-implementation and evaluation of public relations campaigns. Activating Audiences: Using STOPS to Predict Engagement with Issues of Women’s Mass Incarceration • Geah Pressgrove; Crisobal Barra, Universidad de Chile; Melissa Janoske, University of Memphis • Rates of women’s incarceration in the United States are growing at an alarming rate leading to a host of negative economic and familial outcomes. Despite this, little attention has been given to the topic and few people know the extent of the issue. Employing STOPS, this study seeks to understand the confluence of factors that might lead to individuals engaging in prosocial action. Qualitative and quantitative findings indicate that both situational motivation and referent criterion predict active communication, however only situational motivation predicts passive communication. Further, passive communicative action is the best predictor of common support behaviors including donating money, volunteering time and participating in policy advocacy. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Bollywood Diplomacy: A critical Analysis of the Role of Hindi Film Industry in International Public Relations • Mian Asim, Zayed University; Azmat Rasul, Florida State University; Muhammad Ehab Rasul • Through the lens of Propaganda Model, this article explores the relationship between the Hindi film industry, Bollywood, and the international public relations strategies devised by the Indian government during the last couple of decades. After receiving the industry status in 1998, Bollywood carefully filtered movie content due to its dependence on the Indian government for tax-relief, foreign direct investment, soft loans from the banking sector, and the government’s ability to produce flak. We focused on flak as a content filter and argued that Bollywood produced films promoting Indian government’s international public relations agenda and the movie-makers followed the official policy for fear of flak from the government. We found that Bollywood, being one of the most significant culture industries in the world, worked closely with the government and, in return, harvested tangible economic benefits (e.g., tax cuts and soft loans) from the Indian government. Explicating Alumni Engagement: When Conversational Voice Matters More than Openness and Assurances of Legitimacy • Hongmei Shen, San Diego State University; Bey-Ling Sha, San Diego State University • The question of how organizations engage with their stakeholders has seen increasing investigation in recent years, with public relations researchers examining the concept of engagement from cognitive, affective, and behavioral perspectives (e.g., Dhanesh, 2017; Jelen-Sanchez, 2017). This study examined the engagement of university alumni with their alma mater, with data collected from qualitative interviews, a pilot survey, and a main survey. Results identified three dimensions of alumni engagement: instrumental, communicative and affective, and confirmatory factor analysis supported this three-dimensional structure. Structural equation modeling showed that, while conversational voice was conducive to alumni engagement, openness and assurances of legitimacy did not exert any significant impacts. The findings offer concrete ways in which universities can better engage with alumni, as well as conceptual and methodological ways in which public relations scholars might continue to refine the notion of engagement between organizations and their publics. The Interplay Between Post-Crisis Response Strategy and Pre-Crisis Corporate Associations • Weiting Tao, University of Miami; Baobao Song, Virginia Commonwealth University • How should a company respond to a crisis related to its social responsibility (CSR) by capitalizing on consumers’ existing corporate associations? To answer this question, this study examined the interaction between consumers’ pre-crisis associations with a company and post-crisis response strategies. Results of an experiment render support for the predicted interaction effect. Additionally, results show in dealing with a CSR crisis, a CSR-related response works better than a response that stresses the company’s product expertise. A Qualitative Study of the Perceptions of Physically Disabled Public Relations Practitioners • Amanda Sebesta, University of Houston; Jennifer Vardeman, University of Houston • This paper explores the perceptions of physically disabled practitioners in the public relations field. Literature about diversity in public relations, workplace discrimination, and feminist theory of disability framed this study. A qualitative study was conducted using open-ended interview questions, talking with practitioners that have a range of disabilities–including wheelchair-bound, amputee and dwarfism. Themes emerged according to structural factors contributing to a limited inclusivity of disabled practitioners in the field, negotiations of power within disability by practitioners, and complicated representation of disabled practitioners. Theoretical and practical implications are presented. The overlooked public: The role of citizens in countries hosting mega-events • Kelly Vibber; Alessandro Lovari, Università degli studi di Cagliari • This research expands the work that has been done around nation branding and the impact of hosting mega-events (e.g., diplomacy, national reputation, soft power). Previous work has focused primarily on the ways in which hosting mega-events builds, improves or expands the perception foreign and external publics have of the hosting country and external relations. This research instead focuses inward and aims to answer questions about how hosting mega-events is perceived by citizens of the hosting country, how they view their role in interacting with foreign visitors (e.g., person-to-person or sociological diplomacy) and to what extent they communicate in support of, or against, their country’s efforts. A convenience sample of 426 Italian citizens completed the survey. Results indicate that citizens who placed high importance on their interactions with foreigners reported significantly higher scores on attitudes toward Italy hosting the World Exposition, positive megaphoning behaviors about Italy hosting the Expo and perceived themselves as ambassadors during the Expo. The findings highlight the importance of governments engaging with citizens when taking on mega-events. This intentional communication and relationship management with citizens is critical to internal relations during the mega-event, and has the potential to magnify the positive impact of hosting mega-events. Bridging the Gap between Relationships and Situations: Exploring the Antecedents and Outcomes of Organization-Employee Relationships • Yuan Wang, City University of Hong Kong • Grounded in the frameworks of the relationship management theory and the situational theory of publics, this study examined the effects of employees’ perceived symmetrical and transparent communication on their perceived relationships with their organization and how the relationships influenced employees’ situational perceptions through a national survey of 449 employees working in large organizations in the U.S. This study found that transparent and symmetrical communication were significant predictors of organization-employee relationships (OERs). Another finding was that employees’ perceived symmetrical communication with their organization positively influenced their transparent communication. Furthermore, OERs facilitated employees’ problem recognition and level of involvement as well as weakened their constraint recognition. The theoretical and practical implications of this study were also discussed. Volunteer motivation fulfillment: The antecedents and outcomes • Anli Xiao; Virginia Harrison; Christen Buckley • The questions of how nonprofit organizations can best fulfill people’s motivations to volunteer and how volunteers’ motivation fulfillment influences people’s supportive intentions to volunteer remain unclear. This study argues that different status of volunteer motivation fulfillment may have different implications on their future supportive intentions. This online survey found that organizations can enhance volunteers’ degree of volunteer motivation fulfillment through effective stewardship strategies. Interesting results involving the effect of volunteer motivation fulfillment were evidenced by data analysis. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. How CEO Disclosure and Gender Affect Perceived CEO Attributes, Relationship Investment, and Engagement Intention • April Yue, University of Florida; Yoo Jin Chung; Amanda Bradshaw; Tom Kelleher, University of Florida; Mary Ann Ferguson • How does a CEO’s social media content disclosure on Twitter affect CEO attributes, relationship investment, and public engagement, and to what extent does the CEO’s gender (male vs. female) moderate how publics evaluate content disclosures? A 2 (CEO gender: male vs. female) X 4 (level of disclosure: 100% corporate vs. 70% corporate and 30% personal vs. 30% corporate and 70% personal vs. 100% personal disclosure) between-subject experimental design was used to address these questions. A random sample of 465 adult participants in the United States was selected. Results showed that posts that featured high personal disclosure did not increase the perceived likability or competence of the CEO. Neither did CEO gender impact these outcomes. However, CEO professional disclosure proved to be an effective means to gain high levels of perceived relationship investment from publics. Finally, publics may hold implicit gender bias when revealing cognitive (i.e., perceived relationship investment) and behavioral evaluation (i.e., engagement intention) toward a female CEO. Examining the Effects of Internal Communications and Emotional Culture on Employees’ Organizational Identification • April Yue, University of Florida; Rita Men; Mary Ann Ferguson • As one of the first empirical studies investigating the emerging role of positive emotional culture within organizations, we aim to understand how a symmetrical internal communication system and leaders’ use of motivating language contribute to fostering a positive emotional culture featured by joy, companionate love, pride, and gratitude. Furthermore, we examined the linkage between a positive emotional culture and employees’ organizational identification. Through a quantitative survey with 482 full-time employees in the U.S., we found that both symmetrical internal communication and leaders’ use of motivating language induced the perception of a positive emotional culture, which in turn enhanced employees’ organizational identification. Theoretically, the study showcased the value of strategic internal communications at both the leader’s and organizational levels in fostering positive organizational outcomes and added to the body of knowledge on why emotional culture matters. From a pragmatic point of view, the study findings offered strategic insights into how organizations and leaders should communicate to create a benign cultural environment filled with positive emotions and boost employees’ sense of belonging in the organization. Improve employee-organization relationships (EOR) and workplace performance through CSR: Insights from an electric and energy company in China • Yafei Zhang; Chuqing Dong • This study examined the impact of employee perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) on their employee-organization identification (EOI), corporate ability (CA), employee-organization relationships (EOR), and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Results, based on a survey (N = 248) with employees from a large, private company in the electric and energy industry in China, revealed that employee perceptions of CSR were positively associated with EOI, CA, EOR, and OCB. In addition, there was a positive spillover effect between CSR and CA. Findings also indicated the positive associations between CA and EOR, and EOI and OCB. This study contributes to the scant research on employee-centered CSR and suggests CSR as an effective strategy to cultivate relationships with employees and to increase their job performance in the Chinese context. Teaching Demystifying Data: A Constructivist Approach to Teaching Statistical Concepts Using SPSS • Lauren Bayliss, Georgia Southern University • To improve public relations students’ self-efficacy and knowledge of statistics, two hands-on activities were created. One activity used data simulation in the software program SPSS, and the other used printed statistical outputs. Both activities were introduced in a flipped-classroom format as part of a crossover experimental design. The results indicate that knowledge of statistics increased through both activities. However, the activity using data simulation in SPSS led to significantly higher self-efficacy for learning statistics. Cut Me Some Slack: Simulation, Experiential Learning, and Slack Bots to Teach Crisis Communication • Julia Daisy Fraustino, West Virginia University; Amanda Kennedy, St. Mary's University • This research explores using the newly popular online collaboration hub Slack (and Slack bots) for in-class crisis simulation. Qualitative direct observation of two simulations—(1) a workshop and simulation shadow experience with a state National Guard and (2) a crisis communication class culminating in simulation—along with textual analyses of simulation responses and student reflections probe findings. This study partially replicates and expands previous simulation research to generate new insights and options for PR instruction based in experiential learning theory. Media Literacy among Public Relations Students: An Analysis of Future PR Professionals in the Post-Truth Era • Jami Fullerton, Oklahoma State University; Lori McKinnon; Alice Kendrick • This study assessed various aspects of media literacy among a national sample of US public relations students. Definitions of media literacy transcended basic interpretation of messages and extended to higher-level concepts such as understanding and how media organizations operate. PR students considered themselves to be fairly media literate, and had higher estimates of their own media literacy than a sample of advertising students in a previous study. Implications for public relations educators are discussed. Curriculum Rebuilding in Public Relations: A Multi Managerial-Level Analysis of PR Practitioners’ Expectations of Graduates • Arunima Krishna, Boston University; Donald Wright, Boston University; Raymond Kotcher, Boston University • This manuscript reports on a survey of practicing public relations practitioners about the professional attributes and job skills necessary for those who intend to enter the public relations field. Analyses compared differences and similarities between senior-level, mid-level and entry-level practitioners. Results indicate that writing, listening, and creativity are the three most significant skills aspiring public relations people should have followed by creative thinking, the ability to deal with an online reputation crisis, the ability to communicate effectively in today’s environment of disinformation, and the ability to build a crisis response plan. Results found statistically significant differences across senior management, middle management, and junior level respondents on items measuring these skills and attributes: possessing business acumen, creativity, research/measurement skills, new technologies, digital story telling, and how to best interact with public relations firms. Creating Career Confidence: Fostering Professional Self-Efficacy Through Student-Run Agencies and Integrative Learning • Jeffrey Ranta, Coastal Carolina University/Teal Nation Communications; Debbie Davis, Texas Tech University; Andrea Bergstrom, Coastal Carolina University • This study investigates integrative learning linkages provided through student-run agencies (SRAs) and fostering professional self-efficacy (confidence). Based on survey results of 182 SRA student participants, this research measured professional self-efficacy in performing 23 communication tasks and measures attributions awarded by respondents to student-run agency experiences in developing that confidence. Results suggest changes to pedagogy and offers evidence of SRA effectiveness in preparing graduates for responsibilities in public relations, advertising, integrated and strategic communication. Student A Concept Explication of Stance: The Leading Strategy to an Organization’s Crisis Response • Courtney D. Boman, University of Missouri School of Journalism • The stance, or series of stances, an organization takes following a crisis encapsulates its thinking and influences its response strategies. Following requirements outlined by McLeod and Pan, this paper explicates stance as a critical and deliberate position an organization takes that is influenced by internal and external variables, that leads to response strategies. This conceptualization can lead to a vanguard of a third generation of theory development for contingency theory of strategic conflict management. Gun Control Debate on Twitter: Social Media Advocacy & Advocacy Communication • Minhee Choi, University of South Carolina • This study explores agenda setting, message framing, and the concepts of social media advocacy and mobilizing information through content analysis of tweets from competing pro-gun and gun control advocacy organizations, the NRA and Moms Demand Action. Findings revealed that the two organizations actively set the gun rights and gun control agenda through issue framing. Tweets from both organizations were more likely to frame the cause and solution as episodic frames. Mentions of mobilizing information were actively used by both organizations. However, the NRA showed more active communication with their followers through use of hashtags, replies, retweets, and likes. ICTs Intrusion: The Effects of Using Communication Technology after Hours on Employees’ Counterproductive Work Behaviors • Katie Kim, University of Oklahoma • The integration of information and communication technologies (ICTs) at the workplace has brought a new internal communication environment in the organization. In particular, ICTs enabled internal communication to be extended beyond the workplace and after work hours, which led to an intrusion of work into employees’ private domains. The study examines the impact of ICTs intrusion on employees’ counterproductive work behaviors (CWB) in the context of internal communication management. The results showed that the extent of ICTs intrusion is positively associated with CWB toward the organization’s members. Moreover, the effects of ICTs intrusion on CWB are accentuated when individuals perceive higher stress of being always connected to internal members during non-work hours. The findings of the study suggest practical guidance to organizational managers and public relations professionals on how ICTs should be utilized as an effective internal communication tool to promote a healthy and productive workforce. Why Do Publics Engage in Negative Communication Behavior on Social Media? • Bitt Moon, Indiana University Bloomington; Eugene Kim, The Media School at the Indiana University, Bloomington • This study explored how consumer publics participate in negative communication behavior (NCB): Brand-related information seeking and sharing on social media. We examined the effects of cognitive, relational, and emotional drivers on NCB through an online survey of 475 participants. The results showed that cognitive factors -brand incompetence and irresponsibility- affect relational distrust and brand hate, which in turn lead to NCB. The findings indicated the significant role of brand hate in consumer publics‘ NCB. Exploring the Social Networks of Environmental Nonprofit Organizations and Public Reactions to Facebook Postings Contingent on Message Types • Jeyoung Oh, University of Alabama; Bumsoo Kim, University of Alabama • Environmental nonprofit organizations (ENPOs) use social media to generate organization-level networks and distribute diverse informational and promotional messages to the public. However, little is known about how they build organization-level networks in social media and what types of environmental messages they mainly provide. To fill these gaps, this study explores 1) how ENPOs are likely to have organization-level networks and 2) what types of environmental messages they have distributed and publics’ reactions to them. To answer these research questions, a quantitative content analysis was conducted. The results showed that ENPOs actively maintain networks with 1) other types of nonprofit organizations, 2) community-building organizations, and 3) various news media companies or websites. Regarding the second research question, the results showed that when ENPOs provide accurate messages with informational context, social media users are more likely to respond to the message. Furthermore, when they employ human voice with informational context, social media users tend to react more to the messages. Examining the influence of personal discussion network on consumer engagement behavior: An egocentric network study • Yan Qu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Consumer engagement has been a central component in corporations’ relationship management with consumers. This study examines the antecedents of consumer online behavioral engagement through an egocentric network analysis approach. Specifically, how structural and compositional traits of consumers’ brand discussion networks influence their engagement behavior online were explored. Data from an online survey indicated that the size, heterogeneity, and density of personal discussion network were associated with certain engagement behaviors. Findings and implications are discussed. Is the Organization Ever the Victim? Reassessing Crisis Responsibility • Erika Schneider, University of Missouri-Columbia • This research investigates the theoretical concept of crisis responsibility to realign its effectiveness in crisis communication. The revision, proposing crisis responsibility as the failure to prevent a risk, illustrates that crisis responsibility is heavily weighted on organizational deficiencies. Strategies that deny responsibility are less effective for the organization because stakeholder perceptions emphasize the preventable nature of all crises. Implications of this concept explication includes strengthening tools for scholars to measure and evaluate crisis response strategies. Relative efficacy of differentiation and bolstering in mitigating the negative spillover effect from a rival brand’s product-harm crisis: A study of market leader and market challenger • Jun Zhang, Newhouse School of Syracuse University • In light of a brand’s recall crisis, rival brands can mitigate the negative spillover effect by distancing themselves from the brand in crisis. This experimental research examines the relative efficacy of a rival brand’s using either bolstering or differentiation strategy in mitigating the negative spillover effect. Results showed that bolstering by a market leader and differentiation by a market challenger had an indirect effect on protecting brand attitude and purchase intent through heightened message evaluations. < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19120 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/schj-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 18:34:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19123 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19123 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/visc-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 18:37:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19126 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19126 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/comj-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 18:44:06 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19129 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19129 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/esig-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 18:46:45 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19134 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19134 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/gsig-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 18:50:05 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19138 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19138 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/icig-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 18:53:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19142 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19142 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/lgbt-2019-abstracts/ Tue, 28 May 2019 18:55:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19145 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19145 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/rmig-2019-abstracts/ Wed, 29 May 2019 14:07:50 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19159 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19159 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/spig-2019-abstracts/ Wed, 29 May 2019 14:09:56 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19161 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19161 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/sprt-2019-abstracts/ Wed, 29 May 2019 14:16:27 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19166 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19166 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/05/cswm-2019-abstracts/ Wed, 29 May 2019 14:23:19 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19169 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19169 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/09/scholars-grant-proposal-tips/ Thu, 19 Sep 2019 13:00:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16537 Tips for Creating That Perfect Research Grant Proposal from 2019 AEJMC Senior and Emerging Scholars: Senior Scholar Daniela Dimitrova, Iowa State University

• This may be obvious but … try to follow the grant application guidelines closely, including section headings, fonts and formatting, as well as page length.
• Clearly state the expected contributions of your research, both theoretical and practical. That will help the reviewers see the significance of your project and answer the “so what” question.

Senior Scholar Lawrence Pintak, Washington State University

• Keep it simple, stupid. A grant proposal is a term paper, not a dissertation. Make it focused and clear. What are the one or two key outcomes?
• Why do you need the money? We all like cash but be very clear exactly how you are going to spend it. Collaborator meetings? Data gathering? Conference presentations? RA support?
• Why should we care? An awful lot of academic research is, well, purely academic. What impact does your research have on the wider world? How does it advance the ball within the field?

Emerging Scholar Jeanine Guidry, Virginia Commonwealth University

• Write a proposal you are passionate about. It’s easier to write and your passion will shine through.
• Collaborate. With people from your own department, other departments, other universities. Your strengths will likely complement each other.
• Don’t get discouraged if you don’t get a grant funded. Rework it, reformat it – and resubmit it.

Emerging Scholars Karen McIntyre, Virginia Commonwealth University, and Meghan Sobel, Regis University

• Make the reviewers' jobs easy by preparing your application in an organized fashion that makes it easy to read. For example, use subheadings to specifically address required parts of the application, such as “How the project will expand knowledge.” This way the reviewers can easily see how you have addressed each required element of the application.
• Be sure your project is doable. Perhaps our application was successful because we showed that we had already started our project and were therefore confident that we could complete the remaining part in the designated time frame. Setting realistic goals will allow the reviewers to feel more comfortable that you will indeed reach those goals.

Emerging Scholar Lindsay Palmer, University of Wisconsin-Madison

• Make sure you respond to each, individual element of the call for proposals. It is so easy to overlook one of the questions that the proposal call asks, or to focus too heavily on one aspect rather than on the others. But your proposal should answer each of the questions raised in the call.
• Make sure you situate your research within the broader context of journalism and mass communication today (or in the past, if you're doing historical work). You want your topic to be specific and unique, but you also want to make sure that people outside your sub-field can understand why your topic matters, on a "big picture" level.

Emerging Scholar Jason T. Peifer, Indiana University

• A piece of advice I heeded from one of last year’s Emerging Scholar Grant recipients was to take a look at the successful applications of prior awardees. I emailed three past recipients and each graciously shared their application materials. While each application was distinct, in terms of content and style, taken together they proved to be useful for helping me sharpen my vision for how I wanted to propose my project. In short, don’t hesitate to reach out to past recipients.
• Another strategy I prioritized in my application was to explicitly frame the proposal within the broader trajectory of my research. Of course, the application instructions ask for a 200-word bio and a CV, but I aimed to go beyond presenting those basic elements by briefly explaining how my proposal fits within and augments an existing program of research. Given the Emerging Scholars Program’s mission to identify and encourage promising emerging scholars, it’s worth making an argument for why you are “promising” and your work builds on existing research momentum.
• Because the application calls for a letter of support from an immediate supervisor, I also think it’s a good idea to devote some time to helping your supervisor get a strong handle on the scope and vision of the proposal.  Avoid the pitfall of requesting the letter of support last minute, which can be a recipe for a vague and uninspiring endorsement. While the proposal itself is most important, an informed and enthusiastic letter of support should only help the application.

]]> 16537 0 0 0 http://aejmc.org/events/sanfrancisco20/paper-call/ Sun, 01 Mar 2020 14:35:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=16984 16984 0 0 0 https://www.memphis.edu/jrsm/southeast2020.php Fri, 27 Sep 2019 13:00:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=17550 17550 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/06/pcig-2019-abstracts/ Mon, 03 Jun 2019 16:53:31 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19204 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19204 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/06/pjig-2019-abstracts/ Mon, 03 Jun 2019 16:56:47 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19206 < 2019 Abstracts]]> 19206 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/07/documenting-and-demonstrating/ Wed, 10 Jul 2019 17:36:03 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19333 Documenting and Demonstrating Quality Teaching By Amanda Sturgill AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Elon University asturgill@elon.edu     (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, July 2019 issue) When applying for jobs or for tenure and promotion, quality teaching can be one of the hardest things to document. There are no impact factors or well-understood committees, and the burden is on you to demonstrate that your methods are effective. Here are some tips for assembling a teaching dossier. 1. Teaching is not one-size-fits-all, and you should be able to articulate the values that you prize as an educator. If this is hard for you, try answering the following questions: •  What do you think is the best way to learn? •  How do you know the students have successfully? •  If students can take away only one big-picture idea from a course with you, what do you want that idea to be? The answers to these questions can help you identify what you value as a teacher, or what you can call your teaching philosophy. It is helpful to have a written and memorized “elevator pitch” about your teaching philosophy before heading onto the job market. 2. Assemble multiple types of evidence. Student evaluations can be helpful but can also be problematic. They are one type of evidence; they should not be the only evidence you give. Other helpful types include: •  Syllabi and assignments you have created •  Student works, particularly if you use revision and have before and after versions that show how your students progressed over time •  Evidence that students succeed in using what you have taught them. This can be in the form of letters from graduates about how they use what they learned in your class on the job or notes from colleagues who teach higher-level classes based on what students learned from you that speak to their preparation. •  Judgements of student works such as reviews of papers or creative works or even awards. It can pay off to encourage your students to submit for awards, conferences and other places where their work will be reviewed. 3. Contextualize. Even if you are speaking to colleagues in your own department, you can’t assume they know the particularities of what you do. I teach in a multidisciplinary communication department, for example, and my colleagues in film have to explain their field in order for me to understand why their techniques are important. When you write it up, remember the audience for your documentation. Whether it is a job application or a promotion review, administrators and possibly faculty in other fields will be looking at your evidence and need to be able to understand it. The “explain it to your mom” method you might use in a communication class can come in handy here. 4. It’s ok to grow, but it needs to show. New classes are often rough the first time, and sometimes the mix of students in a course makes it really challenging. You may try different things, tweaking an assignment or dropping an activity that went over poorly. Remember to make notes of the things that you do and why you do them. These will help you later as you document your ability to think as critically about your teaching as you do about your scholarship. 5. When it comes to peer observations, help the observer understand what you are doing. It’s common to be required to have a peer or administrator observe a class, particularly as a student instructor or pre-tenure. These observations and the write-up from them goes much better if you prepare the observer for what he or she will be seeing. It’s helpful to sit down with the observer before the class to look at the syllabus, describe the general purpose and arc of the course and to describe what you will be doing that day and how that fits into that arc. You can also prepare the students by letting them know the class before that an observer will be visiting so that they will act as they usually do. Demonstrating quality teaching is telling a story about who you are and what you have done. Tell a good one. <Teaching Corner]]> 19333 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/09/2019-aejmc-conference-app-stats/ Wed, 11 Sep 2019 15:22:37 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19356 AEJMC 2019 Conference Toronto, Canada – August 7-10 By Samantha Higgins, AEJMC Communications Director App Stats App Downloads– 881 App Sessions- 40,323 (number of times people accessed the guide) App Top 10 Menu Items: My Schedule – 7,610 launches Conference Program – 4,337 launches Conference General Info – 2,658 launches Sessions by Group (DIG’s) – 736 launches Maps – 658 launches Inbox – 566 launches QR Game – 426 launches Interact – 335 launches Conference Website – 311 launches Social Media – 297 launches QR Game Completions– 5 Social Media Stats Tweets- 1,739 Twitter Accounts used #AEJMC19 from August 5 – August 14, 2019 Top Account- @AEJMC was the top account followed by @smandpbot, @jeremylittau and @aejmc_prd Top 4 #: #AEJMC19 #prprofs #aejmc2019 #toronto More twitter stats can be found here: https://nodexlgraphgallery.org/Pages/Graph.aspx?graphID=206791 Instagram– increased engagement on Instagram both in posts, stories and reposting members stories and using video engagement. Conference Playlist- First ever conference playlist this year on Spotify!]]> 19356 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/12/idl-call/ Thu, 12 Dec 2019 17:42:39 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19621 Call for Applications Background: The purpose of the Institute for Diverse Leadership in Journalism and Communication is to increase racial, gender and ethnic diversity in administrative and other senior-level positions in journalism and communication education. The Institute’s objective is to identify, recruit, mentor and train future leaders and administrators. The Institute is co-sponsored by AEJMC and the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication. Applicants MUST BE current AEJMC members. Applicants must be associate or full professors interested in administration and/or journalism and communication practitioners who have moved into the academy and have a minimum of three full-time years in an academic setting. The program is for people of color and women. Fellows will participate in Institute activities while continuing to work at their home campuses. The Institute program involves five group sessions during the fellowship year, two of which will happen during AEJMC conferences. Fellows and their home institutions are expected to cover costs associated with travel to those two AEJMC annual conferences, which most members normally attend. Travel for the other three trips will be funded by the Institute. Components: There are three key components of the Institute:

• Workshop Sessions — Mandatory workshops for fellows will be held at the AEJMC 2020 San Francisco Conference, the 2021 ASJMC winter workshop, the 2021 ACEJMC Spring meeting and the AEJMC 2021 New Orleans Conference. Workshops will cover a variety of administrative issues, including fundraising, leadership styles and dealing with difficult people.
• Mentor Program — The Institute will match each fellow with a current administrative mentor. The mentoring relationship consists of monthly contact via telephone or email, and a week-long visit to the mentor’s campus for a first-hand look at administrative duties at a journalism/communication program.
• Networking — Institute fellows are introduced to current administrators during social and programming sessions at their workshops. Mentors introduce fellows to other administrators to help the fellows begin to establish networks of resources.

Application Process:
AEJMC expects the selection process to be competitive. Applications for the 2020-21 year of the Institute should include ONE PDF file that includes the following parts: Part I. An “Institute Application” that answers the following questions:

1. Why would this program be valuable to you now — at this stage of your career?
2. What skills and past leadership experience do you have?
3. Why would you like to become an administrator or have a leadership position in higher education?
4. What would you like to learn from the program if you were selected?
5. What do you see as the most pressing issue for JC administrators today, and what two ideas do you have that would help?

Part II. A vita, maximum of 5 pages. Vita should include: • current position, rank and number of years of teaching;
• summary of professional experience;
• leadership positions and significant service contributions to department, university, AEJMC and other academic associations; • maximum listing of 10 publications, presentations and awards (total of 10 for all three). Part III. Two letters of recommendation. One letter should be from your immediate chair or dean, and one should come from another person familiar with your work. The letter of nomination from the immediate chair or dean must indicate the institution will provide funding for the candidate to attend the two required AEJMC annual conferences if the person is selected for the program. The complete packet should be converted to a PDF and emailed to: AEJMCnews@aol.com. The file should be called: AEJMC_Institute_(your last name). All application materials should be received by 5 p.m. Eastern time on Monday, March 16. Only complete applications will be considered. The selection process is very competitive. Up to eight fellows will be selected for the 2020-21 class. Notifications will go out by late April. Direct questions to Jennifer McGill at Jennifer@aejmc.org. Type “Institute Inquiry” in subject line. <AEJMC Calls]]> 19621 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2019/12/2020-election/ Thu, 12 Dec 2019 20:09:31 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19637 Make the 2020 Election a Teachable Moment By Marcus Messner AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Virginia Commonwealth University mmessner@vcu.edu     (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, January 2020 issue) It’s 2020 and this year’s presidential election promises to become one of the hardest fought in the nation’s history. The presidential primaries are about to begin and the road to November will be long with many opportunities for students to get involved. There will be days when your students will talk about nothing else. So why not make the election a teachable moment in your classes? Now is a good time to get your colleagues together to make a plan for the fall semester. Here are a few projects that you   can plan on your own or as a team for your school or department: Get-Out-the-Vote Campaign Offer a course or class project that designs and carries out a non-partisan campaign to get students to the polls. It’s a great experiential learning opportunity, especially for public relations and advertising students. Put students in the driver seat and let them design campaign materials and social media strategies that will engage their peers. Start out with a voter registration drive on campus. If students are registered at all, many of them will be registered in their hometowns. They need to either newly register, change their registration or vote absentee. Your campaign can tell them how to do that. Then turn your attention to the get-out-the-vote effort and go beyond just the horse race. Prepare detailed materials that show the policy positions of all presidential candidates, so that students can make sophisticated decisions at the polls. Focus especially on the issues that are top of mind for your students (a survey can help). If preparing the materials is too time consuming, you can contact one of the many non-profit organizations with voter-turnout operations who are always willing to share their materials. Also prepare instructions for students on how to get to the polls in your city, if your campus does not have its own polling station. Increase your campaign’s presence on central places around campus on a daily basis between October and November. Your student affairs unit might have extra dollars to spend for your campaign’s social media advertising during the final days. Mock Debate Only very few universities get to host presidential debates with the actual candidates. If yours is not one of the lucky four, it does not prevent you from holding your own mock debate. Put your debate team or communication studies majors in charge of organizing a panel discussion by inviting representatives of the Young Democrats and Young Republicans to debate the policy positions of the presidential candidates on your campus (of course invite third parties representatives as well, if they are available). Alternatively invite local party politicians to engage in a debate about national issues. It will be a great showcase of what the election is truly about and which choices students face. It will also contribute to a civilized discourse about the election on your campus. Speaker Series Bring engaging speakers to your school or department between Labor Day and Election Day. There are many opportunities to bring your students together for speaker events without going through an expensive speaker’s bureau. Invite some of your alumni, who work in political campaigns or cover politics for a news organization, to talk about their work. You might also have a professor on your faculty who has done so in the past. Ask a historian or a political scientist at your university to bring some perspective on the race unfolding in the fall. Invite international students to discuss difference to elections and political systems in other countries. Hold an open forum with a moderator at which students can share their views. Election Coverage Journalism classes can already get a head start by covering the primary election in your state this spring semester. During the fall semester, the general election will be a great testing ground for students to put their reporting skills to use by covering the candidates and the most important issues for voters at your university and in your community. Partner a journalism class with a local news organization to add student reporting and perspective to their coverage. Let the reporting efforts during the fall culminate in an Election Day project that covers voters at the polls in the morning and provides live updates on the election results in the evening. It’s a great opportunity to give your students a chance to work in a newsroom-like setting and to sharpen all of the skills they learned your previous classes during a breaking news situation. Creating an engaged campus during a presidential election is a great contribution you can make to our democracy. While the presidential election will likely lead to more political division this year, making it a teachable moment in your classes will not only engage your students, but allow them to have an impact with their coursework by helping their peers make informed decisions at the polls. <Teaching Corner]]> 19637 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/03/service-learning/ Tue, 03 Mar 2020 16:16:01 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19786 Service Learning in Journalism & Mass Communication By Emily T. Metzgar AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Indiana University emetzgar@indiana.edu     (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, March 2020 issue) Of the fifteen institutions included in Gallup’s annual Confidence in Institutions survey in 2019, only Congress ranked lower (15th) than television news (14th). Newspapers didn’t fare much better (12th), although they did rank one step above big business (13th).  The bottom line? Americans just don’t hold contemporary media in very high regard. No doubt the contemporary political environment contributes to the media’s ranking here, but these institutions have been in the poll’s basement for years as public concern about media credibility, accountability, and objectivity has settled in. Methinks there’s more going on here. What about public perceptions of journalists’ empathy (or lack thereof)? Could that be a contributing factor to the profession’s decline in the public’s estimation? Consider a video that made the rounds in late January. CNN anchor Don Lemon was hosting an on-air discussion during which he laughed repeatedly while a guest mocked the supposed ignorance of conservative voters. Making fun of half the American electorate probably isn’t a winning strategy for regaining the public’s confidence or reclaiming lost market share. But what does it suggest about the state of journalism in the United States? It suggests a growing chasm between the professionals who produce the news and the audiences that professional journalists purport to serve. It suggests that we, as instructors in journalism and mass communication, must ensure that students don’t leave our classrooms without installation and testing of a “sensitivity chip.” And the best way to do this is to put students into contact with people, environments, and situations to which they might not otherwise be exposed. This is not a call for political indoctrination. It’s a call for teaching our students how to develop empathy for people who are unlike them. It’s a call for getting our students out of the classroom and into the communities where they live and study. It’s a call for the infusion of more service-learning opportunities into our classes. When Hurricane Katrina ravaged New Orleans, the storm’s destruction laid bare the gaps between the “haves” and “have nots” in the city. When Tulane University reopened after dealing with its own flood damage, it decreed that all its students – indisputably among the “haves” — would thereafter perform service in the community as a requirement for graduation. Our own institutions may not have similar requirements, but we can – and I believe we should — build concern for and interaction with our communities into our classes. Journalism and mass communication courses are perhaps better suited than most for application of student skills in the service of community organizations and in response to community needs. We should exploit that advantage — for our students and for ourselves. How do I make the leap from taking a swipe at a thoughtless segment on a major cable news network to calling for students to storm our communities with service on offer? Here’s the logic: First, if “information is the currency of democracy” then teaching future journalists and communication professionals to learn about and be engaged in their communities can be an inherently political – and hopefully empathy-inducing — act. Second, we all understand the role of framing in the media and we know that the way a story is told not only allocates blame for problems, it limits the range of possible solutions. If we don’t ask students to leave their comfort zones they may not otherwise encounter people different from themselves and may not recognize opportunities to tell stories in new ways. Dearth of exposure is not a recipe for thoughtful reporting or empathy promotion. Finally, as future journalists and media professionals, our students will bear the burden of helping to restore the professions’ reputation among the American public. Beyond their college careers our students will increasingly be expected to play roles described by Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel as investigators, witnesses, role models, empowerers [sic], and facilitators of public debate. Without connections to or curiosity about their communities, our students will be ill-equipped to serve in many of these roles. And a certain degree of empathy is required to perform well in each. How to teach empathy? Service-learning is an excellent place to start. Emily T. Metzgar is an associate professor in The Media School @ Indiana University where she also serves as the School’s director for undergraduate studies. She is a member of AEJMC’s Standing Committee on Teaching. <Teaching Corner]]> 19786 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/03/2020-aejmc-conference-statements/ Thu, 12 Mar 2020 16:11:47 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19818   LATEST STATEMENT: May 18, 2020 Dear AEJMC Colleagues: We hope you, your families, and your friends and associates are staying safe and healthy amid the COVID-19 pandemic and accompanying dislocations. This is certainly a year when the terms “extraordinary” and “unprecedented,” when applied to almost everything in academia, including national conferences, seem like understatements. I write to share key updates and details about the AEJMC 2020 virtual conference August 6–9 and pre-conference events on August 5. (You will find additional information on the conference FAQ page.) The 2020 conference, although different in format from any previous AEJMC event, promises exciting prospects both familiar and innovative. If you are presenting a paper or poster or serving on a panel, you will still interact. We have a compelling keynote panel headlining the conference theme of “Saving the Planet through Better Media and Communication” and featuring viewings of and discussion about the stunning documentary on modern science communication, Science Friction. Our Cornerstone Session is particularly relevant, addressing the topic of teaching during the pandemic. Overall, we will offer opportunities for intellectual stimulation, social engagement, exchange of teaching and research ideas, and career development that you’ve always counted on in early August. Registration for AEJMC 2020 opens May 22. We have reduced registration rates to benefit our attendees. “Early bird” rates, valid until July 9, have been reduced by $50 for regular members and lowered by $40 for student and retired members. Click here to view registration rates. We expect the costs for the virtual conference to total $273,000. We have projected that about 1,070 people will register for the conference. So, to meet the costs of the conference, we need to charge an average of $255 per registrant in registration fees – which also allows a margin for extra, unanticipated costs. You may view the original conference budget for the in-person event here and the new approved budget for the virtual conference here. Conference costs currently include $90,000 paid to vFairs, which will operate the conference virtual site; costs for the All-Academic submission and review software; costs of building the conference website; the registration portal; bank charges; and the cost of the printing of the conference program, which will be mailed to you. Conference expenses also include some items AEJMC has already paid for like Guidebook (app), and professional headshots, which will both be set up for the 2021 conference. The decisions leading to setting these rates have not been easy. Part of our charge as a board and staff is to ensure the fiscal health of our organization for now and the future. In previous years, the conference provided income for the AEJMC budget. However, faced with the challenges for academics during the COVID-19 pandemic, the reduced registration rates for AEJMC 2020 will allow us only to break even. Nevertheless, we will continue to subsidize member assistance programs, such as free registration for up to three top-paper-winner graduate students per division. As many as 75 graduate students will benefit. We believe that AEJMC 2020 will bring together an engaging array of sessions on current developments, research, teaching, professional freedom and responsibility, and jobs and career mentoring in a format that, by default, will be live, synchronous, and recorded. (So, for the first time, you won’t have to worry about missing a session you want to see because you’re presenting at another session!) We also will host social events for you to network and connect with colleagues. We want your experience to be as “normal” as possible through the new modality while at the same time providing new features. Besides this overview, I want to offer some personal context and perspectives, based on my involvement with AEJMC as a graduate student starting in the 1990s through my participation on the Research and Finance Committees, and now as president and a member of the Board of Directors. First, AEJMC is a remarkably democratic organization. Elected officials, or those appointed by them, make most decisions. The AEJMC staff advises and executes, but the final responsibility for direction rests with the leadership you elect. The AEJMC Board of Directors works with its various constituencies and represents them well. Over the past months, every one of our discussions has been a robust exchange with dissenting ideas, but eventually resulting in near-unanimous votes for action. Second, due to my almost 20 years of writing for The Chronicle of Higher Education and my general interest in how academia works, I have had the opportunity to compare and contrast AEJMC with many other professional associations. I have concluded that we run a lean operation. We have a small staff with many responsibilities that operates in an efficient manner on a small budget. The organization doesn’t strive for “big profits,” nor does it carry a weighty bureaucratic apparatus. We commend the AEJMC staff for accomplishing the miracle of successful conferences, year after year, in addition to all the other services they provide. It is a tribute to their work ethic, integrity, and commitment to cause. Third, we are heartened to learn from the positive experience of the virtual format of the AEJMC Southeast Colloquium 2020 in March. We have adopted best practices from peer groups such as the American Academy of Advertising (AAA), which ran its San Diego conference in March virtually as well. We also intend to study the plans and/or actions of the International Communication Association (ICA), Broadcast Education Association (BEA), National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ), National Communication Association (NCA), and other peer organizations. We urge you to share your experiences or knowledge with us and each other as you design your individual or group sessions. Indeed, I think AEJMC 2020 will be a learning experience for all of us. AEJMC was founded in 1912 and has evolved into a global association of 3,700 members from 50 nations. AEJMC has weathered trials and tribulations in our rich history of 108 years. There will be other crises, global and local, in future years. We can now appreciate and script how to get things right and impart our insights to our successors—which, after all, is what education is all about. In sum, I hope the conference planning and the event itself will be an exemplar of how disparate individuals and interests can sustain a common goal: the continued success of AEJMC and impact on all members. Each session will succeed through the talents and cooperation of the people involved. We rely on your ideas, ingenuity, and compassion. Thank you for supporting and contributing to our scholarly and professional community. AEJMC has thrived and will continue to thrive because of you. See you at AEJMC 2020 in August! David D. Perlmutter, Ph.D. 2019-2020 President, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication    

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April 30, 2020 Dear AEJMC Members, I hope this note finds you, your families, and your colleagues healthy and accomplishing your professional goals. I write to report that in light of the health, travel safety, access, and funding concerns affecting you, our members, the AEJMC Board has voted unanimously to "go virtual" for our 2020 conference (retaining the same August 6-9 dates and related pre-conference events on August 5). We feel this is the safest and best decision for our attendees, their families, and staff. As many of you realize, we have been in talks since mid-February with our board of directors, staff, members, and the hotel with which we are contracted to explore all potential options for the 2020 conference. AEJMC just this week completed negotiations with the San Francisco hotel to move our 2020 contract to 2025 with no penalty. (Cancelling the contract sooner would have incurred for the association an almost $700,000 penalty.) We also feel we have learned much from our discussions with and observations of other professional associations that have offered or are about to offer virtual conferences. Our intention is to provide our AEJMC community with a rich, valuable, and engaging experience. We look forward to sending you a more detailed update on the AEJMC 2020 Virtual Conference within the next three weeks. So thank you for your patience and support. There were 1,617 total submissions (1,166 full papers and 451 extended abstracts) to the All-Academic site for the 2020 competition. This is higher than the last two conferences. See you at AEJMC 2020 in August! Note: What if you have already booked a hotel room? Don't worry - you may cancel: MARRIOTT MARQUIS CANCEL POLICY You must call 72 hours prior to the day of your arrival to cancel your room reservation to avoid a one-night room and tax penalty. This information should be included in your reservation confirmation also. 888-236-2427 or 888-575-8934 Thank you for being a member of the AEJMC Community! David D. Perlmutter, Ph.D. 2019-2020 President, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication    

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March 27, 2020 Dear AEJMC Colleagues, AEJMC will have a 2020 conference! The questions the Board will resolve are: What does it look like and when and where it will be? Currently, we are looking at many options and also talking to our peers in other organizations who have gone through or are facing some of the same choices we need to make. We have found that engagement to be extremely fruitful. The staff are also working hard to make sure that we are fully informed about all costs, trade-offs, and details. With all this in mind, our intention is to make a final decision around the first week of May. We cannot make a final decision at this time, because the penalty amount (right now) would be cost prohibitive to the organization. That said, again, the AEJMC Conference 2020 will occur! Conference details may be found on the conference website: http://aejmc.org/events/sanfrancisco20/. David D. Perlmutter, Ph.D. 2019-2020 President, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication    

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March 9, 2020 Dear AEJMC Colleagues, We wanted to let you know that we are proceeding as normal for planning the AEJMC 2020 Academic Conference in San Francisco. We have not received any information that would lead us to alter our planning or programming besides the obvious recommended safety and security measures. We will issue further updates if there are any changes. David D. Perlmutter, Ph.D. 2019-2020 President, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication  ]]> 19818 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/pac-060920/ Tue, 09 Jun 2020 19:36:40 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20030 James Stewart, Nicholls State University, 2019-20 ASJMC President and David Perlmutter, Texas Tech University, 2019-20 AEJMC President | June 9, 2020

Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC) and Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC)

"Justice will not be served until those who are unaffected are as outraged as those who are." -- Benjamin Franklin

We the Boards of Directors of the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC) and the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) present this joint statement to condemn arrests and violence toward journalists covering widespread citizen protests for racial justice. The protests and demonstrations across the U.S. are meant to call attention to the brutal treatment that communities of color, especially Black Americans, endure. The majority of these demonstrations are peaceful; however, there have been numerous instances where citizens have been injured in clashes with police wielding batons, rubber bullets and tear gas in their efforts to dismantle crowds. Among the injured and arrested this time are working journalists, predominantly Black journalists such as CNN's Omar Jimenez, and later his colleagues Bill Kirkos and Leone Mendez while working in Minneapolis; Branden Hunter at the Detroit Free Press; and Tyler Blint-Welsh at the Wall Street Journal, all of whom were detained while reporting from the field. News photographer Linda Tirado was shot in the face with a rubber bullet while photographing protests in Minneapolis; doctors have determined that she is blind in her left eye as a result. One of the canons of the U.S. Constitution is the First Amendment, which guarantees freedom of the press and the right to assembly. These are bedrocks of Americans' freedoms. When the Kerner Commission Report was released in 1968, it pointed to the need for more minorities working in newsrooms to provide accurate and sensitive coverage of people of color and their communities. More than 50 years later, we see targeted arrests of journalists of color who seek through reporting to provide inclusion and perspective for all communities, and do so at great peril. Journalists in Minneapolis, Washington, D.C., Chicago, Houston, and other communities are there to bear witness; they are there to capture and report the voices, sights and sounds of individuals who are not just protesting, but want people to listen to their reality. Listen to the pain and loss caused by the violent murders of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and Ahmaud Arbery, and so many more Black lives taken by police brutality and misconduct. America must address its societal issues from racism and discrimination, to #MeToo, LGBTQ+, immigration, the haves and have nots, the COVID-19 pandemic, and, of course, the political partisanship across the nation that has fueled national division. Journalists must be able to report freely if we have any hope of understanding and addressing the issues that ail our nation.  Journalists should not face arrest and physical injury for doing their jobs. As journalism educators, we oppose violence of any type, particularly against working journalists who are covering the important stories as they happen. Journalists are our watchdogs; when news reporting is carried out with professionalism, keen insight and inclusion, it doggedly seeks to capture all voices. Those in higher education who prepare journalists to undertake professional work support and encourage journalists of all hues to look for the underlying story to give context to people's lives and communities. ASJMC and AEJMC are here to spotlight that moment where preparation (education and training) meets application - no greater example exists right now than the protests spreading across the nation. The vast majority of academics in communication and journalism schools are former journalists and media professionals, with many still in practice. The work of journalists matters in capturing history as it unfolds. Higher education challenges and prepares journalists to do this well. Whether by pen and paper, camera or cell phone, legacy media or new media, when history unfolds the Fourth Estate is there to tell the story. ASJMC and AEJMC unequivocally support this First Amendment right, and we stand in support of journalists doing their work to tell the stories that need to be told. ________________________________________ Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC) ASJMC is a non-profit, educational association composed of some 190 JMC programs at the college level. The majority of the association's members are in the United States and Canada. ASJMC promotes excellence in journalism and mass communication education. Founded in 1917, ASJMC works to support the purposes of schools of journalism and mass communication in order to achieve the following goals: to foster, encourage and facilitate high standards and effective practices in the process and administration of education for journalism and mass communication in institutions of higher learning; to cooperate with journalism and mass communication organizations in efforts to raise professional standards and promote a public understanding of the role of journalism and mass communication in a democratic society; and to support and participate in the accreditation process of journalism and mass communication units through the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC). Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a nonprofit organization of more than 3,700 educators, students and practitioners from around the globe. Founded in 1912, by Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, the first president (1912-13) of the American Association of Teachers of Journalism, as it was then known, AEJMC is the oldest and largest alliance of journalism and mass communication educators and administrators at the college level. AEJMC's mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to encourage the widest possible range of communication research, to encourage the implementation of a multi-cultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice, a better informed public, and wider human understanding. ]]> 20030 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/2020-abstracts/ Thu, 25 Jun 2020 00:50:39 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20082 Divisions:

• Advertising
• Communicating Science, Health, Environment, and Risk (ComSHER)
• Communication Technology (CTEC)
• Communication Theory and Methodology
• Cultural and Critical Studies
• Electronic News
• History
• International Communication
• Law and Policy
• Magazine Media
• Mass Communication and Society
• Media Ethics
• Media Management, Economics, and Entrepreneurship
• Minorities and Communication (MAC)
• Newspaper and Online News
• Political Communication
• Public Relations
• Scholastic Journalism
• Visual Communication (VisCom)

Interest Groups:

• Community Journalism
• Entertainment Studies
• Graduate Student
• Internships and Careers
• Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer
• Participatory Journalism
• Religion and Media
• Small Programs (SPIG)
• Sports Communication (SPORTS)

Commissions:

• Status of Women

<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 20082 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/advd-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 22:04:20 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20087 Graduate and Undergraduate Student Research Exploring the Effect of Control on Playable Ad Effectiveness • Xiaohan Hu, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • The playable ad is a new type of digital advertising that combines interactivity with gamification in brand communication. This study explores the psychological processes and effects of playable ads. Guided by psychological reactance theory, I examine how playable ads influence consumers’ perceptions of control, product attitude and psychological reactance. Findings from an experimental study show that playable ads, compared to video ads, increased consumers’ perceived control, which led to more positive attitudes toward the advertised products. This study also supports psychological reactance theory by revealing that increased perceptions of control diminished perceived freedom threat, and subsequently alleviated consumers’ psychological reactance (both anger and negative cognitions) toward advertising messages. Theoretical and managerial implications of these findings are discussed. Words Can Tell More than Pictures: Investigating the Role of Presentation Format and Motivation on Consumer Responses to Online Product Information • Xiaohan Hu, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Chen Chen, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • We describe the results of a study exploring the effect of presentation format and motivation on consumer responses to online product information. We compared the effects of visual and textual online product presentation formats, controlling for the message content participants were exposed to in each condition. We also investigated the effect of consumer motivation (utilitarian and hedonic) in this process. Dependent measures included affective, cognitive, and conative (i.e. search and purchase intention) responses toward the product. Results showed that textual presentation led to increased cognitive and affective responses. We also found that cognitive and affective responses mediated the effect of presentation format on consumers’ search and purchase intentions. These results are discussed in the context of online search advertising and consumers’ product information-seeking behavior. Effectiveness of Social Media Influencer Advertising: Attachment to Social Media as a Key to Positive Consumer Engagement • Haseon Park, University of Alabama • A growing body of advertising research has revealed that sponsoring social media influencers is effective in generating positive consumer attitudes toward advertising and behavioral intentions. In line with the previous influencer advertising research, this study aims to investigate engagement via social media influencers by taking psychological and behavioral aspects into account. Specifically, psychological attachment to social media (ASM) was examined as a predictor of social media influencer advertising effectiveness. An online experiment was conducted among college student samples by measuring attachment to social media, attachment to influencer, attitudes toward the brand and the influencer. Results indicated that attachment to social media, as a psychological personality trait, had significant, positive influence on behavioral intentions to comment on influencer’s sponsored post and purchase the promoted product. In addition, attachment to social media significantly enhanced attachment to influencer as well as brand trust. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. * Extended Abstract * The Illusion of Gender Diversity Among Advertising Practitioners: A Textual Analysis of Award-Winning Agency Websites • Teresa Tackett, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill • Gender disparity continues to permeate the advertising industry, with only 29 percent of women comprising the role of creative directors in advertising agencies. This research in progress used textual analysis to examine how award-winning agency websites are encoded with messages of deep-level diversity ¬– despite visually exemplifying surface-level diversity – by exploring the rhetorical and emblematic meaning-making processes creative agency practitioners use to position their teams on their websites. Employee Engagement: How Female Advertising Agency Practitioners Avoid Burnout and Maintain Creativity • Teresa Tackett, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill • This study analyzes women’s creativity and job satisfaction in an advertising agency setting as it relates to the agency’s leadership, culture and workplace processes. Exploring Employee Engagement Theory through 10 semi-structured interviews with female advertising practitioners, the results demonstrate the key role communication plays in determining levels of engagement in the workplace, which is imperative for the recruitment and retention of talent in an industry riddled with burnout. Product qualities perceptions in online an context: An exploratory study of package design elements’ influence • Jacqui Villarreal • Living in the 21st century is synonymous with living in a digital world, including purchasing goods online, with 79% of Americans reporting doing so (Smith & Anderson, 2016). One of the growing online retailing industries is skincare, an industry in which shoppers tend to evaluate their options online before making a purchase either in store or online (Mintel Academic, 2017). An online experiment was deployed to test the perceptions of skincare products, specifically a moisturizer. Participants were exposed to one of three experimental conditions (a seafoam jar, a glass bottom jar, or a silver capped jar) each compared to a control (an all white plastic jar), and the study measured product perceptions including effectiveness, luxuriousness, quality, attractiveness, price, and purchase intent. Results show that there are significant differences between the glass bottom stimulus and the control condition in terms of all outcomes (p=.018 for effectiveness, and p=.000 for all other outcomes), with the mean scores being higher for the glass jar by >1 point for multiple outcomes. The findings from this study implicate that the packaging of a product may influence consumer perceptions of the qualities of that product. How Skeptical Are You About This Sponsor? Comparing the Effects of Alcohol Industry Sponsored and Nonprofit Organization Sponsored Anti-Drunk Driving Advertisements on Attitude Toward Drunk Driving • Chung In Yun, Stan Richards School of Advertising and Public Relations at the University of Texas at Austin • This study compared the effects of industry-sponsored and nonprofit organization-sponsored anti-drunk driving advertisements on consumers’ skepticism level and their attitude toward drunk driving. The results showed that the alcohol industry’s advertisement engenders higher consumers’ skepticism than the nonprofit organization’s advertisement. Moreover, among the participants who watched the industry’s advertisement, people with a high level of skepticism are more likely to have negative attitude toward drunk driving behavior than those who have a low skepticism level. Open Research Superiority, Comfort and Responsiveness: U.S. Car Ads Take on Japanese Competition, 1965-1977 • Khalid Alharbi, University of South Carolina; Jackson Carter, University of South Carolina; Kenneth Campbell, University of South Carolina • This study explores frames used by U.S. automobile companies in advertisements when Japanese cars entered the U.S. market on a full scale in the mid-1960s to late 1970s. Using a grounded theory approach, an analysis of 200 print advertisements suggests that U.S. auto companies used a frames of superiority at home and abroad, which were direct reflections of the political and cultural changes occurring in the country. Effects of Brand Feedback to Negative eWOM and Moderating Roles of Product Price • Manu Bhandari, Arkansas State University; Kyung Jung Han, California State University - Bakersfield; Po-Lin Pan, Arkansas State University • This 2 X 2 experiment examined effects of brand feedback (a business’ written response to online reviews/eWOM) and product price (monetary cost) on brand attitudes and purchase intentions. Brand feedback improved brand attitudes and indirectly increased purchase intentions. Higher prices, however, led to brand feedback decreasing purchase intentions. Findings further establish brands’ role in eWOM theory, and, consistent with some past research, suggest brand feedback may not be without its risks. FoMO and Happiness on Instagram: A serial mediation of social media influencer-related activities and the role of authenticity • Jung Ah Lee; Laura Bright, University of Texas at Austin; Matthew Eastin, University of Texas at Austin • Mounting research shows negative psychological effects for social media and recognizes Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) as a key driver of social media use. This article focuses on social media influencers (SMIs) and investigates potentially positive forms of usage on psychological well-being. A serial mediation model using survey data (N = 617) indicates SMI-related activities are positively associated with subjective happiness. Furthermore, SMI-related activities jointly and positively mediate the relationship between FoMO and subjective happiness. Time, Space and Convergence in Advertising and Public Relations: Contemporary Analysis of Job Market Trends • Andrew Brown, University of Tennessee; Sally McMillan, University of Tennessee; Alexander Carter, University of Tennessee; Nicholas Sarafolean, University of Tennessee • "The purpose of this research is to explore the influence of time, space and convergence on modern advertising and public relations. Using a media ecology lens, this study explored how technology shifts have impacted traditional advertising and public relations disciplines: are the disciplines converging or moving apart? By employing digital scraping and analysis technologies, researchers pulled 2,609 advertising listings and 2,855 public relations job listings in the fall of 2019 and analyzed the full text of those listings for evidence of convergence and/or divergence. Consideration of five research questions revealed a job market that seeks essential communication skills, digital marketing and social media mastery; while also championing traditional and discipline-specific advertising and public relations core competencies." The Short- and Long-term Memory of Brands Co-appearing in Television Programs • Fanny Fong Yee Chan, Hang Seng University of Hong Kong • The proliferation of brand integrations has led to a phenomenon of brand co-appearance which appeared to be an increasingly prevalent trend in television programs. However, the cognitive impact of brand co-appearance has yet to be explored. Three experimental studies were conducted to examine the short-term and long-term recall and recognition of brands co-appeared. The results have important theoretical implications to the field and provide practical insights to brand owners and marketers. Social Media Influencers’ Disclosures of Brand Relationships on Instagram: Characteristics and Engagement Outcomes • Su Yeon Cho; Shiyun Tian, University of Miami; Xiaofeng Jia; Wanhsiu Tsai • This content analysis presents one of the earliest systemic examinations of social media influencers’ brand-related posts on Instagram by assessing the message characteristics and engagement outcomes of posts with and without disclosures of material connections. Additionally, this study compares posts for endorsed, co-branded, and self-branded products, and evaluates to what extent SMIs comply with the FTC disclosure guidelines. Based on the findings, theoretical and strategic implications were provided for marketers, SMIs, and policymakers. Brand Message Strategies on Instagram • Jung Hwa Choi • The primary goals of this research are to provide an exploratory analysis investigating how global brands currently use social media, especially Instagram, to share brand messages and build relationships with consumers. Specifically, this study analyzes corporate account marketing messages posted by global brands on Instagram to understand how global brands are using Instagram for purposes of interacting with and building relationships with consumers using a content analysis based on the brand associations by Aarker. Consumers’ reactions to each strategy used in photos and captions – “likes” and comments – were analyzed as indicators of consumer engagement. The overall findings of the study indicated that Instagram marketers often are not using the strategies that generate the highest consumer engagement. Practical guidance on how to tap into the brand potential of marketing communication tools, such as Instagram is provided. Unbranded and Branded Direct-to-Consumer Advertising (DTCA) Using Social Media Influencers and Effects of Disclosure • Ida Darmawan, University of Minnesota; Jisu Huh, University of Minnesota • "This study examined effects of unbranded and branded DTC social media influencer advertising by pharmaceutical companies on attitude toward the ad and behavioral intentions, and the impact of ad disclosure on the ad outcomes. The underlying mechanism was evaluated by applying the Persuasion Knowledge Model. The unbranded message with ad disclosure resulted in higher persuasion knowledge activation, leading to more positive attitude toward the ad and higher behavioral intentions. Additionally, significant interaction effect was found." Consumer Responses to Sponsored Posts on Instagram: The Roles of Selfie, Account Verification, and Valence of Caption • Yang Feng, San Diego State University; Chen Lou, Nanyang Technological University • Marketers continually seek ways to enhance social media users’ empathetic reactions toward a brand endorser who uploads a sponsored post. Given this background, this research examines how three elements (i.e., selfie-posting, account verification, and valence of post caption) affect consumers’ empathetic reactions to sponsored posts on Instagram (operationalized as the number of “likes” a sponsored post receives) using social media data. Our results indicate that the negative valence of a caption impairs the two-way interaction effect between account verification and selfie on users’ empathetic responses. However, the positive valence of the caption does not play a significant role. Implications and future research directions are provided. Visual Cues in Direct-to-Consumer Advertisements for Healthcare Services • Kylie Hill, University of Nevada, Reno; Sung-Ywon Park, University of Nevada, RENO • The visual cues on healthcare service advertisements can influence consumers’ expectations and attitudes towards healthcare services and providers. In this study, a visual content analysis of digital direct-to-consumer healthcare service advertisements was carried out in order to examine identity characteristics of patients and providers, healthcare interactions, and patient motivators depicted in the advertisements. Subsequently, the content analysis results were compared with the actual preferences of healthcare users identified through interviews. The Moderating Role of Media Multitasking in the Effects of Message Consistency across Multiple Ads • Se-Hoon Jeong • Using two experiments, the present study examined how message consistency (vs. variation) across multiple ads affects cognitive and attitudinal outcomes and whether media multitasking moderate the effect. Results of Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 showed that the effect of message consistency on cognitive outcomes (brand memory) was moderated by media multitasking such that the positive impact of message consistency on brand memory was found when multitasking, but not when single-tasking. In addition, Experiment 2 showed a significant main effect of message consistency on attitudinal outcomes such that the varied message (vs. consistent message) condition induced more favorable attitudes toward the ad and the brand. The results suggest that the message consistency strategy can be effective in the multi-media environment where media users frequently multitask, yet the strategy needs to be used with caution. Should Stigmatized Companies Use a high-fit or low-fit Cause in Cause-Related Marketing? • Mengtian Jiang, University of Kentucky; Hyun Ju Jeong • This study investigated the effects of organizational core stigma and company-cause fit on consumer responses to the cause-related marketing campaigns. 272 Mturk workers participated in 2 (stigmatized industry: casino vs amusement park) x 2 (company-cause parings) online experiment. Results showed that socially stigmatized companies should use a high-fit cause in CRM to reduce the negative effects of stigma on perceived social responsibility and company attitudes, which increased purchase intention. Contributions, limitations and future research directions are discussed. The Determinants of Pre-Roll Ad Skipping and Viewership: Evidence from Big Data • Mi Hyun Lee, Northwestern University; Su Jung Kim, University of Southern California; Sungho Park, SNU Business School, Seoul National University; Sang-Hyeak Yoon • Skippable ads are known to provide a better ad experience by giving viewers sense of control with the ability to skip an ad after watching it for a short period of time. Despite the growing interest, few studies have investigated factors that influence skipping or viewership of pre-roll skippable ads. This study examines the determinants of pre-roll ad skipping and viewing behaviors by using clickstream data of 2,078,090 users’ ad and content viewing behaviors on a popular online video content platform in South Korea. We found that ad skipping and viewing behaviors are influenced by ad viewing habit, age, contextual factors such as when and how they watch online video content, and the congruence between program genre and ad brand category. We conclude with the theoretical and practical implications of the findings. Do Viewers Really Talk about Ads during Commercial Breaks? Findings from a South Korean Social TV Platform • Kyongseok Kim, Towson University; Hyang-Sook Kim, Towson University; Mun-Young Chung; Yeuseung Kim • As live TV has lost viewers to streaming services and digital videos, live TV producers have strived to bring viewers back to TV screens by integrating social features in programming. Meanwhile, social TV has become a prevalent TV viewing pattern. While previous findings indicate that social TV can help increase engagement with TV programs, whether advertisers can benefit from social TV is uncertain. The aim of this study was to shed more light on this idea by investigating what live TV viewers talk about during commercial breaks. A content analysis was conducted using 4,792 live comments posted on a major social TV platform during the commercial breaks in five episodes of a popular South Korean TV drama. Results indicate (a) that a majority of the live comments pertained to the drama episodes (79.7%) rather than commercials (8.9%) and (b) that the comments related to commercials tended to be negative (50.1%). Overall, the findings suggest that social TV viewers might be program-oriented and, thus, either neglect or unfavorably perceive program-irrelevant tasks (e.g., attending to and processing commercials). Theoretical and practical implications for social TV advertising are discussed. Internet Users Respond to Relevant and Irrelevant Ads Within Online Paginated Stories Differently When the Ads are Presented at Different Proportions: Application to Programmatic Buying and Contextual Advertising • Anastasia Kononova, Michigan State University; Wonkyung Kim, BNU-HKBU United International College; Eunsin Joo, BNU-HKBU United International College; Kristen Lynch, Michigan State University • Applying the ad-context congruence framework, priming theory, and associative network of memory model, an online experimental study (N = 449) investigated the effects of displaying different proportions of thematically relevant and irrelevant ads in online paginated stories on cognitive load, brand recognition memory (sensitivity and criterion bias), ad and brand evaluations, ad clicking intentions, and brand purchase intentions. The results of the study indicated that the brands advertised in context-irrelevant ads were recognized better than the brands advertised in context-relevant ads. Encoding of irrelevant ads was associated with a conservative criterion bias, especially when these ads were presented in the condition with the high proportion of relevant ads. Ratio of relevant to irrelevant ads affected recognition of these ad types differently. Attitudes and behavioral intentions were more positive toward relevant ads than toward irrelevant ads. Theoretical implications of the study are connected to the advancement of the two-dimensional construct of thematic ad-context congruence. Practical implications are discussed in relation to contextual advertising and programmatic buying. Associations between Tourist Profiles, Destinations, and Electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) Communications: A Study on TripAdvisor • Say Wah Lee; Ke Xue • Despite abundant research on tourists’ eWOM communications, studies on factors related to their actual eWOM communications remain limited. This research investigates associations between tourist profiles, destinations, and eWOM communications. Review data regarding ten destinations in two Chinese cities were mined from TripAdvisor. One-way and two-way analyses of variance were conducted. Results showed significant differences in ratings and numbers of words in reviews across various tourist profiles and destinations. Implications and future research suggestions were provided. Traditional Ads versus Host-Read Sponsor Ads: Examining Consumer Response to Advertising in Podcasts • Annika Fetzer Graham, The University of Alabama; Nancy Brinson, The University of Alabama; Laura Lemon, The University of Alabama; Coral Bender, The University of Alabama • The purpose of this study is to understand the effects of traditional ads vs. host-read sponsor ads for the same brand in various podcasts. Specifically examined were respondents’ persuasion knowledge, ad skepticism, and parasocial interaction. This 2 (familiar vs. unfamiliar) x 2 (host-read ad vs. traditional ad) online experiment (n=212) found that familiarity with the podcast and its host increased parasocial interaction, leading to higher perceived ad credibility, and a more favorable attitude toward the brand. The ad type impacted ad credibility and attitude toward the brand when controlling for parasocial interaction. Irritating or enjoyable? Exploring the effects of soft-text native advertising and social-media engagement level • Kang Li; Fuyuan Shen • Given the proliferation of native advertising, and the limited existing research regarding the persuasion path of native advertisements on social media, the present research aimed to compare the effectiveness of native advertising with that of regular social-media advertising. Specifically, this research focused on one type of native advertising, soft-text native advertising, which has rarely been explored in existing research. In addition, we also examined the effects of engagement levels of social-media native advertising. The results showed that, compared to regular social-media advertising, soft-text native advertising is more effective for inducing favorable attitudes toward ads and products, as well as greater purchase intention. This is achieved through inducing higher perceived entertainment, flow experience, ad value as well as lower perceived irritation. In addition, the existing engagement level (e.g., number of views and comments at the time the user views the ad) can significantly affect viewers’ purchase intentions through influencing perceived ad entertainment. Based on these findings, suggestions regarding means of creating more effective social-media advertising are presented. Choosing Appropriate Colors for Green Advertising: Perceived Greenwashing through Color Choices • Dongjae (Jay) Lim, University of Georgia; Nah Ray Han, University of Georgia • Many studies found that color delivers meaning and influence consumers’ minds and feelings, yet relatively little empirical findings exist on the topic of green advertising. By drawing on the match-up hypothesis, we aimed to shed light on how different types of color affect consumers’ evaluation of green ads. The study involves a 2 (Environmental performance: fit vs. unfit) × 4 (colors: green vs. blue vs. red vs. gray) experiment and reveals that colors associated with nature imagery lead favorable attitudinal outcome through color appropriateness. Moreover, we found that the role of color appropriateness is moderated when consumers perceive a mismatch between color and the brand’s actual environmental performance. When consumers perceived color that is not associated with the actual environmental performance of the brand, even colors associated with nature (green) was deemed to be a less appropriate choice, which further perceived as greenwashing. Excellence in Ad Agency Leadership: A Mixed Method Multi-Country Study of Attributes and Styles • Padmini Patwardhan; Sabrina Habib, University of South Carolina; Hemant Patwardhan; Gayle Kerr; Louise Kelly; Kathleen Mortimer; Sally Laurie • "Unlike the extensive body of leadership research in related disciplines, research on advertising leadership is almost non-existent. Effective leadership is central to negotiating changes and stimulating creativity in new and different ways. The study examines agency leadership in global contexts. It fills a gap by examining leadership styles and qualities from the perspective of practitioners in the US, UK and Australia. Using GLOBE’s Culturally Endorsed Leadership Theory framework and adopting a mixed method approach - survey and in-depth interviews - data were collected from advertising executives and leaders in the three regions. In all three regions, perceptions of excellent leadership were fairly similar with some nuanced differences. Findings suggest that top desired qualities for agency leadership were integrity, vision, inspiration and collaboration. Overall, Collaborative, Performance oriented and Humane styles were viewed as most effective. Ideal leaders for today’s agencies should be future-focused with the vision and knowledge to re-imagine the nature of the agency business, present-focused and collaborative in implementation and action, and people-focused and empathetic in times of change and churn." A History of Content Marketing: The Ancient Origins of Marketing Communication’s Newest Discipline • Brian Petrotta, University of Oklahoma; Fred Beard, University of Oklahoma; Ludwig Dischner, University of Oklahoma • Much like advertising’s practitioners, practitioners of content marketing suggest their discipline is an ancient one, although most trace its origins to custom-published magazines of the late 1800s. This paper reports a systematic synthesis of the many definitions of content marketing and the first scholarly history of its development and practice. Findings support two conclusions: content marketing (1) existed much earlier than previously recognized and (2) objectives, strategies, and tactics have been consistent across the millennia. * Extended Abstract * Comparing Expectancy Violations Committed by Influencer Advertising Sources on Social Media • Marilyn Primovic, University of Georgia; Joe Phua, University of Georgia • Advertisers select influencer sources to promote brands on widely followed social media accounts. This sponsored content is integrated into the content already being posted by an influencer source, which advertisers do not have control over. This study applies parasocial theory and the source credibility model to examine expectancy violation theory for two types of influencer sources, traditional influencers and celebrities. This study may inform advertisers in the process of selecting an influencer source. Effects of placing a front-of-pack label on print food advertisements on consumer attitudes • Sumin Shin, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater; SangHee Park, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater • A typical front-of-package nutrition label shows one serving size, calories, saturated fat, sodium, and sugar. This study applies a front-of-package label to the advertising context. The results indicate that the presence of the label increases the ad effectiveness, and healthier nutrient content listed on the label negatively affects the ad effectiveness. The degree of nutrient content influences purchase intention directly and indirectly via perceived healthfulness, ad attitude, brand attitude, and healthy brand image sequentially. How multitasking during video content decreases ad effectiveness: The roles of task relevance, video involvement, and visual attention • Shuoya Sun; Bartosz Wojdynski, University of Georgia; Matthew Binford, University of Georgia; Charan Ramachandran, University of Georgia • In a 3 (secondary task: none, related, unrelated) x 2 (ad-video congruence: high/low) between-subjects eye-tracking experiment, participants (N = 151) watched a 9-minute video documentary segment containing one mid-roll video ad while their visual attention to the screen was recorded. Participants in two-thirds of the conditions also read two online articles on a mobile device during the video. Results show effects for both multitasking and task relatedness on attention to the ad and attitudes toward the ad, through distinct pathways. * Extended Abstract * Engagement Effects and Recall: A Multi-Year Analysis of Brand Communication in Social Media • Kristen Sussman, The University of Texas at Austin; Laura Bright, University of Texas at Austin; Gary Wilcox • This study examines single and multimodal effects of social media engagement on recall. Using longitudinal data associated with 46 businesses and over 21,000 ads, the analysis provides empirical findings revealing how various factors associated with online behavioral engagement lead to recall on a social networking site. Through initial modeling, comments and post shares explain about 36% of the variance associated with a person’s ad recall while impressions and engagement explain about 80% of the variance. * Extended Abstract * Do Graphic Cues on Food Packaging and the Flavor of a Food Product Influence Perceptions of Product Characteristics? Results from an Experiment • Chan Thai, Santa Clara University; Hayley Trillo, Santa Clara University; Jacqui Villarreal • Most regulations on food packaging are focused on text-based package elements (explicit cues) that make claims about the product, while non-verbal package elements (subtle cues) have largely been ignored. This study hypothesizes that subtle cues on food packaging, such as graphics and flavor, influence perceptions of the food product. Utilizing a 4x4 online experiment, we test the influence of two types of subtle cues on the front of food packages, graphics (drawing, photograph, farmland scene, control) and flavor (kale, strawberry, orange, snap pea) of the product, on perceptions of taste, healthfulness, eating intentions, and purchase intentions. Data were gathered from two convenience samples: University students (n=100) and Amazon MTurk workers (n=200). One-way ANOVA tests showed no significant differences for graphic type. For the flavor, kale flavored products scored significantly higher on the perceived healthfulness outcome (5.51) compared to the snap pea (4.85), strawberry (4.81), and orange (4.49) products (p<.001). For eating/purchasing intention, kale flavored products scored significantly lower (3.07/3.39) compared to snap pea (3.83/3.94), strawberry (4.65/4.74), and orange (4.44/4.67; p<.001). For taste, kale flavored items scored lower (2.53) than the other flavors (3.83, 3.88, 3.17, p=0.19). Our results suggest that the flavor of a food product can exert influences on people’s perceptions of how healthy the product is, what the product might taste like, and intentions to eat or purchase these products. Meaning Transfer in Celebrity Endorsement: Meaning Valence, Association Types, and Brand Awareness • Shiyun Tian, University of Miami; Wanhsiu Tsai; Weiting Tao; Cheng Hong, California State University, Sacramento • This study examined how meaning transfer influences brand image beliefs and brand attitudes. The moderating roles of association types and brand awareness were also investigated. The results confirmed the transfer of meanings. The change in attitudes was consistent with the valence of the celebrity’s meanings, as a function of the post-conditioning brand image belief. Furthermore, the effects increase when less-known brands were associated with celebrities via co-branding. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. The Role of Guilt, Shame, and Social Distance in Bystander-Focused Prevention of Campus Sexual Violence: A Construal Level Theory Approach • Shiyun Tian, University of Miami; Queenie Li, University of Miami • Guided by the Appraisal-Tendency Framework and Construal Level Theory, this study investigates how emotional appeals (guilt vs. shame) and social distance frames (distant vs. proximal) influence college students’ attitudes toward bystander action campaign and behavioral intention. The findings indicated a two-way interaction effect between these two message factors on campaign attitude and behavior intention. Additionally, self-efficacy was found to be the mediator that underlying the match-based effects. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. Spreading the Tingles: An Investigation into the Use of Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) Triggers in Advertising • Tianjiao Wang, Bradley University; Quan Xie; Rachelle Pavelko • Through the lens of embodied cognition and mental simulation theories, this study examined the use of ASMR triggers in advertising and the mechanism underlying the impact of ASMR experience on ad attitudes. The study conducted an online experiment of 539 participants and adopted an ASMR trigger (3: host-focused, object/task-focused, control) x ASMR trait (2: ASMR group vs non-ASMR group) x brand repetition (4) between-subjects factorial design. Results suggest that ads with ASMR triggers generated more tingling sensations compared to those without ASMR triggers. It also reveals that the tingling experience can directly improve ad attitudes, as well as via increased levels of mental simulation. Moreover, the ASMR group reported more positive ad attitudes compared to the non-ASMR group, regardless of the type of ads watched. Theoretical and marketing implications for ASMR advertising and directions for future research are discussed. Competent and Warm? Examining Asian Stereotypes in Advertising • Buduo Wang, The University of Texas at Austin; Lucy Atkinson, The University of Texas at Austin; Angeline Scheinbaum; Siyan Li, The University of Texas at Austin • "According to the stereotype content model (SCM), competence and warmth are the two key dimensions of stereotype content (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002). Intelligent but nerdy, Asians and Asian Americans have been stereotyped as high in competence but low in warmth. The purpose of this study is to examine whether consumers perceive Asian endorsers in advertising as more competent but less warm than white endorsers and how endorser’s race interacts with perceived warmth/competence to impact advertising effectiveness. Hypotheses are tested with a 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment (n=136). The findings reveal that Asian endorsers are perceived as both more competent and warmer, regardless of product category. The interaction between endorser’s race and perceived competence/warmth is also observed and discussed. Ads featuring white endorsers are more likely to be affected by perceived warmth/competence than ads with Asian endorsers. Both theoretical implications and managerial implications are provided." Carousel Advertising for Public Health: Effects of Narrative and Involvement • Lewen Wei, Pennsylvania State University; Guolan Yang; Heather Shoenberger, The Pennsylvania State University; Fuyuan Shen • An online experiment was conducted to examine the effectiveness of carousel advertising for public health on social media. We found when communicating about health issues, carousel advertising conditionally increased message engagement among highly involved individuals when the content was composed as a narrative instead of statistics. This in turn, fostered more favorable responses towards the advertising practice. Implications for interactive advertising in the carousel format are discussed. Building Brand Authenticity on Social Media: The Impact of Instagram Ad Model Genuineness and Trustworthiness on Perceived Brand Authenticity and Consumer Responses • jing yang, Loyola University Chicago; Camila Teran, Loyola University Chicago; Ava Francesca Battocchio, Loyola University Chicago; Shannon Wrzesinski, Loyola University Chicago; Ebbe Bertellotti, Loyola University Chicago • This study explores the impact of expressive facial and visual aesthetics of Instagram images on consumers’ evaluation of the source and the brand, using computational image analysis method. Following the theoretical rationale of meaning transfer model, our findings revealed positive effect of perceived source genuineness on the endorsed brands’ perceived authenticity, through the mediation of the perceived source trustworthiness. Moreover, the positive effect of model genuineness also carried over to brand attitude and behavioral intention. Effects of Transparent Brand Communication on Perceived Brand Authenticity and Consumer Responses • jing yang, Loyola University Chicago; Ava Francesca Battocchio, Loyola University Chicago • This study explores the influence of transparent brand communication on consumers' perception of brand authenticity, and its further impact on consumers' attitude, trust, and behavioral intention towards the brand. Through a 2x2 online experiment design, this study examined the variation in consumers' perception and responses, while connecting the literature of brand transparency and authenticity. Individuals' difference in moral identity centrality was examined as a moderator in the study. Why People Watch TikTok Influencer Videos and How They Are Influenced by Social Media Influencers: A National Survey of Chinese College Students • Yang Yang; Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State University • The purpose of this study was to explore TikTok (Douyin) influencers’ persuasion power over their followers. A national survey of 382 college students in China showed that entertainment gratification is the most common motivation in using Douyin. Those who have high parasocial relationship with the influencer have higher purchase intention of the recommended products when they have high persuasion knowledge of the influencers than those who have low persuasion knowledge. Implications on influencer marketing are discussed. Millennials’ environmental involvement and their responses toward sustainable products and green advertising • Jason Yu • This article conceptualizes two types of environmental involvement, outcome-relevant (OREI) and value-relevant (VREI) environmental involvement, and presents two studies that use survey and experimental data to examine their effects on attitude toward green products and green purchase behavior as well as the two-dimensional Aad, Ab and purchase intention. In short, VREI, rather than OREI, dominates the effects of environmental involvement on green consumerism and consumer response toward green advertising. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. A Cross-Cultural Examination of CSR Advertising: The effects of negative moral emotions on information processing • Wen Zhao, Fairfield University • The goal of this study was to examine the persuasive influences of moral emotions on younger consumers’ judgments and decision-making, and the roles of culture and self-construal in processing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) advertising. This study employed a between-subjects online experiment where American and Chinese participants viewed one of the two CSR advertisement designed with ego-focused (e.g., an ad-elicited anger emotion), and other-focused appeals (e.g., an ad-elicited guilt emotion). The results indicated that negative moral emotions had significant positive influences on attitudes toward the ads and purchase intention through the peripheral route, for the negative affective responses showed simple cue effects on judgments without influencing validation of the thoughts. In addition, results revealed the interaction effects between guilt emotion and culture values (i.e., country) on attitudes. This study also examined the moderating role of self-construal in the relationship of guilt emotion and attitude formation. Social and temporal distance and message concreteness: A study of Facebook advertising • Fei Xue; Lijie Zhou • The current study examined the effects of social distance, temporal distance, and message concreteness on Facebook users’ response to News Feed advertising. It was found that social distance moderated the congruency between temporal distance and message concreteness. When the ads were affiliated with close friends (low social distance condition), concrete messages lead to stronger purchase intention for a near future event, while abstract messages generated stronger purchase intention for a distant future event. Special Topics in Advertising Effects of Consumers’ Affective States on Ad Attention and Evaluation: A Hybrid Research Approach • Maral Abdollahi, University of Minnesota; Debarati Das, University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Xinyu Lu; Jisu Huh, University of Minnesota; Jaideep Srivastava, University of Minnesota Twin Cities • This study examined the effects of consumers’ affective states on selective attention to different types of ads and evaluation of the ads. Applying an innovative hybrid research approach using survey and computational methods, this study analyzed real-time affective states of TV viewers during the 2020 Super Bowl broadcast, ad-related tweets, and self-reported attention measures. The results demonstrate significant effects of consumers’ affective states on their selective attention to different ads and ad evaluation. Consumers’ Perception on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Marketing Communication • Huan Chen, University of Florida; Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of Florida; Julia Kim; Irene Sanabria • A qualitative study was conducted to examine consumers’ perception of AI and AI marketing communication. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted to collect data. Findings suggest that 1) consumers’ interpretation of AI is multidimensional and relational focusing on functionality and emotion, as well as comparison and contrast between AI and human being; 2) consumers’ perception of voice assisted AI concentrates on different aspects including function, communication, adaptation, relationship, and privacy; and, 3) consumers consider AI marketing communication is unavoidable and acceptable but limited in its effect on influencing their evaluation of products and brands as well as shaping their consumptive behaviors. Your Ad Here: The Influence of Mobile Advertising Type and Placement • Yunmi Choi, Indiana University Southeast; Todd Holmes, California State University Northridge • As the market for smartphones grows globally, studying how to utilize mobile pages as an advertising platform is becoming critical. This experimental study was conducted to examine the impact of different ad types (still-image, animated, and video ads) and ad placement (pre-text and mid-text) on smartphone users’ irritation, intrusiveness, attention, memory, and attitudes. The results of the research revealed that mid-text ads receive higher perceived intrusiveness compared to pre-text ads. Also, video ads produced more positive attitude toward the ad and brand than the still image or animated banner ads. In this study, the animated ad received significantly less positive attitude toward the brand compared to the video pre-text ad. Exploring Factors Influencing Ad Recognition on Social Media • A-Reum Jung, Sejong University; Jun Heo, Louisiana State University • This study aims to examine native ad recognition by disclosure explicitness. Further, this study examined native ad effects in relation to personalization and ad clutter. In order to fulfill these purposes, an eye-tracking experiment with participants’ Facebook page was conducted. Findings indicated that consumers need longer time to figure out native ads, but disclosure has no influence on the ad recognition. Personalized native ads could be a promising solution to break ad clutter. Investigating the Impact of Immersive Advertising on Attitude toward the Brand: The Mediating Roles of Perceived Novelty, Perceived Interactivity, and Attitude toward the Advertisement • Jihoon (Jay) Kim, University of Alabama; Joe Phua, University of Georgia; Nah Ray Han, University of Georgia; Taeyeon Kim • Although immersive advertising has emerged as a new persuasion tool in digital media environments, unanswered questions about its effectiveness remain. A between-subjects experiment (N = 127) with three levels of immersion (i.e., low, medium, high) tested whether greater levels of immersion led to more favorable attitude toward the advertisement and the brand. The results not only confirmed this hypothesis but also revealed the mediating roles of perceived novelty, perceived interactivity, and attitude toward the ad. Details about the effects of immersive advertising on consumer responses are presented, and theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. Am I Being Watched? The Role of Perceived Surveillance and Privacy Cynicism in Synced Advertising Effects • Claire M. Segijn, Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Minnesota; Eunah Kim, University of Minnesota • Technological advancements have made it possible to personalize messages across media in real-time (i.e., synced advertising). Our online experiment (N = 527) showed that the more ads were synced, the higher consumers’ unaided recall became. Also, the more ads were synced, the more perceived surveillance, which led to less positive brand attitudes. However, consumers high in privacy cynicism had more positive brand attitudes. These results advance theories on the direct effects, underlying mechanisms, and boundary effects of synced advertising. * Extended Abstract * CSR Virtual Reality Campaigns by Alcohol Companies: The Role of Self-Value and Prior Drinking Experiences • Yoon-Joo Lee; Wen Zhao, Fairfield University; Huan Chen, University of Florida • This study’s goal is to explore factors influencing immersive experiences in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR) virtual reality (VR) campaigns. The findings revealed that different types of self-value (social-CSRO) and prior experiences with alcohol products (alcohol consumption levels) interact in immersing into VR video contents and forming more positive attitude toward the video. This study implies that advertising practitioners may need to find important consumer values and prior experiences that are specifically relevant to a CSR VR as campaign. Synced advertising and chilling effects: change in media diet as a result of corporate surveillance • Joanna Strycharz; Claire M. Segijn, Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Minnesota • Synced advertising is one of the most recent developments in the advertising practice and concerns personalizing messages based on people's current offline media behavior. While this strategy promises to enhance advertising efforts, it comes with a number of threats as it raises ethical questions and may lead to unintended side-effects for consumers. In particular, data collection techniques used for synced advertising purposes require further attention since they extend the so-called corporate surveillance to consumers’ offline sphere. The current study investigates to what extent data collection for synced advertising causes so-called chilling effects, i.e. a change in consumers' media diet. To explore the mechanisms behind such chilling effects, the current study builds on personalized advertising theories and psychological ownership theory and focuses on both advertiser- (data collection technique and location) and consumer-controlled (attitude towards personalization and need for self-presentation) factors. The findings show that indeed, data collection technique and need for self-presentation have an impact on chilling effects regarding consumers' media diets. The findings carry implications for both the advertising industry and the regulators as chilling effects resulting from synced advertising can be seen a threat to consumer identity and autonomy. Teaching and Pedagogy * Extended Abstract * Curriculum drives everything: Advertising curriculum in ACEJMC programs • Sheri Broyles, University of North Texas • For those in advertising education the curriculum is the heart of each of our programs. This paper dives into the curricula across 50 advertising programs at U.S. universities and colleges accredited by ACEJMC, looking at both required courses and electives that might be of value to other programs. NOTE: Brief findings will be added here indicating big points made and a closing statement from discussion for why this is important. * Extended Abstract * Best Practices in Online Course Development and Instruction: Targeting Advertising Students in a Post COVID-19 World • Betsy DeSimone, University of Tennessee; Courtney Carpenter Childers • The global COVID-19 pandemic led to dramatic shifts within higher education. None greater than the transition to remote instruction and online learning. Advertising courses are greatly impacted by this change as most require group work activities and creative challenges. This study highlights best practices for taking classes to an online delivery method via qualitative questionnaire exploring advertising student experiences. Phase 1 of data collection (N=61) took place late 2019, and phase 2 of data collection starts in late April 2020 for comparison. Diversity and Inclusion in Advertising: What do Students Think? • Pamela Morris • The advertising industry has long been criticized for its lack of diversity. This exploratory investigation surveyed advertising and public relations students for perceptions of diversity in advertising. Students say they are confident in working with diverse teams, value inclusiveness, and want a wider meaning of diversity and for the industry to be more inclusive. Findings suggest incorporating diversity exercises into multiple parts of the advertising process can help motivate student to change the industry. Incorporating Ethics into Introductory Advertising Courses: Student Perspectives • Pamela Morris • This introductory study reviewed how workshops and assignments built into introduction to advertising could impact students’ perceptions of ethics specific to advertising. The method of investigation was a survey at the semester’s beginning and end after structured engagement with ethics, including creating an ethics statement and incorporating ethics into the campaign process and pitch. Findings indicate that exposure and engagement of ethics made students more aware and articulate for the concept of ethics in advertising. * Extended Abstract * Prepping (for) the Ad Industry: Understanding Personality and Career Adaptability of First- Generation College Students in Strategic Communication • Katie Olsen, Kansas State University; Alec Tefertiller, Baylor University; Danielle LaGree • Frequently coming from diverse and lower income backgrounds, first-generation college students (FGCS) may be a key demographic capable of improving the general lack of diversity that plagues the advertising industry. As such, understanding and supporting FGCS within collegiate strategic communication programs is increasingly important. Using a mixed method approach through two studies, the current investigation seeks to understand how personality differences, career adaptability, and diverse backgrounds influence career preparedness. A Survey of Faculty Advisers at Student-Run Agencies • Brooke Borgognoni, University of Arkansas School of Journalism and Strategic Media; Jan Wicks, University of Arkansas School of Journalism and Strategic Media • This survey of faculty advisers examined major variables and findings of past research on student-run agencies using organizational theory. Larger agencies appeared to offer training in more formalized business procedures among a more diverse client base, found in previous research to be helpful to student-run agency graduates now on the job. Hopefully results will help future researchers identify which factors may best facilitate specific student performance outcomes at agencies of all types and sizes. <2020 Abstracts]]> 20087 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/cswm-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 22:08:34 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20091 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20091 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/sher-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 22:13:38 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20095 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20095 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/ctec-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 22:25:10 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20099 Faculty Paper Competition Motivations to Use Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and TikTok Predicting Problematic Use and Continuance Intentions • Anvita Suneja, Michigan State University; Anish Nimmagadda, Michigan State University; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University • While much of the studies within the Uses and Gratifications (U&G) tradition were set to predict facets of media use, the current examines how use motivations, nature of platform use, and privacy-related perceptions predict users’ use continuance intentions for Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Tiktok and their problematic use of that platform (i.e., addition), simultaneously. The study uses a cross-sectional survey of undergraduate students at a large Midwestern university (N = 373), where participants answered questions related to their motivations to use each of the four platforms (depending on their active use of the platform), platform affinity and other usage factors, their intentions to continue using the platform and their problematic of the platform. Findings showed superiority of Instagram in terms of U&G. Regression models highlighted differences in the four platforms’ problematic use and continuance intentions. Findings are discussed within the framework of reconceptualizing U&G outcomes within the evolving environment of social media use. Assessing Routes to the Proteus Effect: Testing Self-Perception and Priming Hypotheses • Jose Aviles, Albright College • This study examines the Proteus effect and the potential mechanisms to its success. The Proteus effect suggests that user’s avatars influence individual behavior. However, mechanisms of the Proteus effect remain unclear. Research on the Proteus effect has put forth evidence that self-perception and priming both function as routes to the Proteus effect. This study tests each route in a desktop game experience. The study indicates no support for either route to the Proteus effect in the conditions that it was tested. Implications of testing environment and stimuli are discussed, indicating that specific thresholds may be needed to activate the Proteus effect. “I probably just skipped over it:” Using eye tracking to examine political Facebook advertising effectiveness --and avoidance • Matthew Binford, University of Georgia; Bartosz Wojdynski, University of Georgia • Social media political advertising has, in recent years, been the target of a lot of interest and scrutiny from the public, scholars, and even the social media platforms themselves. While there is still some debate as to the overall effectiveness of social media political advertising there is compelling evidence to show that a number of social media users seek to avoid content that is political in nature. Those users tend to simply skip over the content once they have identified it as being political in nature (Bode, Vraga & Troller-Renfree, 2017). However it is less clear whether the same pattern holds for political candidate advertising which is typically easily identifiable as political, but designed to catch attention with images and text. The present study sought to shed light on the understanding of how consumers actually view or avoid political advertising on social media by using eye-tracking equipment to map users eye scanpaths as they viewed a constructed social media news feed. It was found that users with high levels of political interest fundamentally view political advertising differently with different scanpaths than those who have low political interest levels. I’d Rather Hear it from a Robot: How Audio Voice Drives Preferences in AI-Powered Audio Messages • Jackson Carter, University of South Carolina; Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina • AI-powered audio has become increasingly popular and increasingly lifelike. However, is there a problem with being too lifelike? This paper examines the effectiveness of AI-powered audio through the framework of HAII (human-AI interaction) by exploring how the type of audio voice affects user preferences in AI-powered audio messages. Theoretical and practical applications are discussed, as results offer connections between areas of social science literature while providing insights for strategically using voice in programming. The reviews of human-computer interaction and online relationship in new media: the evidences from live video streaming services • Po-Chien Chang, Shih Hsin University; Cheng-Yu Lin, Shih Hsin University • Comparing to live broadcasting in mass media, live video streaming is relying on broadband and digitalized content distribution over the Internet. Audiences are no longer constrained by linear schedule and empowered by social presence and co-experience of viewing. This study develops an empirical model by expanding the motivational factors in Uses and Gratification Theory (UGT) and associated with various user engagement and media consumption behaviors. The implications are discussed. The Warranting Value of Information from Machines and Humans Different Information Types • Mo Chen; Yu-Hao Lee • It is increasingly common for students to acquire information online using intelligent virtual assistants (IVAs) such as Amazon’s Alexa or Google Assistant, but few studies have examined how students assess the quality and credibility of information provided by an IVA. Informed by the warranting theory, a 2 (source: human vs. IVAs) × 3 (information type: fact, aggregated opinion, individual opinion) experiment was conducted with 192 participants. Results revealed that the type of information affected the warranting value of the information. Aggregated opinions were perceived to be most warranted, credible, and of higher quality, followed by facts, and then individual opinions. Machine heuristic was a significant moderator between the information source and credibility judgments. The current study extends the warranting theory to examine AI-generated information and also suggests that different information types are associated with higher or lower warranting values. An Experiment on the Sequential Mediation Effects of PDAs on Subjective Well-being • Ye Chen, University of Connecticut; Anne Oeldorf-Hirsch, University of Connecticut • “Likes” seem indispensable on social media platforms today, and research across communication domains has investigated their meanings, functions, and potential impacts. Yet a causal relationship between PDAs (paralinguistic digital affordances, such as “likes”) and subjective well-being is unclear. This study utilized an experimental method and demonstrated the causal link between PDAs and subjective well-being. Potential mediating and moderating mechanisms were further explored. Our experiment also found that psychological factors such as self-esteem, pleasure, anxiety and depression were significant indicators of perceived life satisfaction, through sequential mediating processes. Moreover, satisfaction with the expected “likes” did not play a moderated mediating role in these processes. Instead, it also mediated the link between PDAs and life happiness. The findings add evidence to the ongoing debate about the good or bad of social media “likes” and contribute to unpacking the myth of social media impacts. Do Opinions Change from Information or Experience? Attitudes toward Algorithmic Systems Depend on Transparency of Design and Power Usage • Chan Chen, Washington State University; David Silva, Kent State University; Ying Zhu • Algorithmic decision-making systems are ubiquitous in digital media, but the public holds largely negative attitudes towards them. This study investigates two approaches of improving opinions towards algorithms. The first approach provided information about how algorithms work. The second approach used respondent’s Instagram profile data to show algorithmic categorization in action, that is experiencing algorithms in action. Both methods increased positive opinions, but attitude change was also dependent on the individual-level trait of power usage. The situated influence of individual cultural orientation on online political expression through self-presentational concern • Xi Cui, College of Charleston; Jian Rui; Yu Liu, Florida International University • This study examines political expressions on social network sites (SNSs) from a self-presentation perspective. Through an online experiment (N = 360), we found that users’ cultural orientations toward power and social inequality influenced political self-presentation through self-presentation concern. Furthermore, a three-way interaction between social inequality, audience, and issue controversialness was found on self-presentational concern. This study suggests that political expressions via SNSs can be a function of cultural orientation, SNS audience, and issue through self-presentation. * Extended Abstract * Extended Abstract: The Effects of Victim Response to Direct and Indirect Digital Aggression • Yao Dong, Michigan State University; Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University • The frequent use of digital media increased the rate of cyberbullying victimization, and the sociotechnical affordances of social media have made them hotbeds for digital aggression. In this study, we examined the effects of victim response to direct and indirect (subtweeting) aggression, and found the effects of victim response and its interaction with message directness on participations’ perceptions of aggressive messages, their sympathy toward the aggression victims, as well as their intervention likelihood. Playable News Technologies: Journalism and the Rise of Mobile Gaming • David Dowling • The stratospheric rise of mobile games to the top of the global games industry is attributable to synergies between mobile devices and social media platforms, particularly through the increasing use of Facebook on the iPhone and other smartphones. Phones and tablets are now where the majority of people play games and consume news. This shared digital space has given rise to mobile newsgames, a hybridization of gameplay and journalistic content allowing users to play the news, shattering the divide between entertainment and civic engagement. Among adult players, the smartphone is the most common device used for playing video games, followed by PC and consoles. Through smartphone apps, games now reach users in some of the most popular spaces in the digital ecosystem and on devices that have become ubiquitous in twenty-first century networked culture. News organizations and commercial game developers alike have responded to the simultaneous rise in mobile news consumption and skyrocketing popularity of mobile games by producing games that engage current events and issues of political and social significance. The journalistic consequences of the technological convergence of news and gaming industries constitutes the focus of this study. Critical analysis treats five case studies of the most influential mobile newsgames since 2016 by commercial game developers and legacy media. Can mobile newsgames provide civic engagement and a journalistic check on power? By directing data flows on social media, mobile games occupy a powerful role in the digital ecosystem. SoundCloud Rap: An Investigation of Community and Consumption Models of Internet Practices • Ian Dunham • Andrew Feenberg states that "the social role and significance of the internet is in suspense today" (Feenberg, 2019), suggesting that its technosocial impacts are the result of a dynamic exchange in which multiple agents compete, cooperate, and coexist for a variety of reasons that stem from just as many motivations. On SoundCloud, a popular music-based social networking platform, the suspense Feenberg references is in full tilt–a few short years ago, it was on the brink of shutdown because of cash shortages, forcing mass layoffs and the closure of San Francisco and London offices (Satariano, 2017), only to become the site of a burgeoning hip hop community in 2017 and 2018. What has been labeled "SoundCloud Rap" represents a unique social phenomenon that is simultaneously a community, a particular approach to governance, and a network that relies on the symmetrical interplay of humans and machines. Using Feenberg's recent discussion of the diversity of the internet's formulations, this paper analyzes SoundCloud Rap, concluding that artists and listeners operate under both a community model and a consumption model. An empirical study of data collected from SoundCloud supports this discussion. Lastly, I consider the wave of SoundCloud Rap artists and the novel place within the industry they currently occupy, and whether the subgenre can leave any lasting marks on musical technoculture. From passive to purposeful: Can Apple’s Screen Time realign users’ relationships with their devices? • Ebubechukwu Ubochi, Florida Institute of Technology; Heidi Hatfield Edwards, Florida Institute of Technology • This qualitative phenomenological study investigated smartphone users’ relationships with their devices and digital wellness software. It involved following the activities of eight iPhone users who were encouraged to use and pay attention to Screen Time over the course of a week. They were interviewed at the start of the process to learn about how they use their phones as well as what knowledge they had about Screen Time, and then at the end of the process to measure any changes that might have emerged. Each participant’s Screen Time data was also recorded with screenshots and used in the analysis. The findings showed overall that focused attention to Screen Time is capable of affecting smartphone usage patterns and helping iPhone users take control of the way and extent to which they use their devices. Assumption of consensus: A path model predicting political participation among instant messaging app users • HyungJin Gill, University of Wisconsin - Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication; Hernando Rojas, University of Wisconsin - Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication • This study uses a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults to test a path model that examines potential influence of instant messenger (IM) apps on cognitive bias and political participation among users. The findings provide insights into how “false consensus,” or egocentric assumption in public opinion perception, that may stem from mobile echo chamber can contribute to a user’s participatory behaviors, which further highlights IM as a private, closed mode of political communication. How much immersion is enough? Exploring the use of 360 video on social networks to influence user reflections on important issues • Michael Horning, Virginia Tech; Emily McCaul, Virginia Tech • 360-degree video is an emerging video technology that is popular on social networks and is used to immerse users in a virtual reality experience. Some argue that this technology enables individuals to process visual, verbal and spatial information together in one space in order to engage users more deeply with the information than standardized video. In this study, we create a news story using 360 video to test this assumption and to explore users’ experience with 360 news content delivered on three different displays: desktop computer, mobile tablet and head-mounted display. Our results show that individuals who engage with 360 narratives using head-mounted displays are more likely to reflect on the issues in the narrative than other mediums. Our findings also suggest that using iPads to experience 360 narratives can be more engaging but also decrease reflection on the main themes in a 360 story. Implications for use of 360 on social media are discussed. Exploring Multiple-level Predictors Contributed to the Credibility of Smartphone Information • Bing Hu, South China University of Technology; Bu Zhong, Pennsylvania State University; Tao Sun, University of Vermont • This study proposes a hierarchical model to explore information processing on the smartphone, in which need for cognition is the independent variable and perceived credibility of smartphone information the dependent variable, with smartphone power use and information verification as the mediators, while controlling for such demographic characteristics as age, gender, education and area of residence. Our findings suggested a significant indirect path from the need for cognition to smartphone use and smartphone information credibility. Misinformation Corrective Action when Exposed to Fake News: The Role of Media Locus of Control, Need for Cognition and Fake News Literacy • Brigitte Huber; Porismita Borah; Homero Gil de Zúñiga • Fake news is increasingly becoming a problem for democracy and questions arise on how to combat misinformation. This study investigates whether news media literacy helps taking corrective action when encountering misinformation. By relying on survey data from the U.S. (N = 1337), we show that news media literacy in terms of media locus of control and need for cognition is not sufficient to take corrective actions; people rather need to develop specific fake news literacy. Neither by design nor intention: The creative uses of a gay dating app by HIV-positive clients • Robert Huesca, Trinity University • The geosocial networking mobile application Grindr has attracted a great deal of scholarly attention in the past decade because of its diverse uses and widespread adoption. Yet no study has identified Grindr as a platform whereby HIV-positive users have sought and provided emotional support and medical guidance regarding their diagnoses. Findings from 21 in-depth interviews shed light on this potentially important use of Grindr to contribute to the well-being of people living with HIV. The findings of this study hold valuable contributions to communication theory, public health practice, and mobile phone app development. Hello, I am a Humanized Robot Reporter: Anthropomorphism in Robot Journalism • Wonseok (Eric) Jang, Sungkyunkwan University; Soojin Kim, Louisiana State University; Jung Won Chun, Sejong University; Young Woo Kang, Sungkyunkwan University • This study examines the effects of humanized robot reporters and the role played by humanized- and non-humanized robot reporters with human reporters in writing the story to determine the persuasiveness of news. Participants displayed greater emotional involvement and evaluated the news more positively when humanized robot reporters write the story compared to non-humanized robot reporters. Such positive effect was magnified when humanized robot reporters formed a partner-to-friend-relationship with human reporters rather than a servant-to-master-relationship. Capturing Injustice: Using the Screenshot as a Tool for Sousveillance • Bryan Jenkins, Howard University; Emily Cramer, Howard University • "The purpose of this study is to ascertain the role of screenshots in online social justice movements, specifically as it relates to the concept of sousveillance. Screenshots primarily allow for users to call attention to injustices in online spaces. They also allow users to emphasize portions of racist comments, incorporate information used to support a user’s argument, and occasionally bring levity to those engaged in online activism. Dislike and warn: Different levels of corrective actions on social media • Liefu Jiang, Chicago State University • Through a survey with 193 participants, this paper investigates individuals’ frequencies of taking corrective actions when exposed to unfavorable information on social media. Examining through four perspectives, including cognitive effort, expected influence, creativity, and engagement levels, 11 forms of corrective actions were ranked in three ordered levels. This paper contributes to corrective action studies by providing a new approach to investigate corrective actions, which helps researchers measure corrective actions more accurately. Ways to Relieve Anxiety: Chinese Consumers’ Perceptions of Paid Digital Knowledge Products • Jie Jin, University of Florida; Huan Chen, University of Florida • This study interviewed 19 Chinese paid digital knowledge products consumers to explore what’s the essence of Chinese consumers’ experience with paid digital knowledge products in the first- and second-tier cities. Findings revealed Chinese consumers use these products to relieve stress and anxiety from real-life competition and the insecurity of falling behind. Although consumers realize the limited assistance that paid knowledge products can offer, their acceptance and expectation of paid digital knowledge products are positive. Measuring Consumer-Perceived Humanness of Organizational Agents in CMC • Lincoln Lu, University of Florida; Casey McDonald, University of Florida; Tom Kelleher, University of Florida; Susanna Lee; Yoo Jin Chung, University of Florida; Sophia Mueller, University of Florida; Marc Vielledent; April Yue • A broad sample (N=172) of participants interacted with either virtual or human agents representing organizations online and completed a survey including items derived from constructs of conversational human voice, anthropomorphism, and social presence. An exploratory factor analysis yielded a central factor indicating consumer-perceived humanness. The new measure was found to be reliable and valid—working as predicted to assess both virtual and human agents and explain significant variance in perceived relational investment and trust. The Mere Exposure Effect of Tweets on Vote Choice • Hyunjung Kim • This study investigates the effects of exposure to political candidates’ tweets on vote choice in the context of the 2018 local election in South Korea. A field experiment was conducted among Twitter users in two constituencies. Participants in the experimental group were guided on Twitter to follow a leading candidate in their electoral district, whereas those in the control group were not guided to follow the candidate. The results of the experiment indicate that following a candidate on Twitter was positively linked to voting for the candidate through candidate likability particularly when the candidate’s tweets were personalized. On the other hand, following a candidate on Twitter was negatively linked to voting for the candidate when voters had a low level of involvement with the election and the candidate’s tweets were not personalized. Implications of the findings and limitations of the study are discussed. Predicting the adoption of AI-based healthcare technology: Theory of planned behavior, self-efficacy and controllability • Joon Kyoung Kim; Mo Jones-Jang, Boston college; Yong Jin Park, Howard University • Artificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly prevalent in various industries. Despite increasing attention to AI, little is known about what motivates individuals to adopt AI use in health care. Using the theory of planned behavior as a theoretical framework, this study investigated the determinants of individuals’ intentions to use AI for health monitoring and diagnosis. The results of a survey (N = 1,162) indicated that attitude and perceived behavioral control predicted intention, but not subjective norms. The Effect of Advanced Technology on Jobs: Attention, Income, Worry, and Support for a Basic Income • Alex W. Kirkpatrick, Washington State University; Jay Hmielowski, University of Florida • Understanding how media use influences public perceptions of advanced technologies is important, particularly in light of recent advances in Artificial Intelligence and robotics. In this paper, we examine whether awareness of computers and robots changing the nature of US jobs is associated with worry over the issue. We then assess whether worry is associated with support for a universal basic income policy, and if worry mediates the relationship between attention and policy support. Lastly, we assess whether this indirect relationship varies by household income. Findings suggest that lower income workers who have thought about the issue of workplace technology are more worried about the issue than higher paid workers. This increased worry is associated with support for a federal policy guaranteeing a living wage for Americans. Results are discussed under the lens of Agenda-Setting Theory. Avenues of future research are suggested. * Extended Abstract * Extended Abstract: Are You Engaging the Game? Effect of the Challenge and the Interaction toward Game Engagement in Mobile FPS Game • Heejae Lee; Se Jung Kim, Syracuse University; Shengjie Yao; Yoon (Seo Yoon) Lee; Makana Chock • "Drawing on the relationship between social presence and related works on mobile game engagement, this study investigates the effects of the perceived risk of player-death on player communication, which elicited by the challenges of the game. Specifically, the current study examines whether 1) the higher level of challenge will induce a feeling of the perceived risk of player-death; 2) the level of challenge will serve as a trigger for communication; 3) the degree to which player-death perceivers experience a feeling of interaction; 4) the perceived risk of player-death will positively influence social presence and engagement; 5) the amount of communication will positively affect social presence and engagement. Information Inequality: The Information Demand and Supply Factors that Shape the Digital Engagements of Low-income and High-income Individuals in the United States • Jihye Lee, Stanford University; James Hamilton; Nilam Ram, Pennsylvania State University; Thomas Robinson; Byron Reeves • This study explores how individuals of different income levels navigate digital spaces by observing more than 13 million screenshots collected from the smartphones of low-income (N = 33) and high-income (N = 35) individuals in U.S. major metropolitan areas. Our findings suggest that income is significantly associated with various aspects of individuals’ digital engagements, including temporal patterns of their smartphone engagements, level of news consumption, and types of information supply factors. Self-disclosure on Facebook: “Self” and “Others” from social penetration perspective • Danielle Ka Lai Lee, Washington State University; Xizhu Xiao; Porismita Borah • "The study examined the influences of “self” and “others” in self-disclosure on Facebook. Based on social penetration theory, we conducted an experiment and 241 young adults participated. Results suggest that highly relevant information triggered thought elaborations in deciding self-disclosure. Surprisingly, influence from audience was revealed to be minimal. The study underscored the self-serving purpose of disclosure, such that users would chiefly think about themselves instead of audience. Future directions are discussed. Alexa as a Shopping Assistant: The Effects of Message Interactivity and the Mediating Role of Social Presence • Sangwook Lee, University of Texas at Austin; Jeeyun Oh; Won-Ki Moon, The University of Texas at Austin • This study explores the key factors that influence consumer intention to use virtual assistants for online shopping. It examines (a) whether existing concepts in communication technology literature (particularly message interactivity and social presence) are applicable to understanding consumer responses to virtual assistants and (b) the mediating role of social presence which influences intention to use virtual assistant technology for online shopping. Result from a lab experiment showed that individuals who had more back-and-forth conversations with Alexa reported higher perceptions of message interactivity and greater feelings of social presence. Feelings of social presence mediated the effect of message interactivity on intention to use. The current study provides theoretical and practical implications to communication technology and consumer research and leaves suggestions for future study of artificial intelligence. Connect or Contrast: Public Self-Awareness and Social Cues Impacts on Selective Exposure to Political Content • Wenbo Li, The Ohio State University; Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick • The study investigates the impacts of public self-awareness on selective exposure to political messages with social recommendation cues. A 2 (high vs. low public self-awareness) × 2 (likes vs. comments) between-subject selective exposure experiment was conducted, while partisan stance and social-cues level served as two within-subject message factors. Participants’ selective exposure was unobtrusively recorded. The results show that public self-awareness interacted with the level of social cues in affecting selective exposure. Specifically, participants high in public self-awareness spent more time reading messages with low social cues while those low in public self-awareness spent more time reading messages with high social cues. Partisanship impacted the interaction between public self-awareness and social cues. Republican’s selective exposure to pro- and counter-attitudinal messages varied between cue types (comments versus views). Silence mobile phone notifications can be more Distracting than receiving notifications with Sounds and Vibrations • Mengqi Liao, Penn State University; S. Shyam Sundar, Penn State University • Smartphone users often turn off notifications on their smartphones to avoid distractions, but our analysis of behavioral data from the Screen Time tool of 138 iPhone users suggests that users tend to pick up their phones and check for messages more often when it is in silent mode than when it is on audio-alert or vibrate modes. This is especially true for individuals who have high Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and Need to Belong. Understanding the Interplay of Personality Traits and Social Comparison in Selfie Editing and Posting Behavior • Yu Liu, Florida International University; Weirui Wang, Florida International University • Selfies have been an omnipresent phenomenon across the world. By conducting a survey (N=528), this study examines how personality traits interact with social comparison process (i.e., downward identification, downward contrast, upward identification, and upward contrast) to influence photo editing and selfie posting behavior. The findings suggest being subject to different types of social comparison process, individuals with low self-esteem, high public self-consciousness, and high narcissism more frequently engage in photo editing and selfie posting. Mimicry Decreases Resistance Towards a VR Interaction Partner – A Pilot Study. • Barbara Müller, Radboud University Nijmegen; Weronika Trzmielewska; Wolf-Gero Lange; Tibor Bosse • Interacting with virtual reality agents (VR agents) becomes more and more common in the future. The present study investigated whether non-verbal mimicry leads to less resistance, and a more positive evaluation of the VR agent. Before evaluation of the VR agent, participants interacted with a VR agent which either mimicked or anti-mimicked their non-verbal behavior. Results showed that a mimicking VR agent was perceived as more convincing, and elicited less resistance. Possible explanations are discussed. The Target of Incivility: Examining the Uncivil Discourse on Social Media Platforms • Mustafa Oz, The University of Tennessee Knoxville; Bahtiyar Nurumov, Suleyman Demiral University • This study focused on the uncivil discourse on social media platforms. The main purpose of this study was to understand whether uncivil comments target discussion participants and specific groups on Facebook and on Twitter. Also, this study was an attempt to see if there are any differences between Facebook and Twitter in terms of uncivil discussions. Systematic content analysis was conducted and 1485 Facebook comments and Tweets were analyzed. The results suggested that there were more frequent uncivil comments on Twitter versus Facebook. Also, the results indicated that users were more likely to target discussion participants on Twitter than on Facebook. * Extended Abstract * Yelp!ful or not? A Heuristic-Systematic Model Approach to Online Reviews on Yelp! • Bhakti Sharma; T. Franklin Waddell • Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) has become a primary source for users to seek recommendations and gather information to make purchase decisions. Applying the Hueristic Systematic Model (Chaiken, 1980), this study tested the impact of online reviews presented in the form of both heuristic cues (star ratings) and systematic information (written reviews) on restaurant appeal and behavioral intentions. Results reveal the importance of heuristic cues in new light and add to the existing eWOM literature Can Social Media Engender Resilience in a Crisis? A Semantic Network Analysis • Staci Smith, Brigham Young University; Brian Smith, Brigham Young University • Social media engagement following a crisis raises the question about the influence of social media on crisis coping and resilience. This study examined Twitter responses to terror attacks in Paris (2015) and Barcelona (2017). Semantic network analysis of 24,728 #Paris tweets and 27,338 #Barcelona tweets showed that social media are for more than just information curation—they may facilitate crisis coping and resilience, including expressing emotion, building community, and creating new normalcy following a crisis. “We think you may like”: An investigation of e-commerce personalization for privacy-conscious consumers • Yong Whi Greg Song, The University of Texas at Austin; Hayoung Sally Lim, the University of Texas at Austin; Jeeyun Oh • This study examines and proposes an electronic commerce (e-commerce) personalization technology acceptance model. A 2 (Privacy concerns priming vs. Control condition) × 2 (Personalization vs. Non-personalization) factorial, between-subjects experiment was conducted (N = 205). The findings indicate consumers’ perceived usefulness of personalization technology is positively related to their behavioral intentions to use an e-commerce mobile app, supporting Davis (1989)’s Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Data further demonstrate that consumers’ privacy concerns moderate the personalization–behavioral intention relationship. Fighting Over Smartphones? Parents' Excessive Smartphone Use, Lack of Control Over Children's Use, and Conflict • Jörg Matthes; Marina Thomas; Anja Stevic; Desirée Schmuck • Parental regulation of children's smartphone use is typically associated with conflict. To explain conflict, this paper focused on parents' own smartphone use. A panel survey among parent-child pairs (NT2=384) revealed that parents' excessive smartphone use increased lack of control over children's smartphone use, which, in turn, increased conflict about the smartphone from children's and parents' perspectives. The relations with conflict were independent of whether parents thought that smartphones have negative effects on children. Seeing is Believing: Is Video Modality More Powerful in Spreading Fake News via Online Messaging Apps? • S. Shyam Sundar, Penn State University; Maria D. Molina; Eugene Cho • Doctored videos sent over private messaging platforms like WhatsApp have elicited visceral responses, resulting in the wrongful death of innocent people. Would the responses have been so strong if such fake news was circulated in the form of text or audio? We explored this question by experimentally comparing reactions to three false news stories (N=180) in India. Our findings reveal that users process video more superficially, readily believing its content and sharing it with others. “Chameleons” Make us More Other-Oriented – a Virtual Reality Study. • Weronika Trzmielewska, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities; Barbara Müller, Radboud University Nijmegen; Wojciech Kulesza, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities; Wolf-Gero Lange • Mimicry is often labelled a ‘social glue’ between people. In this study, we explored if this notion is also true in human/non-human interactions. We tested if mimicry by a virtual agent leads to more concern about others, and changes concern about the self. Participants performed a photograph description task and were either mimicked or not. The results showed that being mimicked increased participants’ orientation toward others but did not change their orientation toward self. * Extended Abstract * Vicarious Learning of Social Media Political Expression: The Role of Expected Outcomes and Appropriate Communication Competence • Alcides Velasquez, University of Kansas; Dam Hee Kim; Andrea Quenette • Based on Social Learning and Social Cognitive Theories, this study examines how observing others successfully use social media for political expression increases one’s social media political expression. Results support a parallel mediation model where social media political expression observational learning simultaneously leads to social media political expression expected outcomes, and to appropriate social media communication competence. Expected outcomes increase social media political expression whereas appropriate social media communication competence decreases individual’s social media political expression. * Extended Abstract * Media Use and Attitudes Toward Social Media Bots • Ming Wang, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • Using the O-S-O-R framework, this study examines whether orientational variables mediate the impact of various media use on attitudes toward social media bots. Analysis of a nationally representative survey reveals that the effects of social media use on bot attitudes were partially mediated through bot detection self-efficacy and perceived influence on others. Interestingly, some paths were opposite to what hypotheses predicted. This study enhances our understanding of individual antecedents to social media bots attitudes. Understanding AI Advertising from the Consumer Perspective: What Factors Determine Consumers’ Appreciation of AI-created Advertisements? • Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina; Taylor Wen, University of South Carolina • This study tested a conceptual model that examined some influential factors of consumers’ overall appreciation of AI-created advertisements. The findings indicated that consumers’ perceived objectivity of the process of advertising creation positively influenced machine heuristics which benefited their appreciation of AI-created advertisements, but negatively influenced perceived eeriness which jeopardized that appreciation. Consumers’ feelings of uneasiness with robots were found to positively influence both machine heuristic and perceived eeriness of AI advertising. Multiple Selves and Multitasking: A Dynamic Longitudinal Study • Shan Xu, Texas Tech University • This study integrates the theory of multiple selves within the theoretical framework of dynamic motivation activation (DMA) to identify the dynamic patterns of multiple self-concepts (i.e., the potential self, the actual self) in multitasking (e.g., primary activities, secondary activities) in daily life. Experience sampling data over three weeks showed that the potential self was more dominant in primary activities, whereas the actual self was more dominant in secondary activities. Dynamic panel modeling results confirmed that these self-concepts reinforced themselves in primary and secondary activities. They also shifted from one to another to achieve a balance in primary activities. Interestingly, secondary activities were not driven by the alternative self-concept in primary activities, but instead by the emotional experiences of primary activities. Furthermore, multitasking to fulfill the actual self did not motivate people to re-prioritize their potential self later. Adoption of AI-powered news: Integration of technology acceptance and perceived contingency • Jun Zhang, Newhouse School of Syracuse University; Joon Soo Lim, Syracuse University • In the AI era, news audiences’ interaction with news systems brings highly personalized news experience. This study integrates the TAM and perceived contingency model to investigate the adoption of AI-powered news. With a representative survey of 1,369 respondents, the study finds that perceived contingency becomes a critical supplement to perceived usefulness and ease of use to yield favorable attitude and engagement with AI-powered news, thereby lead to the actual use of AI-powered news. Impact of Interactivity on Satisfaction in Digital Social Reading − Social Presence as a Mediator • Wu Li; Yuanyi Mao; LIUNING ZHOU, University of Southern California • Digital social reading is characterized by interactivity and social presence. We conducted empirical research to better understand the effect of interactivity on users’ reading satisfaction through the mediating effect of social presence. Research findings show that human-to-human interactivity was affected by human-to-text interactivity, and both types of interactivity significantly predicted social presence. Social presence fully mediated human-to-human interactivity and satisfaction, while partially mediating human-to-text interactivity and satisfaction. Student Paper Competition “Should I Use Emoticon and GIF?”: The Effect of Emoticon and GIF in Human-Chatbot Interaction • Jin Kang, The Pennsylvania State University; Lewen Wei, Pennsylvania State University • Would human users react favorably after seeing chatbots that use emoticons and GIFs? To address this question, we conducted a 2 (Source: Human vs. Chatbot) x 3 (Cues: GIF vs. Emoticon vs. Text) between-subjects online experiment. We found the important role of machine heuristic, such that those with greater belief in machine heuristic showed favorable outcomes, regardless of a source. Theoretical and design Implications are discussed. Unpacking the Effects of Social Media Comments on Young Adults’ Body Image Perception • Hye Min Kim, Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, University of Southern California • Studies have highlighted the influence of social media comments on users’ perceptual consequences, but if this holds true in body image context is still largely unknown. To investigate the effect of social media comments on young adults' ideal body perceptions and one’s own body satisfaction, participants (N = 330) were randomly exposed to Instagram body posting with favorable- vs. unfavorable- (to the depicted body) vs. no-comments. Results indicated that social media comments guided the viewers’ perceptions of what is considered as ‘ideal’ body. Viewers of favorable comments to body posting reported greater idealization of the body imagery (i.e., ideal-enhancing effects) whereas viewers of unfavorable comments showed a lower level of idealization (i.e., ideal-derogating effects). Interestingly, the more ideal the body imagery was perceived, the greater the body satisfaction was reported among participants with little self-discrepancy (i.e., perceptual gap between one’s actual- and ideal- selves). Internet as a context: Exploring its impacts on scientific optimism in China • Chen Luo, Tsinghua University; Yuchun Zhu; Jia Shang • Internet brings new opportunities and challenges to scientific development and science communication, but how the Internet affects public scientific attitudes remains underexplored. Conceptualizing the Internet as a context, this paper examines the Internet's impacts on the scientific optimism of Chinese people. By combining China's survey data (n = 2,300) from the sixth round of the World Values Survey and provincial data (24 provinces), multilevel analysis suggests that: 1) Internet as a context weakens scientific optimism of the Chinese public, at the same time, the Internet as a medium has no significant effect. 2) As a quantitative indicator of Internet development, Internet penetration at the provincial level promotes the positive relationship between individual traditional media exposure and scientific optimism. In contrast, the qualitative indicator has no evident moderating effect. This research reveals unique characteristics of Chinese society, provides a piece of empirical evidence on Internet technology's shaping effects on scientific attitudes in the non-western environment. Explanations of the findings and implications are further discussed. Exploring Twitter Conversations around Four Brand Categories: A Computational Approach to Identify Dominant Topics and Content Characteristics • Haseon Park, University of Alabama • Extant research on social media advertising suggests that reaching consumers via social media enhances engagement, leading to positive outcomes. In line with previous research, this study identifies dominant topics discussed in different brand networks as well as content characteristics within the theoretical background of Elaboration Likelihood Model and FCB grid model. By incorporating a computational approach, this study contributes to revisiting the application of ELM and FCB grid model in the context of social media advertising. Flow = Optimal? How Flow Diverts Media Users’ Performance, Enjoyment, and Evaluation in Multiple-Goal Pursuit • Giang V. Pham, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Minh V. Pham • This study conceptualized and tested the diversion effects of flow experiences in media use. Results from an experiment (N = 84) showed that when people have multiple goals, the flow state experienced during video gaming significantly lowered their performance on the subsequent goal and decreased their game enjoyment and evaluation. These findings suggest that in multiple-goal pursuit, media flow could divert people’s resources away from their tasks, causing goal disruption and reduced media enjoyment. Alexa, What Do You Know: An Investigation of Smart Speakers and Privacy Perceptions • Nicholas Sarafolean, University of Tennessee; Courtney Carpenter Childers • The modern smart home is increasingly connected, and at the center of most smart homes is the smart speaker. These devices produce a rich flood of new data points, offering advertisers an opportunity to gather more detailed data about consumers than ever before. However, with Big Data collection, there are challenges associated with the constant “listening” of smart speakers and privacy threats to children. Smart speakers’ “listening” of young children raises red flags around the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), as COPPA allows for data collection but it does not allow the use of such data for advertising purposes. This exploratory study used the qualitative paradigmatic perspective to address experiences with and perceptions of smart speakers in the household with 10 mothers with children under 12 years (n=10). Results highlight that mothers are often struggling with how to best manage household smart speaker use with their kids, privacy and listening concerns are “real,” and smart speaker technologies for kids, such as the Amazon Echo Kids Edition, are blurring the lines between big tech and targeted advertising efforts. Implications for advertisers are discussed. “There’s a Camera Everywhere”: How Citizen Journalists, Cell Phones, and Technology Shape News Coverage of Police Shootings • Denetra Walker • This study examines how an evolving technological landscape influences how television news journalists cover the issue of deadly, highly-publicized police shootings in the United States. Through 10 in-depth interviews, the author analyzes how social media, cell phones, as well as citizen journalists shape this narrative. Themes include a change in speed and accessibility, accuracy, and a multi-layered challenge to police authority. Practical and theoretical implications on the future digital landscape covering this topic is discussed. * Extended Abstract * Friendly mistakes: Investigating the relationship between AI error, social cues, and trust in gameplay • Ryan Tan, Penn State University; Mengqi Liao, Penn State University; Ryan Wang, Penn State University • People often interact with technological agents as though they are social actors despite relying on them being free from ‘human error’. Would an artificial intelligence agent that reinforces these expectations by exhibiting social cues then be more/less likely to lose user trust? This study utilizes Structural Equation Modelling to analyze the results of an online game-based experiment to investigate the process by which heuristics potentially mediates the effects interactions of social cues and error. All About Words: Linguistic Profile of Twitter Users Who Tweet and Retweet About Face-swapping Posts • Lewen Wei, Pennsylvania State University; Jin Kang, The Pennsylvania State University • Through a social network formulated over three months, we examined the relationship between key characteristics of Twitter users and their primary versus secondary self-presentation via face-swapping activities. We found that users who valued friends, showed female preferences, actively engaged with cognitive reappraisals, or were more honest with their self tended to post their own face-swap rather than sharing others’ face-swap on Twitter. Implications for self-identity and self-presentation are discussed. The Picture of Health on Instagram: Congruent vs. Incongruent Emotion in Predicting the Sentiment of Comments • Jiaxi Wu; Traci Hong • This study aims to explore the effects of congruent and incongruent emotions in Instagram images and captions on the sentiment of comments. A content analysis of Instagram posts (N=7,078) with the hashtag “#mentalhealth" on World Mental Health Day found emotionally congruent posts received more positive comments than incongruent ones. Posts with both positive captions and images attracted the most positive comments compared with other posts. While emotions in captions significantly predicted the sentiment in comments, emotions in images had no effects on the outcome variables. This study also found images containing faces attracted more likes, comments, and positive comments. Images with intimate gaze also led to more positive feedback from users. Theoretical implications of emotional contagion as elicited from images are discussed. <2020 Abstracts]]> 20099 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/ctam-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 22:35:43 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20102 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20102 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/ccja-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 22:39:10 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20105 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20105 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/ccsd-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 22:43:50 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20108 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20108 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/endd-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 23:02:43 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20111 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20111 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/esig-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 23:05:59 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20114 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20114 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/hist-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 23:17:56 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20117 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20117 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/intc-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 23:26:49 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20120 James W. Markham Student Paper Competition Twitter engagement and interactions with public agencies and citizens’ overall trust in the Nigerian government • Olushola Aromona, University of Kansas • Following the #OccupyNigeria protests in 2012, use of social media, particularly Twitter, for election monitoring, mobilization, and civic engagement has increased in Nigeria. The impact of social media on engagement and interactions between government agencies and their online citizens has been demonstrated. Research indicate that online interactions and engagement are relevant for citizens’ trust in the government. Using a content analysis and online survey, this pilot study examines the interactions between Nigerian government agencies and Nigerian Twitter users in fostering trust. Findings revealed negative patterns of engagement and interactions. While citizens engage and interact with government agencies, the discourses were largely negative; thus, the relationship between engagement, interactions, and trust is largely negative. However, this relationship is moderated by party affiliation, education, and age. Peace, Harmony, and Coca-Cola: Decoding Coca-Cola’s Ramadan 2018 Advertisement • Reham Bohamad; Daleana Phillips • Coca-Cola’s 2018 Ramadan commercial was designed to foster unity and harmony through a multicultural marketing strategy for Dutch audiences. The Netherlands, as well as mainland Europe, is experiencing a wave of right-wing populism or nationalistic political ideologies since the terrorist attacks on Paris and Brussel’s in the mid-2000s. Dutch attitudes toward the steady influx of Muslim immigrants since World War II has shifted from acceptance toward hostility. Increasing nationalistic political rhetoric and xenophobia in The Netherlands reflects this growing hostility toward Muslims. This analysis of Coca-Cola’s Ramadan advertisement utilizes Stuart Hall’s Encoding and Decoding theoretical framework to examine readings from three different levels: dominant, negotiated, and oppositional. The dominant level reflects Coca-Cola’s encoded message that its product can generate racial/ethnic and religious harmony by providing a common platform of understanding through sharing a Coke. The negotiated level reflects Coca-Cola’s position as a major global corporation attempting to sell a product. The oppositional reading utilizes Critical Race Theory as an oppositional framework for interpreting Coca-Cola’s advertisement. This commercial utilizes an assimilationist strategy to build a sense of harmony and trust around a female Muslim representation that has been highly Westernized. Furthermore, Coca-Cola’s Ramadan commercial promotes the idea that the consumption of their product is the solution to ending discrimination toward Muslims in the Netherlands. Their advertising strategy results in contributing to post-racial ideologies that silence discussions about race/ethnicity and religion while allowing “law and order” rhetoric and policies to monitor Muslim immigrants’ movements through policing and surveillance. Factors Influencing Nutrition News Reporting Among Ghanaian Journalits • Augustine Botwe • The media in Ghana can play a significant role in informing the public about health issues. But in Ghana coverage of nutrition is low. The results of a cross-sectional survey of Ghanaian journalists (n=105) show that reporting on nutrition is influenced by gender, media dynamics, journalists’ health orientation and the three constructs of the theory of planned behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Partisanship, News Uses, and Political Attitudes in Ghana: An Application of the Communication Mediation Model • Abdul Wahab Gibrilu, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • "Past communication mediation studies have shown positive relationships between media uses and citizens political attitudes, but understanding the mechanisms underlying the relationship is limited because they often did not take into account the diverse affordances of the media uses and the environment it triggers effects. Using a national Afro-barometer survey (N = 2,400) in Ghana, the present study examined the relationship between media uses and a variety of citizens’ political attitudes and how such relationships are affected by partisanship. Based on series of regression analysis, findings showed that online news uses consistently predicted all levels of citizens political attitudes whilst traditional media use was only associated with citizens levels of presidential trust and confidence in government. When partisan differences were further examined, results showed that only online media uses by ruling party members exhibited direct effects on trust in president and democratic satisfaction. However, in all, traditional media uses based on ruling party support and no party members exhibited indirect effects on political attitudes. Oppositional members showed no effect. Global Coverage of COVID-19: Examining CNN and CCTV news in guiding public sentiments • Gregory Gondwe, University of Colorado-Boulder • This study set out to examine how CNN and CCTV news covered the COVID-2019 pandemic from December 2019 to February 2020. The aim was to investigate the role that the global mainstream media play in guiding public sentiments during a global pandemic impacting everyone across race, color, social status, and geographical boundaries. Comparative analyses suggest that both CNN and CCTV news were only partial in their coverage when reporting about themselves. When talking about each other, the two countries seemed to employ a problem-centered approach where stories focused on blame and the economic ramifications of the COVID-19. As CNN was being blamed for focusing on the social cost of the pandemic, CCTV news was equally blamed for the lack of transparency. Further findings suggest that both media failed to mediate the general public concerns about the coronavirus at a global level. In other words, both CNN and CCTV news failed to adopt a stabilizing role towards the panicking audience in the sense that they did not implement strategies of reassurance to the public in their reporting. * Extended Abstract * News framing in Bangladesh, India and British media: Bangladesh parliamentary election 2018 • Kazi Mehedi Hasan, University of Mississippi • After the abolition of the non-partisan caretaker government probation from the constitution, for the first time all opposition parties participated in the 2018 parliamentary election under a party government in Bangladesh. This study examines how the media of Bangladesh, India, and Britain framed the election and finds that election conspiracy, intimidation, and conflict frames are dominant in Bangladeshi and British media. Remarkably, Indian media abases intimidation and conflict but emphasizes on the game and economic frames. First-generation immigrants’ and sojourners’ susceptibility to disinformation • Solyee Kim, University of Georgia; Hyoyeon Jun • News consumption enhances the contact experience for first-generation immigrants and sojourners in their acculturation to the host culture. Using acculturation theory, this study explores interdisciplinary concepts. The authors argue that first-generation immigrants and sojourners’ level of the English proficiency, length of stay in the host culture and their news consumption impact their susceptibility to disinformation. As foreign-born residents make up close to 14% of the U.S. population, this study will provide meaningful insights. Cultural Identity of Post-Colonial South Koreans: Through the South Korean Boycott against Japan in 2019 • Jisoo Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Journalism and Mass Communication • The colonial history between South Korea and Japan as the once colonized and the once colonizing did not fade but continued to impact both nations. South Koreans nationwide boycott of 2019 against Japan engendered in this context. Through a critical discourse analysis on the news articles representation and online discussions concerning the boycott, the present study aimed at a better understanding of the cultural identities of post-colonial South Koreans that emerged amid the situation. Journalism in continuous circulation: appropriations of language and knowledge through independent circuits of information on Whatsapp • Eloisa Klein • The paper analyzes how information circuits external to journalism appropriate journalistic characteristics of language and knowledge to build their own audience and operating logic. We carried out a study of a network of 50 Whatsapp groups, in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, gathered under the name of News Hunters. We note the emphasis on the microlocal, as well as the predominance of a notion of factuality related to the interruption of regularity, in addition to an independent system of information mediation. Network Agenda Setting, Transnationalism and Territoriality: Chinese Diasporic Media in the United States • ZHI LIN, School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University; Ziyuan LI, Shanghai Jiaotong University • This study employs network agenda setting to explore transnationalism and territoriality between Chinese diasporic media, Chinese media and American media. Although Chinese and American media significantly influence Chinese diasporic media, influence of American media becomes non-significant after controlling Chinese media. Chinese media is influenced by American media because China is proactively responding to international media, during which its own agenda is set. Chinese media mediates agenda setting effects between American and Chinese diasporic media. China in Gilgit-Baltistan: A comparative analysis of Pakistani and Indian newspapers • Muhammad Masood, City University of Hong Kong • Gilgit-Baltistan is the only border region of Pakistan connected with China. India, however, claims Gilgit-Baltistan as an integral part of the Jammu and Kashmir dispute. Nonetheless, China is very active in Gilgit-Baltistan, such as in the form of various Chinese projects. Thus, Gilgit-Baltistan possesses both geographically essential and geopolitically controversial position in South Asia. This study analyzes news framing and discursive legitimation of two competing newspapers' coverages on "China in Gilgit-Baltistan" – Dawn and The Hindu. Framing Chinese Investment in Africa: Media Coverage in Africa, China, the United Kingdom, and United States of America • Frankline Matanji, University of Iowa • This study is grounded on framing theory to understand tones and frames adopted by media from Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, China, the United States, and United Kingdom in the coverage of Chinese investment in Africa, relying on news articles collected between 2013 and 2018. Results of this quantitative content analysis study indicate that each tone and generic frame was adopted with varying levels of intensity across the countries under study. Hashtag feminism and lifting the ban on Iranian female spectators. The case study of #BlueGirl • Fatemeh Shayesteh, University of Kansas • This study examined how Iranian women’s stadium ban is discussed by Twitter users with the hashtag #BlueGirl in Farsi and English. I used the feminist theory and the literature of hashtag feminism to analyze the tweets about the death of Sahar, a soccer fan who self-immolated to protest the stadium ban. Using the qualitative content analysis, I identified the emerging narratives and themes, including feminist themes from 600 analyzed tweets. Moderated Conditional Effects of Social Media Use, Political Discussion and Trust in Politics on Three Types of Political Participation: Cross-National Evidence • Yan Su; Xizhu Xiao • Anchored by the theoretical framework of the differential gains model, this study analyzes nationwide surveys from three Asian societies: Japan, Taiwan, and China, in terms of the moderated conditional effects of social media use, political discussion and trust in politics on contact participation, civic engagement and electoral participation. Results suggested that trust in politics was a significant predictor of electoral participation in all three societies, whereas social media use and political discussion had varying effects on different types of participation in different countries. The conventional differential gains model was partially confirmed in Japan and Taiwan, while it did not hold true in China. However, a significant moderated conditional effect emerged in China. This study extends the differential gains model into a moderated moderation model. Implications are discussed. Good Rohingyas, bad Rohingyas : How Rohingya narratives shifted in Bangladeshi media • Mushfique Wadud, University of Nevada, Reno • This study investigates how Rohingya refugees are framed in Bangladeshi media outlets. Rohingyas are ethnic and religious minorities in Myanmar’s Rakhine state facing persecution for the last few decades. Majority Rohingas fled to neighboring Bangladesh after a massive crackdown in Rakhine state in 2017. A total of 914,998 Rohingyas are now residing in refugee camps in Bangladesh (as of September 30, 2019). Built on framing theory and based on qualitative content analysis of 420 news stories and opinion pieces of five daily newspapers and two online news portals, the study first examines dominant frames used by Bangladeshi news outlets on Rohingya refugees. The study then goes on to investigate frame variation over time. It also investigates whether framings vary based on character of the news outlets and their ideologies. Findings show that frames vary over time and tabloid and online news outlets are more hostile towards refugees than quality newspapers. The study also finds that right wing news outlets are pro-refugees in Rohingya case. This might be due to Rohingya’s Muslim identity. Depicting the mediated emotion flow: The super-spreaders of emotions during COVID-19 on Weibo • Jingjing Yi, School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Jiayu Qu, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Wanjiang Zhang, School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • This study collected two million posts and reposts regarding COVID-19 on Weibo. Emotion analysis and social network analysis were used to examine mediated emotion flow by comparing it with information flow. Results indicated that both the emotion and information flow presents a multi-layer mode, while the emotion network has a higher transmission efficiency; Officially verified accounts are more likely to become super-spreaders of emotions; Good emotions were predominant but isolated from others in online discussions. Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition Saudi Women Take the Wheel: A Content Analysis of How Saudi Arabian Car Companies Reached Women on Social Media • Khalid Alharbi, University of South Carolina; Kelli Boling, University of South Carolina; Carol Pardun, University of South Carolina • This study explored how automobile companies in Saudi Arabia used Twitter to market to women after the government lifted the ban on women driving. The study examined these 184 tweets and the 92 advertisements embedded in them using both quantitative and qualitative methodology. The results suggest that auto companies were supportive of women and presented them as more independent and authoritative than has historically been considered typical for Saudi Arabia. Women refugees’ media usage: Overcoming information precarity and housing precarity in Hamburg, Germany • Miriam Berg, Northwestern University in Qatar • This study examines how women refugees in Hamburg, Germany, of whom many arrived either as minors with their family members or as unaccompanied minors (now young adults), have managed to overcome information precarity experienced as a result of limited and/or restricted access to the internet and/or traditional media. This study also examines whether the forced migration and constantly changing living conditions these women have experienced, from mass emergency shelters to refugee accommodation and youth flats (and for some, a return back to refugee accommodation), have impacted their media usage. Findings from 32 semi-structured interviews with refugee women originating from various countries (Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Eritrea, Syria, and Turkey) have shown that their overall perception of precarity was amplified by limited internet access. Yet, refugee women were actively seeking to overcome this precarity and were extremely resilient and resourceful in finding ways to access the internet so as to utilize various digital media and information and communication technologies tools. Despite the fact that this study does not exclusively focus on mobile phone use, the findings indicate in particular that mobile phones represent a lifeline for refugee women and are seen as being as vital to their everyday lives as food or shelter. Perpetual dependency syndrome: Journalism and mass communication education in Pakistan • David Bockino; Amir Ilyas, University of the Punjab • Utilizing the theoretical foundation of new institutionalism, this study explores journalism and mass communication education in Pakistan. Anchored by interviews across five programs in the city of Lahore, the study identifies key moments and people in the trajectory of these programs, explores the current connection between these programs and the larger journalism and mass communication organizational field, and examines why many educators within these Pakistani programs feel so constrained by the supranational institutional environment. After the Revolution: Tunisian Journalism Students and a News Media in Transition • Brian J. Bowe, Western Washington University; Carolyn Nielsen, Western Washington University; Arwa Kooli, L’Institut de Presse et des Sciences de l’Information; Rafia Somai, L’Institut de Presse et des Sciences de l’Information; Joe Gosen, Western Washington University • A decade after the Jasmine Revolution ushered in the Arab Spring, Tunisia remains a bright spot for democratic reform and press freedom in the region. However, this transition is still tentative, and the reforms remain fragile. This study examines Tunisian journalism students (N=193) to understand their motivations for earning a degree in the field and how they conceptualize journalism’s role in society. By studying the extent to which future Tunisian journalists understand their professional roles as protectors of democratic values, we may gain a glimpse into how they are internalizing the lessons of the revolution. The results of this survey showed that students emphasized social responsibility motivations for studying journalism. Participants most strongly valued the role of journalists in promoting tolerance and cultural diversity, educating the audience, letting people express their views, reporting things as they are, and supporting national development. These results suggest that Tunisian students view their work as assuming monitorial and interventionist roles. Finally, they have mixed views about social media’s impact on journalism. Survival in an Online-First Era: Exploring Social Media’s Effects on Indian Journalism & Resultant Challenges • Dhiman Chattopadhyay, Shippensburg University • With greater access to technology, countries in the so-called Global South are increasingly using social media platforms such as Twitter, WhatsApp and Facebook as a major source of breaking news. This study conducts a first-of-its-kind pan-Indian study of Indian journalists to examine how social media’s ability to break news first has affected journalistic practices in the world’s most populated democracy. In-depth interviews were conducted with 18 senior editors at some of the country’s largest newspapers, magazines, TV channels and websites to understand editors’ own perspectives about how social media have affected gatekeeping practices, resultant challenges, and the way forward. Findings indicate Indian journalists face unique challenges because of the multi-lingual, multi-ethnic, multi-caste structure of the nation, and differences in politico-economic structure of the media industry also results in a different understanding of the Gatekeeping function and the Hierarchy of Influences Model. Implications are discussed. How Public Deliberation Happens in an Unlikely Place:A Case Study on Ghana’s Deliberative Poll • Kaiping Chen, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Empowering ordinary citizens with the capacity to deliberate is a core issue in science communication. Despite growing deliberative practices in developed nations, it is significantly less understood how public deliberation can happen among impoverished populations who lack formal education in developing countries. This paper studied a case of a well-designed deliberation method, Deliberative Poll, in Tamale, Ghana. I examined how scientific expertise was used, the type of arguments raised, and the quality of people’s dialogues by analyzing thousands of speech acts from deliberation transcripts and the information material provided to participants. I found that in a well-designed deliberation environment, scientific expertise is well represented. Marginalized populations had thoughtful discussions on complex policy issues. Local policymakers even considered their opinions. This paper contributes to our understanding of how to effectively foster public deliberation among marginalized populations and systematically measure the nuances of scientific expertise and public reasoning on science Cinema and the ethnic divide: Contemporary representations of Mexico and Mexicans in Hollywood Films • Gabriel Dominguez Partida, Texas Tech University; Hector Rendon, Texas Tech University • "Cinema produced in a country exhibits values and traits of the local culture. It also personifies members of out-groups seen as the other, portrayed with a series of particular characteristics easily distinguishable by the domestic audience. However, the preponderance of Hollywood’s products in the international film markets makes their representations more influential. The majority of its films depict the dominance of the white culture from a heroic and superior perspective about others. In the case of Mexico and Mexicans, Hollywood films present the country and its inhabitants in a disadvantageous position. Nevertheless, previous studies indicate that the image of a lawless land plagued with bandits has gradually changed to a more positive one since NAFTA. This representation is vital as films contribute to developing an identity, and if these images present negative attributes, people tend to reject their own culture. Hence, this study consists of a content analysis of 39 scripts from Hollywood films produced from 2000 to 2019 to analyze how they describe Mexico and Mexicans, the prevalence of negative and positive depictions, and how the incorporation of Mexican characters and Mexico as the central location influence these representations. Results suggest that a negative image of Mexico has been perpetuated in those films, relating the country and its inhabitants as dangerous, inferior, and primitive in comparison with the U.S. However, when productions include Mexican characters among the protagonists a tendency exists to reduce the negative image of the nation and its residents." Circling the Paradigmatic Wagons: A Comparative Analysis of Journalistic Paradigm Defense. • Lyombe Eko; Cassandra Hayes • This article explores, describes, and explains, the concept of journalistic paradigm defense from a comparative, international perspective, using as case studies a number of “mediatized meta-events,” problematic situations, and crises that posed perceived existential threats to the journalistic paradigm– or the freedom of speech and of the press on which it is grounded–in a number of jurisdictions. This analysis was carried out within the framework of journalism as a paradigm, a way of seeing, organizing and representing reality. When this paradigm is threatened, journalists from different cultural geographies of freedom of expression rise to defend it. Understanding Latin American Data Journalism: Open-Coding Culture, Transparency, and Investigative Reporting • Maria Isabel Magaña, Universidad de La Sabana; Víctor García-Perdomo, Universidad de La Sabana • This study analyzes how Latin American reporters understand data journalism according to their social contexts, how they make sense of digital technologies and how technical artifacts (tools, data, software) shape their journalistic values and practices. Results show that reporters understand data journalism as a hybrid between investigative journalism and open-source culture. They value transparency over other traditional journalistic values, which creates activism towards open data, access and freedom of information. The vox-pop, the victim and the active citizen: A Content Analysis of Citizen Sources in Non-Western International Broadcasting in Spanish • Miriam Hernandez, CSUDH; Dani Madrid-Morales, University of Houston • This study examines the salience of citizen sources, its news functions and its relationship to foreign policy objectives in three international State broadcasters: Iran’s HispanTV, Russia’s RT and China’s CGTN Español. Through a content analysis of news stories broadcasted in 2014 and 2017 (N = 1,265), results indicate the representation of ordinary sources follows well-known news functions (vox-pop, exemplars and active agents), but they also strategically respond to foreign policy interests. Implications and differences among broadcasters are discussed. Have a Seat! How Digital-native News Organization in Colombia Built Consensus on the Topic of Venezuela Through Social Media • Vanessa HIggins Joyce, Texas State University • Correlation of different segments of society is a major function of mass media. However, little is known about how consensus building works in the networked, digital environment and in Latin America. This study tested the premise on a social media page from a digital-native news organization in Colombia, on the salient issue of Venezuela. It found support for consensus building between men and women (rs=.76, n=10, p<.05) on substantive attributes of the issue of Venezuela. * Extended Abstract * Extended abstract: Blaming Others: Stigmas Related to COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia and Malaysia • Ika Idris, Universitas Paramadina; Nuurrianti Jalli, Universiti Teknologi Mara • This study investigates the stigmas formed around the COVID-19 through Twitter conversations in Indonesia and Malaysia. We collected 450,000 tweets related to the COVID-19 and analyzed 6,932 using quantitative content analysis. We found that the central stigma in Indonesia was 'labeling' while in Malaysia, it was 'responsibility' of a religious group amid the pandemic. Although differing primary stigmas, conversations in both countries inclined to blame on other actors as the cause of the pandemic. * Extended Abstract * Extended Abstract: The Marriage of Inconvenience: An Exploratory Analysis of Media Convergence in Pakistan • Muhammad Ittefaq, University of Kansas; Ammar Malik Sheikh, Mashable Pakistan; Waqas Ejaz; Muhammad Yousaf, University of Gujrat; Shahira S Fahmy, The American University in Cairo • Based on the hierarchy of influence model and the diffusion of innovation theory, we explore perceptions on media convergence in Pakistan’s media industry and its socio-economic impact on journalists’ work and routines. Our study of in-depth interviews with Pakistani journalists, contribute to the growing literature on media convergence. It, therefore, will allow for a deeper understanding of the various aspects of modern (converged) journalism, specifically the challenges and opportunities of multimedia in the developing world. Sakazuki, Kodokushi: Website Depictions of Japanese Seniors in the World’s Grayest Society • Hong Ji; Anne Cooper-Chen, Ohio u; Tomoko Kanayama; Eiko Gilliford • This study analyzed 355 images, including 167 elders and 136 staffers, who appeared in photographs taken at Japanese senior living facilities. The marketing-oriented websites showed primarily healthy, joyful-looking elders, 64.7% female and 35.3% male; 93.4% are pictured with others, and 21.0% are in wheelchairs. Results supported the universalism and endurance of Maslow’s (1954) Hierarchy of Needs and Hofstede’s (2001) Dimensions of Cultural Variability. The study partly redresses the dearth of research in English on Japan. Perceptions of refugees in their home countries and abroad: A content analysis of la caravana migrante/the migrant caravan in Central America and the United States • Linda Jean Kenix, University of Canterbury; Jorge Freddy Bolanos Lopez, University of Canterbury • In October 2018, a group of Honduran citizens announced that they would walk towards the American South border looking to be allowed entry into the United States. This research asks how media in five Central American countries and that of several states in The United States covered these refugees during what was called ‘the migrant caravan.’ Any mediated differences found can translate to very real consequences for how these refugees are viewed in their home countries and in the country that they are moving towards. Repeated media imagery can form ideology and culture within a nation state. This research is important as these mediated representations can then form how refugees are treated, both in policy and through interpersonal interactions. Innocence Killed: Framing of Visual Propaganda in the Recruitment, Radicalization and Desensitization of the Children of ISIS • Flora Khoo; William Brown • Millions of children living in the Islamic State have witnessed senseless violence as part of their daily lives and are targeted by ISIS for recruitment. This study examines the appeals ISIS uses to recruit children. Based on a quantitative content analysis of 22 ISIS child propaganda videos, results illuminate how the narrative of the glorification of heaven attracts potential martyrs and how families form a key part of the narratives used to recruit children. Lone Wolf or Islamic State: A Content Analysis of Global News Verbal Framing of Terrorist Acts • ASHLEY LARSON • Scholars have identified the mass media plays a crucial role in the dissemination of terror messages. Since the attacks of September 11th, 2001, much attention has been paid to terrorism in the global television landscape. More recently, the discourse surrounding acts of terror has changed, due in part to the people behind the attacks. This study seeks to understand how global television news broadcasts verbally frame acts of terror based on two current threats: the individual terrorist (the Lone Wolf) and the organized group (the Islamic State). Findings indicate global news has strong similarities of the verbal framing of terrorist attacks, regardless of the classification of the attacker. Winning Hearts and Minds Through Cuisine: Public Diplomacy and Singapore’s Bid for UNESCO Intangible Heritage Recognition • Seow Ting Lee, University of Colorado Boulder; Hun Shik Kim, University of Colorado at Boulder • "Food represents a common ground for all, enabling nation states to use gastrodiplomacy to build tangible and emotional transnational connections with foreign publics through food. This paper examines middle power Singapore’s national and international campaigns to inscribe its hawker culture through UNESCO’s List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Singapore’s UNESCO bid is motivated by a desire, in collaboration with non-state actors, to strengthen the value and standing of its nation brand through food." A Case Study of Foreign Correspondents’ Use of Twitter during the 2019 Hong Kong Protests • LUWEI ROSE LUQIU; Shuning Lu, North Dakota State University • Technological innovation has altered the power balance among journalists, news media outlets, and audiences. Twitter, for instance, has provided journalists with new opportunities to disseminate unedited content directly to the public, thus exercising freedom of press at the individual level. Informed by scholarship on journalistic normalization and news engagement, the research described here examined the sourcing, content, and engagement on Twitter among 20 foreign correspondents from Western legacy media during the 2019 anti-extradition bill protests in Hong Kong. The analysis of this case study shows that these journalists interacted more with other journalists than with members of the general public, and also that they were more engaged in sharing factual information than in self-branding. Further, while few of the journalists’ tweets contained their personal opinion, these non-factual tweets generated more likes, comments, and retweets than those factual ones. This finding is significant because the expression of personal opinions can increase the transparency of reporting as well as engagement between journalists and their audiences. A profound implication of the findings presented here is that news outlets and journalists should rethink the relationship between objectivity and transparency in the networked environment. The Cross-Culture Selfie Study: Exploring the Difference between Chinese and American Motivations for Taking and Sharing Selfies on Social Media • Yuanwei Lyu, The University of Alabama; Steven Holiday, The University of Alabama • Based on the cultural dimension framework, this study explores the motives for taking and posting selfies on social media in different cultural contexts. While cultural dimensions have been widely applied to understanding communication practices, a question remains concerning whether Hofstede’s (1994) original cultural aspects are still applicable in undergoing societies. Using the data collected from the United States and China, this research seeks to examine the differences and commonalities in motivations for taking and sharing selfies between these two technologically-progressive countries. The findings will validate past scholarship on the uses and gratifications (U&G) of selfies, but also provide support for the global online culture. Dialectics of Complexity: A Five-Country Examination of Perceptions of Social Media Platforms • Gina M. Masullo, School of Journalism, The University of Texas at Austin; Martin Riedl, University of Texas at Austin; Ori Tenenboim, School of Journalism, The University of Texas at Austin • This study examined people’s lived experiences with social media through 10 focus groups across five countries: Brazil, Germany, Malaysia, South Africa, and the United States. Findings demonstrate that social media make people’s lives less complex, but this belies heightened complexity as they negotiate four paradoxes when using social media. We describe these as dialectics between: convenience versus safety, helpful versus unreliable information, meaningful versus wasted time, and feeling better using platforms versus feeling worse. Press Freedom in East Africa: Perceptions from journalists in Rwanda, Uganda and Kenya • Karen McIntyre, Virginia Commonwealth University; Meghan Sobel Cohen • This cross-national comparative survey sought to understand how journalists in three East African countries — Rwanda, Uganda and Kenya — perceive their press freedom, what factors influence that freedom, as well as how accurately they view international press freedom rankings. Among other findings, the data revealed that journalists in all three countries reported similar threats to press freedom, with fear of government retaliation and repressive national laws as the factors that most influence freedom in the region. Negotiating a digital self: Journalists' use of Twitter and Instagram • Claudia Mellado; Amaranta Alfaro • Based on face-to-face, in-depth interviews with 31 Chilean journalists from national TV, radio, print, and online media, this study explores how they negotiate their identities and media use on Twitter and Instagram. The results suggest that, overall, Chilean journalists use Twitter and Instagram to stay informed, report the news, engage in branding activities, and interact with their audiences, expanding the scope of their work to include new professional roles and allow for the emergence of different but not mutually exclusive digital selves. Nevertheless, important differences were found based on the platform used and the journalists’ own perception of which practices are valid and important. Specifically, three groups were identified. While we found strong patterns of a reinterpretation of journalistic practices by normalizing some traditional functions into social media, which is represented by the “adapted”; we also found clear elements of redefinition of the journalistic work, represented by the “redefiners.” They disrupt traditional norms merging their different selves in both platforms, and use their accounts differently to target specific audiences. We also identified a group of journalists who resist the idea of mixing their professional work with social media practices, remaining “skeptical” to changes. Whose News to Trust? Presidential Approval and Media Trust in the U.S. and Russia • Kelsey Mesmer, Wayne State University; Elizabeth Stoycheff • Trust in journalism has declined around the world. This study employs a comparative survey of two divergent political systems - the United States and Russia - to better understand eroding faith in their media institutions. We hypothesize that these declines have occurred, in no small part, as a result of support for authoritative political leadership that seeks to control the national news narrative. Survey results indicated a negative relationship between American citizens’ trust of national news media and support for U.S. President Donald Trump, and a positive relationship between Russian citizens’ trust of national news media and Russian President Vladimir Putin. We situate these findings in the context of each country’s media system. * Extended Abstract * Cross-media Use in Civic Engagement : The Hybridity of Collective, Connective, and Individual Actions in Politics • Hailey Hyun-kyung Oh; Yoon Jae Jang; So Eun Lee • This research aims to explore the impacts of cross-media use for news upon political participation in the context of South Korea. Studies have shown that, under new media environment, people use a group of media for news and political information (Pew Research, 2008; Kang, & Kim, 2010; Dubois, & Blank, 2018; Newman, Fletcher, Kalogeropoulos, & Nielsen, 2019). The constellation of news media individuals draw for their daily news consumption was also identified as media repertoire (Van Rees & Van Eijck, 2003; Ksiazek, 2011; Yuan, 2011; Kim, 2014). Cross-media audience is a heterogeneous group that can be fragmented depending on what kind of media they use as the major source for news. The increasing cross-media audience reflects people are more likely to blend traditional and new media for consuming news, and this hybridity in media repertoire is also relevant to various political activities, from individual to collective actions leading to transnational-level social movements (Chadwick, 2013; Chadwick, O’Loughlin, & Vaccari, 2017). Assuming that political actions, encouraged by news media, vary across platforms—that is, a certain type of media platform encourages individual actions while others motivate more collective actions, or connective ones—this study identifies the audience using more than two types of news media among five, i.e. newspapers, television, radio, magazine, and the Internet, and categorizes this cross-media audience based on their media repertoire. After categorizing each type of cross-media audience, its demographic characteristics is identified respectively. Lastly, how this hybridity of media use influence civic engagement is tested. Blurring the lines between fiction and reality: Framing the Ukrainian presidency in the political situation comedy Servant of the People • Nataliya Roman; Berrin Beasley; John Parmelee • This study examines presidential framing in the Ukrainian sitcom Servant of the People, which helped Ukrainian comedian and political novice Volodymyr Zelenskyy win the presidency in 2019. Building upon research into fictional framing (Holbert et al., 2005; Mulligan & Habel, 2011) and political satire verite (Conway, 2016), this study analyzes the roles and character traits of Vasiliy Goloborodko, a fictional Ukrainian president played by Zelenskyy. The findings expand framing theory to include fictional political leaders in sitcoms and provide insight into the role the comedy played in Zelenskyy’s historic presidential victory. * Extended Abstract * Extended Abstract: Networking (with Other) Crises: Translating the Refugee Crisis into Advocacy for the Roma • Adina Schneeweis, Oakland University • This article is a study of advocacy communication and the ideological translation of plight. It examines how activism for Europe’s largest minority group, the Roma (Gypsies), connects to, builds upon, borrows from, and distances itself from, the migrant refugee crisis that gripped Europe in the mid-2010s. Through discourse analysis of advocacy texts published by European NGOs between 2014 and 2018, the study concludes that advocacy discourses build a clear case that connects the plight of the Roma to the refugee crisis, through humanitarian appeals, highlighting the affinity of vulnerability, and by amplifying the crisis to shed light on the needs of Roma communities. Competing Frames on Social Media: Analysis of English and Farsi Tweets on Iran Plane Crash • Hyunjin Seo, University of Kansas; Fatemeh Shayesteh, University of Kansas • This study conducted content analysis and word co-occurrence network analysis of tweets about the Ukraine plane crash in Iran in 2020 to analyze differences between English tweets and Farsi tweets in framing and discussing the major international event. Results from our computational analysis and human coding of the tweets show important differences and similarities between English tweets and Farsi tweets in terms of prominent frames and frequently co-occurring word pairs. News and the neoliberal order: How transnational discourse structures national identities and asymmetries of power • Saif Shahin, American University • Comparing 15 years of news coverage of international aid from two donor nations (United States and Britain) and two receiver nations (India and Pakistan), this study makes three arguments. The dynamic between nationalist identification and transnational discourse is dialectical. This dynamic reinforces asymmetries of power, privileging some nations as superior while making others complicit in their subordination. Finally, newsmaking and foreign policymaking are mutually constitutive social phenomena—both reproduce a shared conception of national identity. * Extended Abstract * Influencer Engagement With Chinese Audiences: The Role of Language • Zihang E; Ziyuan Zhang, The Pennsylvania State University; Ryan Tan, Penn State University; Olivia Reed, The Pennsylvania State University; Heather Shoenberger, The Pennsylvania State University • With the rise of platforms such as YouTube and TikTok influencers are seeking to increase their view-counts and spheres of influence globally. This study examines the differences in perception by a Mandarin speaking audience of beauty vlogs created in English and Mandarin on parasocial interaction with the influencer, perceived homophily, perceived authenticity, self-truth of the influencer, and purchase intent variables. Results will add insights to the area of influencers looking to communicate to international audiences. Global Economy, Regional Bloc, National Interests: ASEAN Coverage in Philippine Broadsheets • Nathaniel Melican, City, University of London; Jane B. Singer, City, University of London • Let’s face it: Regional economic blocs are not inherently compelling, leaving journalists who cover them to search for frames to attract the attention of editors and audiences. This study draws on a content analysis of stories about the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, plus interviews with Filipino journalists, to understand the nature of the information citizens receive – which focuses largely on national interests rather than broader ones -- and the rationale for generating it. * Extended Abstract * Health Misinformation in Kenya • Melissa Tully, University of Iowa; Kevin Mudavadi; David Biwott, USIU-Africa • The global spread of misinformation on social media and chat apps has led to increased interest of this phenomenon. Drawing on interviews with Kenyan adults, this study explores Kenyans’ exposure and response to health misinformation to provide much-needed data from the Global South. Findings suggest that health misinformation is prevalent and participants respond by looking for multiple sources of information. Although, when exposed to a misinformation exemplar, many were quick to accept it as “fact.” * Extended Abstract * Syrian Armenian Refugees in Armenia: Social Cohesion and Information Practices • Melissa Wall, California State University - Northridge • This paper is based on interviews carried out in the spring of 2019 in Armenia with Syrian Armenian refugees who fled to their ancestral homeland due to the Syrian civil war. UNHCR officials and NGO personnel were also interviewed. The project examines the ways the refugees’ information practices – both via social media and interpersonally – can create opportunities to overcome information precarity and experience different forms of social cohesion in their new home. Overseas Media, Homeland Audiences: Examining Determinants of News Making in Deutsche Welle’s Amharic Service • Tewodros Workneh, Kent State University • In the absence of credible news outlets, Germany’s public international broadcaster Deutsche Welle’s (DW) has been one of the few foreign-based radio stations that successfully withstood the Ethiopian government’s crackdown on non-state-owned media. This study examines determinants of journalism practice and newsroom culture in DW’s Amharic Service. By adopting an analytical framework of ideological, geographic, and audience-generated determinants of news making, it charts homeland and host challenges that constrain journalistic autonomy in DW Amharic’s newsroom. Social media, protest, & outrage communication in Ethiopia: Toward fractured publics or pluralistic polity? • Tewodros Workneh, Kent State University • In 2018, Ethiopia experienced a tectonic political shift following the culmination of years of public outcry against the ruling party, Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). Protest groups, predominantly organized along ethnic identification, have used social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter to disseminate strategies, recruit members, and galvanize support. Anchored on theories of collective identity and moral outrage, this study investigates the role of social media platforms in mobilizing Ethiopians toward political reform during the protest and post-protest periods. Data generated from a mixed method approach consisting of an online survey and interviews indicate social media platforms played a crucial role by drawing Ethiopian youth to participate in political discourse, empowering formerly marginalized groups to influence policy, and fostering ingroup cultural/political cohesion. However, evidence indicates participation opportunities created by social media platforms also brought apprehension including the rise of outrage communication as manifested by hate speech, political extremism, incitement of violence, and misinformation. I argue, in the context of a polity embodying highly heterogeneous and contested nationalisms—ethnic or otherwise—such as Ethiopia, social media platforms increase ingroup political participation but chronically diminish outgroup engagement. I conclude by discussing the limitations of regulating social media content through legislation. Furthermore, I highlight the need to integrate media and information literacy into education curricula as a long-term, sustainable solution to Ethiopia’s digital dilemma. Predicting the Relationships among Country Animosity, Attitudes toward, Product Judgment about, and Intention to Consume Foreign Cultural Products • KENNETH C. C. YANG, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO; YOWEI KANG, NATIONAL TAIWAN OCEAN UNIVERSITY • This study employs the marketing concept of country animosity to study Taiwanese audience’s consumption of foreign cultural products from China and South Korea. This study uses a survey to collect data from 763 participants living in Taiwan, a democratic island with cultural, historical, and political relationships with these two countries. Linear regression analyses find that country animosity is an important predictor of how Taiwanese viewers judge Chinese television dramas, but less useful in predicting their judgment of South Korean television dramas. Overall, country animosity also explains intention to watch Chinese television dramas and offer partial support to intention to watch South Korean television dramas. Results conclude that predictive power of country animosity and its sub-dimensions depends on existing geo-political and historical relationships between Taiwan and China, as well as Taiwan and South Korea. This study concludes with theoretical implications and managerial recommendations to promote cultural products to audiences with different cultural, historical, and political background. Transcending Third-Person Effects of Foreign Media in the US: The Effect of Media Nationality and Message Context on TPE and Support for Restrictions • Yicheng Zhu, Beijing Normal University; Anan Wan, Kansas State University • This study examines how social identities can transcend given distinct message contexts of foreign persuasion, and lead to support for restriction of foreign media in the US through TPE. With a US voter quota sample (N = 856), our results indicate that when foreign persuasion happened in a US-identity-provoking context, partisan differences in TPE are remedied. Moreover, the study found foreign media creates more TPE than domestic media. Within the category of foreign media, a friendly ally is perceived to have more effect on both self and others. <2020 Abstracts]]> 20120 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/icig-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 23:29:34 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20122 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20122 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/lawp-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 23:34:35 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20125 Debut Faculty Paper Competition Clinical Journalism Education: Legal and Ethical Implications of Faculty-Led Reporting Laboratories • Kathleen Culver, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Frank LoMonte • More U.S. journalism schools are launching, or becoming partners in, sophisticated news-gathering operations. Operating a news outlet within the confines of an educational institution presents unique challenges and unanswered questions. This research explores how journalism educators who lead courses that publish publicly conceptualize their roles with regard to legal and ethical issues. It covers the issues that most commonly confront these instructors and highlights concerns that educators may be overlooking. A Public Good: Can Government Really Save the Press? • Patrick Walters, Kutztown University of Pennsylvania • This paper examines calls over the past decade for increased public investment in the floundering U.S. news industry (for example, McChesney & Nichols, 2010; Pickard, 2020). The paper uses both a First Amendment theoretical perspective and a political economy lens to examine the feasibility of such public solutions. It argues that, while the need for such investment is even more dire today, current political and economic realities make such a solution little more than fantasy. Open Competition Right to Know About the Right to Stay: Access to Information About American Immigration Courts • Jonathan Anderson, University of Minnesota • This paper reports the results of an analysis of FOIA logs from immigration courts in the United States. Two primary questions were asked: What are the characteristics of FOIA requests for immigration court records? To what extent do journalists use FOIA to gather information about immigration courts and cases? The study estimates that lawyers were the most active requesters, followed by journalists. The findings also shed light on how journalists use FOIA. Policy Liberalism and Access to Information in the American States • Jonathan Anderson, University of Minnesota; David Pritchard, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee • In theory, access to information is neither liberal nor conservative. This study empirically tests that assumption and finds that in practice legal rights of access to public records tend to be greater in states with higher levels of policy liberalism. The findings are the latest evidence in a growing body of research that suggests more attention should be paid to understanding policy liberalism’s role in protecting the free flow of information. A Prophet Without Honor: William Ernest Hocking and Freedom of the Press • Stephen Bates, University of Nevada, Las Vegas • Freedom of the Press: A Framework of Principle (1947), by Harvard philosopher William Ernest Hocking, is one of the books sponsored by the Commission on Freedom of the Press, also known as the Hutchins Commission. In First Amendment literature and case law, it has gotten scarcely any attention. The neglect is unsurprising in some respects. The book is abstract and theoretical, with little mention of case law. It is also meandering, discursive, repetitive, and self-contradictory. Hocking himself called it “long, schematic, and frequently tedious.” Yet for those who make the effort, the book is remarkably prescient. It prefigures Alexander Meiklejohn’s self-government theory and his town-meeting model of public deliberation, Amitai Etzioni’s communitarian political philosophy, Isaiah Berlin’s dual theories of liberty, Owen M. Fiss’s application of the positive First Amendment to regulate the news media, and the works of many media scholars. For all its flaws, Hocking’s Freedom of the Press is a classic. When Is a First Amendment Case Not a First Amendment Case? • Clay Calvert, University of Florida • This paper analyzes the United States Supreme Court’s 2019 decision in Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck. Specifically, it concentrates on how the justices divided five-to-four along lines of perceived political ideologies in both: 1) selecting different rules to analyze the issues before them, and 2) reaching opposite conclusions about the outcome of the case. In brief, choosing different rules regarding the state-action doctrine issue led the conservative and liberal blocs to reach counterposed conclusions on the First Amendment speech question. The paper suggests, in turn, that the outcomes reached by both sides comport with broad-brush stereotypes about the intersection between free expression and the danger that big government purportedly poses to individual liberties. The End of the Affair: Can the Relationship Between Journalists and Sources Survive? • Anthony Fargo, indiana University • Prosecutions for leaking classified information to the press have increased dramatically since the start of the Obama administration. Journalists are rarely subpoenaed to identify their sources now because investigators identify leakers through phone, e-mail, and messaging app records. Common sense and anecdotal evidence suggest sources will be less willing to come forward under current conditions. News organizations should adopt ethical and limited legal obligations to help accused leakers or face the loss of important sources. Challenges to the Conventional Wisdom About Mergers and Consumer Welfare in a Converging Internet Marketplace • Rob Frieden, Penn State University, Bellisario College of Communications • This paper identifies substantial flaws in how U.S. government agencies and courts assess the impact of proposed mergers by firms operating using broadband networks to reach consumers. Using current market definitions, consumer impact assessments and economic doctrine, antitrust enforcement agencies may fail to identify the risk of harm to consumers and competition, a so-called false negative. In recent years, the Department of Justice, Federal Communications Commission and Federal Trade Commission, individually and collectively, have assessed the competitive consequences of numerous multi-billion dollar acquisitions and have conditionally approved almost all of them. These agencies appear predisposed to favor deals that involve vertical integration between market segments, based on an assumption that short term consumer welfare gains would exceed any potential competitive harms. The paper determines that reviewing government agencies appear too willing to extend current assumptions about how “bricks and mortar” markets work to transactions occurring via broadband networks. By “fighting the last war,” these agencies fail to identify new risks to consumer welfare, particularly by ventures operating in multiple markets that do not readily fit into the conventional assessment of mutually exclusive vertical and horizontal “food chains.” The paper concludes that recent and future Internet acquisitions have a much greater likelihood of generating legitimate concerns about competitive and consumer harms, particularly as markets become ever more concentrated and often dominated by a single firm. There’s Probably a Blackout in Your Television Future: Tracking New Carriage Negotiation Strategies Between Video Content Programmers and Distributors • Rob Frieden, Penn State University, Bellisario College of Communications; Krishna Jayakar, Penn State Bellisario College of Communications; Eun-A Park, Western Colorado University • This paper explains how changes in the video marketplace have triggered changes in strategies used by pay television operators seeking permission to deliver broadcast television and pay television content to cable and satellite subscribers. When video programmers and so-called Multichannel Video Programming Distributors (“MVPDs”) fail to reach closure on a new contract for carriage, MVPDs must “blackout” the content thereby triggering immediate consumer anger. This paper refutes conclusions made by reviewing courts, which approved AT&T’s acquisition of Time Warner, largely on grounds that AT&T would lack the ability and incentive to trigger blackouts even while controlling “must see” content such as HBO and CNN. MVPDs, do not operate as common carriers, such as public utilities, but nevertheless bear legal rights and responsibilities, predicated on marketplace conditions necessitating regulatory support for television broadcasters. Laws and regulations by the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) now appear to be based on contestable assumptions about the public interest value in promoting local programming by offering broadcasters the option of mandatory carriage by MVPDs (“must carry”) in exchange for relinquishing demands for financial compensation. The paper concludes that ventures, such as AT&T and Comcast, have enhanced negotiating power in light of their ability to trigger blackouts as both as content providers and MVPDs. Judicial assumptions that numerous and lengthy blackouts cannot occur do not appear viable when consumers can access video content from more suppliers, including new Over the Top sources like Netflix, and major MVPDs can offer wired and wireless broadband access options. * Extended Abstract * Meiklejohn, Absolutism and Hate Speech • W. Wat Hopkins, Department of Communication, VIrginia Tech • Hate speech is generally thought to be protected by the First Amendment because it does not fall into one of the classic categories of unprotected speech identified by the Supreme Court. Alexander Meiklejohn advanced the proposition, however, that only speech of self-governing importance is worthy of such protection, and the Court has adopted that position. This paper examines the proposition that hate speech, by default, is not protected by the First Amendment. Traditional but Open: Research Paradigms in Communications Law, 2010-2019 • Brett Johnson, University of Missouri; Leslie Klein; Jeremiah Fuzy, Missouri School of Journalism • Communications law scholarship is diverse, employing various theories and methods across distinct paradigms. This paper relies on multiple points of empirical data to examine trends in communications law research from 2010 to 2019. Findings suggest that communications law research remains very theoretically and methodologically traditional, with social scientific perspectives in the distinct minority. Nevertheless, communications law research remains open to perspectives from scholars “outside” of the field. "What are anti-disinformation laws for? - Analyzing anti-disinformation laws from an “information disorder” perspective" • Wei-ping Li, University of Maryland • Over the past years, many countries have enacted laws to fight against disinformation. This paper examines the laws from the perspective of information production. By using the elements extracted from the “information disorder” framework developed by Claire Wardle and Hossein Derakhshan, this paper assesses recently enacted anti-disinformation regulations in Germany, France, and Singapore. It further discusses whether the laws could contribute to the battle against disinformation or would conversely suppress freedom of expression. * Extended Abstract * Extended Abstract: Virtual assemblies: Exploring problems of private spaces and press protections • Jonathan Peters, University of Georgia • The U.N. Human Rights Committee is currently drafting an authoritative interpretation of a treaty provision guaranteeing the right of peaceful assembly. This paper explores how the provision might be interpreted to protect virtual assemblies, with a focus on two discrete issues raised by the Committee’s latest draft: (a) the nature of assembly and expressive rights in private spaces, and (b) the role of journalists in documenting and reporting on virtual assemblies. Free Papers and Free Speech: Home Delivered Free Newspapers as Litter • Eric Robinson, University of South Carolina • As newspapers attempt to survive as viable businesses, many are purchasing or creating free community papers. Such papers are often delivered door-to-door, leading to resident complaints that have led municipalities to enact ordinances limiting such distribution. Most courts have held these ordinances unconstitutional, but a recent decision by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals reached a contrary result. This paper explores this issue and recommends solutions to balance the First Amendment and residents’ concerns. * Extended Abstract * Restoring Access to Information – Can the U.S. Learn From Other Countries? • Amy Kristin Sanders, University of Texas at Austin; William Kosinski • The Supreme Court’s Food Marketing Institute v. Argus Leader Media decision – as well as decisions permitting third-party intervention – has opened the door for increasing opposition to public records requests. This fundamental shift has global implications for transparency as other governments may follow our lead. But approaches taken by other countries to constrain third-party intervention and limit the definition of confidential information – as well as possible legislative reform – offer a glimmer of hope for transparency advocates. Freedom of speech and press in Muslim-majority countries • Shugofa Dastgeer; Daxton Stewart, Texas Christian University • This paper examines freedom of speech and press in the constitutions of 48 Muslim majority countries in relation to actual existence of these freedoms in these countries, using a scale based on rankings of Reporters Without Borders and Freedom House. First, the findings suggest that the inclusion of Islam as a state religion in a country’s constitution does not necessarily lead to exclusion of freedom of speech and press in the constitutions of Muslim-majority countries. Second, inclusion of Islam as a state religion in the constitutions does make a significant difference when it comes to actual freedom in Muslim majority countries, based on the ranking scaled developed by the authors. Third, constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and freedom of the press do not guarantee actual freedom for expression and press in Muslim-majority countries. * Extended Abstract * Decisions & Justifications: Untangling the Supreme Court's Low-Value Approach to Sexually Explicit Speech • Kyla Wagner, Syracuse University; P. Brooks Fuller • In First Amendment law, the notion that sexually explicit speech is less valuable than forms of expression like false political discourse is rarely disputed. This study revives that dispute with a focus on the Supreme Court’s justifications for axiomatically categorizing sexual expression as “low-value” in the first place. The analysis reveals that a shaky, sometimes, fallacious conceptual framework rooted in third-person perception guides the Supreme Court’s sexually explicit speech jurisprudence. The framework’s implications are discussed. Pandering, Priority or Political Weapon: Presidencies, Political Parties & the Freedom of Information Act • A.Jay Wagner • The article explores the political nature of the FOIA by examining legislative history, party messaging, presidential actions and a quantitative analysis of FOIA administration from 1975 until present. The outcomes are both predictable—Reagan & Trump having deplorable records—and surprising—George W. Bush producing a relatively transparent record. The study’s findings suggest the failures of FOIA are likely less a consequence of presidencies and political parties than an indiscriminate symptom of contemporary U.S. governance. Piercing the Veil: Examining the Demographics of State FOI Law Administration • A.Jay Wagner • Proactive disclosure is fashionable in the field of access to government transparency, yet FOI laws remain the keystone to government transparency. Statistical analysis of a 1,002-request FOI audit identifies demographic and political variables that significantly influence request outcomes, namely geography, race and Republican voting and representation. Pinpointing variables that affect FOI outcomes is necessary as the laws provide an individual, actionable right to government information that other mechanisms lack, making rehabilitating FOI invaluable. Biometrics and Privacy: Regulating the Use of Facial Recognition Technology • Kearston Wesner, Quinnipiac University • Companies and government entities have increasingly used facial recognition technology (FRT) to protect the public from disease, apprehend criminals, ensure public safety, and provide seamless commercial experiences. However, FRT has been criticized for a variety of reasons. It is notoriously fallible, especially when called upon to identify women and people of color. And its use encourages significant privacy violations, with some scholars and advocates suggesting that it opens the door to a surveillance society. This paper analyzes FRT and argues against unrestrained deployment of this technology. It addresses four state statutes, as well as several local ordinances, that have been passed to regulate FRT. Drawing from these sources, particularly Illinois' Biometric Privacy Act, as well as commentary from scholars and privacy advocates, the paper recommends a model federal biometric privacy statute. The statute incorporates notice, clarity, and testing elements. It also recommends provisions prohibiting employee retaliation and consumer discrimination. <2020 Abstracts]]> 20125 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/lgbt-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 23:37:10 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20128 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20128 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/magd-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 23:40:05 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20130 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20130 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/mcsd-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 23:44:38 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20133 Moeller Student Paper Competition Are You Frightened? Children’s Cognitive and Affective Reactions to News Coverage of School Shootings • Gyo Hyun Koo • A survey of U.S. parents explores children’s exposure and reaction to news coverage of school shootings. Major findings suggest that exposure to such news makes children frightened. This tendency was strongest among the youngest children, and they used a variety of coping strategies. Exposure to the news predicted children perceiving the world as dangerous, and their frightened reactions mediate this relationship. This study suggests that news producers minimize the harm when creating news. Wedging the Gap: A Multi-Level Analysis of Genre-specific Television and Internet Information Seeking Impacts on Health Knowledge Over 8 Years • Wenbo Li, The Ohio State University; Ruoyu Sun; Xia Zheng • The study uses a nationally representative survey to investigate the concurrent impacts of television watching and health information seeking from the Internet (HISI) on education-based health knowledge gap from January 2005 to December 2012. A multi-level regression analysis shows that entertainment television watching narrowed the gap in health knowledge between high-educated and low-educated population segments. However, this trend disappeared over time and entertainment TV watching started to negatively influence health knowledge across all segments around 2009. Meanwhile, the highly educated obtained more health knowledge from HISI than those with lower education and this pattern persisted over time. Television news watching did not affect the knowledge gap, nor did its effect change over time. Digital Feminist Activism & the Need for Male Allies: Assessing Barriers to Male Participation in the Modern-Day Women’s Movement • Sydney Nicolla, UNC-Chapel Hill Hussman School of Journalism and Media • Feminism and feminist activism have seen many changes and iterations throughout history. Modern feminists have harnessed the power of the internet to broaden visibility, challenge inequality, and connect with those who share gendered experiences. Typically, women instigate and drive participation in digital feminist activism, but research has suggested that male activists could play a valuable role as allies for the digital women’s movement. Social media reduce some of the traditional barriers to activism – time, financial resources – and force us to consider the social and emotional factors that may interfere with outward male support for feminism. Results of a U.S. based national online survey demonstrated the following among men who have yet to participate in digital feminist activism (DFA): (1) support from and characteristics of those in their social networks may play an important role in their willingness to engage with DFA in the future, (2) strong masculine gender identity may interfere with support for feminism and outward feminist identification, and, (3) there is still a disconnect between support for feminism and feminist identification, which in turn may affect willingness to participate in DFA. Benefits of Social Media Use on Mental Health: Implications for College Students • Bumsoo Park, The University of Alabama; Nicholas Eckhart, The University of Alabama • This study examined whether and how social media use affects college students’ positive mental health (subjective well-being) and negative mental health (anxiety, depression) with a focus on the mediating role of social connectedness. The results indicated social media use was positively associated with social connectedness and social connectedness was positively associated with subjective well-being. While social media use was not directly associated with subjective well-being, social connectedness mediated this relationship. Similarly, social media use was not directly associated with mental health problems (anxiety, depression). Yet, this study discovered the mediating mechanism by which social media use was negatively associated with mental health problems through social connectedness and subjective well-being. Open Competition Correcting Vaccine Misinformation: Effects of Source Attributes and Recall on Misinformation Belief and Persuasive Outcomes • Michelle Amazeen, Boston University; Arunima Krishna, Boston University • This study offers a roadmap to employing and expanding the Persuasion Knowledge Model (Friestad & Wright, 1994) as a useful theoretical framework for studying persuasive misinformation and corrections. Within the context of correcting vaccine-related misinformation, this experimental study (N = 1,067) indicates that the source of misinformation has significantly more influence on the belief of misinformation and on behavioral intentions than correction sources, bringing new urgency to the gatekeeping responsibilities of social media. Crossing the Border: News Framing of the Definition, Causes and Solutions to Illegal Migration from Nigeria • Theresa Amobi, University of Lagos, Nigeria • This study explored the framing of illegal migration by Nigerian media, specifically Punch, DailyTrust, Observer and Sun newspapers, and ChannelsTV and TVC. Results show more media focus on defining the problem than on causes and solutions. Compared to newspapers, television focused more on defining illegal migration as Threat to lives/National Security. Causes appeared more in national newspapers, as driven by Pecuniary Interests/Exaggerated Expectations. Solutions, more in the local newspaper were framed as Revamping the Economy. * Extended Abstract * Religion in Crisis: Examining the Impact of Religiosity and Religious Rhetoric in Organizational Crises • Lucinda Austin, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Jordan Morehouse, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Research suggests people turn to religious organizations to provide comfort during times of crises; however, few scholars have examined crises within religious organizations. This study examined the impact of religious rhetoric in crisis response strategies from religious organizations and the impact of religiosity. Results from a survey-experiment with 689 respondents indicates that religious rhetoric and religiosity may impact trust and supportive intentions in crisis, particularly in ‘intentional’ crises. Issue Controversiality Matters: How Emotions and Imagined Audience Influence the Decision to Share Societal Issue-Related Facebook Posts? • Nicky Chang Bi, University of Nebraska at Omaha • Sharing, a term that is associated with “going viral,” is an aspect of communication that all strategic communicators strive for in their communication campaigns. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) provides a framework for the current study to understand the effects of emotions generated from a message on persuasion—how high- and low-effort processes of comprehending information influence people’s decision in spreading societal issue-related Facebook posts. The researcher conducted a survey-experiment to explore the effects of emotional response to societal issues on sharing. The findings suggest individuals’ sharing decisions depend on issue types and their imagined audience. Emotions trigger both cognitive and heuristic processing of information. The results reveal that message elaboration mediates the effects of both positive and negative emotion arousal on sharing medium-controversial issues to the more symmetrical audience. Positive and negative emotions were only directly associated with sharing high-controversial issues to the symmetrical audience. * Extended Abstract * Extended Abstract: Epistemic Political Efficacy and Online Political Information Seeking Before and After the 2016 Presidential Election • Justin Blankenship, Auburn University; Martin Kifer, High Point University; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This research sough to understand the influence of online disinformation campaigns that have become more common since the 2016 US presidential election using epistemic political efficacy and online political information seeking behaviors. Analysis of two separate surveys, one conducted in 2014, the other in 2017, show an overall decline in EPE and that online political news seeking became a strong negative predictor of EPE in 2017, while it was a strong positive predictor in 2014. A dual system theory approach: What shapes pro- and anti- social behavior in an online discussion forum? • Yunya Song, Hong Kong Baptist University; Christine Hiu Ying Choy, Department of Social Science, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong; Qinyun Lin; Ran Xu, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut • This study examined how two types of online discussion are predicted by a Dual System Theory model. We collected 28,506 original posts and 1,126,455 related replies from the Hong Kong Golden forum (the most popular online discussion forum in the studied period). Using combined approaches of computerized text analysis and topic modeling, we empirically tested and compared impulsive automatic and reflective cognitive component in relevant posts to predict pro- and anti-social behavior in replies. How Fact-checking Information Stems Spread of Fake News via Third-person Perception • Myojung Chung, Northeastern University; Nuri Kim • While fact-checking has received much attention as a potential tool to combat fake news, it remains underexplored whether and how fact-checking information lessens intentions to share fake news on social media. Two experiments uncovered the theoretical mechanism underlying the effect of fact-checking on sharing intentions, and identified an important contextual cue (i.e., social media metrics) that interacts with fact-checking effect. Exposure to fake news with fact-checking information (vs. fake news only) yielded more negative evaluations of the news, and subsequently greater belief that others are more influenced by the news than the self (third-person perception, TPP). Increased TPP, in turn, led to weaker intentions to share fake news on social media. Fact-checking information also nullified the effect of social media metrics on sharing intentions; without fact-checking information, higher (vs. lower) social media metrics induced greater intentions to share the news. However, when fact-checking debunked the news, such effect disappeared. * Extended Abstract * The Motivated Processing of Emotions, Efficacy, and Morality in Sustainability Messages on Social Media • Carlina DiRusso, Pennsylvania State University; Jessica Myrick, Penn State University • To investigate how individuals process sustainability messages on social media, a between-subjects experiment tested the effects of emotional tone (fear/hope), efficacy (high/low) and moral framing (harm/impurity) on motivational system activation, memory, attitudes and intentions. Low-efficacy and fearful messages increased aversive system activation and memory. Political ideology significantly moderated most outcomes; namely, hope and low-efficacy influenced conservatives’ processing more than that of liberals or moderates. Future mediation analyses will employ a full path model. Dynamics of Cognitive Biases in Assessing Age Appropriateness of Media Content: A Multilevel Moderated Mediation Analysis • Guangchao Feng, Shenzhen University; Shan Zhu, Shenzhen University • The paper discovered significant differences in age and likability ratings among the raters. Through multilevel moderated mediation modeling, it also found that the differences in age ratings between the raters were moderated by the three content-valence variables (extent of negativity, positivity, and consumerism) and that the mediation effects of likability on the rater differences in age ratings were also moderated by the extent of valence, particularly negativity and positivity. The Diffusion of Misinformation Across Scientific Communities • Jennifer Harker, West Virginia University; Laura Sheble, Wayne State University; Jillian Peyton, West Virginia University • The National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation (2002) define “scientific misconduct” as consisting of fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism (Fanelli, 2009). Scientific misconduct occurs frequently in scientific literature, and after an article faces retraction, it is often still cited as factual information, plaguing readers with false ideas (Lewandowsky et al., 2012; Noorden, 2011). As a result, misinformation diffuses in academic journals and spills into public discourse despite counterefforts (Budd et at., 1999). This spread of misinformation has the potential to negatively impact the scientific community and the public’s knowledge and health (Chen, Milbank, & Schultz, 2013). To learn more about the diffusion of misinformation within the scientific community and beyond, we analyzed 840 retracted articles that were published from 2000 to 2018. Citations of the retracted works were then collected (n = 49,630) and post-retraction citations were tracked. This research will help inform academic journals how best to communicate retractions to mitigate the diffusion of misinformation across scientific communities, and thus reduce subsequent dissemination of misinformation to the broader public. Perceptions vs. Performance: How Routines, Norms, and Values Influence Journalists’ Protest Coverage Decisions • Summer Harlow; Danielle Kilgo, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities • Protest paradigm researchers theorize that protests are delegitimized in news coverage because of journalistic culture and practices. This study explores the degree to which norms, routines, values, and perceptions explain coverage patterns of protest. This mixed-methods study utilizes self-reflections from a survey of journalists in four regions, alongside a content analysis of their coverage. Our study highlights how objective-observer role conceptions, routines driven by newsworthiness, and a perception-performance gap help explain protest coverage patterns. In-Group vs. Out-Group CSR Messages and the Effects of Gender and Cause Involvement on Brand Attitudes and Positive Word-of-Mouth Intentions • Yujin Heo; Chang Won Choi, University of South Carolina; Holly Overton, University of South Carolina; Joon Kyoung Kim; Nanlan Zhang • This study investigates the influence of social distance on consumer evaluations of a CSR activity supporting women’s empowerment. One hundred and forty participants participated in a 2 (social distance: low vs. high) x 2 (gender: female vs. male) online factorial experiment. Results indicate that consumers evaluated the CSR activity more positively when they were exposed to in-group messages than out-group messages. The impact of social distance was moderated by gender differences. Implications are discussed. You’ve Lost that Trusting Feeling: Examining the Consequences and Conditions of the Diminishing Trust in the Press in Rural and Urban US Communities • Jay Hmielowski, University of Florida; Eve Heffron, University of Florida; Yanni Ma; Michael Munroe, University of Florida - College of Journalism and Communications • In this study, we use Social Identity Theory to examine whether political ideology, where people live, and time correlate with trust in the press in the US. Moreover, we examine whether the correlation between ideology and where a person lives varies over time. We also examine a three-way interaction to determine if decreases in trust are concentrated among conservatives living in rural areas in the US. Lastly, we examined whether trust in the press serves as a mediating variable between where a person lives and their newspaper use. Emotional Labor During Disaster Coverage: Exploring Expectations for Emotional Display • Gretchen Hoak, Kent State University • This study explored emotional labor in journalists in the context of natural disaster– a scenario when the emotional burden is high and the energy to cope is low. Analysis of 30 interviews with journalists who covered a hurricane revealed they actively engaged in emotional labor. Tactics were chosen based on a shared understanding of professional display rules and expectations mandating emotional distance. Implications for news managers and journalist mental and emotional health are explored. A Semantic Networks Approach to Agenda Setting: The Case of #NeverAgain Social Movement on Twitter • Daud Isa, Boise State University; Itai Himelboim, University of Georgia; Guy Golan, Texas Christian University • This study examines if Network Agenda Setting (NAS) theory can better explain media influence on the public in the social media era. Findings indicate that the media is still able to influence the public by setting their agenda both explicitly and implicitly. Strong correlations between the media and the public agenda suggest that as long as the news media remain the primary source of information, it will continue to have agenda setting effects on the public. Effects of Fake News and the Protective Role of Media Literacy Education • Se-Hoon Jeong • In this research, we tested (a) whether the effects of disinformation could increase when a deepfake video is included and (b) whether the negative effects of disinformation could be reduced by short media literacy education. An experiment using a 2 (disinformation including vs. not including a deepfake video) by 3 (no literacy vs. general disinformation literacy vs. deepfake-specific literacy) design was conducted with 316 Korean adults. Results showed that disinformation message including a deepfake video resulted in greater vividness, persuasiveness, credibility, and intent to share the message. Results also showed that media literacy education reduced individuals’ acceptance of the disinformation message such that both literacy education conditions (general and specific) resulted in less credibility and greater skepticism compared to the no literacy education condition. Interestingly, general disinformation literacy education was as effective as or even more effective than deepfake-specific literacy education. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. The Resistance to Media Advocacy of Pro-Environmental Civic Engagement • Hyunjung Kim • Drawing on the theory of psychological reactance, we explore a possible explanation for the decrease in individuals’ participation in environmental movements despite media advocacy and increased public awareness of the need for an environmental movement. A web-based experiment was conducted with a 2 by 2 factorial design with media and political orientation as between-subjects factors. The results demonstrate that pro-environmental civic engagement intention after exposure to an online newspaper editorial advocating the environmental movement is greater for the progressives in the progressive media group than for those in the conservative media group. The effect of media congeniality was explained by perceived media credibility and psychological reactance to the message. Implications of the findings and limitations of the study are discussed. Who says what to whom on Twitter: Exploring the roles of mass media and opinion leaders on a gun issue via two-step flow and network agenda-setting • Seonwoo Kim, Louisiana State University; Myounggi Chon; Yangzhi Jiang, Louisiana State University • This study aims to explore the relationship between activist publics and mass media on a gun issue in the framework of network agenda-setting theory. The results show partial evidence for the two-step flow of agenda-setting effects on social media. In particular, gun rights organizations bridge the gap between conservative media and gun rights activists public on Twitter. In contrast, the two-step flow is relatively rare for gun control groups compared to gun rights groups. It also reveals that gun rights groups and gun control groups use different targeting strategies. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the findings. Emotions, Misinformation, and Correction Tweets in El Paso and Dayton Mass Shootings • Jiyoung Lee; Shaheen Kanthawala, University of Alabama; Danielle Deavours, University of Alabama; Tanya Ott-Fulmore, University of Alabama • Although social media have become an important tool for helping users understand risky situations through information exchange, misinformation widely spreads on these platforms. This exploratory research examines features of misinformation and correction tweets during the El Paso and Dayton mass shootings in terms of emotion and users’ engagement in emotional misinformation and correction tweets. From the total number of tweets about these mass shootings exchanged between August 3 to 11, 2019, we manually coded 1,498 tweets. Our key findings suggest that misinformation was prevalent on Twitter and a large portion of the misinformation had negative emotions—particularly anger. Misinformation containing emotion was more likely to be retweeted and liked by users than emotion-neutral misinformation. However, angered misinformation was less likely to be retweeted and liked by users than general information and correction tweets with anger; however, emotional misinformation overall received comparatively more retweets and likes than correction tweets and other general information containing emotion. #MeToo: A Social Movement Platform to Promote Social Identity, Social Judgment and Social Support among Victims-Survivors • Yukyung Lee, University of Connecticut; Carolyn A. Lin, University of Connecticut; Taiquan Peng, Michigan State University; Louvins Pierre • This exploratory study examined the #MeToo movement via a conceptual framework which integrates the constructs of social identity, social judgment and social support. Five hundred tweets with hashtags relevant to the movement were randomly selected and coded. Findings suggested that females and gender-unidentified individuals are more likely to accept the #MeToo movement than males. Those who accept the movement are more willing to provide social support to victims-survivors than those who reject the movement. How Rational and Emotional Expression Intertwine? Exploring Public Discussion of China’s Vaccine-Scandal Event on Weibo • Yuanhang LU, Hong Kong Baptist University; Shijun NI, Hong Kong Baptist University; Yunya Song, Hong Kong Baptist University • "Focusing on the public discussion of China’s vaccine-scandal event on Weibo, this study utilizes structural topic modeling to examine how public and private issues are discussed rationally or emotionally. Our results indicate that the public issues were discussed far more than the private at both post-level and comment-level discussion. Compared to the post-level discussions, the comment-level discussions contain more emotional expressions toward public issues and more rational expressions toward private issues. * Extended Abstract * [Extended Abstract] News Media and Twitter Users’ Framing of the Russian-Linked Facebook Ads Issue • Catherine Luther; Xu Zhang • This study examines how the mainstream news media and the public, via Twitter, framed the issue of Russian-linked Facebook advertisements that appeared prior to, during, and following the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Findings thus far indicate convergences in news media framing, with the exception of two frames from Fox News. Frames from the social media posts suggest that domestic politics might have clouded any concern for Russian interference and national security. Black Lives Coverage Matters: How protest news coverage and attitudinal change affect social media engagement • Rachel Mourao; Danielle Kilgo, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities • Building on protest paradigm literature, this research explores the effects of news coverage of protests on social media engagement. In a 3x2 experiment, we assess if legitimizing/delegitimizing frames increase people’s likelihood to read, share, like or comment on a story about Black Lives Matter. We found that attitudinal change mediates the relationship between protest frames and social media outcomes, but most people are reluctant to actively engage with this content on social media platforms. How attitude certainty influences the effectiveness of direct persuasion and selfpersuasion in mass media campaigns • Barbara Müller, Radboud University Nijmegen; Lieke van den Boom; Shuang Li • The current study examined how mass media interventions can be improved by considering attitude certainty. The experiment consisted of measuring attitude certainty towards the promoted counter-attitudinal statement, and subsequently presenting participants with no persuasion (control), five arguments in favor of the statement (direct persuasion), or with the request to produce arguments themselves (self-persuasion). Results suggests that the effectiveness of direct persuasion may be affected to a stronger extent by attitude certainty than self-persuasion. Curious Citizens: Whose Voices Are Heard in “Public-Powered” Reporting? • Betsy O'Donovan, Western Washington University; Carolyn Nielsen, Western Washington University • For decades, news narratives have centered the voices of elites over sources who represent lived experience. A new technology platform, Hearken, has sought to change that by involving the audience in deciding what to cover, how, and whose voices are heard. This content analysis examined sourcing in 80 stories from public-media stations and categorized sources as researcher, responsible party, or lived experience. Voices of lived experience dominated coverage produced using the Hearken platform. * Extended Abstract * The effect of partisan news reporting of sexual assault allegations on blame attribution and perceived source credibility • Rebecca Ortiz • The study experimentally tested the effect of ingroup and outgroup bias on blame attribution and perceived news source credibility based upon political party affiliation (Republican or Democrat) alignment with an alleged sexual assault perpetrator and the reporting news source. Participants attributed more blame to the alleged perpetrator when he was a political outgroup member and perceived the source as least credible when it was affiliated with the outgroup and reported about an ingroup alleged perpetrator. * Extended Abstract * Examining Consumer Attitudes Toward CSR and CSA Messages • Holly Overton, University of South Carolina; Joon Kyoung Kim, University of South Carolina; Nanlan Zhang; Shudan Huang • This study conducts a 2 (message type: CSR vs. CSA) x 2 (source: company vs. nonprofit organization) factorial online experiment to examine impacts on individuals’ perceived motives and attitude changes toward both the company and nonprofit (NPO) partner. Issue relevance was measured as a moderating variable. Results indicate that individuals inferred more values-driven motives from CSR messages than CSA messages, which ultimately led to more positive attitude changes toward the company. Implications are discussed. * Extended Abstract * Extended Abstract: Seafood stories: How narrative modality, emotion, and transportation influence support for sustainable aquaculture • Laura Rickard, University of Maine; Janet Yang; Vivian Liu; Tabitha Boze, University of Maine • Considerable narrative persuasion research provides evidence of attitudinal and behavioral effects in human health and environmental contexts. Whether the modality of narrative presentation influences these effects, however, remains unclear. This study uses an online experiment (N = 2,225), featuring a narrative video and narrative text condition, to consider how exposure to narrative may influence transportation, emotions, and risk-benefit perceptions and, in turn, how such perceptions affect attitudes and behavioral intentions toward sustainable aquaculture. There’s no “me” in misinformation: Correcting online falsehoods through WhatsApp group chats • Edson Tandoc; James Lee, NTU Singapore; Sei Ching Joanna Sin, NTU Singapore; Chei Sian Lee, NTU Singapore • Guided by the frameworks of social identity theory and social presence theory, this study examined the impact of source familiarity (familiar vs. unfamiliar) and mode of delivery (interpersonal chat vs. group chat) on the perceived credibility of a correction message to debunk misinformation sent on WhatsApp. Through a five-day long experiment involving 114 participants in Singapore, this study found no main effect of either source familiarity or mode of delivery on perceived credibility of the correction message. However, the study found a significant interaction effect: When the correction is sent to a chat group, members rate it as more credible when it is sent by a source they are familiar with through prior face-to-face and online interactions, than when it is sent by a source they have never met or interacted with. Fake news: How emotions, involvement, need for cognition, and rebuttal evidence type influence consumer reactions toward a targeted organization • Michail Vafeiadis; Anli Xiao • A 2 (involvement: low vs. high) x 2 (need for cognition (NFC): low vs. high) x 2 (rebuttal evidence type: exemplar vs. statistical) experiment was performed to explore individuals’ psychological and emotional reactions to fake news. Individuals high in involvement and NFC perceived favorably the rebuttal and developed positive attitudes and higher donation intentions toward the affected nonprofit. High-involved individuals rated positively statistical rebuttals, whereas low-involved ones preferred storytelling evidence. Rebuttal messages evoked positive emotions. Celebrity narratives and opioid addiction prevention: The moderating role of issue relevance • Michail Vafeiadis; Weirui Wang, Florida International University; Michelle Baker, Pennsylvania State University; Fuyuan Shen • This study examined the impact of celebrity narratives on raising public awareness about opioid addiction. An online experiment with 3 (message type: celebrity narrative vs. noncelebrity narrative vs. informational message) conditions was conducted. Results indicated that a celebrity narrative is more persuasive than its noncelebrity counterpart. The data also showed that the effects of celebrity narratives are particularly pronounced for low relevance individuals. Mediation analyses provided insights about the underlying psychological process of celebrity storytelling. Selective Exposure in the Stormy Daniels Scandal • Alyce Viens, University of Connecticut; David Atkin • In January of 2018 an alleged affair and hush money payment between U.S. President Donald Trump and adult film star Stormy Daniels was leaked. The present study investigates the Daniels scandal’s influence on public perceptions of both the President and his Republican Party by examining the influence of liberal and conservative news consumption on public perceptions of importance, blame, overall opinions of the scandal and voting intentions. Drawing from a framework based on selective exposure theory, this study aims to shed light into how both the scandal and corresponding media coverage can influence public opinion amidst a polarized media environment. Results from an MTurk survey provide qualified support for a selective exposure framework, although these effects are not consistent across media modalities, nor do they operate evenly across left and right-leaning audiences. On balance, levels of variance explained in our model approximate those uncovered in S-R processing work. Study results thus enhance our understanding of the relationship that exposure to news on a controversial topic—including partisan outlets—can have on voter conceptions and support for an incumbent candidate. Message Framing And Public Policy How Narrative And Identification Influence The Alzheimer’s Caregiver’ Stigma And Burden • Tong Xie; Xuerong Lu, University of Georgia; Rui Zhao; Jiaying Liu • This study investigated the influence of different message framing on people’s willingness to support public policy to help the Alzheimer’s caregiving. The mediation effect of identification, perceived caregiver stigma and burden is proposed to be affecting the message framing. In addition, people’s view of technology is assessed, in order to understand in recent years, how people respond to the usage of high technology to facilitate caregiving for people living with Alzheimer’s. Users as Experts: Folk Theories of Morality and Harmful Speech on Social Media • Rachel Young, University of Iowa; Brett Johnson, University of Missouri; Volha Kananovich, Appalachian State University • This study analyzes user reasoning about harmful speech online to identify folk theories. In 494 free responses, participants flagged 12 online speech acts or trends as harmful. Individuals were primarily identified both as the ones harmed and the ones responsible for causing harm, by posting or sharing, and for solving the problem, through ignoring or self-censoring. Based on folk theories, speech harm is a familiar but abstract problem users can identify but also comfortably ignore. Social Identification, Psychological Distance, Compassionate Goals, and Willingness to Help during the COVID-19 Outbreak • Zhiying Yue; David Lee; Janet Yang; Jody Chin Sing Wong; Zhuling Liu • As the spread of the coronavirus is undermining the lives of many, a key question involves: what are the psychological antecedents that propel people to help those in need? Guided by research on social identity theory, psychological distance, and compassionate goals, we examine two factors that can help individuals identify themselves with those in need, which in turn facilitate their willingness to help. We test this idea in an experimental survey on American adults (N = 504) in early March, 2020, before the widespread community transmission of COVID-19 began in the United States. Results highlight two critical processes that lead Americans to identify themselves with those who suffer from the coronavirus in China. Individuals who are more pro-socially oriented (i.e., high compassionate goals) are more likely to identify themselves with those in need when they read an article highlighting similarity (vs. difference) between Americans and Chinese. Further, a moderated mediation analysis indicates that individuals who identify more with people in China are more likely to provide aid to them. These results extend prior knowledge by examining the interplay between prosocial motivation and psychological distance on prosocial behavior. Importantly, these findings suggest that risk communication that highlights the similarity (vs. difference) between us vs. them (or in-group vs. out-group), can critically influence public support for the U.S. government’s response to the pandemic. Social Amplification of Risk before Coronavirus Was Declared an Epidemic: How Social Media Trust and Disinformation Concerns Affected Information Sharing • Xiaochen Zhang, University of Oklahoma; Raluca Cozma, Kansas State University • A survey conducted in February 2020 in the United States examined how users of social media engaged in sharing of information about COVID-19 before the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a pandemic. Building on the social amplification of risk framework, the study examines the importance of trust in information sources and of disinformation concerns during the incipient stages of a crisis when audiences had only media reports to rely on for information. Maintaining authoritarian resilience during the public health crisis: An analysis of Chinese state media’s social media posts during the COVID-19 outbreak • Ge Zhu, University of Iowa; Rachel Young, University of Iowa; Li Chen, West Texas A&M University; Yuehong Tai • This paper studies Chinese state media’s social media posts about COVID-19 at the beginning stage of its national outbreak. Our analysis revealed the hybrid nature of state media in health crisis communication, as being government organizations that disseminating up-to-the-minute information about the emerging infectious disease and providing recommendations to the public, and being news agencies that culturally and politically frame a public health crisis to align with the party-state ideology. Student Competition Hostile Media Perception in the Age of Social Media: The Role of Social Identity • Eric Cooks, The University of Alabama • As more Americans consume news through social media, users are afforded the ability to express opinions through comments. This study uses a 2 (Issue position: Support vs. Oppose) x 2 (Comment identity: Ingroup vs. Outgroup) design to examine the effects of online comments on hostile media perception (HMP). Results show that outgroup comments amplified HMP, and issue opponents displayed reduced HMP. Results are discussed in relation to social identity and biased perception of news media. * Extended Abstract * Extended Abstract: Media Parenting: Why some parents are not letting electronic media raise their children • Sarah Fisher, University of Florida • Parental mentoring has been partially replaced by technology in many families today. The parental influence and open channels of communication between parents and children which have historically been the foundation for a healthy society, have been largely exchanged for technology. Media Parenting describes the use of electronic media as a replacement for parental mentoring. However, some parents are choosing to limit their children’s electronic media use and this study examines their reasoning for this choice. Oh Snap!The Relationship Between Snapchat Engagement, Jealousy, and FoMO • Kandice Green; Zanira Ghulamhussain • "This online study identified jealousy as a factor in the relationship between snapchat engagement (SE) and fear of missing out (FoMO). The mediation model assessed 349 Snapchat users (M=32.47, SD= 8.61). Four hypotheses were tested:1)SE predicts FoMO;2) SE predicts jealousy;3) Jealousy predicts FoMO;4)Jealousy mediates the relationship between SE and FoMO. The first three hypotheses were supported. Jealousy partially mediated the relationship between SE and FoMO. Limitations and future directions are discussed. “He’s so bad but he does it so well”: Interviews with writers of One Direction RPF • Ashley Hedrick, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This study focused on interviews with writers of real person fiction (RPF)—a type of fanfiction—about British boy band One Direction. Most interviewees began writing these romantic, often sexually explicit, stories between ages 12 and 16. The findings of this research suggest revisions to sexual super peer theory and sexual scripting theory, as well as contribute to the field of psychology’s knowledge about adolescents’ participation in online contexts involving sex. From Tweet to Headline: The Influence of Twitter Topics on the Coverage of Democratic Debates • Luna Liu, University of Colorado Boulder; Carlos Eduardo Back Vianna, University of Colorado Boulder • "This study investigates how topics discussed on Twitter during democratic presidential debates influence the coverage of the debates on The New York Times. By using the reverse agenda- setting theory and Granger Causality tests, the results show that two topics, election and Trump, were transferred from Twitter to The New York Times in the days following the debates. Correlation tests suggest an agenda divergence phenomenon between legacy media agenda and public agenda, which begs additional research." * Extended Abstract * Pornography Consumption and Attitudes Toward Sex: A Meta-Analysis • Farnosh Mazandarani, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill • A meta-analysis on pornography consumption and attitudes toward sex. A preliminary assessment yielded fourteen studies. We coded four moderating variables: gender, age, study location, and publication. A random-effects model was conducted to estimate combined weighted mean effects of correlations. Cumulative effect size demonstrated a significant positive association between higher pornography consumption and positive attitudes toward sex. Fail-safe N suggested 138 studies is needed to nullify effect size. Study location was the only significant moderator. Influence of social media use for news on tolerance for disagreement and social tolerance • Aditi Rao, University of Connecticut • Despite a rich body of literature on social media effects, little is known about the influence of social media on social attitudes. This survey study (N = 538) tests the relationships between social media use for news, tolerance for disagreement, and social tolerance, across three datasets. Social media use for news positively predicted social tolerance, and this relationship strengthened after the 2018 midterm elections, indicating that social media may positively influence attitudes on social issues. Digital Discussions of Women Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day-Saints: Intimacy in Private Facebook Groups Grounded in Motherhood • Alexis Romero Walker, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill • Latter-Day-Saint women find comfort in community, including online community. This study is a digital observation of a private Facebook group with thousands of LDS mothers. The study recognizes patterns around conversations of religion, politics, and gender roles. It examines how LDS women categorize themselves/create identity, and recognizes intimate topics presented in the large “private” space. The study expresses importance to better understand groups of religious women, and communicative practices within private online spaces. Parental and Peer Mediation in Relation to Adolescents’ Perceptions of On- and Off-screen Risk Behavior • Anne Sadza, Radboud University • Adolescents’ media-related cognitions predict their perceptions of social norms regarding risk behavior, and may be shaped by discussions of media content (i.e. active mediation). A survey was conducted among 278 adolescents to compare the relative contributions of parental and peer mediation within this process. Findings indicate both mediation types are related to adolescents’ media-related cognitions and perceived social norms in different but equally important ways, and that their valence determines the direction of these associations. Relationships with News in the Modern Socio-Media Ecology • Carin Tunney, Michigan State University • This conceptual paper calls for a paradigm shift that considers the complexity and fluidity of today’s news consumption beyond the snapshots of use captured in previous works. The paper elaborates upon three problems with today’s news consumption research including measurement, ecological concerns, and assumptions of the inverse. The new paradigm incorporates relationship variables of satisfaction, interdependence, and endurance as a more robust method of measurement. Finally, new strategies to study consumption and avoidance are discussed. Motivating Face-to-Face and Online Contact with Immigrants • Ryna Yeoh • This study investigates how perceived intergroup permeability and out-group status predicts intergroup contact with immigrants. This study also draws comparisons between face-to-face and online contact. A sample of 330 university students participated in a survey. Results show that out-group status predicted contact quantity, while permeability predicted contact quality. However, permeability predicted the quantity of face-to-face contact, but not online contact, suggesting some differences between contact through the online and offline setting. <2020 Abstracts]]> 20133 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/ethc-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 23:47:04 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20136 Burnett Award for Graduate Student Papers Journalism as a Calling: Linking Social Identity and Institutional Theory to Protect the Profession • Michael Davis, University of Iowa • "Journalists often refer to their work as a calling, giving its practices and rules a symbolic power of importance. The institution of journalism uses this rhetorical device as a shield between it and those who wish to break it down, and to create markers of social identity. By linking social identity theory and institutional theories, this paper argues that this perspective potentially harms the profession, blocking professional innovation and public accountability in a democracy. Learning from Confucius: Moral self-cultivation (xiuji) and its application in media ethics education • Yayu Feng • This article investigates the questions of moral development and ethics education through the Confucian approach. It introduces the concept of self-cultivation (xiuji) from Confucian ethics, and applies it as a new perspective that enriches media ethics and lightens a new pathway to understand moral development and professional excellence. It argues that the Confucian idea of moral self-cultivation offers a less instrumental and more engaging perspective for media ethics teaching and learning than the reasoning skill-oriented and decision-making-centered model of ethics training. Through a close reading of the concept of self-cultivation and its ideas of zixing (examination of the self) and observance of li (ceremony/social rites), the article provides practical examples of how these ideas can be applied to media ethics learning and teaching. Imagining culinary communities: Exploring lifestyle journalism ethics through the New York Times food section • Joseph Jones • This paper investigates the ethical obligations of lifestyle and food journalists. Informed by the history of food writing and the ethical principles of care and democracy, a text analysis of six months of the New York Times food section was conducted. While the Times provided a playful, aesthetic, and potentially empowering discourse on food and eating, it was limited by class privilege and the strictures of consumer culture. Although lifestyle journalism is often defined with reference to consumerism, it is here argued that such definitions are inadequate when considering the vital role of journalists imagining culinary communities. If food journalists are to be considered journalists, then they must show care and feed the social connections necessary to empower democratic actors. Open Call Do What Works: Journalism Ethics as a Framework for Social Media Content Moderation • Caitlin Carlson, Seattle University • Social media platforms from Facebook to Twitter are struggling to navigate the process of content moderation. Despite their best efforts to craft reasonable community standards for users, issues such as the spread of disinformation or hateful rhetoric continue to plague social media organizations. Content moderators are in desperate need of an ethical framework to guide their decision-making regarding the removal of individual posts, ads, images, videos, and accounts. Scholars and activists have begun to offer piecemeal solutions to the problem but what is needed is a comprehensive framework for content moderation ethics. This paper argues that the existing professional standards used by journalists in the United States, specifically the Society of Professional Journalists’ (SPJ) Code of Ethics, should serve as a starting point to develop ethical guidelines for social media content moderation. The four main principles of the SPJ Code of Ethics are analyzed to determine what lessons they might offer to social media content moderators. The insights yielded are then used to develop a comprehensive framework for social media content moderation ethics based on the SPJ Code. Moral Reasoning Regarding Sponsored YouTube Videos: An Investigation of Children’s Theory of Mind and Disclosure Prominence • Jessica Castonguay, Temple University • While a great deal of research has assessed age differences in children’s ability to understand commercial messages, this understanding does not necessarily mitigate advertising effects. Therefore, some scholars suggest that moral assessments of advertising practices influence children’s acceptance of persuasive messages. This study therefore responds to Nelson’s (2019) call that “New forms of advertising to children necessitate new studies and examinations of ethics,” by investigating the development of children’s moral evaluations of sponsored YouTube videos. Findings suggest that moral disapproval of sponsored YouTube content is more likely as children cognitively develop and they are more likely to justify this stance by considering the impact on others and societal “rules,” while less mature children reason purely based on the perceived impact on the self. When a disclosure that the video is an advertisement is explicitly stated, the likelihood of children’s disapproval increases. Both the presence of a disclosure and children’s moral disapproval of the practice are negatively associated with liking of the promoted brand. These findings have implications for parents and educators and provide a starting point for future research. Keeping up with the ethical boundaries of advertising: Big soda, metadiscourse and paradigm repair • Patrick Ferrucci, U of Colorado-Boulder; Erin Schauster • This study utilizes a framework previously unseen in advertising ethics research – paradigm repair – and applies it to the divisive 2017 Kendall Jenner Pepsi advertisement by studying metadiscourse from trade publications and mainstream press. After the controversary surrounding the commercial ensued, actors within and outside the advertising industry argued the ad violated the ethical boundaries of the industry because it coopted a social issue, acted as a form of cultural appropriation, and served as an example of brand activism (gone awry). Textual data analyzed also argued this paradigm violation occurred because Pepsi created the ad with an in-house agency, there’s a lack of diversity within the industry, and the industry’s current professional culture often catalyzes controversial material. This study concludes with an argument for paradigm repair’s utility for studying advertising ethics, and with implications for advertising practice. Public Relations Practitioners’ Understanding of Fake News: Examining the influence of ethics counsel identity and individual ethical orientations • Rosie Jahng; Hyunmin Lee • This study examined whether public relations practitioners’ ethical responsibility as public communicators can help better address problems associated with fake news. Based on role theory (e.g., Dozier, 1984) and other studies regarding professional code of ethics and individual ethical orientations, this study explored whether public relations practitioners identify their ethics counsel responsibility and how that influences the way they understand fake news. An online survey with a nationally representative sample of public relations practitioners was conducted to examine the relationship between strong ethical identity among public relations practitioners and different aspects of understanding and addressing fake news. Results are discussed in terms of ethical responsibility of public relations to communicate truthfully and regain trust from the public. * Extended Abstract * In the Media We Trust? Exploring the Effects of Perceived Risk, News Disputes, and Credibility on Consumer Attitudes Toward Biotechnology Companies   • Holly Overton, University of South Carolina; Fan Yang • This study conducts a 2 (Risk: Low vs. High) X 2 (Pre-existing Attitude: Anti gene-editing technology vs. Pro gene-editing technology) X 2 (Dispute: absent vs. present) X 2 (Media source: Buzzfeed vs. NYT) factorial online experiment to examine the impact on individuals’ attitudes toward a biotechnology company and trust in the media source. Results indicate that dispute messages enhance attitudes toward the company but decrease trust in media sources. Implications are discussed. Moving into the media world: The moral psychology of emerging adults in journalism and communication • David Craig, University of Oklahoma; Patrick Plaisance; Erin Schauster; Ryan Thomas, University of Missouri; Chris Roberts, University of Alabama; Katie Place, Quinnipiac University • Emerging adulthood is a distinct, transitional stage of life and work characterized by several features, wherein little is known regarding moral development. This study is part of a three-year, longitudinal study with recent graduates across six U.S. universities who studied journalism and communication. Guided by emerging adulthood, moral psychology and media exemplar research, 192 participants completed an online survey regarding their personality traits, virtuous character, moral reasoning and ethical ideology. The Moral Psychology and Exemplarism of Leaders in Marketing Communication • Erin Schauster; Patrick Plaisance • Organizational leaders shape what others believe and how they behave, which is also true for moral behavior. Moral exemplars are invaluable resources for education and in practice, yet there is scant research on media exemplars. The current study utilized a questionnaire to better understand the moral psychology profile of marketing communication executives in positions such as chief executive officer of international agencies, which suggests what personality traits, ethical ideology and moral reasoning that exemplars possess. Familial Experiences of Moral Exemplars in Marketing Communication • Christopher Vardeman, University of Colorado Boulder; Erin Schauster • Media and communication executives, from journalists and public relations practitioners to brand managers and the advertising agency executives that represent them, are continuously confronted with dilemmas that require moral deliberation. To understand how a person, such as a moral exemplar, develops moral awareness and moral imagination, media ethicists have looked to moral psychology theory. Based on the understanding that life experiences impact morality, such as familial experiences with one’s parents, and considering the limited research in media ethics literature on the topic, the current study uses interview data with thirteen media and communication executives to determine how, if at all, childhood and adolescent familial experiences have impacted their later-in-life moral decision making. Participants indicated, via both prompted and unprompted anecdotes, that values such as honesty, empathy, compassion, and positivity were instilled by their family members from an early age and that they have carried these values and consciously applied them to their professional practices. The current findings suggest that value salience is a result of early life, familial experiences that include positive modeling experiences, as well as experiences and instruction that arose during times of adversity. Because of these vivid experiences and memories, today, marketing leaders are able to perceive the moral nature of various actions and decision-making that has potential consequences for employees, other stakeholders, and their families. Covering a complicated legacy with a sledgehammer: Metajournalistic and audience discourse after Kobe Bryant's death • Carolina Velloso, University of Maryland, College Park; Wei-ping Li, University of Maryland; Nohely Alvarez; Shannon Scovel, University of Maryland; Md Mahfuzul Haque, University of Maryland College Park; Linda Steiner • This paper assesses journalists’ and audiences’ responses to both Kobe Bryant’s death and the Washington Post’s suspension and subsequent reinstatement of Felicia Sonmez. Journalists’ coverage of Bryant’s death and the Sonmez suspension focused on the complexity of Bryant’s legacy and emphasized the journalistic values of professionalism and truth. Audience members posts comments that offered feedback to the journalists on their coverage, generally supporting Sonmez while critiquing the Post’s newsroom social media policy. The Path Forward: A Thematic Analysis of Structure and Autonomy in Local Digital Journalism • Rhema Zlaten, Colorado Mesa University • The main purpose of this qualitative thematic analysis was to examine the shifting digital news industry, especially in regard to individual and organizational-level structure and autonomy. Via in-depth interviewing, I worked with the editorial staff at a hyper-local digitally native news organization to examine their organizational structure and expressions of autonomy. Four major themes emerged: workflow (with sub-times of time constraints, workplace expectations and role-balancing); company culture; navigating tensions; and autonomy. Special Call for International Topics in Media Ethics Traditional Knowledge for Ethical Reporting on Indigenous communities: A cultural compass for social justice • Ann Auman, University of Hawaii; Alana Kanahale, University of Hawai'i • This study seeks to improve reporting on Indigenous communities by applying Traditional Knowledge labels and guidebooks for appropriate ethical behavior and practices that respect Indigenous cultures, cultural knowledge and protocol. The method and discussion draw on a sample of reporting guidebooks on Indigenous peoples as well as TK labels developed by cultural preservationists to educate people about Indigenous information, visuals and artifacts that are sacred, restricted or shared. They could be called the journalist’s “cultural compass.” Representing the "Other" Woman: Transnational Feminism and the Ethics of Care in Media Coverage of MENA Feminist Movements • Sara Shaban • This paper aims to illustrate how transnationalism enables the ethics of care by examining how American journalists covered the women’s movements in Saudi Arabia and Iran. By exploring the United States' geopolitical relationship with these two countries, this study highlights how geopolitical agendas can negate ethical reporting and influence the decision-making process of journalists as well as the nationalist values that manipulate those choices. <2020 Abstracts]]> 20136 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/mmee-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 23:52:30 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20139 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20139 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/macd-2020-abstracts/ Fri, 26 Jun 2020 23:56:59 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20142 Faculty Research Competition Muhammad Ali’s Vietnam War Challenge: An Examination of Framing by the New York Times and the Louisville Courier-Journal • Zainul Abedin, Mississippi Valley State University • This study examines framing of Muhammad Ali’s anti-Vietnam War role by the New York Times and the Louisville Courier-Journal. The trials Ali endured are legendary for his refusal to join the U.S. Army as a conscientious objector. Ali, alias Clay, struggled to uphold self-determination and civil rights especially during the period from 1967 through 1971 when he faced legal barriers and racial discrimination. The study revealed the press, especially popularly known “liberal” Times was disrespectful to Ali’s historic fight for human rights and justice. Ali’s challenge not only helped redefine the law of conscientious objectors protected by the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution but also has long been inspiring other athletes to raise their voices for civil rights. Communication, Perception of Candidate Ethnicity, and Hispanic Engagement During the 2018 Texas Senate Election • Oluseyi Adegbola; Sherice Gearhart • Existing research indicates that Hispanics tend to support co-ethnic candidates, due in part to the assumption that such candidates will be committed to the Hispanic community. However, candidate ethnicity may differ from perception of candidate ethnicity, especially when attributes about candidate ethnicity may be ambiguous. This study examines the extent to which perception of candidate ethnicity and commitment to the Hispanic community, as well as political communication, guide varying types of political engagement. A survey of Hispanic voters located in Texas (N = 424) was collected during the 2018 Texas senate election featuring Beto O’Rourke (D) and Ted Cruz (R). Results suggest that perceptions of candidate ethnicity and commitment to the Hispanic community are related to active engagement, although findings vary across candidates. Similarly, exposure to political advertising is more closely associated with active rather than passive engagement, while political discussion is related to both outcomes. Implications for political communication and engagement among Hispanics are discussed. Framing Federal Recognition: Native American Sovereignty and Casinos • CRISTINA Azocar, San Francisco State University • A content analysis of almost 4,000 print, online and broadcast news stories spanning forty years examines mainstream news coverage of the federal recognition of Native American Tribes and the conflation of recognition and gaming. The analysis uses the theories of agenda setting and framing to show how the pattern of coverage of federal recognition has helped the U.S. maintain cultural hegemony of tribes. As predicted, the news media perpetuated ignorance and stereotypes about the sovereignty of Native tribes by keeping tribes’ pursuit of federal recognition off the news agenda, and by overplaying gaming frames and underplaying sovereignty frames. Fifty Shades of White: Default whiteness and performative speech in television-news coverage of the Charlottesville Unite the Right riot • Angie Chuang, University of Colorado Boulder; Autumn Tyler, University of Colorado Boulder • The violence surrounding the 2017 Unite the Right rally challenged journalists with multiple ambiguities, from euphemistic language like “alt-right” to describe white supremacy, to President Trump’s “very fine people on both sides” statement. This mixed-methods analysis of television-news coverage of events in Charlottesville shows that, in the absence of a racialized “us versus them” narrative, national networks tended to adhere to a default, invisible presumption of whiteness in representations of participants, overlooking counterprotesters of color. “Through Our Prism”: A Survey of Black Local Sportscasters’ Views and Interactions with Black Athletes • Kevin Hull, University of South Carolina; Denetra Walker; Miles Romney, Brigham Young University; Kirstin Pellizzaro, University of South Carolina • Black local sports broadcasters throughout the United States were surveyed to discover how they view media treatment of, and their own interactions with, Black athletes. Results demonstrate that the majority feel the athletes are negatively stereotyped and that, as Black journalists, they have an easier time relating to and telling the story of the Black athlete. * Extended Abstract * When Do Victims Become Activists? Asian Americans’ Experience with COVID-19 Related Discrimination, Communicative Coping Strategies, and Engagement in Activism • Jungmi Jun; Priscilla Li • Due to the origin of COVID-19, racist and xenophobia attacks against Chinese and Asian Americans have radically increased. We investigate Asian Americans’ COVID-19 related discrimination experience, communicative coping strategies, and engagement in activism. Three relevant communication theories guide the research. Online survey will be conducted with Asian Americans across the US. The findings will guide efforts to combat discrimination of racial/ethnic groups, share effective coping strategies, and empower the victims. #BlackLivesMatter in Sacramento: Digital Media Maintenance of Black Stereotypes, Protest Repression and the Status Quo • Danielle Kilgo, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities • This research analyzes news representations of the killing of Stephon Clark and protests that followed, while also considering the role social media users play in empowering some narratives over others. Results suggest that the press negatively characterized Clark while avoiding assessment of the characters of police officers. In general, the protests were described as disruptive and emotional, though episodic demands were regularly mentioned. Selective social media sharing amplified the limited coverage about police character. Coping with Workplace Racial Discrimination: The Moderating Role of Transparent Communication • Queenie Li, University of Miami; Yeunjae Lee, University of Miami; Shiyun Tian, University of Miami; Wanhsiu Tsai • "Based on an integrative framework, this study evaluates whether and how internal communication efforts are connected to racial minority employees’ coping strategies for workplace discrimination to influence their relationship with and communicative behaviors toward their organizations. A survey was conducted with 412 full-time employees working in various industry sectors in the U.S. Results suggest that racial minority employees were likely to choose emotion-focused rather than problem-focused coping strategies. The choice of coping strategies in turn impacted the relational and behavioral employee outcomes. Importantly, transparent communication was found to be a significant moderator that reduces the negative impacts of discrimination experiences while increasing the motivation of adopting problem focused approaches. The theoretical and practical implications were discussed." George Wallace and racial polarization in Alabama during the civil rights era: A theory of media legitimacy and political leadership • Ali Mohamed • Existing literature on the relation between media legitimacy and effective political leadership shows the utility of Max Weber’s “charismatic” leader attributes based on a leader’s behavior, his/her political principles, and his/her fidelity to those principles. But few studies so far have considered this relationship between media and charismatic leadership in polarized political contexts. Our examination of Governor George Wallace’s paradoxical relationships with the Birmingham News in 1960s Alabama showed no legitimation of his leadership either during his 1962 campaign for office or during his first term as governor -- despite his high popularity and despite News support for his segregationist political platform. The paper strongly opposed manipulation of racial divisions for political gain because of the negative implications of such conflict for Alabama’s prosperity and for the rule of law. The News instead supported Wallace’s opponent, Ryan deGraffenreid, for promoting unity of all Alabamians; and ascribing to him charismatic attributes of honesty, competence, and credibility. * Extended Abstract * “It’s not a movie, it’s a movement:” Analysis of Asian-Americans in American 2018-2019 films • Patrice Oppliger, Boston University; Siyu Liu, Boston University • This paper will explore and reason the changes in the representations of Asian Americans in U.S. films released in 2018 and 2019. We use Said’s latent and manifest Orientalism as a theoretical framework to analyze the content and production of the four films, Crazy Rich Asians, To All the Boys I’ve Loved Before, Always Be My Maybe and The Farewell. Chick-Fil-A Vs Popeye’s: Memes of Chicken Wars and Hegemonic Ideologies • Nathian Rodriguez, San Diego State University • The study employed a textual analysis using a lens of encoding and decoding theory and found that Popeye vs Chick-Fil-A memes contained stereotypical racist and classist humor, furthering hegemonic ideologies. It was also found that LGBTQ discourse was also created around the chicken feud, establishing a dichotomy of pro-and anti-LGBTQ stances for Popeyes and Chick-Fil-A, respectively. The findings suggest that hybridity nature of memes can not only reify hegemonic ideologies through digital discourse, but also ascribe those ideologies to organizations, in this case fast food chains, without the organization’s intent or control. * Extended Abstract * Stevie Wonder, Black Genius and Herald of Music and Media Integration • John Vilanova • This is a historiographic project that uses a corpus of more than 7,000 articles written about the musician Stevie Wonder between 1962 and 1977. It unpacks and analyzes the way media discourses “made” Wonder into an exceptional and unique figure whose music was said to transcend both racial and artistic boundaries. This work illustrates how media was key to Wonder’s acceptance in mainstream music industry and popular culture circles. Student Papers Black Maternal Mortality in the Media: How Journalists Cover a Deadly Racial Disparity • Denetra Walker; Kelli Boling, University of South Carolina • Through semi-structured interviews with five news journalists, this study offers an in-depth understanding of journalists covering Black maternal mortality. Discussions include the role of advocacy in journalism as well as the struggle of covering the complex, long-standing systemic issue of maternal mortality associated with race in American society. Three themes discuss a need for journalistic responsibility, the role of media advocacy in public health, and complications when reporting race. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. * Extended Abstract * Extended Abstract: An Analysis of Attitudes and Perceptions of Body Image Among Young Adult Hispanic Women • Christina Jimenez Najera, Texas Tech University; Othello Richards, Texas Tech University • Research has shown that constant exposure to thin body types and beauty ideals portrayed in media generate negative effects among women. This study focused on exploring attitudes and perceptions of beauty and body image ideals among a young adult Hispanic female population through semi-structured interviews. Preliminary results show that the ideal body type is thinner and “thick”, and beauty is a dualistic concept in which media and family have a direct influence in its construction. Communicating the culture through Korean food between authenticity and adaptation • Solyee Kim, University of Georgia • This study explores how Korean restaurants in the States promote their businesses by using the Circuit of Culture as a theoretical framework. Five elements in the Circuit, representation, production, consumption, identity, and regulation, provided a contextual understanding of how Korean food is communicated at a local level. In-depth interviews with 10 small business Korean restaurant owners in the U.S., the study highlighted the discrepancy in perception, knowledge and access to resources in promoting their businesses. Local news representations of race and homicide in Baton Rouge, Louisiana • Tim Klein, Louisiana State University's Manship School of Mass Communication; Quincy Hodges • Prior researchers have found that media portrayals of crime influence the publics’ views on criminality and the criminal justice system. In addition, news coverage of crime often fails to be representative of victims and perpetrators, with most studies finding Whites are oversampled as victims, while Blacks are undersampled. Despite this body of research on news representations of race and crime, there have been no recent studies that focus on racial representations of crime in the southern parts of the U.S., where homicide and incarceration rates tend to be the highest, and the history of racial prejudice has been the most severe. This study begins to fill that void by conducting an interreality comparison of homicide news coverage and homicide statistics in Baton Rouge, the capital city of Louisiana. Findings revealed that among Baton Rouge’s four nightly TV news broadcasts and the state’s largest daily newspaper, the majority of the news stories had White victims (52.11%), though Whites made up only 2.2% of the homicide victims in 2018 in Baton Rouge. This study adds critical empirical data to the broader debate over media portrayals of crime and race. Separate and (Almost) Equal: Analysis of “It’s Time for Black Athletes to Leave White Colleges” • Vincent Peña, University of Texas at Austin • In September 2019, former ESPN personality Jemele Hill wrote a controversial article for The Atlantic, titled “It’s Time for Black Athletes to Leave White Colleges,” in which she argued for an exodus of black athletes from predominantly white institutions to historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs). This paper conducts a rhetorical textual analysis of Hill’s article while using a theoretical framework based on Marxian concepts such as ideology and hegemony to examine her article’s implications. News Presenters and the People Who Lead Them: Examining Diversity of Local Television News Teams • Robert J. Richardson • Research has shown that people of color are underrepresented as members of the media. A majority of local television news directors and station general managers are White, and most of them are men. This study collected race and gender data of 4,317 newscasters from 64 U.S. television markets selected randomly through stratified sampling. It examines relationships between race and gender of management, market size, location, and diversity of on-air staffs. * Extended Abstract * Left out of the equation: Examining perceptions of racial bias on social media platforms • Kelsey Whipple, University of Texas at Austin; Martin Riedl, University of Texas at Austin; Ryan Wallace, University of Texas at Austin • News coverage of the technology industry regularly identifies racial and gender biases built into online platforms through the stereotypes internalized by their creators. However, public perceptions of these algorithmic and technological biases remain largely unexamined — particularly when it comes to social media platforms. Through a cross-sectional panel survey (N = 1,022) distributed nationally in the United States, this study examines demographic and ideological factors that contribute to perceptions that social media platforms are racially biased. <2020 Abstracts]]> 20142 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/nond-2020-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2020 00:04:42 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20145 Open Competition * Extended Abstract * Examining Augmented Reality in Journalism: Perceived Usability of AR Visualizations in News Articles • Tanja Aitamurto, University of Illinois at Chicago; Laura Aymerich-Franch, Pompeu Fabra University; Jorge Saldivar, Barcelona Supercomputing Center; Catherine Kircos; Yasamin Sadeghi, University of California in Los Angeles; Sukolsak Sakshuwong, Stanford University • In this study, we examined the usability of augmented reality (AR) visualizations and users’ interest in adopting AR as a storytelling medium in journalism. In a mixed experimental design, 79 participants were randomly assigned to view three New York Times articles in one of three viewing modalities: (1) AR visualizations, (2) interactive (non-AR) visualizations, or (3) non-interactive, static visualizations. There were no statistically significant differences in the perceived usability of the visuals or in the participants’ interest in seeing more visualizations between the viewing modalities. Regardless of the viewing modality, the participants perceived the visualizations as easy, comfortable and desirable to use and as useful ways to learn information. The participants were neither more nor less interested in adopting the technology for their daily use. The findings suggest that usability may not be a major challenge hindering the use of AR in journalism. However, the findings also suggest that the users are not more interested in using AR in their daily lives compared to other, more traditional visual media. These results pose a challenge for news organizations hoping to develop an audience for their AR content: How could they increase the users’ interest in adopting AR as a visual medium for journalistic storytelling? * Extended Abstract * Statistical numeracy and polling literacy among news readers • Alyssa Appelman, Northern Kentucky University; Mike Schmierbach, Pennsylvania State University • Through an experiment (N = 495), this study tests the effects of errors in polling and statistics on news readers’ perceptions. In all, findings suggest that most readers do not notice these types of errors. Once enough mistakes are included, however, readers do seem to notice, but they do not seem to be bothered by them. This suggests the need for additional media literacy training for readers, as well as additional numeracy training for journalists. The default motive: Blaming mental illness for violence depicted in news stories • Jessica Roark, Ohio University; Robin Blom, Ball State University • Though the mentally ill are more likely to be the victims of violent crimes than the perpetrators, saturation of negative media images can lead to the belief that the mentally ill are more likely to commit violent acts than others. This study aimed to provide evidence of the degree to which news consumers connected news stories of violent crimes with mental illness as a motive. By examining perceptions of mental illness as a possible motive when presented with composite news stories depicting crimes with different levels of violence, and where mental illness was either included or excluded from the narrative, the researchers were able to demonstrate that news consumers connected mental illness with violent acts, even when mental illness was not part of the narrative. Truth, Justice, and Sexual Harassment: A comparative analysis of Op-Eds in the Hill-Thomas and Ford-Kavanaugh hearings • Kelli Boling, University of South Carolina; Leigh Moscowitz, University of South Carolina • Using textual analysis to examine Op-Eds during the Hill-Thomas and Ford-Kavanaugh hearings, this paper explores how media can function as an arbiter of public opinion during controversial events. Findings show a shift in Op-Ed contributors, from mostly men in 1991 (60%) to predominantly women in 2018 (70%). Support for women was largely absent in Op-Eds from 1991, replaced by discussions of fairness and justice; while in 2018, Op-Ed authors offered tangible support for Dr. Ford. Making sources visible: Representation of evidence in news texts, 2007-2019 • Mark Coddington, Washington and Lee University; Logan Molyneux, Temple University • Journalism’s shift toward more aggregative forms of work could be expected to induce a parallel shift in the forms of evidence presented in news texts. A content analysis of news texts from newspapers and digital newsrooms in 2007, 2013, and 2019 shows firsthand evidence is rarely presented. Non-mediated attributed speech was by far the evidence most often presented, but it has become less common over time, with corresponding increases in mediated speech and thirdhand evidence. Revealing problems, pointing fingers, and creating impact: A survey of investigative reporters/editors regarding journalistic impact • Nicole Dahmen, University of Oregon; Brent Walth, University of Oregon • One measure of success for investigative reporting is impact: Did the story lead to any sort of outcome, from public awareness and dialogue to meaningful policy change? While investigative reporting is historically impact-oriented, there is a dearth of academic scholarship as to what journalists seek and expect when it comes to generating impact. Using data from a national survey of investigative reporters/editors, this research develops a more holistic conceptualization of journalistic impact. Mapping Peace Journalism: Toward a Shared Understanding of Success • Meagan Doll, University of Washington; Patricia Moy, University of Washington • "Peace journalism has received notable attention in recent decades, though this interest does not necessarily correspond with more peaceful societies around the world. This paper traces three primary domains of peace journalism research—as a concept, as a practice and, by extension, as media content and effects—to demonstrate how uncoordinated metrics for success obscure peace journalism’s normative goals and evaluation. Future work should consider conceptual bridging between research domains alongside mechanisms for cross-institutional assessment. Same scandal, different standards: The effect of partisanship on expectations of news reports about whistleblowers • Megan Duncan, Virginia Tech; Mallory Perryman, Virginia Commonwealth University; Brittany Shaughnessy, Virginia Tech • The New York Times in 2019 published a story revealing key details about an anonymous whistleblower and included a short quote from the editor defending the decision. The Times did not name the whistleblower, but it revealed enough to ignite a controversy with clear ideological lines. One explanation of Hostile Media Perception is that audiences adjust their standards higher or lower depending on the context of journalism. In this experiment (N=591), we test the different standards explanation on both the perceptions of a story participants just read and their expectations of a follow up story. The experiment manipulates (1) the news brand publishing the news story; (2) the political identification of a politician at the center of a scandal; and (3) the transparency of an editor’s note explaining journalistic process. The results suggest the relationship between an audience member’s ideology and the news story shapes whether the person thinks a whistleblower’s name should be revealed. We find main effects for news brand and politician political identity on current and future journalism. Additionally, the transparent editor’s note improves the perception of the quality of journalism among independents. These results support transparency on the part of news editors to increase perceptions of good reporting. Further, they add to HMP research by suggesting audiences raise and lower the bar of what they consider fair journalism based on who is reporting about whom. In other words, audiences reading about the same scandal have different standards for the details they think should be included. Constructing city images through local online media: Evidence from 21 major U.S. cities • Lei Guo; Yiyan Zhang • Based on evidence collected from 21 major U.S. cities, this study explores the intermedia agenda setting (IAS) impact of the city-based local online media in transferring the salience of urban issues to the national media agenda. The results suggest a city’s economic power and the scale of its local news industry, especially the traditional media sector, are significantly correlated with its local media’s power to determine how the city is portrayed in the national media. Varying amounts of information in health news headlines can affect user selection and interactivity • Ronald Yaros, University of Maryland-College Park; Md Mahfuzul Haque, University of Maryland College Park; Md Main Uddin Rony, University of Maryland College Park; Naeemul Hassan, University of Maryland College Park • This experimental study (N = 308) tested if varying the amounts of information in health news headlines significantly affects user selection. Participants exposed to eight headline pairs selected one preferred headline then asked why, and whether they’d like, comment on, or share its content. Results indicate a consistent preference for more informative headlines because they provided more detail. Although fewer low information headlines were selected, the primary reason was they raised curiosity. * Extended Abstract * Corrections decrease following The New York Times editing consolidation—is this a good thing? • Kirstie Hettinga, California Lutheran University; Elizabeth Smith, Pepperdine University • The New York Times “streamlined” its editing process in 2017 and reduced the editing staff by about half. Through content analysis on corrections (N=1,149), this research examines the effects of these cuts. Preliminary analysis revealed that there were more corrections before the editing process was changed, but that corrections appeared more quickly after the original error occurred following the streamlining of the editing desk. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed. Ideological Hierarchy in Current China • Yezi Hu, Washington State University; Stacey Hust • Since the Chinese Communist Party(CCP) had to come up with a new ideology to supplement communism in China after the cold war, the complex ideology in China has become a mystery. This study analyzed 200 newspaper articles in Peoples' Daily to examine and compare the salience of the 12 Socialist Core Values that the CCP is currently promoting in the country. It confirmed the existence of the ideological hierarchy and the five latent themes under the discussion of the values in People’s Daily. This study also found some significant ideological changes after 2018 China’s constitutional amendment, which removed the presidential term limit. It is the first quantitative study of the Socialist Core Values, and it helps the world better understand the ideological foundation behind Chinese behavior and policies. Transparency in the News • Kirsten Johnson, Elizabethtown College; Burton St. John III, University of Colorado-Boulder • An experimental study was conducted to see what impact varying the level of self-disclosure by a journalist, as well as providing information about why and how a story is being covered, has on the perceived credibility of the journalist, the story, and the organization for which the journalist works. A nationwide study was conducted that included 885 participants. Results indicate the group that saw a picture of the journalist, a low level of disclosure regarding the journalist, and information about why and how the story was being covered rated the journalist, story, and organization highest in terms of perceived credibility. These findings indicate that traditional news organizations, when it comes to building audience credibility, should consider including at least some information about the journalist, and perhaps, more importantly, information about why and how the story is being covered. * Extended Abstract * Organizational Culture in a Converged Community Radio Station - A Case Study Look at How News Is Made • Angelica Kalika, University of Colorado Boulder • Abstract: As nonprofit community journalism shifts its resources to digital endeavors, this case study examines the organizational culture of a converged community radio station newsroom. Using participant observation and in-depth interviews, the role journalism plays in a nonprofit and independent newsroom is analyzed. Schein’s definition of culture demonstrates how community digital journalistic practices are described and fulfill a community’s information needs. The author makes a case for the professional relevance of the role culture plays in an organization and how news is made in a converged radio newsroom. A Missed Opportunity? President Trump, the Truth Sandwich, and Journalistic Monitoring of the Executive Office Across Ideological Mainstream Outlets • Linda Jean Kenix, University of Canterbury; Jovita Manickam, University of Canterbury • Journalists have called for a 'truth sandwich' in the reporting of President Donald Trump to better ascertain the certitude of his public comments. This paper first reviews the norms of journalism to better understand the present challenges and then attempts to examine journalism in the era of President Trump. It is easier to understand how different contemporary journalism might be if there is a better understanding of the how the practice has evolved. This research then employs quantitative content analysis to examine online articles from four newspapers across the ideological spectrum to uncover sources, tone and presence of the truth sandwich in The United States. Minimal evidence of the truth sandwich was found and coverage of President Trump was largely negative in tone, with differences noted between conservative and liberal media. The stark differences found here have potentially profound implications for democracy and for journalism in America, which are discussed. Comparative Frame Analysis of a False Ballistic Missile Alert Crisis • Ji Young Kim; Ann Auman, University of Hawaii • News media framing of a community crisis can be studied to better understand the impact of government messages on community reaction. Government is a powerful political actor and source in an emergency for the news media and the public. This study evaluates Hawai’i news media reports and interpretations of state government’s messages about a false missile attack alert. A content analysis was conducted using news frames to evaluate news media’s response to the crisis and compared that to government message frames. News and Online Public Agenda for the Environmental Health Risk Issues in S. Korea • Ji Young Kim • Grounded in the agenda-setting framework, a total of 587 news and public online messages were analyzed. First, news media articles were collected from the Integrated News Database System where articles were retrieved from nine different daily newspapers in Korea, and then public’s online messages were also collected from an online portal site using the same keywords. Results of this study show some useful communication patterns in terms of sub-issues, stakeholders, and issue frames in the context of environmental health risk. Moreover, this study found some differences between the news and public agendas on the environmental health risk issues. Audience Engagement with Individual News Organizations and Their News Content, and Influencing Factors • Jisu Kim, Yale Law School; Jisu Huh, University of Minnesota • Using survey data from the audience of six national news organizations in the United States, this article explores the influences of factors for audience engagement with the news organization at the organizational level. The result shows that familiarity with the news organization, frequency of getting news from the news organization, trust in the news in social media, trust in the news organization, and demographics affect audience engagement with news content and the news organization differently. Third-party candidates, newspaper editorials and political debates • John Kirch, Towson University • This paper examines how newspapers in Virginia covered Sarvis’s campaign and the 2013 gubernatorial election on their editorial pages. In addition to comparing the volume and type of coverage each candidate received, the study analyzed whether newspapers in Virginia supported, opposed, or were indifferent to the Libertarian’s inclusion in the debates. Central questions include: Were newspapers interested in broadening political discourse beyond the confines of the major parties? How did newspaper editorial boards respond once they learned that Sarvis was not invited to the debates? Did any newspaper endorse the Libertarian? And did the news media fulfill its role as a forum of robust discussion, or did it act as an “agent of power,” helping the establishment stifle political discourse rather than enhancing it? The paper finds that third-party candidates receive significantly less coverage than major-party candidates on newspaper editorial pages. Most newspapers also were indifferent to the Libertarian's exclusion from the debates. * Extended Abstract * Early Coverage of the Coronavirus Pandemic at US Local Newspapers • Beth Knobel, Fordham University • The outbreak of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic provides an opportunity to investigate several aspects of the work of local newspapers in the United States, including gatekeeping, the effect of news wires and news syndication services, and the possible effect of political polarization on hard news coverage. To provide insight on these issues, this study examines the early coverage of COVID-19 at a selection of American local newspapers in 28 states—15 Republican-dominated and 13 Democrat-dominated. * Extended Abstract * 12 years left—how a climate change action deadline influences attitudes • Patrice Kohl; Neil Stenhouse • "Following the release of a 2018 IPCC report, numerous news media announced we have only “12 years” to avoid abrupt, catastrophic climate change. This experiment tested the influence of this climate change “deadline-ism” narrative on participant attitudes and behavioral intentions. A news article presenting the “deadline-ism” narrative increased support for prioritizing climate change and reduced fatalism, compared to a control condition. It also increased a sense of response efficacy in addressing climate change among liberals." Anchoring in the past, tweeting from the present: Exploring cognitive bias among reporters in 2016 presidential election coverage • Jihye Lee, Stanford University; James Hamilton • This study explores how cognitive biases influence news coverage by journalists facing uncertainty and time-pressures on the campaign trail. Examining text corpora generated by 81 reporters covering the 2016 presidential election, we found that journalists who had covered previous presidential elections anchor in the past by making more references to previous political events in their 2016 reporting. Comparing text of their articles and broadcasts to language in their tweets, we found journalists used language on Twitter reflecting more emotion, greater certainty, and a focus on the present. These results were consistent with Kahneman’s model of System 1 versus System 2 thinking. The Synergistic Effects of Solutions Journalism and Corporate Social Responsibility Advertising • Minjie Li, The University of Tampa • This study explores the synergistic effects of solutions journalism and corporate social responsibility advertising. More specifically, it experimentally investigates how news story orientation (i.e. Problem-Oriented, Solution-Oriented) interacts with the relevance of the advertisement (i.e. Irrelevant, Low-Relevance, High-Relevance) displayed alongside the news story to redirect people’s affective and cognitive responses to the news story and advertisement. The findings demonstrated that the solution-oriented story elicited more positive affect, issue interest, self-efficacy, and favorable evaluations of the advertisement. The Discursive Construction of Forza Nuova in Italy’s Corriere della Sera: Legitimizing the Ultra-Right? • Cinzia Padovani, Scuola Normale Superiore/Loughborough University • "What is the role of mainstream media in the discursive construction of ultra-right political actors? In order to answer this question, I propose a case study in which I draw from critical discourse studies to investigate Italy’s newspaper of record (Corriere della Sera)’s coverage of the ultra-right party Forza Nuova (FN). I argue that Corriere, one of the most important news organizations in the country, has tended to represent this party as a legitimate player in the political and public sphere, rather than providing the reader with the necessary background on its neo-fascist roots and ideology. The findings provide us with insight into the potential dangers and pitfalls of some core principles of ethical journalism (such as impartiality and fairness) when reporting on ultra-right political actors. This case study shows the importance of a journalism that is shaped by the post-WWII core values of anti-fascism and anti-racism, in a more contextualized and historicized practice. "Setting Your Own Agenda”: Selective Exposure as a Mechanism for Re-Enforcing Issue Importance • George Pearson, The Ohio State University; Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick; Birkan Gokbag • "Classic agenda setting hypotheses suggest audiences take cues from media as to the most important issues in society. However, this is challenged by a high-choice media environment that allows users to choose topics based off pre-existing interests. A selective exposure experiment found pre-exposure issue importance and media emphasis both predict selective exposure which in turn predicts post-exposure importance. However, media emphasis did not directly predict post-exposure importance, implying selective exposure is necessary for agenda setting. * Extended Abstract * Covering Parkland: How reporters cope with living through a school shooting • Theodore Petersen • When tragedy strikes, journalists are often among those who run toward the danger. This qualitative study explores the lived experience of 10 South Florida journalists who covered the Parkland school shooting. The journalists shared moving stories. For example, one had her Twitter account faked and received death threats; another worried about his brother who taught at the school. By understanding these experiences, newsroom leaders and journalism professors can better prepare journalists to handle these situations. News Story Aggregation and Perceived Credibility • Chris Roberts, University of Alabama; Stan Diel, Francis Marion University • The practice of aggregating news content—repurposing content created by other news organizations—raises questions about credibility. This experimental study suggests that news organizations can boost credibility of aggregated content by more clearly identifying originating sources than by increasing or decreasing the use of aggregation. Relationships between levels of aggregation and credibility showed little or no significance, while relationships between credibility and receivers’ confidence in identifying originating sources were significant. * Extended Abstract * A Qualitative Analysis of US Immigration Coverage by Media During the Obama and Trump Presidencies • Jennifer Sadler • This qualitative analysis examines the frequency of immigration-related posts by media organizations and audience reactions on Facebook from the last three years of Barack Obama’s Presidency and the first three years of Donald Trump’s Presidency: January 2014 - December 2019. The results of this analysis indicate that media have significantly increased posting about this topic since 2014 and audiences have also elevated their participation through comments, shares, and reactions. A Frame Analysis of Climate Change Solutions in Online News and Media • Michelle Seelig; Huixin Deng, University of Miami; Songyi Liang, University of Miami • Even though the public is aware of climate change, deficient is an adequate discussion about real solutions, preventive measures, or necessary actions that may prevent further deterioration or damage to Earth. The present study seeks to know how online news and media discusses (a) actions to address climate change, (b) self, external, and response efficacy of actions that may be taken to address it, and (c) how are climate solutions visually framed in the news. Partisan Selective Exposure on Social Media: Individual Preference vs. Community Structure • Jieun Shin, University of Florida • This study examined two different levels of selective exposure phenomenon: the individual level (i.e., a tendency to favor like-minded sources) and network level (i.e., partisan community structures). We linked survey responses from a representative sample of twitter users in the U.S. with their digital trace data from Twitter including media following and exposure to news via their friends. We found that selectivity bias was present in all types of data including self-reported media consumption (survey), media following (digital trace), and indirect exposure to media (digital trace). However, individual- level preferences did not translate into macroscopic network structures in which partisan groups are clustered and isolated. A moderate level cross-cutting exposure and a common use of neutral media hindered extreme partisan segregation. Additionally, we observed an asymmetric pattern of selective exposure between conservatives and liberals. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to the roles of mainstream media, selective avoidance, and incidental exposure. National Prisms of a Global Phenomenon: A Comparative Study of Press Coverage of Climate Change in the US, UK and China • Yunya Song, Hong Kong Baptist University; Zeping Huang; Jonathon P. Schuldt, Cornell University; Connie Yuan, Cornell University • Although a number of studies have compared media coverage of climate change issues across countries, most focus on comparisons between the European and US contexts. Chinese media, by comparison, has received much less scholarly attention. This study examines the US, UK versus Chinese media coverage of climate change from 2013 to 2018. Our analysis entails a 39.4 million-word corpus of news texts retrieved from six leading national newspapers. A combination of computer-assisted quantitative linguistic analysis with critical discourse analysis was used to identify and compare linguistic elements as well as the moral reasoning that underpins the journalistic positioning across large corpuses. The findings suggested that the US and UK newspapers tended to frame climate change coverage as a domestic issue, while Chinese media tended to frame it as a global issue that the world at large needs to tackle. Moreover, the Chinese media were more likely to adopt one-sided rhetoric than their Western counterpart, and whereas the U.S. and UK newspapers more often adopted the balanced reporting norm to include a wider range of views. Our finding showed mixed support for the contrast between the West and the East in moral reasoning underlying their climate change stance. Even if the media in these three countries shared certain moral values and concerns regarding climate issues, their relative importance nevertheless varied due to their different socio-political systems and cultural repertoires. Identity Denied: An Examination of News, Affective Responses, and Behavioral Tendencies among Audiences • David Stamps, Louisiana State University • It is well documented that news coverage of racial minorities impacts audiences’ cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses. Yet, our knowledge is limited in understanding the influence of news coverage of whites on white audiences. By applying assumptions for social identity, self-categorization, and the black sheet effect, the current study experimentally examines these relationships. Results indicate that race-focused, versus non-racialized news, provoke heightened, complex affective and behavioral responses based on group identification. The Strategic Ritual of Emotionality in Trafficking, Immigration, and Asylum News • Allison Steinke, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities; Valerie Belair-Gagnon, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities • Human trafficking, immigration, and asylum are crucial elements of international human rights covered frequently in American news media. A qualitative content analysis of articles published in three leading U.S. newspapers reveals that the strategic ritual of emotionality provides a helpful lens and analytic framework through which scholars can examine news media discourse on these topics that cultivates a sense of cosmopolitan citizenship while at the same time reproducing established norms of journalism. * Extended Abstract * The competing ‘content studio’ agenda: A large-scale analysis of sponsored content in elite U.S. newspapers and its agenda cutting effect on corporate news • Chris Vargo, University of Colorado Boulder; Michelle Amazeen, Boston University • 2,711 sponsored content articles from 27 major U.S. corporations were analyzed across five years in the New York Times, the Washington Post, and the Wall Street Journal. The degree to which sponsored predicted significant changes in news coverage for elite media and 2) the U.S. online media was investigated. Half of the corporations change in salience across the media landscape. Agenda cutting was the most common effect observed, happening both inside of elite media and across the media landscape. Corporate sponsored content mildly suppresses coverage of that corporation in online news. Agenda building, however is very rare, or perhaps nonexistent. In this way we suggest that “content studios” may be acting more like advertisers, which have been known to suppress critical coverage of their corporation from time to time, and less like public relations practitioners who amplify and boost the salience of a company’s good deeds. Greater Expectations: How the Public Perceives News Bias and Journalistic Routines • Tamar Wilner, University of Texas at Austin; Dominique Montiel Valle, The University of Texas at Austin; Gina M. Masullo, School of Journalism, The University of Texas at Austin • "This study, using the hierarchy of influences model, investigates how individuals conceive of bias in the news and of how journalists do their jobs. We find that focus group participants’ conception of bias is broad, actually penalizing reporters for following journalistic routines. Data also shows participants hold high and possibly unattainable expectations for journalists’ adherence to ethics, such as reporting the truth and holding power to account. Implications for media trust are discussed. Political Journalism and Democracy: How journalists reflect political viewpoint diversity in their reporting • David Wolfgang, Colorado State University; Tim Vos, Michigan State University; Kimberly Kelling; Soo Young Shin, MSU • Journalists express support for providing a diversity of viewpoints in their reporting, but how is this reflected in their content? This study compared survey results of U.S. political journalists’ statements with a content analysis of their reporting. There was limited support for journalists reflecting a diversity of viewpoints in their reporting, but only for those who support civic or direct models of democracy. Results related to sourcing and trust in institutions are also discussed. Collective Sensemaking with Big Data: Sentiment Analysis of Tweet Content for Journalistic Inquiry • Yanfang Wu • Twitter is recognized by journalists as a powerful journalistic instrument. However, it consumes a great deal of journalists’ time and effort in order to verify the accuracy of the flood of information and transform raw information from social media to reportable results. Moreover, there is a lack of research on how journalists may classify Twitter content. This study seeks to fill in the knowledge gap by utilizing sentiment analysis and sensemaking theory to differentiate Twitter content from a journalistic perspective. This case study focused on 1,771,785 tweets from August 22 to September 16 in the Hurricane Dorian in 2019. The study found analysis of large-scale user-generated data on Twitter helps journalists in sensemaking in a crisis. The impact of opinion leaders on information diffusion on Twitter is declining. Although both subjectivity and polarity predict retweets, a negative association was recognized between subjectivity of a tweet and retweet counts. Moreover, tweets with negative polarity opinions were retweeted more. * Extended Abstract * Digital News Work: Skills and Attributes Online-only News Websites Seek in their Employees • Casey Yetter, University of Oklahoma; Asma Khanom; Peter Gade • This research looks at the skills and attributes digital-native news sites look for in their employees. A quantitative content analysis of 246 job advertisements from 37 digital native news websites was conducted. Results reveal that these sites seek previous experience more than any other attribute or skill, and while several digital-based skills are common in the ads, those most related to emerging areas of professionalism are seldom present. Online news sites are more niche-oriented than traditional media, and results show that although core journalism skills remain important, there are some important differences the skills these sites seek. What’s Wrong with Newspapers’ Digital Readership? An Empirical Analysis of the Top 50 U.S. Newspapers’ Online Metrics with the Multidimensional Web Attention Model • Nan Zheng; Iris Chyi; Yee Man Margaret Ng, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Kelly Kaufhold • This study applies the Multidimensional Web Attention Model to 50 U.S. newspapers’ digital readership using Scarborough and Comscore metrics data, showing a less optimistic view of newspaper online readership across all dimensions. National newspapers outperform local newspapers only in audience size. Mobile users surpass the number of desktop users but lack loyalty and depth. Users age 18-24 are a small group and read fewer pages than those 45 or older. Managerial implications are discussed. Student Papers * Extended Abstract * Reporting on Syrian conflict from exile: Examining advocacy journalism in diaspora journalists' online productions and networks • Rana Arafat, University of Lugano • Searching for an inclusive definition of diaspora journalism and the changing roles of journalists in exile, this paper employs an inductive approach to examine how diaspora journalists build online networks that blur boundaries between journalism, activism, human rights advocacy, social movements, and civil society work. Using digital ethnography, qualitative content analysis, and in-depth interviews, the study further investigates the online textual productions of two Syrian opposition news websites to explore their media advocacy strategies and the main topics their reporting activism agendas involve as well as examining the diaspora journalists' own perceptions of the changing nature of their profession after fleeing the Syrian repressive political spheres. Preliminary findings demonstrate that diaspora journalism poses various challenges to traditional journalism paradigms as journalists' roles go beyond merely collecting information and publishing stories to include fundraising, training local citizen journalists, collaborating with civil society organizations and carrying out various forms of institutional work. State intervention, objectivity, cyber threats, funding, and accessibility of sources pose other limitations to diaspora journalists' advocacy efforts. Intermedia Attribute Agenda-Setting among Hong Kong, U.S. and Mainland Chinese Media • Yining Fan; Vincent Wong • "This study integrates the Protest Paradigm into the analysis of intermedia agenda-setting among major newspapers in Hong Kong, the U.S., and Mainland China concerning the 2019 anti-extradition bill protests. A total of 9,646 news headlines/headings were analyzed. Granger causality tests revealed that paradigm-related attributes transferred from the more “elite” U.S. media to Hong Kong newspapers, while a bottom-up effect was also identified, with Hong Kong newspapers influencing U.S. ones regarding Chinese authority and international society. News Grazing in the Era of Information Overload: The Underlying Motivations and Technological Affordances for News Grazing • Li Xuan Hong; Xiang Yuan Brenda Pong; Wan Xin Rachelle Lye; Ngiag Gya Trisha Sng • "Guided by the niche theory, this study explored news grazing — the act of skimming through bite-sized news intermittently, or at regular interstices of time, in a summarised format, underpinned by the prioritisation of efficiency. News grazers are motivated by individuals' increasing demand for efficiency, information motivation and socialisation needs. News grazing is facilitated by the affordances of customisability, accessibility, aesthetics, and simultaneity within the given app (i.e., Telegram) that this study examined. * Extended Abstract * It doesn’t flow through the taps for free: Framing of Detroit’s water shutoffs by mainstream newspapers • Kelsey Mesmer, Wayne State University; Scott Burgess, Wayne State University; Darryl Frazier, Wayne State University • This content analysis of news stories about the Detroit water shutoffs seeks to understand how the on-going water crisis is framed in the local news—as a human rights issue, or in relation to the city’s financial burden. Using a deductive framing approach, we pay special attention to the frames used within stories and whether articles contained context related to the water shutoffs, specifically about health implications and the cost of water in Detroit. Framing Media Disinformation in a Time of Crisis: Social Media’s Response to COVID-19 • Hoa Nguyen; Sara Browning • This study examines traditional mainstream media stories published online (N=107) by domestic and international news outlets in January 2020 to decipher how stories frame disinformation in the media during a crisis event. The study draws on Doris Graber’s crisis journalism concept that focuses on audiences’ perceptions that coverage of hazardous events is insufficient to fulfill audiences’ information needs. To this end, the study explores how mainstream journalists educate audiences concerning disinformation types. We find that traditional mainstream media criticize social media for serving as a conduit for disinformation and that mainstream journalists rely mostly on interest group members to correct disinformation. Law enforcement “journalism” in the modern age: How does social media erode journalistic authority? • Elizabeth (Beth) Potter, University of Colorado Boulder • "In the age of social media, both journalists and law enforcement personnel have changed their news-gathering and dissemination routines. Specifically, journalist interactions with law enforcement sources have changed, both in number and in timing. What does this say about eroding journalistic authority, if anything? This study finds that journalists continue to follow industry norms of objectivity and verification – especially verification through multiple sources - while using social media tools to help them find information they need to do their work. Law enforcement public information officers often decide not to talk to journalists. Instead, law enforcement officers post information directly to social media site “followers”. This study poses questions about both journalistic and law enforcement authority. It also examines how social media blurs journalists’ “watchdog role” in a modern democracy. While the study is limited to less than 50 participants because of the small number of people working in this particular area (both journalists and public information officers in one western state), it provides valuable insights into the changing nature of who is considered authoritative in providing public information, which can pave the way for a systematic analysis of this issue across the United States." Get engaged: Newsletters as a new habit • Elizabeth (Beth) Potter, University of Colorado Boulder • "This study explores the relationship between news engagement and public participation in the digital age at a time when the number of local news outlets around the country has dropped precipitously. As such, this study appears to be the first to look at how online news newsletter subscribers engage in civic life. Participants (N=315) were recruited through the online-only Colorado Sun newsletter - The Sunriser (www.coloradosun.com) and the legacy newspaper, the Denver Post newsletter - Mile High Roundup (www.denverpost.com). This relationship has been studied many times as it pertains to other news platforms and other forms of public participation – particularly voting. But it rarely has been studied as it pertains to other forms of civic engagement. This theme is particularly pressing now, after more than 2,100 local news outlets have gone out of business in the last 15 years (Abernathy, 2018; Pew Research Center, 2018.) Despite the rapid changes going on in the media industry – including increased financial turmoil for virtually every news outlet - findings show that these particular e-newsletter consumers are more likely to follow the news and are more likely to be engaged in their communities. Specifically, the more time that the e-newsletter subscribers spend with the news, the more likely they are to be engaged in specific types of public participation, including attending community meetings, addressing community issues, and attending rallies or protests. People with higher household incomes who subscribe to online news newsletters also are more likely to be engaged in their communities." Defending Credibility in Attacks on Online News • Erika Schneider, University of Missori; Courtney Boman, University of Missouri • In the growth of online news, the industry faces new threats on a polarized landscape, such as online astroturfing attacks, that result in real consequences. This research informs scholarship and practice with how news organizations can raise their credibility while lowering the astroturfer’s credibility. As online news has not been immune to these attacks, it recognizes how organizations can effectively inoculate themselves by warning stakeholders and exposing the nature of ongoing malicious campaigns. Epidemic arrives in political times: Comparing Hong Kong Newspaper Reporting on SARS and COVID-19 • Cheryl S.Y. SHEA, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Wendy L.Y. LEUNG, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • "This study compares how Hong Kong newspapers with distinctive political affiliations adopt contextual frames in discussing the outbreak of SARS and COVID-19 from a socio-political angle through content analysis (N = 764). We propose a new frame, resistance, to show how the local government’s legitimacy crisis, which arose due to the unresolved Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Movement, is reflected in the presumably unrelated health crisis and how people reacted to the legitimacy crisis through public resistance." Ideal Image for News Media: A Typology for Repairing Public Trust • Soo Young Shin, MSU • This study proposes the use of a multidimensional construct of news media—news media image—to better understand the public’s perception and potentially, to repair the public’s trust. Through a multidisciplinary literature review, and qualitative and quantitative analysis, the research identified seven categories of news media image as a heuristic which uncovered: respondents evaluate the public’s perception based on their daily utilities, journalists’ empathetic capabilities, and accessibility to news content, adding to traditional understanding of credibility. The seven categories of news media image were: news usefulness, empathy, news selection bias, personality, credibility, usability, and social responsibility. Journalism Ethics Shift as Native Advertising Evolves • Ava Sirrah, Columbia • The goal of the study is to see if the creation and dissemination of native advertising shapes the values journalists are asked to uphold and protect. Native advertising is commercial content that is designed to mimic non-advertising content— like stories crafted by journalists— and it is placed alongside non-commercial content. This study examines if a news publisher’s values are challenged when they allow their advertising and marketing departments to produce native ads. The method of inquiry draws upon a series of 35 in-depth interviews with people who sell, help produce, or disseminate native advertising and 10 interviews with people who work in the newsroom. The interviews suggest that a subset of people inside branded content studios are able to shape or influence the work of newsroom journalists and editors. Mitigating the Negative Bias of the News • Christian Staal Bruun Overgaard, The University of Texas at Austin • An experiment (N = 270) tested the effects of exposure to constructive journalism on social media. Subjects read a series of constructive – or a series of negative – updates made by a fictitious news organization. Compared to those reading negative updates, subjects who read constructive updates perceived the news organization as more credible, expressed stronger intentions to like the updates, felt more efficacy regarding solving societal problems, and experienced more positive – and less negative – affect. Who Sets the Media Agenda for Nonprofit News Organizations? • Jiehua Zhang, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa; Danielle Deavours, University of Alabama • "Nonprofit news organizations are expected to fill the reporting voids left by traditional news outlets; traditional, commercial media sources have recently experienced extreme financial difficulties, and they’ve had to cut content and laid off staff. Nonprofit news organizations have been able to overcome some of those financial challenges through donations and sponsors. However, their heavy reliance on contributions and donations raises concerns about their objectivity and independence. The present study applies issue ownership theory to examine agenda and regional bias of news coverage from two nonprofit news organizations: ProPublica (N=186) and the Center for Public Integrity (N=141). The results showed that both nonprofit news organizations put more focus on performance issues, such as government functioning, than Democrat- or Republican-owned issues. However, both organizations covered significantly more Democratic issues than Republican issues. The study also examined the partisan preferences of donors for the organizations. While the Republican Index showed that donors for both news organizations donated more money to Democratic than to Republican politicians, further research is still needed to identify whether or not there was relationship between issue coverage and donors’ political predispositions. Implications and limitations are discussed. Newspapers as propaganda: How Communist Party of China newspapers frame images on the South China Sea disputes for national and international audiences • Runping Zhu • "Using both quantitative and qualitative content analysis, this study offers a comparative analysis of how two Chinese Communist Party newspapers frame the South China Sea disputes to international and national audiences over the period 2014 to 2016. Building on Lee and Lee’s classification of propaganda techniques, the study examines how a Chinese language paper targeting domestic readers and an English language newspaper targeting the international community use different techniques when presenting the same story to different audiences to create positive images of China and negative images of its opponents. Papers for the domestic market adopted news frames that buttressed citizens’ support for the state’s actions on a foundation of nationalism. In contrast, the primary objective of the newspaper aimed at international readers was to undermine foreign governments’ arguments opposing China’s viewpoint. The empirical findings illustrate how propaganda techniques originally developed and applied in Western and democratic countries have been adopted and refined by newspapers in a state-run Communist press environment to create frames that best align with the cultural and political predispositions of domestic and international readers. These textual techniques are augmented by a variety other article features tailored to the two different target audiences to enhance the credibility of articles. The findings indicate Chinese authorities understand Western communication theory and appreciate how that theory can be applied to disseminate propaganda messages to both foreign and domestic audiences. <2020 Abstracts]]> 20145 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/plcd-2020-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2020 00:08:30 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20147 Main Paper Competition Affective Polarization and Political Engagement in the United States: What Factors Matter? • Mohammad Ali, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University; Abdulaziz Altawil • This paper examines the factors that influence affective polarization and political engagement in the United States. Using an original survey dataset (N=606), this study found several insights influencing affective polarization and political engagement. The findings would be helpful to further study affective polarization, which is reportedly affecting democracy and the country’s greater interest as well. Insights found in this paper could also be utilized in devising political communication strategies related to people’s polarized political views. Future research is encouraged to combine survey data and social media data for a more refined outcome. Role of Traditional Media in Influencing Presidential Election Outcomes in Ghana • Elinam Amevor, University of Oregon • The traditional roles of the media in informing and educating the public are emphasized. But research into other critical functions of the media in a democracy such as public opinion formation and power alternation in presidential elections in Africa are less researched. This paper analyzes the role of the traditional news media in influencing presidential election outcomes in Ghana and makes a case for media effects research in analyzing voting behavior in African elections. Between authoritarianism and democracy: Rethinking old and new media roles for political re-socialization in forced migration contexts • Rana Arafat, University of Lugano • While political scholars study news media as agents of political learning, the processes of political re-socialization of a conflict-generated diaspora moving from authoritarian to democratic regimes pose significant theoretical challenges that remain insufficiently researched. To this end, this study investigates the importance of traditional and digital media sources from the homeland and host country in fostering refugees' understanding of the democratic norms and values, and political opportunities offered by the receiving country. Further, it investigates the role of online diaspora communities as agents for political re-socialization and tools for information acquisition about Arabic, Swiss and international politics. 60 semi-structured interviews with Arabs from refugee origins in Switzerland were analyzed. Findings show the influence of the early-life political socialization, received prior to forced migration, on the purposive consumption of media from various sources. As Facebook started to lose its value as a source of political information, participants shift to producing and consuming news distributed by strong ties on private WhatsApp groups as a counter-strategy to acquire trustworthy information. Further insights on the impact of perceived media credibility and individual trust in news on the consumption behavior and political learning are discussed. The News Expectations Predicament: Comparing and Explaining what Muslims and Members of the Mainstream Society Expect from Journalists’ Roles and Reporting Practices • Philip Baugut; Sebastian Scherr • Media coverage of right-wing extremism pertains to the media’s information and watchdog function in a democratic political system. However, little is known about the audience’s expectations of journalists regarding their role for society and their reporting practices in order to fulfil their democratic function. To bridge this gap, a quota sample representative of the general German population (n = 1314) and an independent sample of Muslims living in Germany (n = 248) demonstrates that Muslims expect from journalists a more active role and accept more controversial reporting practices to combat right-wing extremism. More liberal individuals were found to show heightened expectations; however, these were reduced when more liberal individuals were afraid of right-wing extremism. In a country particularly sensitive toward right-wing terror, we found strong value-oriented views in that fears of right-wing extremism should not make a democratic society give up its core principles–including the professional autonomy of journalists. * Extended Abstract * “You are a disgrace and traitor to our country”: Uncivil rhetoric against the ‘squad’ on Twitter • Porismita Borah; Itai Himelboim, University of Georgia; Bryan Trude, University of Georgia; Matthew Binford, University of Georgia; Kate Keib, Oglethorpe University • Scholars have highlighted the negative consequences and implications of excessive uncivil discourses. Incivility on twitter is a rising trend. We conducted a content analysis of the replies to the tweets of four congresswomen known as the “squad” and examined the different types of uncivil rhetoric targeted against these congresswomen. Our findings show that name calling, aspersion, and stereotype were the most common types of incivility. “It’s all yellow journalism now”: How White evangelical Christian women’s contempt of mainstream media contributes to their support of politician Donald J. Trump • Gayle Jansen Brisbane, California State University Fullerton • This paper will examine connections between White evangelical Christian women’s presumably paradoxical allegiance for Donald Trump and their cynicism towards mainstream media. This preliminary qualitative study employed focus groups composed of White women who support Donald J. Trump as president and also identify themselves as evangelical Christian women. Endeavoring to understand the extreme divisiveness in the current political climate between liberal and conservative and between secular and religious citizens should be undertaken often. This paper will present a brief recap of the relationship between Christianity and politics in modern times, then review why the media is regarded as having a “liberal bias” and finally explore the theory of selective processes and how these may be operating among evangelical women as they encounter discordant information about Trump. Through discourse analysis, it will also examine these focus group interviews of White evangelical Christian women’s points of views on politics and the media in order to shed light on their contradictory support of President Donald J. Trump. The research questions endeavor to clarify the participants’ most important political issues, how they justify Trump’s misogynist lifestyle vis-a’-vis their moral standards, their assessment of mainstream media, what news outlets they trust and whether they seek to verify their news consumption. Indexing, Source Hierarchy, and Cultural Congruence: Op-Ed Coverage of Nuclear Negotiations with Iran • Bill Cassidy, Northern Illinois University; Mehrnaz Khanjani, University of Iowa; Mehdi Semati, Northern Illinois University • This paper utilizes indexing theory to examine op-ed coverage of nuclear negotiations with Iran in the New York Times and Washington Post from August 2013-June 2016. Results show that while U.S. presidential administration sources were most prominent in the 211 articles examined, the official perspective did not control the valence of coverage. Oppositional sources remained prominent and negative statements from op-ed authors significantly increased even after a deal with Iran was reached. Partisan News Repertoire and Echo Chamber in High-Choice Media Environment • ching chun chen, National Defense University and National Chiao Tung University; Chen-Chao Tao, National Chiao Tung University • Although echo chamber phenomenon has attracted considerable attention, the measurement of echo chambers has been inconsistent and insufficient. Using a nationally representative panel survey from Taiwan (N = 1,926), the current study introduced the Partisan News Repertoire Index to explore the presence of echo chambers in high-choice media environment, and found support for polarization in echo chambers by integrating news repertoire approach and biased assimilation theory. Results showed that two of five news repertoires were mainly driven by political ideology, indicating stronger partisan news repertoire. Moreover, people with strong partisan news repertoires tended to be polarized by self-confirming process when encountering consistent partisan media; and also strengthen their prior attitudes through motivated reasoning when exposed to inconsistent partisan media. Analysis of Campaign Issue Dynamics: Case Study of Taiwan’s 2020 Presidential Election • Yi-Ning Chen, National Chengchi University; CHIA-HO RYAN WEN • The dynamics of issue emphases is thought of as the key to candidates’ chance of winning or losing an election. By analyzing Taiwan’s presidential election held on January 11 2020, our research goals are to characterize how media attention converged or diverged from the issue attention of the two principal candidates, Tsai Ing-Wen and Han Kuo-Yu, respectively representing the Democratic Progressive Party and the Kuomintang, as well as delineate what strategies were employed between them in response to each other’s campaigns. Separately retrieving 8,531,207 posts from the mass media, 55,080 from Tsai Ing-Wen’s official social media and 132,323 from Han Kuo-Yu’s official social media, we first find that the election day was the foremost factor for the issue emphases by the candidates and the mass media to converge. Second, mass media coverage was more convergent with Tsai’s issue emphases rather than Han’s, in particular on Taiwan’s anti-infiltration bill, although Han’s number of posts was twice that of Tsai’s. Third, as the incumbent candidate, Tsai used a divergence strategy to neglect Han and not share popularity with him despite his intensive posting from November 11 to early December 2019. However, as the election day got closer, Tsai Ing-Wen’s campaign went aggressive and brought public attention to agendas that best embodied her values and performance as the incumbent (e.g. green energy, marriage equality, labor reforms) while continuing to neglect Han’s attacks. Finally, both of them, as well as their supporters, discredited the other side by labelling the counterpart’s speech as fake news. White Democratic Candidate Outreach and Exposure to Black Voters: A Black Press Analysis • George Daniels, The University of Alabama • In January 2020, Democratic presidential hopeful Michael Bloomberg made a $3.5 million advertising buy with Black-owned newspapers, the largest investment of its kind in the 193-year history of the Black Press. Based on a review of three months of issues of 15 different black-owned newspapers in eight states and exit poll data, this paper assessed the impact of Democratic hopefuls’ financial investments in black press on voters’ decisions in early presidential primaries. How Do People Learn About Public Affairs When Incidentally Exposed to News? Clarifying Political Knowledge Paradoxical Direct and Indirect Effects • Homero Gil de Zúñiga; Porismita Borah; Manuel Goyanes, Carlos III University • Citizens’ political knowledge is regarded as a vital element for well-functioning democracies. Accordingly, there is a burgeoning literature assessing the link between individuals’ news seeking behavior and learning about public affairs. There are, however, more limited efforts devoted to clarify how incidental news exposure may facilitate political learning. So far, inconclusive research findings have offered positive, null or even negative effects, emphasizing an urge for scholars to further explore this relationship. Drawing upon U.S. representative survey data, this study seeks to explicate and further advance the paradoxical paths that connect citizens’ incidental news exposure and political knowledge, both directly and indirectly. Our analysis first shows either null or mild negative direct associations between incidental news exposure and political knowledge. However, relying on a two serial mediators’ model, when citizens thoroughly engage with and cognitively elaborate on the information they unintentionally stumble upon, incidental news exposure yields positive mediated effects on political learning. This study contributes to a better understanding over the potential direct and indirect mechanisms that both facilitate and hinders political knowledge acquisition through inadvertent news consumption. Is Facebook-Based Political Talk Associated with Political Knowledge? • Toby Hopp, University of Colorado Boulder; Patrick Ferrucci, U of Colorado-Boulder; Chris Vargo, University of Colorado Boulder; Luna Liu, University of Colorado Boulder • Prior research has shown that talking about politics can help facilitate political knowledge obtainment. However, such research has not addressed the extent to which specifically online political talk—which is often structurally and mechanistically different than offline talk—may or may not be associated with political knowledge. Accordingly, this study explored the association between text-based political commentary on Facebook and performance on a political knowledge quiz. Moreover, we investigated the degree to which a basic indicator of talk-apparent elaborative thinking (the inclusion of a testable proposition) was differentially associated with political knowledge levels. Finally, we assessed the extent to which different patterns of Facebook use moderated the relationship between political talk and knowledge. These questions were addressed using a novel method that paired behavioral Facebook data with self-reported survey data. The results indicated that political talk frequency on Facebook was positively and significantly associated with political knowledge. We observed similar associations between knowledge scores and political talk that featured high and low levels of elaborative thinking. Finally, we found tentative evidence that the relationship between Facebook-based political talk and political knowledge was strongest among those who regularly use Facebook for political learning. * Extended Abstract * Morally Covering Politics: A Case Study of the New York Times’ Reporting on Clinton and Trump During the 2016 U.S. Election • Qihao Ji, Marist College • Focusing on the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, this study aims to address how Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump were covered by the country’s leading news outlet—the New York Times. To that end, more 1,000 highly transmitted NYT stories regarding Trump and Clinton were collected before the election and subsequently subjected to computerized textual analysis. Results indicated that highly transmitted stories on Trump were much more morally charged and negatively valenced compared with Clinton’s. Emotions and Political Participation: The Impacts of Discrete Emotions on Citizens’ Voting Likelihood • Yangzhi Jiang, Louisiana State University • This study investigated the effects of different emotions (i.e., anger, disgust, anxiety, hope, and pride) on Americans’ voting likelihood. The 2016 American National Election Studies (ANES) data were adopted. Results showed that only pride functioned as a significant predictor of citizens’ voting likelihood. However, anger did not influence Americans’ voting willingness in 2016, which was inconsistent with previous studies’ findings. As expected, disgust, hope, and anxiety had little impact on the voting likelihood. * Extended Abstract * Who’s picking up the tab? The effects of framing taxpayers’ money on citizen oversight • Volha Kananovich, Appalachian State University • This study experimentally tests if various ways to frame government corruption in the news as the misuse of either “government funds” or “taxpayers’ money” can influence motivation for citizen oversight. The findings show that the mere rhetorical changes in describing the funds can encourage people to view the issue of misspending as more personally relevant, which makes them more motivated to hold the government accountable for its spending decisions. Media Models for Nonviolence: Social media representations of the #womensmarch mass mobilization and Instagram audience engagement • Danielle Kilgo, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Samantha Munoz • This research explores the representation of the massive-but-peaceful demonstrations for women’s rights in 2017. Employing the framework provided by the protest paradigm in a content analysis of Instagram posts, results indicate coverage was most often framed with positive emotional behaviors and movement demands and agendas, by mainstream media producers, influencers and other news curators on the site. Findings indicate media account type, rather than content features, may be the most influential engagement factor. Online keyword activism in political crisis: Moderation roles of like-minded public opinion and proxy control of crisis outcomes • Sora Kim, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Yingru JI; Hyejoon Rim, University of Minnesota • Through a national online-panel survey, this study examines the underlying psychological mechanism of online keyword activism supporting an in-crisis party (pro-activism hereafter) in a recent Korean political crisis. This work finds decisive boundary conditions in determining pro-activism participation. Like-minded opinion mitigates and even nullifies the effects of perceived majority opinion on crisis blame attribution and pro-activism participation when it is extremely valenced (negative) toward the crisis. Government controllability intensifies and even nullifies the effects of crisis blame attribution on pro-activism when it is extremely low. What makes people to more actively participate in pro-activism is driven by perceived like-minded public opinion through external attribution of crisis blame (e.g., blame-media), whereas the decisive driving factor for people to refrain from participating in the pro-activism is low perceived government controllability over crisis outcomes through internal attribution of crisis blame (e.g., blame-in-crisis party). Representing Minorities in Deliberative Discussions: The Effects of Minority Presence and Group Identity Salience • Nuri Kim; Zijian Lew; Benjamin Detenber • This study examines how different ways of representing minority members in deliberative discussions can affect the content and tone of discussion. The effects of physical presence of minority members (i.e., present versus absent) and the salience of different group identities (i.e., superordinate identity versus subgroup identity) were experimentally examined for zero-history deliberation groups in a lab setting (N = 236, in 46 discussion groups). The discussions were content analyzed to assess the communicative effects. Results showed that the presence of minority members strongly affected the discussion content and tone in the small groups. Priming common identity also had some impact but in different ways, and to a lesser degree. Revisiting Nasty Effect: How Do Online Incivility and Emotions toward In-group Interact on Cross-cutting Attention and Political Participation? • Jiyoung Lee; Jihyang Choi, Ewha Womans University; Jiwon Kim • Incivility has been a primary concern of healthy discussions especially in the online environment. Realizing the individual and societal impacts of incivility, much research has examined the role of incivility; however, it still has not reached a consensus on how incivility plays a beneficial role in politics. In the current study which used a two-wave longitudinal survey of 933 Americans in the context of 2016 presidential election, we revisited the role of online incivility in cross-cutting attention and online/offline political participation with a focus on anxiety, outrage, and pride toward the candidate respondents support (i.e., emotions toward in-group). Our results revealed that online incivility was positively associated with cross-cutting attention. When encountering incivility online, people who were anxious about in-group’s incivility paid more attention to cross-cutting opinions. Pride showed a reverse pattern, such that those who felt proud toward ingroup did not pay much attention to cross-cutting opinions when facing incivility online. Such cross-cutting attention ultimately led to online/offline political participation. This study advances current understanding of inter-group emotions theory and nasty effect by suggesting the intervening roles of distinct emotions toward in-group. What’s Fake News to You?: How Divided Epistemologies Shape Perception of Fake News • Taeyoung Lee; Tom Johnson, University of Texas at Austin; Joao Vicente Seno Ozawa, The University of Texas at Austin • Scant attention has been paid to how the public define fake news. This study addresses how different epistemic worldviews – intuitionism and rationalism – lead to different definitions of fake news. Findings demonstrate that intuitionists tend to agree with Donald Trump’s label of fake news: accurate stories that cast a politician in a negative light. Rationalists tend to agree with the scholarly definition that describes fake news as distorting facts. Simultaneously, both epistemic beliefs see poor journalism as fake news. * Extended Abstract * Extended Abstract: When the Desert Matters: Contextual Differences in Local News Environment and Polarized Perceptions of Local Economy • Jianing Li; Jiyoun Suk; Josephine Lukito, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Ceri Hughes, Brunel University; Jordan Foley; Lewis Friedland; Chris Wells; Dhavan Shah; Michael Wagner, UW-Madison • Despite abundant research about individual-level partisan polarization we know little about the effects of the meso-level information environment on partisan opinion polarization. Our study reveals the importance of contextual differences in the local news environment, represented by the number of local newspapers a county has, in moderating the effects of individual-level media use patterns in contributing to polarization in partisans’ retrospective evaluations of the local economy. Wall and Sword: Attitudes towards Two Types of Online Censorship in China • Xining Liao, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Focusing on online censorship in China, this study seeks to answer two important questions: what do Chinese people think of online censorship in China and what factors are related to censorship attitudes? We tested two competing theories: reactance theory and balance theory as they may predict attitudes toward online censorship in China. Furthermore, instead of conceptualizing Chinese online censorship as being a homogenous system, we conducted a survey to investigate attitudes towards two separate censorship policies: the Great Firewall and citizen reporting. The former is a technical tool that blocks domestic online access to overseas websites, and the latter a new form of censorship targeting in Chinese domestic online sphere, by which netizens could report any perceived harmful information to online media platforms, and the information will be deleted by professional censors from online platforms once has been confirmed as “bad information”. The results of this study are congruent with balance theory, suggesting that the Chinese express overall positive attitudes towards censorship policies and the attitudes are influenced by their attitudes towards other agents related to censorship. Fake News and Cloaked Propaganda: Exploring the Pro-China Facebook Groups in Taiwan • Chao Chen(Caroline) Lin, Graduate Institute of Journalism, National Taiwan University • This research analyzes Facebook groups that spread political propaganda but lack clear user profile identities. Based on the ethnography online method, this research studies a dataset leaked from some security bureau in Taiwan, including 18,933 accounts and 130,839 Facebook group posts. This research explores the active users of pro-China Facebook groups who connect with Taiwanese Facebook groups. Analysis results indicated that pro-China group posts were propaganda either campaigning for mainland China, criticizing Taiwan’s ruling party, or spreading fake news. This article argues that propaganda has happened in an increasingly interactive social media environment, especially when user profiles are vague, cloaked and missing. Online Political Engagement, Fake News Exposure, and Fake News Sharing in Sub-Saharan Africa • Saifuddin Ahmed, Nanyang Technological University; Dani Madrid-Morales, University of Houston; Melissa Tully, University of Iowa • Using an online survey in Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa, this study explores the association between online political engagement, exposure to fake news, need for cognition, and fake news sharing. The findings suggest that online political engagement is positively associated with both fake news exposure and sharing. In contrast, those who have higher need for cognition were less likely to share fake news. Theoretical implications for misinformation and political engagement research are discussed. Exposure to Personalized Political Advertising Dampens Trust in Democracy but Increases Political Interest: Evidence from a Panel Study • Joerg Matthes, U of Vienna; Melanie Hirsch; Marlis Stubenvoll; Alice Binder; Sanne Kruikemeier; Sophie Lecheler, U of Vienna; Lukas Otto • There are rising concerns that personalized political advertising (PPA) may be harmful for democracy and democratic representation. However, research has largely ignored potential positive democratic outcomes of PPA. This two-wave panel study revealed that the impression of being exposed to PPA led to a decrease of trust in democracy, but also to an increase in political interest. Therefore, the results suggest that PPA can have harmful and beneficial effects for modern democracy. * Extended Abstract * Partisanship, news outlet use, and COVID-19 misperceptions • Patrick Meirick, University of Oklahoma • A Pew panel survey from March 2020 (N = 8,914) asked about two false beliefs about the pandemic: that a vaccine will be available in a few months and that the novel coronavirus was created in a lab. Republican party ID and Fox News use predicted both misperceptions, although the apparent effect of Fox News use was greater for Democrats. Facebook use was related to the lab misperception, which was spread widely on the platform. Trump fatigue: Exploring the relationship between perceived media bias and news exhaustion • Adriana Mucedola, Syracuse University; Shengjie Yao • In today’s highly polarized political climate, media consumers are constantly being bombarded with arguments for and against their views, particularly relating to the high- profile presidency of Donald Trump. The present study was conducted to examine how biased news perceptions (or the hostile media phenomenon) can explain how consuming news about President Trump may be a negative emotional and exhausting experience. Data from a web-based survey (N = 1100) were analyzed. Findings showed that the perceived bias of the media and feelings of being “overloaded” explain some of the variance in negative emotions towards and exhaustion from news about President Trump. However, findings also indicate the perception of a biased media is negatively associated with negative affective outcomes, such as anger or sadness. Implications of these findings for future hostile media phenomenon research in the context of Trump’s presidency are discussed. Judging "them" by my media use: Adapting the IPI model for a polarized media environment • Youran QIN, Hong Kong Bapist U • Adapting the IPI model to a polarized information environment, this study shows that individuals tend to accept retaliation against antagonists if they perceive the antagonists as heavy users of pro-antagonist media. Furthermore, individuals’ estimation of antagonists’ media use is a projection of their own media habit. The findings demonstrate an indirect effect of selective exposure – polarizing us by letting us believe that our antagonists are using and polarized by media on their side. Factors Influencing Midwest Farmers’ Attitudes Toward China and US-China Trade Dispute • Lulu Rodriguez; Han Guang; Shuyang Qu, Iowa State University • The trade war between the U.S. and China had Midwest farmers reeling as sales of agricultural products to a major market was cut in half. This study examines the factors that significantly influenced their attitudes toward China and the trade dispute. Based survey data, the findings show that mass media use, credibility of mediated sources, and education predicted attitude toward China. Farmers’ attitude toward China, media exposure, media credibility, and years farming predicted attitudes about the trade dispute. Meaningfully Entertained: Exploring the Relationship between Exposure to Meaningful Media and Political Engagement • Mian Asim; Muhammad Ehab Rasul; Azmat Rasul, Zayed University • The central objective of this paper is to broaden research on meaningful, inspirational, and prosocial media and its effects on political attitudes. Specifically, this research examines the implications of exposure to meaningful media and the feelings of affective elevation on connectedness with humanity and perceived connectedness among those with differing political affiliations Meaningful media content holds much promise of elevating audiences' affective states and makes salient the common bonds that we share with others. How these perceptions translate into other domains awaits future investigations. This study suggests that exposure to meaningful media may be one avenue to address divisions among political groups, though the path may be much more difficult. Social Media and Misinformation: The Impact of Education and Political Affiliation on News Sharing Behavior • Sean R Sadri, University of Alabama; John P Kelsey, University of Alabama; Candice D Roberts, St. John's University • The present study examines demographics and sourcing as ways to potentially combat the dissemination of misinformation. An experiment using a nationwide sample of U.S. adults (N = 324) helps better understand social media sharing habits and political news credibility. The results provide evidence of educational attainment and political affiliation as predictors of tendency to share news information. The findings also suggest that the combined presence of political affiliation and article sourcing will increase share likelihood. * Extended Abstract * Extended Abstract: Disconnecting Crises: The Refugee Crisis and the Roma Problem in Official State Discourse • Adina Schneeweis, Oakland University • This article is a study of political discourse about Europe’s reaction to refugees in the mid-2010s in the context of its dealing with another migrant population – the Roma (Gypsies). This study examines governmental and state-affiliated committee reports, research summaries, macroeconomic analyses, country reports, and risk analyses, and concludes that the refugee crisis received consistent attention, whereas issues specific to minorities in general, or related to the Roma in particular, garnered little to no interest. Agenda-Setting Effects of Fake News on the Public’s Issue Agenda • Joao Vicente Seno Ozawa, The University of Texas at Austin; Hong Tien Vu; Dhiraj Murthy; Maxwell McCombs • This study draws upon the tradition of agenda-setting studies to investigate the impact of fake news in setting the public agenda. Although previous findings suggest that a minority of people are exposed to fake news, we found evidence that this type of information may be indeed having an impact on public opinion. The study was based on data extracted out of the complete historical archive of Twitter from 2012 to 2016. The researchers conducted secondary analysis of four million tweets regarding 2,448 news stories, labelled as fake news and verifiable true news according to six fact checking companies. The Twitter issue agenda was compared with the public issue agenda measured by the Gallup Poll’s open-ended question: “What is the most important problem facing this country today?”. We assembled the results of this question for each month of the five years studied, a total of 60 poll results. Correlations at all levels – monthly, quarterly, annual and five-year – show evidence of correspondence between the Twitter agenda based on fake news and the public agenda expressed in responses to the Gallup MIP question. Results were above the average of the baseline established by two meta-analyses of agenda-setting effects, especially in 2015 and 2016. Explanations of why access to fake news could be concentrated, but in the same time have an important effect on the public agenda, are discussed within the well-established framework of agenda-setting theory. Partisan Ambivalence, Emotions, and Civic Engagement: Hierarchy Regression Analyses on Online and Offline Civic Engagement • Jian SHI, Syracuse University; Laura Canuelas-Torres, Syracuse University; Catherine Annis, Syracuse University Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs; Zanira Ghulamhussain • American public continues to feel ambivalence towards political issues during the Trump administration. Using an online national survey (N=1,100), this research investigates the impact of partisan ambivalence, media exposure, and emotional reactions toward news about President Trump on online and offline civic engagement. Results show ambivalent Americans are more likely to engage in offline civic engagement. Also, negative emotions had a stronger positive correlation than positive emotions with both online and offline civic engagement. The Mediating Path to Political Consumerism: Do News Consumption and Interpersonal Communication Count? • Jian SHI, Syracuse University; Lars Willnat, Syracuse University • Although past research has shown that news exposure can promote political consumerism, few studies have investigated the mediating effects of social media communication on political consumerism. Drawing on the communication mediation model, we utilize online survey data gathered in 2019 among U.S. adults (N=1,069). This study suggests that both face-to-face and social media communication act as mediators of media consumption on political consumerism. More importantly, this study provides support for conceptualizing political consumerism from a communicative perspective. How the Left, Center, and Right Covered the #MeToo Movement: Structural Topic Modeling, Thematic Structure and Language Patterns • Min-Hsin Su, UW-Madison; Jiyoun Suk; Shreenita Ghosh, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Kruthika Kamath; Porismita Borah; Teresa Correa; Christine Garlough; Dhavan Shah • This study explores the thematic structures and linguistic patterns of US news coverage surrounding the #MeToo movement across media spectrum. Using a combination of several automated textual analysis techniques, such as structural topic modeling and TF-IDF scores, we examine a random sample of news articles from nine news outlets during the first five-months after the Harvey Weinstein accusation. The results suggest clear partisan differences both in terms of topical prevalence and language patterns. Am I with Her or with...Him?: Public and Online Participation in the 2016 US Presidential Election • Jiyoun Suk; Doug McLeod; Dhavan Shah • There is no question that the 2016 presidential election was one of the most memorable campaigns in U.S. history. Using national rolling cross-sectional survey data collected daily throughout the 2016 election, we used three-level multilevel modeling to examine how contextual factors such as the neighborhood-level political climate as well as state-level legislative presentation were associated with online and public participation. Our findings generally reveal asymmetrical patterns of participation between Republicans and Democrats. * Extended Abstract * The Political Use of Search Engines: Differences in the Information Seeking Habits Between Right-leaning and Left-leaning Users • Chau Tong, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This study explores how political ideology influences information-seeking habits and behaviors regarding the use of Internet search engines for political information. Drawing on the literature of selective exposure, political psychology and customization technologies, this study employs secondary analysis to survey datasets of six democracies. Findings in the US sample show that political liberals and conservatives statistically differ in knowledge of search engine algorithms and attitudes towards human editorial or algorithmic curation of political news. Politics and Politeness: Analysis of incivility on Twitter during the 2020 Democratic presidential primary • Briana Trifiro, Boston University; Sejin Paik; Zhixin Fang, Boston University; Alexander Rochefort, Boston University; Li Zhang, Boston University • This large-scale computational content analysis examines the amount of uncivil Twitter conversation about Democratic presidential primary candidates. Using the online disinhibition effect as the theoretical basis, this article expands on the prevalence of incivility in tweets in regards to the candidates’ gender, bot accounts, and anonymous users. Framing COVID-19: A case study of the Chinese translated news behind the U.S.-China blame game • Shiqi Wang, Hong Kong Baptist University • With a framing analysis of the Chinese translations of English news concerning the coronavirus dispute between the largest two superpowers in the world, this paper attempts to show how China is trying to self-present as a responsible leader who triumphed over the coronavirus while the U.S., ex-leader of the world, has stumbled. With the theory of self-presentation, one can see how foreign news is translated to work as an ideological “vaccine” for its people. Effects of Soft and Hard News Consumption on 2012 and 2016 Presidential Candidate Evaluations • Lewen Wei, Pennsylvania State University; Jinping Wang, Pennsylvania State University • Through an automated content analysis, the present study examined effects of soft news and hard news consumption over both broadcast and digital media on people’s presidential candidate evaluations in 2012 and 2016 election cycles. We found issue-focused evaluations slightly outnumbered character-focused ones, and soft news consumption over different media impacted on the distribution of and affectiveness in candidate evaluations in a different manner compared to hard news consumption. How sea-level rise is communicated by governments, news media, and social media: An examination of realities shaped by partisan and regional influences and intermedia agenda-setting • Denis Wu; Yiyan Zhang • This study investigates the issue of sea-level rise presented by governmental public announcements, news coverage, and tweets generated in all 50 states of the United States during 2014-2017. Both human and machine codings were conducted to detect the pattern of sea-level rise communication across states with sea shore and landlocked states and between liberal and conservative states. Intermedia agenda-setting among the three distinct sources of information was also executed. Results indicate that patterns of sea-level rise content differ significantly between the groups of states with regard to their geographic location and political inclination. The sea-level rise content generated from the three sources are related significantly. Implications of these findings were provided in the paper. A Linkage of Traditional and Social Media Use with Political Knowledge and Participation • Masahiro Yamamoto, University at Albany; Fan Yang • This study examines news media use in relation to political knowledge and political participation. Data from a two-wave panel survey indicate that social media use for news is related to increases in subjective political knowledge, whereas traditional news use is related to increases in factual political knowledge. Data also show that factual political knowledge has a negative cross-lagged association with political participation, whereas the influence of subjective political knowledge is positive. Implications are discussed for the role of news consumption in the political process. Predicting perceived media bias of the mass shooting coverage and intention to participate in discursive activities: Examining the effects of personal involvement and social identities • Xueying Zhang; Mei-Chen Lin • Americans are seeing the most devastating era of mass shootings in modern history. Following each gruesome mass shooting is heated and polarizing political debates in the media, and among the policy makers and the public. News audiences of mass shooting do not passively accept message from the media, but rather make active judgement by relating it to their own lives or interpret it from the lens of their important values and identity. This study examined how predispositions of news audience predict perceived media bias in mass shooting coverage and intention to participate in discursive activities concerning gun issues. A survey among 300 participants recruited from Qualtrics’ research panels highlighted the role of social identity and individuals’ outcome-relevant involvement. The results extend the theoretical discussion of biased media perception and increase understanding of public’s sentiment regarding gun policy discussions. Muting Opposing Political Opinions on Facebook: The Mediating Role of Emotions on Facebook Muting Behaviors • Bingbing Zhang, Pennsylvania State University; Heather Shoenberger, The Pennsylvania State University • Selective exposure theory posits that individuals prefer information aligned with pre-existing ideologies while avoiding opposing opinions. Using a nationally representative sample of Facebook users recruited via a Qualtrics panel (N = 505), this study explores the ideology strength, political disagreement and adds the context of negative emotions felt when viewing opposing viewpoints on Facebook on three different types of muting those with opposing political opinions. The three muting behaviors examined include “taking a break”, unfollowing, and unfriending others. Results offer insights into the idea that exposure to incongruent opinions are positively related to political muting behaviors. Additionally, the emotions of anger and dread mediate the relationship between exposure to incongruent views on social media and unfriending others with different opinions. Results are discussed through the lens of selective exposure and selective avoidance in understanding social media users’ online behaviors. This study indicates the important role of emotions in the formation of echo chambers on social media. Investigating the Effects of Pro-attitudinal and Counter-attitudinal Media Exposure on General Political Talks and Cross-cutting Political Talks: Evidence from 2014 and 2018 U • Li Zhang, Boston University; Jacob Groshek • Everyday political talks play an important role in deliberative democracy and should be considered as gateway political behavior. This study examines the effects of selective exposure to pro-attitudinal and counter-attitudinal media on two types of political talks, general political talks and cross-cutting political talks. Drawing on a three-wave panel data during the 2014 U.S. midterm election and a cross-sectional dataset during the 2018 U.S. midterm election, mixed results were reported: in 2014, selective exposure to pro-attitudinal media is positively associated with both types of political talks, while exposure to counter-attitudinal media has no significant effect. However, in 2018, the effects of pro-attitudinal media disappeared and exposure to counter-attitudinal media is shown to be positively associated with cross-cutting political talks. In addition, a possible mediating mechanism proposed by recent literature is tested and found no support. Finally, discussion and explanation is offered. Special Call for Preregistered Papers – Election 2020 Headline news: A theoretic model to explore the believability and selection of political news • Robin Blom, Ball State University; Tim Huang, Ball State University • Misperceptions could cause people to take positions on political issues that they otherwise would not take. Therefore, it is important that they believe news content that is true and ignore news content that is false. But in reality, many people are skeptical about factual news from distrusted source and much more accepting of misleading news from trusted sources. This study further develops a news believability model and extends it with a news selection model to better predict why people make certain news selections based on content and the context in which the news is presented, namely a combination of news source trust and news content expectancy. Evidence from this overall model could aid attempts to create media literacy modules to teach people about roles of their own cognitive biases and perceptions of expectancy violations in news selection, which could help them avoid misperceptions in the future. <2020 Abstracts]]> 20147 0 0 0 2020 Abstracts]]> https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/prdv-2020-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2020 00:15:14 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20151 Doug Newsom Award for Global Ethics and Diversity How Do Stakeholders React to Different Levels of LGBTQ-related Diversity and Inclusion CSR in India? Examining Social Acceptance, Perceived Fit, and Value-driven Attribution • Nandini Bhalla, Washington and Lee University; Yeonsoo Kim, James Madison University; Shudan Huang • This study examined stakeholders’ responses toward LGBTQ-related diversity and inclusion CSR practices in India. The study proposed a dual-route model and explored how different degrees of LGBTQ-DI CSR practices (i.e., active, passive and refusal) influence stakeholders’ perception of CSR levels, CSR fit evaluation and CSR attribution and in turn, impact CSR outcomes (i.e., corporate evaluation, supportive communication intent and purchase intent). An online experiment with real stakeholders in India was conducted. The findings suggest an interaction influence between social acceptance and perceived levels of CSR on CSR fit. Also, CSR- induced value-driven motives can strongly influence CSR associations. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed. Open Competition Examining Problem Chain Recognition Effect: How Issue Salience and Proximity Impact Environmental Communication Behaviors? • Nandini Bhalla, Washington and Lee University • This study applied the STOPS theory and tested the mechanism of problem chain recognition effect in the realm of environmental communication. Using a 2 (environmental issue salience: salient vs. non-salient) × 2 (environmental issue proximity: local vs. global) experimental design, this study found that if individuals have high motivation for climate change problem, they are more likely to perceive and talk about other related lesser known environmental issues (air pollution/land degradation). CSA and the OPR: Corporate Attachment and Stakeholder Motivations to the Organization-Public Relationship • Jonathan Borden, Nowhere • As increasing professional and academic interest turns towards corporate social advocacy as a practice, it is crucial we consider theoretical frameworks to understand the mechanisms of CSA's effects on the organization-public relationship. This study applies the attachment theory of interpersonal relationships to understand how corporate political behaviors can motivate stakeholder attitudes and behavioral intentions. Towards a Conceptualization of Corporate Accountability • Jonathan Borden; Xiaochen Zhang, University of Oklahoma • Corporate accountability remains a significant construct in normative public relations theory and in applied crisis response, yet it remains ambiguous in practice. This research operationalizes a three-factor accountability scale based on the extant literature and validates this scale among three sample publics. Implications for both theory and practice are discussed. * Extended Abstract * Effective Social Media Communication for Startups in China: Antecedents and Outcomes of Organization-Public Dialogic Communication • Zifei Chen; Grace Ji, Boston University • This study examines the mechanism through which startups can drive publics’ trust and positive word-of-mouth using effective social media communication. Results from an online survey with 1,061 social media users in Mainland China revealed that startups’ conversational human voice and social presence on social media helped drive organization-public dialogic communication, and startups’ organization-public dialogic communication, in turn, fostered publics’ trust and positive word-of-mouth. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. CEO Activism & Employee Relations: Factors Affecting Employees’ Sense of Belonging in Workplace • Moonhee Cho, University of Tennessee; Sifan Xu, University of Tennessee Knoxville; Brandon Boatwright • Acknowledging the importance of CEO activism in employee relations, this study examined how perceived employee-CEO value fit influences employee’s sense of belonging. Furthermore, using expectancy violation theory (EVT) and the concept of salience, this study explored moderating effects of expectation-reality discrepancy and salience of CEO activism. Conducting an online survey with 429 employees in the U.S., the study provides both theoretical and practical implications for effective CEO activism. * Extended Abstract * Balancing Between a Global and Local Perspective in the Public Relations Agency Industry • Surin Chung, Ohio University; Suman Lee, UNC-Chapel Hill; Euirang Lee, Ohio University • This study examined the current status of globalization and localization of public relations industry and its market environmental factors by analyzing 101 countries. Using content analysis and the secondary data analysis, this study found that the degree of globalization of public relations industry in a country was influenced by its economic (foreign direct investment inflow), legal (rule of law), cultural (power distance, individualism, masculinity) and media system (press freedom) factors. The degree of localization of public relations industry in a country was also influenced by its economic (trade) and media system (press freedom) factors. Building the science news agenda: The permeability of science journalism to public relations • Suzannah Comfort; Mike Gruszczynski; Nicholas Browning • The current study examines the relative influence of press releases about scientific studies in terms of their impact on news coverage. Using an innovative approach that allowed for analysis of a large corpus of text and calculation of similarity scores, we were able to trace the influence of press release materials into news media articles. We found that news organization characteristics were a more important indicator of PR success than press release characteristics. News organizations that had a history of producing award-winning science journalism were much less likely to draw on PR materials, reaffirming the importance of news organizations’ dedication to providing resources for science journalism. In some cases, news articles incorporated up to 86% of the material from a press release – a shocking indication of how powerful information subsidies can be. While our results contain some good news for public relations practitioners, they also carry a warning for consumers of journalism and for the public science agenda, which may be left vulnerable to bad actors exploiting the natural trust that the public, and journalists, have in science. * Extended Abstract * Reconstructing the PR history time machine: Missing women and people of color in introductory textbooks • Tugce Ertem-Eray, University of Oregon; Donnalyn Pompper • This exploratory study offers a critical perspective on reasons for and effects of missing women and people of color across introductory public relations textbooks’ history pages, leading instructors to supplement public relations history lessons with their own pedagogical materials. Viewing survey findings of public relations instructors through feminist and critical race theory lenses yields two important recommendations to include women and people of color in recorded public relations history. Hot Issue and Enduring Publics on Twitter: A Big Data Analysis of the Charlotte Protest • Tiffany Gallicano; Ryan Wesslen, UNC Charlotte; Jean-Claude Thill, UNC Charlotte; Zhuo Cheng, UNC Charlotte; Samira Shaikh • This study is the first of its kind to contribute to theory regarding hot issue and enduring publics in a naturalistic setting, and it models a way to conceptualize these types of publics based on their Twitter behavior. We applied structural topic modeling to 151,004 tweets to investigate tweet content, the duration of tweeting behavior, and the extent to which a small group of people shoulder the majority of the content generation in hot issue and in enduring publics. We found not only validation for existing theory but also questions for future researchers to explore based on surprising findings. This study also updates the conceptualization of hot issue publics for the social media age. Saying vs. Doing: Examining the Effects of Corporate Issue Stances and Action • Eve Heffron, University of Florida; Melissa Dodd, University of Central Florida; Jay Hmielowski, University of Florida • This study expands the body of research surrounding corporate social advocacy (CSA). Using an experimental design, participants were exposed to three conditions for Nike’s engagement with the issue of equal pay. Results indicated that taking a stance with action was associated with more positive outcomes than both the stance-only and no-stance conditions; and taking a stance only was associated with more positive outcomes than the non-stance condition. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. * Extended Abstract * Extended Abstract: Thriving Under the Sun: Stakeholder Relationships of Small Firms in the Emerging Field of Solar • Nell Huang-Horowitz; Aleena Sexton • This paper explores stakeholder relationships of small firms in the emerging field of solar. Interviews were conducted with 29 small firm executives. Results show that executives view customers as their number one priority, employees as family and partners, and government as supporter and opponent. Some challenges faced include the lack of credibility and legitimacy, limitation in resources, widespread misconception, and uncertainty about the future. Solutions on how these challenges can be addressed are also discussed. Engaging employees in CEO activism: The role of transparent leadership communication in making a social impact • Grace Ji, Boston University; Cheng Hong, California State University, Sacramento • "With a survey of 600 U.S. employees, this study investigated the effect of transparent leadership communication on employee engagement in the context of CEO activism. Employees’ perceived psychological needs (i.e., autonomy, competence, and relatedness) were examined as mediators. Results showed transparent leadership communication was positively associated with employees’ psychological needs. In turn, needs for autonomy and relatedness both positively influenced employees’ information sharing and activism participation intentions. Theoretical and managerial contributions were discussed." Mapping CSR Communication Networks on Social Media: The Influence of Communication Tactics on Public Responses • Yangzhi Jiang, Louisiana State University; Hyojung Park • Grounded in the networked stakeholder management theory and two-way communication, this study provides a snapshot of networks between companies and publics on Twitter in a CSR communication context. Results showed that CSR communication activities (i.e., informing, retweeting, and mentioning) empowered a corporation through centralizing its network position and gaining public support (i.e., emotional, influencer, and knowledge support). In addition, degree centrality mediated the relationship between corporate retweets and stakeholders’ knowledge supports. How controversial businesses look good through CSR communication on Facebook: Insights from the Canadian cannabis industry • Ran Ju, Mount Royal University; Chuqing Dong; Yafei Zhang • This study advances our current understanding of corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication in a controversial industry by analyzing CSR-related Facebook posts from seven Canadian public cannabis companies. Our findings indicated that these companies’ CSR communication was mostly instrumentalist, lacked transparency, and used effective multimedia characteristics. In addition, public reactions (# of likes, comments, and shares) suggested an association between CSR communication efforts and engagement revealing both opportunities and ethical concerns for CSR scholars and practitioners. Who’s Posting That? Roles and Responsibilities at Civil Rights Organizations • Kate Keib, Oglethorpe University; Katie Hunter; Sarah Taphom • Ethnic Public Relations asserts that organizations focused on particular cultural groups are unique from general organizations. Civil Rights Organizations fall into that category and deserve their own area of study. Messaging on social media is a heavily relied upon tactic by advocacy organizations. Utilizing role theory, as well as two scales aimed at understanding how social media communicators function in organizations, this survey based study examines the communications teams at civil rights organizations, the levels of role conflict and ambiguity, as well as the levels of social media self-development and leadership. Results begin to fill a void in ethnic PR work focused on civil rights organizations, extend role theory and can help such organizations understand how to best structure their teams. How Strategic Internal Communication Leads to Employee Creativity: The Role of Employees’ Feedback Seeking Behaviors • Yeunjae Lee, University of Miami; Jarim Kim, Yonsei University • "This study examined how organizations’ internal communication affects employee creativity through the lens of the symmetrical communication model in public relations and the theory of creativity, using a survey with 405 full-time employees in the U.S. The results suggested that information flow, supportive supervisory communication, and CEO relational communication positively influence symmetrical internal communication systems. The analysis also indicated symmetrical internal communication caused employees to seek more feedbacks, which in turn enhanced creativity." Online Firestorms in Social Media: Comparative Research between China Weibo and USA Twitter • Sora Kim, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Kang Hoon Sung, California State Polytechnic University; Yingru JI; Chen Xing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Jiayu Qu, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Through a quantitative content analysis of top trending keywords and associated top tweets in the United States (US) Twitter and China (CN) Weibo, this study offers significant insights into how users in varying countries engage in online firestorms, extending the existing knowledge in cultural aspects of crisis communication. Users on the two platforms showed difference in attribution focus (individuals vs. group/organizations), target scope (government/politics vs. business arena), and prioritized social problems (racism vs. corruption/bribe). The determinants of support for crowdfunding sites: Understanding internal and external factors from PR’s perspectives • Eunyoung Kim, Auburn University at Montgomery; Sung Eun Park, University of Southern Indiana • "This study aims to examine the factors affecting behavioral intention of online donation and word-of-mouth via crowdfunding sites, so we have conducted an online survey. The results confirm that social identification, relationships with SNS connectors, involvement, and attitudes toward online donation positively predict intention to donate online. Also, attitudes toward helping others, social identification, involvement, and SNS features had predictive power on intention of word-of-mouth. Theoretical and practical implications are presented in discussion and conclusion." Is timing everything? : Exploring benefits and drawbacks of stealing thunder in crisis communication • Soo-Yeon Kim, Sogang University; Jeong-Hyeon Lee, Gauri Communication Co.; JIN SUN SUL, SOGANG UNIVERSITY • Qualitative responses from 286 Korean consumers were collected to find their perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks of stealing thunder. Although more consumers evaluated stealing thunder positively, others pointed out its negative consequences. Consumers identified positivity, credibility, consumer behavior, and ethics as benefits, while they considered backfire effects, irrelevant consumer behavior, negativity, and admittance to be drawbacks. Follow-up actions and transparent crisis communication, along with stealing thunder, were also emphasized as positive aspects of crisis communication. For stealing thunder to be acknowledged positively in society, it must fulfill the ethics of justice and care, and consumers must experience it in real world situations. * Extended Abstract * Extended Abstract: The Impact of Fairness Perception on the Public’s Attitudinal and Emotional Evaluation of an Organization • Nahyun Kim, Pennsylvania State University; Suman Lee, UNC-Chapel Hill • "A 2 (distributive fairness: high vs. low) x 2 (procedural fairness: high vs. low) between-subjects experiment (N = 134) was conducted online to test the impact of (un)fairness perception on trustworthiness, quality of organization-public relationship, and the publics’ anger and attitude toward an organization, and positive/negative word-of-mouth intentions. Procedural fairness had significant impact on all of the dependent variables while distributive fairness had significant impacts on some dimensions of trustworthiness (e.g., competence, integrity) and attitude." Diversity-oriented leadership, internal communication, and employee outcomes: A perspective of racial minority employees • Yeunjae Lee, University of Miami; Queenie Li, University of Miami; Wanhsiu Tsai • Through 633 samples of racial minority employees in the United States, the current study examines the effect of diversity-oriented leadership on the excellence of internal communication and employee outcomes. Using the normative model of internal communication and organizational justice theory, this study advances the theoretical links among leadership, communication, and organizational justice, and its resulting effects on employee engagement and behavioral outcome. Results of an online survey showed that diversity-oriented leadership enhances symmetrical internal communication and racial minority employees’ perceived fairness of an organization, thereby increasing employee engagement and advocative behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications for public relations and internal communication are discussed. Power of Apology: Comparative Analysis of Crisis Response Strategy Effects between China and the United States of America • Moon Lee, University of Florida; Sunny Yufan Qin, University of Florida • The purpose of the study was to investigate differences in how people respond to two distinctive crisis response strategies (i.e. apology vs. bolstering strategy) in comparison with combined strategy (i.e. apology followed by bolstering strategy) and no comment strategy (e.g. strategic silence: the control group). In addition, the publics’ responses between two different countries (USA vs. China) were compared. Two experimental studies were conducted with a total of 629 people (297 in America vs. 332 in China). In both countries, apology strategy works the best in garnering the public's trust and reputation in an accidental crisis, particularly in comparison with bolstering strategy. Practical/theoretical implications are further discussed in the paper. * Extended Abstract * Extended Abstract: Exploring the Effects of CSR on Perceived Brand Innovativeness, Brand Identification and Brand Attitude • Yukyung Lee, University of Connecticut; Carolyn A. Lin, University of Connecticut • This experimental study reveals that exposure to a sustainable (vs. generic) fashion ad increases perceived CSR image and brand innovativeness. The relationship between sustainable fashion ad exposure and CSR image is stronger when attitude towards sustainable fashion is more positive. Perceived CSR image is also positively related to perceived brand innovativeness, consumer-brand identification and brand attitude. Moreover, perceived brand innovativeness and consumer-brand identification both significantly mediate the relationship between perceived CSR image and brand attitude. From tragedy to activism: Publics’ emotions, efficacy, and communicative action on Twitter in the case of the 2017 Las Vegas Mass Shooting • Queenie Li, University of Miami; Taylor Wen, University of South Carolina • Guided by the Anger Activism Model and pain and loss activism literature, this study analyzes public discussion in a particular case of activism on social media (i.e., the 2017 Las Vegas mass shooting) to present a refined activism framework that advances predictions for policy change engagement during pain and loss events. Key insights about the joint effects of emotion and efficacy in activism communication, public segmentation, and communicative action provide direction for future research investigations that can strengthen theoretical arguments and best practices in activism and advocacy. Public relations or activism scholars can use this research as a stepping stone for conceptualizing more comprehensive ways to identify activist publics and motivate inactive publics to take action. A View from the Margins of the Margins: How a Queer of Color Critique Enriches Understanding of Public Relations • Nneka Logan; Erica Ciszek • This paper examines the public relations field from the perspective transgender communicators of color. It unites queer of color literature with Bourdieu’s conceptualization of habitus to explore issues of race, gender and marginalization within the discipline. Interviews were conducted with 13 transgender communicators of color and revealed several themes with important implications for public relations theory and practice including advocacy, representation and empowerment. Building on anti-racist and queer scholarship, the purpose of this paper is to expand public relations research by offering a more inclusive conceptualization of the discipline through centering marginalized voices. Image Repair in the #MeToo Movement: An Examination of Kevin Spacey’s Double Crisis • Don Lowe, University of Kentucky • Through examination of the news articles and Tweets that followed the Anthony Rapp Buzz Feed News article and Spacey’s response Tweet, I argue: (1) double crisis exist; (2) proxy communicators often feel the need to speak out for the profession/industry; (3) proxy communications can be positive or negative; (4) proxy communication can cause harm to the individuals who practice the concept often creating a new crisis; and (5) LGBTQ community members are treated differently as well as the same as their heterosexual counterparts during crises. The Spacey case clearly exemplifies and qualifies as a double crisis. While the severity of the initial and following legal proceedings and publication of numerous other sexual assault claims are proving to be detrimental to Spacey, his Tweet conflating sexual orientation with pedophilia coupled with the conflation that being gay is a choice caused considerable harm to his reputation. Harm that could have been avoided with a sincere apology Additionally, proxy communicators often feel the need to speak out in behalf of the industry/profession. Fellow actors both LGBTQ and heterosexual rushed to Twitter and some to the media to distance the industry/profession from Spacey. Social activists and LGBTQ actors also felt the need to defend the LGBTQ community and distance it from Spacey as well. Spacey’s conflation of sexual orientation with pedophilia and his equating being gay with a choice were both widely condemned in Tweets. Corporate diplomacy and media: How local news contribute to organizational legitimacy in the host country • Sarah Marschlich; Diana Ingenhoff • Applying neo-institutional public relations approaches, this study explored if and how media frames on corporate diplomacy contribute to organizational legitimacy of foreign multinational corporations in the United Arab Emirates. Conducting a quantitative content analysis of local news media coverage (N=385) from 2014 to 2019, we identified three corporate diplomacy frames, of which two enable corporations to build moral or pragmatic legitimacy. Understanding how media frames contribute to organizational legitimacy has several theoretical and practical implications. Political Issues Management: Framing the Climate Crisis on the Campaign Trail • Meaghan McKasy; Diana Zulli • This mixed-methods analysis examines the way that democratic presidential candidates at CNN’s 2019 climate crisis town hall presented climate change to the public using fact vs. value-based frames, choice frames, and responsibility frames. Results indicate that candidates predominantly used value-based frames, “gains” were presented in the context of the economy, and candidates were more likely to use prognostic frames over diagnostic frames. These findings speak to the value of framing in political issues management. * Extended Abstract * From Advocacy to Activism: Scale Development of Behavioral Steps • Brooke McKeever; Robert McKeever; Minhee Choi; Shudan Huang • Although advocacy and activism have gained increasing importance in organizational success, conceptual definitions and valid measurement of the concepts are lacking. By searching the literature, seeking expert feedback, and employing two survey data sets (N= 1,300) for scale development, this study advances a new measurement model of behavioral outcomes that can be useful for future research as well as practice. Findings indicate six dimensions of advocacy and activism. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications are discussed. Scientific Evolution of Public Relations Research: Past, Present, and Future • Bitt Moon • Public relations, as an independent domain of applied communication research, has developed unique, original theories to describe, explain, and predict public relations practices that range from the organizational environment to organization-public relationships to publics over the last four decades. This study views public relations as a scientific discipline and takes a scientific evolutionary approach to examine how public relations scholarship has evolved since the 1970s. The four evolutionary stages are applied to illustrate the scientific evolution of public relations research from the 1970s to the 2010s. This study also reviews public relations theories to comprehend research trends in the field. This article concludes that public relations research is in the final stage of scientific evolution (synthesizing) with significant theoretical shifts and calls for another new perspective that fosters innovative and insightful public relations research. * Extended Abstract * Are employees better spokespeople for CSR initiatives? Findings from a cross-national study • Geah Pressgrove, WVU; Carolyn Kim; Cristobal Barra, Universidad de Chile • This study explores the impact of cultural values on perceptions of spokespersons in a corporate social responsibility context in both the United States and Latin America. Findings indicate individuals with masculine cultural values, perceive spokespersons with managerial titles as a more credible source for information. Conversely, people with more feminine cultural values perceive spokespersons with an employee title as more credible. Further, it was found that different dimensions of transparency (openness, integrity, respect) drive results. Toward an Informed Employer: The Implications of Organizational Internal Listening for Employee Relationship Cultivation • Sunny Yufan Qin, University of Florida; Rita Linjuan Men, University of Florida • This study examined whether and how organizational internal listening (i.e., organizational- level and supervisory-level listening) influences the quality of employee-organization relationships. Informed by the self-determination theory, employees’ psychological need satisfaction for autonomy, competence, and relatedness was examined as a mediating mechanism in this process. An online survey was conducted with 443 employees across various industries in the U.S. Results showed that organizational-level listening positively influenced the quality of employee relationships with the organization both directly and indirectly via satisfying employees’ psychological need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The impact of supervisory-level listening on the quality of employee- organization relationships was fully mediated via employees’ psychological need satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. * Extended Abstract * A Construal-level Approach to Post-crisis Response Strategies • Soojin Roh, Peking University HSBC Business School; Hyun Jee Oh • Summary: In order to provide guidance for effective post-crisis communication, this study explores under which circumstances differently framed crisis response message is likely to be effective, building on construal level theory of psychological distance (CLT; Liberman & Trope, 2008; Trope & Liberman, 2010). This study demonstrates significant interaction effects of social distance and crisis message framing (e.g., why vs. how vs. why and how) on publics’ anger and trust toward the organization in crisis. * Extended Abstract * Suffragists as Early PR Pioneers: The Development of the National American Woman Suffrage Association Press Bureau • Arien Rozelle, St. John Fisher College • Through an examination of Susan B. Anthony’s push to create a Press Bureau for the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), this paper argues that Anthony and fellow suffragist Ida Husted Harper should be recognized as early public relations pioneers. Anthony and Harper employed a strategic approach to public relations at the same time – if not before – Ivy Lee and Edward Bernays, who are often credited as the “founding fathers” of modern public relations. Anthony and Husted worked to advance an activist approach to public relations during the dawn of modern public relations in the United States. The early development of the NAWSA Press Bureau tells the story of a grassroots, strategic, coordinated and women-led integrated press effort for social good beginning in 1897, three years before the establishment of the Publicity Bureau, which is largely credited as the first public relations firm in the U.S. (Cutlip). Building Consumer Communal Relationships through Cause-Related Marketing: From the Perspective of Persuasion Knowledge • Baobao Song; Weiting Tao; Taylor Wen, University of South Carolina • This study investigates the value of cause-related marketing campaigns in consumer relationship management. Specifically, following the tenets of Persuasive Knowledge Model and Equity Theory, this study proposes that the effect of consumers’ inferences of the companies’ manipulative intent in cause-related marketing campaigns on consumer-brand communal relationships is contingent on their knowledge about the degree to which the company and the social cause respectively benefit from the cause-related marketing campaigns. A panel of 506 consumers was recruited to complete an online survey. Results supported the significant three-way interaction effects among the variables of inferences of manipulative intent, corporate benefit knowledge, and social benefit knowledge on consumer communal relationship. Generally, when consumers believe that non-profit partners benefit more from a cause-related marketing campaign than the company does, inferences of manipulative intent positively affect consumer communal relationships. However, when consumers perceive greater corporate benefits than social benefits, inferences of manipulative intent will negatively affect consumer communal relationships. This study provides significant theoretical and managerial implications for future corporate social responsibility/cause-related marketing research and practice. Appealing to the Marketplace of Audiences: The Anti-Proposition 112 Public Relations Campaign in Colorado • Burton St. John III, University of Colorado-Boulder; Danielle Quichocho, University of Colorado - Boulder • In the fall of 2018, fracking interests in Colorado initiated a public relations campaign against Proposition 112—a measure that these interests perceived as an emergent threat to their continued viability. This study reviewed the messaging used by the industry and its supporters as it appeared across 1,515 text articles (e.g., news accounts, op-eds, etc.) and 38 Facebook posts. We found that pro-fracking messages, rather than concentrating on the quality of the ideas offered in support of fracking (e.g., facts and data) often chose to emphasize connections to the lived experiences of the audiences. As such, this work offers a model of this phenomena called the marketplace of audiences, which includes the components values, aesthetics, and resonance. This model offers both a theoretical and applied framework for how an organization may affirm alliances with key audiences, especially when detecting an emergent threat to its continued existence. * Extended Abstract * Scholarly Books, Reviews, and Public Relations: Publicity and the Perception of Value • Meta G Carstarphen, University of Oklahoma; Margarita Tapia, The University of Oklahoma • With the sheer volume of books published, global marketplaces, and technology, the field for academic book publishing is robust—and crowded. Survey data gathered from 150 publicists/marketing staff from the Association of University Presses form the basis of this study. A discussion of the results from this study offers an opportunity to re-examine key theoretical constructs about the role of publicity in public relations—including rhetoric, narrative, third-party endorsements, and relationship-building. Servant Leadership and Employee Advocacy: The Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment and Perceived Relationship Investment • Patrick Thelen; April Yue • The current study examines how servant leadership relates with employee advocacy behaviors through the mediating role of psychological empowerment and perceived relationship investment (PRI). Through a quantitative survey with 357 employees who work for a variety of organizations, the study’s results indicated that servant leadership plays a critical role in fostering psychological empowerment and PRI, which in turn, encourage employee advocacy behaviors. Relevant theoretical and practical implications are discussed. * Extended Abstract * How CSR partnerships affect nonprofit organizations (NPOs): The mediating role of consumer-brand identification, CSR motives, and NPO social objective achievement • Michail Vafeiadis; Virginia Harrison, Penn State University; Pratiti Diddi, Lamar University; Frank Dardis, Penn State University; Christen Buckley • This study examined how CSR partnerships with corporations affect nonprofit organizations (NPOs). A 2 (NPO reputation: low vs. high) x 2 (CSR fit: low vs. high) x 2 (partnership duration: short vs. long) between-subjects experiment showed that CSR partnerships are more effective for high-reputation NPOs. Also, NPOs should partner only with high-fit corporations. Consumer-brand identification, perceived corporate extrinsic motives, and fulfillment of nonprofit social objective can influence stakeholders’ supportive intentions toward the NPO. Public Relations in the Age of Data: Corporate Perspectives on Social Media Analytics (SMA) • Kathy Fitzpatrick, University of South Florida; Paula L. Weissman, American University • The aim of this study was to understand how public relations leaders view and use social media analytics (SMA) and the impact of SMA on the public relations function. Personal interviews with chief communication officers (CCOs) from leading multinational corporate brands revealed that although CCOs perceive social media analytics as strategically important to the advancement of public relations, the use of social media data is limited, slowed by challenges associated with building SMA capacity. Responding to Online Hoaxes: The Role of Contextual Priming, Crisis Response Type and Communication Strategy • Anli Xiao; Yang Cheng, North Carolina State University • Hoaxes present detrimental threats to individuals and organizations. This paper examines how companies should respond to hoaxes on social media using different crisis response types and crisis communication strategies. In addition, this paper investigated how contextual priming might influence participants’ judgment on the company’s responses. Results indicated that a narrative response might be more effective, and people’s judgment of the crisis response is partially influenced by the contextual priming. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Effects of Narratives on Individuals’ Skepticism toward Corporate Social Responsibility Efforts • Sifan Xu, University of Tennessee Knoxville; Anna Kochigina, University of Tennessee Knoxville • Skepticism is prevalent surrounding companies’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication. Existing research on narratives suggests that narratives can reduce counterarguing and increase story-consistent beliefs and attitudes. However, research is still in its preliminary stage in understanding how narratives may help alleviate individuals’ skepticism toward companies’ CSR initiatives. The current study first tested multiple videos searched on YouTube depicting a real organization’s CSR initiatives. Four videos (two in narrative format and two in non-narrative format) were eventually selected and used in the experiment, where participants recruited from MTurk (n = 345) were randomly assigned to watch one of the selected videos. Results of the study suggest that narrative significantly reduced almost all of the previously identified dimensions of CSR skepticism and significantly increased perceived extrinsic (public-serving) motive. Furthermore, narrative engagement and perceived CSR motive were significant mediators in the effect of narrative format on CSR skepticism. Considering the growing perspective of using engagement as a framework to unpack public relations theories and practices, the current study provides valuable insights to narrative engagement in public relations research. Does the Medium Matter? A Meta-analysis on Using Social Media vs. Traditional Media in Crisis Communication • Jie Xu, Villanova University • There has been a growing body of crisis communication research that treats social media as a critical variable, which might alter how people perceive and react to crisis communication messages. The meta-analysis of 8 studies (k = 22, n = 3,209, combined n = 9,703) compared the impact of social media vs. traditional media in crisis communication. Five studies (n = 1,896) contained 8 relevant effect sizes on crisis responsibility, representing 3,294 individuals. Seven studies (n = 3,185) contained 14 relevant effect sizes on persuasiveness, representing 6,409 individuals. Compared to traditional media, using social media significantly lessened consumers’ perceived crisis responsibility (r = -.134, 95% CI -.212– -.054, p = .001). There was no significant difference between using traditional media and social media in crisis communication on persuasiveness (r = -.039, 95% CI -.114– .035, p = .30). The moderator analysis indicated that for both crisis responsibility and persuasiveness, the effect size was more noticeable when an organization communicates with college students vs. non-student publics. The ability of social media in dampening crisis responsibility was more pronounced for fictitious organizations compared to real organizations. Compared to traditional media, social media was significantly more negative for preventable crisis, the influence was weak for accidental crisis. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, as well as directions for future research. Publics’ Emotional Reactions and Acceptance of Organizational Crisis Response in the Case of Boeing 737 MAX Crisis • Hao Xu, University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Jisu Huh, University of Minnesota; Smitha Muthya Sudheendra, University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Debarati Das, University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Jaideep Srivastava, University of Minnesota Twin Cities • This study examined publics’ emotional reactions to a crisis, and the impacts of such emotions on their acceptance of organizational crisis response communications, using computational analysis of the real-world example of the Boeing 737 MAX crisis. The results reveal sadness and fear as the two primary emotions among publics, and, for publics in this emotional state, specific and accommodative crisis response strategies seem to be better accepted and generate favorable reactions in certain stakeholder groups. Understanding the Impact of Brand Feedback to Negative eWOM on Social Media: An Expectation Violation Approach • jing yang, Loyola University Chicago; Juan Mundel, DePaul University • The current study investigated the effects of brand feedback strategies in response to negative eWOM on social media on consumers’ positive and negative expectation violations, as well as the consequences of such expectation violation. Results indicated two routes of mechanisms (i.e., positive and negative), such that positive consumer expectation violation results in higher consumer satisfaction, which leads to brand love. On the other hand, negative consumer expectation violation results in higher consumer dissatisfaction, an antecedent to brand hate. Our study also revealed that it is important for brands to respond to negative eWOM to avoid consumer backlash. Moreover, providing compensation to consumers is also an effective approach to attenuate consumer dissatisfaction, potentially restoring consumer satisfaction. Do instructing and adjusting information make a difference in crisis responsibility attribution? Merging fear appeal studies with the defensive attribution hypothesis • Xueying Zhang; Ziyuan Zhou, Savannah State University • The research on crisis response strategy has long been a popular topic in crisis communication. Image repair strategies, such as apology, excuse, deny, sympathy, to name a few, have been well documented in the literature. However, empirical evidence on instructing and adjusting information is scarce. Extant research generates inconsistent, sometimes even contradicting conclusions (Kim & Sung, 2014; Park & Avery, 2018). This study joins the discussion of the two types of information and adds empirical evidence on how the two strategies work. A 2 (high vs. low threat) × 2 (high vs. low efficacy for instructing information) × 2 (high vs. low efficacy for adjusting information) factorial experiment was conducted using Qualtrics national research panel to test the effect of instructing and adjusting information on participants’ account acceptance, attribution of crisis responsibility and evaluation of organizational reputation. Overall, the results highlight the role of efficacy in adjusting information in promoting account acceptance, alleviating crisis responsibility, and protecting organizational reputation. The mixed results of threat and efficacy in instructing information encourage managerial considerations when organizations design initial crisis responses. Many interesting directions for future research are also inspired. Organizational Legitimacy for High-Risk Facilities: Examining the Case of NBAF • Xiaochen Zhang, University of Oklahoma; NANCY MUTURI • Through an online survey of community residents living nearby the National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), this study examined how high-risk organizations can communicate organizational legitimacy, and how legitimacy perception may affect public trust and risk perceptions. Results illustrated the importance of transparent and consistent communication in organizational legitimacy-building, as well as the role of legitimacy, especially for high-risk organizations, to garner public trust, to ease public uncertainty, and to increase public preparedness. Provincial and Municipal Leaders’ Coronavirus Discourse Repairs Local Governments’ Image • Ernest Zhang, University of Missouri School of Journalism; Yitao Liu, Meishi Film Academy of Chongqing University; William Benoit, Department of Communication Studies of University of Alabama College of Arts and Sciences; Fritz Cropp, University of Missouri School of Journalism • "Seventeen years ago, SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome) wreaked havoc in China and across the world. Zhang and Benoit (2009) pointed out that the then Chinese health minister failed to defend the image of the Chinese government because he ineffectually used image-repair tactics. Seventeen years later, did the leaders of Hubei province and its capital city Wuhan more effectively protect the image of Hubei and Wuhan? The first case of COVID-19 was believed to originate in Wuhan on December 1, 2019 (Huang et al., 2020). The virus up to April 6 caused 1,331,032 infections and 73,917 deaths across the world (Johns Hopkins CSSE, 2020). Since most of deaths and infections had happened in Hubei and Wuhan before March 28 (Ansari et al., 2020), people in the world for a while considered the province and the city “Wuhan Pneumonia” equivalent to COVID-19. To repair the image of Hubei and Wuhan as liars for covering up the disaster and as equivalent to the virus, Hubei and Wuhan’s leaders held 65 press conferences and were interviewed over 10 times between January 19 and April 6. Using Benoit’s image repair theory (1995, 2015), the authors analyzed the leaders’ discourse at eight selected news conferences and five interviews, concluding that the leaders succeeded in applying seven of Benoit’s (1995) image-repair tactics but failed in the other three ones. The study argues their discourse succeeded in repairing Wuhan’s and Hubei’s images. Student Papers Finding an Antidote: Testing the Use of Proactive Crisis Strategies to Protect Organizations from Astroturfing Attacks • Courtney Boman, University of Missouri; Erika Schneider, University of Missori • "Astroturfing, or the orchestration of manipulative propaganda campaigns, has become the center of conversations amid Fake News disputations. Exploring an astroturf attack as a paracrisis, this research investigates the effects of an attack and how proactive communication strategies can protect organizational outcomes (i.e., credibility, crisis responsibility, account acceptance, and organizational reputation). In addition to expanding theoretical crisis response models, this research offers practitioners with advice that emphasizes the use of proactive strategies. Crisis Communication Strategy in Crisis of Chinese Celebrities with Huge Fan Base • QINXIAN CAI, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Chinese celebrities with huge fan base have recently attracted much attention, and some of them have some crises within the social media environment. In this study, four cases were chosen and divided into two types, competence-violated and integrity-violated. This article offered a comprehensive angle including celebrities, fans and media to understand the interaction during the crises. The analysis indicated that the different strategies were used in different kinds of crises among different parties and the reasons, and also the suggestions about how to deal with the celebrities’ crises. Effects of Crisis Severity and Crisis Response Strategies on Post-Crisis Organizational Reputation • Sera Choi • Using SCCT, this study investigates the impact of crisis severity and crisis response strategies on post-crisis organizational reputation. Two (crisis severity: low vs. high) x 2 (crisis response strategy: match vs. mismatch) between-subjects factorial design was employed (N=289). There were main and interaction effects between the variables. A matched response strategy was more effective under high crisis severity, but there was no such interaction effect under low severity condition. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. Social Movements and Identification: Examining BLM and MFOL’s Use of Identification Strategies to Build Relationships. • Candice Edrington, North Carolina State University • With the rapid connectivity and mobility provided by the technological affordances of the Internet, individuals and organizations have been able to broaden their reach in terms of sharing information. In particular, social movements have used these affordances to their advantages by creating social media pages/accounts to widely disseminate information regarding their advocacy and activist agendas. Black Lives Matter and March For Our Lives are two such movements. Due to their unique communication and relationship building needs, activist organizations are of particular importance in public relations scholarship (Taylor et al., 2001). Coombs and Holladay called for the reconsideration of activism from a public relations perspective by asserting that activists seek to alter the behaviors and policies of organizations in some fashion, which requires them to utilize power and persuasion, thus noting the similarities between public relations and activism (Coombs & Holladay, 2012). However, advocacy and activism on digital platforms has been examined in public relations scholarship from the perspective of nonprofit organizations. Sommerfeldt (2007) notes that “the study of public relations, the Internet, and activism have rarely converged” (p. 112). Thus, there is a gap in the literature when it comes to analyzing the message strategies that social movements employ on digital platforms. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to bridge the gap through an analysis of the message strategies used by these two social movements in an effort to build relationships through establishing identification with their key publics via their Twitter pages. Explicating Moral Responsibility in Crisis Communication • Yoorim Hong, University of Missouri, Columbia • Moral responsibility has been widely used by publics and public relations practitioners to imply an organization’s accountability for an incident with negative impact on society. Despite its frequent usage, the concept of moral responsibility has not been sufficiently explicated in the field of public relations. This concept explication paper makes its departure from reflecting on nearby concepts such as blame, causal attributions, and crisis responsibility. By integrating ideas from other fields of study, the theoretical definition of moral responsibility, its dimensions and indicators are proposed. This paper also guides the future empirical analysis, by suggesting possible antecedents and consequences of attributions of moral responsibility in an organizational crisis. The authors believe that investigating how publics attribute moral responsibility to organizations would help public relations researchers and practitioners develop more effective communication strategies in ways that protect the organization’s reputation and its relationships with publics in a crisis. What Makes Organizational Advocacy More Effective?: The Moderating Effect of the Public’s Perception of Issue Polarization • Ejae Lee, Indiana University • This study focuses on individual publics’ perceptions about the attributes of hot-button issues on which organizations take a stance, in order to better understand the effect of organizational advocacy. This study examined (a) how individuals perceive an organization’s stance and their own stance on a controversial sociopolitical issue, (b) whether the alignment of issue stances is positively related to pro-company support, and (c) how perceived issue polarization could moderate the association between individuals’ perceived issue alignment and their support for companies doing organizational advocacy. Protecting Intangible Assets on Twitter: The Effects of Crisis Response Strategies on Credibility, Trust, Reputation, and Post-Crisis Behavior • James Ndone, University of Missouri (School of Journalism) • This study investigated the effects of crisis response strategies of stealing thunder, apology, and denial on a hospital’s intangible assets of reputation, credibility, and trust on Twitter using an online survey. Besides, the study investigated social amplification and post-crisis behavior such as purchase intentions and negative word-of-mouth on Twitter. The findings suggest that stakeholders will trust, treat a message as credible, and hold the reputation of an organization at high levels if it posts apologetic tweets and steals thunder during a crisis. When an organization denies its responsibility for a crisis on Twitter, stakeholders are likely to spread negative word-of-mouth and reduce their purchase intentions. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed. * Extended Abstract * Effects of Inconsistent CSR Information on Customer’s Attitudes: A Mediation Model • Moon Nguyen, Hong Kong Baptist University • The study proposes a model to examine effects of inconsistent CSR information on customer’s attitudes. Using a between-group experiment, results show that corporate hypocrisy is a mediator in this relationship. Corporate hypocrisy is mediated by CSR belief and company reputation. Implications are that companies should be conscious when adopting CSR activities as customers are sensible to information inconsistency, and they should maintain good reputation and enhance CSR belief as these factors can have buffering effects. Favoring Emotional or Analytical? Exploring Corporate Brand Personality Projected on Twitter • Lewen Wei, Pennsylvania State University; Jinping Wang, Pennsylvania State University • The present study sought to unveil corporate brand personalities that top-ranking brands might project on social media using a machine-learning approach. We collected pertinent data at two time points and examined 99 most valuable brands’ corporate brand personality on Twitter along with how Twitter users engaged with different corporate brand personalities. We found different types of corporate brand personalities were presented on Twitter, and there was a close relationship between projected personality and public engagement. Stand on Parties or Issues? Comparing the Effects of Different Corporate Social Advocacy (CSA) Strategies • Hao Xu, University of Minnesota Twin Cities • This research project examined the effects of three different CSA strategies - standing on a political party, standing on multiple issues along with one particular ideology, and standing on a single issue - on publics’ attitudes and supportive intentions. The results demonstrate that for both Democratic and Republican publics, the three strategies can generate similar effects, but the effects between Democrats and Republicans can possibly be asymmetrical. Implications for academic research and practices are discussed. Teaching * Extended Abstract * Analytics in Public Relations Measurement: Desired Skills for Digital Communicators • Melissa Adams; Nicole Lee, North Carolina State University • This exploratory study examined the analytics education and skills agencies seek in new digital public relations hires and extends recent research on the topic of public relations analytics education. In-depth interviews with 14 senior managers at O’Dwyer’s Top 50 ranked agencies identified the analytic training and tool knowledge most desired in new hires. Results show that basic education in analytic measurement and data analysis is necessary preparation for the digital public relations job market. * Extended Abstract * Forming and Implementing an Interdisciplinary Public-Interest Course Experience on Emerging Technology Communication and Policy • Julia Fraustino, West Virginia University; Kakan Dey, West Virginia University; Dimitra Pyrialakou, West Virginia University; David Martinelli, West Virginia University; John Deskins, West Virginia University • This study investigates an interdisciplinary public-interest course experience for upper-level undergraduates. Five instructors in public relations, economics, and engineering created and piloted a course with students across multiple disciplines to explore the challenge of an Appalachian state’s potential autonomous vehicle (AV) implementation and policy from an interdisciplinary perspective. Pre- and mid-semester data collected from public relations students along with the instructors’ field observation and reflection memos provide preliminary qualitative insights into the course’s benefits and challenges. What It Really Takes: Revealing the Shared Challenges in PRSSA Faculty Advising • Amanda J. Weed, Kennesaw State University; Adrienne Wallace, GVSU; Betsy Emmons, Samford University; Kate Keib, Oglethorpe University • PRSSA supplements the traditional public relations curriculum by providing student members with enhanced learning and networking opportunities. PRSSA faculty advisers assume an advanced mentoring role by facilitating experiential learning and networking that connects classroom learning to practical application of knowledge, skills, and understanding of the public relations profession. A two-wave survey of current PRSSA faculty advisers examined the shared challenges that impact the personal and professional satisfaction of those who hold the role. <2020 Abstracts]]> 20151 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/rmig-2020-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2020 00:17:54 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20154 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20154 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/schj-2020-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2020 00:20:35 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20157 Faculty Papers * Extended Abstract * Investigative vs. Mandatory Reporting: Weaponizing Title IX Against College Journalists • Genelle Belmas, University of Kansas • In 2019, NPR and ProPublica published a series of articles about faculty sexual assault coverups at the University of Illinois. Administrators responded by requiring journalists at the NPR station at Urbana-Champaign to be “mandatory reporters” under federal Title IX rules – eliminating the confidentiality that assault victims might need before telling journalists their stories. This paper discusses the nascent problem and offers both legal and extra-legal solutions to the potential impact on student journalists. * Extended Abstract * Campus Free Expression and Student Self-Silencing: Why Students Don’t Feel Comfortable Expressing Their Views • Victoria Ekstrand; Kriste Patrow; Shao Chengyuan, University of Tuebingen, Germany • In the wake of the 2016 presidential election, U.S. college administrators have faced increasing pressure on campus free expression. Previous research indicated that although students believe a university education should expose them to a variety of political, social and economic viewpoints, many students reported feeling less comfortable discussing controversial issues. The purpose of this paper is to better understand why students self-silence and how they navigate increasingly polarized campus climates. “Quizzes or editing exercises? In teaching AP style, both methods work equally” • Christina Littlefield, Pepperdine University • Journalists refer to the Associated Press stylebook as their bible. Educators drill students on AP style, helping them navigate grammar, accuracy and ethical issues. However, there is no peer-reviewed research testing which methods are most effective. This paper used a quasi-experimental pretest/posttest methodology over six semesters to test timed, in-class quizzes versus editing exercises versus take-home exercises. No one method proved statistically superior. All types moved students from high Fs to Cs. The push and pull of digital skills in journalism curriculum • Gretchen Macchiarella, California State University, Northridge; Elizabeth Smith, Pepperdine University • This exploratory study uses college journalism accreditation self-study documents to assess nine programs for indications that they are moving to push digital competencies into existing courses or pull those skills out to stand-alone courses. Researchers found that, while there was not a strong single direction, programs tended to pull digital skills to specialized courses, especially if there was a program-wide digital emphasis. * Extended Abstract * Extended Abstract: Supplemental Instruction in Journalism: Efforts to Improve Student Success in a ‘High-Risk’ Gateway Course • Laura Moorhead, San Francisco State University • Supplemental Instruction (SI) is a peer-guided non-remedial academic support program that has proved successful in a range of college courses. This study considers an SI effort to accompany a Reporting course offered by a Journalism department at a large minority-serving institution. This study asks, How, if at all, did SI affect grades and perceived learning experiences among students who opted to attend SI sessions during the semester of their enrollment in Reporting? Using Micro-Writing Assignments for Qualitative Assessment in Media Lecture Classes • Perry Parks, Michigan State University • This case study examines a constructivist approach to teaching a large media lecture class (N=199) using conceptual readings and micro-writing assignments collected and evaluated through Google forms. The approach sought to bring a critical and qualitative sensibility to a course typically run through a traditional textbook and quantitative exams. Feedback suggests students appreciated the structure and preferred the qualitative online assessment forms to more commonly used quantitative “clicker” technology. Challenges and potential improvements are discussed. Opting In: Free Expression Statements at Private Universities and Colleges in the U.S. • Erica Salkin, Whitworth University Department of Communication Studies; Colin Messke • While all colleges and universities are challenged by questions about free expression in the current environment, private higher educational institutions do so without the constitutional mandate of their public counterparts. Some private colleges and universities have sought to independently affirm their commitment to free speech through statements of principle or purpose. This study explores those statements in an attempt to understand if – and how – free expression is presented as worth protecting in private higher education. * Extended Abstract * Seeing and Doing: The Use of Simulations and Training Videos to Increase News Literacy Awareness • Elizabeth Smith, Pepperdine University; Theresa de los Santos, Pepperdine University • In this study, we test the effectiveness of learning from training videos and simulations for increasing news literacy. Using an existing simulation, we manipulated whether high school participants (N= 236) were exposed to a news literacy skills video delivered by a journalist. Preliminary findings suggest the combined effect of exposure to a journalist and experiencing the news decision-making process for long-term change in students’ attention to self-perceived news literacy and news sources. <2020 Abstracts]]> 20157 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/spig-2020-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2020 00:23:25 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20160 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20160 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/sprt-2020-abstracts/ Sat, 27 Jun 2020 00:27:43 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20163 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20163 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/gsig-2020-abstracts/ Mon, 29 Jun 2020 02:21:18 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20176 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20176 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/02/from-the-president/ Mon, 22 Feb 2021 14:00:13 +0000 http://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=13200 From the March 2021 issue of AEJMC News   Turning the Page with an Uncertain Future Turning the page. The dominant meaning of this idiom is about creating a fresh start, putting the past behind us and moving willingly and purposefully into the future. The theme for the 2021 AEJMC conference is turning the page – it seeks to capture the excitement, and perhaps some of the anxiousness, with which we meet an uncertain future. We – AEJMC, our universities, media, our world – are potentially poised at a constitutive moment. Historical sociology thinks of constitutive moments as those rare times in history when a combination of events creates an impetus and opportunity for new paths forward. Once taken, those new paths can set us on a new course, with implications for years, and perhaps a generation or more, to come. It seems we are at one of those moments. Our scholarship, teaching and learning have been disrupted by a combination of events in recent months and years. So too have the media and communication professions with which we engage and study. We’ve experienced a pandemic, Black Lives Matter movement, economic upheaval, Me Too movement, the Trump presidency and more. Some of these we’ve welcomed; some we haven’t. Regardless, we’ve been given an opportunity to rethink taken for‐granted ways of doing things. AEJMC is also facing these same events and also anticipating a new executive director for the first time in over two decades. This too opens a constitutive moment, an opportunity to turn the page in the century‐plus history of our association. These are things for us to contemplate and discuss at the 2021 conference. The breadth and depth of change is never predetermined in a constitutive moment. While some old paths are closed, others aren’t. In some cases, we may find our way back, for example, to pre‐pandemic ways of doing things. Hence, we need to assess carefully and move with willfulness and purpose to forge new paths. For AEJMC a top priority must be changing those attitudes and structures that have limited our racial and gender diversity. One of the complaints I’ve heard about our conferences is that year after year it’s just the same people talking about the same things. Here’s an opportunity to turn the page. Likewise, we can think about how we foster a robust academic community. A significant part of the AEJMC board’s decision to hold a virtual conference again this year was because so many members have had travel and professional development funds cut or greatly reduced. Perhaps this is a moment to recognize that we are suddenly – albeit likely temporarily – in the same position many would‐be colleagues have always been in. Scholars at many small colleges and universities, including many HBCUs, have rarely had the same resources as large research universities. Who has been excluded from our academic community? How might we be able to change that? How might we turn the page? I also think that turning the page means more than just making a fresh start. A story consists of many pages and when we turn the page, we anticipate new developments in an ongoing story. The story can’t be understood apart from the pages that came before. So, turning the page isn’t about forgetting the past; it’s about moving the story forward in new ways. And so it is with AEJMC. The association has benefitted significantly from the capable leadership of Jennifer McGill. Her story is filled with page after page of accomplishments. It’s a story of a huge expansion in member services, careful financial stewardship and a steady administrative hand. When we turn the page as she retires this year, we will be continuing and building on her legacy. It will also be a chance to pursue new ways of doing things. I hope the 2021 AEJMC conference will be an occasion when we can embrace the constitutive moment we are seemingly in and can think creatively about turning the page. By Tim P. Vos 2020-21 AEJMC President Michigan State University tpvos@msu.edu

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"From the President" is courtesy of AEJMC News.]]> 13200 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/pjig-2020-abstracts/ Mon, 29 Jun 2020 02:35:10 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20179 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20179 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/06/visc-2020-abstracts/ Mon, 29 Jun 2020 03:18:05 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20183 <2020 Abstracts]]> 20183 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/07/media-literacy/ Mon, 20 Jul 2020 20:33:45 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20249 Media Literacy as a Way of Living By Ralph Beliveau AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching University of Oklahoma beliveau@ou.edu     (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, July 2020 issue) We are experiencing difficult challenges as teachers and educators. The pandemic undermines the structure of higher education and demands instantaneous changes to our practices and the time and space relationships of teaching and learning. Secondly, the social tensions connected to race and justice have called on us to rethink how students, staff and colleagues of color have different experiences than white people who have positions of privilege, regardless of any intersectional configuration we may have. Finally, the positions of knowledge, information and media may create less clarity and increase confusion in our culture. As an advocate for the transformational power of media literacy, I find that the work that I have done with students, colleagues and fellow media literacy scholars is ongoing, immediately vital, and in need of constant care and attention. Media literacy is not something achieved in the rear view mirror. In fact, McLuhan suggested that the rear view mirror is not the best way to move into the future: “When faced with a totally new situation, we tend always to attach ourselves to the objects, to the flavor of the most recent past. We look at the present through a rear‐view mirror. We march backwards into the future.” (McLuhan, Medium is the Massage, 1967). This will not serve us well as a strategy to think about our present challenges, any more than a completely textual literacy, or a televisual literacy, is a good enough accomplishment (in the rear‐view mirror) to negotiate the present challenges in all their digital splendor. Media literacy offers a corrective to the distortions that the past imposes on the present. But it only works through a constant state of interrogation and re‐interrogation. The questions we ask (and re‐ask) can be thought of in different ways. Typically, media literacy at any moment adopts a clear‐eyed posture and asks of a media experience: • Who created this message? • Which techniques are used to attract attention? • How might different people interpret this message? • Which values, lifestyles and points of view are represented… or are absent? • Why is this message being sent? We may have asked these questions in the past, about a particular mediated moment, but those answers may not be enough to work in the present. More important, asking these questions needs to be a habit, a way of interacting with the media world of the present moment to gain answers to the questions we face in these recent challenges. This set of questions represents the deep dive approach. A different approach that comes out of an emphasis on information literacy is less invested in the deep dive, taking a faster strategy that seeks to verify the validity of what we might see or hear —especially before we go about repeating it (reposting, memeing, retweeting, etc.), and even before we consider how we feel about it. This quicker approach suggests you don’t think too hard about the claims you see and hear till you determine its value — is it true, or misinformation, or disinformation? This approach, “The Four Moves,” suggests: • Check for previous work. (See if someone else has already fact‐checked the claim or provided a synthesis of research.) • Go upstream to the source (…of the claim. Most web content is not original.). • Read laterally. (Read what other people say about the source [publication, author, etc.]. The truth is in the network.) • Circle back. (If you get lost, or hit dead ends, or find yourself going down an increasingly confusing rabbit hole, back up and start over knowing what you know now. You’re likely to take a more informed path with different search terms and better decisions.) (For more, see Mike Caufield’s free pub Web Literacy for Student fact Checkers, https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/front‐matter/web‐strategies‐for‐student‐fact‐checkers/) The result is a digitally oriented fact‐checking process that uses the tools available to us individually and collectively to get to that clear‐eyed perspective before we have invested too much time in it. Either approach brings to our attention and the attention of our students how what we are learning is fundamentally tied to how we are learning. And, again, the process is not once‐and‐done. For example, one thing we have learned in the recent educational environment is that online is different from face‐2‐face teaching and learning. The change sets up an interesting opportunity for either approach to the higher education experience. How does a program like Zoom, or our Learning Management System design, or our choices about synchronous vs. asynchronous change the teaching and learning experience? And what would students learn from considering such questions? These are medium choices, and we should subject them to the same kind of critical interrogation that we would use to become, say, media literate about Zoom, or Canvas, etc. Our students are certainly aware, but do they consciously know and talk about that awareness? For example, how does it affect learning to be facing the “Brady Bunch” grid for a class that includes an image of you, the viewer? You can see what you look like while you are trying to learn. What effect is that having? Now, back to the current challenges. How have we addressed the social world differently in an institution of shared isolation? In the transition, the digital world was full of suggestions from teachers, technologists and even students; don’t do synchronous, don’t make students turn their cameras on, dress professionally for Zoom appearances, don’t use weird backgrounds (which I completely ignore), try not to appear like you are being held hostage, or asleep, or more interested in your cat than you should, etc. But perhaps at some point we can subject the characteristics of the new environment to both types of interrogation suggested above. Learning that understands the health and social consequences of our actions, that takes the deep dive, may prepare us to recognize good and bad scientific or statistical information, perhaps even save lives. Even going through four moves would indicate that sources that blamed 5G networks for Corona virus were sketchy. But then we can interrogate the conspiracy theories, both to see their fact‐free‐ness, and to perhaps consider who gains power when another group feels lost, confused and disillusioned. And what are the characteristics of the social, digital and traditional media that spread the confusion? We face a different challenge in our classrooms when it comes to racial justice. The murder of George Floyd was the immediate cause for a broad‐based protest movement. As we watch the coverage – mixed between local, national and international mainstream media, as well as live streams on social media of protest activities and police responses – our immediate reactions need to be informed by the history (the rear‐view, if you will). I am finishing these thoughts on the 99th anniversary of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre. Our digital environment gives us access to the history that includes that moment, as well as the numerous other incidents of violence against people of color, at a moment where evidence in the digital world is having a new and profound influence. Tulsa 1921 was brushed over and ignored for decades (see https://www.vox.com/identities/2020/5/31/21276084/tulsa‐race‐massacre‐black‐wall‐street‐protests‐george‐floyd, and read Rilla Askew’s novel Fire In Beulah [2001]). We ought to talk to our students about what these videos — this evidence — means, so that mobile phone, body cam, and other witness footage is understood for all of its ethical complication, and its meaning to complex issues of justice. The world of video evidence is a new and pervasive reality. We need to work hard as educators in real and virtual classrooms to give students the tools to understand the complexities of this environment. Using media literacy practices and habits to empower our students is our calling, because otherwise the advances in technology, the complexity of media economics and the churn of media regulation will be foreign and alienating to them. On the other hand, having different sets of skills to critically interrogate whatever is ahead for us and them may get us in the habit of realizing that media literacy is not a fait accompli but a discipline that we ought to instill in ourselves and our students. <Teaching Corner]]> 20249 0 0 0 http://aejmc.org/events/sanfrancisco20/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2020/07/Best-Practices_Roles_Final_clean_7.28.20.pdf Mon, 27 Jul 2020 18:55:53 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20266 20266 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/08/ways-to-get-involved-in-aejmc/ Tue, 25 Aug 2020 02:03:42 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20347 You are part of a special community! Make the most of your AEJMC membership using this helpful information. Presenting research ·        Proposal a panel to a division or interest group (deadline is Sept. 15^th) ·        Submit an individual or coauthored paper to the refereed paper competition (deadline is April 1^st). If accepted, you will present your paper alongside others with similar topics or present in a poster-format at the scholar-to-scholar session. Attending the conference ·        Refereed research paper sessions (traditional, scholar-to-scholar, high density) ·        Panel sessions ·        Spotlight sessions ·        The exhibit hall ·        The keynote and opening reception ·        Off-site trips ·        Socials ·        Meetings Serving AEJMC for the conference ·        Reviewing papers for a division or interest group (month of April) ·        Serving as a discussant at the conference (usually one per session, 4-8 papers) ·        Moderating a session at the conference Serving in longer-term positions ·        As an officer in a division or interest group (usually one year per role) ·        In an elected position]]> 20347 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/09/aejmc-rescinds-2019-presidential-award/ Tue, 01 Sep 2020 14:26:02 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20360

Justice: AEJMC members strive for fairness, impartiality, and distributive justice in our relationships with peers, students, and other stakeholders. We celebrate and promote diversity."

Caring: AEJMC members act with respect, sensitivity, consideration of others, compassion, and mercy. We try to protect others from abuse and coercion.

In a duly called meeting, a quorum of the AEJMC Board of Directors met with some members of the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC) Board and, after discussion, the AEJMC board voted to rescind the award. The AEJMC Code of Ethics is available here: http://www.aejmc.com/home/2011/03/ethics-preamble/]]> 20360 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/10/research-you-can-use/ Wed, 07 Oct 2020 13:56:58 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20566 Research You Can Use highlights research from AEJMC refereed journals that may interest journalists and others for use in continuing education. Articles are contributed by the editors of AEJMC refereed journals.  

Journal of Advertising Education

The Journal of Advertising Education is devoted to research and commentary on instruction, curriculum and leadership in advertising education.

• Enhancing Student Segmentation Skills and Targeting Knowledge

Journalism & Mass Communication Monographs

Journalism & Mass Communication Monographs presents in-depth research on specific topics within journalism and mass communication on subjects ranging from journalism history and personalities to international mass communication.

• Monograph Explores Cultural Politics of Colorism in India
• New study shows how journalism ethics developed

Journal of Public Relations Research

Journal of Public Relations Research provides scholarly criticism of public relations practice, and helps to develop the history, ethics, and philosophy of public relations.

• Partisanship Influences Perceptions of Communications from Government Agencies

Newspaper Research Journal

Newspaper Research Journal comprehensively answers questions about U.S. newspaper performance and related topics of interest, ranging from balance and fairness to the use of computer analysis in newspaper reporting.

• Study Shows the Rise in Use of Online Forums
• Study ranks blogs’ use of traditional media as sources in 2006 election
• The larger a newspaper’s local population, the broader its online market
• Marijuana coverage framed differently in editorials, op-eds
• President had limited framing power in stem cell debate
• Meeting coverage changes with newsroom cutbacks
• Citizen Journalism Sites Complement Newspapers
• Study: Values, Ethics of Sports Reporters Vary by Beat

Journal of Communication Inquiry

The Journal of Communication Inquiry (JCI) focuses on research that examines media and communication from a critical, cultural, and historical perspective.

• Hardt And Negri’s “Empire” Foreshadows Wall Street Protests

Journalism & Mass Communication Educator

Journalism & Mass Communication Educator focuses on learning and teaching, curriculum, educational leadership, and related exploration of higher education within a context of journalism and mass communication.

• No Evidence that Accredited Journalism Schools are Better than Unaccredited Ones
• Nontraditional Online News Media Seek Employees with Adaptive Expertise

Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly

Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly focuses on research in journalism and mass communication, developments in theory and methodology of communication, international communication, journalism history, and social and legal problems.

• News Paywalls – Should They Cost Less in Poorer Countries?
• Should News Organizations Be in the “Reunion” Business?
• The push for paywalls mischaracterizes the nature of online newspaper readership
• Dimensions of News Media Brand Personality
• Users say participation in news sites’ online forums helps them understand their communities better
• Climate Change and the Belief Gap Hypothesis
• Citizens’ Local Political Knowledge Threatened By New Media
• Viewing Media Coverage of Terrorism Related to Posttraumatic Stress Reactions; Youth Particularly Susceptible
• Science and media disconnect? Maybe not, says a new study

Mass Communication and Society

Mass Communication and Society publishes articles from a wide variety of perspectives and approaches that advance mass communication theory, especially at the societal or macrosocial level.

• Hispanics in Politics
• Why conservatives are a political force in America
• New research finds Fox News exhibited a Kerry bias in 2004 election
• Retaliatory aggression and the effects of point of view blood in violent video games

]]> 20566 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/10/idl-fellows/ Wed, 07 Oct 2020 14:06:40 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20574 Universities listed are at the time of graduation from the IDL program. IDL Jennifer McGill Fellows 2024-25

1. Lucina Austin, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2. Dhiman Chattopadhyay, Shippensburg University
3. Meredith D. Clark, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
4. Marlene Neill, Baylor University
5. Juliet Pinto, Pennsylvania State University
6. Erica Salkin, Whitworth University
7. Adina Schneeweis, Oakland University
8. Amy Simons, University of Missouri

IDL Jennifer McGill Fellows 2023-24

1. MASUDUL BISWAS, Loyola University Maryland
2. BILL CASSIDY, Northern Illinois University
3. DEBORAH CHUNG, University of Kentucky
4. SYDNEY DILLARD, DePaul University
5. NATHANIEL FREDERICK II, Winthrop University
6. YOUNGAH LEE, Ball State University
7. REGINA LUTTRELL, Syracuse University
8. NATHIAN SHAE RODRIGUEZ, San Diego State University

IDL Jennifer McGill Fellows 2022-23

1. JAN LAUREN BOYLES, Iowa State University
2. KATIE FOSS, Middle Tennessee State University
3. HILARY FUSSELL SISCO, Quinnipiac University
4. CHERYL ANN LAMBERT, Kent State University
5. HOLLY OVERTON, Penn State University
6. JESSICA RETIS, University of Arizona
7. JAE-HWA SHIN, University of Southern Mississippi
8. GABRIEL B. TAIT, Ball State University

IDL Fellows 2020-21

1. Mia Long Anderson, Azusa Pacific University
2. David Brown, Temple University
3. Tamara Zellars Buck, Southeast Missouri State University
4. Moonhee Cho, University of Tennessee Knoxville
5. Celeste Gonzalez de Bustamante, University of Arizona
6. Miao Guo, Ball State University
7. Ammina Kothari, Rochester Institute
8. Gerry Lanosga, Indiana University
9. Ingrid Sturgis, Howard University
10. Bruno Takahashi, Michigan State University

IDL Fellows 2019-20

1. Adedayo (“Dayo”) Abah, Washington and Lee University
2. Saleem Alhabash, Michigan State University
3. Vanessa Bravo, Elon University
4. Rockell Brown Burton, Texas Southern University
5. Maria De Moya, DePaul University
6. Felicia McGhee, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
7. Suman Mishra, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
8. Jennifer Potter, Towson University
9. Gi Woong Yun, University of Nevada, Reno

IDL Fellows 2018-19

1. Margaretha Geertsema-Sligh, Butler University
2. Herman Howard, Angelo State University
3. Jeannine E. Relly, University of Arizona
4. Yong Volz, University of Missouri
5. Mia Moody-Ramirez, Baylor University
6. Vera Walker Hawkins, Texas Southern University
7. Uche Onyebadi, Texas Christian University
8. Jennifer Vardeman, University of Houston
9. Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University

IDL Fellows 2016-17

1. Linda Aldoory, University of Maryland
2. Laura Castaneda, University of Southern California
3. Jerry Crawford, University of Kansas
4. Calvin Hall, North Carolina Central University
5. Karie Hollerbach, Southeast Missouri State University
6. Maria Len-Rios, University of Georgia
7. Herb Lowe, University of Florida
8. Emily Metzgar, Indiana University

IDL Fellows 2015-16

1. Carolyn Bronstein, DePaul University
2. Jean Grow, Marquette University
3. Susan Keith, Rutgers University
4. Kathleen McElroy, Oklahoma State University
5. Gwyneth Mellinger, Xavier University
6. Donica Mensing, University of Nevada Reno
7. Marquita Smith, John Brown University
8. Alice Tait, Central Michigan University

Return to IDL]]> 20574 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/11/council-of-affiliates-taskforce-members/ Wed, 11 Nov 2020 00:00:54 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20766 AEJMC Council of Affiliates Taskforce For the 2021 – 2022 term Paul Voakes (Co-chair), former President, AEJMC University of Colorado Boulder paul.voakes@colorado.edu Nancy Green (Co-chair), Chair, Council of Affiliates America’s Newspapers drnancylgreen@gmail.com Tom Rosenstiel American Press Institute Tom.Rosenstiel@pressinstitute.org P.J. Browning Southern Newspaper Publishers Association pbrowning@postandcourier.com Karla Gower The Plank Center for Leadership in Public Relations gower@apr.ua.edu Lucas Graves University of Wisconsin-Madison lucas.graves@wisc.edu Genelle Belmas The University of Kansas gbelmas@ku.edu Shuhua Zhou University of Missouri zhoushuh@missouri.edu <Appointed Committees]]> 20766 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/11/aef-visiting-professor-program/ Sat, 14 Nov 2020 03:39:22 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20799 Apply now to the AEF’s Visiting Professor Program! The AEF invites you to apply to the Visiting Professor Program. The VPP immerses professors into the world of marketing and advertising, to inform your research and teaching, while extending your academic network within one week. Because of Covid-19, all sessions will be done via virtually. Find out more by clicking here. Qualified professors will participate in the VPP and learn from executives at Ogilvy, McCann, IBM and others. So, what are you waiting for?  Read more about the VPP and apply! Application deadline is February 15, 2021! Questions? Sharon Hudson, VP, Program Manager AEF sh@aef.com 646-708-8114 < Calls and Nominations]]> 20799 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/11/classroom-controversies/ Fri, 20 Nov 2020 17:16:34 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20816 Testing Tolerance Offers Teaching Tips for Classroom Controversies By Tracy Everbach AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching University of North Texas everbach@unt.edu and By Candi Carter Olson AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Utah State University candi.carterolson@usu.edu   (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, October 2020 issue) What happens when a student in your class discusses her own sexual assault? How do you moderate a classroom discussion on Confederate statues on campus or in the community? What do you do when a student asks questions that are offensive to other students? How do graduate instructors handle hot‐button student discussions? We aim to answer these questions and provide a guidebook for instructors in our new book, Testing Tolerance: Addressing Controversial Topics in the Journalism and Mass Communication Classroom, published by Rowman & Littlefield. It’s part of the AEJMC Master Class Series (see p. 19). As former heads of the AEJMC Commission on the Status of Women, we conceived this book from a teaching panel we hosted for several years at the AEJMC annual conference in which we discussed gender, race, sexuality, disability, mental health and other topics. Several of those panelists contributed chapters to our book. Each chapter is designed to tackle specific issues, problems, and discussions instructors and administrators might have to handle. • Candi Carter Olson writes about teaching media literacy and its importance in addressing race, class, gender, disability, sexuality and other differences. Her chapter walks readers through three exercises, each increasing in the discomfort students may feel, and recommends ways to help students through the exercises. • Tracy Everbach focuses on how to manage controversy and conflict in the classroom. She has been teaching a class on race and gender in the media for more than a decade and offers answers to the question, “How do we discuss highly emotional personal and political topics in a civil, intellectual manner?” • Meredith Clark offers strategies to manage the emotional labor that faculty of color face on primarily white campuses. She discusses the invisible labor involved in supporting students and fighting for social justice while completing the everyday work expected of tenure‐track professors. • Chelsea Reynolds provides advice for navigating the increasing mental health issues that both students and faculty are feeling across college campuses. She leads readers through her proactive approach to mental health in the classroom. • Rebecca Hains, who has extensive experience as a public intellectual on the internet, gives practical advice for other instructors and writers on coping with and handling online harassment. She focuses on how to protect one’s mental health, reputation and job when attacks come from the digital public sphere. • Former AEJMC President David Perlmutter offers an administrator’s perspective on public perceptions of university employees. He discusses the balance that administrators must strike between the public and the institution, which can create high levels of stress and strain on university leaders. • Marquita Smith and María Len‐Ríos provide practical advice on engaging students by flipping the classroom and by using the “difficult dialogues” framework to address critical examinations of race, gender, class, sexuality and other sensitive topics. • Steve Fox gives tips on how to tamp down the classroom and student media “bro culture” that permeates sports journalism and outlines his advocacy for women students and sports journalists. • Meg Heckman addresses pressures on advisors regarding campus sexual abuse and mandatory reporting requirements. Instructors are being forced to reveal information students give them in confidence, and she offers specific advice and resources for advisors. • Three leaders from the Native American Journalists Association (NAJA) discuss approaches to teaching and reporting on Indian Country. Victoria LaPoe, Lenzy Krehbiel‐Burton, and Rebecca Landsberry outline how to accurately portray tribal communities, with the goal of reducing stereotyping and erasures of Native identities and perspectives. • Laura Castañeda takes on “mansplaining,” which is the act of over‐explaining something to a woman in which she is an expert. She offers class activities to draw attention to and prevent the phenomenon. • Khadija Ejaz discusses the ways that identity, student perceptions, and instructor authority collide in university classrooms for new graduate students teaching courses. She shares personal reflections and those from other graduate students on teaching difficult topics for the first time, especially as a woman and a racial or ethnic minority. • Nathian Rodriguez focuses on ways to use mediated texts of LGBTQ+ representations to foster discussions of intersectionality in classrooms. He suggests various pop culture texts, including videos, podcasts, streaming shows, and music, through which to do so. • Paromita Pain offers ways to create a classroom environment that supports and encourages intersectional conversations. By breaking it down, she makes intersectionality approachable and usable by both students and professors. Finally, we provide resources for teaching tolerance, including books, videos, films, academic journal articles, popular articles, and interactive online projects, and offer tips and tricks for making your classroom a safe and challenging space for approaching tough topics. For details on how to order Testing Tolerance and other books in the AEJMC Master Class Series, and receive a 30% discount, please visit: http://www.aejmc.com/home/resources/master-class-publications/ <Teaching Corner]]> 20816 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2020/12/pac-122120/ Tue, 22 Dec 2020 01:21:10 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20897 CONTACT: Tim Vos, Michigan State University, 2020-21 AEJMC President and Gracie Lawson‐Borders, Howard University, 2020-21 ASJMC President and Jerry Crawford, University of Kansas, AEJMC PF&R Committee Chair | December 21, 2020

Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC) and Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC)

“Equality is the soul of liberty; there is, in fact, no liberty without it.” – Frances Wright

We the Boards of Directors of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) and the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC) support the use of the title of “doctor” for those who have earned a terminal degree beyond the master’s level, such as a Ph.D. or Ed.D., and condemn all forms of misogyny. This statement is not merely a rebuke of one individual, who was possibly interested in drawing attention for a news cycle during a challenging time in our current American political theater. Instead, it supports academics in their use of appropriate titles and denounces attempts to belittle the contributions of scholars and teachers who are women.

Women represent a majority of educators in many journalism and mass communications subfields in the academy and in many individual college and university programs. They are champions of free speech and expression. Yet they – like women with terminal degrees in other fields, including Dr. Jill Biden – sometimes face challenges male colleagues do not in getting students, members of the public, and others to refer to them in professional modes of address. Dr. Jill Biden has devoted her life to being an educator. She has made the all-too-familiar sacrifices women have had to make in maintaining a family and a career. She has been a champion of the American military, women’s issues, and, yes, the importance of life-long learning for many adults looking to reach for the American Dream through education. She does not need her title as First Lady/spouse of the President to define her. Her authenticity and worldview have defined her. Her life, as an educator, mother, stepmother, and grandmother define her. No title. No grandstanding. She simply worked hard, studied, cared about a topic – education – and earned her doctorate in that discipline. We are not writing to defend one terminal degree over another degree. We understand there are medical doctors, doctors of philosophy, doctors of law, and others. Each are worthy of the rights and privileges bestowed on the degree. For those who refuse to recognize the title for those outside of the medical field, the question is “Why?” One of the daughters of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Bernice King, commented on her Twitter account, “My father was a non-medical doctor. And his work benefitted humanity greatly. Yours does, too.” Dr. Biden does not need to be defended. Forty-eight years after the failure to pass the Equal Rights Amendment demonstrates why we need to defend the rights of all women to be seen as equals in the workplace and throughout society. No attempts at being humorous or to diminish women should be tolerated. America has shown the ability to correct and change when the rights of the underrepresented have been trampled. If not now, when? Journalists know words have power. They have meaning. The messages they convey are able to portray groups as different and not as important as the majority. Women, individuals with disabilities, people of color, LGBTQ people and those within marginalized socio-economic groups know the power of these words. Research has shown, through the years, that media messages help to form how people see and think of others, and themselves. News organizations and multimedia outlets, as well as those in the academy who are teaching the next generation of communications leaders, should do more than be reactive to destructive words. What is needed is an authentic and steady portrayal of all people and groups as equals in society. It should be acknowledged that The First Amendment allows those to share their voices to ridicule and minimize. It also allows others to rebut that speech with more speech. Moreover, misogynistic, anti-intellectualism and reinforcement of racial and gender hierarchies may create a buzz for a day, or even a week, but those messages should be dispelled by the truth and fact-based messages we see in everyday news coverage. Journalism can play an important part in this work. Many of the stylebooks and traditions in newsrooms and editorial decisions are outdated and archaic. This needs to be addressed by including new standards – use of non-binary descriptors, race, cultural, and other societal changes – as part of a more inclusive framework. This is worthy of discussion and it will take partnerships with other stakeholders to make this work. AEJMC and ASJMC are primed to assist in this important conversation. In accordance to one of the Core Values of AEJMC, which focuses on Caring, “Members act with respect, sensitivity, consideration of others, compassion, and mercy. We try to protect others from abuse and coercion.” We stand ready.

________________________________________

Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a nonprofit organization of more than 3,700 educators, students and practitioners from around the globe. Founded in 1912, by Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, the first president (1912-13) of the American Association of Teachers of Journalism, as it was then known, AEJMC is the oldest and largest alliance of journalism and mass communication educators and administrators at the college level. AEJMC’s mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to encourage the widest possible range of communication research, to encourage the implementation of a multi-cultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice, a better informed public, and wider human understanding.

 

Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC) ASJMC is a non-profit, educational association composed of some 190 JMC programs at the college level. The majority of the association’s members are in the United States and Canada. ASJMC promotes excellence in journalism and mass communication education. Founded in 1917, ASJMC works to support the purposes of schools of journalism and mass communication in order to achieve the following goals: to foster, encourage and facilitate high standards and effective practices in the process and administration of education for journalism and mass communication in institutions of higher learning; to cooperate with journalism and mass communication organizations in efforts to raise professional standards and promote a public understanding of the role of journalism and mass communication in a democratic society; and to support and participate in the accreditation process of journalism and mass communication units through the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC).

]]> 20897 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/01/test-dummy/ Mon, 04 Jan 2021 19:56:54 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20974 Being a Crash Test Dummy for My Students By William C. Singleton III AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching University of Alabama wsingleton@crimson.ua.edu   (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, January 2021 issue) My fellow Ph.D. graduate teaching assistants (GTAs) and even some of my professors tell me I shouldn’t. “That’s not wise.” “You’re inviting trouble.” “Keep your distance.” “I wouldn’t do that.” In many academic publications that offer tips for teaching professionals, it’s not advised. That I don’t have my own office with a university phone doesn’t help matters. This plus the fact I want my students to understand they’re going into a career in which they must professionally bother people. So, at the beginning of each semester, I give my students my cell phone number and tell them if they have any questions about a story assignment, AP Style tests or anything pertaining to the class, they can call or text me at any time. Of course, I admonish them to be wise about when to call (“At 1 a.m., you’re likely to be greeted with sleep babble.”), but I don’t want them to be shy about asking questions if they don’t know the answers – a fundamental curiosity they’ll need to succeed as reporters. Then, I provide the reason I’m entertaining their inquiries and opening myself up to be bombarded by calls and texts throughout the semester: if you’re scared to ask questions of your sources and the questions you didn’t ask manifest as holes in your story, a meticulous but ornery editor is likely to demand you call your sources back and get answers to the questions you should have asked the first time. And your cranky editor likely won’t care if you have to arouse them from a sound sleep – the type that results in incoherent rambling. “Trust me, I’ve been the one who’s had to make that call,” I say. “So I’m your crash test dummy. Start practicing this skill with me.” Surprisingly, of the five classes I’ve taught, no student has ever called me, and only a few have texted me. I don’t know whether this has to do with “fear of the instructor” or if students are less inquiring than in previous generations, but it is somewhat disappointing, particularly the aspect of not wanting to talk through questions. I’ve noticed that more students prefer to email questions, but even those students represent a small percentage of the 30 to 40 aspiring journalists I teach per class, per semester. I guess my naivete will wear off one day when my approach backfires and my cell number becomes a part of some elaborate prank or when I receive a full‐time professorship with my very own university phone. Until that day, I walk the path of the graduate teaching assistant, experimenting and learning as I go. This idea of being the crash test dummy may be unappealing to those with or working on their Ph.D.’s. Obtaining a degree at the highest level of academia entitles one to the professional respect and courtesy that accompanies his and her endeavor. But, in a general sense, being the crash test dummy means providing experiences in class that will ready students for the real world of journalism. Even our mistakes – and theirs – can be great teaching tools to introduce students to real‐world scenarios and experiences that can help them avoid later pitfalls. And I don’t mind playing the role of the crash test dummy to sharpen their fledgling journalistic skills before they get on the road of life and career. Among my approaches is that I inform students that they can challenge me on grades as they relate to their story assignments. I tell them if I kill one of your story ideas or you think your story deserved a better grade, you can make your appeal. I’m going to defend my position and explain why I gave you your grade, I say. But I want you to learn to stand up for your work because that’s what you’ll need to do when you pursue stories as journalists. And your news editor won’t always see eye‐to‐eye with you on a story idea. I rarely have students take me up on this challenge. But one young woman did. I could tell she was nervous because she was trembling as she explained why she should receive a better grade on her story. And I gave her a better grade simply for stepping out of her comfort zone. I felt it was just as important to journalism education for her to learn to approach people she may not want to confront as it is to understand subject‐verb agreement. Also, because I’ve spent much of my journalism and public relations career in Birmingham, I’ve developed a number of professional contacts I call upon when I need guest speakers for my class. I enjoy supplementing my teaching with media professionals because it reinforces points I’ve made in class and because it gives my students an opportunity to pick the brains of someone currently working in the business, and, more important, gives them the opportunity to make a professional contact. During one visit, a media professional asked for a volunteer to help him role‐play an interview. None of my students responded. I later told them that was a golden opportunity for them to stand out and make a professional contact. Sometimes I wonder if I’m like Charlie Brown’s teacher speaking unintelligibly to my students. Then, I receive an encouraging correspondence that makes it all worthwhile – a thank you email from a student who took me up on my offer, reached out to one of my guests, maintained contact and now has an internship at his television station. (#mesmiling) As the commercial goes, you CAN learn a lot from a dummy. <Teaching Corner]]> 20974 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/01/special-message-from-jennifer/ Thu, 21 Jan 2021 21:04:32 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21023 Dear AEJMC & ASJMC Community, I have decided to begin enjoying my retirement a little earlier than previously planned. I will transition from Executive Director to a support role on March 16, to begin retirement on April 1.   I have thoroughly enjoyed my time with AEJMC/ASJMC and this community, but it is now time for me to embrace the next chapter of my life.    I leave the organization and you, its members, in the most capable hands. Sincerely,  Jennifer McGill *************************************** Next Steps from your AEJMC/ASJMC Leadership: Amanda Caldwell, the current Conference Manager, has been named by leadership as Interim Executive Director effective March 16. You may contact her anytime: amanda@aejmc.org. Felicia Brown will continue to serve as the Assistant Director, among her other roles including Desktop Publisher and Council of Divisions Liaison. You may contact her anytime: felicia@aejmc.org. The AEJMC/ASJMC Executive Director search launched in early February and applications are now under consideration. The Associations have always benefitted from staff longevity and their leadership and staff are committed to a smooth transition. We remain here to continue to serve our members and the AEJMC/ASJMC Community. Sincerely, AEJMC/ASJMC Leadership AEJMC Board of Directors: http://www.aejmc.com/home/about/officers/board-of-directors/ ASJMC Executive Board: http://www.asjmc.org/about/committees/executive.php AEJMC/ASJMC Staff: http://www.aejmc.com/home/about/office-team/ ***************************************

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January 21, 2021 Dear AEJMC/ASJMC members, I wanted to share that I am retiring as AEJMC/ASJMC executive director on September 30, 2021. I first came to AEJMC/ASJMC in 1983 for one year before taking a leave for my first child.  I returned to the associations in 1985 as an assistant and then as executive director. It has been amazing to see AEJMC/ASJMC grow through the years, and I know the associations will continue to provide a place for members to learn, move forward and become leaders in the years to come. I want to thank all the members and officers for their support through the years and for their work and dedication to make AEJMC/ASJMC successful. I also want to thank the AEJMC/ASJMC staff through the years who have been amazing to work with.  I commend their “outside the box” thinking which has helped AEJMC/ASJMC react quickly to new ideas and the willingness to work together for the success of the organizations.  It has truly been a great team effort. I am looking forward to travel, and, just maybe, I’ll write a book one of these years. Warm Regards, Jennifer H. McGill ]]> 21023 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/01/aejmc-mourns-former-staff-member/ Fri, 22 Jan 2021 17:05:43 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21030 January 22, 2021   It is with great sadness that we mourn the loss of our friend and colleague Fred Williams, the heartbeat of the AEJMC conference for 31 years. We each have our own unique Fred story, but we are all better for knowing him. He will be greatly remembered and beyond missed.  

— The AEJMC Staff

Read the full obituary

]]> 21030 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/02/taskforce-for-the-creation-of-a-commission-on-graduate-education-members/ Tue, 02 Feb 2021 01:58:53 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21086 Taskforce for the Creation of a Commission on Graduate Education For the 2021 – 2022 term Kimberly Bissell (Chair) The University of Alabama kbissell@ua.edu Radhika Parameswaran Indiana University Bloomington rparames@indiana.edu Janice Hume University of Georgia jhume@uga.edu Saleem Alhabash Michigan State University sa@msu.edu Katie Foss Middle Tennessee University katie.foss@mtsu.edu <Appointed Committees]]> 21086 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/03/atypical-tips/ Tue, 09 Mar 2021 01:43:53 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21282 Atypical Tips By Kevin Williams AEJMC Standing Committee on Teaching Mississippi State University KWilliams@comm.msstate.edu   (Article courtesy of AEJMC News, March 2021 issue) Listen. I’ve got nothing for you here. Who am I to tell you how to be a better teacher? If you see a colleague in a class do something different that excites you, then do that thing. Yet, I would be derelict in my duties if I didn’t offer you tips to improve your teaching. So here are three vapidly random things you should try. 1. Make sure you have a VPN program on your computer. This way, you can connect to the campus network from home and print out whatever you need for class the night before. When you’re running late to class the next day, at least you won’t have to deal with 20 people tying up the printer. Of course, this is assuming you’re still allowed to print after the budget cuts. Many of us work at prestigious universities where we don’t have to focus on market competition. The rest of us, however, are told to behave like poachers patrolling the Serengeti. Recently, I listened to a presentation from an administrator asking if we are “student ready” as opposed to demanding our students be “college ready.” In other words, are we prepared to meet students head on who may have been unprepared for college or have disadvantages putting them at risk for dropping out? I get it. Am I recognizing the needs of students different from me and am I doing everything I can to promote success in my classroom? I wrestle with this because there is another side of me that worries I may be lowering expectations and standards too much. Am I going to be that professor who becomes more lenient, playing to the audience to gain favor? Dear Lord, there’s nothing worse than an aging hipster! 2. Get a new coffee mug. Yeah, yeah, I’m sure you wash it but the daily stains from your coffee make it look like Pig‐pen from Charlie Brown took a bath in it. You know it’s clean but it still looks nasty to a student who drops by for office hours. Of course, this is assuming you still hold hours in your campus office. This pandemic has given us a glimpse at how extremely difficult the future may be. So many people talked like all the bad stuff would stop once we hit 2021. Truth be told, the genie is out of the bottle. While administrators may say they are ready to return to normalcy, there is no returning to Neverland. We must adapt. I’m not talking about adopting a new textbook or learning the latest Adobe revisions. This was a full‐scale sea change. Established teachers had to get uncomfortable and respond to change. For those just starting your careers who were more at ease, be ready when your moment comes. Face that anxiety and realize that you still control the classroom. 3. Always carry stain remover wipes with you for spills on your clothes and always carry a handkerchief or tissues. Of course, you are a master instructor beyond the reproach of students. You’re still going to spill orange chicken sauce on that shirt or blouse. Be prepared. You’re only human. And so are your students. Do we complain about entitled Millennials? Yes! However, like you, they are also still a work in progress. Many of them were dropped off at college by parents with an unstated expectation that you will take care of things from there. You are the steward of those parents’ most valuable possession. To many students, you are going to be the most constant adult with whom they interact. They are going to see you at least 3 hours every week. You may be the first person they think of when they encounter a problem too uncomfortable to tell their parents. You don’t have to fix them, but you do have to be human and point them to the help they need. I’ve had a few students come to me crying about things other than grades. Have a tissue for them. Carry a handkerchief, too, because some days you may not have enough tissues. Since becoming a professor, I’ve encountered students dealing with losing everything in Hurricane Katrina, an active shooter on campus, the long illness and passing of a colleague, and the deaths of too many of my colleagues’ children. As I write this, I’m looking at a photo on my desk of my father who busted his knuckles and knees every day to make sure I was the first in the family to graduate from college. Three months ago, he began his battle with dementia. Find efficiencies, clean up after yourself, be both flexible and demanding, and carry a handkerchief. Beyond all else, stay human. Sometimes the vapidly random things are nearly too heavy to bear. <Teaching Corner]]> 21282 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/05/24-statement/ Mon, 24 May 2021 17:44:10 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21419 CONTACT: Tim Vos, Michigan State University, 2020-21 AEJMC President and Gracie Lawson‐Borders, Howard University, 2020-21 ASJMC President and Jerry Crawford, University of Kansas, AEJMC PF&R Committee Chair | May 24, 2021

Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC)   “Once a government is committed to the principle of silencing the voice of opposition, it has only one way to go, and that is down the path of increasingly repressive measures, until it becomes a source of terror to all its citizens and creates a country where everyone lives in fear." - Harry S. Truman

We, the Boards of Directors of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) and the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC), write to support the faculty of the Hussman School of Journalism and Media at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in their call for further explanations from university leaders regarding the university’s failure to award tenure to Nikole Hannah-Jones. The foundation of our support is based on reporting that Hannah-Jones had completed the tenure process from the school, external reviewers, and university-level committees with positive recommendations.   In fact, according to Susan King, dean of UNC Hussman, Hannah-Jones submitted a (tenure) package that was as well reviewed as any King had ever seen. Hannah-Jones had the full support of Hussman faculty and the unit’s promotion and tenure committee.   Hannah-Jones is a Pulitzer Prize winner and a recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship “Genius Grant.” She was also awarded AEJMC’s 2019 First Amendment Award, which recognizes professionals with a strong commitment to freedom of the press, and who practice courageous journalism. Hannah-Jones’ credentials and experience led Hussman to offer her the school’s Knight Chair in Race and Investigative Journalism, which is a tenured professorship. Hannah-Jones is a 2003 graduate of UNC-Chapel Hill.   The tenure process is a cornerstone of a shared governance model, which allows faculty to have a strong voice in academia. The statement by the Hussman faculty and the support of the Hussman administration indicate Hannah-Jones has earned the rights and privileges of tenured faculty members. Reports also indicate that previous Knight chairs at UNC received tenure upon being hired, underscoring questions about disparate treatment of Hannah-Jones.   Alberto Ibargüen, president and CEO of the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, has stated, Hannah-Jones is “eminently qualified for appointment and would urge the trustees of the University of North Carolina to reconsider their decision within the timeframe of our agreement.”   We find it troubling that, based on the available evidence, Hannah-Jones is being asked to accept a different appointment than she was offered. The appointment as a Professor of the Practice, with a set five-year term and the option of consideration for tenure at the end of the first year, was described as a “work-around” for perceived political intervention by UNC’s board. This is troubling.   AEJMC and ASJMC stand alongside the faculty and administration of Hussman, the UNC-Chapel Hill Chancellor, and the Knight Foundation in advocating for Nikole Hannah-Jones to be awarded the tenured Knight Foundation Professorship she has already earned.

________________________________________

Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC)

The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a nonprofit organization comprised of educators, students and practitioners from around the globe. Founded in 1912, by Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, the first president (1912-13) of the American Association of Teachers of Journalism, as it was then known, AEJMC is the oldest and largest alliance of journalism and mass communication educators and administrators at the college level. AEJMC's mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to encourage the widest possible range of communication research, to encourage the implementation of a multi-cultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice, a better informed public, and wider human understanding.  

Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC) ASJMC is a non-profit, educational association composed of some 190 JMC programs at the college level. The majority of the association’s members are in the United States and Canada. ASJMC promotes excellence in journalism and mass communication education. Founded in 1917, ASJMC works to support the purposes of schools of journalism and mass communication in order to achieve the following goals: to foster, encourage and facilitate high standards and effective practices in the process and administration of education for journalism and mass communication in institutions of higher learning; to cooperate with journalism and mass communication organizations in efforts to raise professional standards and promote a public understanding of the role of journalism and mass communication in a democratic society; and to support and participate in the accreditation process of journalism and mass communication units through the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC).

]]> 21419 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/announcement/ Thu, 03 Jun 2021 13:38:01 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21461 http://www.aejmc.com/home/about/contact-aejmc/ We remain here to continue to serve our members and the AEJMC/ASJMC community. Sincerely, AEJMC/ASJMC Leadership AEJMC Board of Directors: http://www.aejmc.com/home/about/officers/board-of-directors/ ASJMC Executive Board: http://www.asjmc.org/about/committees/executive.php AEJMC/ASJMC Staff: http://www.aejmc.com/home/about/contact-aejmc/ ]]> 21461 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/2021-abstracts/ Mon, 07 Jun 2021 17:55:31 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21467 Divisions:

• Advertising
• Communicating Science, Health, Environment, and Risk (ComSHER)
• Communication Technology (CTEC)
• Communication Theory and Methodology
• Cultural and Critical Studies
• Electronic News
• History
• International Communication
• Law and Policy
• Magazine Media
• Mass Communication and Society
• Media Ethics
• Media Management, Economics, and Entrepreneurship
• Minorities and Communication (MAC)
• Newspaper and Online News
• Political Communication
• Public Relations
• Scholastic Journalism
• Visual Communication (VisCom)

Interest Groups:

• Community Journalism
• Entertainment Studies
• Graduate Student
• Internships and Careers
• Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer
• Participatory Journalism
• Religion and Media
• Small Programs (SPIG)
• Sports Communication (SPORTS)

Commissions:

• Status of Women

<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 21467 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/advd-2021-abstracts/ Mon, 07 Jun 2021 18:39:29 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21469 2021 Abstracts Graduate and Undergraduate Student Research • Industry Views on Enhancing Digital Advertising • Research Paper • Agrawal, Ritika • Advertisers of the industry that were once referred to as “Mad Men” are now incorporating data and becoming the “Math Men.” Marketers’ interest in data and analytics has increased from 8% to 12% in the past five years (Forrester, 2021). However, consumers are often reluctant participants in the use of their personal data for advertising targeting and messaging. This study uses social exchange theory to explore the process through which data are used in digital advertising to improve the e-consumer experience. Through in-depth interviews with executives from leading entertainment and media companies, advertising agencies, and tech firms, the researcher offers three attributes that may improve the ad experience for e-consumers: transparency, relevant and engaging imagery, and frequency of retargeting. Graduate and Undergraduate Student Research • It’s OK to Not Feel OK; Representations of Mental Health in Advertising • Research Paper • Buckley, Christen, Pennsylvania State University • COVID-19 has wreaked havoc on mental health in the United States. In response, advertisements are incorporating representations of the mental health crisis. Using textual analysis to evaluate four television advertisements, (two pre COVID, two post COVID) from two brands, HBO and Headspace, this study investigates the key similarities/differences between the pre versus post COVID ads, and the key similarities/differences between the differing brands’ post COVID ads. Implications of mental health representations in advertisements are discussed Graduate and Undergraduate Student Research • Advertising During the Pandemic: The Influence of Susceptibility and Severity on “COVID-19 Appeal” Perceptions and Advertising Effectiveness • Extended Abstract • Piacentine, Colin, University of South Carolina • The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between consumer perceptions of COVID-19 and the effects of advertisements using COVID-19 appeals (as defined in this study). Using an online survey, persuasion knowledge, perceived manipulativeness, and attributions (public- or self-serving) will be observed as mediating variables between susceptibly and severity (IVs) and attitudes and behaviors resulting from exposure to the advertisement (DVs). Implication will be discussed. Graduate and Undergraduate Student Research • McAds: Where Collectivism and Culture Collide • Research Paper • Ryan, Erin, Kennesaw State University • Cultural differences can be difficult for people on a personal level, but for a brand it is vital to learn how to understand these differences in order to run a successful business. American fast-food brands have had to learn how to deal with these differences when doing business in China. They struggle between keeping their original standardization from the US and knowing when to implement a more localized plan for their ventures in China. Many fast-food brands have tried and failed to open a successful business in China due to lack of knowledge of Chinese culture. One brand that has successfully integrated themselves into China is McDonald’s, with some people even having “weddings” in them. They appear to have found the balance between standardization, localization, and knowledge of the cultural differences between American individualism and Chinese collectivism. They implemented this knowledge in their marketing and product selection, and this study illustrates this by examining menu differences and advertisements to the Chinese populace. This study helps pave the way for future research into ways in which American brands can successfully market to the Chinese audience. Graduate and Undergraduate Student Research • Humanity for Sale! A Textual Analysis of Zain’s “Mr. President” Commercial • Research Paper • Sonbul, Raghad, The University of Southern Mississippi • This paper analyzed media representation of Muslims through a textual analysis of Zain’s commercial in Ramadan 2018. It examines the commercial through the lenses of myths, Marxist theory, and hegemony, as well as Stuart Hall’s levels of analyzing media--“preferred, negotiated and oppositional” readings. The aim of the study was to evaluate the media representation of Muslims from a different perspective than the dominant stereotypes and to examine media effects on audiences. The findings indicated that the commercial was a response to President Trump’s determination that it is time to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, as well as other Arabs issues. The company used the Arab issues to reach millions of people around the world, draw attention and gain profits. However, the commercial raised a debate on social media among supporters and opponents. Graduate and Undergraduate Student Research • When Deception Backfires: Attitudinal and Chilling Effects of Targeted Advertising on Social Media • Research Paper • Stubenvoll, Marlis • The following experiment (N = 340) investigates whether individuals activate three dimensions of persuasion knowledge – perceived persuasive intent, perceived manipulative intent, and targeting knowledge – in response to targeted (versus not targeted) ads and the original sponsorship disclosure (versus no disclosure) on Facebook. Results suggest that individuals’ evaluation of targeted ads as manipulative sparks negative brand evaluations. Moreover, perceptions of manipulative intent could cause chilling effects, through which individuals might restrict their online behaviors. Graduate and Undergraduate Student Research • Virtual or Real?: A Comparative Study on Virtual-influencer- vs. Celebrity- endorsed CSR Message • Extended Abstract • Yang, Jeongwon • Conducting an online experiment with a design of 2x2 between subjects, the study aims to 1) examine the roles of source credibility and source-message fit in enhancing the persuasiveness of messages, by comparing the CSR posts of virtual influencer and celebrity endorsement; and 2) make an interdisciplinary effort to explore an effectiveness of a non-human agent like a virtual influencer in promoting brand equity by drawing virtual reality (VR), influencer marketing, and CSR. Graduate and Undergraduate Student Research • Consumer Responses to CSR during the Pandemic: Investigating the Role of Context/cause Fit and Attribution of Motives in Cause-related Marketing • Research Paper • Zheng, Huatian • The study set out to explore the effect of context/cause fit and attribution of CSR motives on consumers' responses, and whether cause involvement moderates the process during the COVID-19 pandemic. By using convenience samplings, the present study adopted a 2 × 2 between-subject experiment in which 146 college students were randomly exposed to one of four different CRM ads. The findings implied that exposure to high context/cause fit CRM ads encourages generally positive consumers' responses. Although attribution of motives did not significantly influence participants’ judgement, the way participants perceive the motives behind CRM ads instead of the pre-existing motive shapes their attitude and purchase intention. Due to the special nature of the pandemic, most participants indicated a high involvement status, resulting in no significant moderating role for cause involvement. Surprisingly, female participants tend to be more sensitive to firm-serving motives and favorable to public-serving CRM ads compared to males. Open Research • Demystify Computer Generated Influencers: The Role of Perceived Anthropomorphism and Social Presence on Audience’s Attitudes toward CGI’s Sponsored Posts and the Endorsed Brands • Extended Abstract • Ahn, Regina, University of Miami • This study explores how the perceived humanness of computer-generated imagery (CGI) influencers is associated with consumers’ attitudes toward the brand-sponsored posts and the endorsed brand. Our online survey with Gen Z consumers showed that both perceived anthropomorphism and social presence of CGI influencers positively influence consumer evaluation outcomes via the mediators of perceived physical and social attractiveness of the CGI. Open Research • Chinese Consumer Resistance and Coping Strategies to Live Stream Shopping • Extended Abstract • Ahn, Regina, University of Miami • Given the explosive growth of live streaming shopping in China, it is critical to explore young consumers’ persuasion knowledge and their coping strategies towards live streaming shopping. Our study aims to understand Chinese consumers’ resistance regarding live streaming experience on e-commerce platforms. Twenty participants were recruited in a local Chinese university to conduct semi-structured in-depth interviews. The study captures several factors that evoke Chinese consumers’ annoyance and counterargument against live streaming tactics, platforms, and sellers. Open Research • Why Do We Click on Clickbait? Read on to Find Out Why Persuasion Knowledge Matters • Research Paper • Buteau, Emily, University of North Dakota • This study tested the moderating role in the effects of clickbait ad type and metadiscourse characteristics on attitudes and intentions toward clickbait advertising. The findings from a two-part experiment indicated that persuasion knowledge moderated the relationship between the effects of clickbait ad type and metadiscourse characteristic on intention to share the ad. Participants with high persuasion knowledge generated higher intentions when shown evidential metadiscourse and more negative intentions when shown exaggeration clickbait. Implications are discussed. Open Research • The role of product fit and brand fit on brand co-appearances in television programs • Research Paper • Chan, Fanny, Fong Yee The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong • Brand clutter has gradually extended from traditional advertising to less conventional marketing communication tools. Although brand co-appearance in media content is likely to continue to proliferate, little is known about the phenomenon and its effects. Building on research related to co-branding and comparative advertising, this study systematically examined the moderating role of brand fit and product fit on the effectiveness of brand co-appearance on television programs. Several pre-tests and four experimental studies were conducted. It was found that product fit and brand fit significantly moderated attitudes and purchase intention toward the coappearing products. The empirical results have significant theoretical and practical implications for the field, which are discussed together with the research avenues. Open Research • Brand activism and political consumerism: Understanding determinants of consumers’ buycotting and boycotting behaviors in the context of brand activism • Extended Abstract • Cho, Moonhee • The study examined the factors influencing consumers’ boycotting and buycotting intentions in response to brand activism. Conducting an online experimental study among 367 consumers, this study found that the consumer-brand stance congruence significantly influenced consumers’ attitude toward the brand, boycotting, and buycotting intentions. The study also revealed moderating effects of issue involvement and brand trust while these moderating effects vary by the product involvement categories. The mediating role of consumer-brand identification was also found. Open Research • Understanding Ad-block Wall and Its Effects on Online Publisher and Advertising through Psychological Reactance • Research Paper • Chung, Un Chae, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign • As nearly one third of online users installed ad-blockers, websites relying heavily on the advertising revenue try to overcome this threat by installing ad-block wall on their website, which hinders users from accessing website’s contents. To understand the psychological process of website users when facing this wall, the paper adopted psychological reactance theory and found that different level of ad-block wall can generate different level of reactance outcomes and attitudes. Open Research • Advertising in the times of COVID: A Tight-Loose Analysis of Pandemic-Related TV Commercials • Research Paper • Dodoo, Naa Amponsah, Emerson College • This research explores normative beliefs advocated in the earliest stage of COVID-19 awareness campaigns. The exploration utilizes Tight-Loose Theory and the Hofstede’s dimensions as frameworks to analyze advertisements run from March to June 2020. A content analysis (n=377) found that ad appeals and themes did not strictly follow the predicted expectations of the U.S.’s dominate cultural orientation. This research establishes a benchmark for comparison with the evolutionary stages of COVID-19 advertising. Open Research • A Literature Review of Influencer Marketing and Research Agenda: From a Social Network Analysis Perspective • Research Paper • Feng, Yang, San Diego State University • The amount of literature on influencer marketing has increased dramatically in recent years. Although extant literature provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of influencer marketing, several research gaps remain, such as inconclusive findings and a lack of a holistic understanding of the endorsement process of influencer marketing. To address the research gaps, we performed a social network analysis (SNA) of findings from 46 journal articles that included 54 distinct studies using Gephi, a network visualization tool. The SNA results revealed seven topic communities and six most important bridging variables (i.e., influencer trustworthiness, parasocial interaction, influencer credibility, brand trust, influencer attachment, and message credibility) in the literature. On the basis of the SNA results and the meaning transfer model, we proposed an integrative theoretical framework to illustrate the independent, mediating, and outcome variables of the endorsement process of influencer marketing. A future research agenda on influencer marketing was also proposed and discussed. Open Research • Kidfluencing: The Role of Selling Intent, Logo Presence, and Disclosure Modality on Parental Appraisals • Research Paper • Freeman, Jason, Brigham Young University • Kidfluencers are emerging as valuable brand partners, capable of facilitating engaging peer-to-peer interactions with other child viewers. The current experimental study focuses on the role of disclosure modality, selling intent, and logo presence on parental reactions to kidfluencer content. Findings suggest that the negative consequences of advertising recognition can be ameliorated through sponsorship transparency. However, for some parents, advertising recognition led to greater perceptions of negativity, resulting in unfavorable outcomes. These results suggest that advertising recognition can have diverging consequences, depending the evaluation of the message. Advertising recognition acted as the primary predictor of outcomes related to perceptions of appropriateness of the sponsored content, attitudes toward the brand, purchase intention, and desire to regulate. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed. Open Research • Native Ads in the Neighborhood: Sponsored Posts Versus User-Generated Content on Nextdoor • Extended Abstract • Johnson, Benjamin, University of Florida • This study examines how older adults on the neighborhood-oriented app Nextdoor respond to native advertisements. A within-subjects experiment compared social posts, native ads, and traditional ads. Outcomes included credibility, fear emotion, persuasion knowledge, ad attitude, brand attitude, and purchase intentions. Differences were found in favor of social posts (i.e., posts from neighbors). Native ads were evaluated as more similar to traditional ads than social posts. Finally, the study examines potential mediation and moderation. Open Research • Seeing a New Self in Dadvertisements: Responses to Ads and Fatherhood Anxiety • Research Paper • Johnson, Benjamin, University of Florida • Advertising portrayals of fathers have the potential to influence new fathers’ self-perceptions. A 2x2 experiment of 269 men, aged 25-40, compared new fathers’ with non- or established fathers’ emotional response, anxiety, and boundary expansion to dad-targeted advertisements. Emotions and perceptions of the "dad in the ad" were proposed to mediate effects on the persuasiveness of the advertisement. The research found that new fathers felt more anxiety, which produced greater boundary expansion and wishful identification. Open Research • Contoured and In Control: African-American Women, Beauty Brand Representation, and Consumer Satisfaction • Research Paper • Johnson, Benjamin, University of Florida • Beauty brands such as makeup lines continue to struggle with representing the full diversity of women in their products and advertising. This study is a survey of African-American women aged 25-49, in which they provided their perceptions of 10 popular makeup brands. Self-determination theory was used to demonstrate how seeing one’s self represented in products and advertising increases feelings of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and how this translates positively into consumer attitudes and behavior. Open Research • The Role of Perceived Interactivity and User Gratifications to Use Live-Streaming Commerce • Research Paper • Joo, Eunsin • Live-streaming commerce has recently emerged as a popular selling channel that encourages consumer interaction and participation while shopping online. The purpose of this study was to investigate how consumers' perceived interactivity influences the use and purchase intents of live streaming commerce, while exploring the mediating roles of cognitive and affective motivation in the relationships. A scenario-based survey study of 187 American consumers was conducted via Prolific.co. The results showed that perceived interactivity in the live-streaming commerce significantly influenced consumers’ usage intention of live-streaming commerce and purchase intention of the recommended products through live-streaming commerce. Specifically, results showed that perceived utility and enjoyment were significant mediators in between the perceived interactivity and consumers’ usage intention of live-streaming commerce. And perceived enjoyment also plays a significant mediating role in between the perceived interactivity and consumers’ purchase intention. Theoretical and managerial implications, limitations and future studies are also discussed. Open Research • Investigating the Marketing Effectiveness of Virtual Influencers • Research Paper • Kiew, Siu Ting Josie • Guided by the Uses and Gratification approach along with the Uncanny Valley Theory, this study sought to understand the phenomenon of virtual influencers. Based on an in-depth interview with 26 participants who are following virtual influencers, this study identified user motivations – including information motivation, entertainment motivation, surveillance, aesthetics, and social identification – for following. We also found that followers perceive virtual influencers as uncanny and eerie. However, followers expressed acceptance towards virtual influencers where authenticity, human-likeness, and self-justification were found to mitigate the effects of the uncanny valley. Finally, in terms of its role in advertising effectiveness, we found that virtual influencers are effective for building brand image and brand awareness but lack persuasive ability to incite purchase intentions. The findings advanced extant literature on user motivations for following virtual influencers in the new edge of social media influencers, provided insights on mitigating factors of the uncanny valley, as well as delineated the efficacy of virtual influencers in advertising campaigns. Open Research • Rhetorical Devices in Agency Philosophies: An Analysis of Rhetorical Figures in Slogans of Top Ranking Agencies for Creativity and Effectiveness • Research Paper • Makady, Heidi, University of Florida • Rhetorical figures in slogans are one way agencies emphasize their philosophies. This study explores the use of textual rhetorical figures in agency philosophies of top ranking WARC agencies. In line with the advertising taxonomy framework, content analysis indicated that irregular models (tropes) were most frequently used. Slogan length and semantic complexity were also positively correlated with WARC creativity scores. The sampling frame for this study is the WARC 2019 – 2020 effectiveness and creativity global rankings. Open Research • Adding or Averaging? How Weak Arguments Influence the Persuasive Effects of Strong Arguments • Research Paper • Obermaier, Magdalena • Mostly relying on a “the-more-the-better” heuristic, persuasive communication research has rarely scrutinized the effects of the mutual presentation of weak and strong arguments. Building on research on judgment formation, we conducted four experimental studies on political and health-related topics and demonstrated that providing supporting arguments of moderate strength along with a strong argument increases persuasion (adding). However, presenting weak supporting arguments along with a strong argument reduces the persuasive effect of the strong argument (averaging). Open Research • Exploring the Influence of Advertising Spokesperson’s Racial Identity and Product Type Endorsed on Consumer Decision-Making • Research Paper • PIERRE, LOUVINS, University of Connecticut • Limited research has examined how racially diverse models in advertising influence consumers’ decision-making process. This research tested how spokespersons’ racial identity and the product type they endorsed influenced evaluation of spokesperson attributes and consumer behavior. Results showed that spokespersons’ race had a significant effect on all variables, but product type only affected purchase intention. A path model also tested how the interrelations between spokesperson attributes, product involvement and information-seeking contributed to explain purchase intention. Open Research • Native Twitter Ads: Testing the role of Media Format and Disclosure • Research Paper • PIERRE, LOUVINS, University of Connecticut • Native advertising is now a common strategy that marketers utilize to advertise effectively. This study used an experimental 3 (text only, text plus image, or video) X 2 (disclosure: present/absent between-subjects design (N = 322) to test how media format and disclosure influence attitudes and behavioral intentions. Results show that only media format has a main effect, such that richer media (videos) help to reduce persuasion knowledge. Moreover, skepticism, intrusiveness, and persuasion knowledge negatively predict attitudes, while manipulativeness predicts both attitudes and share intention. This study is one of the first to examine media format and disclosure, and by implication conclude rich media with disclosure help advertising effectiveness. Open Research • Seeker or Sentry? Consumers’ Coping Mechanism with Third-Party Cookie Driven Advertising: Multidimensional Persuasion Knowledge Perspective • Research Paper • Seok, Ayoung • Majority of digital advertising is delivered by third-party cookie-based targeting technology, but little is known how consumers cope with this unique persuasion technology. To fill the gap, this study integrated multidimensional persuasion knowledge, tactic evaluation, and target response strategy into a model. Employing an online survey (N=204), this study found that conceptual persuasion knowledge was both directly and indirectly associated with sentry or seeker strategy via evaluative persuasion knowledge and tactic evaluations. Implications are discussed. Open Research • To Tell or Not to Tell: Effects of AI-powered Virtual Try-on Feature and Transparency on Brand Attitudes and Purchase Intentions • Research Paper • Sun, Yuan • Through an online experiment (N = 204) where users virtually tried on products recommended from an augmented reality (AR) site, we found that AR experience positively affected product and brand attitudes through vividness and immersion while it also triggered perceived intrusiveness. Being transparent about data collection increased the privacy protection perception and mitigated perceived intrusiveness. Transparency perception functioned as a crucial antecedent of trust, which was moderated by users’ initial belief in artificial intelligence. Open Research • Extended Abstract: Examining Employee Reception of Corporate Social Advocacy Communicated by Leadership: Effects on Employee-Organization Relationships and Work Engagement • Extended Abstract • Tackett, Teresa • The advertising industry engaged in corporate social advocacy (CSA) in response to #CommitToChange, which demanded meaningful action from advertising industry leaders regarding lack of BIPOC representation. Organizations have an obligation to understand how CSA efforts impact internal publics, as well as traditionally studied external perceptions. An online survey examines a sample of employees who work at creative agencies, and attitudes toward their agency’s (lack of) participation, communication and leadership authenticity, employee-organization relationships and work engagement. Open Research • Pride and Prejudice and Country-of-Origin Ecological Images • Research Paper • Xiao, Min • Consumer demand for eco-friendly products is increasing. To respond to the increasing demand, brands and marketers are offering more products that they claim to be green or eco-friendly. Nowadays, many consumers purchase eco-friendly products online. However, it is very difficult for consumers to verify the validity or credibility of green claims of a product listed on online stores because marketers may not provide any evidence to support their green claims and consumers may lack the ability to authenticate the validity of the claims by themselves. Hence, consumers may have no better choice but to rely on information cues, such as the country-of-origin (COO) or the price of a product, to help them evaluate the credibility of green claims. Two online experiments were conducted to examine how product COO, product price, and product involvement affect consumer perception of product greenness and green claim credibility. The findings suggest that product COO exerts an overwhelming influence on consumer perception. Open Research • (Extended Abstract) Helping A Friend in Need: A Study of Facebook Fundraisers • Extended Abstract • Xue, Fei • Based on Social Impact Theory, the current research examined the effects of different types of Facebook fundraising posts on perceived source credibility, attitude toward the post, intention to click, intention to share, and intention to donate. Three factors of social influence were investigated – relationship strength, immediacy of needs, and number of donations. Main effects were found for immediacy of needs and number of donations. Interaction effects were found in perceived credibility and intention to click. Open Research • “Do Good and Be ‘Liked’”: Corporate Messaging on Social Media During COVID-19 and Consumer Responses • Research Paper • Yang, Jing • This study explores the types of corporate messaging on social media during the outbreak of COVID-19 in the U.S., and its corresponding differences in consumer engagement, attitude, and brand trust. Two independent studies were conducted. In Study 1, we content analyzed corporations’ social media posts and found four types of corporate messaging, namely, internal corporate social responsibility (CSR), external CSR, promotional CSR, and company statement. Among all, internal CSR received the highest consumers’ behavioral engagement as compared to the others. In Study 2, we adopted an online-experimental design to further valid and extend the findings of Study 1. Results showed significant differences among the types of corporate messaging in driving consumers’ behavioral engagement intention, brand attitude and brand trust. Robustly, promotional CSR was the least effective corporate messaging across all. Theoretical contributions, managerial implications and future study directions are also discussed towards the end. Open Research • Using Funny Memes in Social Media Advertising: The Moderating Role of Bandwagon Cues • Research Paper • Yang, Guolan • The study conducted a 2 (image type: funny meme vs. serious image) x 2 (level of bandwagon cue: high vs. low) between-subjects online experiment (N = 258). Results showed that using memes was more effective than using serious images in the setting of brand-related Twitter posts. Consumers perceived the meme post as humorous, which in turn resulted in positive attitudes toward the post and greater intention to share the post on social media. Furthermore, bandwagon cues moderated the meme effect on persuasion through perceived humor. Consumers’ humor perception was enhanced when they were exposed to a meme post with a large number of likes, comments, and retweets. This study used funny memes as humor stimuli, extending the humor literature to social media advertising. Plus, it illustrated the importance of bandwagon effects for humor persuasion. Open Research • Realistic skin vs. Flawless skin: An investigation of the appeal of retouch-free advertising • Research Paper • Yang, Tingting, Nanyang Technological University, WKWSCI • "Using retouched models in advertisements to embody idealised beauty prototypes in certain cultures (e.g., flawless skin) has been a widely known yet controversial practice. Considering the emerging trend of ""bare skin look"" in advertising, female consumers' beliefs about ideal beauty (i.e., skin ideal in this study) and the use of retouching may be changing. Guided by the corporate moral responsibility framework, this study conducted an online experiment to assess ad retouching and disclaimers' effect on advertising effectiveness. A 2 (model skin: realistic skin vs. flawless skin) x 2 (retouch-free disclaimer: present vs. absent) between-subjects online experiment was conducted among Chinese female participants. Results revealed that although preference of flawless skin still drives Chinese female consumers’ purchase intentions, an ad portraying realistic skin model with a retouch-free disclaimer was more sought after for Chinese female consumers, and Ad honesty mediated the interaction effect of model skin and disclaimer on consumers' purchase intentions. This study's findings provide theoretical and practical insights into how brands can better appeal to contemporary female Asian consumers. Open Research • Outdoor-sports Brand Communities on Instagram: How Message Attributes Relate to Consumer Engagement • Research Paper • Zhang, Jennifer Shiyue • Brands are increasingly using social media to build online communities as part of their marketing efforts. The present study analyzes the Instagram strategies used by three global outdoor sports brands and their respective effects on consumer engagement, operationalized as the number of likes and comments received by posts. Content analysis of 957 Instagram posts from Arc’teryx, Salomon, and Patagonia, focused on messages’ textual, visual, and technical attributes, was conducted. Multiple regression indicated that task- and interaction-oriented posts received more likes than self-oriented ones. Messages that were shorter, posted photos rather than videos, presented “cute” visuals, and mentioned other users were also more likely to motivate consumer engagement. These findings’ implications for marketers seeking to develop Instagram strategies that will effectively boost consumer interaction are discussed. Professional Freedom & Responsibility (PF&R) • Blending Sex-Positivity and Racial Justice Advocacy in Black-Centric Health Advertising: Intersectional Health Communication Targeting High-Risk Black Cisgender Heterosexual and Black LGBTQ Populations Through a HIV Prevention Social Media Campaign • Research Paper • Li, Minjie, The University of Tampa • Health disparity disproportionately impact people of colors, Black LGBTQ members in particular. In order to effectively persuade members from these communities on issues that impact them—such as HIV prevention, health advertising has started to apply the sex-positive approach in their crafting of visual and messaging. Through integrating intersectionality, social identity theory, and distinctiveness theory, the present study examines how different types of sex-positive depictions (i.e., heterosexual, queer) in a Black-centric health advertising campaign interact with audience’s identity to influence the Black cisgender heterosexual Americans and Black LGBTQ-identified Americans’ adaption of the PrEP regimen, advertising perception, and Black identification. Moreover, the study examines how such joint effects might be moderated by the ways in which the campaign incorporate social activism (i.e., intersectional, non-intersectional, no activism). The findings demonstrate that sex-positive depiction indeed interact with audience identity to significantly increase perceived susceptibility to contracting HIV, perceive response efficacy, intention to adopt the PrEP regimen when offered for free, and positive attitudes towards the PrEP ad campaign. Professional Freedom & Responsibility (PF&R) • A woman’s view from a man’s world: The reality of being female in advertising • Research Paper • Mueller, Sophia, University of Florida • Few studies to date have sought to understand females’ experiences in all departments of an advertising industry. This paper seeks to explore the challenges women have faced in this industry through an analysis of in-depth interviews conducted with 24 practitioners in different agency roles. Interviewees discussed how gender impacted their careers, and their statements were analyzed, revealing five key themes. Implications for advertising practitioners and directions for future research are also addressed. Professional Freedom & Responsibility (PF&R) • Pressing Issues of Ethnic Diversity in the Ad Industry: The Professionals’ Perspectives • Research Paper • Yang, Fang, Grand Valley State University • "The advertising industry has suffered from lack of ethnic diversity for decades and little progress has been made toward meaningful changes. To probe the reasons for advertising’s diversity lag, in-depth interviews with 17 advertising professionals and a national survey with ad agencies from all 50 states were conducted to gather sentiment and understanding. Research questions ranged from the potential benefits of diversity to the pipeline issue of ethnically diverse talent and the reasons for the persistent imbalance. Emerging insights from this mixed-method study suggest that unconscious bias fueled by political ideology, gender, and size of agency factor into the equation. Suggestions are made to advance ethnic diversity in the advertising workforce with the hope of realizing the many benefits a representative workforce can bring. Special Topics in Advertising • Sell, Ignore, or Address? Examining Consumers’ Emotional Responses to Different Types of Social Media Influencers’ Posts During the COVID-19 Outbreak • Extended Abstract • Abdollahi, Maral • This study examines consumers’ emotional reactions to different types of social media posts from three types of social media influencers during the COVID-19 outbreak. A computational research method was employed to analyze nine discrete emotions. While followers felt more “relief” toward COVID-related posts from micro-influencers, they also felt more “hate” toward their marketing posts. On the other hand, followers found it more acceptable if mega- and macro-influencers tried to sell something during the COVID-19 pandemic. Special Topics in Advertising • Social Media Advertising and Big Data at the Intersection: A Diversity Perspective to Interdisciplinary Communication • Research Paper • Chen, Huan, University of Florida • The purpose of this paper is to examine the current status of Big Data research on social media advertising, and investigate obstacles and strategies for effective communication across disciplines. The Big Data approach involves two disciplines: advertising and computer science. Thus, the focus of the studies is collaborative research of these two disciplines. Grounded in the theories of interdisciplinarity, weak and strong communication, interactional expertise, two studies were conducted. Study 1 used LDA+BERT topic modeling, pyLDA and wordcloud visualization, and analyzed 199 abstracts of Big Data advertising research papers from 2016 to 2020. Findings showed a clear trend of incorporating machine learning in interdisciplinary advertising research on social media. Study 2 adopted the perspective of the intercultural workgroup communication theory. By interviewing 20 researchers from each discipline, Study 2 found that there is a lack of adequate listening between the two disciplines. The current remedies rely heavily on a sense of openness at intrapersonal and interpersonal levels, and individual go-betweeners with non-authoritative leadership style and interactional expertise. More scalable solutions have to address the issues of evaluating interdisciplinary research in tenure and promotion systems, and institutionalized platforms for disciplines to mingle with each other. Special Topics in Advertising • Extended Abstract: What Ad Age’s A-List Agencies Learned from COVID-19: A Phenomenological Approach • Extended Abstract • Hachtmann, Frauke, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • This phenomenology explores how some of the most successful advertising agencies’ senior executives experienced the global health pandemic in 2020 and what they learned from serving clients when consumers were forced into lockdown, brands slashed their media budgets, and social unrest unfolded simultaneously. The study is based on in-depth interview data from 13 individuals who worked in 10 different agencies of varying sizes across the United States and reveals five qualitative meta-themes. Special Topics in Advertising • Effects of narrative-based corporate message and sponsorship disclosure in native CSR advertising • Research Paper • Han, Jiangxue • There has been a rise in the use of native advertising as a tactic to inform stakeholders of a company’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. In addition, communicating CSR through storytelling has shown to be effective in generating positive brand attitudes through transportation, identification, and engagement. The present study explores the effects of message format (narrative vs. non-narrative) and disclosure prominence (subtle vs. prominent) when communicating a brand’s CSR initiatives on message effectiveness. The findings showed that a narrative CSR advertising message led to greater identification, transportation, and engagement than a non-narrative CSR advertising message. A message with subtle disclosure led to less ad recognition and more positive message evaluations than a message with prominent disclosure. Ad recognition had a negative impact on message attitude, brand attitude, and purchase intention. Special Topics in Advertising • Advertising’s Youthful Obsession: How a Valorization of Youthfulness Has Defined the Advertising Industry and Impacted Its Workforce • Research Paper • Windels, Kasey, University of Florida • Advertisers serve as cultural intermediaries, using cultural references to create symbolic meaning for goods. Youthfulness is one highly desirable quality brands mobilize to create a sense of cutting-edge style. Based on in-depth interviews with 22 advertising practitioners, this study examines what youthfulness has come to represent in advertising and how that affects the experiences of workers in the industry. Findings suggest discourses of passion and hunger for younger workers and discourses of datedness and disillusionment for older workers are common. The valorization of youthfulness, along with its related discourses, prompt younger and older workers each to engage in particular forms of immaterial labor, or activities that contribute value, but are outside of the constraints of paid employment. While younger workers must spend considerable time engaging in the immaterial labor of following youthful social media and cultural trends, older workers must engage in immaterial labor to embody youthfulness. Special Topics in Advertising • Effectiveness of Corporate Social Responsibility Activities in the COVID-19 Pandemic • Research Paper • Zhang, Jueman (Mandy), New York Institute of Technology • This study compared two types of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities tailored to the COVID-19 pandemic—donation of tailored products and innovative manufacturing of needed supplies with two types of regular CSR activities—donation of regular products and release of CSR commercials regarding two nondurable products companies. The findings revealed that tailored CSR activities resulted in greater differentiation and innovativeness. The two types of tailored CSR activities, together with regular donation were superior to CSR commercials in terms of company function-CSR activity fit, CSR activity dynamic and company image. The impact of CSR activity type on CSR activity dynamic and company sincerity vary depending on the company and its detailed activities. Similar interaction patterns suggest the possible association between dynamic of CSR activities and company sincerity. All types of CSR activities increased the company CSR evaluations, with tailored donation revealing the salient advantage over others. None of the CSR activities improved brand equity. Teaching and Pedagogy • Extended Abstract: Pinterest Discussions to Support Student Learning in Online Advertising and Media Courses • Extended Abstract • Huntington, Heidi West Texas A&M University • Visual bookmarking app Pinterest, known for its aspirational and consumptive qualities of user’s “pinning” work, has recently made concerted forays into the online advertising and marketing space. At the same time, its visual and collaborative qualities offer unique potential for application in pedagogy. This extended abstract describes a pedagogical assessment study examining a Pinterest-based discussion board series, specifically Pinterest’s role in fostering collaboration and learning in an online digital advertising course. 2021 Abstracts]]> 21469 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/cswm-2021-abstracts/ Mon, 07 Jun 2021 19:14:51 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21472 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Framing Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez: Intersectionality and News Frames in Local and National Press Coverage • Bashri, Maha • Minority female politicians receive less frequent media coverage than their counterparts. Even when they do receive media coverage it tends to be negatively framed. The following study analyzes patterns of congruence (or lack of) in news frames and intersectional categories in local and national media coverage of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a politician affiliated with the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA). The Washington Post has been selected for this study because it is the most circulated newspaper in the Washington metropolitan area, home to many power brokers in the U.S. government. The local newspaper selected for the analysis was the Bronx Times-Reporter, a weekly newspaper covering news from the Bronx, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s district. The findings point to the prevalence of thematic frames and class as an intersectional category in local news coverage more than in national news coverage. The shift in coverage patterns has significant implications for both minority women politicians and the DSA in American politics. Research Paper • An Analysis of Memes and Misinformation about Kamala Harris's Rise to U.S. Vice President • Bland, Dorothy, University of North Texas • "Kamala Harris made political history in the United States and around the globe when she was elected vice president of the United States in November 2020. She is the first Black female and person of South Asian descent to hold that position. She has been the subject of a variety of memes and misinformation. Using Facebook’s CrowdTangle, a content discovery and social monitoring platform, this study employed framing, feminist and critical race theories to analyze memes and (mis)information that circulated on Facebook during the 2021 U.S. Presidential campaign. Specifically, we analyze Harris-themed memes disseminated over a four-month window between October 1, the month before the November 3, 2020 election, through Jan. 31, 2021. This time frame includes the most heated part of the campaign and Inauguration Day. This study shows that memes ranged from celebrating racial/ethnic pride to misogynistic attacks on Harris. Extended Abstract • #JusticeForBreonnaTaylor: A Case Study of the Evolution of the Black Lives Matter Movement • Clark, Meredith • In this study, we use complementing quantitative and qualitative methods in an effort to track and trace the efficacy of hashtag activism participants’ engagement in Black Lives Matter related content, while focusing on the subtheme of police brutality toward Black women in the United States. Research Paper • It was all consensual: The news, sexual assault, and student athletes • Couto, Leticia, Washington State University • This content analysis of 179 newspaper articles investigates the portrayal of college athletes that are involved in sexual assault cases as alleged perpetrator and the presence of rape myths in these stories. Results showed that intoxication might be used as a technique to either blame alleged victims or protect alleged perpetrators. In conclusion, rape myths are still very present in newspaper articles that discuss college athletes as alleged perpetrators of sexual assault. Research Paper • Covering the Second Wave: Grace Lichtenstein, The New York Times, and the Legacy of Liberal Feminism • Dabek, Dana, Temple University • This paper explores the intersections of journalism, memory, and liberal feminism through a critical textual analysis of New York Times journalist Grace Lichtenstein’s coverage of the Second Wave feminist movement in the United States from 1968-1981. Themes of liberalist ideologies, upholding hegemonic power structures, and women as newsworthy for their “firsts” are analyzed within her coverage. This analysis adds to existing scholarship of how journalistic constraints bound how memory of a social movement is constructed. Research Paper • Vlogging pregnancy and laboring during the pandemic: Narratives of Chinese pregnant women in diasporas • Dai, Zehui, Radford University • In early 2020, COVID-19 spread nationwide in China and later became a global pandemic. The rapid changing context of the situation may lead to unforeseeable challenges and questions for pregnant women. Through a textual analysis of personal narratives told via pregnancy and/or laboring vlogs during COVID-19, the present study aims to understand how pregnant women in Chinese diasporas utilizes YouTube (a digital media platform) to construct a digital identity as they convey their pregnancy and/or laboring experiences to during the pandemic to a particular audience—the transnational, Mandarin-speaking diaspora. Through the analysis, we identified various challenges that pregnant women in Chinese diasporas experienced in pregnancy and/or laboring. The COVID-19 pandemic exasperated the normal difficulties of these issues, as well as created additional problems for this group of women, including regular pregnancy tests, choice of birthing locations, and the support and caring that was normal during this time period. We also believe narrative creation, in the form of vlogging, helps this cohort to gain a sense of agency and empowerment of their diaspora experience by examining and reimagining their experience. Research Paper • #MeToo academia: Media coverage of academic sexual misconduct at U.S. universities • Eckert, Stine, Wayne State University • We conducted a systematic textual analysis of media coverage of 201 academic sexual misconduct cases in the United States between 2017 and 2019 in which a university employee was named as perpetrator. In 97 cases media did not mention the #MeToo movement, indicating that cases were treated as “bad behavior” of a single person rather than as a systemic problem in society linked to rape culture. Four of five cases (80%) were broken to the public by a journalistic news medium demonstrating that journalism, especially local journalism, remains the main path to expose academic sexual misconduct of university employees in the wake of the viral #MeToo hashtag. Student journalists especially broke cases that led to news coverage linking individual cases to broader systemic issues in society, recognizing and contributing to a shift in public discourse on sexual misconduct. Research Paper • Rebel! Rebel! How Megan Rapinoe's Celebrity Activism Forges New Paths for Athletes • Everbach, Tracy, University of North Texas • After the USA won the 2019 Women’s FIFA World Cup, Megan Rapinoe captured the world’s attention with her lavender hair, athletic build, quick moves on the field, eye for style, and outspoken advocacy for equality. This study employs a feminist standpoint and queer theory approach to examine Rapinoe’s activism, advocacy, and celebrity as an influencer and role model for sports fans as well as LGBTQ+ people, and those fighting for racial and gender equality. Research Paper • #freebritney, #freekesha, #freemelania: Hashtag Activism and Notions of Feminism in Online Communities • Friedman, Jodi, University of Maryland, Philip Merrill School of Journalism • Britney Spears, Kesha and Melania Trump are Twitter causes célèbres. Disparate discourses of the hashtag campaigns #freebritney, #freekesha, and #freemelania move users from the personal to the collective, presuming these powerful women are prisoners in gilded cages. Users rally around a central White, female figure who largely does not join discussion of her supposed entrapment. An ethnographic field site of 77,435 tweets is thematically analyzed regarding online fan identity and women’s need for rescue. Research Paper • Femvertising and postfeminist discourse: Advertising to break menstrual taboos in China • Guo, Jingyi • This paper investigates Libresse sanitary napkins commercials in China. Employing feminist critical discourse analysis, we interpret the narration of Libresse’s efforts in China as exemplary of the appropriation of femvertising—women empowerment advertising—to challenge menstrual taboos. Our findings indicate that Libresse creates a postfeminist discourse that has generated contradictions regarding gender issues, both liberating and constraining women in an elaborate dance. Our study thus situates a broader discussion of postfeminism, advertising, and global capitalism. Extended Abstract • Building the Gender Beat: U.S. Journalists Refocus the News in the Aftermath of #MeToo • Heckman, Meg, Northeastern University • Beats focused on gender have become more common at U.S. news organizations in the last four years—a phenomenon this exploratory study documents in an effort to gauge the prevalence of gender beats and understand the experiences of the journalists (n=66) covering them. Based on semi-structured interviews analyzed using grounded theory, I argue that gender beats are necessary—but ideally temporary—stepping stones to help news organizations move beyond hegemonic masculinity. Extended Abstract • Momala and Willie Brown’s Mistress: A computational analysis of gendered news coverage of Kamala Harris. • Heckman, Meg, Northeastern University • It’s well documented that female political candidates face systemic bias in news coverage. There is, however, scant research as to how this phenomenon plays out in the modern hyper-polarized digital media ecosystem. We aim to fill that gap by using computational content analysis to explore recent coverage of Vice President Kamala Harris. We find a perpetuation of sexist tropes and stark differences in the news narratives gaining traction among voters of different political persuasions. Research Paper • An Intersectional Examination of Representations of Muslim Women in Television Series • Jariullah, Sharmeen • The interpretive study analyzes the long-standing impact of the Orientalist gaze on representations of Muslim women in the media, resulting in restrictive tropes and archetypes in contemporary television series from the United States and the United Kingdom. The paper proposes how an intersectional framework can be utilized to dismantle preexisting stereotyped and monolithic representations of Muslim women in the news and entertainment media, to favor holistic representations of Muslim women characters. Extended Abstract • Women in Communication: Assessing and Advancing Gender Equality • Kim, Solyee, University of Georgia • This study addresses the persistent gender discrepancies in the communication profession at three levels (i.e., the micro level with individual communication professionals, the meso level with communication department and/or agency, and the macro level with the communication profession itself). By conducting an online survey of 1,046 communication professionals in the United States and Canada in the year of 2020-2021, this study provides some of the latest analyses on perceptions and experiences related to women and gender equality in the communication profession. Several key issues are investigated, including the perceptions of women’s leadership status within the organization, the perceived improvement of gender equality, contributing factors to gender inequality, the glass ceiling issue, and the barrier for women’s leadership advancement. Research and practical implications are discussed. Extended Abstract • Mentorship as a Tool to Close the Leadership Gender Gap: Understanding How Professional Relationships Impact Women During Their First Five Years in the Strategic Communications Industry • Olsen, Katie, Kansas State University • The strategic communications industry is plagued with a lack of gender diversity among its leadership, and little is known about how early-career women (ECW) receive the support necessary to develop their professional identity--and ultimately, their rise to the top. Using in-depth interviews with 31 ECWs in their first five years of employment, this study seeks to understand how mentorship and professional relationships impact their experiences during the formative first five years in industry. Research Paper • How to Connect: Sexual Assault Activists’ Reliance on Social Media • Pevac, Mikayla, Pennsylvania State University • From social media to smartphones, the 21st century has seen a lot of change. One area that has specifically undergone an extreme shift due to the digital age is the feminist movement in the United States. As Robert Putnam’s work in Bowling Alone (2000) suggested, people are adapting to the influx of technological advances and are responding by reshaping their social networks. The American feminist movement has arguably utilized digital tools, like the various social media platforms, to create and sustain online relationships between like-minded individuals and provide safe spaces for feminist ideas like never before. By analyzing the social media accounts of two American sexual assault activists, Kamillah Willingham and Chanel Miller, this paper will offer insight into different ways feminist activists are using social media to sustain awareness for their respective causes and also share their personal journeys with their followers. In the past, there has been contention over whether social capital theory is an ideal theory to use when studying phenomenon through a feminist lens this paper thus expands on social capital theory and exemplifies how the theory can be applied to the analysis of two female, persons of color, sexual assault activists’ respective social media accounts. Research Paper • “What a nasty girl!” Incivility and gendered symbolic violence in news discussions • Proust, Valentina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile • This study examines gender exchanges developed in the virtual public sphere to identify if gender affects incivility in news comment sections. By relying on a mixed-method analysis of 1,961 news comments, we observed uncivil speech and gendered symbolic violence traits. We found higher incivility levels in comments posted by men, especially comments mentioning females. Also, we identified hegemonic masculinity discourses in conversation referring to women and their gender roles. Research Paper • An SEC soccer champion and a winless football team: Media framing and the self-representation of Sarah Fuller’s fall season as a Vanderbilt Commodore student-athlete • Scovel, Shannon, University of Maryland • This paper analyzes the representation of Sarah Fuller in traditional media and on her own social media platforms before and after her historic kick for Vanderbilt’s football team. Results of over 200 social media posts and nearly 400 articles suggest that traditional media focused almost exclusively on Fuller’s experiences as a football player, downplaying her accomplishments as an SEC soccer champion and instead comparing her football success to that of her male peers. Research Paper • A Feminist New Materialism Analysis of Digital Pelvic Floor Health Messages • Vardeman, Jennifer, University of Houston • This interdisciplinary study examines digital communication strategies used by advocacy groups/social media influencers about a highly stigmatized women’s health issue. Pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) affect one in four women, but many women lack knowledge about them and do not discuss them. Women often report feeling isolation, shame, embarrassment, and dirtiness. Advocacy organizations have recently implemented campaigns to educate women of varying ages about PFDs. This thematic analysis considers digital messages from three PFD advocacy organizations as well as PFD influencers on TikTok. A feminist new materialism theory and shame resilience theory frame this analysis. Research Paper • Incarcerating Successful Women? Affective Economies in Popular Chinese Television Series • Xu, Jun • Stemming from China’s neoliberal transition, a plethora of women take part in the workforce. In response, representations of ‘successful-yet-single’ women are emerging in China’s popular television series. Following Esther Peeren’s (2018) and Sara Ahmed’s (2004) work, we argue that affective economies that trigger particular feelings and cultural values related to the notion of single womanhood are constituted through these televisual shows. We therefore consider dominant media representations of ‘successful-yet-single’ women by delving into the mediated ways in which these women are ‘punished’ or ‘remunerated’ for their modern lifestyle—coined and developed in this paper as ‘a neoliberal urbanism with Chinese characteristics’. Through discourse analysis and the mobilization of Goffman’s study on stigma (1986 [1963]), we argue that these series epitomize the cultural reality and re-create a mediated ‘punitive society’, suggesting a successful woman’s happiness is only resolved through securing a romantic relationship—a caveat for all single female viewers. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21472 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/sher-2021-abstracts/ Mon, 07 Jun 2021 19:40:10 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21476 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • An Ecological Approach to Understand Scientists’ Commitment to Engage: Push, Pull, and Drag Forces • AbiGhannam, Niveen, University of Texas at Austin • Whereas norms have been traditionally linked to behavioral outcomes, their function within public engagement with science (PES) contexts are mixed. This paper takes an ecological approach to examine the PES pressures and expectations perceived by publicly engaged scientists. We found that scientists perceive unidirectional factors within science (push forces) and engagement contexts (pull forces) that drive them towards PES. Running counter to those are drag forces, or pressures not to engage. However, our analyses reveal that such pressures are mitigated through employing goal-oriented engagement strategies. Those findings enrich our understanding of the complex operation of norms in the ever-changing PES landscape. Research Paper • The growth and disciplinary convergence of environmental communication: A bibliometric analysis of the field (1970-2019) • Akerlof, Karen, George Mason University • Recent reviews describe environmental communication as focused on mass media. However, these reviews may not provide a full picture of the discipline. We searched Scopus for articles published 1970 to 2019 containing the root environment* communicat*. Instead of siloed disciplines, we found dense, interconnected networks of journals across disparate areas of scholarship, including social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, and business. This convergence is a positive sign for the field’s ability to answer fundamental questions. Extended Abstract • Understanding COVID-19-related Stigma: A Topic Modelling and Exploratory Analysis of 353k Tweets • Ali, Mohammad, Syracuse University • This topic modelling and exploratory analysis of 350k Tweets examined people’s discussion on COVID-19 related stigma on Twitter. Research Paper • Young adults’ preferences of vaping content on Instagram: Qualitative interviews utilizing the associative imagery technique • Alpert, Jordan • Vaping among young adults (YA) continues to rise, resulting in adverse health effects and vulnerability to nicotine dependence. Social influence theory and prior research indicate that vaping content appearing on Instagram is widespread and highly influential. Vaping content on Instagram is often portrayed positively, which may motivate YA to vaping trials. Using a photo-elicitation method, the associative imagery technique, we interviewed 24 YA about their perceptions of vaping content appearing on Instagram. Images representing popular posts were shown, such as colorful devices, people vaping, and depictions of flavors. Data synthesis from the interview transcripts revealed three main themes: 1) the power of color and visual aesthetics, meaning that YA were drawn to Instagram posts that were visually striking, which stood out from other posts, 2) distancing, as participants who vape socially were hesitant to like, share, and comment because they did not want to be labeled as a “vaper” to their followers, and 3) the environment influences perceptions, signifying how there are certain norms associated with using Instagram, and this dictates how content is viewed and the meaning it represents. For instance, warning labels appearing on vaping posts may remind YA about the dangers of vaping, but we also found that they enhanced perceived credibility and transparency of vaping brands. Overall, findings indicate that effective interventional campaigns to reduce YA vaping must get users’ attention through dynamic visuals, while also considering in-group and out-group identities related to vaping culture. Research Paper • Fast Food Menu Calorie Labeling Contexts as Complex Contributing Factors to Overeating • Bailey, Rachel, Florida State University • The effectiveness of menu calorie labeling in limiting the amount of calories selected has been called into question since it was mandated within the Affordable Care Act. This study examined how contexts that are known to influence motivational and information processing might limit the effectiveness of calorie labeling in order to shed some light on the mixed findings in this area. An online experiment was conducted in which calorie labels were paired or not paired with visual cues in different motivational contexts: greater and lesser variety and energy density choices available. Results contribute to the general conclusions that calorie labels are not particularly effective. Specifically, the only context in which a calorie label succeeded in reducing calories selected was a high variety mix of low and high energy density foods with visual food cues present; however, this type of context elicited the greatest number of calories selected on average, even more than when only highly energy dense items were present. Limitations and future directions are discussed. Research Paper • Cultural Competence in Health Communication: A Concept Explication • Belobrovkina, Evgeniia • Cultural competence constitutes one of the cornerstones of effective health communication. Yet, there is a gap in the explication of cultural competence in health communication outside the healthcare setting. Therefore, the purpose of the study was: (1) to develop the conceptual definition of cultural competence for strategic health communication beyond the healthcare setting, and (2) to distinguish cultural competence from similar concepts. The proposed conceptual definition of cultural competence is presented. Research Paper • COVID-19 vaccine intention and social cognitive theory: The role of individual responsibility and partisan media use • Borah, Porismita • We use national survey data and a moderated moderated mediation PROCESS model to examine the 1) associations between self-efficacy about COVID-19 and vaccine intention mediated by expectancies 2) moderating roles of individual responsibility and partisan media use. The findings show that the path from efficacy to expectancies is moderated by individual responsibility, while the path from efficacy to vaccine intention is moderated by liberal media use in meaningful ways. Implications are discussed. Extended Abstract • EXTENDED ABSTRACT: Perceptions of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis on Twitter: Examining beliefs and barriers after approval of Descovy • Calabrese, Christopher • Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective strategy to reduce one’s risk of contracting HIV. To examine perceptions of PrEP on Twitter, we conducted a theoretically driven content analysis of relevant tweets from April 2019 to April 2020, six months before and after the approval of Descovy for PrEP. Results reveal a significant decrease in tweets involving barriers, specifically relating to access. Findings will inform health communication interventions for promoting PrEP among vulnerable populations. Extended Abstract • A triangulated approach for understanding scientists’ perceptions of public engagement with science • Calice, Mikhaila, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Scientists are expected to engage with the public, especially when society faces challenges like COVID-19, but what public engagement means to scientists is not clear. Based on a mixed methods approach combining survey and focus group data, we find that scientists’ understanding of public engagement is as complex and inconsistent as the literature. Our findings also suggest that, regardless of tenure status, scientists believe public engagement with science includes citizen and community involvement in research. Research Paper • “La Piedra Rosetta” Content Analysis of Health-specific stories on Genetic Testing from Spanish-language News Outlets • Chavez-Yenter, Daniel, University of Utah / Huntsman Cancer Institute • Genetic testing rates, which can inform disease risk and clinical management recommendations, are lower for Latinx populations than White populations. Explanations for this disparity have focused on individuals’ lack of awareness and greater concerns about testing, but how the news media might affect awareness and attitudes remains unexplored. In this project, we characterize health-specific stories (from 2008-2020) relating to genetic testing from the two largest U.S. Spanish-language news outlets, Telemundo and Univision. Research Paper • Are Emotion-Expressing Messages More Shared on Social Media? A Meta-Analytic Review • Chen, Junhan, University of Maryland • Given that social media have brought significant change in the communication landscape, researchers have explored factors, such as emotion-expressing as a message feature, that can influence users' information sharing on social media. The present study meta-analytically summarized 19 studies to advance the understanding of the associations between emotion-expressing messages and information sharing on social media in health and crisis communication contexts. Additional moderator analyses took into account study contexts, social media platforms, study design, theory-guided or not, sampling and coding methods, and emotion valences. Our study supported previous studies' claim that emotion-expressing messages are more likely to be shared on social media in health and crisis contexts (r = 0.11, k = 19, N = 140,987). Moreover, results from our study showed that sampling and coding methods applied in previous studies moderated the main result. Implications for future study of emotion-expressing messages and information sharing in health and crisis communication contexts are discussed. Research Paper • An Online Experiment Evaluating the Effects of Social Endorsement Cues, Message Source, and Responsibility Attribution on Young Adults’ COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions • Chen, Li, West Texas A&M University • Adopting the theory of planned behavior framework, this online experiment investigated the effects of social endorsement cues, message source, and responsibility attribution on young adults’ perceptions of COVID-19 vaccination and intentions to get vaccinated. Four major findings are identified. First, social endorsement cues positively affect attitude, subjective norms, and vaccination intentions. Second, individuals perceive an expert source as most credible, but a media outlet source results in most positive subjective norms. Third, responsibility attributions do not generate significant effects on dependent variables. Finally, social endorsement cues and message source each has some interaction effects with perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 on message outcomes. Research Paper • Danger Control and Fear Control during Public Health Emergencies: Considering the Role of Fear and Hope in the EPPM across Different Levels of Trust • Chen, Liang • Public health emergencies post a great threat to global health and safety. The control of these emergencies needs the efforts of healthcare professionals as well as calls for the public to take protective actions. This study not only puts fear back in the EPPM, but also considers another similarly productive emotion: hope to examine the mechanisms behind the effects of four cognitive perceptions on protective actions and information avoidance. A national online survey was conducted with a total of 1,676 participants during the outbreak of COVID-19 in China from February 1 to February 29, 2020. The results revealed that perceived severity and perceived susceptibility could lead to fear, which in turn positively affect protective actions, while perceived self-efficacy and perceived response efficacy induced hope, which was positively associated with protective actions, but negatively associated with information avoidance. Furthermore, the mechanisms behind the relationships among cognitions, emotions and behaviors varied across different levels of trust in healthcare systems. Research Paper • Examining Attenuated Response to COVID-19 Risk Through Interaction Effects between Increased Communicative Action, Negative Emotion, and Perceived Personal Knowledge • Choi, Minhee • This study examines attenuated risk responses among individuals who do not adhere to preventive COVID-19 measures (e.g., anti-maskers). Guided by the Social Amplification of Risk Model, a survey (N = 373) of non-abiding populations showed that media use positively influenced risk perceptions, information seeking and sharing, and preventive measures adoption. In contrast, negative emotional responses to COVID-19 and perceived knowledge hindered preventive measure adoption from increased information seeking and sharing. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Research Paper • Light at the end of the tunnel: Implications of COVID-19 vaccine availability and vaccination intention • Chu, Haoran • Due to the inequality in distribution, people in many demographic groups and locations still do not have access to the COVID-19 vaccine. Utilizing a longitudinal survey and a choice-based conjoint analysis, this study examines vaccine availability and vaccination intention’s influence on people’s consideration of the COVID-19 vaccine. Low availability and intention increased attention to global barriers and high-level vaccine attributes such as vaccine safety. High availability articulates practical considerations such as cost and logistics. Extended Abstract • When Do People Wear a Mask in Pandemic? An Integration of TPB and EPT • Chung, Surin, Ohio University • This study examined how perceptual variables (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control) are associated with behavioral intention to wear a mask during the COVID-19 pandemic and also how ethical ideologies (relativism, and idealism) moderate the relationship between two perceptual variables (attitude, and subjective norm) and behavioral intention. Using a cross-sectional survey, this study found that the three perceptual variables are positively associated with behavioral intention. Also, this study confirmed that relativism weakens the relationship between the two perceptual variables and behavioral intention. Research Paper • Air quality just isn’t very sexy”: Audiences, problems, solutions in communicating about wildfire smoke in the Wes • Clotfelter, Susan, Colorado State University • "Environmental and public health professionals increasingly confront wildfire smoke events and the need to communicate air quality information internally and externally. Climate forecasts suggest the next decades will likely bring more frequent and more prolonged heat, drought, and wildfire smoke exposures. We know little, however, about how these professionals conceptualize their communication tasks, challenges, and opportunities. n a time of fragmented, convergent, and sometimes distrusted media. surveys of residents in multiple regions of the U.S. and other nations often show that citizens pay more attention to personal experience of air quality than official measures and alerts. We conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 17 air quality communicators in Colorado. This state has many of the features common to Western states: a wide variety of terrain and local economies; high- and low-population counties; increasingly congested interstates; and wide income disparity. The interviews yielded insights about how environmental and public health workers think about the residents of the state that they serve and the barriers to communicating air quality issues to those residents. These insights suggest that limited resources and lack of data make it difficult to communicate about air quality and that some state residents are more vulnerable to ill health effects, but less likely to be reached by messaging efforts. Creating more robust monitoring networks and multi-agency partnerships might create the capacity necessary to persuade more Colorado residents to engage in health-protecting actions." Research Paper • Facing the Strain: The Persuasive Effects of Conversion Messages on COVID-19 Vaccination Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions • Conlin, Jeff, Penn State University • This study examined two-sided conversion messages in relation to one-sided advocacy messages in reducing vaccine hesitancy related to COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Results demonstrated that, for vaccine-hesitant participants, conversion messages increased pro-COVID-19 vaccination attitudes and behavioral intentions. For high vaccine-hesitant participants, the relationship between conversion messages and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccinations was mediated through source credibility. For low vaccine-hesitant participants, mediation occurred through counterarguing. Findings have implications for health message tailoring related to COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Extended Abstract • The Prevalence of Design Features Known to Hinder the Processing of Drug Risks and Side-Effects: A Content Analysis of TV Ads for Prescription Drugs • Dan, Viorela • Given widespread concerns over the strategic use of visuals in ads for prescription drugs (DTCA) to distract from drug risks and side-effects, a content analysis was conducted. We analyzed N = 88 ads shown during prime-time on ABC, CBS, and NBC for one week in autumn 2019. Low modality correspondence was found, as were high pacing and low visual complexity. DTCA seem to be made in a way that hinders processing of risks and side-effects. Extended Abstract • Extended abstract: White young adults’ motives for COVID-19 information avoidance • Deline, Mary Beth • Research suggests that White young adults’ health actions contribute to inequitable higher risk burdens for Black, Latinx and Indigenous populations during the pandemic. Utilizing semi-structured qualitative interviews and thematic analysis, this study examines the motives driving White young adults’ avoidance intentions and behaviors towards COVID-19 health information, and concomitant individual and collective efficacy. Preliminary findings indicate that perceived inability to act at both individual and collective levels is associated with specific information avoidance motivations. Research Paper • Systematic Processing of COVID-19 Information: Relevant Channel Beliefs and Perceived Information Gathering Capacity as Moderators • Dong, Xinxia, University at Buffalo • This study applies the risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model to investigate the psychological factors that motivate people to process COVID-19 information in a systematic manner. Data collected from a survey of 519 Chinese respondents indicate that both relevant channel beliefs and perceived information gathering capacity moderate the impact of information insufficiency on systematic processing. These two variables also exert an interactive effect on systematic processing. Among other components of the RISP model, societal-level risk perception, informational subjective norms, and current knowledge are positively related to systematic processing. These findings suggest that science communication surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic needs to pay attention to the target audience’s beliefs about specific information channels, as well as their ability to process relevant information. Research Paper • "I Had No Idea That Greenwashing Was Even a Thing": Identifying the Cognitive Mechanisms of Exemplars in Greenwashing Literacy Interventions • Eng, Nicholas, Penn State University • This one factor (base-rate/image/quote/quote and image) between-subjects experiment (N = 476) examined how different presentation styles of a greenwashing literacy intervention influenced psychological processes (i.e., vividness, cognitive load, availability heuristic) and outcomes such as knowledge gain, skepticism, and information seeking. By synthesizing exemplification theory and cognitive theory of multimedia learning, this study finds evidence that vividness was the key mediator that explained the intervention’s effects on the study outcomes. Compared to the base-rate condition, exemplars were significant predictors of vividness, which in turn increased risk perceptions, information seeking, and word-of-mouth intentions. A literacy intervention that embedded both textual quotes and image exemplars had the strongest effect on vividness. No significant relationship was found between the interventions and the availability heuristic or cognitive load. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Research Paper • Promoting COVID-19 Social Distancing on Social Media: The Persuasive Role of Threat and Controlling Language Representation • Eng, Nicholas, Penn State University • This 2 (threat: high/low) x 2 (language: controlling/noncontrolling) between-subjects factorial experimental design (N = 446) examined how the degree of threat and controlling language used in persuasive health messages on social media, influences psychological reactance, threat and coping appraisals, and intentions to social distance. Combining psychological reactance theory and protection motivation theory, we found that a highly threatening message evokes greater psychological reactance, which in turn was negatively associated with threat and coping appraisals. Threat and coping appraisals were then found to be significant and positive predictors of social distancing intentions. However, we did not find evidence that the use of controlling language, nor its interaction with the degree of threat expressed, to have a significant influence on reactance or threat and coping appraisals. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Research Paper • Upping the Ante? The Effects of ‘Emergency’ and ‘Crisis’ Framing in Climate Change News • Feldman, Lauren, Rutgers University • This experiment examined how using the term “climate emergency,” “climate crisis,” or “climate change” in Twitter-based news stories influences public engagement with climate change and news perceptions, as well as whether these effects depend on whether the news focuses on climate impacts or climate actions. Terminology had no effect on climate engagement and only small effects on news perceptions. The focus of the news stories had more consistent effects on both engagement and news perceptions. Research Paper • The Impact of Social Media Use on Protective Behaviors in Global Epidemics: The Mediating Model of Situation Awareness and Crisis Emotions • Feng, Yulei, School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University • Although there has been increasing attention to the effect of social media use during epidemics and outbreaks, relatively little is known the underlying mechanism by which social media plays a role in people’s cognitive, affective and preventive responses. Based on data collected during the outbreak of COVID-19 in China, the current study investigates the correlations between social media use, situation awareness and public prevention by examining the mediation effect of crisis emotions—anxiety and fear. The results indicate that social media is positively related to situation awareness, anxiety and fear. Furthermore, social media use can predict preventive behaviors via the serial multiple mediation effect of situation awareness and fear. Implications of the findings are discussed. Research Paper • Examining Antecedents to Accuracy- and Defense-Motivated Information Insufficiency in the COVID-19 Pandemic • Fung, Timothy, Hong Kong Baptist University • This study is to advance the Risk Information Seeking and Processing model by examining (1) the antecedents that induce individuals’ accuracy- and defense-motivated information insufficiency of COVID-19 information and (2) the effect of a broader array of the RISP’s perceived hazard characteristics and affective responses. We collected 960 responses from a probabilistic panel and found that fear and informational subjective norms influenced accuracy- and defense-motivated information sufficiency; risk inequity influenced worry and contentment. Research Paper • Integrating Psychometric Paradigm of Risk and Issue Attention Cycle: A Study of Risk Information in News Coverage of Avian and Swine Influenza • Fung, Timothy, Hong Kong Baptist University • This study examines how news coverage present risk information of global outbreaks of avian and swine influenza. To that end, we integrated the psychometric paradigm of risk and issue attention cycle into a theoretical framework and conducted a content analysis for 1,626 news articles published in Hong Kong. The finding reveals what risk information and its related risk characteristics emphasized or ignored and how the emphasis differs across the stages within the issue attention cycle. Research Paper • How Do Food Date Labels Lead to Consumer-level Food Waste? A Mixed-design Experiment • Gong, Ziyang • Waste resulting from consumers’ confusion about foods’ date labels is a multi-billion-dollar problem in the United States. The present study examines the mechanisms underlying such labels’ influence on people’s willingness to consume, and whether exposure to additional information regarding sensory assessment of food products or storage practices could help to reduce food waste. We conducted a mixed-design experiment in which the between-subjects variable comprised five commonly used food date labels (i.e., “Best if Used By”, “Use By”, “Sell By”, “Enjoy By”, and a date without any explanatory phrase), and the within-subjects variable consisted of three information conditions (i.e., basic information, sensory information, and food-storage information). Our data indicate that date labels affected consumers’ willingness to eat yogurt through two mediators, quality concern and safety concern. The direct effects of date-label variation on willingness to consume were non-significant after controlling for the two mediators. Additionally, when the participants were told that the yogurt had a normal color and odor, or were provided with details of how it should have been stored, their intention to eat it rose significantly. These findings enhance our understanding of how food date labels affect consumer-level food waste and provide insights that can aid the development of educational campaigns to reduce it. Research Paper • Moral hazard or not? The effects of learning about carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on mitigation support. • Hart, P. Sol, University of Michigan • Recent research has yielded mixed results as to whether exposure to information about geoengineering leads to a risk compensation, risk salience, or null effect. Focusing on carbon dioxide removal (CDR), we investigate whether these inconsistent results may be a function of the presence or absence of information about climate change impacts. Through two experimental studies, moderated-mediation analyses reveal that, overall, exposure to CDR information is likely to have a null effect, thus failing to support either risk compensation or risk salience, whereas exposure to climate change risk information can increase perceived threat and, indirectly, policy support. Extended Abstract • Effectiveness of VR Intervention in Promoting Sustainable Hand Hygiene • Hu, Haohan • Maintaining hand hygiene is one of the most important preventive measures for infectious diseases. However, research finds young adults reported less frequent hand-washing. This study developed an immersive hyperreality intervention in promoting hand hygiene and its effectiveness was tested by 2 (environment: VR vs. 2D video) x 3 (perspective) factorial experiments. Preliminary findings have demonstrated levels of immersion can affect participant’s embodiment and self-efficacy. Research Paper • How Far into the Future: A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Temporal Framing on Risk Perception, Attitude, Behavioral Intention, and Behavior • Huang, Guanxiong • Temporal framing is a messaging strategy that highlights either the proximal or distant consequences of a recommended behavior in communication efforts. This meta-analysis investigated the relative persuasiveness of proximal- versus distal-framed messages. The findings supported the overall small advantage of proximal versus distal frames in facilitating persuasion (r = 0.0706). In terms of specific outcomes, proximal frames were more effective than distal frames in increasing risk perception (r = 0.1216) and behavioral intention (r = 0.0776). However, no such effects were found on attitude or actual behavior. Sample type (student vs. nonstudent) and participant age moderated the temporal framing effect. Research Paper • To Vax or Not to Vax: The Impact of Issue Interpretation and Trust on Vaccination • Huang, Yi-Hui Christine, City University of Hong Kong • We investigate the interaction between public trust and individuals’ COVID-19 vaccination intentions. A total of 6,231 respondents from Hong Kong and Taiwan completed questionnaires. Results demonstrated that trust plays a crucial role in promoting public vaccine uptake through a motivated reasoning process. Additionally, issue interpretation moderated the relationship between trust and vaccination intention, indirectly affecting vaccination intention via trust. Our findings should help relevant agencies better understand public mindsets and formulate communication strategies accordingly. Research Paper • Promoting COVID-19 Vaccination: The Interplay of Message Framing, Psychological Uncertainty, and Public Agency • Huang, Yan • The study examines how framing, psychological uncertainty, and message source (national versus local health agencies) influence campaign effectiveness in promoting COVID-19 vaccines. A 2 (gain- vs. loss-frame) × 2 (high vs. low uncertainty) × 2 (CDC vs. Houston Health Department) between-subjects experiment was conducted among Houston residents (N = 408) in mid-December, 2020. Findings revealed that a loss frame led to better persuasion outcomes among participants primed with high uncertainty; a gain frame was more persuasive under conditions of low uncertainty because it reduced perceived threat to freedom and psychological reactance. Additionally, the local agency elicited more favorable vaccine beliefs than the national agency when uncertainty is low; the difference disappeared under conditions of high uncertainty. The study offers theoretical implications for framing research and practical implications for campaign message design. Extended Abstract • Extended Abstract: Beyond Individualized Responsibility Attributions? How Eco Influencers Communicate Sustainability on TikTok • Huber, Brigitte, University of Vienna • Sustainability communication is of increasing importance. While sustainability communication in traditional media has already been researched, less is known about social media in this regard. We investigate how eco influencers communicate sustainability on TikTok. Findings from a content analysis (n = 242) reveal that individual responsibility attributions are dominant in videos posted on the platform. Videos presenting broader perspectives are more likely to refer to empirical evidence. Implications for science and environmental communicators are discussed. Research Paper • The framing power of Twitter: Examining whether individual tweets are reframing news media frames • Hubner, Austin, The Ohio State University • This study replicates a traditional framing and source analysis by examining how two mainstream news outlets framed climate change in 2018. We extend the traditional analysis by examining whether individuals reframe the original news media frame when sharing news articles to Twitter. Specifically, we computationally examine the extent to which the user-generated tweets (n = 9,558) are similar to the original news media frame and whether the similarity is dependent on the actor type. Research Paper • Understanding Public Reaction to Celebrity Suicide Cases in Online News Comments • Ittefaq, Muhammad, University of Kansas • Celebrity suicide reporting is worth exploring as it carries an enormous potential to trigger copycat suicidal behavior among vulnerable populations; yet this topic is under-explored in Muslim countries. This study is aimed at analyzing online readers’ comments related to 12 celebrity suicide news stories in Pakistan (N=2,190) to understand their conversation patterns. By applying a text analytics approach, we assess core themes of online discussions about celebrity suicide news stories published between June 1, 2011 and August 30, 2020 in five mainstream Pakistani English newspapers. The findings revealed seven themes, including: 1) stress, depression, and mental health issues; 2) suspicious and controversial investigation reports; 3) need for stronger accountability to address corruption in the country; 4) conspiracy theories and misinformation; 5) criticizing media and security institutions; 6) sympathy for deceased and their families; 7) suicide and religion (Islam). the most frequent words in the data set were: suicide (51), police (34), sad (18), family (17), officer (17), corruption (15), death (15), murder (14), person (14), news (13), investigation (12). Additionally, Web 2.0 opens an avenue in Muslim-majority countries to discuss suicide-related issues, which are becoming a major public health concern but are often neglected due to religious and other stigmas. Research Paper • When Scientific Literacy Meets Nationalism: Exploring Factors that underlie the Chinese Public’s Belief in COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories • Jia, Hepeng, School of Communication, Soochow University • This paper investigated the Chinese public’s beliefs in COVID-19 conspiracy theories during the current global pandemic, and we explored the factors associated with the belief in conspiracy theories in China. Based on a national sample (N=1000), we categorized widespread COVID-19 conspiracy theories in China into three types: Type Ⅰ that suggested the pandemic’s foreign origin, Type Ⅱ being defined as “China as culprit” conspiracy theories, and Type Ⅲ indicating that the virus was manufactured in the West. Results showed that scientific literacy and nationalism were constant factors associated with the conspiracy beliefs. Scientific literacy was associated with decreased beliefs in all three types of COVID-19 conspiracy theories. Nationalism was related to the increased belief in the type of theories favoring China’s stance while minorly related to decreased belief in “China as culprit” theories. Among other factors, the roles of self-efficacy in science and trust in science varied with the nature of the conspiracy theories. Meanwhile, the role of the media trust depended on the type of conspiracy theories and the kind of media outlets. These findings reminded us of the multi-faceted conspiracy beliefs in China, the complicity of their contributing factors, and the urgency to study them further. Research Paper • Self-Disclosure as a Coping: How Self-Disclosure Influences Mental Health in Chinese Online Depression Groups • Jiang, Mulin • This study examines how self-disclosure predicts mental health outcomes in the context of online depression groups in China. We investigated whether engagement with different types of self-disclosure can help mitigate depressive symptoms. Results from online survey (N = 205) indicated that the depth, honesty, intent and valence of self-disclosure have positive relationships with perceived social support, and perceived esteem support served as a key mechanism in the effects of self-disclosure. Extended Abstract • Has COVID-19 Impacted the Risk Perceptions and Cessation Intent of Youth Vapers? • Jun, Jungmi, University of South Carolina • Emerging evidence indicates vapers’ greater exposure to COVID19 risk. Applying the health belief model, we examine how perceived risk of vaping associated with COVID19 and cessation intent have changed for youth during the pandemic. Data come from two waves of online surveys sampling US youth (aged 18-25) collected in 2020 (N = 165) and 2021 (N = 347). We found significant increases of perceived threats of vaping and benefit of cessation between the two waves. Research Paper • COVID-19 Vaccine Reviews on YouTube: What Do They Say? • Kang, Da-young, University of Alabama • This study uses the social communication framework to explore the frequently viewed COVID-19 vaccine review contents on YouTube. Quantitative content analysis of 78 review videos reveals the unique features of vaccine review videos. Two-thirds of the vaccine videos reviewed were created by medical experts. None of them displays a negative valence toward vaccination; all have a positive or neutral valence toward vaccination. All videos convey their story with narrative, and their topics were pro-vaccine themes. Extended Abstract • Vaping Flavors and Flavor Representation: A Test of Youth Risk Perceptions and Novelty Perceptions • Katz, Sherri Jean, Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Minnesota • This experiment tests whether vaping flavors (tobacco vs. fruit) and flavor representations on packages (flavor color, flavor image) influence how middle school youth perceive vaping products. While results show no difference in risk perceptions based on condition, novelty perceptions are highest among those who view the fruit-flavored vaping product with flavor color and flavor image. Findings suggest that restricting flavor representation on packaging might reduce how fun and interesting youth perceive these products to be. Extended Abstract • Extended Abstract: How Self-Disclosure and Gender Influence Perceptions of Scientists’ Credibility and Likeability on Social Media • Kim, Nahyun • A 2 (types of disclosure: personal vs. political) x 3 (amount of disclosure: 20% vs. 50% vs. 80%) x 2 (gender of the scientist: male vs. female) between-subjects experiment (N = 734) showed that people favored scientists more for personal disclosure, rated them as being more competent with political disclosure, and liked female scientists more in general. However, the gender of the scientist did not moderate the effect of disclosure type and gender of participants. Extended Abstract • How attribution of crisis responsibility affects Covid-19 vaccination intent: The mediating mechanism by institutional trust and emotions • Kim, Ji Won • This study examined how attribution of crisis responsibility affects intention to take Covid-19 vaccines, specifically how institutional trust and emotions may play in this process. Results showed that attribution of crisis responsibility had a negative influence on vaccination intent by lowering institutional trust and eliciting ethics-based emotions. Findings provide implications for risk communicators and policy makers to develop strategies to mitigate vaccine hesitancy. Research Paper • Conspiracy vs debunking: The role of emotion on public engagement with YouTube • Kim, Sang Jung • Conspiracy theories infamous for their emotional manipulation have challenged science epistemology and democratic discourse. Despite the extensive literature on misinformation and the role of emotion in persuasion, less is understood about how emotion is used differently between conspiracy and debunking messages and the impact of emotional framing on public engagement with science. Our paper fills these gaps by collecting and analyzing emotional frames in YouTube videos that propagate or debunk COVID-19 conspiracy theories. Research Paper • Emotionally connected: Longitudinal relationships between fear of COVID-19, smartphone online self-disclosure, and psychological health • Koban, Kevin, University of Vienna • In a two-wave panel survey conducted during the first lockdown in spring 2020, this study shows that fear of COVID-19 increased online self-disclosure on social media over time. Online self-disclosure then, in turn, fostered individuals’ happiness over time but did not affect psychological well-being. There was also no over-time relationship between online self-disclosure and fear of COVID-19, suggesting that fear can prompt self-disclosure during the pandemic, but self-disclosure does not help alleviate fear over time. Research Paper • How Sympathy and Fear Mediate the Interplay between Benefit and Scarcity Appeal Organ Donation Messages • Kong, Sining, Texas A & M University at Corpus Christi • This study examines how sympathy and fear mediate the interplay between benefit appeal and scarcity appeal regarding attitude and intention of organ donation. To examine the moderated mediation effect, this study conducted a 2 (other-benefit appeal vs. self-benefit appeal) X 2 (non-scarcity vs. scarcity appeal) online experiment. The results revealed that as altruistic behavior, an other-benefit appeal would generate more sympathy than a self-benefit appeal message. Additionally, the non-scarcity condition generated more positive attitudes toward organ donation compared with the scarcity condition. Besides, both sympathy and fear positively influenced attitudes and intentions of organ donation. This study also provides theoretical and practical implications. Extended Abstract • Using Machine Learning and Social Network Analysis to Understand the Motives behind the Spread of “Plandemic” Conspiracy Theory during COVID-19 • Kumble, Sushma, Towson University • Conspiracy theories are often disseminated through disinformation, and individuals are attracted to conspiracy theories to fulfill specific epistemic, existential, and social motives. (Douglas et al., 2019). Utilizing these taxonomies, the present study uses unsupervised machine learning to uncover which of these motives were more prevalent in the spread of the documentary “Plandemic.” Further, utilizing social network analysis, the present study also looks at which prominent actors within the network aided in dissemination of such information. Research Paper • Amplification of Risk Concerns through Social Media and Beyond for Covid-19: A Cross-Country Comparison • Lai, Chih-Hui, Academia Sinica • Social media has been an important venue of obtaining communication during health or environmental risks. This study investigates the questions of the extent to which public expressive use of social media (liking, commenting, sharing, and posting) amplifies the interpretation of risk and influences the subsequent behavioral responses in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a cross-country and two-wave survey data in the U.S. and Taiwan, results of this study demonstrate that amplification of risk happened because public expressive use of social media increased personal and global risk concerns, which in turn facilitated protective action taking. Moreover, this study revealed country differences in terms of the circumstances under which social media use shapes risk concerns and the situation in which risk concerns influence behavioral responses. In the U.S., the more individuals use social media in a public and expressive way, the more likely they report societal risk concern, and this happened among people who received risk information from different sources beyond social media. In Taiwan, the relationships between personal/societal risk concerns and engagement in protective action varied by discussion network heterogeneity. Discussion networks strengthened the effects of risk concerns on behavioral responses. Extended Abstract • Beliefs and Practices around Antibiotics Use and Resistance in Singapore using the Protection Motivation Theory • Lee, Si Yu, Nanyang Technological University Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information (WKWSCI) • Misuses of antimicrobials in the community have been identified as a salient contributor to antimicrobial resistance in Singapore. However, little is known about the belief, practices, and socio-psychological factors driving antibiotic misuse in the community. As the first nationally representative study to address these gaps, 967 respondents in Singapore were surveyed on their knowledge, attitudes, and practices about antibiotics antimicrobial use. The protection motivation theory was used as the underlying theoretical framework. Research Paper • Examining COVID-19 tweet diffusion using an integrated social amplification and risk and issue-attention cycle framework • Lee, Edmund, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore • Drawing on the social amplification of risk (SARF) and issue-attention cycle frameworks, we examined amplification of 1,641,273 COVID-19 tweets through: (a) topics: key interests of discussion; (b) temperament: emotions of tweets; (c) topography (i.e., location); and (d) temporality (i.e., over time), using computational and manual content analysis. Amplification patterns across the issue-attention cycle highlighted an inherent and insidious politicization of COVID-19, as well as misplaced premature optimism that COVID-19 would be controlled from the get-go. Research Paper • Is higher Risk Perception Necessarily Worse? Source Credibility in Government Attributed Media Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic • Li, Longfei, School of media and communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University • Source credibility in authority is important for “infodemic” prevention and social stability during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, current understanding is limited with respect to how media usage of residents from worst-hit area is associated with their risk perception and source credibility in government. This study adopted the questionnaire survey method (N=908) and constructed the model of "media use - risk perception - source credibility in government" based on the social amplification of risk framework (SARF). We found that both traditional media use and social media use have positive effects on source credibility in government, and this effect is partly formed through the mediating effect of risk perception. In addition, higher risk perception was accompanied by higher source credibility, but living area factors significantly positively moderated the relationship between them. Rural residents with higher risk perception did not form higher source credibility perception. We suggest that people should pay more attention to the "infomedic" in the rural areas of the pandemic. In addition, the government should objectively view people's risk perception, timely release information, conduct effective risk communication, and establish information authority. In-depth study on the influence of politicization and socialization of this health issue and its mechanism of action is of great significance for understanding people's information behavior and providing certain policy enlightenment for media governance during current COVID-19 pandemic. Research Paper • Recycling as a Planned Behavior: The Moderating Role of Perceived Behavioral Control • Liu, Zhuling, University at Buffalo • This study examines the effectiveness of a public service announcement (PSA) video designed based on the theory of planned behavior in motivating people to engage in proper recycling. Based on a representative sample of New York State residents (N = 707), survey results show that all three variables of the theory of planned behavior are significant predictors of recycling intention. The PSA video increases recycling intention through attitude, but this mediated relationship is only significant among individuals with low perceived behavioral control. These results suggest that environmental campaigns using a video format may be particularly effective among audiences who perceive low self-efficacy in engaging in recycling behavior. Research Paper • Narrative and Non-Narrative Strategies in Televised Direct-To-Consumer Advertisements for Prescription Drugs Aired in the U.S. • Liu, Jiawei, Cornell University • This study content analyzed narrativity in televised direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) for prescription drugs aired on television in the United States between 2003 and 2016 for four different health conditions (heart disease, diabetes, depression, and osteoarthritis). Results showed that while televised DTCA for prescription drugs spent more time discussing drug risks than drug benefits, both narratives and factual evidence were more frequently used to communicate drug benefits than drug risks. Implications are discussed. Research Paper • Seeing from the eyes of suffered peers: Using distance-framed narrative to communicate risks related to e-cigarette use • Liu, Sixiao, University at Buffalo, SUNY • To address the health risks associated with e-cigarette use among young adults, this research examined the effectiveness of distance-framed narratives in shaping e-cigarette user and non-user’s attitude and behavioral intention. Through the mediation of identification, transportation, and distance perception of risks associated with e-cigarette use, narrative messages featuring a socially similar character were more effective in motivating attitudinal and behavioral change, but high and low-certainty plots differently influenced users and non-users’ response to the messages. Research Paper • The knowledge gap hypothesis in Malaysia: Assessing factors shaping the public’s perceived familiarity of nuclear energy • Looi, Jiemin, University of Texas at Austin • Perceived familiarity plays an important role in helping laypeople make well-informed policy decisions, thereby facilitating technological developments. However, this knowledge component is often overlooked in extant literature. Hence, this study draws upon the knowledge gap hypothesis to investigate predictors for the public’s perceived familiarity with nuclear energy in Malaysia — an under-studied context in nascent phases of nuclear energy development. A nationally representative survey of 1,000 Malaysians attested to the knowledge gap hypothesis. Education served as a better predictor for perceived familiarity than household income. Attention to television news, interpersonal discussion, and news elaboration were positively related to perceived familiarity. Notably, several three-way interactions were found: Increased attention to television news and interpersonal discussion consistently amplified perceived familiarity gaps regardless of laypeople’s education levels. Meanwhile, increased attention to newspapers and interpersonal discussion mitigated perceived familiarity gaps only among highly educated laypeople. The findings extended the knowledge gap hypothesis by incorporating perceived familiarity and news elaboration in the underrepresented context of nuclear energy in Malaysia. Additionally, the findings informed policymakers regarding the impacts of education while notifying newsmakers about the effectiveness of public education across media platforms. Directions for future research are also provided. Research Paper • Magnifying the infodemic: Identifying opinion leaders in networks of misinformation about COVID-19 on Twitter • Looi, Jiemin, University of Texas at Austin • Considering the proliferation of falsehoods and conspiracy theories about COVID-19 on social media, this study drew upon the multi-step flow model of communication to identify opinion leaders that drive misinformation and the roles they fulfill within Twitter networks — a platform that has amplified misinformation regarding COVID-19 and prior health crises. Using R, this study conducted social network analysis and topic modeling based on 100 unique Twitter users randomly selected from a corpus of 73,808 tweets collected across several time intervals. The findings revealed that laypeople with online clout (e.g., independent activists, self-proclaimed scientific experts, self-proclaimed journalists) and Twitter bots possessed the greatest prominence (in-degree centrality), outreach (out-degree centrality), and social connections (betweenness centrality) within networks of misinformation about COVID-19. Notably, the results provided mixed support for conventional indicators of opinion leadership on Twitter (e.g., follower count, Twitter verification) as predictors of users’ roles within misinformation networks. Congruent with the multi-step flow model of communication, the results also indicated a highly clustered community structure whereby misinformation about COVID-19 on Twitter cascaded from opinion leaders to their social connections. While prior research has predominantly examined the detriments of misinformation propagated by socially prominent individuals (e.g., politicians, newsmakers, celebrities), the results suggested that misinformation disseminated by laypeople and Twitter bots are extremely damaging and should not be overlooked by academic scholars and social media developers. Theoretical contributions, practical implications, and directions for future research are discussed. Research Paper • COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: The effects of direct and indirect online opinion cues on psychological reactance toward health campaigns • Lu, Fangcao • The novel affordances on social media have altered the way people digest health information. This study takes the initiative to examine the roles of direct (user comments) and indirect (reaction emojis) opinion cues on a Facebook post promoting COVID-19 vaccines in influencing audiences’ psychological reactance toward the post and their vaccine hesitancy. We conducted a 2 (comments: support vs. oppose vaccines) × 2 (reaction emojis: support vs. oppose vaccines) between-subjects experiment among both supporters and opponents of COVID-19 vaccines (N = 554). Results showed that anti-vaccine comments accompanying a COVID-19 vaccine promotion post provoke audiences’ psychological reactance toward the post via the mediating effects of bandwagon perception and presumed post influence on others. The psychological reactance, in turn, incurs their COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Extended Abstract • Extended Abstract: From “Blue” Planet to “Our” Planet: Nature documentaries demonstrate increasing emphasis on collective identity over time • Lull, Robert, California State University, Fresno • Using the Social Identity Model of Collective Action as theoretical framework, this study examines how nature documentaries use language indicating collective identity. Closed captions from 39 episodes of five series released between 2001-19 were analyzed for words such as “we,” “our,” and “together.” Results demonstrated a consistent trend in increasing collective identity word density over time, culminating with significant differences between the series Blue Planet II (2017) and Our Planet (2019) and their predecessors. Research Paper • Understanding scientific optimism across 45 countries: Effects of Internet exposure, trust, and their interdependence • Luo, Chen, School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University; School of International Media Education, Communication University of China • Enlightened by the scientific literacy model and the cognitive miser model, this study analyzes determinants of scientific optimism on a global scale. By adopting data from the latest wave of the World Values Survey covering 45 countries (n = 51, 537), the effects of Internet exposure, trust, value predispositions, and their interactions are clarified. Most importantly, results demonstrate displacement relationship and reinforcement relationship between components of the two models. Explanations and implications are further discussed. Research Paper • Exploring public perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine online: Semantic network analysis of two social media platforms from the United States and China • Luo, Chen, School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University; School of International Media Education, Communication University of China • This study adopts tweets (n = 756, 118) and Weibo posts (n = 362, 950) to examine how the American and Chinese people perceive the COVID-19 vaccine on social media. Results from semantic network analysis and automatic sentiment analysis demonstrate distinct discussion themes and emotion distributions on the two platforms. The differences are deeply connected with the cultural characteristics of the two countries. Enlightened by the cultural sensitivity approach, we accentuate the critical role of culture in understanding public health issues. Research Paper • Pandemic in the age of social media: A content analysis of health organizations social media engagement strategies during COVID-19 outbreak • Lyu, Yuanwei, The university of alabama • Taking the approach of strategic health risk communication, this study examined the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related social media posts by representative public health organizations on Instagram. A content analysis was conducted to identify the types of communication, the use of visual strategies, primary emotion and risk perception in COVID-19 communication. The results suggested that social media messaging may be the best practice of risk communication, when it is based on the strategic use of risk communication principles such as addressing public fears and concerns, incorporating transcendent visual imagery, and providing solution-based information. Furthermore, our findings indicated that Instagram could be a valuable platform for establishing meaningful and interactive communication during the pandemic. The implications for strategic communication professionals are also discussed in the context. Research Paper • Exploring the Cosmos: The Rhetoric of Successful Science Television • Matthews, Alexandrea • This study investigated how the rhetorical elements of kairos, ethos, and mythos were used in both Cosmos and its remake, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, to determine the similarities and differences between the two series through a coded qualitative data content analysis. The results showed many examples of rhetoric, which may be used with the intention of creating acceptance of science, improving understanding of complicated concepts, and portraying science in a more relatable way. Research Paper • The Impact of Emotion and Humor on Support for Global Warming Action • McKasy, Meaghan, Utah Valley University • This study aims to understand the influence of mirth and emotions on support for global warming as elicited by different humor types. It also examines the potential moderating role of individual climate views. The mediating paths through mirth and anger were significant, while hope was not. However, a post hoc analysis found a that climate views significantly moderated the influence of hope on support for global warming actions. The implications of our findings are discussed. Extended Abstract • Understanding the nature of communication in a smartphone-based peer support group for alcohol use disorder • MOON, TAE-JOON, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio • This study examines the nature of communication (e.g., topics of messages, structure of communication) in a smart-phone based peer support group (PSG) for people with alcohol use disorder. Among the 170 study participants, 126 participated in communication with peers within the PSG at least once during the 12-month intervention period. Using a natural language processing approach and sequential analytic methods, this study identified four main topics of discussion and three distinctive sequences of supportive communication. Extended Abstract • Hydropower in the news: how journalists do (not) cover the environmental and socioeconomic costs of dams in Brazil • Mourao, Rachel, Michigan State University • Despite massive environmental impact and socioeconomic risk, hydropower dams continue to be widely adopted in developing countries. This study uses qualitative and quantitative content analyses to identify how Brazilian media has portrayed hydropower in the past two decades. We found that news about hydropower relies on official and construction companies’ voices and focuses on economic progress, bureaucracy, corruption, and politics, ignoring the risks posed by the dams and silencing local residents and activists. Extended Abstract • Extended Abstract: The Role of Felt Responsibility in Climate Change Political Participation • Munson, Sammi, George Mason University • This study investigates the role of felt responsibility to reduce climate change as an antecedent to climate change related political participation in the form of willingness to join a campaign, likelihood of supporting pro-climate presidential candidates, and past contacting of elected officials. Using nationally representative survey data (N = 1,029) we found that felt responsibility has a significant positive relationship with future behavioral intent, but not past behavior. Implications and future research are discussed. Extended Abstract • Measuring the brand of science: Implications for science communication research and practice • Newman, Todd • Research on branding seeks to uncover the emotional, sensory, and cognitive meanings when a person first encounters an object, person, or idea. This paper will uncover these meanings related to science, and why a branding framework is important for science communication theory and practice. Reporting on survey data collected in March 2021, our results suggest a consistent brand image for science, yet a more nuanced context for how different branding constructs relate to science. Research Paper • Differential Effects of Mass Media and Social Media on Health Prevention for E-cigarettes Among Young Adults • Oh, Sang-Hwa, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • Despite the importance of examining the effects of different media platforms in addressing emerging public health risks, relatively little studies have investigated the differential effects on the two levels of health prevention, individual- and policy-levels. Guided by the framework of the influence of presumed media influence (IPMI) and the differential-impact hypothesis, this study explores the underlying mechanism through which traditional media and social media promote the two levels of health prevention for e-cigarettes. Analyzing survey data from 246 young adults, this study found that obtaining e-cigarette messages from social media was more influential than traditional media in shaping e-cigarette cessation efforts and leading to policy support for regulating the selling and buying of e-cigarettes. Exposure to anti e-cigarette messages in social media affected perceived exposure of close others to anti-vaping messages, and in turn, affected perceived influenced of close others on shaping intention to avoid vaping, which resulting in increased two levels of health prevention for e-cigarettes. Research Paper • Empowering migrant domestic workers during public health crises through integrated connectedness to storytelling networks • Oktavianus, Jeffry, City University of Hong Kong • Learning from the experience of Indonesian migrant domestic workers (MDWs) in Hong Kong during COVID-19 pandemic, this study attempts to examine how the integrated connectedness to storytelling networks (ICSN), comprising interpersonal communication, community organizations, and media outlets, produces empowerment effects amid health emergencies. The findings suggested that while ICSN directly affected interactional health empowerment of MDWs, the influences of ICSN on intrapersonal and behavioral health empowerment were mediated by perceived social support. Research Paper • Challenging the stigma of a "woman's illness" and "feminine problem": A cross-cultural analysis of news stories about eating disorders and men • Parrott, Scott • Eating disorders present serious health consequences for men in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Nevertheless, men may not seek treatment for eating disorders because eating disorders are stigmatized by the lay population as feminine. Indeed, health professionals describe men who experience eating disorders as vulnerable to double stigma because of cultural norms concerning mental illness and masculinity. The mass media represent an important source of information concerning mental illnesses, including eating disorders, and research suggests that mass media exposure carries the potential to mitigate or nurture stigma. Given this background, we examined how news organizations in Canada, the U.K. and the U.S. covered men and eating disorders between 2010 and 2019. Our study found that journalists often provided men a platform through which to communicate their experiences with eating disorders, challenging assumptions concerning so-called "feminine problems." Extended Abstract • Beyond a national sample: Contextualizing underserved communities’ vaccine hesitancy during COVID-19 • Paulin, Lisa, North Carolina Central University • By all accounts, ethnic minorities have suffered more during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. Existing health disparities have been amplified along with an infodemic that has caused widespread confusion and mistrust. The study shares results of a concerted effort to reach communities with persistent health and economic disparities in the U.S. southeast through testing events, in-person paper surveys and targeted, accurate communication. The survey results found relationships between vaccine hesitancy, race, and income/education as well as relationships between information sources and emotional well-being. Research Paper • How Lay Audiences Evaluate Scientific Uncertainty Disclosure: The Roles of Source and Preference for Communication of Uncertainty • Ratcliff, Chelsea, University of Georgia • Understanding how public audiences evaluate science news, especially portrayals of uncertain science, remains a pressing research goal. Contributing to this understanding, the current study compared U.S. adults’ (N = 502) responses to science news stories depicting either certain or uncertain implications of a study about genomics and depression. The (un)certainty was conveyed by either the scientists responsible for the research (“primary” scientists) or by an unaffiliated scientist. Results of this 2 × 2 factorial design showed no main effect of uncertainty disclosure on news article credibility, scientist trustworthiness, or perceived accuracy of the scientists’ depiction. However, primary scientists’ depictions were perceived as significantly more accurate when statements of either certainty or uncertainty came from the primary scientists rather than an unaffiliated scientist. Individual preference for communication of scientific uncertainty also moderated these effects, such that communicating uncertainty (vs. certainty) produced greater scientist trust and news credibility, but only when preference for disclosure was high—and only when disclosure came from the primary scientist. Intolerance of uncertainty and need for cognition did not moderate the effects. Extended Abstract • Corporate Responsibility in the Global Village: The Roles of Global Identity, CSR Globality, and Construal Level • Ryoo, Yuhosua, Southern Illinois University • Understanding consumers’ prioritization of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives is of interest to marketers in the global market. This research showed that consumers with a global (local) identity resonate with global (local) CSR initiatives and this tendency is prevalent when presented with high (low) construal level messages. Extended Abstract • Scapegoated and Marginalized: European Press Coverage of the Roma During the COVID-19 Pandemic • Schneeweis, Adina, Oakland University • This research evaluates one year of European news during the COVID-19 pandemic to examine the public discourse about the Roma, its largest and most marginalized ethnic community. Drawing from 224 news published in English, French, Italian, and Romanian in 59 outlets, the study finds that much of the coverage highlights how vulnerability and marginalization have been greatly exacerbated by the health crisis, yet with considerable focus on blame and backwardness at the same time. Research Paper • Beyond Fear Appeals: The Role of Hope in Improving Effectiveness of Health Messages • SEO, YOUNGJI • One of the understudied areas in health communication research is hope. This study examines the effect of efficacy-inducing information on hope and subsequent attitudinal health behaviors. A total of five hundred fifty-three adults in the United States read health promotion social media posts designed to induce perceived self-efficacy (vs. non-efficacy-inducing health information) in fear appeal regarding four different health diseases including melanoma, COVID-19, diabetes, and heart diseases. Results indicated that exposure to efficacy-inducing information enhanced hope, which boosted behavioral intention and intention to seek information. However, the effect was varied by each health topic. Statistical evaluation supported a model where the indirect effect of exposure to efficacy-inducing information on behavioral intention and intention to seek information through feelings of hope. Implications for health communication theory and practice are further discussed. Research Paper • How Group Identity Polarizes Public Deliberation on Controversial Science • Shao, Anqi • Misinformation and out-group hatred language are two pathologies challenging informed citizenship. This paper examines how identity language is used in misinformation and counter-narratives on controversial science on a Chinese popular Q&A platform and their impact on how the public engage with science. We found that users who debunked misinformation used a similar amount of group identity language as those who propagated misinformation. The use of identity language made public discourse more uncivil and less deliberative. Extended Abstract • Why Transmedia Edutainment? Exploring Young Adults’ Reception on its Role, Potential, and Limitations for Sustainable Development • Shata, Aya, University of Miami • This paper aims to explore young adults’ attitudes and impressions towards transmedia edutainment (TE-E) to better understand its attributes and role in shaping young adults understanding for social and environmental issues. Using the United Nation’s TE-E to promote the sustainable development goals, a total of five online focus groups discussions were conducted among young adults using photo elicitation to assess participants’ reactions to TE-E. Three dominant themes emerged from the analysis. Extended Abstract • The medication effects of fear on the relationship between gain/loss message frames and cognitive/conative responses • Shin, Sumin, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater • This study investigates the underlying mechanism of fear appeal effects on behavioral changes applying the emotions-as-frame model and protection motivation theory to the green advertising context. The results indicate that a loss-framed message arises fear increasing severity, vulnerability, response efficacy, and self-efficacy, which in turn affect the intention to purchase a green product. Furthermore, this study results that a gain frame is more effective to lead green behavior than a loss frame. Research Paper • Effects of substantiation and specificity of social media green messages on audience responses • Shin, Sumin, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater • This study examines the effects of environmental, social media messages on audiences’ responses. An online experiment results that a substantive or specific message increases favorable attitude toward both the message and organization, credibility of the message and organization, and green organization image. The favorable attitude, high credibility, and green image lead to high intention to engage in the organization’s green campaign, purchase its green product, and respond to the social media message. Extended Abstract • Closing the Barn Door? Fact-checkers as retroactive gatekeepers of the Covid-19 "infodemic" • Singer, Jane B., City, University of London • Based on a study of U.S.-tagged items in a global database of fact-checked statements about the novel coronavirus, this paper explores the nature of fact-checkers’ “retroactive gatekeeping.” This term is introduced here to describe the process of assessing the veracity of information after it has entered the public domain rather than before. Although an overwhelming majority of statements were deemed false, preliminary findings indicate misinformation proved persistent, global, and reflective of an often-bizarrely refracted reality. Research Paper • Fighting Misinformation on Social Media: The Roles of Evidence Type and Presentation Mode • Song, Celine Yunya, Hong Kong Baptist U • An online experiment was conducted to examine the impact of evidence type (evidence type: statistical vs. non-statistical) and presentation mode (textual-only vs. pictorial-only vs. textual-plus-pictorial) on individuals’ responses to corrective information about COVID-19 on social media. The results indicated that corrective information backed by non-statistical evidence (in contrast to statistical evidence) enhanced message elaboration, which in turn led to greater misperception reduction, higher ratings of message believability, and stronger intention to engage in viral behaviors (e.g., sharing, liking, and commenting on the post). Compared to the textual-only modality and the textual-plus-pictorial modality, the pictorial-only modality induced a significantly lower level of message elaboration, which subsequently resulted in lower message believability and less viral behavioral intention. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Research Paper • How misinformation and its rebuttals in online comments affect people’s intention to receive COVID-19 vaccines: The role of psychological reactance and misperceptions • Sun, Yanqing • This study investigated the mechanisms by which exposure to negative and misleading online comments on COVID-19 vaccination promotional messages and ensuing corrective rebuttals of the comments could affect people’s vaccination attitudes and intentions. An online experiment was performed with 360 adults in the United States. The results show that rebuttals by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), rather than rebuttals from users, indirectly improve people’s attitude and willingness towards the vaccination by reducing their psychological reactance to the persuasive messages and beliefs in the misinformation reflected in the comments, especially among supporters of the vaccination. For the opponents of vaccination, the CDC’s rebuttals seemed to evoke a backfire effect on these people’s misperceptions. By combining the two lines of research on psychological reactance and misinformation, this study deepens the understanding of the theoretical arguments about these two communication phenomena and the relationship between them. Research Paper • Integrating Self-affirmation and EPPM to Promote Health Experts’ Misinformation Corrective Actions • Tang, Hongjie • Health misinformation is prevalent in the social media domain. Combating “infodemic” has deemed to be a major agenda for health communication in the post covid-19 era. However, the extant literature of how to mobilize individuals to correct online health misinformation is scant. Based on the extended parallel process model (EPPM) and self-affirmation theory, the current research experimentally examined the persuasiveness of fear appeal messages, as well as self-affirmation on health experts’ misinformation correction intention for others. A 2 (threat: high vs. low) × 2 (efficacy: high vs. low) × 2 (self-affirmation: yes vs. no) between- subject factorial experiment was conducted. The results revealed main effects of threat, efficacy and self-affirmation on intention to correct health misinformation for others. In addition, the two-way interactions between threat and efficacy, as well as threat and self- affirmation were documented. The three-way interaction between these three factors was also significant. Theoretical implications and practical implications for health misinformation debunking were discussed. Extended Abstract • Impact of Science Journalism Experience on Information Selection from Press Releases: A Novel Quasi-Experimental Approach • Tiffany, Leigh Anne, Michigan State University • This quasi-experiment aims to provide evidence for (or against) the impact of science journalism experience on how reporters cover science when using information from press releases. As data collection must be completed to begin analysis, findings declarations would be premature at this time. However, it can be said that this novel approach will provide insight into if there is a measurable difference in how journalists report on science topics based on science journalism experience. Extended Abstract • Extended Abstract: Truths, Lies, and Compliance with Covid-19 Guidance • Tully, Melissa, University of Iowa • Uncertainty around Covid-19 has created an environment that is swirling with misinformation. Research shows that exposure to Covid-19 misinformation is associated with less compliance with public health guidelines for disease prevention. This study uses a survey to examine perceptions of information about Covid-19 as mis- or disinformation, and explores the relationship between perceptions and compliance with public health guidance. Results suggest that mis- and disinformation perceptions are high and these perceptions differentially affect compliance likelihood. Research Paper • “BFF: Beer Friends Forever” Close Friends’ Role in Adolescents’ Sharing of Alcohol References on Social Media • Vanherle, Robyn • By conducting go-along interviews among adolescents (N = 26, M age = 16.31, SD = .83), this study is one of the first to provide a profound insight into the specific role of close friends in adolescents’ motives for sharing, and reacting to, moderate and extreme alcohol-related content on social media. As such, we encourage future research and interventions to target these intimate groups of close friends rather than focusing on broader peer groups. Extended Abstract • Extended Abstract: A message from grandma: A research on the relationship between social media reposting behavior and subjective well-being in the elderly • Wang, Geng, Shanghai Jiaotong University • In the context of deepening population aging and rapid technological development, we explored the impacts of online reposting behavior on subjective well-being (SWB) of the elderly. We found that reposting significantly predicted SWB through a questionnaire survey conducted in 15 districts of Shanghai, and perceived social support and self-esteem played mediation roles. The moderating effect of positive feedback was not verified. We tried to interpret the results on the basis of ‘digital self’ construction. Extended Abstract • Characterizing Discourses about COVID-19 Vaccines on Twitter: A Topic Modeling and Sentiment Analysis Approach • Wang, Yuan, The University of Maryland, College Park • This study identified seven themes of COVID-19 vaccine related discourses on Twitter (N = 304,292), including vaccine advocacy, recognition for healthcare workers, vaccine rollout, vaccine side effects, vaccine policies, vaccine hesitancy, and vaccine facts. Trust is the most salient emotions associated with COVID-19 vaccine discourses, followed by anticipation, fear, joy, sadness, anger, surprise, and disgust. Among the seven themes, vaccine advocacy tweets were most likely to receive likes and comments, and vaccine fact tweets were most likely to receive shares. Extended Abstract • Extended Abstract: Previvorship: How individuals with genetic predispositions for breast cancer present their experiences across social media platforms • Wellman, Mariah, University of Utah • Research on previvors, individuals carrying mutations in known cancer risk genes, examines online information gathering and social support to alleviate uncertainty, however, research exploring online content published by previvors themselves is limited. We collected content across YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok to understand how previvorship and the processes within (genetic testing, diagnosis, and preventative measures) are presented. Our findings illustrate how each platform functions as part of a holistic picture of previvorship on social media. Research Paper • Exploratory Research on Health Knowledge, Negative Emotions, Risk Perceptions, and Intentions to Practice the Preventive Guidance during the COVID-19 Pandemic • WEN, CHIA-HO RYAN, Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University • This study is dedicated to understanding the roles of cognition (COVID-19 knowledge), affect (fear and anger), and risk perceptions, as intervening variables between information sources and intentions to apply preventive measures for COVID-19 (i.e. facial coverings, social distancing, self-quarantine, and regular sanitization). Through an online survey of 99 participants at Syracuse University, our results reveal that, first, among all ten types of sources we examined, only cable TV and print media were significantly predictive and associated inversely with knowledge and positively with fear. Second, fear was directly related to risk perceptions, whereas anger and knowledge were insignificant predictors. Third, only risk perceptions were predictive and positively related to facial coverings. Fourth and finally, neither knowledge nor negative emotions were associated with any of the preventive measures. Research Paper • The Distance Between Us: Effects of Inter-Group Similarity on Donation Intention and Emotions during the COVID-19 Pandemic • Wong, Jody Chin Sing • Guided by construal level theory, this research examines the effects of social distance on prosocial behavior by manipulating inter-group similarity. A theoretical model is proposed in which different levels of inter-group similarity prompt Americans to experience varied emotions toward others and report different donation intentions. Aside from close-ended survey questions, we conduct a computerized textual analysis of open-ended responses using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). Based on a nationally-representative sample of American adults (N = 1009), results indicate that in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, participants exposed to a far social distance message were more likely to construe this event abstractly and less likely to donate to aid COVID-19 response. Nonetheless, this type of mental construal was associated with an increase in emotional responses. This research contributes to the literature on construal level theory and offers important insights on how communication scholars, media establishments, and members of the issue public can communicate more effectively to the public about public health crises. Extended Abstract • Trauma-informed Messages in Predicting Domestic Violence Attitudes among Battered Women with Childhood Trauma • Wongphothiphan, Thipkanok • In response to a high prevalence of psychological trauma associated with childhood abuse and domestic violence and a low accessible rate of trauma-informed services, the current study designed and tested the effects of trauma-informed messages (TIM) to persuade battered women with childhood trauma to leave their current abusive partner terminate using a survey (N = 284). Findings revealed TIM’s effectiveness in predicting trauma knowledge, leaving intention, empowerment aspects relative to control messages. The moderating roles of borderline personality traits and attachment styles are discussed. Research Paper • Community Resilience and the News: Local and National Hurricane Coverage • Xie, Lola, Pennsylvania State University • The term “resilience” has gained traction in recent years to mean the ability of communities and individuals to prepare for, respond to and recover from disruptions such as extreme weather events. The goal of this study is to understand how the language of resilience was constructed by national and local media outlets during and after Hurricane Florence. We discuss in comparative context the nuances in news constructions of resilience during a crisis and how those may change over time. Research Paper • Risk or Efficacy? How Age and Seniority Influenced the Usage of Hearing Protection Devices: A Cross-Sectional Survey in China • Xu, Peng • Through a paper-pencil survey, this study examined whether age and seniority moderated the effect of perceived severity, response efficacy, and self-efficacy on hearing protection devices (HPD) usage by 449 Chinese workers at noise-exposure positions. We found perceived severity only motivated HPD usage for younger workers, and response efficacy and self-efficacy exhibited a stronger effect on HPD usage among senior workers than junior workers. These findings provide implications on the subsequent campaign which facilitates HPD usage. Research Paper • Embedded Contexts and Multilayered Interactions: User Comments and Interactions Analysis on YouTube Related to Climate Change • Xu, Sifan, University of Tennessee Knoxville • As misinformation and climate change denial videos abound on YouTube, a platform that has more than 2 billion monthly active users as of 2021, research of climate change on YouTube is limited. More importantly, it is necessary to go beyond examining how climate change has been discussed and focus on how individuals interact with each other regarding their climate change viewpoints in such a mediated context. By examining and content analyzing a representative sample of YouTube comments and videos on climate change, the current study utilizes coordinated management of meaning theory to understand the multilayered interactions of YouTube users on climate change. The results of the study suggest that coordinated management of meaning theory, particularly the notion of embedded contexts, has implications for interactions in socially mediated and digital interactions. The study results also highlight practical implications for users’ interactions on YouTube regarding climate change, where framing effects, echo chambers, and asymmetrical tendencies of users’ challenge to other viewpoints co-exist. Extended Abstract • Who am I Connected with? Community Detection and Effects in an Online Peer-to-Peer Support Forum • Yang, Ellie F., University of Wisconsin Madison • This study collected digital trace data from an online peer-to-peer forum designed to support substance use disorder (SUD) recovery. We applied social network analysis (SNA) to detect community formation shaped by users’ communicative interactions, and relate community membership to individual characteristics and health outcomes. Preliminary results reveal five communities in this online forum with distinct racial backgrounds or level of education. Compared to users without community affiliation, users in certain communities showed greater health benefits for SUD recovery. Research Paper • Media Sources in Risk Communication in China: Official Press, Market-oriented Press, and Medical We Media • Yang, Tianyi, Shanghai Jiao Tong University • Using a content analysis and a survey, this study compares the topics and attitudes of media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic in official press, market-oriented press, and medical We Media in China, and investigates how media sources affected people’s emotions and risk information-consuming behaviors. Findings suggest official press prioritized measures undertaken by governmental and medical departments and held a more optimistic attitude. Market-oriented press and medical We Media paid extra attention to the status of pandemic situation and self-protective behaviors, respectively. Official press was positively associated with people’s optimistic emotion, whereas medical We Media increased anxiety. Market-oriented press was positively associated with information sharing and information avoidance; Medical We Media was only positively related to information sharing. Comparing to the other media sources, official press exerted less impact on people’s information-consuming behaviors. Research Paper • Social Media Exposure, Interpersonal Communication, and Tampon Use: A Multigroup Comparison Based on Network Structure • Yang, Yin, Pennsylvania State University • Building upon the integrative model of behavioral prediction and network structure theory, this study examines how interpersonal communication influences the effect of social media exposure on Chinese women’s tampon use intention. Through an online survey (N = 763), we found that social media exposure was positively related to the behavioral intention through attitudes, descriptive norm, and self-efficacy. Furthermore, the effect of social media exposure differed among people with different network structures of interpersonal communication. Extended Abstract • Extended abstract: Risk perceptions link to prevention intentions during Covid-19 pandemic through affection: A Chinese three-generation study • Yao, Yao • In the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, three generations showed different epidemic responses in China. This study developed a moderated mediation model from the perspective of intergenerational differences to investigate how risk perceptions affected the prevention intentions of different generations through negative affection and self-efficacy. The study clustered out three types of families with different epidemic coping patterns. Research Paper • The Differential Effects of Science Humor on Three Scientific Issues: Global Warming, Artificial Intelligence, and Microbiomes • Yeo, Sara, University of Utah • This study aims to understand the conditional nature of the mechanism by which science humor affects people’s social media engagement intentions by eliciting mirth. We replicated a previous experiment with three scientific topics. For two of the three issues, AI and microbiomes, the proposed pathways, moderated by need for humor (NFH), were significant. However, humor did not have the same effect on engagement intentions related to global warming. The implications of our findings are discussed. Extended Abstract • [Extended Abstract] Mapping risk and benefit perceptions of energy sources: Comparing public and expert mental models • Yu, Peihan • Public support for new energy technologies can vary. Thus, understanding public perceptions towards these technologies is crucial for developing effective risk communication. This study uses the mental models approach to understand risk and benefit perceptions of various energy sources in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Public and energy experts’ perceptions were elicited using focus group discussions, enabling the construction and comparison of public and expert mental models, across energy sources and countries. Initial findings are discussed. Research Paper • Correcting Science Misinformation in an Authoritarian Country: An Experiment from China • Yu, Wenting • In recent years, corrective messages are found to be useful in refuting misconceptions. An increasing number of studies examined the effects of corrective messages. But existing studies mostly focus on correction effect in the Western context. This study aims to compare the effects of different types of corrective messages in an authoritarian country. We focused on the message features that suggest government authoritativeness. Through an online experiment, we compared the impacts of correction sources (official vs. professional vs. layperson) and tones (formal vs. conversational) on the believability of the correction. The results indicated corrections from a government source and delivered in a formal tone were more believable in China. In addition, we examined the moderating role of attitude congruence. Extended Abstract • Third-person-hypothesis of Climate Change Campaigns in China: the Impact of Disaster Vulnerability and Social Media Use on Conformity Behavior • Zhu, Yicheng, Beijing Normal University • The study focuses on the effect of social media use on public perceptions of climate change campaigns: including their perceived social desirability, presumed media influence (as measure in third-person-hypothesis), and consequent conformity behaviors. The current study also incorporated psychological antecedents including institutional trust and expert trust. With a multi-group structural equation modelling and clustered multiple regressions, this study tends to explore how geographical, political, and economic factors modify how Chinese residents perceive national climate change campaigns and how likely they would conform with governmental recommendations. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21476 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/ctec-2021-abstracts/ Mon, 07 Jun 2021 20:13:00 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21481 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • 360VR and Journalism: Investigating cognitive and persuasive effects of virtual reality community news narratives • Atkins, Aaron • The development and exploration of immersive, 360-degree virtual reality video (360VR) and its potential as a viable medium for information dissemination, has been the subject of both speculation and exploration over the last five years. As such, it becomes important to test/examine and investigate the effects the medium itself in different message contexts. This study details an experiment designed to test memory performance, persuasion and counterargument, and mediated influence in a community news context. It will use a political ideology message factor manipulation in a virtual reality, community journalism story and utilize a general public participant pool as the foundation for the study. It will also make use of the limited capacity model for motivated mediated message processing (LC4MP) as its theoretical framework. Findings include differences in memory performance between moderate and liberal participant groups, an increase in spatial presence mediated by sense of community, differences in visual and aural recall, and a ceiling effect in perceptions of journalist and message credibility. Implications and future research directions are discussed. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • What do 5G networks, Bill Gates, Agenda 21, and QAnon have in common? Sources, engagement, and characteristics • Borah, Porismita • In this paper we examine Tweets related to five leading conspiracies regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the 15 conspiracy elements that were coded, content that believed in the conspiracy theories were the highest; followed by malicious purpose; and content about the conspirators. Our findings from the quantitative patterns as well as from qualitative narrative coding showed the interconnections among all five conspiracy theories. Findings showed that malicious purposes and secretive actions received the highest engagement. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Media Multitasking and Mood Management: The Positive and Negative Mediation Effects of Entertainment and Flow on Mood Repair • Chang, Yuhmiin • Recent survey studies have found that media multitasking had a negative effect on mood. This study, however, proposes that media multitasking can have both positive and negative effects on mood depending on the messages in the single medium. The results of the experiment demonstrate that media multitasking lead to greater mood repair through the mediation of perceived entertainment than relevant Website and lesser mood repair through the mediation of flow than Netflix sitcoms on PC. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Immersive Shopping and Consumer Decision-Making: Experiencing Flow via Augmented Reality Affordances of Realness and Fluidity • Chen, Ye • This study examined the effects of augmented realness and technology fluidity of (Augmented Reality)AR applications on consumers’ experience. A posttest-only between-subjects experiment was conducted to test a series of hypotheses. Findings demonstrate that both features positively influenced consumer responses through the immersion experience of flow. Specific effects on cognitive and affective response were discussed. The study contributes to theoretical building in AR marketing research and has implications to AR marketing practitioners. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • The Str(AI)ght Scoop: Artificially Intelligent Journalists Reduce Perceptions of Hostile Media Bias • Cloudy, Joshua • Artificially intelligent (AI) journalists have the potential to lower hostile media bias by activating the machine heuristic—a mental shortcut assuming machines are more unbiased, systematic, and accurate than are humans. An online experiment targeting abortion partisans found support for the prediction: an AI journalist activates the machine heuristic that, in turn, mitigates hostile media bias. This mediation effect was moderated: perceived bias was more strongly reduced as partisanship towards the issue became more extreme. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Build your own web experience: Investigating the effectiveness of web-enabled personalization through an online interactive tailored video • Cortese, Juliann • A randomized controlled, within-subjects experiment was conducted to compare user preferences for receiving information through a tailored video website compared to a generic website. Findings suggested that participants significantly preferred the interactive video format compared to the standard format on all but two direct-comparison variables. The interactive format outperformed the generic site in terms of behavioral intentions, user engagement, user fulfillment and positive affect, with significant order effects for information evaluation and elaboration of content. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • The Logic of Cross-breeding Actions: Roles of Telegrams Channels in the 2019 Hong Kong Social Movement • Fu, KW • This study empirically examines the roles of organizational and crowd activists in social movement’s action repertoires (mobilization, framing, and tactical coordination) by analyzing 4 million Telegram channel messages collected in the Hong Kong’s 2019 Anti-Extradition Law movement. The findings highlight the logic of cross-breeding metaphorically, a hyper-hybrid mode of Bennett & Segerberg’s logics of connective and collective actions, emphasizing a dynamic power-making process of the networked media in shaping contemporary social movement. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Understanding Fake News Corrective Action: A Mixed Method Approach • Gil de Zúñiga, Homero • Recent scholarship has devoted attention to the spread of fake news in social media, suggesting systematic viable ways to slow down the spread of misinformation. Generally, effective documented interventions rely on fake news identification and social peer corrective actions. Based on a cross-cultural, mixed method sequential design, this study further investigates 1) how citizens develop strategies to identify fake news and generate rational motivations to engage in corrective actions (Study 1, based on fifty-one in-depth adults’ interviews in Spain), and tests 2) whether traditional, social media, and fake news exposure predict taking corrective measures, as well as indirect relationships explained through individual’s news cognitive elaboration (Study 2, with US survey data). Qualitative and quantitative results highlight the distinctive news use effects over fake news corrective actions, placing some individual cognitive processes at the center of fake news counteractive behavior. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • ‘Live’ together with you: Livestream views mitigate the effects of loneliness on well-being • Goh, Zhang Hao • Livestreaming has gained traction in recent years, making it a billion-dollar industry. Owing to its success, most social networking sites today have integrated livestreaming functions in their platforms, as an increasing number of users broadcast, and an even bigger number watch, livestreams. What makes people watch livestreams? Studies have acknowledged how social media use (i.e., social networking) can mitigate the effects of loneliness, but due attention has yet to be given to the consumption of livestream content. Using national survey data (N = 1,606), this study demonstrates that livestream viewing has a positive influence on individuals’ well-being. Notably, the frequency of livestream viewing moderates the negative effects of loneliness on the viewers’ psychological, social, and emotional well-being. Implications of the results were discussed. Extended Abstract • Faculty Paper Competition • Extended Abstract: How social shoppers adopt information: The moderating role of social homophily and content provider motivation • Hsu, Ying-Chia • Guided by Information Acceptance Model, this study examines information adoption in the context of social shopping by integrating two moderators, content provider motivation and social homophily. Results of structural equation modeling verify information acceptance model: As perceived information quality increases, information usefulness would also increase, boosting the likelihood of information adoption. Meanwhile, when social shoppers perceived higher similarities with the social media groups, they would be more likely to view the provided information as useful. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • The Influence of Perceived Value of Social Media Affordances on SNS Usage Loyalty • Hsu, Shihhsien • Based on the affordance approach, this study used surveys to explore the relationship among the multi-dimensional aspects of SNS affordance (symbolic, functional, interactive), users’ perceived value, and usage loyalty. Findings indicated that site affordances contribute to perceived value and usage loyalty. Moreover, trust is a significant moderator through the mediated model of affordance and usage loyalty via perceived value. Results show that participants care about social media platforms' offering and form value perceptions; thus, influencing their posterior behavior of commitment toward the corresponding SNSs. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Mobile Phone Paradox: A Hypothetical Two-pathway Model Connecting Mobile Phone Use and Loneliness for the Filipino Domestic Workers in Hong Kong • Huang, Vincent • This study explores how mobile technologies provide a communication tool to help Filipino domestic workers in Hong Kong cope with social and emotional loneliness. Findings from a survey suggest that mobile phone use was only negatively associated with social loneliness. Both problematic mobile phone use and social support mediated the negative relationship, while only problematic mobile phone use was found to mediate the positive association between mobile phone use and emotional loneliness. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • The effect of perceived media influence: Factors affect corrective actions on social media • Jiang, Liefu • Through an experiment with 199 participants, this paper tested the causal relationships between perceived media reach, perceived media influence, and different levels of corrective actions on social media. Findings show that only perceived media reach can influence participants' likelihood of taking low-level corrective actions. This paper contributes to corrective action studies by providing evidence of causality between antecedents and different levels of corrective actions, which helps researchers investigate corrective actions more accurately. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • “It Will Help Build Immunity”: Preventative Remedies, Herbal Cures, and Role of Uncertainty Reduction of Health Issues in WhatsApp • Kanthawala, Shaheen • "WhatsApp is a highly prevalent form of communication among people in India, with India being the app’s largest market. The app has revolutionized communication within people’s day-to-day lives in the country with discussions including a wide spectrum of topics including health. Health content on these closed platforms can have long-term and dangerous ramifications, especially since WhatsApp has often been under fire for the excessive amount of misinformation spread on the platform. In order to explore the kind of health content prevalent on the platform, we conducted 19 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with Indians over the age of 40. Our findings highlight how most health discussions on the platform predominately involve natural remedies and alternative medication in order to build people’s immunity. However, this content is rarely verified, but people still engage with it in order to reduce feelings of uncertainty that come along with health issues (especially those in light of the COVID-19 pandemic). These ideas also give insights into the folk theories people have surrounding natural health solutions (as compared to Western medication), especially when tied together with historical and cultural narratives, and the role of the government in encouraging these beliefs." Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Digital Fandom Engagement through Virtual Concert during Covid-19 • Kim, Wonkyung • This study examined the process through which the quality of relationship between fans and a musician influences fans’ experience and engagement of virtual concerts. A structural equation model with the survey data collected from 248 Chinese participants highlights the importance of fan-artist relationship, perceived interactivity, presence, and enjoyment in predicting fans’ eWOM behaviors. Implications are provided on how to utilize virtual platforms and interactivity features to improve audience experience and engagement of the virtual concert. Extended Abstract • Faculty Paper Competition • Close enough to share? The effect of technology media-system dependency on proximity to the impacts of artificial intelligence, and online information sharing • Kirkpatrick, Alex • We surveyed a sample of US citizens regarding their media habits related to staying informed about artificial intelligence (AI). Results suggest that those dependent on media-systems to stay informed about AI perceive the impacts of AI to be nearer and more likely to affect people similar to them. In turn, this psychological proximity increased the chances that respondents themselves would share AI contents online. Perceived rate of technological change was found to enhance this process. Results are conceptualized in relation to Construal-level of Psychological Distances, and Media-System Dependency Theory. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Parasocial Interactions with Live Streamers, Social Capital, and Political Participation • Lee, Heysung • This research investigates relationships between engagement during live streaming, parasocial interactions (PSI), and the role of PSI as social capital promoting offline political participation, using online survey with 504 respondents in South Korea and 510 respondents in the U.S. Results shows that viewer engagement and perceived attitude homophily with the host is positively related to PSI. PSI promote political participation and political efficacy amplifies the positive effects of PSI on political participation in both countries. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Effects of Negativity Bias and Serial Positioning of Consumer Processing of Online Reviews • Lee, Yukyung • This study tested the effects of serial positioning of online consumer reviews on review information process and evaluation. Results suggested that consumer reviews published in the order of “lowest” to “highest” ratings alongside more positive prior brand attitude led to more systematic information processing, which was positively related to perceived review helpfulness. While perceived review helpfulness is positively associated with perceived website credibility, the latter is positively linked to intentions to shop on the website. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • “Now You See Me”: Self-Representation Affordance Moderates Bandwagon-Cues’ Impacts on Information Exposure • Li, Wenbo • News recommender system and popularity metrics (i.e., bandwagon cues) have changed how users encounter and select information. Hypotheses on resulting information exposure were derived from Sundar et al.’s (2015) TIME and Knobloch-Westerwick’s (2020) UCU frameworks. A computerized lab experiment examined how a self-representation affordance (inducing focus on self vs. others) moderates bandwagon cues’ (low vs. high numbers) impact on exposure to political messages. The results show that creating a private self-representation induced self-focus and led to more exposure to messages with high bandwagon-cues numbers than to messages with low bandwagon-cues numbers. Creating a public self-representation induced other focus and led to more exposure to messages with low bandwagon-cues numbers than to messages with high bandwagon-cues numbers. An online field study followed up and yielded similar, albeit weaker effects on information exposure. The findings underscore how user profiles and recommender systems, as on Twitter or Facebook, interact to affect information exposure. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Whom should I blame? How source identifications of computer-generated imagery influencers affect consumer's responsibility attribution in brand endorsement • Liu, Fanjue • Computer-generated virtual influencers today have humanlike visual representations and function like human social media influencers. Virtual influencers have been increasingly adopted as brand endorsers in influencer marketing with both successes and failures. However, little is known about how consumers would attribute the success or failure regarding virtual influencers’ endorsements. Through the theoretical lens of mind perception theory and attribution theories, this study examines how people attribute responsibility to virtual influencers when they perceive the influencer as a computer-generated virtual person versus as a human in terms of endorsement failure and success. The results of a 2 x 2 experiment showed that when the endorsement had a positive outcome, people attributed more credit to the human influencers than the virtual influencers. In contrast, when the endorsement had a negative outcome, people attributed similar responsibility levels to the human influencers and the virtual influencers. Mind perception was found to mediate the effect of source identification—virtual human versus human—on the responsibility attribution toward influencers. The findings of this research provides theoretical and practical implications for both influencer marketing and human-robot interaction research. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • A Vaccine for Social Media? Factors Moderating the Negative Impact of Social Media Use on COVID-19 Protective Behaviors • Muturi, Nancy • A nationally representative online survey conducted in the United States during the initial surge of the COVID-19 pandemic examined the moderating role of civic engagement, social capital, and misinformation concerns in the relationship between media use and self-protective health behaviors. Building on the Social Exchange Theory, analyses found that while social media as a whole negatively impacts compliance with recommended health practices, certain affordances and awareness of its potential shortcomings reverse that association. Implications for theory, risk communication via traditional and social media, and public health are discussed. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Uncivil versus Intolerant: Examining Incivility on Social Media Discussions • Oz, Mustafa • "This study is an attempt to further understand uncivil discourse on social media platforms. Instead of solely focusing on incivility, this study distinguishes incivility from intolerance and examines these two concepts in the context of public comments on two social media platforms. More specifically, the study examines whether uncivil and intolerant comments vary based on platforms and topic sensitivity, as well as the relationship between uncivil/intolerant discourse and deliberative attributes. According to the results, while incivility occurs in both platforms, there is a meaningful difference between Facebook and Twitter in terms of intolerant comments. Also, there is a positive relationship between topic sensitivity and intolerance. Finally, Facebook discussion 46% more likely to contain deliberative comments than Twitter discussion." Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Fear of Surveillance: Examining Social Media Users' Perception of Surveillance and Willingness to Express Opinion on Social Media • Oz, Mustafa • Many surveillance studies used the panopticon analogy to understand the impact of government surveillance practices on political participation. In the light of Foucault’s thoughts, this study examined how the perception of government surveillance impacts Turkish social media users’ willingness to express an opinion on social media. Also, we examined whether online privacy skills and perceived majority variables moderate the relationship between perceived surveillance and willingness to speak out on social media. The results suggested that perceived surveillance is negatively related to one’s willingness to speak out. On the other hand, online privacy skills moderate the relationship between perceived surveillance and one’s willingness to speak out. Extended Abstract • Faculty Paper Competition • Extended Abstract: Resharing Brands on Social Media: Posts and Reposts from Peers, Influencers, and Brands • Rosenbaum, Judith • With social media seen as central to marketing, understanding how the source of a brand-related social media post impacts attitudes is critical. Building on research into electronic word-of-mouth and warranting theory, an experiment was used to compare the impact of content posted and reshared by peers, influencers, and brands on Facebook and Instagram. Results pointed to the value of third-party claims, but also revealed the interaction between the nature of the source and the platform. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Trade-Off Between Layout Congruency and User Experience in Visual Search Behavior on Pinterest Boards • Shabalina, Olga • Layout congruency and user experience are central predictors of visual search on social media feeds. However, our understanding of their effect on users’ online behavior and attitude towards social media platforms is underdeveloped. The present research fills this gap and explores what Pinterest users think about visual search in one-column (congruent) versus two-column (incongruent) conditions of Pinterest board layout, and how their experience primes perceived processing fluency and attitude towards visual search. Extended Abstract • Faculty Paper Competition • COVID-19 Risk Perceptions among College Students Social Media for Self and Mass Media for Others • Shin, Inyoung • This study explores the roles of mass and social media use and personal networks in the judgment of COVID-related perceived risk among college students. Extending the impersonal hypothesis, we examine how mass media, social media, and personal networks related to college students’ risk perception at two different levels: personal and societal. Our study shows that mass media use can increase societal risk perception, whereas social media and network-related characteristics have the potential to increase both personal and societal risk perceptions. Extended Abstract • Faculty Paper Competition • Sharing Goodness: Communication Technology Effects and Effectiveness during a Pandemic • Smith, Brian • The COVID-19 pandemic’s effects include extended use of communication technology. This study examines communication technology effects through the lens of missionaries, who faced an unprecedented new normal – the replacement of in-person proselyting with digitally-facilitated interaction. In-depth interviews with 17 participants who served as missionaries during the pandemic reveal both effects and effectiveness of communication technology, including effects on resilience mediated by uncertainty acceptance and integration of personal interest. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Exploring Effects of Gender and Instant Messaging Experience on Organization-Customer Live Chat Communication • Song, Xu • A post-test only 2x2x2 factorial between-subjects experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of gender and instant messaging experience on the organization-customer live chat communication in both schema-resonance and non-schema-resonance conditions. A convenience sample (N=261) was used. Compared to males, females used less live-chat time, demonstrated greater usage intent, and were more satisfied with live chat service, communication approach, and information provided. IM experience had a significant effect on customer intention in schema-resonance live chat. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Correct me if I’m wrong: The role of in-group dynamics in correcting misinformation • Tandoc Jr, Edson • This experimental study investigated the effectiveness of correction message sent by different group members (in-group vs out-group) and through different modes of delivery (group vs interpersonal chat) in reducing participants’ perceived credibility of online fake news. Guided by the social identity theory, this study found that correction messages sent via interpersonal channels were more effective at lowering participants’ perceived credibility of online fake news, but we found no main effect for type of sender. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Integrating Interpersonal Communication Into the Influence of Presumed Media Influence Model: Understanding Intentions to Censor and Correct Misinformation on Social Media • Tsang, Stephanie Jean • We extended the influence of presumed media influence model by taking interpersonal communication into account. Our survey (N = 642) results revealed that individuals’ attention to COVID-19 information on social media and their engagement in interpersonal communication about the disease independently and jointly affected presumed others’ attention. The more that individuals engaged in interpersonal communication, the less that their attention to mediated content factored into how they perceived others’ attention to such content. Presumed others’ attention, in turn, was positively associated with presuming that others were influenced by COVID-19 misinformation and the intention to correct, but not censor, misinformation. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Your Virtue is My Vice: Analyzing Moral Foundations in Pro-Vaping and Anti-Vaping Facebook Communities • Wang, Yunwen • A recent surge of e-cigarette use raised serious public concern. Drawing on Moral Foundations Theory, this study integrated computational and human strategies to disentangle vaping controversies. We conducted time-series analysis, topic modeling, classification, and chi-square tests on 2,669 public Facebook posts. Results revealed pro-vapers cited more Fairness/Cheating and Authority/Subversion than anti-vapers, while anti-vapers cited more Sanctity/Degradation. Referencing to Care/Harm as well as Loyalty/Betrayal in similar sheer volumes, the two opposing communities sometimes contextualized them differently. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • The Status of Social Media Related Public Relations Research: A Systematic Review of Articles Published in 14 Journals from 2006 to 2018 • Wang, Yuan • This study examines the patterns and trends of social media-related public relations (SMPR) research published in 14 journals from 2006 to 2018. It analyzes the theoretical trends (i.e., research topics, theories and theoretical models, hypotheses, and research questions), methodological trends (i.e., sample types, sampling methods, and research methods), and social media platforms used in 357 published journal articles. The results reveal the trends of SMPR articles across journal areas and stages of social media development. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Twitter and Endorsed Misinformation: Retweeting, Bandwagon Cues, and Conspiracy Theory during COVID-19 Pandemic • Wang, Luxuan • Our study examined how the unique social endorsement systems on Twitter indicating who retweets a post and how many like that post, affected perceived credibility of misinformation and sharing intention. By conducting a 2 by 2 survey experiment among 267 Twitter users, we found the relative effects of an acquaintance as a retweeter over a celebrity on misinformation credibility and retweeting intention and the presence of bandwagon cues increases information credibility and retweeting intentions. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • How Do Individuals’ World Views Shape Their Perceptions of AI • WEN, CHIA-HO RYAN • Enhancing public confidence in revolutionary technology is possibly the most consequential job of government when developing novel science, and one of the greatest obstacles is to figure out why the masses hold highly discrepant views on any specific technology. Based on previous literature, this study hypothesizes that the discordant perceptions of science arise from individuals’ intrinsic divergent world views built upon political orientations, content knowledge, perceived knowledge, and habitual consumption of scientific news. Analysing 502 survey participants, our research concludes first that the dichotomous political ideology (liberalism versus conservativism) is a feeble predictor in Taiwan’s social context and not as indicative as it is for the U.S. society. Second, content knowledge of AI predicts positive attitudes towards AI and its regulation, whereas perceived knowledge of AI predicts risk perceptions of AI. Third and finally, in accordance with content knowledge, scientific news consumption has a direct bearing on both the benefit perceptions of AI as well as its regulation support. Extended Abstract • Faculty Paper Competition • Extended Abstract: Media Trust and Comment Argument Strength’s Effects on Journalist Credibility • Wolfgang, David • Negative online reader comments on news sites can hurt journalists’ credibility but much could depend on how the comments are constructed and presented. This study considers how differences in the argument strength of negative comments and the individual’s level of media trust could influence journalist’s credibility ratings. An experimental study with 122 U.S. participants showed comment argument strength can affect a journalist’s credibility and, more importantly, media trust can influence perceived argument strength effects. Extended Abstract • Faculty Paper Competition • Extended Abstract: The Link between Online Gaming Behavior and Unethical Decision-Making in Emerging Adults • Wu, Yuehua • Using online survey, this study examines a sample of Chinese college students to assess the relationship between online gaming intensity and real-life unethical decision-making. Results show that gaming intensity has no direct effect on unethical decision-making yet has indirect effect on it via game cheating and serial indirect effect via game cheating and moral disengagement. The relationship between these two variables is positive at low levels of peer cheating and negative at high levels. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Bridging the Academic-Practitioner Divide in AI Advertising: Analysis of Articles in Advertising Trade Publications • Wu, Linwan • In this study, we explored the practitioner perspective of AI advertising by analyzing the articles that mention AI and its related terms from an important advertising trade publication. A computational analysis of natural language processing discovered five salient topics from these articles, including “platform/companies leverage AI in business,” “AI powers content creation,” “AI battles against human wrongdoing,” “using AI for consumer marketing,” and “exhibiting AI-involved work/cases.” We compared these topics with the existing scholarly research of AI advertising and identified the gap between academic and practitioner perspectives. Implications of this study to both researchers and professionals are discussed. Extended Abstract • Faculty Paper Competition • [EXTENDED ABSTRACT] Consumers’ Responses to Location Privacy Invasive Digital Reality Technologies in Museums: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective • YANG, KENNETH C.C. • "The convergence of mobile technologies and location-aware AR applications in museums has presented an interesting phenomenon for both researchers and practitioners to develop best practices and theoretical exploration. Particularly, the pervasive nature of mobile technologies and the heavy reliance on consumers’ locational information are two major technological advantages that make digital reality applications possible. An important question to explore is how users’ privacy concerns would affect the emerging AR applications in museums that rely on consumers’ locational information to generate location-relevant cultural contents. To better understand these relationships between consumers’ privacy concerns, consumer autonomy, and their privacy management strategies, this employed a questionnaire survey to collect empirical data from conveniently recruited 263 participants. Findings from this study did not support the role of consumer autonomy on concerns over location privacy. However, museum-goers’ own privacy concerns do predict 2 out of 3 privacy management strategies to better protect their location privacy. Theoretical and practical implications will be discussed. Extended Abstract • Faculty Paper Competition • Exploring Users’ Co-commenting Behaviors on Social Video Platforms: A Network Analysis of Danmaku Comments • Zhang, Xinzhi • By analyzing users’ real-time comments on the video streaming platforms—known as Danmaku comments—the present study advances research on co-commenting and distinguishes co-commenting based on the same time (two users sending comments at the same time) versus co-commenting based on the same timeline point (two users sending comments at the same points of the video’s timeline). Two co-commenting networks based on users’ danmaku commenting on Bilibili are constructed and analyzed. Research Paper • Faculty Paper Competition • Norms, Attitudes, and Third-Person Effects in VPN Use of Chinese Users Abroad • Zhu, Ying • Internet censorship and VPN restrictions prevail in mainland China. This study investigates factors influencing overseas Chinese VPN users’ attitudes toward censorship and VPN use guided by theories of the third-person effects and social norms. Results show that third-person effects, injunctive norms, and censorship attitudes influence people’s VPN use. Both injunctive and descriptive norms influence censorship attitudes. Chinese social media use impacts people’s injunctive norms while U.S. social media use influences both injunctive and descriptive norms. Research Paper • Student Paper Competition • #Scamdemic, #Plandemic, or #Scaredemic: What Parleys Tell Us About COVID-19 Vaccine • Baines, Annalise • Using echo chambers as a framework, we analyzed 400 Parler posts using the hashtag #COVID19Vaccine and #NoCovidVaccine to understand users' discussions through text analytics approach. Findings reveal five themes: reasons to refuse the COVID-19 vaccine, side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine, population control through the COVID-19 vaccine, children getting vaccinated without parental consent, and comparison of other health issues with COVID-19. Findings suggest users adopted various terms to express their beliefs regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. Extended Abstract • Student Paper Competition • Extended Abstract: Visually provocative: How visual elements influence IRA Facebook advertisement engagements • Choi, Jaewon Royce • This study examines relatively understudied aspect in disinformation research: affective nature of contents. We investigate the visual elements of images used in the Facebook ads purchased by Russian Internet Research Agency (IRA). Following systemic functional visual semiotic theory, visual elements of gaze, social distance, and efficacy statement were coded for images in IRA Facebook ads. Multiple regression analysis reveals significant joint effects of these visual elements and political leaning of ads on IRA ad engagements. Extended Abstract • Student Paper Competition • A Study on the Health Information Sharing Behavior of the Chinese Elderly Adults on WeChat • Gan, Lingbo • This study examines the types and motivations of Chinese elderly adults using social media to share health information through in-depth interviews. Chinese elderly adults tend to share health information about healthcare and specific diseases through group and private chats with their strong relationships. This study concludes five motives for Chinese elderly to share information, and categorizes them according to relationships and information appeal. The cultural traits and local psychology behind the behaviors are also discussed. Research Paper • Student Paper Competition • “When thousands and thousands are asking for it, it’s hard to put it off:” Wattpad.com’s technological affordances and teens’ experiences writing erotic One Direction fanfiction • Hedrick, Ashley • This paper uses interviews with 15 One Direction fanfiction writers on Wattpad.com to learn more about the interactions between Wattpad’s technological affordances and fans’ erotic writing about “bad boy” characters. Fanfiction bad boys often mistreat women, sometimes escalating to sexual coercion. While the popularity of erotic writing decreased teen girl writers’ internalized stigma regarding sex, some young writers learned to seek out bad boys in real life romantic relationships. Research Paper • Student Paper Competition • Hyperpersonal communication in social media: Examining the effect of social media affordance in self-disclosure processes by integrating cognitive load perspective • HUANG, WEI • The proposed perception-behavior linkage effect in present study bridges the gap between perceptions of social media affordances and behaviors, shedding new light on how disclosure perceptions may trigger communication behavior in CMC. Based on Hyperpersonal communication model, it was found that asynchronicity indirectly influence the self-disclosure processes through the affordance of editability, whereby the intensified perception of asynchronicity (or anonymity) could lead to stronger perception of editability as well as more amount of disclosure and depth of disclosure. Meanwhile, the relationship between perception of asynchronicity (or anonymity) and perception of editability was contingency depend on the frequency of social media use. More specifically, suggested by cognitive load theory, the working memory would decay the self-disclosure amount as the increase use of social media. The results are critical to understanding the dynamics and opportunities of self-disclosure in social media services that vary levels of identification and types of audience. Research Paper • Student Paper Competition • Exploratory Study of the Relationship between Privacy Concerns and Online Political Participation on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram • Humayun, Muhammad Fahad • Previous research has concluded that online social network sites (SNS) may be benefiting their users by connecting and communicating with others (Donath & Boyd, 2004; Subrahmanyam & Greenfield, 2008) while there is also a growing body of research focusing on social media and privacy concerns (Bode, 2012). In this study, we aim to demonstrate that privacy concerns might limit political participation online using a convenience based sample. Through previous literature review, we hypothesized that a) Individual privacy concerns will predict lower levels of online political participation, b) Individuals’ privacy concerns will predict lower levels of the political use of Facebook, c) Individuals’ privacy concerns will predict higher levels of the political use of Instagram d) Individuals’ privacy concerns will predict lower levels of the political use of Twitter. Results show that the privacy concerns of citizens predict lower political participation on the Internet in general along with Facebook and Twitter but predict higher participation on Instagram. Extended Abstract • Student Paper Competition • Alexa as perfect pandemic pals: Contextualizing motivations of anthropomorphizing voice assistants during Covid-19 quarantine • Liu, Fanjue • COVID-19 is fundamentally changing the way people connect, collaborate and socialize. With the ongoing pandemic amplifying people’s feeling of loneliness, technology has been integrated into peoples’ lives and used to solve challenges induced by social distancing and quarantines. Specifically, voice assistants are growing as a pandemic-era staple. Combining the uses and gratification approach and three-factor theory of anthropomorphism, this study investigates the psychological factors underlying the interaction between users and voice assistants that motivate users to anthropomorphize voice assistants, and tests whether the lack of sociality during COVID-19 pandemic motivates people to regain the feeling of connectedness through anthropomorphizing voice assistants. Research Paper • Student Paper Competition • What Is Government Content Moderation? • McCammon, Muira • This study examines how government agencies negotiate and navigate what is appropriate for users acting on behalf of the U.S. administrative state to say. It traces the digital labor of government employees tasked with intervening when official government social media accounts amplify inappropriate content. The analytical framework proposed—government content moderation—is meant to extend understandings of how digital workers at government institutions negotiate the continued importance of information technology in promoting organizational identity. Research Paper • Student Paper Competition • The Power of a Blue Check: Measuring the Impact of Influencers on Instagram Advertisements • McCaul, Emily • Brands increasingly utilize Instagram influencers as a digital marketing tool, because influencers have shown to be effective in engaging customers by offering them relatability and trustworthiness online via digital communication, as suggested by source credibility theory. This study seeks to explore the questions: How do Instagram users identify an Instagram influence, and what factors communicate to the consumer that a user carries “influence?” In this experiment, a 2x2 factorial design is used to present participants with two visual cues: follower counts and verification badges. Then, participants’ attitudes towards the product, attitudes towards the influencer and purchasing intentions are measured via a questionnaire. The results of this study found no significant interactions between the independent variables (i.e., follower count and verification badge) and the attitude towards the product, attitude towards the influencer’s credibility, or purchasing intention. These results carry implications for source credibility of influencers, as this study suggests, that perhaps follower count and verification badges do not play as big of a role in determining an audience’s trust and relatability to an influencer. Research Paper • Student Paper Competition • Filtering the I from the ideal: Examining preadolescents’ self-presentation in relation to appearance perceptions. • Meeus, Anneleen • This cross-sectional study examined how preadolescents’ different (i.e.,real and false) online self-presentation strategies are associated with their appearance-related perceptions. Results (n=638;52.4% girls,Mage=10.94,SDage=0.85) showed that when preadolescents engaged in more truthful self-presentations, they also felt more positive about their appearance. A significant moderation effect was found for social feedback, with the association becoming stronger as online popularity (e.g., likes) increased. Conversely, false self-presentation was negatively related to appearance-related perceptions, while no significant interaction effect was found. Research Paper • Student Paper Competition • Do you know what they are doing with your data? Digital Literacy and Perceived Understanding of Institutional Surveillance • Oden, Ayla • Although the divide in terms of technological access has largely been flattened, there remain large disparities in digital and online privacy literacy. Individuals with lower rates of digital literacy are often more vulnerable to online surveillance and privacy invasion threats. Using 2019 data collected by the Pew Research Center, this study investigates how digital literacy can play a mediating role in the perceived understanding of online institutional threats by the government and private companies. Extended Abstract • Student Paper Competition • Extended Abstract: The Cost of Flow in Media Use: An Eye-tracking Study • Pham, Giang V. • This study examines the process through which flow absorbs media users’ attentional resources and results in a cost of time and effort for goals outside of the flow-inducing activity. An eye-tracking experiment is conducted to observe how video game players– who were assigned a single goal or multiple goals– allocate their attention to the game vs. to external cues. The findings will enhance the understanding of flow’s negative aspects and technology that alleviates flow costs for users. Research Paper • Student Paper Competition • Listening In: An Assessment of Uses and Gratifications with Clubhouse Users • Porter, Caleb • Clubhouse is a new anonymous, audio-only, invitation-only communication technology. In the year since its inception it has amassed an enormous following. The current study seeks to build foundational knowledge on Clubhouse user’s motivations for use, in accordance with the Uses and Gratifications theory. A big data, computational content analysis was performed using text mining to evaluate the conversation surrounding Clubhouse on Twitter. Results showed “communication utility” and “exclusivity,” among others, as key motivators for use. Research Paper • Student Paper Competition • Exploring COVID-19 Disinformation Through the Lens of Modality • Soh, Shi Nan • This study investigates the role of multimodal disinformation and fact-checks on message credibility and the intention to share disinformation online. Using the Heuristic Systematic Model (HSM) to control for variables that could impact credibility perceptions, this study features a 2 x 2 factorial design conducted on a Singapore sample (N = 205). The results show that multimodal fact-checks are more effective than monomodal fact-checks in debunking disinformation, with its impact mediated by message credibility. Research Paper • Student Paper Competition • Community Building with Discord: Effects of Interface Elements on User Perception and Experiences with Discord Servers • TAN, RYAN • Discord is a videogame-related social platform allowing gamers to join or host and customize chat servers. Customization allows each server to have a unique interface design. With the thousands of servers currently run by players and various corporations, why are some Discord servers more popular than others? We explored these questions through an online experiment (N = 130) coupled with a content analysis of Discord servers’ interface elements at varying levels of popularity. We discovered that players perceived lower community-building opportunities in the presence of automated role assignment and role restricted channels but these perceptions were elevated in the presence of hierarchical roles in the member-list and voice channels. These perceptions of community-building further influenced users’ attitudes and behavioral intention towards the server. These findings have theoretical implications for building an integrated model of new technology adoption as well as practical implications for building better platforms for game communities. Research Paper • Student Paper Competition • More Gay Dating Apps Use, More Depressive Symptoms: Exploring How Masculinity Consciousness and Internalized Homophobia Influenced Gay Men in China • Wang, Dongya • The prevalence of masculinity on gay dating apps has negative impacts on gay men’s mental health. When cruising on gay dating apps, gay men often encountered the representation of masculinity from other users, which in turn provoked their own masculinity consciousness. Given masculinity consciousness' association with internalized homophobia, gay dating apps use may further deteriorate gay men’s mental health. However, few studies have been conducted in the Chinese context. The current study utilized an online survey to examine how gay dating apps use influenced gay men’s depressive symptoms in the Chinese gay community in the neoliberal era. Eventually, 236 eligible participants were recruited via snowball sampling. The results demonstrated the positive relationship between gay dating apps use and users’ depressive symptoms. Moreover, the mediation effect that masculinity consciousness and internalized homophobia respectively had on gay dating apps use and depressive symptoms were demonstrated. Those findings called for attention to the negative impact of heave gay dating apps use, the prevalence of masculinity consciousness and internalized homophobia had on users’ mental health. Research Paper • Student Paper Competition • Measuring News Verification Behavior: A Scale Development and Cross-cultural Validation Study • Yu, Wenting • The actions that news audiences take to verify news bear great theoretical and practical relevance to journalism and communication studies. In existing literature, there is no standardized scale for measuring news verification behavior. The purpose of this study is to develop and to validate a multidimensional scale of news verification. The model is developed based on U.S participants, and then validated with Sweden samples. The results show that news verification can be considered a hierarchical factor (of second-order), which consists of three lower-order factors: message elements, social cues, and third-party sources. This model is the first news verification behaviour measurement scale developed with validation in communication research. Research Paper • Student Paper Competition • Using Theory of Planned Behavior, and Operationalization of Political Partisanship and Belief in Misinformation to Predict Individuals’ Intentions to Quit Social Media • Zain, Ali • This study uses the theory of planned behavior to predict individuals’ intentions to quit social media. Attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control significantly predicted intentions to quit social media, accounting for 68 percent of variance among participants (N = 525) representing the US census data. Political partisanship and belief in misinformation were also slightly increasing predictability of the TPB, indicating that they can be used as moderators or antecedents of subjective norms in future. Research Paper • Student Paper Competition • Competing in Shopping Games: Modelling Gamification Effects of Social Livestreaming Shopping and Chinese Undergraduates’ Impulsive Buying • Zhu, Yicheng • Combining gamified interfaces with popular online influencers, Social Livestream Shopping (SLS) has emerged recently as a powerful format of online marketing in East Asian societies and the West. This paper explores the effect of gamification and influencer perception on Chinese college students’ competitive arousal and impulsive buying tendency. Building on S-O-R model and Competitive Arousal Model, our path analysis found gamification and influencer perception influences competitive arousal through the mediation of immersion. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21481 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/ctam-2021-abstracts/ Tue, 08 Jun 2021 15:20:01 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21484 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Faculty • Anne Smink, University of Amsterdam; Lindsay Hahn, University of Buffalo; Bryan Trude, University of Georgia; Sun Joo (Grace) Ahn, University of Georgia • Embodied Congruence as a Framework for Understanding User Experiences with Immersive Technologies • We introduce embodied congruence (i.e., perceived symmetry between users’ anticipated physical interactions and the interactions afforded by immersive platforms) as a comprehensive framework for studying user experiences with existing and emerging immersive technologies. We applied this proposed framework in a pre-registered experiment designed to examine whether higher embodied congruence afforded by wearable augmented reality (AR) devices could enhance perceived user experiences and use intentions compared to lower embodied congruence afforded by handheld AR devices. Participants (N =165) played an AR game in either a high or low embodied congruent condition. Results showed that a high embodied congruent AR experience induced higher spatial presence compared to a low embodied congruent AR experience, which consequently enhanced hedonic and utilitarian value. Although high hedonic value induced higher use intentions, utilitarian value did not. Results of this study highlight the utility of the embodied congruence framework for understanding and interpreting user experiences across a range of current and forthcoming emerging technologies. Extended Abstract • Student • Luye Bao, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Mikhaila Calice, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Nicole Krause; Christopher Wirz; Dietram A. Scheufele, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dominique Brossard; Todd Newman; Michael Xenos • Communicating AI: Segmenting audiences on risk and benefit perceptions • Effective communication about complex technologies requires a nuanced understanding of how different audiences make sense of and communicate disruptive technologies with immense societal implications. Using AI as an example, we segment nationally-representative survey data into distinct audiences with differing media diets. Results show that attitudes toward AI vary not just by level of news attention but also the content audiences attend to. Extended Abstract • Student • Ava Francesca Battocchio, Michigan State University; Chris Etheridge, University of Kansas; Kjerstin Thorson, Michigan State University; Moldir Moldagaliyeva, Michigan State University; Dan Hiaeshutter-Rice; Chuqing Dong, Michigan State University; Kelley Cotter; Yingying Chen; Stephanie Edgerly • A systematic method of cataloging civic information infrastructure • The convergence of evolving technology, journalism precarity, and a global public health crisis has exacerbated long simmering questions about how and where both communities and individuals get civic information. While recent work has mapped media ecologies with a specific focus on journalistic productivity, a robust methodology for identifying and validating non-journalistic civic information production is lacking. This work establishes an approach to cataloging ever-expanding civic information infrastructure, negotiating how to determine and demonstrate the validity of the catalog, establishing a framework for incorporating emergent technology, and creating a scalable approach for cross-community comparison. Research Paper • Student • Ava Francesca Battocchio, Michigan State University • Hyperlocal affective polarization: Remixing rural understanding • Affective polarization and the rural-urban divide in the United States are growing. However, extant work minimally focuses on community-level factors that may be driving polarization in rural communities. This paper proposes advancement of theory at the intersection of national politics, media transformations, and rurality to better understand the current state of U.S. politics. This paper proposes a new model of information sharing at the community level and how ecosystems may foster reinforcement of local concerns. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Saraswathi Bellur; Porismita Borah • Extended Abstract: (Mis)information & Motivation: Building a motivational interactivity model for tackling online misinformation • The COVID-19 “infodemic” has posed numerous challenges to communication scholars. We examine one such challenge regarding misinformation about face-mask use on social media. In an online experiment (n = 200), we manipulated information processing motives (accuracy vs. defense) and the level of interactivity (high vs. low). We measured users' need for cognition and thinking styles. Based on this data, we propose a new motivational interactivity model to tackle the imminent problem of social media misinformation. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Robin Blom, Ball State University • Expectancy violations in media theory • This study tested a theoretical model in which news believability is predicted primarily by an interaction between news source trust and news content expectancy. The results demonstrated that the interaction was, indeed, an important factor in predicting news believability for news stories attributed to either CNN or Fox News. The effects sizes were moderate to large. Importantly, the data indicated that distrusted sources could be highly believable, even more believable than trusted sources. Research Paper • Faculty • Porismita Borah • Message framing and COVID-19 vaccination intention: Moderating roles of partisan media use and pre-attitudes about vaccination • Vaccine hesitancy is a significant barrier for the implementation of COVID-19 vaccine. The main purposes of the current experimental study are to examine 1) the impact of four types of message on COVID-19 vaccination intention and 2) understand the moderating role of partisan media use and prior vaccination attitudes. The findings from the individual vs. collective message frames and the moderating effects of partisan media use and pre-attitudes reveal the complex nature of vaccination behavior. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Yingying Chen, University of South Carolina; Zhao Peng, Michigan State University • (Extended Abstract) The Strength and Pitfalls of Topic Modeling in Communication Studies: A Systematic Review • Topic modeling has become a growingly popular method for text analysis in communication. As an unsupervised machine-learning text analysis method, it identifies the latent structure in the large-scale text data and shows strength in the exploratory analysis. However, researchers have also raised questions to its theoretical contribution, methodological reliability and validity. To better understand the strength and pitfalls of topic modeling, the research provides a systematic review of 94 studies that applied topic modeling in 25 peer-reviewed communication journals in the past decade. Our analysis focuses on three aspects: the theoretical contribution, the research design, the reliability and validity of the method. Our research critically examines the application of topic modeling and provides implications for future communication studies. Research Paper • Student • Eliana DuBosar, University of Florida • What Drives You? Conceptualizing Motivations for Partisan Media Selectivity • Selective exposure is the phenomenon that individuals actively seek out messages that match their prior beliefs, spanning various subdisciplines of communication research. In political communication, this has most commonly been studied by examining an individual’s use of partisan media. This paper offers a typology conceptualizing motivations for partisan media selectivity along two axes: counter- to pro-attitudinal information and intentional use to active avoidance. Additionally, potential implications and directions for future research are discussed. Research Paper • Faculty • Patrick Ferrucci, U of Colorado-Boulder; Toby Hopp • Reshaping the spheres: An essay on the new normative role of gatekeeping • This theoretical essay argues for reconstituting the normative role of gatekeeping of journalism in a functioning democracy. It contends that in this time of disinformation, misinformation and fake news, the journalist’s main normative role should involve gatekeeping all deviant information from the mainstream public sphere. To accomplish this, the essay reconceptualizes for the 21st century the spheres of information introduced by Hallin (1989). It then articulates why the space inside the sphere of legitimate controversy grew in recent years, and journalists, through gatekeeping, must restore it to its normative ideal. Research Paper • Student • Isabelle Freiling, University of Vienna; Nicole Krause; Kaiping Chen; Dietram A. Scheufele, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Science of open (communication) science: Toward an evidence-driven understanding of quality criteria in communication research • Following psychology’s lead, our field has begun to endorse principles of open science with little critical evaluation. These efforts have faced a lack of (a) conceptual clarity in problem definitions; (b) formative and summative evaluation of open science guidelines; and (c) attention to non-replicability in social media data as one of our field’s most rapidly growing research areas. In analyzing these problems, we argue for a science of open (communication) science for our discipline. Research Paper • Faculty • Manuel Goyanes, Carlos III University; Marton Demeter, National University of Public Service; Aurea Grané, Carlos III University; Tamás Toth, Kodolányi János University; Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Salamanca/Penn State University • Research Patterns in Communication (2009-2019): Testing Female Representation and Publication Efficiency, within Most Cited Scholars and across the Field • Inequalities in academia are considerable, persistent, and subjected to broad scholarly scrutiny. Drawing upon the concepts of Matilda and Matthew-effects, this study compares the evolution of female scholars as leading authors, the growth of authors per paper, and the productive strategies in the last decade of the most cited scholars versus the representative sample in the Communication field. Results indicate that female leading authors remain to endure a systematic disadvantage. In the span of a decade, there are significantly more leading female authors in the field, but their proportion among the most cited scholars has not yet crystalized, introducing what we term as latent Matilda-effect. Likewise, the number of authors per paper has significantly increased in the field, but not among the most cited scholars, who, in turn, publish significantly more papers than the field average, within both 2009 and 2019. And not only that, the productivity gap between the most cited scholars and the field has substantially increased between the span of this decade, perpetuating a rich get richer effect. Theoretical implications of these findings and suggestions for future studies are finally discussed in the manuscript. Research Paper • Faculty • Jay Hmielowski, University of Florida; Moritz Cleve, University of Florida; Eliana DuBosar, University of Florida; Michael Munroe, University of Florida • Feeling is NOT Mutual: Political Discussion, Science, and Environmental Attitudes by Party Affiliation • In this paper, we examine the conditional indirect relationship between political discussion and attitudes towards science and environmental related topics. Our study finds that the relationship between political discussion and evaluations of actors in society (scientists and environmentalists) is moderated by party identification. We also find that evaluations of scientists and environmentalists translate into support for science and environmental policies. Moreover, we assess whether these associations vary over time. These results show that the relationship between discussing politics and evaluations of scientists and environmentalists is stronger in the 1990s compared to the early 2000s among both Democrats (positive relationship) and Republicans (negative relationship). The conditional indirect association also varies over time. Research Paper • Faculty • Jennifer Hoewe, Purdue University; David Ewoldsen, Michigan State University • The Media Use Model: Using Constraint Satisfaction and Coherence to Explain Media Processes and Effects • The Media Use Model (MUM) is a testable, meta-theoretical model that can unify and explain several existing theories of media processes and effects. It uses a constraint satisfaction approach to coherence to explain the dynamic relationship between a media consumer’s motivations, expectations, and cognitive processing during media use. The MUM includes six propositions, which represent stages during which a media consumer’s existing cognitive representations influence their selection, consumption, interpretation, and comprehension of media content. Research Paper • Student • Lingshu Hu • I, We, You, or They? Language Styles in Political Discussion on Twitter • This study used a big dataset and cluster analysis algorithm to detect the language styles in political discussion on Twitter and applied multinomial regression to examine the covariations between Twitter user variables and language styles. Through K-means cluster analysis of over 700,000 tweets, this study identified six groups of language styles and found that they covariate with Twitter user variables such as social connections, expressive desires, and gender. Implications of findings have been discussed. Research Paper • Faculty • Myiah Hutchens, University of Florida; Ekaterina Romanova; Amanda Pennings, University of Florida • Negative Emotion and Partisanship: The Mediating Role of Emotion on Media Trust • Understanding the impact of emotional responses when explaining political behavior has continued to garner attention by political communication scholars. One area that remains understudied is the extent to which experiencing different emotions influences how media sources are evaluated and the extent to which this has impacts on broader media trust. This study utilizes a single factor experiment to examine how partisanship impacts emotional reactions to comments on media stories and the subsequent mediating role of emotion on evaluations of source and media trust. Results suggest that individuals who identify as Democrats and Republicans experience different emotions in response to comments that are critical or supportive of neutral media outlets, which subsequently impacts media trust. Research Paper • Student • Jeannette Iannacone, University of Maryland, College Park; Lindsey Anderson, University of Maryland • Emotion in Virtual Research Spaces: Proposing Micro-Communicative Practices to Facilitate Online Qualitative Interviews • Online research platforms, such as Zoom and WebEx, have become important sites for qualitative inquiry, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. As researchers move their work online, it becomes important to re-consider commonly held conceptualizations of place and emotion—both of which are key considerations of qualitative research. In this paper, we illuminate the communicative micro-practices that account for the complicated ways that emotion and place intersect during virtual qualitative interviews. In doing so, we developed four propositions that articulate ways in which emotion should be better accounted for in these online settings. We organized the propositions using the three phases of the research process—pre-data collection, during data collection, and post-data collection. These propositions underscore the relevance of emotion in qualitative research, emphasize the significance of communicative micro-practices for conducting online interviews, and inform discussions about practices for qualitative interviews that better account for virtual spaces. Research Paper • Student • Wufan JIA, City University of HongKong • Self-Influence of Online Posting • Self-influence of online posting, or how posting content online can influence the publishers, is attracting increasing scholarly attention. Various theories have been adopted to explain this phenomenon, such as cognitive dissonance, self-perception, and identity shift. This article reviews the prominent theories to understand the self-influence of online posting and identifies several mechanisms to explain this phenomenon. This article also raises a set of criteria to distinguish each mechanism and offers a solution to find mechanisms, boundary conditions, and moderators to explain different online posting behaviors. Research Paper • Faculty • Yeunjae Lee, University of Miami; Jeong-Nam Kim • A Multi-Trait-Multi-Perspective Conceptualization and Operationalization of Relationship: Validation of Measures for Organization-Public Relationship Types • Relationship management theories have explored and developed measures for types of relationship between an organization and its publics. Using two waves of survey data from employees (N = 454) and consumers (N = 513), this study validated the measures of three organization-public relationship types (i.e., egoistic, provident, communal) from two perspectives (i.e., organization-oriented, public-oriented). Results of MTMP (multi-trait-multi-perspective) analysis showed overall good reliability, as well as convergent and discriminant validity. The study also provided evidence of test-retest validity and nomological validity by examining the associations between symmetrical communication and each relationship type. The effects of differences between two-sided communal and one-sided communal relationships on relational quality across groups (i.e., employees, consumers) were also identified. Implications for the use of this research are discussed. Research Paper • Student • Slgi (Sage) Lee, University of Michigan • Permanently Connected: Behavior, Perception, and Their Political Implications • The ubiquitous use of internet-connected media enables individuals to stay in constant touch with personal contacts in an “always-on” society. Consequently, some individuals have developed the habit of being permanently connected with others through digital media. This paper examines the psychological and political consequences of this behavior. Analysis of two independent sets of data collected via a two-wave panel survey and an online experiment reveals that, over time, permanent connection increases the perception of permanent togetherness with others, which we label as “permanently-connected perception.” This perception is in turn positively associated with news sharing through the belief that information one shares online will instantly be received and responded to by online contacts as it is shared. Findings emphasize the “spill-over” influence of permanent connection, in which perpetual interpersonal communication motivates political behavior, news sharing, and the role of the permanently connected perception in mediating this process Research Paper • Student • Heejae Lee, Syracuse University; Se Jung Kim, Syracuse University; Seo Yoon Lee; Shengjie Yao, Syracuse University; Natnaree Wongmith, Syracuse University; T.Makana Chock, Syracuse University • Confusion about the Coronavirus: The Effects of Uncertainty on Information Seeking Behaviors • "There has been a notable amount of conflicting and confusing information about the Coronavirus pandemic. This study investigates the effects of information uncertainty about the disease on people’s perceptions of their own risks and information seeking behavior. Results from an online survey (N = 483) conducted in August 2020 indicated that information uncertainty and confusion about the Coronavirus increased perceived risk, while the degree of risk perception induced by the information uncertainty increased people’s negative emotions and this, in turn, led people to seek out information about the Coronavirus from government public health sites. These results suggest that initial uncertainty and confusion about Coronavirus information may actually increase risk perceptions and could lead people to seek out information on ways to prevent infection. Overall, the findings of our study have theoretical implications for understanding people’s responses to health communication during the Coronavirus pandemic. Research Paper • Student • Yingdan Lu, Stanford University; Jennifer Pan • The Pervasive Presence of Chinese Government Content on Douyin Trending Videos • The proliferation of social media has expanded the strategies for government propaganda, but quantitative analyses of the content of digital propaganda continue to rely predominantly on textual data. In this paper, we use a multi-modal approach that combines analysis of video, text, and meta-data to explore the characteristics of Chinese government activities on Douyin, China's leading social video-sharing platform. We apply this multi-modal approach on a novel dataset of 50,813 videos we collected from the Douyin Trending page. We find that videos from the Douyin accounts of Chinese state media, government, and Communist Party entities (what we call state-affiliated accounts) represent roughly half of all videos featured on the Douyin Trending page. Videos from state-affiliated accounts focus on political information and news while other Trending videos are dominated by entertainment content. Videos from state-affiliated accounts also exhibit features, including short duration, brightness, and high entropy, found in prior research to increase attention and engagement. However, videos from state-affiliated accounts tend to exhibit lower average levels of audience engagement than Trending videos from other types of accounts. The methods and substantive findings of this paper contributes to an emerging literature in communication on the computational analysis of video as data. Research Paper • Faculty • Joerg Matthes, University of Vienna; Nicoleta Corbu, National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, ROMANIA; Soyeon Jin, Munich Technical; Yannis Theocharis, Technical University in Munich; Christian Schemer, U of Mainz; Karolina Koc-Michalska, Audencia Business School; Peter van Aelst, University of Antwerp; Frank Esser, U of Zurich; Toril Aalberg, Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Ana Cardenal, Open University of Catalonia; Laia Castro, University of Zurich; Claes de Vreese, University of Amsterdam; David Hopmann, University of Southern Denmark; Tamir Sheafer, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Sergio Splendore, Università degli Studi di Milano; James Stanyer, Loughborough University; Agnieszka Stępińska, Adam Mickiewicz University; Jesper Strömbäck, University of Gothenburg; Václav Štětka, Loughborough University • Perceived Exposure to Misinformation Fuels Emotional Concerns about COVID-19: A Cross-Country, Multi-Method Investigation • We tested the relationship between perceived exposure to misinformation and emotional concerns about COVID-19. In Study 1, multilevel regression and propensity score analyses of a survey across 17 countries confirmed this relationship. However, the relationship was weaker with rising levels of case-fatality ratios, but independent from the actual amount of misinformation per country. Study 2 replicated the relationship using experimental data. Furthermore, Study 2 demonstrated the underlying mechanism driving concerns about COVID-19 based on misinformation. Research Paper • Faculty • Soo Young Shin; Serena Miller, Michigan State University • A Participant Observation Method Guide for Ethnographers based on an Examination of Journalism Newsroom Scholarship • A scholarly social structure that coalesces around a particular method can reveal patterns about how a field interprets that method. Content analysis is a useful way to systematically evaluate behavioral patterns. We studied participant observations of newsrooms and assessed scholars’ adherence to methodological reporting best practices in 135 journal articles. An adherence to reporting quality can improve our understanding of the method. Suggestions are put forth to increase the transparency and rigors of it. Research Paper • Faculty • Yilang Peng • APL: A Python Library for Computational Aesthetic Analysis of Visual Media in Communication Research • Visual aesthetics are related to a broad range of communication outcomes, yet the tools of computational aesthetic analysis are not widely available in the community of communication scholars. This workshop article addresses this gap and provides a tutorial for social scientists to measure a broad range of hand-crafted aesthetic attributes of visual media, such as colorfulness and visual complexity. It also introduces APL, a Python library developed for computational aesthetic analysis in social science research, which can be readily applied by future researchers. With tools of computational aesthetic analysis, communication researchers can better understand the antecedents and outcomes of visual aesthetics beyond the content of visual media. Research Paper • Student • Elizabeth Potter, University of Colorado Boulder • CCO model can explain how a nonprofit news organization can remain independent of outside influence • Aspects of McPhee and Zaug’s four-flows model of how communication constitutes organization show how volunteers at a nonprofit news organization can remain independent of outside influence. This case study uses the ontological four-flows model to discuss how volunteer members of the nonprofit news organization create news stories and video content for a website and a local public access channel. The ethnographic research continues with a discussion about the “the dark side” of possible public relations bias as an outside influence. Data from this ethnographic case study shows how news production volunteers negotiate through discourse how to put structures in place that can help the organization remain independent of “the dark side” of outside influence. Because this news organization is one of the first news organizations in the United States to receive direct funding from a governmental entity, the findings in this study can illustrate greater tensions created by such a funding model in a democracy as well as offer an organizational communication frame to resolve them. Research Paper • Faculty • Kenneth Pybus, Abilene Christian University • Legal Narratives: Establishing Frames for Media Coverage of Appellate Courts • Interviews with members of the Supreme Court of Texas, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals and the journalists who cover both sought to identify the primary news frames jurists and journalists believed were most commonly applied by media outlets when covering decisions of the high courts. Jurists on both Texas high courts indicated they recognize the potential of journalists, consciously or unconsciously, to frame coverage of high court opinions and, through examples, helped identify several frames that could be useful in future research of appellate court coverage. Among the most common frames cited were the winner and loser frame, in which the entirety of coverage focuses on the outcome of the case rather than the rationale, on which jurists say they spend the bulk of their time, the David versus Goliath frame, in which coverage focuses on the decision’s impact on the weaker party in the case, regardless of the outcome or the issues decided, and two related frames, the ideological frame, in which decisions are reported in terms of the court’s preference for or hostility to an industry or institution, and the political frame, in which decisions of the court are cast in terms of political leanings or affiliations. Journalists defended attention to the elements of each frame described as appropriate information to fully develop and explain court decisions. Research Paper • Student • Martin Johannes Riedl, The University of Texas at Austin; Gina Chen, University of Texas at Austin; Tamar Wilner, University of Texas at Austin • Focus Groups in Communication, Journalism, and Media Research: A Reappraisal • Focus groups are intimately tied to the history of the field of communication research but far from universally appreciated. As this research shows, focus groups constitute a powerful method in their own right, allowing deliberative group decision processes to surface. Drawing from 19 focus groups, 127 participants, five countries, and three research projects, this paper reappraises the method and reflects on a range of challenges. It also catalogs unique methodological opportunities and best practices. Research Paper • Student • Shaoqing Han; Naipeng Chao; Wensen Huang; Bin Yang • Diffusion of Diffusion: Research on the Interdisciplinary Knowledge Diffusion of Communication Theory • Communication science at the “Crossroads” has always been faced with the problems of “Communication without Theory” and “Involution” of theory, which originated from the dilemma of theoretical contribution of communication studies. It is an important issue throughout the history of communication science, which means that most of the theories are not unique to communication science but “borrow” from other disciplines. At the same time, we should realize that some classical theories in communication science can also supply theoretical resources for other disciplines. The present study takes Diffusion of Innovations Theory as an example, based on the full-scale dataset of Web of Science (WoS), mining the citation relationships between papers, and constructing the citation network, discipline network and diffusion paths of the theory. Based on empirical analysis, we find that Diffusion of Innovations Theory has strong theoretical vitality, and the knowledge diffusion is highly interdisciplinary on time and across disciplines. The results indicate that not all communication theories are borrowed from other disciplines, and there are still some communication theories with “output” mode in the process of knowledge diffusion. Research Paper • Faculty • Christofer Skurka, Pennsylvania State University; Rainer Romero-Canyas; Helen Joo; David Acup; Jeff Niederdeppe, Cornell University • Emotional Appeals, Climate Change, and Young Adults: A Direct Replication of Skurka et al. (2018) • There is much need to verify the robustness of published findings in the field of communication--particularly regarding the effects of persuasive appeals advocating behaviors that combat social issues. To this end, in this brief replication note, we present the results from a preregistered, direct replication of Skurka et al. (2018). The original study found that a threat appeal about climate change can increase risk perception and activism intentions and that a humor appeal can also increase activism intentions. Using the same stimuli, measures, and experimental design with a similar sample of young adults, we fail to replicate these findings. We do, however, replicate age as a moderator of humor’s effect on perceived risk, such that the humor appeal only persuaded emerging adults (ages 18-21.9). We consider several explanations for these discrepant findings, including the challenges (and opportunities) that communication researchers and practitioners must navigate when communicating about rapidly evolving social issues. Research Paper • Student • Allison Steinke, University of Minnesota • Cultivating Cognitive Legitimacy: The Case of Solutions Journalism • The theoretical underpinnings of the solutions journalism approach have not been fully developed. By leveraging new institutional theory and cognitive legitimacy, this project provides a theoretically driven empirical investigation of how solutions journalism—defined as rigorous responses to social problems—can renew trust in the news, catalyze economic vitality for global news outlets, and provide readers and journalists alike with hope in the midst of a culture of toxic negativity. The theoretical underpinnings of the solutions journalism approach have not been fully developed. By leveraging new institutional theory and cognitive legitimacy, this project provides a theoretically driven empirical investigation of how solutions journalism—defined as rigorous responses to social problems—can renew trust in the news, catalyze economic vitality for global news outlets, and provide readers and journalists alike with hope in the midst of a culture of toxic negativity. This study presents three major theoretical arguments. First: Institutions are socially constructed with varying levels of legitimacy. Second: Solutions journalism is an emerging institution gaining legitimacy in practice worldwide. Third: Solutions journalism is a journalistic approach that functions globally as a networked organizational form. Research Paper • Student • Kathryn Thier, University of Maryland • Toward a Theory of Solutions Journalism and Explanation of its Effects • Solutions journalism, an emerging journalism practice that rigorously covers responses to social problems using objective reporting methods, has been shown to produce positive audience attitudes and feelings. Despite increasing interest from scholars and practitioners, there is limited academic development of possible underlying theoretical mechanisms that explain solutions journalism’s effects. Accordingly, the present article seeks to develop such a theoretical framework. In doing so, the article defines solutions journalism, examines its components based on the literature, and considers whether communication theory about attitude change and persuasion offers theoretical explanations for noted effects of solutions journalism. Several propositions are offered and avenues for future research are discussed. Overall, the article provides an examination of solutions journalism and a set of propositions to steer future research of solutions journalism’s attitudinal effects. Research Paper • Student • Marina F. Thomas; Alice Binder; Joerg Matthes, University of Vienna • Why More Is Less on Dating Apps: The Effects of Excessive Partner Availability • Dating apps advertise with high availability of potential partners. We theorize that such excessive choice could increase fear of being single and partner choice overload while decreasing self-esteem. In a survey (Study 1), dating app use was associated with increased partner availability which, in turn, predicted fear of being single. Study 2 experimentally induced low, moderate, or high partner availability. Higher partner availability increased fear of being single and partner choice overload, and decreased self-esteem. Research Paper • Faculty • T. Franklin Waddell, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida; Holly Overton, Penn State University; Robert McKeever, College of Information and Communications, University of South Carolina • Does Sample Source Matter for Theory? Testing Model Invariance with the Influence of Presumed Influence Model across Amazon Mechanical Turk and Qualtrics Panels • Online data collection services are increasingly common for testing mass communication theory. However, how consistent are the theoretical tenets of theory when tested across different online data services? A pre-registered online survey (N = 1,546) was conducted that examined the influence of presumed influence model across subjects simultaneously recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk and Qualtrics Panels. Results revealed that model parameters were mostly consistent with theory regardless of data source. Theoretical implications are discussed. Research Paper • Faculty • T. Franklin Waddell, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida; Jessica Sparks; Chelsea Moss • Measuring Sexist Stereotypes about Female Reporters: Scale Development and Validity • Prejudicial behaviors towards female journalists are on the rise, yet few instruments are available to measure stereotyping of female journalists. The present work validates a new scale for measuring female journalist stereotyping (FJS) using exploratory (N = 561) and confirmatory factor analysis (N = 580). Results reveal that the FJS scale has a reliable and replicable factor structure that is distinct from measures of sexism and journalist mistrust. FJS also negatively predicts news credibility. Research Paper • Student • Yin Yang, Pennsylvania State University • (Extended) Influence of Presumed Influence: Past, Present, and Future • Since Gunther and Storey (2003) originated the influence of presumed influence (IPI), researchers have applied it to examine an indirect route of media effects. This paper reviews this theory, including key constructs of IPI with their relationships, important IPI studies, unsolved problems in IPI research, and future direction to address these problems. In particular, this paper suggests scholars to integrate media features into IPI studies. A theoretical rationale for this suggestion and examples are provided. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21484 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/ccja-2021-abstracts/ Tue, 08 Jun 2021 15:37:43 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21494 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Faculty • Gregory Gondwe, University of Colorado; Patrick Ferrucci, U of Colorado-Boulder; Edson Tandoc Jr • Community gatekeeping: Understanding information dissemination by journalists in Sub-Saharan Africa • This study contributes to the theory of gatekeeping by examining how community media journalists in Sub-Saharan Africa navigate through conflicting information. Using the case of COVID-19, the study examined how journalists from community media in Zambia and Tanzania reported government information that conflicted with what the local communities they served believed to be untrue. Drawing from interviews with journalists from community media organizations, we were able to demonstrate that there was a schism between what the editors thought as newsworthy versus what the reporters believed as possessing journalistic values relevant for their communities. Unlike the reporters, most editors aligned much with what the government wanted the media to transmit. This is especially true in Zambia where reporters indicated that most of their stories were flagged as irrelevant by their editors. These findings are then examined through the lens of gatekeeping, particularly a focus on various levels of analysis. Research Paper • Faculty • Kelly Kaufhold, Texas State University • Locating the Media’s Role in Empathy for Immigration • The relationship between media consumption and attitudes about immigration is well established, but with a focus on national news outlets. The role of local media consumption is not as well understood. This study surveyed residents of Texas (N-316) which shares two-thirds of the United States’ border, and Ohio (N=322) which is less diverse and politically predictable. Reading Ohio newspapers predicted significantly less support for immigration; reading national newspapers, more support. Local TV viewing wasn’t significant. Research Paper • Student • Nick Mathews, University of Minnesota • Print imprint: The connection between the physical newspaper and the self • This research puts forward the theoretical concept “print imprint,” articulating the connection between the printed newspaper and its reader’s “Self.” This paper contends the newspaper draws out the meaningfulness of ownership, touch and nostalgia, all ingredients of the self. This research centers on interviews with 19 readers of a rural, weekly newspaper that shuttered. Ultimately, this research argues the loss of the weekly newspaper prompted a loss or lessening of self of the abandoned readers. Research Paper • Faculty • Laura Moorhead, San Francisco State University • Collaborative coverage: A content analysis of articles by local journalists working to solve homelessness and engage community • Beginning in June 2016, 77 media organizations in the San Francisco Bay Area began working together to end homelessness in the community. Journalists put aside competitive and, oftentimes, philosophical differences to “flood airwaves, the internet, and print publications with news” about the “solutions to and causes of homelessness.” The effort, known as the SF Homeless Project (SFHP), continued beyond one day and has gained international attention, becoming a model for journalists and communities elsewhere. Yet, little is known about the SFHP’s coverage, impact, and potential for community change and replication elsewhere. This research — a content analysis of 977 articles published over 18 months by 134 media organizations — examined efforts to shape local public opinion and policy on homelessness and asked, What does coverage look like when journalists work to take a systems perspective to address homelessness? Research Paper • Student • Jeffry Oktavianus, City University of Hong Kong • The role of integrated connectedness of community storytelling networks in empowering migrant domestic workers • "Situated against Indonesian migrant domestic workers (MDWs) in Hong Kong, this study examined how MDWs’ integrated connectedness to the community storytelling networks (ICSN), comprising interpersonal communication, community organizations, and media outlets, was able to empower migrant helpers. The findings revealed that ICSN was positively associated with perceived social support and behavioral empowerment, while the influence of ICSN on intrapersonal and interactional empowerment operated via social support. Keywords: communication infrastructure, community storytelling network, empowerment, migrant domestic workers" Research Paper • Student • William Singleton, University of Alabama; Wilson Lowrey; Nick Buzzelli • Must I follow the script? Professional objectivity, journalistic roles and the black community journalist • The negotiation of objectivity as a community journalism norm has become timelier based on dissatisfaction many Black journalists have voiced over coverage of police brutality protests. This study examines how Black community journalists covering social-justice protests in local legacy news media, digital startups, and traditional community Black press have expressed journalistic objectivity and enacted their journalistic roles. Findings showed that coverage in the traditional Black press publication and the digital startup enacted a stronger advocacy role and showed more subjectivity than the legacy publication. Also, a “clarifier” role emerged from analysis of the digital startup publication, in which journalists gave local protest groups a platform to distinguish their identities from other protest groups. Extended Abstract • Student • Anna Grace Usery • Examining how solutions journalism builds street credibility between media and audiences • This study explores how media organizations build credibility with their audiences through solutions journalism. It also seeks to understand how community partners are utilized by media organizations to augment storytelling and create a symbiotic relationship with audience members. Results from this study indicate that the definition and practice of solutions journalism is changing in the field and that symbiotic relationships are helping to build credibility at the individual level. Extended Abstract • Student • Yidong Wang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Avery Holton, University of Utah • Pride and Protest: Intersectional Work of Queer Community Media • This study examines the practice of intersectionality in queer community media production. Drawing on interviews and surveys with nine queer community news outlets in the US as well as texts sampled from these outlets’ coverage of the Black Lives Matter movement in connection to the narrative of LGBTQ Pride, we find that queer community media serve as a platform where discussion around racism within LGBTQ communities takes place and where intersectional coalition can be mobilized. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21494 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/ccsd-2021-abstracts/ Tue, 08 Jun 2021 15:49:02 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21497 2021 Abstracts Extended Abstract • Student • Elinam Amevor • Cultural Sensitivity in Health Crisis Communication: The Case of COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa • This qualitative study examines the discourses surrounding Melinda Gates’ prediction about dead bodies littering the streets of Africa, if the world did not act fast to rescue the continent. The study thematically analyzed reactions from 12 social media influencers from Nigeria, Kenya, and Ghana. Drawing on the Cultural Dimensions Theory, preliminary findings describe Gates’ remarks as racist and demeaning to Africans. This reinforces the critical need for cultural sensitivity in global health crisis communication Research Paper • Faculty • Kelli Boling, University of Nebraska - Lincoln • The Power of a Good Story: Domestic Violence Survivors in True Crime Podcast Audiences • This audience reception study qualitatively examines women who identify as domestic violence survivors and fans of true crime podcasts. Using a feminist, critical cultural lens, this study explores why these women are drawn to these podcasts and how they make meaning of the content. Sixteen interviews revealed five themes: the power of a good story, the appeal of audio media, the educational value of the content, their need for understanding, and creating camaraderie through community. Extended Abstract • Student • Alejandro Bruna, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile • Extended Abstract- Reading Lumpérica from a cinematographic perspective - A fragmented script about marginality • Lumpérica, by Diamela Eltit, presents an interesting narrative mix: stream of consciousness, realism, dialogue and cinematic elements. This work analyzes the enunciated work, discovering that if read from a audiovisual perspective, it is a true script, fragmented and disjointed, but a script nonetheless, framed within a Chile that suffers the pain of dictatorship and, therefore, presents wounds coupled to a marginality that is dependent of the cinematographic eye to be seen. Research Paper • Faculty • Jennifer Cox, Salisbury University • Black Lives Matter to Media (Finally): A Content Analysis of News Coverage During Summer 2020 • This study examined 286 stories posted about the Black Lives Matter movement and protests following George Floyd’s death by the six most-viewed U.S. news outlets on their Facebook feeds during summer 2020. These organizations published a significant amount of content, though the frequency declined throughout the summer. Stories mostly framed protesters positively and police negatively. Organizations regularly used law/crime spot news to frame protests. The findings suggest a shift away from the media’s protest paradigm. Extended Abstract • Student • Katherine Dawson • Extended Abstract: Talking Through the Algorithm: Techno-Institutional Bias and Women’s Voices • This work proposes a theoretical framework for understanding how technologies of vocal recording and manipulation, from ‘good speech’ phonetics to A.I. voice renderings, have operated as ideologically charged algorithms that ‘solve’ women’s voices. The research builds upon existing communication literature surrounding the nature and functionality of algorithms, as well as feminist posthumanist theory, which provides a richer conceptualization of how algorithms of voice enact both a political and material discipline upon women’s speech. Research Paper • Student • Jeffrey Duncan • Video Game Community Content Creators: A Cultural Intermediary Perspective • Video game content creators act as a ‘cultural intermediary’ between game producers and players. Through an interpretive textual analysis of YouTube videos by content creators of two popular games, this study explicates this mediating role the creators play in negotiating the encoding and decoding of gaming messages and their ability to influence audience opinion and producer decisions, highlighting an underrepresented group of creative workers that mediate messages in the gaming industry. Research Paper • Faculty • Dawn Gilpin, Arizona State University • Theorizing the mediasphere: NRA media and multimodal dependency • This paper uses NRA media operations to illustrate the phenomenon of the mediasphere, defined as a strategically established subsystem of cultural production entrenched in promotional culture and characterized by hybridity, commodification, epistemic authority, embeddedness, identification, centralized control, and oppositionality to mainstream media. A mediasphere represents an attempt to establish audience dependency through multimodal centrality and thereby exercise social and cultural influence; it thus has implications for evolving understandings of information systems, propaganda and promotional culture. Research Paper • Faculty • Peter Joseph Gloviczki, Coker University • The Space Between Home and Away: Sixteen Fragments across Communication as Culture • "This paper uses sixteen fragments, linked narratives, to make sense of and bring meaning to the space between home and away. Written in an accessible style and broadly inspired by the feminism of Laura Mulvey and the philosophical poetics of Jacques Derrida, the paper challenges communication as culture to work toward a more narrative, more poststructuralist conceptualization of health communication in particular and communication as culture in general." Extended Abstract • Student • Efrat Gold; megan boler, University of Toronto • Emotionally charged and politically polarized: An interpretive approach to social media analysis • Meaning is never inherent, nor is it neutral. The social act of interpretation, which gets mapped onto people and events, is deeply embedded within pre-existing cultural traditions. Using data from Twitter, Facebook, and Gab as cultural artefacts, we excavate the ways that meanings are made and conveyed through social media. Entering social media to undertake research can feel like entering a new world with its own history, rules, language, and norms. To the less embedded outsider, this world can feel dis-orienting – it is not immediately obvious where to turn, and even less obvious how to make meaning out of what one finds. The ways that people use social media are not neutral, nor are they static – in recent years, it is increasingly clear that social media is doing something, and that something is very influential. But what exactly is this doing and how is it being done? How do social media expressions and interactions speak to deeper beliefs and understandings that people hold about themselves and the world they inhabit? This paper invites a critical reflection on how the work of making meaning out of people, politics, and events is done. As an artefact that says something about the culture from which it stems, social media can inform understandings of the contemporary reality they reflect. Using case studies of comments and interactions among social media users as an occasion to explore cultural practices and disruptions, we dig deep to reveal the social and interpretive aspects already at play. Research Paper • Student • Julie Grandjean, Texas Tech University • The spectacle of flags • While news editors tend to still consider images as mere illustrations for what is verbally explained (Geise and Baden, 2015), it is important to consider that the analogical properties of images (Abraham and Messaris, 2001) makes them appear more truthful and representative of reality. However, reality tends to be fluid depending on whose story we listen to. This paper narrates the stories of two realist rivals planting their respective national flags on two yet unexplored territories. While the American flag on the Moon was meant as a way to prove the American technological superiority over the USSR to end the Cold War, the Russian flag in the Arctic can be seen as a political move by President Putin to recreate the lost grandeur of the Soviet Union and reenact the Cold War in order to revive his political support at home. By doing so and recording their exploits, the two actors created national narratives that go beyond the simple performance of erecting a flag; I argue that these images construct an affectual nationalist identity through elites’ performance of flag planting, and mass media’s role in staging these political events as a “spectacle.” Research Paper • Faculty • Azeta Hatef; Sara Shaban • A reckoning in journalism education: Examining the approach to diversity, equity, and inclusion in journalism syllabi • The 2020 protests in the U.S. prompted a reckoning in newsrooms across the country, presenting a critical moment to reflect upon journalism education and preparing students to report on a diverse world. Through Critical Discourse Analysis, we examine syllabi from American universities, focusing on core principles and values in journalism education, specifically their approach to discussions of race, gender, and marginality. While few engage in critical discussion, most universities continue to utilize a traditional framework. Research Paper • Faculty • Kristen Heflin, Kennesaw State University • Thatcherism, Trumpism, and the Potential of Organic Ideology • In the 1970’s and 1980’s, Stuart Hall struggled to make sense of Thatcherism, an ideology that was incoherent, brought together seemingly opposed viewpoints, and embraced contradiction. Ultimately, Hall developed the concepts of organic ideology and organic intellectual to help make sense of this ideology full of contradictions. This paper examines the theoretical roots of organic ideology and the role of organic intellectuals. It also discusses the concepts in relation to Trumpism and the MAGA movement. Research Paper • Student • Minos-Athanasios Karyotakis, School of Communication HKBU • Disinformation and Weaponized Communication: The Spread of Ideological Hate about the Macedonian Name in Greece • The current research examined 38 of the most influential disinformation-fueled news (or “fake news”) stories regarding the Macedonian Name Dispute (MND) and the “Prespes Agreement” in the years of 2018 and 2019 by employing the critical discourse analytical (CDA) method of ideological discourse analysis proposed by Van Dijk. The study’s main objective was to expand the relevant literature regarding disinformation, power relations, and hate campaigns by examining the ideological narratives and constructions disseminated through the disinformation-fueled news stories during that two-years-period. The findings showed that those news stories were successfully weaponized and resulted in empowering identity characteristics and ideological narratives through the distancing method (us versus them), the alienation with elements of dramatization (e.g., territorial loss of the Greek Macedonia due to the “Prespes Agreement”), and the sense of victimization and dehumanization that demanded emergency actions to protect the ingroup (Greece) from the outgroup (North Macedonia and its Greek assistants). Research Paper • Student • Charli Kerns, University of Tennessee, Knoxville • Interrogating Perceptions of Risk and Responsibility in Sports During the Coronavirus Pandemic • This autoethnography examines whitewater kayakers’ decision to paddle the Big South Fork River in Tennessee to reveal the emerging tensions between individual risks inherent in the sport and the much broader constellations of risks into which its participants are interposing themselves during the pandemic. Pre-pandemic rationalities form the context within which individuals engage in neoliberal approaches toward risk-taking in action sports. In turn, these practices articulate with broader frameworks of responsibility in postmodern society. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Zhaoxi Liu • Dead and Back to Life: “The Eight Hundred” in the Field of Power • In 2019, the Chinese movie “The Eight Hundred” abruptly cancelled its release while China celebrated the 70th anniversary of the People’s Republic, due to political sensitivity. A year later, as China tried to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, the movie became a market-reviving hero. This case study explains the dramatic experience of the movie by exploring the interrelations among the field of cultural production, the field of power, and the field of broader social context. Research Paper • Faculty • Jessica Maddox; Brian Creech, Temple University • Leaning In, Pushed Out: Postfeminist Precarity, Pandemic Labor, and Journalistic Discourse • During the COVID-19 pandemic, the postfeminist ideal of “having it all” became more contradictory, as women struggled to juggle work and childcare. This research, using critical discourse analysis, examines how lifestyle and explanatory journalism made sense of this problematic ideal as it became evidently untenable during the pandemic. Here, journalism operates as a discursive structure, obscuring its own complicity in sustaining postfeminist and neoliberal relations around the expectations that surround working mothers. Research Paper • Student • Lucy March • Genre, the meaning of style?: Categorizing Japanese visual kei • This paper explores the Japanese musical movement visual kei, and how to make ontological sense of it given its sonic and visual inconsistencies. Scholars describe visual kei as a socially-driven act of resistance, and as a commercial product with consistent generic characteristics. Examination of a case study demonstrates how visual kei occupies these contradictory spaces simultaneously, and how terms like genre and subculture capture the visual kei’s hybrid nature when used in the appropriate context. Extended Abstract • Student • Hayley Markovich, University of Florida • Extended Abstract: Race-conscious public health: A critical discourse analysis of the Release the Pressure Campaign • This study focuses on the Release the Pressure campaign aimed at addressing high blood pressure and heart disease rates among Black women in America. Through a critical discourse analysis guided by critical race theory and intersectionality, the study explores how the campaign centers race and responds to structural racism to address heart health. Analysis of the Release the Pressure campaign and its discourses provides an avenue for scholars and practitioners to create race-conscious campaigns. Research Paper • Student • Zelly Martin, University of Texas at Austin • “The Day Joy Was Over:” Representation of Pregnancy Loss in the News • Recently, news coverage of miscarriage has exploded, fueled primarily by celebrities discussing their personal experiences. To assess discursive constructions of the miscarriage experience in legacy news and women’s magazines, a corpus of 212 articles about pregnancy loss from the New York Times, the Washington Post, People Magazine, and Us Weekly are analyzed using critical discourse analysis. Findings reveal that pregnancy loss coverage perpetuates heteropatriarchal and postracial ideology in service of the narrative of U.S. exceptionalism. Research Paper • Faculty • Umana Anjalin, University of Tennessee; Abhijit Mazumdar, Park University • India’s #MeToo Movement in Bollywood: Exposing Cultural & Societal Mores • Against the backdrop of the #MeToo movement, aspiring actresses of the Indian film industry have revealed facing sexual harassment at the hands of male colleagues. Using feminist standpoint theory and theoretical thematic analysis of Bollywood actors’ online interviews about facing sexual harassment, this study uncovered common themes about India's societal, cultural, and administrative mores. It also suggested a few recommendations to overcome the problem. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Gigi McNamara, University of Toledo • Extended Abstract The One with the Anniversary, the Friends 25th Anniversary Extravaganza: A political economy approach to a postmodern pseudo-event • American broadcast television continues to redefine and reassess its business model as competition for content from steaming services intensifies. In addition, television executives and producers are awash in what I have identified as a “hyper-nostalgic” era of television with reboots and relaunches dotting the primetime landscape. Paying homage to this hyper-nostalgic moment is the publicity juggernaut surrounding the 25th anniversary of the long-running NBC show, Friends. While there are no current plans to relaunch this program with new scripted content, the anniversary event, I contend is indicative of Boorstin’s theory of the pseudo-event. Moreover, I purport the on-going celebrity status of its cast members has furthered strengthened Friends inclusion in the television canon of timeless classics. In my full paper, I will overview the evolution of this hyper-nostalgic pseudo-event and will also draw on the theories from political economy of communication scholars including Riordan, Douglas and Andrejevic. This event also proves to be the “perfect storm” in terms of integrated marketing. The hyper-nostalgic virtue signaling includes both original viewers of the show and a newer younger audience, too young to have watched in the 1990s. Marking this specific historical intersection of celebrity and commerce, Friends continues to identify a new audience, and new consumer base, in this enduring nod to the past. Research Paper • Faculty • Ali Mohamed, United Arab Emirates University • Investigative journalism and effects of capitalist "pathologies" on societal integration: Challenging Habermas's "colonization" thesis • "Abstract Habermas suggests that his “colonization” thesis applies not only to individuals within organizations, but also to institutions like media. Examples Habermas offers point to the vulnerability of journalism, especially, to “market imperatives” in capitalist societies. We challenge this notion by considering the work of investigative journalists who have adapted to advanced digital information technologies in order to reveal “concealed strategic actions” by capitalist interests that operate largely beyond the democratic will-formation of the lifeworld." Extended Abstract • Student • Dominique Montiel Valle; Zelly Martin, University of Texas at Austin • Feigning Indignance, Reinstating Power: Paradigm Repair, Femicide, and the Publishing of Ingrid Escamilla’s Murdered Body • In this study, we shed light on the media controversy surrounding the publishing of photos of Ingrid Escamilla’s murdered body in Mexico. Using a theoretical lens that integrates paradigm repair and decolonial feminism, we interrogate how four of Mexico’s most read news publications attempted to reify their media authority in the midst of high threat. We then probe how this positioning reifies media values and institutional alliances that further and perpetuate the devaluation of women. Research Paper • Student • Madison Mullis, University of Memphis • That's Why I Smoke Weed: An Analysis of #StonerMom Discourse on TikTok • This research utilized Manning’s symbolic framework to gain a deeper understanding of the #StonerMom phenomenon. A textual analysis was used to examine 55 videos extracted from the “Discover” page on TikTok. The results found that the symbolic framing of drug use on TikTok draws on discourses of social inequality, subsequently reinforcing historical associations between marijuana and POC. #StonerMoms construct marijuana use as a parent-friendly activity through their social media discourse by utilizing the race-neutral term “cannabis” and by framing marijuana as a stress suppressant that helps them be more patient and attentive towards their children. As a result of privileged normalization, #StonerMoms have become complicit in the gentrification of marijuana. Research Paper • Student • Christina Myers • Beyond the Lens: Black Professional Athletes on Racism & the Realities of Breathing While Black • "This study investigates how Black professional athletes articulate their lived experiences concerning race and racism in the United States through the online digital platform The Players’ Tribune. To explore these dynamics through Critical Race Theory, a qualitative content analysis of narratives (N=29) were analyzed. Results reveal themes of violence perpetuated by law enforcement, fear for the life of self and loved ones, identity, history of systemic racism, call for allyship, Black empowerment and unity. The researcher suggests the counter-narratives that prevail indicate a response against the predominant images and frames in mainstream mass media. Keywords: Critical Race Theory, Black identity, Black athletes, race" Extended Abstract • Student • Sohana Nasrin, University of Maryland • Can Journalists be Activists? A Metajournalistic Discourse analysis of the relationship between Journalism and Activism • The relationship between journalism and activism has been a complicated one (Di Salvo, 2020; Russell, 2018; Beaudoin, 2019; Camaj, 2018). Journalism scholars and practitioners have struggled to understand the purviews of the two concepts—journalism and activism. On the one hand, professional journalists have been too concerned with maintaining professional norms such as objectivity, fairness, balance, and the like and tried not to drift into activism while reporting on different issues (Boykoff & Boykoff, 2007). On the other hand, Journalism scholars have engaged in philosophical debates on whether objectivity is a precept of journalism anymore and suggested new values such as transparency (Ingram, 2020) to take its place. This often-contested relationship between journalism and activism got renewed attention, with journalists adequately and accurately covering social justice issues such as racism and scientifically complicated topics such as climate change. The rise of alternative and citizen journalism challenged traditional news media and the norms they abide by. The renewed interests in the relationship between journalism and activism necessitate scholarly attention to understand how and whether journalism and activism can co-exist as professional journalists seek to inform the public. This study attempts to understand professional journalists' attitudes toward the relationship between journalism and activism by analyzing the metajouranlistic discourse around the topic in the United States. The metajouranlistic discourse indicated that there emerged a shifting attitude toward how professional journalists define journalism. Extended Abstract • Student • Míchílín Ní Threasaigh, University of Toronto; Ali Azhar, University of Toronto; megan boler, University of Toronto • Melodramatic Platforms: the emotional theatre of collective political storytelling on social media • "If social media is the new digital town hall, Canadian and American democracies are in trouble. Once a site of promise for democratizing mass communication, the internet has also become a site of problematic information and polarized affect. As meta-narratives about national identity clash across social media platforms, it is urgent that we understand how new media is shaping political polarization. In this paper we seek to understand the roles of social media platforms, emotion, and narrative in shaping online civic discourse. More specifically, we ask, 1) How might we analyse social media expressions as a form of collective storytelling? 2) What is the role of emotion in the production and circulation of these polarized political meta-narratives? and, 3) What roles do social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, Reddit, and Gab play in catalyzing, organizing & circulating these emotionally-charged political meta-narratives? To answer these questions, we draw upon findings from our three-year, mixed-methods, funded study of affect and narratives of race and national belonging on social media during the 2019 Canadian and 2020 U.S. federal elections; using the January 6th Capitol Riots as a case-study in the melodramatic genre of collective political storytelling on social media." Research Paper • Student • Nana Kwame Osei Fordjour, University of New Mexico • Themes, ideology, and social media: A critical analysis of a US Vice President • Considering the paucity of literature in Vice-presidential research, this study analyzes the social media (Facebook) discourse of Vice President Mike Pence, the 48th Vice President of the United States (US). Employing Norman Fairclough’s (2010) three-tier Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model, I conduct a textual analysis of the Vice President’s social media discourse to analyze the salient themes and ideologies in his Facebook posts. I observed that Vice President Mike Pence portrayed himself like a President in waiting in the wake of President Donald Trump’s impeachment hearings. In addition, findings of this current study indicated that from the ideological standpoint a mediated version of “Trumpism” was performed in the Vice President’s Facebook posts and he indicated his strong Republican values of Conservatism. Research Paper • Faculty • Jiwoo Park • Witnessing the Power of Digital Activism BTS’ Involvement Brought into the Social Movement: A Case of the Black Lives Matter • "The Black Lives Matter movement erupted after the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis police custody during the first six months of the pandemic in the U.S. During the same timeframe, BTS was the most tweeted-about celebrity in the U.S. Through exploring a role BTS’ Twitter activity played for the social movement, this paper reflects on the nature of activism in the social media age and argues for the importance and value of digital activism. Keywords: ARMY, BLM, BTS, Digital Activism, Slacktivism" Extended Abstract • Student • Rachel Parker, The University of Alabama • “Extended Abstract: Narrative Formation: Black Women, Writing, and Vogue Magazine” • "Since their circulation beginning in the 18th century, women’s magazines spoke to an audience as varied as their content, including educated women to the housewife (Cramer, 1998). Focusing on subject matter that was important to their readers such as: housekeeping, careers, and marriage, women’s magazines were able to carve out their own niche for this specific market of reader whose interests was being overlooked. This focus led to an audience showcasing a homogenous group of women in terms of values, education, and race. Focusing on one group as your audience led to the exclusion of others, particularly Black women. This article will analyze this lack of Black women to be included in these publications as audience members as well as writers through the application of Muted Group Theory (Ardener, 1975)." Research Paper • Faculty • Katie Place, Quinnipiac University • Toward a Framework for Intersectional Listening In Strategic Communication • This qualitative study explored the intersection of listening theory and intersectional theory to develop a framework for intersectional listening in strategic communication contexts. Interviews with 30 strategic communication professionals and executives were conducted to understand how they embody listening. Research Paper • Student • Elizabeth Potter, University of Colorado Boulder • Membership negotiation’ flow in CCO model may explain institutional bias at a nonprofit media site • "Scholars can use the “membership negotiation” flow of McPhee & Zaug’s four-flows model of how communication constitutes organization to show how volunteer members of a nonprofit media and news production organization may be included or excluded as members of a local government institution. Aspects of the “membership negotiation” flow also can be used to illustrate how potential members are included or excluded from a volunteer news organization. Finally, the “membership negotiation” flow of the four-flows model of how communication constitutes organization can be used to theorize about how institutional bias may pervade the governmental institution of which this organization is a part. This case study offers insights into just one way that scholars might think about how to study institutional bias. Because the four-flows model is ontological and because it draws from Giddens’s structuration theory, it has strong explanatory power that can be used to study similar organizations and organizational communication precepts in the future." Research Paper • Faculty • Matthew Powers, University of Washington, Seattle; Sandra Vera-Zambrano, Universidad Iberoamericana • Living For—And Maybe Off—Journalism: French and American Journalists’ Career Expectations • Drawing on Bourdieu, this paper explores journalists’ career expectations in France and the United States. Through interviews, we show that highly-resourced journalists in both countries expect to make a living doing work they love. By contrast, lesser-resourced journalists emphasize the sacrifices they make pursuing their careers. While sacrifices vary according to nationally-distinctive labor regulations, journalists in both samples find “virtues in their necessities” (Bourdieu, 1984) by highlighting the possibilities that a journalism career affords. Research Paper • Faculty • Erica Salkin, Whitworth University Department of Communication Studies; Kevin Grieves, Whitworth University • The “major mea culpa:” Journalistic discourse when professional norms are broken • The “corrections statement” is sufficient for media organizations to address small mistakes. When larger missteps occur, however, more substantive work is needed not only to correct the record, but to protect the organization’s claim to an authentic journalistic identity. This study analyzes a sample of such “major mea culpa” statements to explore how media organizations talk about their significant professional errors and the tools they use to maintain their journalistic identities when such errors occur. Research Paper • Faculty • Hong-Chi Shiau, Shih-Hsin University • Quenching the Pan-Asian Desire - Thai’s Boys’ Love, Tranculturalism, and Geolinguistic Fusion • "This study attempt s to unpack the pan Asian Boys’ Love gen re phenomen on by reading into a Thai BL hit I told Sunset about you , a coming of age story revolving around two male protagonists in Thai Chinese diaspora. As a result of the real coming of age drama, this BL has successfully merged two sub genres geikomi (also known as bara) and Boys Love (BL) manga in the Japanese manga context. T h e use of shared linguistic repertoire in Asian community is further examined. Its counter flows from Thailand to China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea offer media scholars an fertile ground to understand East Asian fans’ practices. While this drama is by no means the first counter flow case, it affords media scholar s to unpack how boys love (BL) drama can inter penetrate Asian countries rapidly that has paved the way for a decentering of the Western dominated global mediascape, as guest editor called for attention in this issue. Thai s producers use of new practice to engage global audiences has also destabilized the problematic theoretical dichotomy of East/West global/local cultural imaginary." Extended Abstract • Faculty • Brian Snee, University of Scranton • Courage and Conviction: Christopher Columbus and the Rhetorics of Cancel Culture • Courage and Conviction:  The True Story of Christopher Columbus follows the classic formula for apologia: vehement denial, strategic bolstering, differentiation, and a call for transcendence. The short film engages in its act of dissuasion while simultaneously performing complex commemorative work.  It evokes the past not merely to lead its audience in the act of collective remembering, but also to encourage them to forget much of that past. The film urges its audience to move on, and to allow Columbus—his holiday and his effigies—to stand. Textual analysis reveals it as example of amnestic rhetoric. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Rhon Teruelle, Purdue University Northwest • Social Media as an essential tactical resource for police whistleblowers • This article examines social media and The Lamplighter Project on Twitter as an example of a tactical resource for police whistleblowers. While whistleblowing, the act of exposing and reporting police wrongdoing is still viewed in a negative light by the majority of law enforcement, recent incidents such as the killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor display the need to hold police accountable for their actions. Moreover, reports that some police officers were involved in the attack against America’s capitol clearly exhibits that members of law enforcement are not above committing unlawful acts. The Lamplighter Project plays a key role in providing police whistleblowers a safe space on Twitter, allowing them to report on and expose police misconduct, brutality, and malfeasance. Extended Abstract • Student • Kris Vera-Phillips, Arizona State University • The Framing of Other: How Framing Can Be A Postcolonial Tool For Institutional Power • Framing is a function of power. This conceptual theory paper investigates how leaders and institutions use the media strategy of framing as a postcolonial tool for obtaining, maintaining, and reinforcing power. Entman (1993) identified four functions of framing: defining problems, diagnosing causes, making moral judgments, and coming up with remedies. I will take each function of framing defined by Entman, apply lessons from postcolonial studies, and show how both are reflected in demonstrations of power. Research Paper • Faculty • John Vilanova • The Caucasities of Portland: Theorizing White Protests for Black Lives • "This article uses “Caucasity” -- a portmanteau of “Caucasian” and “audacity” -- to retheorize the 2020 Portland, Oregon #BlackLivesMatter uprisings. Promoted by the comedians Desus and Mero and proliferated through Black Twitter, Caucasity is best understood as a set of privileged performance practices deployed by white people, even while protesting white supremacy. I historicize the term and analyze viral figures from the protests, arguing for productive nuance in theorizing white action for racial justice." Extended Abstract • Faculty • WeiMing YE; Luming Zhao • "I Know It's Sensitive": Internet Filtering, Recoding, and "Sensitive-word Culture" in China • In this article, we develop "sensitive-word culture" as a new lens for understanding Internet filtering and censorship, and online cultural production in China. Using in-depth interviews with 20 Chinese Weibo users, four types of word recoding are summarized and the motivations of users for recoding practices and the power relations are demonstrated. A notable finding suggests that "sensitive-word culture" is becoming a source and hub of slang and Memes production on the Chinese network society. Extended Abstract • Student • Steven Young, Ph.D. Candidate • Hybrid Media or Mediasport? Exploring Media Portrayal of Esports Culture • Esports are growing in popularity at a rapid pace worldwide. In contemporary society, individuals watch esports broadcasts as part of their normal media consuming practices. Esports media significantly impact audience understandings, and play an integral role in shaping public discourse about esports culture. This study focuses on Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO), which is currently the most recognized first-person shooter esport worldwide and the third most popular game across all esports genres (Irwin & Naweed, 2020). Interested in how the cultural knowledge and experience of esports are represented in media, I explored professional CS:GO esports broadcasts from two prominent professional leagues, ESL Pro League (EPL) and ELEAGUE. EPL is significant because it is longest standing professional Counter-Strike league worldwide. ELEAGUE represents the first regularly aired professional Counter-Strike league in the United States. Together, these leagues serve as active participants in creating, shaping, and molding esports culture worldwide. A thematic analysis of textual and audio-visual data from professional CS:GO broadcasts revealed that esports culture is a novel phenomenon, similar to sport, but situated within video games, and interspersed with a variety of digital media. Using traditional sports metaphors and comparisons, as well as sportscast style match coverage and gameplay reporting, EPL and ELEAGUE illustrate CS:GO as a global media-sport. At the same time, both leagues emphasize technicity and rely on gamer jargon to frame professional CS:GO as a form of hybrid media intrinsically tied to game culture. Together these representations suggest that esports culture is a “hybrid media-sport.” Extended Abstract • Student • Ali Zain, University of South Carolina • Celebrity Capitol and Social Movements: A Textual Analysis of Bollywood Celebrities’ Tweets on 2020-21 Indian Farmers’ Protest • Building on global trend of celebrity activism and concept of celebrity capital, this study qualitatively examines Twitter posts of Bollywood celebrities about 2020-21 Indian farmers’ protest to to discover the dominant themes of favoring and opposing discourses. It was found pro-farmers celebrities used rhetorical and explanatory support while others employed celebrity capital as political support to government to oppose protesters and their supporters. Some celebrities even engaged in celebrity-shaming and name-calling in their communications. Research Paper • postdoc • Sheng Zou, University of Michigan • “The Virus May Have Come From…”: COVID-19 Infodemic in China and the Politics of (Mis-)Translation • This article delves into the COVID-19 infodemic on China’s Internet, particularly fake news stories attributing the virus’s roots to the United States. It approaches the false origin stories as transnational and intertextual constructs, which involve practices of (mis)translating and referencing foreign source texts to paradoxically delegitimate the foreign, especially Western, Other. Through a close reading of emblematic cases, this article identifies three mistranslation maneuvers and gestures towards ways to combat fake news in the post-COVID era. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21497 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/endd-2021-abstracts/ Tue, 08 Jun 2021 19:29:40 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21501 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Faculty • Anthony Adornato, Ithaca College; Allison Frisch, Ithaca College • Longitudinal Study of Social Media Policies In U.S. Television Newsrooms • This longitudinal study analyzes survey data, gathered in 2014 and 2020, regarding local television newsrooms’ social media policies. The purpose of the study is to track changes over time to these policies. The researchers investigate if and in which ways newsroom social media policies are evolving over time in four specific areas: journalists’ professional and personal social media activities; social media sources and content; audience complaints; and ownership of on-air talents’ accounts. The researchers found a significant increase of guidelines regarding what is and is not appropriate on the professional and personal social media of journalists, with little distinction made between these two types of accounts. Although newsrooms have implemented policies to articulate what is appropriate social media conduct and a majority have recently revised policies, those guidelines do not always address the fast-evolving contemporary issues journalists face on a daily basis, specifically online threats against journalists and verification of user-generated content. The researchers found a trend towards news outlets retaining ownership of on-air talents’ professional accounts. Research Paper • Faculty • Mary Bock, The University of Texas at Austin; Robert Richardson, University of Texas at Austin; Christopher T. Assaf, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN; Dariya Tsyrenzhapova, University of Texas at Austin • Production and Improvisation: Digital Native News Video as an Emerging Narrative Style • This project uses content analysis to examine the nature of video narrative form on the internet, comparing the news videos posted by legacy print, TV and digital native organizations. Using the lens of narrative theory, this research examines the way organizations use scripting and editing conventions to establish their standing as authoritative storytellers. The results found the three types of organizations use significantly different storytelling styles, with long-term implications for news organizations and their viewers. Research Paper • Faculty • Jiyoung Cha, San Francisco State University • Factors That Affect Social Media Credibility as a News Channel: the Impact of Network Relationships, Source Perceptions, and Media Use • Recognizing the prevalent use of social media to get news, this study investigates the factors that affect the credibility of social media as a news channel. A survey of 488 U.S. adults who use social media reveals that individuals' homophily with their social media contacts, source credibility, trust in alternative news sources, reliance on social media to get news, and frequent social media use to get news positively relate to the credibility of social media. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Stefanie Davis Kempton, Penn State Altoona; Carlina DiRusso, Hope College • Pressure to Perform: Gendered Expectations of Journalists’ Social Media Use • Social media expertise is essential for journalists to compete in today’s digital world. However, not all journalists experience social media the same way. This study is particularly interested in how gender influences these experiences. A survey of broadcast news professionals was conducted to explore social media trends in the news industry. Findings suggest that female journalists experience more online harassment than male journalists and face additional pressures to perform on social media in certain ways. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Kim Fox, The American University in Cairo; Yasmeen Ebada • Egyptian Female Podcasters: Creating Social Change Through Public Pedagogy • This research will examine the work of eight Egyptian female college podcasters. The researchers concluded that the podcasts were used as a platform to strengthen feminist epistemologies. The researchers posited that all podcasters adopted or would adopt either a Westernized or Black feminist epistemology. Public pedagogy theory helped determine that the podcasters utilized their podcasts as digital feminism to raise awareness to larger societal problems in a country entrenched in patriarchy. Research Paper • Faculty • Sherice Gearhart, Texas Tech University; Ioana Coman, Texas Tech University; Alexander Moe, SUNY Brockport; Sydney Brammer, Texas Tech University • “Keep Your Politics Off of My Face(book)!” Online News & Hostile Media Bias in the COVID-19 Social Media Environment • Facebook offers a free platform for news organizations to foster audience engagement and expand reach. However, comments seen before reading news articles shape the visible opinion climate and negatively influence readers. Guided by hostile media bias, the influence of comments and a knowledge-based assessment on perceptions of bias and credibility are tested using a nationwide sample of Facebook users (N = 450). Findings show user comments and knowledge-based assessments enhance negative perceptions among audiences. Research Paper • Faculty • Manuel Goyanes, Carlos III University; Alberto Ardèvol-Abreu; Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Salamanca/Penn State University • Antecedents of News Avoidance: Competing Effects of Political Interest, News Overload, Trust in News Media, and ‘News Finds Me’ Perception • Recent changes in the media environment make it easier than ever for people to actively shape their news repertoires according to their habits, needs, and preferences. As convenient as these practices may seem, they also afford the possibility of disconnecting from news and current affairs more efficiently, with potentially deleterious effects on democracy. Building on the conceptualization of news avoidance as a general disposition and its consequential behavior, this study jointly examines key individual-level predispositions that may motivate individual news exposure avoidance. Based on a two-wave panel survey data collected in the United States, results show evidence that political interest and trust in professional news are negatively related with news avoidance, while news overload and—especially—the ‘news finds me’ perception are positively associated with news-avoidance behaviors. Our analyses suggest that the linkages between these cognitive antecedents and news avoidance are contingent upon the robustness of the empirical tests, with the ‘news find me perception’ yielding the most consistent association across models. Research Paper • Faculty • Miao Guo, Ball State University; Fu-Shing Sun, Ball State University • Local News on Facebook: How Television Broadcasters Use Facebook to Enhance Social Media News Engagement • This study examines how local television broadcasters use Facebook to enhance social media news engagement. By scraping 1,063 news posts from nine local television stations’ Facebook pages, this investigation performs a content analysis on different features of news posts, including news topics, message vividness and interactivity, post time, and length of post. This study further explores how different news post features affect three dimensions of news engagement indicated by reactions, comments, and shares. Research Paper • Student • Kendal Heavner, The University of Arkansas • The Impact of Media Algorithms on The Habermassian Public Sphere and Discourse • Media algorithms are increasing in use among popular social networking sites (Geiger, 2009). Widely influential in the media sector, algorithms create a highly personalized experience for the individual viewer. However, some scholars argue the specified curation of media based on a user’s personal preferences leads to a “filter bubble,” an online-based self-fulfilling prophecy in which users’ pre-existing opinions are continually reaffirmed. A survey will examine the impacts that media algorithms have on traditional media theories. Research Paper • Faculty • Steven Collins, University of Central Florida; William Kinnally, University of Central Florida; Jennifer Sandoval, University of Central Florida • What Influences the Influences?: Examining National Culture, Human Development and Journalism Influences • This study examines how social systems level variables may help shape electronic journalists’ perceptions of the forces influencing their work. We combined Worlds of Journalism Study data with Hofstede’s cultural orientations to consider how the levels of the Hierarchical Influences Model may coalesce. In six analyses across four levels, culture was significantly correlated with perceived influences. Our findings support the belief the social systems level is the hegemonic level on which the others levels rest. Research Paper • Faculty • Michael Koliska, Georgetown University; Neil Thurman, LMU; Sally Stares, City University of London; Jessica Kunert, University of Hamburg • Exploring audience criteria for perceptions of online news videos • "Journalism professionals and media experts have traditionally used normatively framed criteria to define news quality. But the digital news media environment has disrupted the status quo by putting a greater emphasis on audience reactions as markers of news quality. Little research has addressed the criteria audiences themselves use to evaluate news and particularly audio-visual news. We conducted in-depth group interviews with 22 online news video consumers in the UK to explore the criteria that they use in their perceptions and evaluations of online news videos. Thematic analyses suggest many intersecting criteria, which we group under four headings: antecedents of perceptions, emotional impacts, news and editorial values and production characteristics." Research Paper • Student • Wendy L.Y. Leung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Distant Suffering of Coronavirus Outbreak: Comparing BBC World and Al Jazeera English Epidemic Reporting in China • This research aims to compare how BBC World and Al Jazeera English (AJE) report the “distant suffering” of the initial outbreak of the coronavirus in China through critical discourse analysis. While BBC World highlighted the situation of “western victims” in Wuhan to domesticate the event with audiences, AJE tried to relate audiences through illustrating the outbreak in both China and surrounding infected countries, previewing its possible impact in the globe. Research Paper • Student • Heidi Makady, University of Florida • I Wouldn't React to it Because of the Algorithm: How Can Self-Presentation Moderate News Consumption. • While algorithms govern the display of our newsfeed on SNS, studies sought to explore conditions to encourage audience interaction with news content. However, few aimed to understand how audiences may refrain from interaction. This study explores how audience awareness of algorithmic recommendations may drive their news interaction. Through self- presentation framework, results indicate that the higher the level of self-monitoring and algorithmic awareness, the more likely passive news consumption is. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Dylan McLemore, University of Central Arkansas • Ten Days of Twitter’s “Who to Follow” Algorithm as the Architect of an Election Season Social Network • This study attempts to learn how Twitter curates election information for new users by letting the “Who to Follow” algorithm select accounts for followers of Donald Trump and Joe Biden. The results suggest the algorithm creates a partisan echo chamber by prioritizing ideological agreement. However, it varied significantly in the types of accounts it used to create this bubble, including the number of news personalities and verified accounts suggested to followers of each candidate. A summary of the study is presented in the format of a 1,500-word extended abstract. Research Paper • Faculty • Kaitlin Miller, University of Alabama • Hostility toward the press: a synthesis of terms, research, and future directions in examining harassment of journalists • While there is an upsurge of research examining hostility toward the press, there continues to be a lack of critical and robust theoretical foundation and agenda for such inquiry. Therefore, the objective of this article is to synthesize literature in the study of abuse and harassment of journalists, set forth clear definitions of terms, situate that literature within a larger theoretical context, and ultimately establish future lines of inquiry for research examining harassment of journalists. The principal objective is to unify work in this growing field to help not only answer important questions about a topic gaining more and more attention, but to also do so with a critical foundation in how hostility toward the press is theorized. Research Paper • Faculty • Bruno Takahashi, Michigan State University; Qucheng Zhang, Michigan State University; Manuel Chavez, Michigan State University; Yadira Nieves • Touch in disaster reporting: Television coverage before hurricane maria • This study examines the use of touch by television reporters in their interactions with sources — mainly residents and government officials — before Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico. We used a qualitative approach that allowed four themes to emerge inductively. The themes — engagement and participation, empathy and caring, easing tension, and collective empowerment are described in relation to the literature on touch across cultures. Implications for the emotional turn in journalism are discussed. Research Paper • Student • Melissa Williams, The University of Southern Mississippi; Lindsey Maxwell, Southern Mississippi • The View of the Blue is Bigger than Black and White • Using the social identity theory, this study explored how mass media, race, age, gender, and politic affiliation contribute to Americans’ attitude towards the police. Findings indicate one’s social identity and identification with police play a substantial role in how people choose to view police. Additionally, increased media trust and resulted in more positive perceptions of police, and people who listened to radio news more frequently were more likely to consider police part of their in-group. Research Paper • Student • Anna Young, University of Connecticut; David Atkin • An Agenda-setting Test of Google News World Reporting on Foreign Nations • The current study examines the international news section of Google News by investigating the frequency and valence of international coverage. The content of news headlines and snippets about other countries are compared to the public perception of those countries, based on a dedicated survey. Although study findings fail to detect a second-level agenda-setting effect, they demonstrate the impact of other variables--such as political philosophy and perceived cultural proximity of the nation--on media agenda-setting. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21501 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/esig-2021-abstracts/ Tue, 08 Jun 2021 19:40:40 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21505 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Faculty • Audrey Halverson, Brigham Young University; Kris Boyle, Brigham Young University; Kevin John, Brigham Young University • Battle Royale and Addictive Gaming: The Mediating Role of Player Motivations • Previous research on the prevalence of addictive behaviors among video game players has been varied; however, there are emerging concerns that battle royale games may be particularly conducive to addiction. This study utilizes a survey sample of 536 battle royale players to investigate addiction outcomes for battle royale players and the mediating role of various player motivations. Research Paper • Student • Seung Woo Chae; Sung Hyun Lee • Sharing Emotion while Spectating Video Game Play • This paper examines how the COVID-19 pandemic associates with Twitch users’ emotion, using natural language processing (NLP). Two comparable sets of text data were collected from Twitch internet relay chats (IRCs): one after the outbreak of the pandemic and another one before that. Positive emotion, negative emotion, and attitude to social interaction were tested by comparing the two text sets via a dictionary-based NLP program. Particularly regarding negative emotion, three negative emotions anger, anxiety, and sadness were measured given the nature of the pandemic. The results show that users’ anger and anxiety significantly increased after the outbreak of the pandemic, while changes in sadness and positive emotion were not statically significant. In terms of attitude to social interaction, users used significantly fewer “social” words after the outbreak of the pandemic than before. These findings were interpreted considering the nature of Twitch as a unique live mixed media platform, and how the COVID-19 pandemic is different from previous crisis events was discussed based on prior literature. Research Paper • Student • Meredith Collins; Allison Lazard; Ashley Hedrick; Tushar Varma • It's Nothing Like Cancer: Young Adults with Cancer Reflect on Memorable Entertainment Media • "Entertainment media simulates social experiences, facilitates coping, and develops resiliency in young adults, ages 18 – 39. These outcomes could be beneficial for young adults with cancer, who typically report lacking social support and suboptimal psychological outcomes during and after treatment. Guided by the memorable messages framework, we investigated which entertainment media young adults with cancer found memorable and why. We conducted 25 semi-structured, online interviews. Participants were asked to identify any media title that was memorable or meaningful during their cancer experience; they were also asked to explain whether the title had a positive or negative meaning to them, as well as why they felt that way. Participants were mostly female (79.2%) and White (80%), with a breast cancer diagnosis (45.8%). Media portrayals were helpful if they prompted exploration of emotions and the creation of meaning around the cancer experience, or if they took participants’ minds off cancer. Most entertainment media focused only on death from cancer. Our participants called for more nuanced portrayals that better reflected their lived reality. Our results revealed media are used as social surrogates, and to find affirmation and validation. On the other hand, our participants felt that entertainment media focused too heavily on death. This may contribute to internalized stigma and decrease psychological functioning, or affect the perceptions of cancer-free peers. Our participants called for more nuanced portrayals that depicted the realities of living with cancer. Future research should further probe the effects of entertainment media on psychological outcomes for young adults with cancer." Extended Abstract • Faculty • Serena Daalmans, Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute; Mariska Kleemans; Cedra van Erp, Radboud University Nijmegen, Communication Science; Addy Weijers • All the Reasons Why: Exploring the Relationship between Morally Controversial Content in 13 Reasons Why and Viewers’ Moral Rumination • Via in-depth interviews with young adults (N = 45), we sought to gain deeper insights into the experiences of and reflective thoughts (i.e. moral rumination) about controversial media content. In order to map how moral rumination is incited in viewers, we chose a recent example of controversial television, namely 13 Reasons Why. The results will provide a comprehensive account of moral rumination as a concept, and will thereby further field of positive media psychology. Research Paper • Student • Stefanie East • A Little Bit Alexis: From Self-Absorbed Socialite to Self-Made Career Woman • The cultural impact of Schitt’s Creek and its eclectic mix of characters has resonated with viewers across the world, partly because of its message of love and acceptance, but also because of the strong female characters. This essay offers an analysis of one the most iconic characters from the show, Alexis Rose. Using Kenneth Burke’s method of pentadic criticism, it will examine the breaking of a stereotype and impact of character development on an audience. Research Paper • Faculty • Erika Engstrom; Ralph Beliveau, University of Oklahoma • Masculinity’s Representative Anecdote in the MCU: Resistance and Revision in "Avengers: Endgame" • This paper interrogates the 2019 film "Avengers: Endgame" using the lens of hegemonic masculinity. By examining the behaviors and storylines of its central male superheroes, four main themes that challenge hegemonic masculinity were identified: (1) seeking help from and giving help to others, (2) emotional expressiveness, (3) expressions of fear and vulnerability, and (4) emphasis on father-child relationships. These merge to tell an overarching “story”—the representative anecdote—of a progressive and positive masculinity, one that affirms that super-heroic men are not afraid to show vulnerability, uncertainty, and affection. The Marvel Cinematic Universe is one of the largest entertainment franchises in media history, and the positive masculinity presented in this film demonstrates a slow but progressive evolution of gender portrayals that hold the potential for positive representations that reflect the many ways manhood is performed in reality. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Chris Etheridge, University of Kansas; Fatemeh Shayesteh, University of Kansas; Remington Miller, University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Abigail Carlson, University of Arkansas at Little Rock • From “hunky beefcakes” to “beautiful” Homecoming queens: Perpetrators and victims in true crime podcasts • Because this podcasting platform is still relatively new, few studies have considered how perpetrators of crime and victims of crime have been portrayed. Through a content analysis of true crime podcasts, this study will address a gap in the scholarship by chronicling descriptions of victims and perpetrators in several popular true crime podcasts. Extended Abstract • Student • Heesoo Jang, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Madhavi Reddi, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • [Extended Abstract] Intimacy and Connections: Celebrity Culture in Indian and South Korean Television Shows • This study examined how celebrities’ private lives are used as core elements of Asian television shows. The countries of interest were India and Korea, as the entertainment industries of both countries have increasingly challenged the global dominance of Hollywood. Using qualitative textual analysis, two prominent shows –Taste of Wife (Korea) and Koffee with Karan (India)—were analyzed. Both shows used celebrities’ personal lives and connections to create intimacy with the public and amplify visibility. Research Paper • Student • Wei Lin • More contributors, shorter continuance? The paradox of entertainment contents contribution • Controversial debates are going on over the issue whether incentive to contribute is to diminish or increase with the expansion of group size. Previous studies on open collaborative platform for knowledge generation and sharing suggest that shrinking group size weakened motivation of contribution. This paper introduces group size into cognitive evaluation theory. By tracing behavior of video contributors in a hedonic information system for 20 months, we illustrate the negative effects of group size of entertainment contributors on intrinsic motivation and social rewards, which lead the discontinuance and inactivity of new contributors. Different mechanisms in hedonic and knowledge-sharing information system are discussed as well. Research Paper • Student • JINDONG LIU, CUHK; biying wu • A “soul” emerges when AI meets Anime via hologram: a qualitative study on users of new anime-style hologram social robot “Hupo” • Anime-style hologram social robots are the latest entertainment products. This paper discusses how social robots and anime content converge via this new technology. Through interviews (N=18) in the case of Hupo, it identifies unique media phenomena including anime-style gamification and idolization of social robots, anime-assisted interactional order maintenance, and AI empowerment of anime characters. It argues anime fandom practice compensates for inadequate AI incapability, which challenges the vision of realistic human simulation in anthropomorphism. Research Paper • Faculty • Patrick Osei-Hwere, West Texas A&M University; Enyonam Osei-Hwere, West Texas A&M University; Li Chen, West Texas A&M University • Spotlighting Emotional Intelligence in Children's Media: Emotional Portrayals in Disney Channel Television Series. • A content analysis of emotions depicted in five Disney channel television series using social cognitive theory, entertainment education, and emotional intelligence constructs, found that characters depicted emotions of happiness, anger, and fear most frequently. There were no significant associations between gender and emotion display. Researchers found significant associations between emotion types and variables of age, emotion labeling, emotion regulation, emotion display target, and emotion display location. Recommendations for media researchers and content creators are discussed. Research Paper • Student • Suri Pourmodheji, Indiana University, Bloomington • Keeping Up With the Yummy Mummies? Examining Kim Kardashian’s Mediated Yummy Mummy Images on the reality television program Keeping Up With The Kardashians versus Instagram posts. • "This chapter examines concepts of body image and the yummy mummy in motherhood, by analyzing select scenes from the reality television program, Keeping Up With The Kardashians (Keeping Up), and Instagram posts from Kim Kardashian’s personal Instagram page, @kimkardashian. Contextualizing the yummy mummy, the pressures of maintaining the bikini ready body for mothers, exploring body as commodity, and examining a fantasy of motherhood, I apply these concepts to an analysis of Kardashian’s body during her motherhood journey. Furthermore, I argue that Kardashian's body functions in a hegemonic way as a seemingly attainable goal for postpartum women and those looking to get back into shape post baby. This chapter asks the following questions, how does Kardashian convey the yummy mummy concept referenced by Littler and Jermyn throughout Keeping Up and on Instagram? How does Kardashian function as a persona in flux between her appearance on Keeping Up and on Instagram? Further, how does the in-flux persona play a role in the way she portrays motherhood on Instagram? To address these questions, I use visual and contextual analysis on select scenes and Instagram posts that focus on Kardashian and her body as a mother. From analyzing these examples, I argue for the following conclusions: Kardashian's role as a mother is portrayed through self-critical language to reinforce an authentic display of the yummy mummy body, through confident Instagram posts depicting her desirable body, and through post-racial visual discourse represented in family pictures on Instagram. Research Paper • Student • Rachel Son, University of Florida • K-dramas and the American youth: Conceptualizing the aspiration of a youthful utopia • The purpose of the current paper is to develop a model to explain why American youth audiences choose to watch K-dramas. A rationalism approach by deriving concepts from existing theory to identify the variables of the model. The theoretical perspective comes from the theory of Temporarily Expanding the Boundaries of the Self (Slater et al., 2014), as well as contributions from entertainment research regarding enjoyment and affective motivations (Oliver & Raney, 2011). K-drama narratives is the independent variable and youthful utopia aspiration is the proposed dependent variable. As audiences begin temporarily expanding the boundaries of self to restore their identity and attain self-fulfillment, they are transported into the narrative where they identify with the characters’ experience in the stories. This leads to the American youth audiences to learn something about their own identity and life by expanding their understanding about South Korean culture through drama portrayals. In sum, audiences find meaning for their own lives that cannot be gained by self-affirmation through boundary expansion while viewing K-dramas. Research Paper • Student • Nathan Spencer, The University of Memphis • License to angst: A study of female characters in Christopher Nolan films • This paper is a textual analysis of female characters in Christopher Nolan films. Its purpose is to determine how Nolan represents women in his films, thus adding to the literature on Nolan and on women in blockbuster films. The data consisted of a sample from three of Nolan’s most popular films, The Dark Knight, Inception, and Interstellar. The data was organized into five distinct categories: Dead Wife Syndrome; Women as a plot device for men; Violence as shock value; Mommy issues; and Behind every strong woman is… a man? The results reveal that Nolan’s stories revolve around men, reducing women to stereotyped subordinates. Nolan actively weaponizes his female characters’ femininity, treating them violently in his stories to motivate his male characters and tantalize the audience. His consistent successes over different genres point to moviegoers wanting to consume the stories he tells, regardless of content. This study’s results determine that his influence is directly hindering positive female representation in mainstream blockbuster films. Research Paper • Faculty • Alec Tefertiller, Baylor University; Lindsey Maxwell, Southern Mississippi • Am I binge-watching or just glued to the couch? Viewing patterns, audience activity, and psychological antecedents for different types of extended-time television viewing • The phenomenon of binge-watching has received considerable attention in both the media and in research. However, extended-time television viewing is not only confined to narrative binges. This study sought to better understand the differences between different types of extended-time television viewing, including binge-watching. While little evidence was found to suggest a connection between problematic mental health antecedents and extended-time viewing, differences in audience attention and overall patterns of consumption were found. Research Paper • Faculty • Kelsey Whipple, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Ivy Ashe; Lourdes Cueva Chacon, San Diego State University • Aux News: Examining Listeners’ Perceptions of the Journalistic Function of Podcasts • Podcasting is a well-established medium with a rapidly growing audience but no established ethical standards or practices. Through a representative national survey of American internet users (n = 1,025), this research examined how much podcast listeners trust podcasts and how they evaluate their journalistic merit. Podcast listeners trust podcasts less than most other news sources, with the exception of online news and satirical news programs. And though listeners agree that podcasting is a form of journalism, a way to stay informed about news and current events, and a valuable source of information, they are more skeptical of podcasts when comparing them to traditional news sources. Age is the only demographic category that predicts listening frequency. Research Paper • Faculty • Qingru Xu; Hanyoung Kim; Andrew Billings • Let’s Watch Live Streaming! Exploring Streamer Credibility in Influencing Purchase Intention in Video Game Streamer Marketing • This study aims to examine the effect of streamer credibility on purchase intention in the context of video game streamer marketing, and further explore the underlying mechanism of the examined relationship via a mediation analysis. With recruiting 277 participants in the United State, this study (a) confirms the significant and positive relationship between streamer credibility and purchase intention, and also finds that (b) the mediators of parasocial relationships and streamer loyalty partially mediate the effect of streamer credibility on purchase intention. Surprisingly, the indirect effect of streamer credibility through the two mediators on purchase intention is stronger than the total effect; meanwhile, the direct effect of streamer credibility on purchase intention in the mediation model remains significant but negative. By applying structural equation modeling analysis, the current research offers a theoretical explanation for how streamer credibility influences viewers’ purchase intention in the context of video game streamer marketing, with practical and practical implications outlined. Extended Abstract • Student • Wenjing Yang; Ruyue Ma • Online and offline : How MOBA games affect adolescence’s Discourse • MOBA games are now a big part of adolescences’ daily life , which not only affect their entertainment but also affect their communication . This paper draws on the theory of scenes proposed by Joshua Meyrowitz (1985) , using the way of participant observation and depth interview . The intial findings are that MOBA games realize the integration of scenarios in three dimensions and thus provided some new discourse for adolescence , which affect their communication and social interaction . Extended Abstract • Student • Casey Yetter, University of Oklahoma; Alex Eschbach, University of Oklahoma • Earth’s Moralist Heroes: Virtue depictions in the Marvel Cinematic Universe • The purpose of this paper is to identify how virtue ethics are depicted in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). A thematic analysis was used to analyze 12 of Aristotle’s virtues (courage, temperance, liberality, magnificence, magnanimity, gentleness, truthfulness, wittiness, friendliness, modesty, and righteous indignation) in the protagonist superheroes in the MCU films, the most successful film franchise in cinematic history. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21505 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/gsig-2021-abstracts/ Tue, 08 Jun 2021 19:50:04 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21508 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Student • Julie Aromi, Rutgers University School of Communication and Information • Race on the debate stage: Senators Booker and Harris’s discussions of Blackness in Democratic primary debates • Senators Kamala Harris and Cory Booker both frequently discussed their experiences as Black Americans during the Democratic primary debates throughout 2019. Both Senators acknowledge the ways Black voters are often used as a tool to elect white Democrats, and use their personal experience to establish solidarity with Black audiences. This textual analysis of the Senators’ remarks about race throughout the debates, focuses on how each talks about their own racialized experiences, and the narratives they construct about who they are as Black politicians, advocates, and Americans. Research Paper • Student Member • Diane Ezeh Aruah, University of Florida • Struggling to fit in: Understanding difficulties faced by African international graduate students in a Predominant White Institution (PWI) in the United States • Every year, thousands of African students apply to graduate programs in the United States with the hope of experiencing quality and standard education unobtainable in their home countries. However, difficulties encountered by African students while settling into the educational system in the United States can impact their pursuit of the “American dream”. This article examines these difficulties using a qualitative phenomenological study of African graduate students in a predominantly white institution in the U.S. In-depth interview was used to collect data from 16 Ph.D. and master's students. The students encountered inter-personal-based, community-based, and institutional-based difficulties, which often led to feelings of isolation, depression, and low self-esteem. The students managed their difficulties through online and offline support, as well as self-developed skills. Predominantly white institutions in the United States must include the needs of African international students in their recruitment, orientation, and mental health support programs. Research Paper • Student • Laura Canuelas-Torres • Young Activists or Misguided Children? American Adults’ Perceptions on The March for Our Lives Teen Activists • The efforts of young people to advance gun control measures media coverage from all across the political spectrum. The current project used Q Methodology to further understand American adults’ perception of these activists. Results indicate that three camps emerged: those who recognized the teens as activist, those who see them as mislead and confused and those who see their efforts as the result of adolescent naivety. Relationships with media consumption are discussed. Research Paper • Student • Sera Choi • The Use of Non-Verbal Cues to Express Apology and User Perception on Influencers’ Apology • This qualitative study examines how YouTube influencers use non-verbal cues in their apology videos and how users perceived these non-verbal cues displayed in the videos. This study utilized facial expressions via different arrangements of upper and lower facial structures, body and hand gestures, and speech rate to analyze how influencers used non-verbal cues. The study observed four different themes of users’ perceptions of non-verbal cues used in apology videos (i.e., sincere, fake, aggressive, and disappointed). Extended Abstract • Student • Carl Ciccarelli, The University of South Carolina • A critical qualitative analysis of response framing of the COVID-19 pandemic across higher education. • The present study is timely and aims to employ a mixed method research design to extract meaningful insights to inform future practices in higher education through studying responses from a sample of five large public universities located in the southeast United States. This analysis will include in-depth interviews, content analysis of statistical COVID-19 dashboard data for each university, and a textual analysis of the framing and tone of response statements disseminated by each university. Research Paper • Student • Nina Gayleard • Audience Member Twitter Discussion About Netflix’s Unbelievable (2019) • This research focused on themes amongst audience member discussions of crime entertainment media by examining tweets about Netflix’s Unbelievable (2019). The research aimed to identify major themes amongst audience discussions and see how those themes compared to current themes in crime entertainment media texts. The themes that appeared in the tweets reflected those in Unbelievable (2019) and those currently found within crime entertainment media texts, indicating that audience members actively discerned and discussed relevant themes. Research Paper • Student • Lingshu Hu • Boosting Texts: Improving Text Classification Performance on Small-Sized, Imbalanced Datasets • Communication scholars, who traditionally focus on text messages, can benefit from adopting recently developed machine learning algorithms on text classification. This study introduced three methods—boosting, SMOTE, and Bert embedding—and tested their performance on small-sized, imbalanced datasets. Results show that SMOTE effectively increases the accuracy of classifying the minority class; Bert embedding can enhance the overall testing accuracy but may not improve minority class recognition; Boosting did not work well with text classification tasks. Research Paper • Student • Shudan Huang, University of South Carolina; Max Bretscher, University of South Carolina • Motivation to Purchase Organic Foods, Message Clarity, and Information Processing from a Heuristic-Systematic Perspective • This study utilized a construal frame manipulation of an organic product and applied a heuristic-systematic model (HSM) as the theoretical foundation for testing people’s attitude, the brand, and purchase intention of the organic product with different levels of involvement and skepticism. The finding revealed that skepticism will have negative effects on participants’ cognition and acceptance of organic food. And frames were found to be a significant predictor of ad attitude, brand attitude, and purchase intention. Research Paper • Student • Jeff Hunter, Texas Tech University; Koji Yoshimura • Are there Partisan Differences in the Moral Framing of News? • This study investigated the relationship between moral framing of news media headlines and the political ideology of the source using moral foundations theory and the model of intuitive morality and exemplars (MIME). A content analysis assessed the moral framing of 1,100 news headlines sampled from major news sources. Results indicated that moral foundation framing did not differ according to the political ideology of the news source, but framing was associated with the issues examined. Research Paper • Student • Yanru Jiang, University of California, Los Angeles • Understanding Triggers of Problematic Internet Uses in Casual Mobile Game Designs • There is evidence that players can become addicted to casual mobile games. This study identified seven elements that are frequently adopted in casual mobile game designs and could trigger game addictions. The study used a seven-item game addiction scale (GAS) to access the addiction level of casual mobile gamers. Adverse effects on addicted players, such as being isolated from social contacts, neglecting important activities, and undermining psychological conditions, were identified through the GAS. Research Paper • Student • Sarah Johnson • Credibility from the Source: Comparing traditional celebrity endorsers with YouTube endorsers • This study examines the relationship between an endorser’s expertise, trustworthiness, and brand attitude using Source Credibility Theory, by looking at traditional celebrity and YouTube endorsers. A representational survey of the U.S. adult population was used. The research model was analyzed using mediation analysis; the results were determined to have significant direct and indirect effects. Based on the results, there was a slight increase in the strength of the mediator on brand attitude for YouTube endorsers. Research Paper • Student • URSULA KAMANGA • Assessing the Implications of Cervical Cancer Information Sources and its Barriers Among Latinas • Cervical cancer is preventable, yet screening levels remain low among Latinas, contributing to a 40% mortality rate in the U.S. Health information-seeking behavior among this population remains low. Few studies have assessed channels used while investigating perceived uncertainty for health information-seeking among Latinas. This case study will test the Theory of Planned Behavior through semi-structured interviews to understand the health information-seeking behavior among Latinas and where new channels could be made to assist them. Research Paper • Student • hakan karaaytu • Independent Journalists Reporting on Political Issues in Turkey, using Traditional and New Media • In this study, while the role and journalistic ideal imputed to the media in contemporary democracies are considered, the changes in the Turkish media sector, which have been structurally transformed since 1980, and the reflections of this change on the identity of the journalists are revealed. As the historical process of the media structure that has been transformed is described, the effects of the experiences in relationship between media and politics on the journalistic profession are illustrated with concrete examples. The research paper consists of interviews with 10 people who are selected from journalism academics and press-journalists in the profession. Extended Abstract • Student • Yihan Li, School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Health code for datafied mobilities in China: Framing of datafication, algorithmic governance and dataism ideology • This research adopts critical discourse analysis to analyze the construction of health code discourse by Chinese governments and its social consequences. This research finds the frame of the health code as an objective tool for orderly mobilities, which is produced by the hierarchical relation between the state and local governments. And this discourse contributes to the emerging of a new mode of algorithmic governance and a dataism ideology with some doubtful assumptions. Research Paper • Student • Paige Nankey; Rhea Maze • Social Media and Marine Plastic Pollution: A Study of Social Media Messaging on Engagement • This 2 (emotional appeal: hope vs. guilt) x 2 (call-to-action (CTA): presence vs. absence) between-subjects experiment randomly exposed 76 college students to one of four Instagram-type messages about marine plastic pollution: Guilt with no CTA (N = 18), guilt with CTA (N = 20), hope with no CTA (N = 19), or hope with CTA (N = 19). The results were not significant but revealed an interesting interaction pattern when combining hope appeals with CTA’s. Extended Abstract • Student • Victoria McDermott; Drew T. Ashby-King, University of Maryland • Extended Abstract: Examining Institutional and Instructional Support of Communication Graduate Students Academic and Social Needs During COVID-19 • Rhetorical and relational goal theory posits that students have academic and relational needs in the classroom that need to be met to facilitate student success. By conducting focus groups with communication graduate students, this study explored how institutional/departmental and instructor communication met students’ needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. We suggest that rhetorical and relational goals are intertwined concepts that contribute to supporting students’ academic and relational needs and success. Research Paper • Student • Adriana Mucedola, Syracuse University • Royal baby boom: How British tabloids covered Kate Middleton and Meghan Markle's pregnancies • This study used an intersectional approach to understand how media coverage during Kate Middleton and Meghan Markle’s first pregnancies differed from one another. A content analysis that coded 240 British tabloid articles revealed that Markle received a greater amount of press negativity and negative weight-related attitudes, while Middleton’s body was objectified to a greater extent. Findings suggest that media continue to objectify women in different ways depending on their identities, and reinforce the thin ideal. Research Paper • Student • Christina Myers • Toward a Conceptual Model of Implicit Racial Bias and Representation of African Americans in Media • "The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual model to explain how societal, cultural and historical circumstances contribute to the creation of meaning assigned by content creators and its subsequent understanding, particularly as it relates to the media’s portrayal of African Americans. The author suggests implicit racial bias, stereotypes and ideology, which are shaped by the historical, cultural and societal influences of content creators, allow for inherently prejudiced belief systems to be disseminated and reinforced by mass media. To the author’s knowledge, there is a paucity in mass communication literature that seeks to explain the cognitive processes involved in content creation by members of mass media. Extended Abstract • Student • Nhung Nguyen, University of Kansas • Strangers helping strangers in a strange land: Vietnamese immigrant mothers and expecting mothers in the USA use social media to navigate health acculturation • Drawing from acculturation, this study analyzes 18 in-depth interviews with immigrant Vietnamese mothers and pregnant women in the United States on the role of online social support through Facebook on their pregnancy and motherhood in a strange land. Findings show that immigrant mothers seek out both informational and emotional supports. “Bonding” levels are low and unlikely to transcend into real-life friendships. Social media, however, allows community members to develop and thrive during enculturation. Extended Abstract • Student • Jeffry Oktavianus, City University of Hong Kong; Yanqing Sun; Fangcao Lu • Extended abstract: The episodes of health crisis information response process among migrant domestic workers during COVID-19 pandemic • Guided by Crisis Response Communication Model (CRCM), this study examined how Indonesian migrant domestic workers in Hong Kong digested and responded to health crisis information amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Through in-depth interviews involving 32 workers, this study discovered that the participants went through four stages of crisis response process, including observation (i.e., information gathering), interpretation (i.e., filtering information and verification), choice (i.e., adopting adaptive and maladaptive preventive measures), and dissemination (i.e., information sharing). Research Paper • Student • Runlei Ren; Xinyu Dai; Mengyuan Wei • The Impact of Internet on Public Trust in Government: Assessing the Mediating Effect of Subjective Social Justice • Over the past decade, public trust in the government (PTG) in developed countries has continued to decline. At the same time, the rapid development of the Internet has changed people's perceptions. The decline of PTG will pose a challenge to government governance. Given the coexistence of the decline in PTG and the gradual popularization of the Internet, can the Internet explain or partially explain the fluctuations in PTG among citizens? Previous research pointed out that the negative effects may play a leading role. However, existing literature ignores that the relationship between Internet use and public trust in government (PTG) can be mediated by contextual variables such as perceived social justice. Thus, this study uses the 2018 Chinese Social Survey (CSS 2018) and household survey datasets in 2015 (CGSS 2015) to explore the influence of internet usage on PTG and its mechanism. Multivariate regressions and instrumental variable estimates support that: Besides playing a negative role directly (β=-0.0467, t=-3.0304, p<0.001), the internet can also affect PTG by polluting subjective social justice. Diverse applications of the internet have different effects on PTG. From the perspective of different government levels, it conforms to the characteristics of differential trust in government. This conclusion provides a reference for the governance of Internet public opinion. The department of management could treat the Internet as a platform to carry out effective communication between the government and the public to improve political trust. Extended Abstract • Student • Zoey Rosen, Colorado State University; Channing Bice, Colorado State University; Stephanie Scott, Colorado State University • Extended Abstract: [Visualizing the Invisible: Visual-Based Design and Efficacy in Air Quality Messaging] • This study examines the effect of efficacy and visual design for messaging for air quality. The following study is a 2 (efficacy: high vs. low) × 2 (message design: visual vs. text) between-subjects experimental design, assessing the effects of these variables on students’ visual comprehension, source credibility, self-efficacy, and protective behavioral intention. Hypotheses were partially supported, finding that there were some statistically significant effects for efficacy and message design on the variables of interest. Extended Abstract • Student • Andrea Smith, Syracuse University; Adriana Mucedola, Syracuse University; Jian Shi, Syracuse University • Partisan Pride: How Cross-Exposure to Partisan News and Emotions Toward Trump Leads to Civic Engagement • The purpose of this study was to examine the link between consuming either liberal or conservative media, partisans’ emotional reactions to news about Donald Trump, and their level of participation in civic engagement. A sample of U.S. adults (n=813) completed the relevant measures in an online survey. Results indicated that when participants consumed counter-attitudinal media, they experienced negative emotional reactions to news about Donald Trump, which in turn, led them to become more civically engaged. Research Paper • Student • Courtney Tabor, University of Oregon • “What a 13-year old girl looks like”: A feminist analysis of To Catch a Predator • This paper examines three key episodes of early-2000s sensation To Catch a Predator and situates them within crime media and journalism literature. Based on the analysis, To Catch a Predator represents the apex of crime media as demonstrated by the treatment of women and girls as bait, claims of ownership over women and girls’ bodies, lack of nuance in reporting, and the liberties taken in their journalistic practices. Research Paper • Student • Jingyue Tao • The Influence of Message and Audio Modalities in Augmented Reality Mobile Advertisements on Consumers’ Purchase Intention • Evidence shows that AR technology is an effective advertising approach to raise a brand’s awareness, so many big brands implement AR into their marketing strategy. However, the effectiveness of AR mobile advertisements on consumers’ purchase intentions remains unclear. To fill this dearth in the literature, this study examined how message and audio modalities of AR mobile advertisements influenced consumers’ purchase intentions through an experiment. Based on the uses and gratifications perspective, this online experiment manipulated the message type (emotional/factual) and audio-verbal appeal (present/absent) of AR advertisements to investigate their impact on consumers’ attitudes towards buying a watch. The results showed that audio-verbal appeal played a salient role in the emotional message to positively influence consumers’ perceived entertaining gratification and intention to buy the watch. However, the audio-verbal emotional message negatively influenced consumers’ purchase intention and did not influence their perceived information gratification. Future research should test other multimedia such as images, video, or animations to better understand the interaction effect between AR mobile advertisements and consumers’ purchase intentions. Research Paper • Student • Taylor Thompson • Trust in media in the era of fake news • This study explores how political ideologies, media bias, and media credibility affect trust in the media. This research uses an ATP survey from Pew Research Center. The analysis found that people who identify as Democrats have a significantly higher trust in the media, and think the media is doing their job well and effectively. Republicans were less trustful of the media, which suggests a problematic relationship between the media and people who identify as Republicans. Research Paper • Student • Yue Wang, University of Leuven • Why are smartphones a thief who steals time? An Empirical Study of Smartphone Dependence in China • With the rapid spread of smartphones worldwide, the negative effects of overuse and dependence on smartphones have attracted more and more public attention. To explore how people’s psychological motivations affect smartphone dependence, this research expands the motivation of media-system dependence and adds two psychological characteristics of loneliness and FoMO. The results showed that “recreation”, “orientation”, “loneliness” and “FoMO” had significant impacts on smartphone use, while “understanding” did not have a direct effect on smartphone dependency.This survey provides important information for academicians concerning smartphone dependency, which is still rarely explored in China. Research Paper • Student • Tian Xinhe • Research on Online Social Support Related to Gender Issues from the Perspective of Communication-An empirical analysis based on Zhihu, an online question-and-answer community in China.docx • Abstract: The COVID-19 outbreak in early 2020 has highlighted the importance of social caring, and the related gender issues have attracted more attention online. This paper studies the posts related to the "sanitary napkins in loose packing" in Zhihu Community, and examines the impact of online social support on gender issues, from the perspective of communication and through social network analysis, content analysis and text analysis. Findings: Users have not developed a tight social network, but the Matthew effect is significant; online social support strengthens connections between users on gender issues; "otherization" for female is found users in agenda setting; intensified online gender contradiction reflects the polarization effect of network. Misogyny is found in China's male-oriented online society. On this basis, the paper argues that gender inequality is an objective, deep-rooted existence in Chinese society, and that gender antagonism is becoming increasingly prominent in China's online society. In the long run, however, we should avoid grafting gender contradictions into class contradictions, with efforts made to coordinate gender relations and seek equal rights for men and women. Research Paper • Student • Wanjiang Zhang; Jiayu Qu; Jingjing Yi, School of Journalism and Communication, Chinese University of Hong Kong • Stripped from society abruptly: Effects of physical social isolation on people’s emotional expression and well-being • The study employed a quasi-experiment with 1,398 users’ 1,376,718 posts on Weibo. Three computational methods (SA, ITS, STM) were used to investigate the influences of physical social isolation on people’s emotional well-being during the quarantine. Results showed that quarantine brought a sharp fall in people’s emotions immediately without sustained effects. STM-generated topics implied social media’s role in fulfilling three psychological needs. Heavy Weibo users expressed more positively, whereas light users expressed negatively. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21508 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/hist-2021-abstracts/ Tue, 08 Jun 2021 19:59:48 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21511 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Student • Karlin Andersen, The Pennsylvania State University • Evangelical Erasure?: Digital Communications Technology and the Memory of Rachel Held Evans • Rachel Held Evans was a blogger, author, and speaker who chronicled her “evolution” from a devout evangelical Christian to critic in four books, a popular blog, and multiple social media profiles before her death in 2019. Evans’ work is contextualized within the relationship between evangelicals and online technology and ends with a review of Evans’ community as of 2020. Evans’ story offers valuable insights for historians studying digital media, online communities, or public memory. Research Paper • Faculty • Noah Arceneaux, San Diego State University • Acadian Airwaves: A History of Cajun Radio • This study explores French-language radio in southern Louisiana, particularly in the region known as “Acadiana.” This region is so named for the Acadian French who settled there in the late 1700s, a group commonly known today as “Cajuns.” Drawing from a variety of sources, this study outlines the history of this form of broadcasting, which has persisted since the beginning of radio in the region. Research Paper • Faculty • Elizabeth Atwood, Hood College • Deadline: A History of Journalists Murdered in America • Although non-profit organizations issue periodic reports on violence directed against the media, little scholarship exists to explain why these attacks occur. Previous studies have focused primarily on volatile regions of the world, but this work looks at attacks on the news media in the United States. It identified seventy journalists who were murdered from 1829 to 2018 and offers a typology with which to categorize the violence. Research Paper • Faculty • Thomas Bivins, University of Oregon • The effect of early journalism codes and press criticism on the professionalization of public relations • Following the end of WWI, both journalism and the nascent practice of public relations sought to establish a more professional image. The challenge to professionalize from Walter Lippmann on the one hand and Edward Bernays on the other exacerbated an already tense relationship between the two practices. While journalism reinforced its historical role, public relations attempted to elevate its occupation to a higher plane. The result was a sometimes literal battle of codes of ethics. Research Paper • • Jack Breslin • Civil War Generals for President: Press Coverage of Rutherford B. Hayes and James A. Garfield During the Elections of 1876 and 1880 • During the 19th Century, four American “military chieftains” - Jackson, Harrison, Taylor and Grant - won the presidency. Besides their political careers, Rutherford B. Hayes and James A. Garfield also served as Union generals. By analyzing news stories and editorials during the Elections of 1876 and 1880 in selected New York City newspapers, this study examines campaign press coverage and electoral impact of the military heroism and political experience of Hayes and Garfield, who defeated General Winfield Scott Hancock. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Michael Buozis, Muhlenberg College • Extended Abstract: Targeting the trades, press associations, and J-schools: Tobacco industry mapping and shaping of metajournalistic discourses • Drawing on archival sources, this study explores how the tobacco industry targeted journalism trade publications, professional and press associations, and journalism schools in a decades-long effort to map and shape metajournalistic discourses to their advantage. By contributing to media-to-media publications, funding and participating in conferences, and engaging in journalism “education” initiatives the industry sought to influence journalistic practices. These journalism-adjacent actors and sites are particularly vulnerable to infiltration from corporate actors and deserve more scrutiny. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Anthony Cepak, University of Tennessee - Chattanooga • An Attempted Coup on King Coal: How The Tennessean helped reshape discourse of coal mining • Through extensive archival research, oral history and ethnography, "An Attempted Coup on King Coal” examines the reportage of journalists at The Tennessean at the beginning of the environmental movement. The activism of The Tennessean’s journalists is illustrated through the lens of photojournalist Jack Corn, as the newspaper covered issues related to the waning coal industry in Tennessee’s Clear Fork Valley, and the social, economic and environmental devastation left in the wake of its abandonment. Research Paper • Faculty • Caitlin Cieslik-Miskimen, University of Idaho • Community Divisions and Fractures in Print: Institutional and Student Media Coverage of a 1927 High School Student Strike • Throughout the 1920s, high school students went on strike across the United States. Yet, despite the number of strikes, their size, and their geographic diversity, they’ve largely been lost in scholarship. This paper examines the longest and largest strike of the decade, and details how it unfolded in institutional media, represented by the community’s daily newspaper, and student media. It argues the strike represented a clash of narratives and revealed a series of community tensions. Research Paper • Faculty • George Daniels, The University of Alabama • Where There Was a Will, AEJ Made a Way for Diversity • The words “Still Here” were a banner to promote Lee Barrow’s work to recruit and retain students of color in the journalism and mass communication. This paper spotlights Barrow’s work and the others in the leadership of Association for Education in Journalism (AEJ) as they operated the AEJ/New York University Summer Internship Program, created The Journalism Council to raise funds for these efforts and supported a Job/Scholarship Referral Service and career-oriented newsletter Still Here. Research Paper • Student • Andrew Daws, The University of Alabama • The 1980s and the War on Drugs: The Media's Declaration Against Hollywood? • What began as a crusade against countries in Latin America turned into a war on the home front – a war against drugs. The federal government was fighting to curb drug use while Hollywood was brandishing images of it. Oftentimes the media sided with the government. Critics from The New York Times were quick to point out these distinctions in films such as Scarface, Drugstore Cowboy, Fast Times at Ridgemont High, and Clean and Sober. Extended Abstract • Student • James Fuller, UW-Madison • Extended Abstract: A Socially Responsible Trade: an Analysis of Ethical Discourse in Editor & Publisher, 1930-1934 • This paper shows the trade journal Editor & Publisher regularly discussed ethics of journalistic practice. Through an analysis of 265 Editor & Publisher journals published from 1930 to 1934, I show that newsmen were concerned about ethics in the normative practice of journalism. Further, I argue ethical conversations found within Editor & Publisher illustrate elements of the Social Responsibility Theory of the Press over a decade before its adoption by the Hutchins Commission in 1947. Research Paper • Faculty • Tamar Gregorian • The Making Of “The Young Budgeter”: The American Girl Magazine’s Role in a Girl Scout’s Life During the Great Depression • Juliette Gordon “Daisy” Low founded the Girl Scouts and almost immediately began publishing The American Girl, arguably the most significant publication for adolescent girls at the time. Its content was reflective of societal norms for girls’ behavior. However, were economic effects of the Great Depression reflected in the content? The author, through a close reading of the magazine during that decade found the magazine avoided such content, leaving questions of the publications true influence. Research Paper • Student • Autumn Linford, University of North Carolina • Perceptions of Progressive Era Newsgirls: Framing of Girl Newsies by Reformers, Newspapers, and the Public • As part of a larger project about news work and gender, this study focuses on the gendered experiences of Progressive era newsgirls. Newsgirls took up a disproportionate amount of public conversation during this time period, but have been mostly ignored by historians. This research suggests the image of the newsgirls was strategically framed and exploited to further reformer’s causes, bolster newspapers’ business, or excuse the public’s apathy. Research Paper • Student • Alexia Little, University of Georgia • Cementing Their Heroes: Historical Newspaper Coverage of Confederate Monuments • Following continued conflicts about Confederate monuments in American society, this study explores Civil War memory encapsulated in newspaper coverage of four Confederate monument unveilings. Discourse and narrative analyses of 258 articles published in seven U.S. newspapers in the 1890s and 1920s examine how the American public negotiated terms of heroes, victims, and villains, largely in a hegemonic Lost Cause myth that took primacy over fact, thus distorting collective memory of the war. Extended Abstract • Student • Ayla Oden, Louisiana State University; John M. Hamilton, Louisiana State University • Extended Abstract: "By Far the Best of Our Foreign Representatives:" Vira B. Whitehouse and the Origins of Public Diplomacy • The Committee of Public Information’s efforts during the first World War mark the beginning of American public diplomacy, but its influence has since been overlooked by scholars. The CPI owes a large portion of its overseas success to suffragist Vira Boarman Whitehouse. This paper examines the role Whitehouse played in the CPI’s efforts in Bern, Switzerland. So far, scant research has looked at Whitehouse’s role in shaping public diplomacy, and even then, diminishes the challenges she faced due to her position in a male-dominated field and how her initial efforts were marred by poor mismanagement. This paper analyzes how her role as a leader in the New York suffrage movement gave Whitehouse the skillset to serve as one of the most-accomplished CPI commissioners and trailblazers for modern public diplomacy. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Diane Prusank, Westfield State University • Dorothy Barclay: Mediating Parenting Advice • Research on the history of the women's pages has neglected a staple of the women's pages, namely the information provided regarding family and parenting advice. This study begins to fill this gap by analyzing the work of Dorothy Barclay, editor of the parent and child section of The New York Times between 1949 and 1965. Research Paper • Student • Carolina Velloso • Race Films and the Black Press: Representation and Resistance • This paper investigates Black press coverage of race films in the early twentieth century. Using archival methods and textual analysis to examine coverage in three Black newspapers, this study argues that through advertisements, film reviews, actor profiles, and production updates, Black newspapers played a crucial role in the advancement of positive screen representations of African Americans. The Black press challenged dominant media representations of African Americans and provided readers with positive examples of Black accomplishment. Extended Abstract • Student • HUANG WENLU • Title: The Image of Heroines in Advertisements of Shanghai’s Martial Arts Films during1920s-1930’s • This paper argues that Nüxia pian such as Red Heroine displays the females’ bodies in a de-gendered way, challenging the visual culture in which females’ bodies was often seen as objects of desire by male viewers. However, in newspaper advertisements, the image of Nuxia Pian has become sexualized, implying the resurrection of the male's desire. By discussing the disparity of image representations, the present study attempts to offer an analysis related to issues of women’s liberation in Nüxia pian. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21511 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/intc-2021-abstracts/ Tue, 08 Jun 2021 20:12:43 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21514 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Shlash Alzyoud, Student • The Concept of “New Media” among Jordanian News Producers • Journalists and directors of major media have documented doubts about blogging and social media. Difficult questions must be asked to know how new technologies are affecting journalism, along with what is actually achieved for the news organization in the presence of these technologies. The purpose of the this study is to understand and explain how Jordanian news-story producers perceive social media networks as related to making news and the extent to which they rely on these networks in producing news, in addition to knowing their opinions of the pros and cons of these networks. The study uses the qualitative approach by conducting personal interviews with the study sample. Research Paper • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Augustine Botwe, University of Colorado Boulder; Selorm Adogla • Responsibility Framing of Health Issues in Ghanaian Newspapers: A Comparative Study of Ebola and Cholera • The media in Ghana can play a significant role in shaping narratives associated with public health problems, especially endemic health challenges. The results of a bivariate analysis of the contents of two most widely circulated Ghanaian newspapers show that experts, who dominate media conversations about public health issues, discriminate in their apportioning of responsibility. While they called on the government to tackle Ebola, they shamed individuals for the outbreak of cholera. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Extended Abstract • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Chen Chen • The Geopolitics Game: A Comparatively Frame Analysis between the US and Chinese Coverage of “The TikTok Divestiture Event” in the Perspective of Media Diplomacy • TikTok was considered to be banned by American government after July 2020, this commercial dispute was "politicized”. This study compared the news coverage of “The TikTok Divestiture Event” by two comparable mainstream media groups in China and the US. By employing multi-layer frame analysis of two News Frames, this study aimed at uncovering how and why the dispute was constructed in the Media Diplomacy of the two states under the geopolitics game vision. Research Paper • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Calvin Cheng, the Chinese University of Hong Kong; Wanjiang Zhang; Qiyue ZHANG • Conspiracy about COVID-19 Pandemic in Contemporary China: What is the Authority’s Role on Weibo • By illustrating how Chinese authorities narrate and spread conspiracy theories (CTs) on Weibo, this study argues that authority-led CTs are strategic rhetoric in political discourse in authoritarian systems. We found authority-led CTs are significantly different from individual-led CTs in terms of topics, narratives, and diffusion patterns. Particularly Chinese authorities applied denial, rivalrous and connotative rhetoric on controversial topics to signify conspiratorial claims, contributing to the widespread of misleading CTs from vast individuals on social media. Research Paper • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Abdul Wahab Gibrilu, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • News use, partisanship and political attitudes in Africa: A cross-national analysis of four African societies using the communication mediation approach • Drawing from Afrobarometer survey respondents in four African democracies (N=5997), we explored news uses effects on citizens’ political attitudes and how such relationships are affected by partisanship. Findings showed that only online news uses predicted all levels of citizens’ political attitudes across the samples whilst mediation results further affirmed different pathways to political attitudes through political discussion. Partisan differences exhibited consistent indirect effects for ruling and no party support across large portion of the sample. Research Paper • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Jing GUO, Chinese Univeristy of Hong Kong • How twitter becomes the battlefield for China’s public diplomacy? • I applied grounded theory in social media research to explore how twitter became the battlefield for China’s public diplomacy campaign. By manual coding and simultaneous analysis on Chinese current foreign spokesperson Zhao Lijian’s Twitter postings and comments he received in three stages, I conceptualized China’s recent diplomatic move on twitter as ‘war of words’ model with features like ‘leadership’, ‘polarization’ and ‘aggressiveness’, while the effects in global community including ‘resistance’, ‘hatred’, and ‘sarcasm’. Research Paper • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Sima Bhowmik • Examining the media coverage of early COVID19 responses in the online version of Bangladeshi newspapers. • This study analyzes Bangladeshi news coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic to examine attention cycle patterns, cited sources, and news frames. A quantitative content analysis was conducted on 729 articles from three newspapers (The Daily Star, The Daily Sun, and The Daily Prothom-Alo) published from March 1 to May 30, 2020. It was found that attention cycle patterns, news frames, and sources varied across the three newspapers. The study shows that these three newspapers gave more attention after the pandemic announcement. This study revealed that these three-newspapers emphasized mostly on attribution on government responsibility and reassurance frame. Regarding the news sources, these three newspapers equally used more sources from government. Apart from govt. sources The Daily Star and The Daily Sun also used international experts’ comments, while The Daily Prothom-Alo frequently used Bangladeshi health experts’ comments. This study will be helpful for researchers to understand third world country’s pandemic coverage. Research Paper • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • milan ismangil • Print as Digital Gateway: Hong Kong’s Yellow Economy and Bimodal Communications • Print is not dead. Machine readable communications and smartphones as the means to read them has given print new wings. Print is rearticulated as bimodal communication, standing between the physical and the digital realm. By analysing the yellow economic circle in Hong Kong, a pro democracy protest, this article argues that the new possibilities of paper as digital gateway to the digital has made it a vital part of the protest movement. Research Paper • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Solyee Kim, University of Georgia • What does the Korean Embassy's Facebook page show us? • This study explores the discourse on the Facebook page of the Embassy of the Republic of Korea in the United States and how the Embassy constructs its roles and the US-ROK relationship. The study analyzes the posts that were published on the Embassy’s Facebook page between October 25, 2019 and October 25, 2020 and discusses how its findings help constructing the ideologies of the Embassy and dynamics of the US-ROK relations. Extended Abstract • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Wei-ping Li, College of Journalism • Extended Abstract: [It's a small world after all] • During the Covid-19 pandemic, people in different countries have shared not only the fear of the virus but also false information. Based on international information flow theory and by examing Covid-19 false information in the Chinese language, this research studies the characters of the similar or identical false information that circulates in various countries. The research finds that cultural and geographical proximity are important factors in deciding where the information traverses. Extended Abstract • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Qiaozhi Liang; Yifei Li; Ke XUE • The Charm of Culture: An Empirical Research on Intangible Cultural Heritage Short Videos • With the prosperity of Internet techniques in digital age, culture-related short videos have sprung up to attract overseas audience to adopt information of exotic culture. The study is an empirical research to investigate the factors affecting the viewers’ adoption towards the intangible cultural heritage short video and thus influencing their cultural identity. The Information Adoption Model (IAM) was extended and verified to adapt to the context of culture dissemination by adding the moderating variables of visual aesthetics and personal involvement. Questionnaire was conducted online comprised of the short videos’ clips and psychological scales. In conclusion, 471 people took part in the survey and 433 were validated. With the regression results, we found the establishment of the positive effects of source credibility and information quality on information adoption, the dual-moderating effect of involvement, and the negative moderating effect of visual aesthetics to the relationship between source credibility and information adoption. The study provides insights into guidance for making attractive short videos and innovative strategies to spread culture efficiently. Extended Abstract • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • V Michelle Michael; Satrajit Ghosh Chowdhury • Extended Abstract: Framing Terrorism in a Global Media Conduit: Comparing Muslim-Majority and Muslim-Minority Countries • This study compared the news coverage of three terrorist attacks in Britain in the summer of 2017. As terrorism and Islam are often erroneously correlated in news coverage, 510 articles from three Muslim-majority and three Muslim-minority countries were analyzed for any differences based on national religious identity. Our study showed that the three Muslim-minority countries used more terrorism frames for Muslim perpetrators than a White perpetrator compared to the three Muslim-majority countries. Extended Abstract • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Nabila Mushtarin, University of South Alabama • #desi: Self-Representation on TikTok among the South Asian Diasporic Youth in the U.S. • With 2 billion downloads and 69% users under the age of 24 across 150 countries, TikTok has become a popular social media platform preferred by the youth for sharing unique interactive contents. The virtual space offered by TikTok motivates its users to participate in short performative videos reflecting socio-cultural practices. This paper explores the use of TikTok by the South Asian Diasporic youth and analyzes its role in offering a virtual space for self-representation of the group. Research Paper • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Mladen Petkov • Journalistic role perceptions and barriers to role fulfilment in post-communist Bulgaria: A preliminary assessment • This preliminary study explores role perception among journalists in Bulgaria, who work in a media landscape where political pressure and dissemination of false information create barriers to role fulfillment. The findings reported in this paper summarize semi-structured interviews with established Bulgarian journalists who discuss their work and reflect on professional values in an era of incomplete political transition and abundant disinformation. The findings make a contribution to scholarly studies about post-communist media systems. Research Paper • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Viktor Tuzov, City University of Hong Kong • Media coverage of trade war between China and United States by Russian media outlets • During the recent years the trade war between China and United States became one of the most important crisis not only in the global economic relations, but also in the international political agenda. The current research is focused on Russian media coverage of trade war between China and United States based on the content analysis and implication of structural differences existing in the current Russian media system into war and peace journalism paradigm. Extended Abstract • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Gea Ujčić • In “Other” news: A media framing analysis of COVID-19 emergence in Croatia • By qualitatively analyzing Croatian coverage of COVID-19 outbreaks in China and Croatia, this paper explored framing and the construction of “Otherness” in three Croatian digital news outlets. Findings indicate stereotyping, dehumanization and Orientalism were present in framing China as a threat, while with the domestic outbreak, empathy, resilience, and personalization prevailed. This paper contributes to the existing literature by exploring Croatian coverage of the pandemic and adding to the research of portrayals of pestilences worldwide. Research Paper • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Lupita Wijaya, Monash University • What’s in a name? Imagined Territories and Sea Names in the South China Sea Conflict • This study compares three disputants in the South China Sea conflict, namely Vietnam, Philippines and Indonesia (2013-2018). This study marks the preferred names as a turning point of maritime territorial imagination, transitioning names from merely geographical references to names bearing territorial and geopolitical implications, exemplified by Philippines’ West Philippine Sea, Vietnam’s East Sea, and Indonesia’s (North) Natuna Sea. Geographic name is not simply a geographic reference of passages anymore but invokes an imagination of boundary and identity. The process of turning the SCS into a conflict has been signified by the practice of name change and this process is imbued with collective memories from past conflict experiences. Content analysis and exploratory topic model show three disputants revolve around contested names in their associated topics and frames. Extended Abstract • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Xin XIN • Extended Abstract: [Imagining Behind the Wall: Representation of Israel on Chinese Online Video Platform Bilibili] • Taking Israel on Chinese online video platform Bilibili as a case, this research adopts qualitative content analysis to investigate how people shape the imagination of distant others through digital media representations. Drawing Orgad’s (2012) global imagination, the researcher discusses three findings including parochial stranger-relationality, otherness in censored digital platform, and self-representation as alternative. Revisiting the work of representation help reveal new challenges and potentials for change in the symbolic production of others. Extended Abstract • Student • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Jiahui Dai, Communication University of China; Yangyue Xiong, Communication University of China • Advocating International Cooperation and Confirming International Status: Metaphors Used by WHO in COVID-19 Briefing Speeches • In COVID-19 epidemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) conducts international communication through three forms: regular media briefings, delegation briefings and attendance of the Director General at other meetings. In this study, a total of 50 speeches from 22 January 2020 to 9 April 2020 of Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director General of the WHO were selected for critical metaphor analysis. It is found that team metaphor, war metaphor, moral metaphor, journey metaphor and fire metaphor run through the metaphor use of WHO. WHO constructs the response to the COVID-19 epidemic as team work, war, moral responsibility or journey, and the COVID-19 epidemic as fire. In the in-depth analysis of its metaphorical interpretation and explanation, it can be found that WHO has expanded the connotation of these five types of metaphors through different metaphorical carriers, but its metaphorical intention is consistent in two aspects, namely, advocating international cooperation and confirming international status. Research Paper • doctoral candidate • James W. Markham Student Paper Competition • Weiwen Yu, Arizona State University • Key Players in International Opinions on the U.S.-China Trade War • "Based on relevant theories and using the methods of thematic analysis and social network analysis, this study analyzes the roles of relevant countries and classes in international opinions on the U.S.-China trade war through measuring and comparing the sources and attitudes of related opinions in the mainstream press of some countries. The findings show that the United States and China are the main sources of relevant international opinion in other countries, while the traditional powers Britain and Russia had more opinions mentioned than Vietnam and Iran—even though the latter ones were more affected by the trade war. Meanwhile, elites and decision makers are the main sources of relevant opinions in the United States and China respectively, but there are also some substantial differences between these two countries. The national interests clearly dominated the attitudes of other countries toward the United States and China. At the domestic level, the U.S. government seems to unusually gain the agreement of various classes, while Chinese government is questioned by certain classes in China. All of these could strengthen the U.S. claims and weakened China’s voice in the international opinion. Furthermore, the opinions of relevant international organizations did not gain the attention they deserve from various countries, American and Chinese public opinions also were not expressed adequately in the press dominated by their elites and decision-makers. Their real roles in the international opinion still need to be further investigated. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Saifuddin Ahmed • Perception and deception: Examining third- and first-person perceptual gaps about deepfakes in US and Singapore • This study is one of the first attempts in understanding public perceptions of deepfakes. Findings from three studies across US and Singapore support third-person perception (TPP about influence) and first-person perception (FPP about recognizing) about deepfakes. A detection test suggests that the TPP and FPP are not predictive of real ability to distinguish deepfakes. Moreover, the perceptual gaps are more intensified among those with higher cognitive ability. The findings contribute to the growing disinformation literature. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Deb Aikat, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Mariam Alkazemi; Faten Alamri,, Princess, Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia; Cathy Zimmer, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • The Influence of Personality on Motivations: Comparing Uses and Gratifications of Social Media Users in the US and Kuwait • "Social media platforms dominate popular communication. However, few studies have examined how the media ecosystem impacts Kuwaiti students’ use of social media, and even fewer have matched it with students in the United States in a comparative context. Based on the uses and gratification approach, this study to compares students from the United States and Kuwait to understand social media use across cultures. This study offers insight to use of social media by students in these two cultural contexts. This study examines how personality may impact their motivations. This study offers insight to use of social media by students in US and Kuwait contexts, and examines how personality may impact their motivations." Research Paper • Student • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Fitria Andayani, University of Missouri • What is ethical in entrepreneurial journalism? • In-depth and semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with Indonesian entrepreneurial journalists to understand their perception of the ethical dilemma due to their double role as journalists and entrepreneurs and how they implement journalism boundaries. The findings informed by the boundary work theory suggested the ethical dilemma is inevitable in varying degrees and contexts. Simultaneously, how entrepreneurial journalists deal with normative issues and implement journalism boundaries depends on their business objectives, journalistic experience, and perceived identity. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • John Beatty, La Salle University • American Stereotypes of Chinese: Traits, Values and Media Use • "This national study examines Americans’ perceptions of Chinese character traits and related cultural values, in addition to media use, communication and demographic items. Recent coverage of China in The New York Times was examined. Respondents perceived Chinese as “career types,” as overly religious and prudish, and generally as “good people.” Correlations with media use, communication patterns and demographics were weak, although there is a relationship between media use and a perception that Chinese are antisocial." Extended Abstract • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Brian J. Bowe, American Univ. in Cairo / Western Washington Univ.; Robin Blom, Ball State University; Carolyn Nielsen, Western Washington University; Arwa Kooli, l'Institut de Presse et des Sciences de l'Information • Tunisian and U.S. Journalism Students: A Comparison of Journalism Degree Motivations and Role Conceptions • This study assesses journalism student motivations and role conceptions among Tunisian and U.S. students to compare aspiring journalists in a country with well-established free-press norms to those in a transitional democracy with a recent history of authoritarianism. Preliminary results suggest that Tunisian journalism students are more interested than U.S. journalism students in covering public affairs and using their work to fight social injustice. A Tunisian drive toward public-service journalism is consistent with these activist inclinations. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Michael Chan, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Jingjing Yi, School of Journalism and Communication, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Panfeng Hu, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Dmitry Kuznetsov, Chinese University of Hong Kong • The politics of contextualization in communication research: Examining the discursive strategies of non-US research in JCR journals from 2000 to 2020 • Non-US authors are often held to a different standard to US authors when contextualizing the findings and contributions of their research. We examined the discursive strategies they used in 605 articles across eight JCR-listed communication journals from 2000 to 2020. The findings showed a substantive amount of contextualization in relation to US concerns and literature; and demonstrated the ideological hegemony and omnipresence of the US-dominated academic culture that permeates the academic writing of non-US authors. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Dhiman Chattopadhyay, Shippensburg University • Indian Journalists’ Perceptions About Social Media’s Usefulness, Trustworthiness and Value As a Breaking News Platform • This study examines Indian journalists’ perceptions about (a) social media’s usefulness and (b) trustworthiness, as well as (c) why they believe their colleagues choose social media as a breaking news platform. Results from an online survey of 274 multi-platform journalists across 14 cities, indicated a dichotomy – journalists rated social media as extremely useful, yet not-so-trustworthy professional tool. Further, breaking from hierarchies of influences that have traditionally shaped mainstream media’s gatekeeping decisions, journalists reported that more than professional routines, or organizational diktats, ‘usefulness’ of the platform was the primary reason journalists shared breaking news on social media. Other perceived influences on gatekeeping decisions, included a need for higher page views, and inter-media competition to showcase trending news first. Results indicate emerging challenges for journalism practice in one of the largest non-Western media markets, and offer insights into newer ‘hierarchy of influences’ affecting gatekeeping decisions. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Surin Chung, Ohio University; Eunjin Kim, University of Southern California; Suman Lee, UNC-Chapel Hill; Euirang Lee, Ohio University • How Does Ethical Ideology Affect Behavioral Intention to Wear a Mask in Pandemic? • The present study examined how ethical ideologies (i.e., relativism, and idealism) moderated the relationship between two variables (i.e., attitude, and subjective norm) and behavioral intention to wear a mask during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-national survey was conducted in the U.S. and South Korea. The study found that relativism weakens the relationship between the two variables and behavioral intention in the U.S. whereas idealism weakens the relationship between the two variables and behavioral intention in South Korea. Research Paper • Student • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Dinfin Mulupi, University of Maryland, College Park; Keegan Clements-Housser, University of Maryland, College Park; Jodi Friedman, University of Maryland, Philip Merrill School of Journalism; Nataliya Rostova; Gea Ujčić; Matt Wilson, University of Maryland; Frankie Ho Chun Wong; Linda Steiner, University of Maryland • Riot on the Hill: International Coverage of a U.S. Insurrection Attempt • A thematic analysis of strategic narratives was employed on media texts from 20 different locales on five continents to determine how the January 6 insurrection was covered in places accustomed to being reprimanded by the United States about governance and human rights. Four overarching themes emerged: reputation of the U.S., depictions of the event, underlying causes of the event, and the political implications of the event marked the worldwide coverage. Extended Abstract • Member • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Ioana Coman, Texas Tech University • Extended Abstract: Fighting the Infodemic War on COVID-19 Vaccine: An international comparative analysis of factchecking organizations’ impact on Facebook and dialogic engagement • The COVID-19 pandemic devastated the world. An effective vaccine is deemed as the best solution to overcome this pandemic, but while vaccines have been approved and currently distributed, mis/dis-information contributing to vaccine hesitancy and refusal. Fact-checker organizations are trying to combat the infodemic through posting their fact-checks on social media, especially Facebook. This paper explores the way fact-checkers in four countries are acting on Facebook, their impact, and how their audiences are responding/reacting. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Shugofa Dastgeer; Fatemeh Shayesteh, University of Kansas • The Anti-Execution Movement of Iranians on Social Media • "This study explores the structure and content of the anti-execution movement of Iranians on Twitter. The findings indicate that the networks’ activity depends on cases of executions in Iran and that the networks shrink as an execution case becomes older. While the participants largely used the anti-execution hashtags to discuss their personal (irrelevant topics), most of the relevant tweets were had passive tones and relied on self-sourcing. Extended Abstract • Student • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Carlos Davalos, UW-Madison • Two side of the same coin: How violent incidents have opposing media coverages • Summary: Using bilingual content analysis and comparative strategies, the purpose of this study is to observe how American and Mexican mainstream newspapers cover a violent attack on an American Mormon working family on Mexican territory. Results show that the American coverage lacked social and historical context, while the Mexican newspaper coverage used a holistic frame to explain the family’s attack in a national context. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Victor Garcia-Perdomo, Universidad de La Sabana; Jose Augusto Ventin, Universidad de La Sabana; Juan Camilo Hernández Rodríguez, La Sabana University; Maria Isabel Magaña, Universidad de La Sabana • Testing the protest paradigm on TV and newspapers’ social media coverage of Chilean and Colombian social unrest • This research utilizes the protest paradigm as theory to analyze how TV channels and newspapers in Chile and Colombia covered —on their social media— the historical 2019 protests. According to the paradigm, mainstream media frame stories in a way that focuses on the violence and spectacle, delegitimizing protesters. This paper mixed automatic/manual content analyses to fully explore the adherence to the paradigm in digital environments. Results show key difference among countries, media type and organizations. Extended Abstract • Student • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Imran Hasnat, University of Oklahoma; Elanie Steyn, University of Oklahoma • Extended Abstract: Digital Public Diplomacy and Social Media: A Content Analysis of Foreign Embassy Tweets • Digitalization has changed public diplomacy (PD). Literature suggests that the new PD is dialogic and collaborative. Additionally, the presence of embassies online indicates the adoption of new communication platforms. Using Cull’s (2008) taxonomy of PD, this study analyzes tweets from 27 embassies, finding that they still use a broadcast model of communication rather than audience dialogue. It shows that images are the most commonly used media and mentions are more frequently used than hashtags. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Tang Tang, Kent State University • Information Verification and Discussion Networks as Pandemic Coping Mechanisms: A Cross-Country Study • Emerging infectious disease threats such as COVID-19 have caused profound impact on the human societies worldwide. In coping with the threat, individuals engage in a series of psychological, affective, communicative, and behavioral coping processes. But there is a lack of systematic examination of the roles of information verification and discussion networks in the coping processes. To address these gaps, this study tests and expands the existing IDT appraisal model by including these two factors. A cross-county online survey was conducted in the U.S. and Taiwan, which represent different levels of COVID-19 disease control. The results showed that different types of threat appraisals predicted both negative and positive emotions associated with the pandemic, which in turn predicted information behaviors, including information seeking, sharing, and sharing without verification. Information seeking was positively associated with engagement in protective action taking, whereas information sharing without verification was negatively related to protective responses. Information sharing was associated with protective responses only indirectly through discussion with strong and latent ties. Moreover, discussion with social contacts also mediated the relationships between threat appraisals/emotions and protective responses, but the patterns were different in the U.S. and Taiwan. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • You Li, Eastern Michigan U • Assessing the Role Performance of Solutions Journalism in a Global Pandemic • This research compares and contrasts the role performance of journalism in reporting prominent solutions to cope with the COVID-19 global pandemic in 25 countries. It found that solutions journalism performed more civic and loyal facilitator roles overall. The coverage in the U.S. demonstrated less tendency to be an interventionist or loyal facilitator than the coverage in East Asia, Europe, and the Pacific, and the COVID-19 infection number negatively predicted those two roles. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Limin Liang • From Ritual to Strategy: Li Ziqi as a Cultural Icon and the Political Economic Appropriation of Micro-Celebrity Fame • This paper uses Jeffrey Alexander’s (2004) cultural pragmatics theory in studying the media phenomenon of Li Ziqi, a Chinese vlogger who achieved stardom in major social media platforms with her cinematic videos celebrating the bucolic life of rural China, from preparing local delicacies to making traditional handicraft. The paper zeroes in on the narrative strategies of Li in crafting the image of an authentic pastoral life in China via short videos, which resonates well with an international audience. It moves on to examine how a cultural icon of the social media era maybe coopted by the Chinese state for its strategic soft power initiatives. The success of Li triggered a media debate whether she constitutes a successful form of “Chinese cultural export”, which remains an elusive goal for official media despite the resources channeled into the endeavor each year. As key opinion leaders debate China’s “cultural essence” and how it may create greater influence overseas, the commercialized videos with a cultural theme eventually get caught up in the more grandiose narrative about China’s soft power. The article dwells on the interaction between the authoritarian logic of the state, the proprietary logic of the media market, as well as the logic of network technology in its ever-shifting alliance with the other more established institutions, all within and through the making of a micro-celebrity. Extended Abstract • Student • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Anita Kueichun Liu, University at Buffalo; Yotam Ophir; Dror Walter; Itai Himelboim, University of Georgia • Networked Framing and the Role of Elite Gatekeeping During the #TaiwanCanHelp Hashtag Activism Campaign • We examine a Twitter hashtag campaign criticizing the political exclusion of Taiwan from the WHO’s efforts to combat COVID-19. We employed the Analysis of Topic Model Network (ANTMN) to analyze frames used in the #TaiwanCanHelp / #TWforWHO campaign in 2020 (N = 25,992 tweets) and network analysis to study the diffusion of messages and interactions between users. We identify three frames, and demonstrate message diffusion was dominated by Taiwanese and Western politicians and officials. Extended Abstract • Student • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Yuanyuan Liu; Liu Yining; Xiaojing Li • Exploring the Mediating Role of Perceived Credibility of Creative Chinese Propaganda Media on Political Participation • Inspired by priming theory, steeping stepping stone effect and spillover effect, this study fully examined the mediating role of Creative Chinese Propaganda Media (CCPM), a new social media platform of China’s party media, in the relationship of media use and political participation among young people in Chinese political contexts. A cross-sectional national survey was conducted in China, including the whole 31 provincial regions in Chinese Mainland, by a random cluster sampling among Chinese college students (N = 3,011). Results proved the whole research model of Chinese youth’s media use, general trust, perceived credibility of CCPM, and their online / offline political participation. It provided theoretical and practical significance for present politics alienation among youngsters, as well as for future studies on political participation, media practice, and political propaganda. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Justin Martin; Mariam Alkazemi; Krishna Sharma • A "Regional Halo Effect”? Media Use and Evaluations of America’s Relationships with Middle East Countries • This study examined news use and social media use as predictors of diplomacy evaluations of five Middle East countries among a representative survey of U.S. adults (N=2,059) conducted in September 2020. Respondents were asked if they deem each Saudi Arabia, Israel, Palestine, Qatar, and the UAE an ally, neutral, or enemy of the United States. The study utilized media and political socialization and public diplomacy scholarship as the theoretical framework. News use and social media use were mostly uncorrelated with diplomacy ratings of the countries, with the exception of Palestine, regarding which newspaper use and hard news consumption were associated with positive ratings and use of Fox News was associated with negative evaluations. The strongest and most consistent, positive predictors of diplomacy ratings were positive ratings of other countries. For example, rating each Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the UAE as allies of the U.S. was strongly associated with similar evaluations of Israel. We may be observing a kind of “regional halo effect,” whereby people in the U.S. who view one country in a foreign region favorably, or negatively, tend to hold most, or all, other countries in that region in similar regard. The authors recommend that the current survey be replicated in the U.S. for ratings of groups of South Asian and sub-Saharan African countries, to test whether this halo effect applies elsewhere. Implications for research on media use and political socialization and on public diplomacy are discussed. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Abhijit Mazumdar, Park University; Zahra Mansoursharifloo, Park University • Who is a Less Dangerous Foe? Comparing U.S. Media Portrayal of Taliban and ISIS • "This quantitative research used Indexing theory to study U.S. press portrayal of Taliban and ISIS between 2014 and 2019. There was significant difference on eight frames. The U.S. press portrayed Taliban as a less dangerous foe with which the U.S. could broker a peace deal. However, ISIS was portrayed as a terrorist outfit that had to be crushed. Indexing theory found support from findings of the research. Research Paper • • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Mingxiao Sui, Ferrum College; Yunjuan Luo, South China University of Technology; Newly Paul, University of North Texas • Trade War, or A War of Fake News?: An Exploration of Factors Influencing the Perceived Realism of Falsehood News on International Disputes • The rise of misinformation in recent years has re-boosted scholarly effort in investigating the origins, consequences, and remedies for the circulation of falsehood news, which primarily scrutinizes this phenomenon in one single nation. This scholarship has not yet considered how this phenomenon evolves in the context of international disputes where dissents, debates and rhetorical attacks often exist. Through a survey experiment, this study examines how Chinese readers’ perceptions about falsehood news is affected by a set of factors including news source, the presence of visual elements, general trust in mainstream Chinese media and trust in mainstream U.S. media, as well as general media literacy. Results suggest that falsehood stories reported by homeland media are perceived to better represent the reality of covered issue than those by foreign counterpart. This relationship is also moderated by readers’ general trust in U.S. media and general media literacy, which thus suggests media literacy training as a possible resolution to counter-effect news source. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Wunpini Fatimata Mohammed, University of Georgia • Decolonizing Methodologies in Media Studies • Drawing on an African feminist autoethnography framework grounded in a decolonial philosophy of Bilchiinsi, I present critical reflections on my experiences as an African scholar conducting research on media studies in Ghana. I argue that although canonical theories can be useful in theorizing African media systems, it is imperative to decolonize research by first looking to Indigenous African epistemologies and knowledge systems to support knowledge production in media studies and communication(s). Extended Abstract • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Ruth Moon, Louisiana State University; Tryfon Boukouvidis, Louisiana State University; Fanny Ramirez, Louisiana State University • Covering COVID-19 in the Global South: Digital news values in the Ugandan journalism field • This study examines the differences between online homepage content and print front page content in a Ugandan newspaper (the Daily Monitor) to assess the extent to which current knowledge about homepage news selection applies to the Ugandan and by extension East African and sub-Saharan African contexts. The data comes from spring and summer 2020, in the height of the COVID-19 crisis, allowing the study to also draw conclusions about how the crisis was covered across platforms. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Bahtiyar Kurambayev, KIMEP University; karlyga myssayeva, al-Farabi Kazakh National University • Boycotting Behavior in Journalism • "A plethora of studies about boycotting exist in political sciences, marketing, business and other areas of scholarship, but this theme has been largely overlooked in journalism. This study contributes to scholarship on this unexplored aspect of journalism by examining boycotting behavior in an Asian context of Kazakhstan. Although this study may have somewhat limited generalizability, this article interviewed journalists and editors from October 2020-February 2021 to examine their professional motivations in boycotting. The study identified that some journalists and news outlets in this politically constrained environment employ somewhat hidden, non-confrontational or undeclared tactics to boycott some selected news sources and certain policies in response to what they view as injustices in society, even when they see boycotting as ineffective. Accumulated professional tensions in an economically and politically constrained context lead to various forms of resistance and protests. The findings also suggest that financially independent journalists are more likely to boycott certain sources of information, challenge authorities and protest or show resistance, while less financially secure journalists tend to be reluctant to challenge external forces affecting their own journalistic practice. This study discusses the findings in relation to Bourdieu's field theory. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Carolyn Nielsen, Western Washington University; Brian J. Bowe, American Univ. in Cairo / Western Washington Univ.; Arwa Kooli, l'Institut de Presse et des Sciences de l'Information • Digital Natives, Nascent Democracy: Tunisian Pre-Professional Journalists’ Uses and Perceptions of Social Media • This study assesses Tunisian journalism students’ uses and perceptions of social media in their work. This survey, conducted almost a decade after the country’s Jasmine Revolution saw an authoritarian regime and its state-run news media replaced with democratic elections and laws protecting a free press, shows Tunisian journalism students are using social media largely to connect with the audience, to monitor competitors, and to conduct research. Respondents were divided about impacts on the field." Extended Abstract • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Ivanka Pjesivac, U of Georgia; Iveta Imre, U Mississippi; Ana Petrov, University of Toronto • The Use of Sources in News Stories about 2020 American Elections on Croatian Television: Who Dominates the Narrative? • This study examined the coverage of 2020 American elections on Croatian Public Service Television’s website. The results of the content analysis showed that Croatian television used significantly more international than domestic sources, more official than unofficial sources, more male than female sources, more named than unnamed sources, and more real people accounts than documents. The results are interpreted in the context of primary definer theories of news sources use applied to South/East European media model. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Enakshi Roy, Towson University • To say or not to say: Examining online self-censorship of political opinions in India • This study examines how self-censorship by social media users in India may be contributing to the limitations of media freedom. While right to free speech to all Indian citizens is assured by the Indian Constitution, a climate of repressive media freedom can have an impact on individual expressions. It can lead to a chilling effect in the public discourse of controversial issues. This study examines self-censorship on Facebook and Twitter with regards to government criticism. Survey (N=141) results suggest respondents with liberal attitudes were unwilling criticize the government on social media. However, respondents with pro-censorship attitudes, even if they deemed the opinion climate as hostile, were willing to support Prime Minister Narendra Modi on social media. Findings from this study expand understandings of online opinion expression and self-censorship in India. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Enakshi Roy, Towson University • Decade of Internet Censorship in India Examining Google Transparency Reports and Content Takedowns from 2010-2020 • Drawing on the literature on internet censorship this study investigates the practice of content takedowns carried out by the Indian governments. To that end this research employs two studies. Study 1 examines the transparency reports of Google from 2010- 2020 to find out what content is removed from Google platforms. Study 2 through in-depth interviews with technology lawyers and authors of transparency reports finds out about the content removal process and its complexities. The findings show “defamation,” “privacy and security,” “religious offense” and “national security” as the most frequently cited reasons for content removal initiated by the Indian government. Findings reveal a disturbing trend where defamation notices were misused to request takedown of content that was critical of the governments, politicians, public figures, law enforcement officials, and police. The findings of this study are important, they demonstrate several ways in which the internet is being censored even in democratic countries without the knowledge of the users. Such censorship maybe eroding the freedom of speech guaranteed by the Constitutions of India. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Hyunjin Seo, University of Kansas; Yuchen Liu; Muhammad Ittefaq, University of Kansas; Fatemeh Shayesteh, University of Kansas; Ursula Kamanga; Annalise Baines • International Migrants and COVID-19 Vaccinations: Social Media, Motivated Information Management & Vaccination Willingness • Using a mixed-methods approach combining an online survey with in-depth interviews, this study examines how international migrants in the United States used online resources in dealing with uncertainties surrounding COVID-19 vaccinations and how it is related to their vaccine willingness. Our results show that international migrants’ perceived uncertainty, positive and negative emotions, efficacy, and outcome expectancy affect their information seeking related to the vaccination and that issue salience moderates the effect between information seeking and vaccine willingness. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Meghan Sobel Cohen, Regis University • A Dark Continent? Meta-analysis of communication scholarship focused on African nations • Using meta-analytic work, this study examines communication research methods, geographic focus, and lead author affiliation in research articles published in four leading communication journals over the course of a decade (2010 – 2019). Results point to scholarship by authors from North American and European institutions being dominant throughout the decade of analysis alongside an overwhelming research focus on North American and European populations and content, and a continued reliance on a small number of research methods. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Xiao Zhang, Macau University of Science and Technology; Chris Chao Su, Boston University • Media genre dissonance and ambivalent sexism: How American and Korean television consumption shapes Chinese audiences’ gender-role values • Driven by globalization, modernity and the development of media technology, transnational media consumption is increasingly prevalent. Together with indigenous media genres, exotic media genres constitute the fragmentation and diversification of individuals’ media consumption. Yet research concerning the hybrid media effects generated by indigenous and exotic media genres is still underdeveloped. Using a sample of 556 Chinese Internet users, this exploratory study proposes a concept of media genre dissonance to compare the effects of hybrid media consumption on sexism and gender-role norms in marriage (GRIM) in China. The findings suggest that individuals’ perceptions of gender-role norms are not only affected by indigenous media usage but also altered through exotic media usage. We illustrate how genre dissonance can affect Chinese audiences’ perception of GRIM through the mediating roles of culturally specific sexism and general sexism found in American and Korean television dramas. Research Paper • Student • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Louisa Ha • Election Interference Strategies Among Foreign News Outlets on Social Media During the U.S. 2020 Election • This study investigates foreign interference in the 2020 U.S. election news coverage of BBC World News, RT America and CGTN America across social media platforms from August 28, 2020, to November 2, 2020. We employed a content analysis of 420 randomly selected posts from Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter accounts of these three state-controlled international news outlets. We found content and political relationship factors affected engagement differently in each social media platform. Adversaries of the U.S. were more likely to employ election interference strategies than were allies, although the occurrences were low overall. Research Paper • Student • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Jo Lukito • Russian Bots’ Narrative During Donald J. Trump’s 2020 Senate Impeachment Trial: A Text Mining Analysis • An analysis of Russian-language tweets (n1 = 465,329) collected during the 2020 U.S. Senate impeachment trial reveals that bots accounted for nearly 58% of users (n2 = 39,580) that generated 55% of overall content in a data set. LDA topic modeling method was employed to identify and quantify the differences in topic engagement between bots and nonbots. These findings offer empirical support for the theory of reflexive control, providing insights into Russia’s domestic information operations. Research Paper • Faculty • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Tamara Welter; Jason Brunt • Effects of Individualism and Race On Visual Processing: An Eye-Tracking Experiment • Previous research suggests that East Asians tend to look at the context of an image while Westerners look more at the area of interest. Other research suggests that people might examine photos of same-race and other-race faces differently. Here, we tested for a same v. other race effect for looking at pictures of people in front of naturalistic backgrounds. Across two studies, for measures of number of fixations and for mean length of fixation to AOI and background, we found different effects for race of participant, same race and for number of people in the photograph. Extended Abstract • Student • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Natalie Jomini Stroud; Tamar Wilner, University of Texas at Austin • Normative Expectations for Social Media Platforms • Critiques of social media hint at normative expectations, such as the ideas that information should be reliable and people should feel safe. It is unclear how these expectations vary, however, and whether they are better predicted by where one lives or one’s most-used platform. Our survey of over 20,000 people across 20 countries finds that expectations vary more based on respondents’ country of residence than most-used platform, revealing a challenge for social media’s homogenized products. Research Paper • Student • Robert L. Stevenson Open Paper Competition • Dongdong Yang, The University of Connecticut; Carolyn Lin • Communicating Nation Branding: Pandas as Ambassadors for Wildlife Conservation and International Diplomacy • The current study investigated whether watching panda videos could influence attitudes toward the “brand” of China. Results showed that nature relatedness and wildlife-conservation attitude positively predicted emotional response to the video and attitude toward Chinese culture. Wildlife-conservation attitude positively influenced attitude toward the Chinese government. Political conservativism negatively impacted attitude toward Chinese culture; the latter was positively linked to attitude toward Chinese people. Attitude toward Chinese people were positively connected to attitude toward their government. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21514 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/icig-2021-abstracts/ Tue, 08 Jun 2021 20:20:59 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21517 2021 Abstracts Extended Abstract • Faculty • Cristina Azocar; Lourdes Cárdenas, San Franciso State University • Bilingual Spanish Journalism: Preparing Students for the Future • "Bilingual reporting and writing skills are opening multiple opportunities for journalists in print, broadcast, online and emerging media. But few opportunities exist to prepare students for these jobs, particularly for the bilingual writing expertise required, and the current journalism job market lacks applicants with the bilingual proficiency necessary to fill the openings. We used mixed-methods to assess whether a minor, a certificate, a concentration or a major would address the bilingual expertise needed for the current job market. We concluded that a bachelor’s degree in Bilingual Spanish Journalism is the best academic option to fill this expertise gap. Based on the expertise needed, we designed an interdisciplinary bachelor’s degree that will provide students with the necessary tools and skills to report, produce and write news stories in Spanish and English for print, online and electronic media, and to work in Latinx mainstream media as well as English language publications covering issues affecting Latinx communities." Extended Abstract • Faculty • Brian J. Bowe, American Univ. in Cairo / Western Washington Univ.; Robin Blom, Ball State University; Elena Lazoff • Internship Practices in Journalism and Mass Communication Programs: A review of ACEJMC-accredited programs • The use of professional internships has long been a defining feature of journalism and mass communication programs, but the practice is also increasingly controversial for the financial burdens it places on marginalized students. This study examines accreditation reports for 120 institutions to gain a better understanding of current practices. Preliminary findings show that almost all universities offer internships for credit, about 20% of programs require them, and most use them to assess student learning outcomes. Research Paper • Faculty • Joey Senat, Oklahoma State University/School of Media; John McGuire, Oklahoma State University/School of Media • Benefiting or Exploiting: Judicial Interpretations of What Constitutes a Legal Unpaid Journalism and Mass Communication Internship Under the Primary Beneficiary Test • This study analyzed federal court applications of the primary beneficiary test used to determine when college students working at for-profit companies should be considered unpaid interns or paid employees. Courts have put few guardrails in place to protect students from being exploited as free labor. Instead, the test is so vague and easily met by employers that students are more likely to be exploited now than they were under the U.S. Department of Labor’s previous criteria. Consequently, universities must take responsibility for ensuring their students benefit from unpaid internships. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21517 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/lawp-2021-abstracts/ Tue, 08 Jun 2021 20:28:17 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21520 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Debut Faculty Paper Competition • J. Patrick McGrail, Jacksonville State University; Ewa McGrail, Georgia State University • The ReDigi Case and the Digital Challenge to the First Sale Doctrine • We describe the First Sale Doctrine, its decline in recent years, and the company ReDigi’s novel protocol for its preservation in the current Digital Age. We describe how and why the courts have frowned on ReDigi’s protocol, and why our culture of virtual digital transmission has led to a decline of the First Sale Doctrine. We recount the history of infringement of digital musical works and afterward, why an essential difference between digital and analog copyrightable works is the little-seen reason for this decline. We propose a rationale for why the two types of works cannot be equitably treated the same at law. To do this, we introduce a taxonomy for digital works – how all creative works today actually need to be thought of with respect to their analog, digital or mixed state, (states which can and do change with time due to medium decay), how these changing states are distinct yet interrelated, and why federal legislators need to consider a wholesale revision of copyright law to reflect these distinctions. We conclude with proposals for how the law might be changed to restore the First Sale Doctrine. Research Paper • Open Competition • Morgan Band, University of Florida • A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of Pretrial Publicity on Jury Perception • This investigation analyzed the conflicting values between the impact pretrial publicity has on defendants’ rights to a fair trial and the importance of upholding the media’s freedom of the press. The meta-analytic review aimed to answer ‘how does pretrial publicity impact jury perception’ and ‘what solution would be effective at reducing this impact?’ Several studies were examined to explore psychological explanations about how pretrial publicity creates bias and why current remedies fail to diminish it. Extended Abstract • Open Competition • Courtney Barclay, Jacksonville University; Kearston Wesner • [EXTENDED ABSTRACT] Feeling the Bern: Commercial Speech Protections for Memes • The Bernie meme raced around the internet on Inauguration Day. Bernie found his way into Star Trek, Dungeons and Dragons, and The Last Supper, as well as retailers and restaurants. Brands’ use of the meme raised questions about the extent of protection for meme discourse in a commercial context. This article reviews commercial speech doctrine and right of publicity. Concluding that memes, even when used by corporate speakers, are inherently protected under the First Amendment. Research Paper • Open Competition • Stephen Bates, University of Nevada, Las Vegas • The Positive First Amendment in Constitutional History, Law, and Theory • The positive interpretation of the First Amendment holds that the First Amendment permits or even requires the government to foster the system of public deliberation. In essence, “Congress shall make no law” can mean “Congress shall make law.” This paper evaluates the theory, first in the context of the Framers’ understanding of the First Amendment. It finds that Madison, Jefferson, and several others directly addressed the issue. They insisted that Congress has no power over speech and the press. Arguing the other side were backers of the Alien and Sedition Acts, who maintained that the First Amendment forbids abridgment of free expression but not enhancement of it—just as positive First Amendment theorists now contend. The paper next examines case law for support of the positive interpretation. It finds that Associated Press v. United States and Red Lion Broadcasting v. FCC, the cases most frequently cited as supporting the positive interpretation, contain soaring rhetoric, but their holdings, in the light of subsequent cases, are narrow. A few other cases provide oblique support. The paper concludes that the positive interpretation of the First Amendment is a provocative, innovative constitutional theory, but it bears little resemblance to original intent or judicial doctrine. Extended Abstract • Open Competition • Genelle Belmas, University of Kansas; Tori Ekstrand; Daxton Stewart, Texas Christian University; Kyla Wagner • Extended Abstract: Too Many Cases, Too Little Time: What Instructors Choose to (Not) Teach in Media Law Courses • “What cases do you teach?” Few questions this simple lead to heated debate, but among media law instructors, little consensus exists as to which topics and cases they should teach. Further, the research that has explored this debate is either outdated or non-comprehensive. This research, then, offers an updated, empirical examination of media law instructors on the topics and cases they cover and do not to, ideally, move the topic from debate to (general) agreement. Research Paper • Open Competition • Benjamin W. Cramer, Pennsylvania State University • Nearly Extinct in the Wild: The Vulnerable Transparency of the Endangered Species List • This article reconstructs the Endangered Species Act as a government information statute. That Act makes use of an official list of vulnerable creatures that is used for agency action to save them from extinction. This article argues that the official list of species is not sufficiently accurate or transparent to citizens, so the compilation of that list does not satisfy the public interest goals of American environmental law or government transparency policy. Research Paper • Open Competition • Anthony Fargo, Indiana University-Bloomington • Perilous in Seattle: The Dangers of Covering Protests and Implications for the Journalist’s Privilege • Five Seattle news organizations fighting a police subpoena for unpublished images from a 2020 protest made the novel argument that complying could endanger journalists covering future protests, who might be seen as police agents. A similar argument has been raised successfully by war correspondents asked to appear before international criminal tribunals. Given widespread mistrust of the media, this paper argues that it could be a viable argument in U.S. courts despite strong counter-arguments. Research Paper • Open Competition • Roy Gutterman, Syracuse University • Liable, Naaaht: The Mockumentary: Litigation, Liability and the First Amendment in the works of Sacha Baron Cohen • The mockumentary, the primary genre of actor and provocateur Sacha Baron Cohen has generated a number of high profile lawsuits. Because the mockumentary genre is a hybrid of both documentary, fiction and comedy, legal questions continue to percolate. With Baron Cohen's cable series Who is America still in litigation and the release of the Borat sequel within the statute of limitations, future litigation is not unexpected. The mockumentary raises questions of tort and contract law as well as how far protections extend under the First Amendment. Research Paper • Open Competition • Frank LoMonte, University of Florida • Copyright Versus the Right to Copy: The Civic Danger of Allowing Copyright to Override State Freedom-of-Information Law • Journalists, researchers and activists rely on freedom-of-information laws for access to the essential data and documents they need. But the ability to copy and republish public documents exists in the chilling shadow of copyright law. Because the bar for a document to qualify as copyright-protected is low, a hidebound government agency could manipulatively use copyright protection to conceal studies, reports and other documents of undeniable public interest, if copyright is understood to operate as a trump card overriding the public’s right of access. A reckoning in the not-distant future is likely, as government agencies become repositories for more and more data and documents of commercial value. Further complicating the question, a dispute that implicates both federal copyright law and state open-government law has no single judicial “home.” As long as copyright is understood as an impediment to fulfilling public records requests, multiple rounds of parallel litigation may be necessary to adjudicate the bundle of state and federal issues wrapped up in a request for copyright-eligible documents. Although courts occasionally have applied the “fair use” defense to allow requesters to inspect and copy records that qualify for copyright, fair use is too fact-specific and unpredictable to give publishers the assurance they need to pursue and distribute the news. This paper concludes that copyright should never be understood to impede inspecting and copying government documents, because narrower FOI exemptions exist to fully protect rightsholders’ legitimate interests. Research Paper • Open Competition • Michael Martinez, University of Tennessee • Thirty Years After Chandler v. Florida: Chauvin Trial Shows Flaws in 'Cameras in the Courts' • Thirty years ago, the decision in Chandler v. Florida, found that states have the right to allow cameras in the courts, differing from a prior ruling, in Estes v. Texas, that banned electronic media. Through legal and historical analysis, this study found that even though cameras access is allowed in all 50 states, there is a mosaic of rules that make access to courts inconsistent and calls for parity of access with its print brethren. Research Paper • Open Competition • Hayley Rousselle, Syracuse University College of Law • Social Media and the Economy of Hate • Section 230 grants social media companies immunity in making good faith efforts to regulate content on their platforms. However, this legal norm does nothing to encourage transparent, consistent, or effective regulation of harmful content like hate speech. Instead, section 230 has left social media companies in a position where they can go unchecked in profiting from the harmful content they often claim to prohibit. This article examines how Congress can amend section 230 to best incentivize social media companies to enforce their policies that prohibit hate speech. Extended Abstract • Open Competition • Amy Kristin Sanders, University of Texas at Austin; William Kosinski • Extended Abstract: The Arab Winter: How Privacy Norms, Social Media and Dissent Spurred Increasing Government Repression of Free Expression in the Decade Following the Arab Spring • Ten years after the Arab Spring, few, if any, pro-democratic developments in freedom of expression have taken hold in the Middle East. In fact, the rise of social media, with its potential to fuel dissent, has spurred a significant crackdown on media freedom and critical online speech. Using legal research methodology, this study analyzes the connection between the region’s socio-religious norms around privacy, the rise of social media, and the governments’ attempts to crack down on media freedom. After analyzing news coverage, white papers, constitutions, statutes, and other formal and informal sources of law, the researchers discuss authoritarian leaders’ increasing use of cybercrime laws, billed as a means of protecting privacy. These draconian laws, mostly promulgated after 2010, are vaguely worded, designed to discourage “offensive” speech and carry harsh penalties. Research Paper • Open Competition • Daxton Stewart, Texas Christian University • Rise of the Copyleft Trolls: When Photographers Sue After Creative Commons Licenses Go Awry • Creative Commons licenses typically signal that a photograph uploaded to the web may be used for limited purposes, such as noncommercial uses or with attribution. Some photographers are monetizing this, uploading photos with little commercial value, searching the web for uses with improper attribution, then demanding payment and engaging in high-volume litigation. This study examines more than 30 cases involving photographers suing after a Creative Commons license terminated, finding that courts are showing a willingness to accept users’ arguments of fair use based on transformative purposes and lack of economic harm, as well as general distaste for the arguments of photographers engaging in this kind of litigation. Extended Abstract • Open Competition • Kirk von Kreisler, Primarily virtual at home, but may involve going into office (Host Company Location) occasionally. • EXTENDED ABSTRACT: Is Defamation Law Outdated? How Justice Powell Predicted the Current Criticism • Defamation law has seen no shortage of high-dollar verdicts in recent years, but attacks from influential public officials on foundational speech protections are much more concerning. Justice Lewis Powell’s personal papers show that this desire to shift the balance of protection away from free speech toward individual reputations is nothing new. Instead, today’s arguments in favor of abandoning New York Times actual malice likely draw their inspiration from Justice Powell’s desire to fundamentally alter defamation law by re-elevating the state’s interest in protecting individuals’ reputations. Research Paper • Open Competition • Patrick Walters, Kutztown University • Beyond Positive & Negative: Developing a Complementary Framework for First Amendment Theory • Tracing back to the work of Isaiah Berlin and the debates of the Hutchins Commission, discussions of First Amendment theory have long been divided into opposing interpretations of “negative” rights protecting speakers from interference and “positive” rights ensuring that the public has the right to a quality information system. This paper explores whether these two contrasting approaches can be rectified, especially in an era where the lines between communicator and audience are no longer firm. The analysis explores these questions amid ongoing debates about regulating platforms, restricting hate speech and increased public intervention in the floundering news industry. The analysis, which builds on previous scholarship that has deemed First Amendment theory “inadequate,” finds that the two perspectives are indeed unique and cannot be rectified. But the paper argues that these perspectives need not be oppositional to each other. It issues a call for scholars and practitioners to support a complementary First Amendment approach that embraces both perspectives in the name of reaching a more complete understanding of our information ecosystem and all the factors involved in it. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21520 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/lgbt-2021-abstracts/ Tue, 08 Jun 2021 20:36:13 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21523 2021 Abstracts Extended Abstract • Rhonda Gibson; Joe Bob Hester • The social identities of Pete Buttigieg: How Twitter addressed counter-stereotypical attributes of a presidential candidate • Analysis of 8,705,300 tweets about presidential candidate Pete Buttigieg from 2019-2020 showed that only 6.8% addressed his sexuality. Most instead dealt with daily campaign occurrences, such as polls, candidate statements, and debate performances. Of the tweets that addressed his sexuality in a substantial manner, 10.2% referenced religion, with the majority discussing homosexuality as a sin. Counter-stereotypical tweets that presented Buttigieg’s Christianity and sexuality as congruent accounted for just 20.5%. Tweets were also likely to describe Buttigieg’s sexuality as a political liability. Using social identity theory as a framework, it was determined that Twitter conversation related to Pete Buttigieg repeated traditional God-vs.-gay stereotypes and did not produce a more nuanced discussion of the intersection of politics, sexuality and Christianity. Research Paper • Patrick Johnson, University of Iowa School of Journalism and Mass Communication • Snake in the Grass: Adapting sex and sexuality from journalistic truth to the silver screen • This paper uses a case study approach to discuss issues of sexuality explored in James Franco and Justin Kelly’s King Cobra by dissecting the line that exists between fact and fiction when a creator bends the foundational truth of a story in an effort to maximize the pleasure of his audience. Extended Abstract • Tien-Tsung Lee, University of Macau; Jared Tu, University of Macau • Cultural values and media use: Do they predict support for same-sex marriage in Taiwan? • In 2019, Taiwan became the first society in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage. Based on a survey of 2,028 Taiwanese citizens, this study identified the predictors of support for same-sex marriage, including a younger age, being female, having more education, having gay friends or relatives, disobeying traditions or customs, being open-minded and curious, having a stronger sense of fairness and justice, using Line less often, and having a higher level of online search diversity. Research Paper • JungKyu Rhys Lim, University of Maryland, College Park; Hyoyeun Jun; Victoria Ledford, University of Maryland, College Park • Stigmatized groups with infectious diseases: Korean LGBTQ+s’ intersectional stigma and risk communication during COVID-19 outbreaks • Stigmatized groups may not engage in infectious disease testing and treatment, because of intersectional stigma and discrimination. In South Korea, the COVID-19 pandemic surfaced stigmatization when governments and media attempted to communicate COVID-19 risks that stigmatized LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer-identifying) individuals. Using qualitative in-depth interviews (N = 21), this study examines the intersectional stigma, discrimination, and risk communication that LGBTQ+ communities experienced during the COVID outbreak. Implications for public health are discussed. Extended Abstract • Newly Paul, University of North Texas • Framing analysis of the Indian media’s coverage of Section 377, decriminalization of same sex relationships • On September 6, 2018, the Supreme Court of India ruled unanimously to overturn Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code which was introduced in 1861 in British-ruled India and criminalized consensual homosexual sex between adults. This paper examines the major frames that emerged from the Indian media’s coverage of the court’s decision. Specifically, I examine the main frames that were used to discuss the event, the sources quoted most prominently in the stories, and the prominence given to the issue in the media. Research Paper • Joseph Schwartz; Josh Grimm • Investigating the Content of #U = U on Twitter • Undetectable = Untransmittable (U = U) is the scientific fact that HIV cannot be transmitted when an individual is virally suppressed. This breakthrough discovery has the potential to greatly reduce HIV stigma and its negative effects. However, U = U is not widely known. Given that Twitter has the potential to raise awareness of health issues, the purpose of this study was to analyze the content of the #U = U on Twitter. The results showed that mentioning sex and mentioning love were strong predictors that a tweet would be liked and retweeted. This information could help to spread the message of U = U more widely and potentially lessen HIV stigma. Extended Abstract • YOWEI KANG, NTOU; KENNETH C.C. YANG, UTEP • [EXTENDED ABSTRACT] A Computational and Longitudinal Text Mining Study of Gay Marriage Legalization in Taiwan • Homosexuality and gay marriage have been considered a taboo topic in Taiwan where LGBTQIA+ minorities are marginalized. Despite the landmark ruling by Taiwan’s Constitutional Court in May 2017, the legalization of gay marriage is claimed to polarize its society. On May 17, 2019, Taiwan’s Parliament passed the law to legalize gay marriage. This computational text mining study provides a descriptive and longitudinal examination of media framing of gay marriage legalization in Taiwan. Our preliminary findings of 232 media discourses from Lexis/Nexis database (Nexis Uni). We reported statistically significant topical framing variations among all nine extracted topics before and after the landmark passage of marriage bill on May 17, 2019. Discussions and implications are provided. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21523 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/magd-2021-abstracts/ Tue, 08 Jun 2021 20:43:42 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21526 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Student • Lydia Cheng • The practice and presentation of slow journalism: A case study of Kinfolk magazine • This paper contributes to the literature on slow journalism by analysing how elements of slow journalism is presented in the popular literary lifestyle magazine, Kinfolk. Based on a textual analysis of the editor’s letters from 30 issues of Kinfolk, this study found that the practice of slow journalism is manifested in the magazine through four ways: an emphasis on community, advocating for slowness in both production and consumption of content, and a niche editorial presentation. Research Paper • Faculty • Lisa Phillips, SUNY New Paltz • Gender, the New Journalism, and the Early Careers of Gloria Steinem and Gail Sheehy • New Journalism has a woman problem. The core works critics, scholars, and the readers associate with the phenomenon are largely written by men, with subject matter—cars, wars, politics, motorcycle gangs—that often privileges male sources and perspectives. Yet a number of women writers consciously embraced the reporting methods, style, subjectivity, narrative structure, and subject matter of New Journalism, with several achieving levels of commercial success comparable to their male colleagues. Despite these accomplishments, women writers’ legacy in New Journalism remains tenuous. Joan Didion is the only woman who is consistently seen as part of the core canon of New Journalism writers. Several others occupy a far less certain position. What accounts for the tenuous foothold of women writers in the New Journalism? This article will address this question by looking at the process by which the accomplishments, writing style, and reportorial methods of two women journalists, Gloria Steinem and Gail Sheehy, connected them to New Journalism and the social and cultural forces that shaped their professional reputation and legacy. Research Paper • Faculty • Gabriel B, Tait, Ball State University; George Daniels, The University of Alabama; Dorothy Bland, University of North Texas • Fifty Years of Black Enterprise Magazine Covers: A Visual Analysis of Black Business • The same year Black Enterprise Publisher Earl G. Graves, Sr died, his magazine celebrated its 50th anniversary. A content analysis of 509 Black Enterprise covers shows how it represented Black business professionals and issues. While they appeared more often in the last two decades, women were significantly less likely than men to be on the front of the magazine. Gracing the magazine cover most often were Barack Obama and Former American Express CEO Kenneth Chenault. Research Paper • Faculty • Kelsey Whipple, University of Massachusetts Amherst • Cancel or be canceled?: How U.S. arts and culture journalists perceive the influence of politics and cancel culture in their work • Modern cultural journalists have a unique relationship to cultural knowledge, capital and authority that attracts them to audiences and establishes them as arbiters of culture. Through a series of in-depth interviews with 73 American arts and culture journalists conducted in 2020, this study seeks to understand how these journalists perceive the influence of politics on their work, as well as their own roles in “cancel culture.” Findings suggest they see the intersection between national politics and popular culture as an increasingly valuable realm for explication in their work. However, their views on cancel culture are mixed, based in fear and anger. Many journalists believe it is their responsibility to support the cancelation of cultural figures who have committed perceived wrongs, while others are afraid of being canceled themselves for unwittingly committing a cultural faux pas in their journalistic work. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21526 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/mcsd-2021-abstracts/ Tue, 08 Jun 2021 20:52:41 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21529 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Student • Moeller Student Paper Competition • Alexis Fitzsimmons, University of Florida; Yufan "Sunny" Qin, University of Florida; Eve Heffron, University of Florida • Purpose vs. Mission vs. Vision: Persuasive Appeals and Components in Corporate Statements • Purpose statements persuade stakeholders of companies’ reasons for being. However, there is a lack of distinction among purpose, mission, and vision statements. This quantitative content analysis explored the differences among Fortune Global companies’ purpose, mission, and vision statements, adding to a much-needed body of literature on corporate purpose. Results provide implications for communicators who write these statements as well as theoretical implications related to rhetorical and social identification theories and organizational identification. Research Paper • Student • Moeller Student Paper Competition • Kate Stewart, University of South Carolina • The New Media Normal: Survey-based study of COVID-19 Effects on Motivations to Consume Non-News Media • This large-scale, self-administered Qualtrics survey, based on a representative sample from 2020 United States Census Data, study specifically investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, in a mediating role, on motivations to consume non-news media by having an impact on social escapism, social presence, and coping mechanisms. The scope of this analysis has relevance as a current on-going global pandemic and could be replicated to study how disasters or other pandemics affect non-news media consumption. Research Paper • • Open Competition • Ivy Ashe; Ryan Wallace, The University of Texas at Austin; Ivan Lacasa-Mas, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya; Q. Elyse Huang, The University of Texas at Austin • News in the Time of Corona: Institutional trust, collective narcissism, and the role of individual experiences in perceptions of COVID-19 coverage • All public health crises have an element of uncertainty to them; however, even in this context, COVID-19 stands out. Trust heuristics such as institutional trust, and trust in media in particular, become more important for people seeking information. In this study, we use a cross-sectional nationally representative study of the American online population to better understand factors impacting overall perceptions of and trust in COVID-19 news. We focus on a subset of people exhibiting traits of collective narcissism, the emotional investment in an in-group such as the nation-state. We show that for core values like institutional trust and perceptions of news media in general, indices for collective narcissism may prove valuable in understanding relationships between audience perceptions and core ideological beliefs. However, in the case of individual news events where uncertainty may be high, individual components of collective narcissism (i.e. anti-elitism, general conspiracy belief, and xenophobia) remain better perception indicators." Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Seth Ashley, Boise State University; Stephanie Craft, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Adam Maksl, Indiana University Southeast; Melissa Tully, University of Iowa; Emily Vraga, University of Minnesota • News literacy, conspiratorial thinking, and political orientation in the 2020 U.S. election • The rapid spread of misinformation in the digital age has increased calls for news literacy to help mitigate endorsement of conspiracy theories and other falsehoods. This study conducted in the week before the 2020 U.S. presidential election shows that individuals with higher levels of news literacy were more likely to reject conspiratorial thinking, but also that news literacy is unevenly distributed across the population and matters more for individuals with liberal views than conservative views. Research Paper • Student • Open Competition • Kjerstin Thorson, Michigan State University; Ava Francesca Battocchio, Michigan State University • Change is the only constant: Young adults as platform architects and the consequences for news • We examine digital platform repertoires for news among young adults. Through the lens of “digital labor,” we explore the work that young adults’ undertake to design and maintain their personal media systems, and the consequences of those practices for news use. Drawing on 30 in-depth interviews with 18-34-year-olds, including a shared reading of participants’ newsfeeds in their top three social media platforms, we develop the theoretical concept of personal platform architecture. Our findings suggest that young adults architect and maintain platform repertoires for sociality, personal interests, and emotional well-being rather than for information—but with substantial consequences for news. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Porismita Borah; Xizhu Xiao; Yan Su • The interplay of narrative versus statistics messages and misperceptions on COVID-19 vaccine intention • Drawing on exemplification theory, we used a moderated moderated mediation model to test the relationships among message manipulation, perceived expectancies, perceived susceptibility, COVID-19 misperceptions and intention to vaccinate. Findings show that perceived expectancies mediate the relationship between message manipulation and vaccine intention. Findings indicate that among individuals with high misperceptions about COVID-19, statistical messages are more persuasive for individuals with high perceived susceptibility, while narrative messages are more influential for individuals with low perceived susceptibility. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Maria DeMoya, DePaul University; Vanessa Bravo, Elon University • New Cuban-American narratives about the homeland: Moving away from traditional storylines shared by “hardliners” via Twitter • This study analyzed Twitter conversations about Cuba, posted between June 1, 2017, and July 31, 2020, to discover the main themes that “hardliners” and the “new Cuban diaspora” communicated about in relation to Cuba and its future. This is a relevant and timely topic because, without a Castro as the head of the Cuban government for the first time in over six decades, the international community is getting to know a different image of Cuba. In this context, the Cuban diaspora in Florida has also changed and divided into two contrasting groups: the “hardliners,” who completely oppose the Cuban government and do not want any softening in the U.S.-Cuba relationship; and a newer generation whose members do not support the government on the island but prioritize their support for the Cuban people and are in favor of building new relationships on the island. The younger community approves the travel to the island, supporting their relatives at home through remittances, and potentially ending the U.S. embargo imposed on Cuba since 1960. As the analysis of their Tweets showed, this second group is a “new Cuban diaspora” that is changing the way in which the Cuban diaspora performs its public diplomacy roles in the United States. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Erik Bucy, Texas Tech University; Duncan Prettyman, Colorado Technical University • Misinformation and News Verification: Why Users Fact Check Suspect Content • The rise of misinformation has led to a corresponding call for more investigation into the antecedents of news verification, and for improved understanding about who verifies and why. In this study we conduct a thematic analysis of participants’ open-ended responses (N = 2,938 individual thoughts, volunteered by N = 715 participants) to an online questionnaire to explore the factors that may influence individuals’ decisions to verify or not verify information they have reason to believe might be false when they are given the opportunity to do so. We investigate what themes are associated with information verification broadly, then examine the prevalence of themes when associated with several individual difference variables that previous research suggests may be impactful. Specifically, we examine the association of themes with news knowledge (high vs low), news skepticism (high vs low), and individuals' motivations for media use (surveillance vs entertainment). Descriptive results show significant differences in the characteristics of searchers compared to non-searchers. In addition, news knowledge is a particularly potent individual difference: individuals with high news knowledge had more thoughts about the need to verify information, concerns about manipulative intent, and were far less entertained by the idea of fake news than those with low news knowledge. Research Paper • Postdoc • Open Competition • Richard Canevez, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Moshe Karabelnik, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Jenifer Sunrise Winter, University of Hawaii at Manoa • Media Mistrust and the Meta-Frame: Collective Framing of Police Brutality Evidence Reporting on YouTube • Social media impacts the news media’s role in police accountability. This convergence produces collective framings of police violence-related evidence that requires further attention. Using a frame analysis of news outlets and content analysis of comments on YouTube, we identify frames, responses, and the collective framing that results from this converging environment. Our findings suggest a triumvirate of competing frames around police brutality, with mistrust of media complicating the role news media plays in accountability. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Stella Chia, City University of Hong Kong; Fangcao Lu; Al Gunther • Who Conducts Fact Checking and Does It Matter?: Examining the Antecedents and Consequences of Fact-checking Behavior in Hong Kong. • This study utilizes a representative survey to examine multiple ways in which people engage in fact checking in a highly divided Hong Kong. The findings showed that stronger partisans who had greater news consumption were more likely to engage in fact-checking behavior. However, frequent fact-checking behavior enhanced, rather than reduced, their beliefs in pro-attitudinal misinformation. A warning of the backfire effects of fact-checking on exacerbating opinion polarization and social division is issued. Extended Abstract • Research Fellow • Open Competition • Agnes Chuah; Shirley Ho; Edson Tandoc Jr; Peihan Yu • Extended Abstract: Exploring the Information Authentication Acts of Experts, Environmentalists, and the Public in Southeast Asia • Drawing on the Audiences’ Acts of Authentication framework, this study explores how the public, energy experts, and environmentalists in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore authenticate energy related information in a period of energy-related misinformation. The findings showed that the authentication behaviors across the three countries were consistent with the two-step process proposed by the framework. Individuals would turn to external forms of authentication when they were internally unconvinced of the authentication of the information. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Di Cui • What Remains? The Relationship between Counterfactual Thinking, Story Outcome, Enjoyment, and Emotion in Narratives • Counterfactual thinking is a psychological concept. It explains the phenomenon that occurs when individuals reflectively imagine different outcomes for events that have already happened. This paper examines the application of counterfactual thinking in the field of media psychology. It examines if readers can generate counterfactual thinking in a fictional context. It also looks at the relationship between counterfactual thinking, enjoyment, and negative emotions. By conducting two experiments, the author finds readers can generate counterfactual thinking toward narrative pieces. Different story outcomes play an essential role in influencing the generation of counterfactuals. These findings indicate that counterfactual thinking can be a critical factor that impacts audiences' understanding and reimaging stories in the long-term. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Roxanne Vos, Radboud University Nijmegen; Serena Daalmans, Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute • Fit Bodies that Inspire? A Qualitative study exploring perceptions of and motivations for interacting with Fitspiration content on social media • The purpose of this qualitative study (N = 34 interviews) was to gain insight into the motives that underlie the interaction with Fitspiration content on social media and the personal meaning making processes surrounding this interactions. Based on the data four motives to post ‘fitspirational’ content and eight to follow the trend on social media were constructed. These give insight into the positive and negative ways participants believe Fitspiration affects them and others. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Lisa Farman, Ithaca College • Political news personalization and the third-person effect: Examining support for restrictions on audience data collection • An online survey (N=561) tested perceptions of the personalization of online political news. A third-person effect emerged: respondents believed others would be more affected by personalized political news than themselves. Those who thought others would be more affected by news personalization were also more likely to support restrictions on websites’ use of audience data to personalize news. Narcissism was a significant moderator of the relationship between perceived effect on self and support for regulation. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Juliana Fernandes, University of Florida; Moritz Cleve, University of Florida • The Labeling Experiment: Examining the Differential Effects of Equivalent Labels on Individuals’ Associations toward Immigrants • Using a mix-methods approach, this study examines the differential effects of equivalent labels (i.e., authorized, documented, legal vs. unauthorized, undocumented, illegal) and the impact of these labels on individuals’ associations toward immigrants. Results of three studies show that those exposed to positive valenced labels produce more favorably associations of immigrants than those exposed to negative valenced labels (Study 1a), that associations tend to be quicker for labels such as illegal and slower for labels such as authorized (Study 1b), and that the interaction of association type (warmth/morality vs. competence) with association valence accounts for more variance in evaluations than labels, especially for negatively valenced associations (Study 2). Overall, the series of studies suggests a stronger influence of associations about warmth and morality compared to associations about an immigrant’s competence. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Débora Martini, University of Colorado Boulder; Harsha Gangadharbatla, University of Colorado Boulder • Pornography Addiction and Social Media: An exploratory study on the impact of social media on the road to porn abstinence. • Pornography addiction is on the rise in our society and excessive use often leads to negative life consequences. Just as other addictions, porn addiction can also be triggered by a number of factors. Of these factors, the role of social media has not been fully studied or understood. The current exploratory study uses a survey method to investigate the role of social media in porn addiction among Brazilian porn addicts. Results suggest that social media content is seen as a trigger by self-identified porn addicts and the factors that influence such perception include age of the addict, gender, and the number of times they have relapsed. And changes in behavior on social media are influenced by individuals’ perceptions of social media as a trigger. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Mugur Geana, University of Kansas; Nathaniel Rabb, The Policy Lab, Brown University; Steven Sloman, The Policy Lab, Brown University • The Growing Influence of Political Ideology in Shaping Health Behavior in the United States • Political polarization is a growing concern in many parts of the world and is particularly acute in the US. This study reinforces previous research on long-term health consequences driven by partisanship by showing that these ideologically-driven differences manifest even more acutely in situations where the possibility of severe illness or death is immediate, and the potential societal impact is significant. The substantial implications for public health research and practice are both methodological and conceptual. Research Paper • Student • Open Competition • Tong Jee Goh, Nanyang Technological University; Shirley Ho • Public buying behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic: Presumed media influence and the spillover effects of SARS • Testing for a historical spillover effect, this study examined how the influence of presumed media influence (IPMI) processes differed between people with low and high perceived severity of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), when it comes to predicting Singaporeans’ purchasing intention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results showed that people’s presumptions of media influence on others predicted their intention to buy more. The study also found a historical spillover effect of pre-existing attitude towards SARS. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Gretchen Hoak • Unprecedented Times: How Journalists Coped with the Emotional Impact of Covering the COVID-19 Pandemic • This study explored the stress of covering the COVID-19 pandemic on journalists in the United States. A survey of 222 journalists revealed covering the story was both stressful and emotionally difficult. Females and those who were younger and less experienced perceived higher levels of stress and felt the story was more emotionally difficult than their counterparts. The repetitive nature of the coverage, interacting with victims, and public backlash for their reporting were among the top stressors. Supervisor support was associated with higher levels of work commitment and lower levels of stress. Nearly 60% of participants indicated they received no stress management or coping resources from their news organizations. Of those that did receive support options, most did not take advantage noting the resources were either not feasible or not helpful. Implications for organizational support and its impact on journalist stress are discussed. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Iveta Imre, U Mississippi; Jason Cain • Social Media Use Intensity and Privacy Concerns: The Implications for Social Capital • This study examines how SNS use intensity, specifically social routine integration and social integration and emotional routine, correlate with social capital, as well as how privacy concerns impact the relationship between SNS use intensity and social capital. Findings support that social capital correlates with both factors on the use intensity scale. Only the accuracy factor was a significant predictor of bridging capital while both accuracy and control, and collection proved significant for bonding capital. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Jessica Shaw, Louisiana State University; Soojin Kim, Louisiana State University; Yongick Jeong, Louisiana State University • Determination of the Factors Influencing the Third-Person Effects in Health and Environmental Concerns • This study examines how three personal factors (issue involvement, behavior change intention, and consumption amount) influences the third-person effect in different public issues of health and environment. By employing two measures of the third-person effect (perceived threat of public issues and perceived likelihood of participating in risky behavior), this study found that the influence of the three personal factors vary across issues and measures. Practical implications and suggestions are also discussed. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Shaheen Kanthawala, University of Alabama; Shupei Yuan, Northern Illinois University; Tanya Ott-Fulmore • Science Podcasters and Centering Fairness in Content Creation • "The podcast industry has steadily grown over the last decade and keeps showing promise for further growth. Science and science-related podcasts are a popular genre of podcasts that seem to play a role in science communication. Fundamentally, information provided through science communication is a resource, and there is often disparity in the allocation of most resources. As creators of content that could not only help, but also possibly add to this disparity, science podcasters need to be aware of their audience when developing podcasts. Therefore, we use the fairness and justice literature to explore how science podcasters think about their audiences when creating content. We further explore how science podcasters view themselves and the role of their podcasts within the science communication space. To do this, we conducted a survey with 147 of the top science podcasters (identified from Apple Podcasts’ top rankings). Our results indicated podcasters view themselves in a connecting role between scientific information lay audiences. They hold ethical values and are mindful of principles of fairness. These findings indicate that they view themselves in the role of science communicators – a role of vital importance today. Their resources should, therefore, be harness in the future to spread science and scientific information to the general public." Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Danielle Kilgo, University of Minnesota; Rachel Mourao, Michigan State University; Tania Ganguli, University of Minnesota • Media Consumption, Attitudes, and #BlackLivesMatter on the Ground, Court and Field • This work utilizes a nationally representative survey to explore how news media consumption of mainstream, partisan and sports news organizations and the attitudes held by audiences affect recall, negative attitudes towards protest utility, and support for Black Lives Matter. We include considerations for celebrity advocacy efforts in the NBA and NFL. We found ideological and political barriers to support for BLM, indicating conservatism has a stronger impact on protest attitudes, regardless of the tactics employed. Research Paper • Student • Open Competition • Jisoo Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Gaofei Li, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Xining Liao, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Hernando Rojas • When does the Past Colonial Memory Plug into Nationalism? Information and Media’s Priming of Anti-Japan Nationalism in South Korea and China • Underlining the importance of the respective context of nationalism, this study focuses on anti-Japan nationalism in South Korea and China, which share a similar history of being colonized by Japan. Anti-Japan nationalism has always been alive but explicitly appears in people’s attitudes and behaviors only at certain times. Our study is centered on how information regarding a painful memory of the colonial past may prime individuals to express stronger anti-Japan attitudes and behaviors. Our results suggest that our prime contextually interacts with different types of media in unique ways: in South Korea, those that use social media more often are primed to express increased anti-Japanese nationalism, while in China it is those that consume more mainstream media. Implications of our findings are discussed. Research Paper • Student • Open Competition • Tom Johnson; Taeyoung Lee; Chenyan Jia, The University of Texas at Austin • Politically Contested Beliefs: Why Do Conservatives Tend to Have More Inaccurate Beliefs About COVID-19? • A fair amount of research showed that politically conservative people are susceptible to false claims about COVID-19. Based on the belief gap hypothesis, this study examines why conservatives have more false beliefs about COVID-19. A representative survey showed that institutional trust was associated with people’s beliefs around COVID-19. Meanwhile, conservative identity indirectly influenced having false beliefs through institutional trust. Also, support for Trump, education, and the use of conservative media predicted having false beliefs. Research Paper • Student • Open Competition • Lincoln Lu, University of Florida; T. Franklin Waddell, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida • The new yellow peril: Priming news context on attitudes towards Asian models, and brands • Recent increase in incidents of violence towards Asian Americans are indicative of underlying animosity often overlooked in discussions of race. Within a news story advertising context, an online experiment (N = 372) found some evidence that consumer ethnocentrism may moderate perceptions of attractiveness for male Asian models, consumer attitudes towards the ad, brand, and purchase intention. These results provide insight into race-based stereotyping at a time of flux surrounding race in America. Research Paper • Student • Open Competition • Nick Mathews, University of Minnesota; Christopher Ali • Informational, Infrastructural and Emotional Labor: The Extra Work in a News and Broadband Desert • This study offers a systematic qualitative investigation inside a combined news and broadband desert. Despite popular attention to both news and broadband deserts, most recently and acutely during the coronavirus pandemic, there has been no scholarly research into communities where these two deserts intersect. This article confronts this knowledge gap. Built on 19 in-depth interviews with residents of Surry County, Va., we argue that life in a news and broadband desert requires a substantial amount of labor to obtain the information and connectivity so many Americans take for granted. Our findings demonstrate three areas of increased labor for residents: (1) informational, (2) infrastructural and (3) emotional. We conclude with a discussion of life and labor in this desert, specifically, and how it may apply to similar communities across the United States. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Newly Paul, University of North Texas; Gwendelyn Nisbett, University of North Texas • Jessica Jones: Exploring Marvel’s Dark Anti-Hero and the Portrayal of Complex Women Characters • This project uses social construction of gender theory to explore transmedia narratives of Jessica Jones in the graphic novel Alias, and the Netflix television shows Jessica Jones and The Defenders. Transmedia narratives often ascribe new dimensions to characters and narratives, and we aim to compare and contrast the narratives that emerge in these spaces. Using thematic analysis, we find that Jones breaks the sexist tropes often associated with female superheroes, and exemplifies the qualities of a strong, independent woman. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Chang Sup Park; Barbara Kaye • Why and How People Avoid News during the Coronavirus Pandemic: An Analysis of News Repertoire • This study explored how the coronavirus pandemic as a large-scale news event functioned as a catalyst for news avoidance. In-depth interviews with 50 adults in South Korea in May and June 2020 revealed three reasons reconfiguring their media repertoire to ‘coronablock’ news about the pandemic: to tune out, to control information flow, and to seek positive news. The findings contribute to the understanding of news avoidance during a time of global crisis. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Scott Parrott; David L. Albright; Nicholas Eckhart; Kirsten Laha-Walsh • The media affect them, but not me: Veteran and civilian perceptions of news coverage about U.S. military veterans • Informed by theory of the third-person effect, the present study examined civilian and veteran perceptions of news content concerning veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces, including the perceived quality and effects of news content. A national survey of adults in the United States, including veterans and civilians, documented the presence of a third-person effect in which individuals estimate that media exposure affects others more so than themselves. The effect occurred among both civilians and veterans. In addition, when asked to recall news stories about veterans, respondents often recalled stereotypical stories related to victimization/harm, heroism, charity/social support, mental illness, and violence. The results are important for veterans because the third-person effect may lead veterans to assume media content affects public perceptions of veterans, which could in turn affect veterans' perceptions of interactions with civilians in social, employment, educational, and other settings. Put simply, veterans could act differently when they assume others are thinking they are traumatized heroes, the predominant image conveyed by U.S. news outlets. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Scott Parrott; Hailey Grace Allen • Swapping Insults, Neglecting Policy: How U.S. Presidential Candidates Communicate About Mental Health • Background. Candidates for high office in the United States of America play an important role in determining the political agenda and shaping public and mass media understanding of which issues should receive attention. Critics contend politicians rarely address mental health, despite the importance of the federal government in ensuring Americans access to quality care. Aims. Two studies sought to understand how candidates for the highest office in the U.S. — the presidency — communicated about mental health using formal (mental, depress, anxiety) and informal (crazy, insane) terminology in social media posts and debates. Methods. Two coders examined 1,807 tweets from 41 politicians who competed in the 2016 and 2020 races, plus transcripts from 47 debates during the primaries and General Elections. Results. Politicians often stigmatized mental illness, using mental health-related slang terms to insult opponents. They afforded less attention to policy and calls for action related to mental health. Conclusions. The authors offer recommendations for mental health professionals and advocates to encourage politicians to address mental health policy while avoiding stigmatizing language. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Mallory Perryman, Virginia Commonwealth • My Pandemic News is Better Than Yours: Audience Perceptions of Early News Coverage About Covid-19 • This study focuses on how American audiences perceived news coverage during the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic in the United States. Through a survey-experiment of American news consumers (N=767) over a three-day period in mid-March 2020, we show that news consumers had positive attitudes toward their own Covid-19 news sources, but were critical about the news sources others were using to get information about the virus. Our data reveal evidence of presumed media influence, where audiences’ evaluations of pandemic news were linked to their perceptions of how news content was impacting others’ health behaviors. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Jeffrey Riley, Georgia Southern University • When In Doubt, Blame China: A Qualitative Analysis of Conservative Coronavirus Content on Reddit • This is a qualitative content analysis examining the top content posted to the conservative, /r/The_Donald-affiliated subreddit /r/Wuhan_Flu from February 2020 until August 2020. The expectations of health misinformation and widespread downplaying of the virus were not met. Instead, /r/Wuhan_Flu deviated from Donald Trump’s public statements about the pandemic and tended to be far more alarmist than calming. Instead of health misinformation, the subreddit tended to encourage masks and social distancing. However, the results also indicate that geopolitical issues with China were the primary topic, with 217 posts containing negative language or visual images directed at China. Based on literature about radicalized digital spaces, /r/Wuhan_Flu represents the potential for dangerous real-world consequences, especially considering the increase in hate crimes against Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States since the beginning of the pandemic. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Aysha Vear, University of Maine; Judith Rosenbaum, University of Maine • Identity for Sale: Authenticity, Commodification, and Agency in YouTube Influencers • Focusing on YouTube influencers, this study extends structuration theory into the realm of social media. Interviews, observations, and content analysis were used to explore the relationship between agency, commodification, and authenticity in influencers’ performances. Results show a need to reconceptualize structures as emergent and embodied; that authenticity and agency are inexorably linked and constrained by the commodification inherent in influencers’ performances; and that influencers face a hierarchy of choices that enable and constrain their agency. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Burton Speakman, Kennesaw State University; Marcus Funk • Influencing the agenda: The role of conservative figures in melding media agendas for social media communities • Historically, mainstream news media held significant agenda setting authority. As news and social media evolve, individual actors and digital communities have to meld and filter diverse media agendas into one curated, personal space for their followers. This article examines attempts at far right agendamelding by fringe and conspiracy-affiliated Reps. Lauren Boebert and Majorie Taylor Greene during and after their respective runs for Congress. Results suggest far right politicians can meld agendas from friendly media and their own campaigns, while rejecting mainstream agendas, to influence their Twitter community. Research Paper • Student • Open Competition • Yan Su; Porismita Borah; Xizhu Xiao • “Infodemic” amid the pandemic: Social media news use, homogeneous discussions, self-perceived media literacy, and misperceptions • Heeding the call to address the “infodemic” in the COVID-19 crisis, this research investigates the associations among social media news use, homogeneous online discussion, self-perceived media literacy, and misinformation perceptions about the COVID-19. We use an online survey and a moderated mediation model. Results show that social media news use is positively associated with misinformation perceptions. Moreover, homogeneous online discussion was a significant mediator, such that social media news use is positively associated with homogeneous discussion, and the latter, in turn, is associated with increased misinformation perceptions. Further, self-perceived media literacy is a significant moderator for both the main and the indirect effects, such that the associations became weaker among those with higher self-perceived media literacy. Findings provide insights into the significance of information sources, discussion network heterogeneity, and media literacy education. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Chris Chao Su, Boston University • Attention Convergence and Narrative Coalescence: The Impact of the US Presidential Election on the Generational Gap in Online News Use • This study revisits the contentious role of the 2016 US presidential election in shaping news and disinformation use by contrasting usage networks of millennials and boomers, two groups with disparate preferences. Theoretically, through bringing the literature on selective exposure thesis into media events, this study advances an analytical framework to approach increased divergence and intensified polarization in the election through a sociological perspective. Empirically, this study compares the generational gap in online news usage in a typical month (Apirl-2015) and the month just before Elections (October-2016), by conducting relational analyses of shared usage for each cohort comprising all major news outlets. The analyses reveal that during the election boomers moved toward a collection of digital-native outlets that produce and disseminate political disinformation – the fake fringe - as well as more toward conservative partisan side of the news landscape. Investigating audience convergence during Donald Trump’s election, this study demonstrates that although the public tends to converge their attention in the event, the systematic divergence in consuming various narratives of the event forcefully steers to audience divergence compared to uneventful periods. Research Paper • Student • Open Competition • Yuan Sun; Nicholas Eng, Penn State University; Jessica Myrick, Penn State University • Getting Inspired by Fitspiration Posts: Effects of Picture Type, Numbers of Likes and Inspiration Emotions on Workout Intentions • The study investigated the potential positive effects of fitspiration posts for inspiring physical exercises through a 2 (Numbers of likes: High vs. Low) x 2 (Picture type: Body transformation vs. After-only) between-subject experiment. Numbers of likes cued subjective norm, while body transformation posts elicited inspirational emotion, which mediated the effects of picture type on workout intention. Picture type and numbers of likes jointly affected descriptive norm and inspiration emotion, which led to workout intention. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Edson Tandoc Jr; Hye Kyung Kim, Nanyang Technological U • Avoiding real news, believing in fake news? Investigating pathways from fake news exposure to misbelief • This study sought to examine the potential role of news avoidance in the link between exposure to and belief in misinformation. Using two-wave panel survey data in Singapore, we found that exposure to misinformation contributes to information overload, which is subsequently associated with news fatigue as well as with difficulty in analyzing information. News fatigue and analysis paralysis also subsequently led to news avoidance, which made individuals more likely to believe in misinformation. Extended Abstract • Student • Open Competition • Taylor Voges, UGA; LaShonda Eaddy, Southern Methodist University; Shelley Spector, Museum of Public Relations; Yan Jin, University of Georgia • Effective Health Risk Communications: Lessons Learned about COVID-19 Pandemic through the Lens of Practitioners • The study utilizes semi-structured interviews of health risk communication practitioners in the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic. The contingency theory of strategic conflict management is the guide to understanding the challenges and nuances. Insights gained from interviewing practitioners (projected, n=40) from different sectors with diverse professional backgrounds will help advance the contingency theory’s application in understanding the dynamics observed in times of health risks and crises threatening societal wellbeing. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • T. Franklin Waddell, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida; Chelsea Moss • Fake News in the Family: How Family Communication Patterns and Conflict History Affect the Intent to Correct Misinformation among Family Members • Do family communication patterns or family conflict history affect the intention to correct fake news shared by family members? A pre-registered online survey (N = 595) was conducted to answer this question. Results revealed that conversation orientation and conformity orientation positively predicted the intention to correct family members, while family history was negatively related with corrective action intention. Presumed influence, by comparison, was not significantly related to corrective action. Theoretical implications are discussed. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Chuqing Dong, Michigan State University; Yuan (Daniel) Cheng, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities • How do NPOs effectively engage with publics on social media? Examining the effects of interactivity and emotion on Twitter • "Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) are increasingly using social media to engage with publics. However, communication factors associated with effective social media use remain unclear in the nonprofit literature. Drawing from literature on public engagement, interactivity, and emotions, this study employs a computational approach to examine the effects of communication strategies on NPOs’ public engagement on Twitter (i.e., likes and retweets). By analyzing functional interactivity, contingency interactivity, and emotion elements of tweets from the 100 largest U.S. NPOs (n= 301,559), this study finds negative effects of functional interactivity on likes, negative effects of contingency interactivity on likes and retweets, but a positive effect of functional interactivity on retweets. The findings also show negative effects of emotion valence on likes and retweets but positive effects of emotion strength on likes and retweets. Using NPO type as a moderator suggests that there are varying effects of interactivity and emotion on public engagement for service-oriented and other types of NPOs. Practical implications regarding strategic social media use in the nonprofit sector are discussed. Research Paper • Student • Open Competition • Alexander Moe, SUNY Brockport • Do All Types of Warning Labels Work on Flagging Misinformation? The Effects of Warning Labels on Share Intention of COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation • Using a survey experiment (N = 403), this study tested the effectiveness of Twitter warning labels flagging misinformation pertaining to COVID-19 vaccines. Results showed that all types of warning labels decreased perceived credibility and share intention compared to no label condition. Moderated mediation analysis showed that vaccine hesitancy moderated the relationship between exposure to warning labels and perceived credibility while perceived credibility served as a mediator on the effects of warning labels on share intention. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Xiaochen Zhang, University of Oklahoma; Jonathan Borden • Linguistic Attribution Framing: A Linguistic Category Approach to Framing Crisis • Based on Attribution Theory, this study proposes a linguistic category approach to framing. A 2 (language: concrete/abstract) x 3 (social identity: out-group/in-group/control) experiment in a political crisis context was used to understand linguistic framing’s effects on attribution. Main effects a) of abstract (vs. concrete) language and b) of out-group (vs. in-group) on higher attribution, future crisis occurrence and unethical perceptions of the politician were found. Implications for framing research are discussed. Research Paper • Student • Student Competition • Wen Xuan Hor, Nanyang Technological University; Rui Yan Leo, Nanyang Technological University; Xin Jie Tan, Nanyang Technological University; Agnes Yeong Shuan Chai, Nanyang Technological University • The Effects of Nudges on Social Media Users in the Context of COVID-19 Fake News • This study examines the applicability of nudging on reducing sharing of fake news. Using a 2 (Nudge Frame – Gain vs. Loss) x 2 (Nudge Frequency – Single vs. Repeated) between-subject experiment (n = 238), results showed gain-frame nudge will lower the likelihood of sharing and confidence of news. We also examined individual-level traits, need for cognition and reactance, but found no evidence to support moderation. Theoretical and practical implications for nudging theory were discussed. Extended Abstract • Student • Student Competition • Sarah Fisher, University of Florida • Media Parenting Styles: A Typology of Parental Guidance of Electronic Media Use • Parental guidance for children’s electronic media use varies greatly. From parents who carefully limit the content set before their children’s eyes, to parents who allow freedom for their children to explore on electronic devices. This typology provides a useful definition of a range of parental oversight styles of their children’s use of electronic media. The typology categories emerged from in-depth interviews (N=20) with parents regarding their oversight of their children’s use of electronic media. Research Paper • Student • Student Competition • Niki Fritz • Porn and Consent: The relationship between college students’ pornography consumption, perception of realism, and sexual consent intentions • Despite sexual assault prevention education (SAPE) on college campuses, sexual assault remains a persistent issue on campuses. Student may be learning non-consensual sexual activity scripts from other sources, such as pornography. Additionally, perceived pornography realism may mediate the relationship between pornography consumption and non-consensual behavioral intentions. This national survey of 500 undergraduate students suggests pornography consumption has a strong positive relationship with non-consensual behavioral intentions and perceived pornography realism was found to mediate the relationship. Research Paper • Student • Student Competition • Si Yu Lee, Nanyang Technological University Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information (WKWSCI); Jasmon Wan Ting Hoh, National University of Singapore • From “OK Boomer” to “Boomer Remover”: A Critical Examination of Ageist Memes by Meme Factories • Memes and meme factories are increasingly the new fronts for ageism online. Guided by the tripartite model of ageism and third and fourth age concepts, this study employed multimodal discourse analysis to analyze 98 memes from five meme factories in Singapore. An ageist portrayal of older adults in memes was found and tropes like fetishization and denigration of the old were identified. The intersectionality of ageism with gender, race, and class was also emphasized. Research Paper • Student • Student Competition • Xiaofen Ma, National University of Singapore • Predictors of IS Professionals’ Information Security Protective Behaviors in Chinese IT Organizations: The Application of the Organizational Antecedents, Theory of Planned Behavior and Protection Motivation Theory Abstract • "Securing organizational information systems (IS) as pivotal information assets is central to achieving a strategic advantage; this is an organization-wide concern. Recognition by practitioners and researchers of the positive impact of inside work-driven protective behaviors on IS security at the organizational level has led to the establishment of a research stream focused on IS experts’ performance of protective behaviors. To contribute to the research stream, this study employs two theories: protection motivation theory (PMT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and a set of work-related organizational antecedents: organizational commitment and job satisfaction, often cited in information security literature. Therefore, given the varied facets central to work-motivated information security resources, determining the relationships of each distinct PMT, TPB, and organizational aspect with IS experts’ protective behaviors is a significant contribution. Using a survey of 804 representative IS professionals in the Chinese information technology (IT) industry, we find support for several associations: (a) information security attitude and subjective norms as constituents of TPB significantly influenced the information security protective behaviors performed by IS experts; (b) the coping appraisals (self-efficacy and response cost) and threat appraisals (threat susceptibility and threat severity) of PMT were significantly predictive of IS experts’ protective behaviors toward information security; and (c) organizational factors involving organizational commitment positively impacted the protective behaviors. However, job satisfaction, and perceived behavioral control as a construct of the TPB were not associated with information security behaviors. Contributions to theory and implications for practice are discussed. Research Paper • Student • Student Competition • Yefu Qian, School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Chen Li; Ruimin He • The Mediated Classroom: A Grounded Theory Analysis of Live Streaming Media Affordance and Teaching Context Remodeling from The Perspective of Actor-Network-Theory • The massive and popular application of emerging media technology (such as live streaming, virtual meeting-Zoom & Google Meet) in releasing the tensions of suspended classes during the global pandemic (COVID-19) provides an entry point to visualize the role of mediatization in shaping the traditional human social practice. As the online form of teaching penetrates in college education, it is of practical significance to comprehend the mediated teaching contexts and visualize the optimization of online teaching by exploring the affordance of live streaming media which serving as an “actor” in social networks. In this paper, we apply a qualitative analysis according to the grounded theory, based on detailed interviews with 45 college students in Shanghai, to elaborate on the affordance of live streaming in shaping the online teaching in Actor-Network-Theory. Besides, we target to explore the transformation of the teaching context between media technology and social practice so that we can offer insights for the ongoing or future researches of mediatization. Extended Abstract • Student • Student Competition • Natasha Strydhorst; Sava Kolev; Philippe Chauveau, Texas Tech University; Eric Milman, Texas Tech University • Learning by doing: The potential effect of interactivity on health literacy • This experimental study investigates the relationship between message interactivity and message comprehension, absorption, and self-reported elaboration of health information as contributors to increased health literacy about COVID-19 and the opioid epidemic. A representative population will be exposed to a stimulus of factsheets, followed by tests measuring perceived comprehension, absorption, elaboration, message processing bias, and political ideology and interest. The authors anticipate a positive correlation between interactivity level and comprehension, absorption, and elaboration scores of participants. Research Paper • Student • Student Competition • Beverly Tan, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University; Gabrielle Lee, Nanyang Technological University; Rachel Angeline Chua, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University; Charlyn Ng, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University • Cancel Culture and Its Underlying Motivations in Singapore • This mixed-methods study explores Singaporeans’ understanding of cancel culture and motivators of participation. Interviews defined cancel culture as public shaming on a social media platform, carried out or supported by a group of people, which aims to hold people accountable for socially unacceptable behaviour. Our survey found attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, outcome expectancy, and general Belief in a Just World as significant predictors behaviour through intention, contextualising cancel culture in Singapore’s context. Research Paper • Student • Student Competition • Sofie Vranken, School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven; Sebastian Kurten, Leuven School for Mass Communication Research • A content analysis of alcohol posts from adolescents, brands, influencers, and celebrities in Facebook and Instagram’s persistent and ephemeral messages • "This content analysis examines how peers, celebrities, influencers and brands refer to  alcohol in Facebook and Instagram’s persistent and ephemeral messages. The results show  that: (1) all agents frequently portray alcohol posts, (2) adolescents are the sole agent to  refer to moderate and extreme forms of alcohol use as opposed to celebrities, influencers  and brands whom solely display moderate alcohol posts and (3) some agents  (celebrities/influencers) may have a commercial motive to share alcohol posts." Extended Abstract • Student • Student Competition • Shiyu Yang; Nicole Krause; Luye Bao, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Mikhaila Calice, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Todd Newman; Michael Xenos; Dietram A. Scheufele, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dominique Brossard • Extended Abstract: In AI we trust: The interplay of media attention, trust, and partisanship in shaping emerging attitudes toward artificial intelligence • Artificial intelligence (AI) has changed the way scientists make genetic edits; it has infiltrated our daily lives through the internet of things; and it is being used by law enforcement agencies to fight crime. Many of the societal questions raised in its wake cannot be answered by science. Who or what will govern this technology? How do we prevent inevitable biases in how the technology is developed and applied? In this extended abstract, we report analysis of nationally representative public opinion data and examine what factors, including attention to mass and social media, shape U.S. publics’ trust in various institutions regulating AI development, as well as how trust and political ideology interact to shape public support for AI technology. Research Paper • Student • Student Competition • Yi Yang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Yunyi Hu, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Women on-screen: Exploring the relationship between consumption of female talent shows and sexism, internalization of beauty ideals, and self-objectification in China • Will consumption of female talent shows influence Chinese women’s self-body relationship? With the framework of objectification theory, this study provides empirical evidence to this question. Using data collected from a sample of 584 females in China, this study found that female talent shows consumption indirectly promoted body-surveillance through the mediation effects of benevolent sexism, internalization of beauty ideals, and self-objectification. Implications of the findings for the reflection on female talent shows in China are discussed. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21529 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/media-ethics-division/ Tue, 08 Jun 2021 21:01:30 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21532 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Student • Carol Burnett Award for Graduate Student Papers • Gregory Gondwe, University of Colorado • Exploring moral ecology in the coverage of the 2020 racial protests: Analyzing sentiment and intent classification of Newspapers and Broadcast news content in the US • This study contributes to the literature of media moral ecology and the Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) model. It does so by significantly expanding the methodological approaches, and theoretically, by incorporating media genres as a form of moral ecology that informs journalistic practices. The study uses the 2020 news content about racial protests to examine whether the media genre/category (Newspaper or Broadcast) affects how journalists choose to uphold their moral features of implicit norms, the harm principle, and the question of justice. Findings suggest that compared to broadcast media, newspaper genres are more likely to uphold ethical values when reporting racial protest. However, this only happened when political affiliations were controlled for. But when regressed with political affiliations, the effects were significantly skewed, indicating a higher presence of adulterated moral features in the news stories. Research Paper • Student • Carol Burnett Award for Graduate Student Papers • Minos-Athanasios Karyotakis, School of Communication HKBU • A Need for Change: The Perceived Power of Media and Journalists in Greece • Through 42 interviews with prominent political actors in Greek society, such as members of political parties (including Members of the Greek Parliament and their employees), alongside with well-known anti-fascists during 2019 and 2020, this paper analyses their opinions, ideas, and thoughts regarding the role of media and journalists in the events connected with the Macedonian Name Dispute (MND) in 2018 and 2019. MND was one of the most influential securitized topics on the agenda due to the promoted “Prespes Agreement” from the then-government that was supposed to solve the dispute. The use of MND in Greece’s political competition provoked several important events, such as the government’s fall and change. This study reveals that the MND’s coverage for the interviewees was a part of the problematic Greek media landscape, in which the journalists and the media are perceived as the most powerful societal actors in the country. In addition, the interviewees tend to believe that Greek journalism is not real journalism, as the professionals of the field are pulling strings to realize other goals than serving the public. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Call • Shannon Bowen, University of South Carolina; Marlene Neill, Baylor University • Ethical Organizational Listening in Issues Management for Stakeholder Engagement and Moral Responsibility • Ethical listening is an essential component of strategic issues management as an executive-level problem solving function. This qualitative study of elite Chief Communications Officers (CCOs) seeks to help fill a gap in making listening an explicit and purposeful part of ethics. We seek to enhance the vital role of listening in engaging stakeholders and demonstrating moral responsibility in issues management. Research Paper • Central Office Staff • Open Call • Yayu Feng, University of St. Thomas • Confucian Virtue System: Bring Media Ethics (Back) to a Humanistic Path • This article engages with Confucianism, the Chinese moral philosophy, and aims to introduce how Confucian ethics could benefit media ethics theorizing by explaining the central component in this ethical system: the notion of good and excellent it pursues and its highest principles. It facilitates a better understanding of the cultural and philosophical context that shapes media’s role in countries influenced by Confucianism, and contributing to the field a new perspective as it searches for global framework. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Call • Andrew Duffy, Nanyang Technological University • Tear down this wall: Native advertising as boundary object in scholarship. • Journalism’s iconic wall separates editorial from advertising with entrenched ideological differences. A hybrid form straddles this wall: native advertising. As a boundary object where competing fields meet, this has been a subject of growing scholarship, making it a suitable subject to investigate the doxa and habitus of academic thought in different fields. This paper analyses titles and abstracts of papers in journalism and advertising scholarship to assess how each frames the subject of native advertising, with a view to identifying ontologies and axiologies of each. It observes the value of such analysis of boundary objects as a means to identify limitations and potentialities in cross-disciplinary work; and to challenge epistemic authority in differing fields. Mapping fields creates space for re-articulation of normal practice in scholarship. This paper also expands earlier theorising on boundary-work to include pragmatics as an element of any field and associated boundary. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Call • Rick Moore, Department of Communication and Media, Boise State University • I Dare Someone to Try: SNL’s “Can I Play That” and the Ethics of Whitewashing and Stereotypes • The topic of whitewashing has been discussed in the popular press for many years. Scholars of media ethics, however, have been very slow to investigate the phenomenon. In this paper I wish to suggest a rather unusual place for academics to catch up on the most recent complications that whitewashing proposes. Given its growth in complexity, though, the problem—if looked at in all its dimensions—may have reached the point where it is insurmountable. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Call • Greg Munno, Syracuse University; Megan Craig, Syracuse University; Katherine Farrish, Central Connecticut State University; Alex Richards, Syracuse University • Journalists with Different Mindsets Agree on Truth as the Profession’s First Obligation • This mixed-method study examines the mindset journalists bring to their work. Study 1 (n = 167) asked professional journalists, journalism professors, and student journalists to rank statements on journalism ethics and norms from most to least like their mindset toward journalism. Using the factor analysis procedure common to Q methodology, we identified two distinct mindsets among the participants. One factor expresses a neutral journalistic mindset that favors dispassionate reporting. The other shows more concern with the impact of journalism on its sources and a desire for more engagement in political discourse. A participant pool larger than that of a typical Q study allowed for additional quantitative analysis that identified significant differences in journalistic mindset by age, gender, professional experience, and journalistic platform. Using an explanatory-sequential design, study 2 (n = 16) further explored the journalistic mindset—the underlying web of beliefs and attitudes about the profession’s core values—with a textual analysis of follow-up interviews. The results, we believe, have applications to research on journalistic ethics and norms, and may provide some insight into the divisions generating conflict in many newsrooms today. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Call • Holly Overton, Penn State University; Anli Xiao, University of South Carolina • Always Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide: Analyzing Moral Conviction, Perceived Motives, and Organization-Public Relationships in Corporate Social Advocacy Efforts • "This study conducts an online survey (N = 267) to examine the role of moral conviction as a predictor of organization-public relationships (OPR) in the context of corporate social advocacy (CSA). Four types of attributions are examined as a mediating variable. Results indicate that moral congruency between an individual and an organization directly leads to stronger trust and power balance and that moral conviction positively predicts all four OPR dimensions through values-driven attributions. Implications are discussed." Research Paper • Faculty • Open Call • David Craig, University of Oklahoma; Katie Place, Quinnipiac University; Erin Schauster; Patrick Plaisance, Penn State; Chris Roberts, University of Alabama; Ryan Thomas; Casey Yetter, University of Oklahoma; Jin Chen, Penn State University • Moral Foundations in Life Narratives of Emerging Adults in Media-Related Fields • The purpose of this study was to explore the moral foundations evident in the life narratives of emerging adults in media-related fields, based on analysis of life story interviews with 182 recent graduates from six media-related programs across the United States. Participants offered rich accounts of how their sense of morality was shaped over the course of their lives, and thus influenced their sense of the virtues of care/harm, fairness/injustice, ingroup loyalty/betrayal, authority, and purity/integrity. Findings identified how individuals draw upon concrete examples of the moral foundations from their childhood, but also identified ways in which individuals moral awareness had refined during emerging adulthood. Thus, media educators must develop pedagogy that best enables our students to a) reflect on moral values and the roles they play in students’ holistic lives, b) engage in dialogue about virtues and moral foundation concepts, and c) have opportunities to explore and refine their moral awareness with regard to the media fields they will enter. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Call • Patrick Plaisance, Penn State; Marlene Neill, Baylor University; Jin Chen, Penn State University • Moral Orientations and Traits of Public Relations Exemplars • This study seeks to contribute to moral psychology research on media professionals with a survey of the highly selective College of Fellows of the Public Relations Society of America. The study explores personality and character traits as well as ethical ideologies, and it also introduces the Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) assessment to media ethics scholarship. Results (N = 59) affirm the exemplar status of Fellows, indicated by their top-ranked Global Character Strengths, including Honesty and Fairness, their above-average scores on Conscientiousness and Openness to experience traits, as well as the fact that a large majority reject relativistic thinking and demonstrate a strong concern for harm. Results also document positive correlations among several factors linked to empathy, justice and concern for harm. Those, coupled with an embrace of the MFT’s Harm/Care and Fairness/Reciprocity foundations, suggest a progressive moral orientation, and affirm the usefulness of a neo-Aristotelian framework for media ethics scholarship. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Open Call • Erin Schauster • Moral reasoning and the life stories that depict personal interest, maintaining norms and universal principles • 75-word Summary: Moral exemplars in advertising are ideal candidates for understanding moral reasoning because of the challenges they face in the collaborative practices of strategic communication. Life story interviews and DIT results suggest that, while they exhibit high levels of moral reasoning, reasoning based on personal interest and, more so, maintaining norms are used to justify ethical decision making. More research is needed to understand the integrated, collaborative work of strategic communication and practices that influences norms. Research Paper • Student • Open Call • Christopher Vardeman, University of Colorado Boulder • Skepticism, Egoism, & COVID-19 Advertisements: An Exploratory Study of Consumer Attitudes and Moral Foundations • The COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented challenges for advertisers, and for small businesses in particular. Many retailers have had to adopt new messaging strategies to address responses to the virus in order to allay fear. This study measures consumer attitudes toward advertisements that make reference to COVID-19 safety responses alongside individual factors of advertising skepticism, egoism, and moral foundations thought to influence and predict such attitudes. Results are interpreted and implications for advertisers are discussed. Research Paper • Student • Open Call • Lewen Wei, Pennsylvania State University; Pratiti Diddi, Lamar University • Morality rules: Understanding the role of prior reputation in consequences of scansis • Drawing from literature on crisis communication and moral licensing/consistency, we explored the role of prior organizational reputation on people’s responses to organizations’ morality-oriented negative publicity (i.e., scansis) through an online experiment (N = 293). We found organizations with better prior reputation tended to get more severe backlash in scansis than those with poorer reputation, which implicated the need to take the unique role of morality in scansis into account in both pertinent research and practice. Research Paper • Faculty • Special Call for Ethics and Inclusion in Media Practice • Brad Clark, Mount Royal University • A New Objective: Recasting Journalism Ethics Through the Racial Reckoning • During the “racial reckoning” in 2020, racialized and Indigenous journalists in the United States and Canada called out their employers and industry for the systemic racism endemic to news operations and content. They explained their frustrations, criticisms and insights in columns, social media posts, essays, interviews, and other published media, frequently challenging notions of objectivity. This paper uses a qualitative content analysis of those media accounts to explore how journalism’s dominant ethic subverts inclusive newsrooms and news coverage. Research Paper • Student • Special Call for Ethics and Inclusion in Media Practice • Alexis Romero Walker, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Converging Theory with Practice in the Media Skills Classroom • This article provides that there is a need to incorporate contemporary media and film theory in the media skills classroom to adequately work to decolonize education and bring equity to higher education media programs. Using an autoethnographic approach, the article showcases how to incorporate concepts related to equity in lighting in the skills classroom. The article additionally provides an adjusted approach to critical media literacy to effectively bring equity and inclusion to the media skills classroom, and proposes questions that instructors should ask themselves as they create their curriculum for their courses. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21532 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/mmee-2021-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Jun 2021 14:47:02 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21540 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Faculty • Rasha Allam, The American University in Cairo • Configuring the usage of audience analytics on journalism practices inside Egyptian Newsrooms • The usage of audience analytics tools has redefined the whole process of news production. This study, which focuses on six major Egyptian news organizations, examines the use and role of audience analytics on the news production practices within the different types of news organizations understudy. Based on semi-structured interviews with senior and managing editors and using the sociology of news production theory, the study found that the type of ownership is quite decisive in defining the scope of usage for the analytics tools and their roles, in addition to the political context that plays a substantial role in this matter. Results show that although the private news organizations seem more open towards audience metrics, maintaining an authoritative tone of journalism is a priority to protect the organization’s brand. Finally, reaching transnational audiences and creating a pan-Arab news hub are seen by the private news organizations as potential benefits of the analytic tools. Research Paper • Student • Fitria Andayani, University of Missouri • What is Fair? How journalists’ dual identity, resource conservation, and power dynamics shape pay secrecy culture • A textual analysis of 49 articles from the U.S. journalism trade publications finds that pay secrecy culture is responsible for journalists' suffering from low wages and income inequity. Moreover, the research shows how the journalists’ dual identity creates their tendency to engage with loss aversion to protect their valuable resources of job security, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. The power dynamics within the news organization also lower journalists' bargaining power leaving the company's pay secrecy policy undisputed. Research Paper • Faculty • Jon Bekken, Albright College • Do Four (or Five, or Six) Firms Control the American Media? Revisiting The Media Monopoly • Exaggerated versions of Bagdikian’s Media Monopoly are ubiquitous. This paper reviews the current state of media ownership concentration. After reviewing economic concentration in the book publishing, broadband and multichannel, motion picture, newspaper, radio and television industries, I demonstrate that the dominant U.S. media firms control more than 60 percent of mass media revenue. These firms’ relentless expansion and profit-seeking, I conclude, poses an existential crisis for journalism, and for the media more generally. Research Paper • Student • Jaewon Royce Choi; Sooyeon Hong, University of Texas at Austin; Junghwan Kim, Pukyong National University • Does social capital matter to the Millennials? Social capital and user engagements in online video platforms • User engagements in video platforms are considered critical for businesses in measuring attention. This study investigates various factors influencing online video platform user engagements in the forms of showing empathy (e.g., “like”), commenting, and sharing. A theoretical model positing mediating role of social capital and moderating role of generational difference is suggested and tested against three types of engagement. Results indicate intriguing generational effect on social capital’s role in online video platform engagement. Research Paper • Faculty • Amy Jo Coffey, University of Florida; Ann Hollifield, University of Georgia • Video Measurement and Analytics: Best Practices and Industry Challenges • This paper explores current approaches to video measurement in the rapidly evolving media environment. In-depth interviews of media analytics executives were employed (N=13), along with secondary analysis of data. Findings indicate that best practices include responsible integration of linear and census measurement, viewer assignment modeling, new metering technologies, and the retirement of older, less accurate data-gathering practices. Remaining challenges include a proven single-source method for cross-platform measurement and the resolution of definition issues. Research Paper • Student • Mathias Felipe de-Lima-Santos, University of Navarra; Lucia Mesquita, Dublin City University • Digital news business models in the age of Industry 4.0 • The news media industry is a sector that is greatly affected by technology and the rapid speed with which changes are taking place. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is upon us and promising to bring with it novel technologies, such as data, automation, and artificial intelligence. However, fostering innovation inside the newsroom takes place with as many hindrances and bureaucratic obstacles as possible. To address how news outlets are adopting new approaches to sustain their business, we conducted thirteen (n = 13) in-depth interviews with leading actors of news organizations in Brazil, a leading country within the Global South with a complex national reality. Our study systematically analyzes qualitative data to present technology-driven, innovative business models and technologies that will be major players in the news industry’s future. Results indicated that organizations do not rely on a unique income source but combine different sustainable models of funding. By deploying technological assets in the news business, these outlets are capable of meeting the needs of audiences and better identifying customer segments, which brings a competitive advantage to these organizations. In summary, this research resulted in responsive knowledge sharing about digital journalism’s business model that is being implemented for the next revolution. Research Paper • Student • Peter Johnson, Boston University • The Financialization of ABC: Wall Street Legitimation & the Financialized Commodity Audience, 1943–1970 • Leveraging literature from media history and political economy, I consider how the discursive transactions between U.S. television executives and Wall Street stakeholders in the post-war period represented an overlooked "commodity audience" construction. I chart the rise of publicly-traded broadcasting stocks in the 1950s and how the encroachment of institutional investors led to broadcasting’s financialization and concentration. Specifically, I examine ABC between 1953 and 1970, when it became vulnerable to financial extraction and financialized strategies. Research Paper • Student • Asma Khanom; Peter J. Gade • Nothing routine: Television news management’s response to COVID-19, organizational uncertainty, and changes in news work. • COVID-19 impacted broadcast news work (routine and organization level) which influenced on content. This study, guided by media sociology, explores the impact of COVID-19 on broadcast news routines and management’s organizational responses. The study includes in-depth interviews with broadcast news directors in the southern Midwest of U.S. (n = 10). The pandemic is a macro-level influence, yet the data in this study suggest its influence on news is fluid, flowing up and down among organizational, routine, and individual levels. Research Paper • Faculty • Dam Hee Kim; Kyung Jung Han; Sungchul Lee • Predicting Twitter Engagement with the Oscar-Winning Parasite: Through the Theoretical Lens of Country-of-Origin • This study examines how 96,131 tweets in Korean and English discussed the Oscar-winning Korean film, Parasite, through the theoretical lens of Country-of-Origin (COO) and electronic Word-of-Mouth. Korean tweets used more affective COO frames (e.g., history-making) whereas English tweets used more cognitive (e.g., film quality) and normative COO frames (e.g., social norms). The number of Twitter engagement was positively predicted by cognitive and affective frames overall, but was negatively predicted by normative frames in English tweets. Research Paper • Faculty • Castulus Kolo, Macromedia University; Bozena Mierzejewska, Fordham University; Florain Haumer, Macromedia University; Axel Roepnack; Christopher Schmidt, Macromedia University; Anran Luo, Fordham University • Teaching Media Management in International Perspective: A Comparative Content Analysis of Curricula in the US and Germany • "This study was designed to learn more about how media management education varies within national contexts of the US and Germany as well as between both countries via a content analysis of undergraduate and graduate curricula. Information about the specific course content of 34 US programs and nine programs from German universities was captured on the basis of a codebook developed for this purpose. Data shows that media management education focuses on conventional content. Research Paper • Faculty • Derek Moscato, Western Washington University • Transboundary Cultural Economy: Spatial and Market Configurations of Cascadia's News • This study examines the news media environment of the U.S./Canada cross-border region known as Cascadia, which includes parts of British Columbia, Washington state, and Oregon. It analyzes the journalistic production processes that drive media coverage in this cross-border region. To better understand the unique dynamics of reporting about this area, the author developed case studies drawn from in-depth interviews with media practitioners from multiple news publications and outlets. Such interviews-driven cases not only inform how Cascadia is understood thematically and contextually, but also how the concept of Cascadia drives media business models and audience interest. This research explores how news media--as an outgrowth of regional communication and culture--navigate the spatial, logistical, and market dimensions of Cascadia reporting, especially as the Cascadia concept grapples with concurrent themes of politics, economy, social responsibility, and climate change. The results show that while regional media enterprises and practitioners on the whole embrace the concept and promise of Cascadia, they are increasingly constrained by logistical or economic challenges. However, emergent models of cross-border media production and dissemination provide insight into the future for Cascadia’s news enterprises. Research Paper • Faculty • Ray Wang, Thammasat University • Educating effective practice of communication for sustainable development in Thailand • Scholarship has indicated that communication about sustainable development can have many different definitions and objectives. However, little research has discussed how higher education has prepared young professionals who aspire to work in this media management sector. Results from this study indicate that higher education may not be sufficiently preparing young professionals of these roles, and more research on the key competencies and development of young professionals should be conducted in Thailand and around the world. Research Paper • Student • Changcheng Zhou • Analysis on financing efficiency of listed media companies in China from 2014 to 2018 • "his paper selected 118 media listed companies in mainland China as samples and analyzed their financing efficiency from 2014 to 2018, applying Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. On the basis of calculating the financing efficiency of all sample companies, the authors compared the financing efficiency of five sub-areas of news publishing, animation games, film and television media, marketing media and radio and television, and analyzed the changing trend of these indicators in the past three years. Findings from the study suggest that, the overall financing efficiency of media listed companies in mainland China is low. Among the current sample, companies with pure technical efficiency account for the largest proportion. More than half media listed companies are in the increasing stage of scale returns. Based on the findings, the study also provides suggestions on how to improve the financing efficiency of media listed companies. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21540 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/09/prdv-current-officers/ Wed, 29 Sep 2021 11:00:54 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20472 Public Relations Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Holly Overton, Pennsylvania State University Vice Head/Program Chair LaShonda Eaddy, Penn State University Secretary Ioana Coman, Texas Tech University Research Chair Christopher McCollough, Jacksonville State University PF&R Chair Virginia Harrison, Clemson University Teaching Chair Jiun-Yi (Jenny) Tsai, Northern Arizona University Web Master Adrienne Wallace, Grand Valley State University Vice-Head Elect Christopher Wilson, Brigham Young University Membership Chair Rosalynn Vasquez, Boston University Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion Chairs Maria De Moya, DePaul University Candice Edrington, University of South Carolina Newsletter Editor Jeffrey Ranta, Coastal Carolina University Social Media Chair Nandini Bhalla, Texas State University Graduate Student Liaison Committee Chairs Christen Buckley, Pennsylvania State University Dongqing Xu, University of Miami Fundraising Chair Brian Smith, Brigham Young University Virtual Conference Chairs Richard Waters, University of San Francisco Geah Pressgrove, West Virginia University]]> 20472 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/09/esig-current-officers/ Mon, 27 Sep 2021 11:00:57 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20487 Entertainment Studies Interest Group for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Newly Paul, University of North Texas Vice Head/Program Chair Kelsey Whipple, University of Texas Austin Research Chair Waleed Rashidi, California State University Fullerton PF&R Chair Gwen Nisbett, University of North Texas Teaching Co-Chairs Heidi Gerber-Salins, Howard University William Schulte, Winthrop University Web Master Brad Limov, University of Texas Austin Newsletter Editor Waleed Rashidi, California State University Fullerton Grad student Liaison Brad Limov, University of Texas Austin]]> 20487 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/macd-2021-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Jun 2021 14:56:02 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21543 2021 Abstracts Extended Abstract • Student • Faculty Research Competition • Annalise Baines; Hyunjin Seo, University of Kansas; Muhammad Ittefaq, University of Kansas; Ursula Kamanga; Fatemeh Shayesteh, University of Kansas; Yuchen Liu • The COVID-19 pandemic aggravated existing challenges for racial/ethnic minority immigrants in the United States in obtaining health information and seeking health care. Based on in-depth interviews with 52 racial/ethnic minority immigrants in the U.S. Midwest, this study analyzes how they navigated online information related to COVID-19, how their race/ethnicity played a role in online health information seeking during the pandemic, and their perspectives on getting vaccinated against the virus. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Faculty Research Competition • Shaniece Bickham, Nicholls State University; Rockia Harris, LSU; Jinx Broussard, Manship School, LSU • This study conducts a qualitative textual analysis of the discourse surrounding former U. S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Vice President Kamala Harris as they achieved major political milestones. Articles from two respected Black and two premiere mainstream newspapers are analyzed, and intersectionality is employed to ascertain the extent to which racial and gender stereotypes were prevalent. Preliminary findings show Clinton received more coverage than Harris, but Harris’s coverage included more race and gender mentions. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Faculty Research Competition • Robin Blom, Ball State University; Gabriel B, Tait, Ball State University; Curtis Matthews, Ball State University; Elena Lazoff • Diversity is an intricate subject in educational settings and an important aspect of ACEJMC accreditation. That body has recently announced changes in the wording of the Diversity and Inclusiveness standard after ongoing complaints that the old standard did not facilitate the changes needed. This study focused on the vocabulary of ACEJMC site-visit reports to explore what concepts are (not) discussed in affirming diversity. For instance, terms as belonging and antiracism are absent from the reports. Research Paper • Faculty • Faculty Research Competition • Grace Choi, Columbia College Chicago • #Foxeye is a beauty trend that has been under scrutiny on social media, especially on TikTok. Initially created to elongate the look of a person’s eyes, it has been criticized as a racist representation of Asians, mainly because of the signature pose where beauty creators pull back the corners of their eyes to showcase the look. In order to understand how #foxeye has been interpreted by various TikTok video creators, a comparative content analysis of 507 TikTok videos was conducted. Applying framing theory, this exploratory study identified video information, video creators’ identities, video production components and messages. Results indicated that although there were more beauty videos than Asian activism videos, Asian activism videos had more social media engagements that created conversations about racism. Moreover, beauty video creators were mostly White while Asian activism video creators were East Asian. The results highlight the dominant discourse in the beauty industry and complex understanding of self-identity through deconstructing this beauty trend. Research Paper • Faculty • Faculty Research Competition • George Daniels, The University of Alabama; Lillie Fears, Arkansas State University • Using archival materials available to capture research efforts in the early years of the Minorities and Communication Division, this study takes a historical approach in cataloging the scholarship on journalism and mass communication issues for those in racial minority groups presented between 1972 and 2020. Of 661 papers analyzed for this study, 358 or 54% were authored by a female or had research teams with a woman as first author. Research Paper • Faculty • Faculty Research Competition • Danielle Deavours, University of Montevallo; Will Heath; Ryan Broussard • Modern American journalism practices rely heavily on the use of expert sources. Traditionally, white, male officials are the primary sources journalists use in traditional media (Humprecht & Esser, 2017). This silences underrepresented voices, leading to symbolic annihilation of minority communities in media coverage. Journalists often cite their inability to reach communities outside of their own perspective as a primary reason for this symbolic annihilation, but what happens when reporters’ networks of power are widened through digital connections? Previous research has explored the role of social media as a tool for newsgathering (Agbo & Okechukwu, 2016), and some studies suggest social media can provide the opportunity for journalists to reach previously inaccessible communities (Van Leuven et al., 2015). Yet, the network theory of power (Castells, 2011) suggests some nodes of these digital networks can create elite sources like officials or influencers that may uphold traditional sourcing practices and hegemonic power structures (Van Leuven & Deprez, 2017). Utilizing qualitative interviews with professional journalists in traditional media outlets, this study seeks to understand whether tapping into broader networks of power through social media helps journalists combat symbolic annihilation of sources or whether hegemonic structures continue despite widened access to multiperspectival resources. Research Paper • Faculty • Faculty Research Competition • Jerry Crawford; Joseph Erba, University of Kansas; Amalia Monroe-Gulick, University of Kansas; Pamela Peters, University of Kansas • The financial pressures experienced by many Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) have worsen during the pandemic. The use of open access resources as a substitute to subscription models may assist HBCUs navigate dire budget forecasts. This study investigates access to research resources at HBCUs with a journalism and mass communications program, as well as perceptions of open access among librarians and instructors. Results reveal access disparities among HBCUs and favorable perceptions towards open access. Research Paper • Faculty • Faculty Research Competition • Summer Harlow, University of Houston • Based on interviews with 28 journalists following George Floyd’s murder, this study uses #BlackoutTuesday and posts of black squares on social media in support of Black Lives Matter to explore to what extent journalists are redrawing the boundary between journalism and activism when it comes to taking stances for racial justice. Findings reveal journalists of color and young journalists are change agents, pushing traditional journalistic doxa like objectivity from an orthodox to a heterodox status. Research Paper • Faculty • Faculty Research Competition • Magda Konieczna; Ellen Santa Maria, Temple University • Journalistic objectivity has long been in flux. This paper examines what we term “journalistic edge cases”: situations in which journalists aim to subvert norms, and managers push back, reprimanding the journalists and removing them from coverage or firing them. We find journalists arguing that objectivity works differently when reporting on minority groups; managers counter that objectivity is universal. This examination offers insight into how journalism is evolving, in particular in this moment of racial reckoning. Research Paper • Faculty • Faculty Research Competition • Yeunjae Lee, University of Miami; Weiting Tao; Jo-Yun Li • Grounded in the situational theory of problem solving (STOPS) and social identity model of collective action (SIMCA), this study aims to examine the motivations of minority publics—Asian Americans—in the U.S. engaging in activism against racism and xenophobia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results of an online survey with Asian Americans in the U.S. suggested that the Asian American publics’ identity enhanced their perceived injustice, efficacy, and situational motivation to counter racism and xenophobia, which in turn facilitated their online activism on social media. Online activism, then, drove their offline activism. Theoretical and practical implications on collective actions from the minority public are discussed. Extended Abstract • Student • Faculty Research Competition • Victoria Orrego Dunleavy, University of Miami; Ekaterina Malova, University of Miiami; Diane Millette, University of Miiami • In this study, we examined supportive memorable messages received by Black and Hispanic first-generation students from family members and mentors and explored how issues of demographic similarity affect protégé’s perceptions of mentor support and mentor satisfaction. First, results indicate that students may benefit from activating both mentoring and family connections to succeed in college. Second, students find the same-gender mentoring relationships more satisfying. Thus, students, mentors, and families should be educated on the benefits of supportive communication. Research Paper • Faculty • Faculty Research Competition • Teresa Mastin, Michigan State University; Alina Freeman, Michigan State University; Susan Reilly • "This paper explores advertising trade publications’ coverage of the 600 & Rising social movement, which was launched to dismantle systemic racism in the advertising industry. The visibility of the Black Lives Matters movement and the murder of George Floyd served as catalysts for two Black advertising professionals to lead an effort to address how the advertising industry perpetuates systemic racism through its portrayals of African Americans and Blacks. Research Paper • Student • Faculty Research Competition • Christina Myers; Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina • "This study investigates expressions of the African American experience by examining song lyrics published by Black musicians during two critical time periods in civil rights – 1960-1969 and 2010-2020. To determine the predominate narratives that arise from their songs (N=3,302), LDA-based topic modeling as well as a comparative analysis was employed. Findings indicated the presence of seven topic categories – ‘Love/Relationships,’ ‘God/Religion/Spirituality,’ ‘Social/Activities,’ ‘Wealth/Status,’ ‘Sex/Sexual Desire,’ ‘Social/Political Issues’ and ‘Alcohol/Drugs/Substance Use.’ Research Paper • Faculty • Faculty Research Competition • Jessica Retis, University of Arizona; Amara Aguilar; Laura Castaneda, USC • Preliminary findings of a larger project examine the experiences of Latinas in journalism. Drawing on Latino/a Critical Communication theory, the new Latina Critical Journalism Studies approach places Latina journalists at the center of the analysis and focuses on intersectionality (gender, race, class, age, language, migration status); diversity, equity and inclusion; news media practices; and structural challenges. A recent survey shows Latina journalists face distinct challenges in the workplace ranging from sexism to racism. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Faculty Research Competition • Nathian Shae Rodriguez, San Diego State University • This study evidences how the pop culture pedagogical practice of using Selena as a cultural anchor for a media and communication course can be employed as practice that reflects on, and incorporates, methods that critique and respond to hierarchies of power and identity. Students critically analyzed Latinx mediated representations though pop culture media and highlighted connections with politics and cultural identity, particularly in border regions. Students were empowered to combat racism, homophobia, and other oppressions. Research Paper • Faculty • Faculty Research Competition • Yong VOLZ, University of Missouri; Indah Setiawati, University of Missouri • This study explores how Asian American journalists define and negotiate their collective identities both in panethnic and professional terms. Focusing on the case of the Asian American Journalists Association (AAJA), our analysis finds that, instead of problematizing the blanketing panethnic identity, AAJA members tactically and collectively present themselves as a more homogenous racial group in order to maximize their presence and amplify their voices in both newsrooms and the public sphere. They also publicly vocalize their solidarity with other minority groups, especially with their African American colleagues during the “Black Lives Matter” movement, as a way to insert themselves into the broader social justice project. In addition, they capitalize on their ethnic identity to enhance their journalistic authority when covering identity issues. Our findings add to the thin literature on Asian American journalists as they try to position themselves in the social and professional arenas. This study also highlights the impact of the highly racialized moments of 2020, which was compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Black Lives Matters, on the Asian American journalists. Extended Abstract • Student • Faculty Research Competition • Farrah Youn-Heil, University of Georgia; Yan Jin, University of Georgia • This study proposes a new conceptual model for understanding interracial communication apprehension (IRCA), delineating how people of color use various communication practices (Orbe, 1998) and coping strategies (Lazarus, 1991) to cope with communication apprehension (McCroskey, 1970) triggered by or associated with racial representation in television-entertainment media and public discourse on race-related topics. In-depth interviews are conducted to provide initial examination of the new IRCA model. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Extended Abstract • Student • Student Paper • Tania Ganguli, University of Minnesota • Stories about deportation, like all pieces of journalism, include background information – that which isn’t explicitly tied to sourcing – which helps identify and reify common knowledge. This study examines that unattributed text to understand how those words construct the reality of deportation of Latinx migrants. By analyzing text from 2014 and 2018 at three newspapers on the U.S./Mexico border, this study illuminates how the construction of Latinx migrants changed as the American political climate shifted. Research Paper • Student • Student Paper • Farah Harb, Wayne State University • The Arab ethnicity encompasses many countries — from North African nations like Egypt and Tunisia, to Gulf countries like Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, to Mid-East countries like Lebanon and Syria. Although the general language in these countries is Arabic, natives to each country speak different dialects and follow different traditions. For example, although Kuwait and Saudi Arabia (both Gulf countries in the Mid-East) are neighboring countries, their dialects and traditional attire are so different that one can tell them apart just by the way they speak or dress. The same goes for other Arabic-speaking countries. Due to historic influences, some of these Arab countries speak French as their second language (e.g., Lebanon, Syria, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia), whereas the rest speak English. There are significant differences in the Arabic spoken by a Moroccan person, compared to Arabic spoken by a Lebanese person. While there are similarities between Arabs who come from these different countries, major differences include variations in cultural dialects, religions, traditions, dress codes, liberalism, and so on. Although Arabs come from different backgrounds, Hollywood has long portrayed them as different shades of barbaric (Shaheen, 2003). The term “barbaric” here refers to attributes that have been falsely associated with the Arab image and constantly perpetuated through TV shows, movies, books, paintings, and other forms of art and media. Extended Abstract • Student • Student Paper • Jaquela Chalise Macklin, The University of Alabama • Many scholars have done research on mental health care, but there are few studies on mental health care in the Black community, particularly how the mass media impacts the stability of Black people’s mental health. This paper focuses on using cultivation theory and conducting qualitative research by way of interviews with the intent to gain first-hand accounts from Black people about the state of their mental health and how mass media possibly impacts it. Extended Abstract • Student • Student Paper • Ajia Meux, University of Oklahoma; Britney Gilmore, Texas Christian University • This study seeks to explore the relationship between locus of control, online and offline activism and sharing and forwarding behavior of videos of unarmed Black people being murdered by the police. This research is important because it attempts to define the particular sharing and forwarding behavior at the granular level of online activism based on the idea of control for a population who is often marginalized and underrepresented in more formal areas of political power. Research Paper • Student • Student Paper • Erin Perry, Wayne State University • This visual rhetorical analysis of a viral image from a 2019 interview between CBS journalist Gayle King and singer R. Kelly uses co-cultural theory to make three arguments. First, presumptions are widely held about Black women’s demeanor in the workplace. Second, Black women are members of a co-cultural group that uses various communicative strategies to constantly resist the Angry Black Woman stereotype. Third, Black women and their allies appropriate stereotypes into opportunities for their praise. Research Paper • Student • Student Paper • Chelsea Peterson-Salahuddin, Northwestern University • In line with the theory of information poverty, one could argue that women of color may face high barriers to news information seeking. However, social and political trends point to the ways women of color are highly informed. Motivated by this tension, this study engaged focus group interviews to examine women of color’s news information seeking habits. Findings suggest holding a woman of color identity does not deter, but motivates news information seeking processes. Extended Abstract • Student • Student Paper • Madhavi Reddi, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This paper introduces the concept of shared identity endorsement narratives in political campaigns of minority candidates to provide a framework for researchers to examine celebrity endorsements along the lines of shared racial/ethnic/cultural identity. Using examples of endorsements of Kamala Harris by North American celebrities of Indian descent, I outline four elements of shared identity endorsement narratives in political campaigns - 1) entertainment value, 2) engagement with identity politics, 3) timelessness, 4) solidarity and validation. Research Paper • Student • Student Paper • Robert Richardson, University of Texas at Austin • A growing number of Black female newscasters are embracing natural hair on television, breaking a long-established requirement for anchors and reporters of all races to have straight hair. This study asks questions about industry pressures to conform to White normative standards and individual issues of identity and expression. Interviews with 25 Black women who work as on-air talent reveal newsrooms are becoming more accepting of natural styles but there is still progress to be made. Research Paper • Faculty • Student Paper • Tanya Gardner; Wei Sun, Howard University; Carolyn Stroman • "On May 25, 2020, in the midst of the pandemic crisis, an innocent Black man, George Floyd, died as a result of police brutality. This event sparked nationwide protests against racial inequality, led by the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. While the number of COVID-19 cases continued to increase in many states, and as businesses began to re-open, there were fears that the BLM movement protests contributed to the resurgence of COVID-19 spread (Meyer, June 1, 2020). In a time of political and racial division, people expressed their support for, or opposition to, the claim that there was a connection between the protests and the rising number of cases. This study aims to investigate how social media users make sense of the relationship between COVID-19 and BLM, and how health disparities of COVID-19 and race have been discussed in Twitter posts. The findings of the research will increase our understanding of how social media impacts knowledge regarding public health crises." Extended Abstract • Student • Student Paper • Xue Gong, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Shanshan Jiang; Fangjing Tu, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Since the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese and the broader Asian communities have become the target of resurgent racism both online and offline. Combining Twitter data, governmental data and COVID case data, this study uses both interrupted time series analysis and traditional time series analysis to investigate how anti-Asian sentiments in social media are systematically enhanced by a series of socioeconomic factors and discursive opportunities provided by demagogue attacks on the Asian communities. The results shed implications on building racial justice during a pandemic like COVID-19. Research Paper • Student • Student Paper • Kris Vera-Phillips, Arizona State University • This research paper explores the erasure of Filipino nurses from American medical television shows in order to highlight biases in media that lead to a scripted reality that ignores an essential community of workers who are responsible for the daily care of patients. This paper examines the relationship between Filipinos and American power structures. It will also investigate the issue of erasure in television shows through the lens of postcolonial and critical race theories. Research Paper • Student • Student Paper • Jiehua Zhang • Ethnic media play important roles in constructing or reconstructing ethnic identity, facilitating the acculturation process, and encouraging political participation among ethnic groups. The current study looked at the moderation effects of ethnic news use in the relationships between political ideology and presidential evaluations among Chinese Americans during the Covid-19 pandemic when the virus was called “Chinese virus” by some news media and the former president. Relying on a survey of Chinese Americans conducted between October and December 2020, the study showed that while conservative Chinese Americans were more likely than liberals to approve of the former president Trump, the effects of political ideology on the presidential evaluations were diminishing for people who used ethnic media more frequently to get news. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21543 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/nond-2021-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Jun 2021 15:05:58 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21546 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Open Competition • Student • Mohammad Ali, Syracuse University; Dennis Kinsey, Syracuse University • Deceptive Power of Fake News: Perception of Believability Centers around Visuals, News Media, Social Media and Shared Values • This paper examined a sample of 32 different types of fake news items to understand people’s perceptions of deception in various types of fake news items, regardless of communicators’ intend to deceive. Using Q Methodology, this study yielded five types of fake news content (e.g., visuals, social media, congruence, news media, and unknown sources) that different groups of people perceive as (un)likely to be deceptive. Findings should help better understand and combat fake news. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Rana Arafat, City University of London • Rethinking hybridity in diaspora journalism: A study of exiled Syrian journalists' advocacy networks and role perceptions • Using digital ethnography and in-depth interviews, this study offers a comprehensive understanding of how diaspora journalists maintain connections with their authoritarian homeland and advocate for transnational human rights and political reforms after fleeing its repressive political sphere. To this end, the paper examines how anti-regime Syrian diaspora journalists engage in transnational advocacy practices through building hybrid digital networks that blur boundaries between journalism, activism, human rights advocacy, social movements, and civil society work. The paper further investigates how these advocacy practices shape the diaspora journalists' perceptions of their roles as well as their understanding of the different political, economic, procedural, organizational, and professional factors that influence how they perform them. Findings demonstrate that diaspora advocacy journalism poses various challenges to traditional journalism paradigms as journalists' roles go beyond news gathering and publishing to include petitioning, creating transnational solidarity, collaborating with civil society organizations, and carrying out various institutional work. Sensational coverage, state intervention, journalists' political leanings, funding pressure, and accessibility of sources also pose serious limitations to diaspora journalists' advocacy efforts. An advanced theoretical model that maps out the influencing factors on news reporting and advocacy networking in the unique transnational conflict context is further proposed. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Mitchell Bard, Iona College; Michael Mirer, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee • Elite Journalists' Narrative Evolution in the 2018 Midterm Elections on Twitter and in Print • A qualitative textual analysis of tweets and articles by elite newspaper journalists on and after election night in 2018 relating to the shifting narratives relative to whether or not the Democrats enjoyed a "blue wave" victory in the midterm elections. Results show that frames set on Twitter on election night persisted for five days in the New York Times, Washington Post, and Wall Street Journal before a new narrative took hold. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Jason Martin, DePaul University; Gerry Lanosga, Indiana University • The Impact of Public Transparency Infrastructure on Data Journalism: A Comparative Analysis between Information-rich and Information-poor Countries • This study surveyed data journalists from 71 countries (N=345) and analyzed 483 data journalism projects from 50 countries to compare how transparency initiatives influence data journalism process and product. Differences in data journalists’ attitudes toward data from public institutions, types of data used, and topics covered in data-driven projects were examined. We find cross-national differences are explained by contextual factors related to transparency infrastructure, which influences the potential of data journalism to hold government accountable. Extended Abstract • Open Competition • Faculty • Hsiang Iris Chyi, University of Texas at Austin • The Best of Times, the Worst of Times: The Impact of Covid-19 on Digital Subscriptions • A persistent problem facing U.S. newspapers is users’ lukewarm response to their digital offerings. The print edition, despite continued disinvestment and dramatic price hikes, remained the most consumed format for most newspapers. Has COVID-19 changed this and narrowed the persistent print-digital gap? Among the 20 newspapers under study, most reported substantial growth in digital subscriptions. However, the quickened declines in print circulation and the gigantic print-digital price gap have caused a decline in overall revenue. Extended Abstract • Open Competition • Faculty • Brian Creech, Temple University; Perry Parks, Michigan State University • Promises granted: Venture philanthropy and the tech industry’s increasing authority over the journalism field • The past half-decade has seen the rise of venture philanthropy as specific kind of charitable giving in the journalism industry driven by actors in tech industry, primarily Google and Facebook. This paper interrogates venture philanthropy as a specific kind of shift in the journalistic field, discursively intervening in order to define sustainability and market success as partially dependent on actors and structures from the tech industry. Extended Abstract • Open Competition • Faculty • Lucinda Davenport, Michigan State University; Joseph Grimm, Michigan State University • Diversity Sourcing Tool: Intentions, Self-Observation and Learning • By intentionally engaging the diverse groups that comprise a community, journalists build trust that all people are being represented and informed. This research used mixed methods to learn if a new sourcing tool helps students in real-time to intentionally include diverse sources in their coverage. Preliminary results appear to indicate that the sourcing tool is successful, which could have implications for building trust with audiences and helping journalists analyze sources real time instead of after-the-fact. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Danielle Deavours, University of Montevallo; Will Heath; Kaitlin Miller, University of Alabama; Misha Viehouser; Sandra Palacios Plugge; Ryan Broussard • Reciprocal Journalism’s Double-Edged Sword: How Journalists Resolve Cognitive Dissonance after Experiencing Harassment from Audiences on Social Media • Reciprocal journalism is a daily practice for most American journalists. Previous studies have shown this practice benefits journalists, their newsrooms, and the audience (e.g. Coddington, Lewis & Holton, 2018; Barnidge et al., 2020). Although scholars like Lewis, Zamith, and Coddington (2020) provide evidence that journalists experience harassment when interacting with audiences online, causing them to view audiences less favorably, further explanation is needed as to why journalists would continue to practice reciprocal journalism if it subjects them to online abuse. Through in-depth interviews with professional journalists, the study finds journalists experience cognitive dissonance after experiencing harassment during reciprocal journalism, but they are not likely to stop practicing interacting with audiences due primarily to organizational and individual benefits that are perceived as greater than the negatives in audience interactions. Additionally, the study finds journalists feel personally responsible for resolving feelings of dissonance and often use unhealthy dissonance resolution techniques like avoidance, victim blaming, or perspective-taking to deal with online abuse. The end result could mean dangerous consequences for individuals and the industry long-term. Results suggest a cultural shift in the industry would be necessary to significantly ease dissonant cognitions among individual journalists. Through the examination of harassment’s effect on journalists’ willingness to interact with audiences on social media, this study expands current understandings of the normative practice of reciprocal journalism. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Elina Erzikova, Central Michigan University; Wilson Lowrey • Struggling to stay alive: Russia’s provincial journalism adapts to the COVID-19 pandemic • This study adopts an ecological approach in examining Russian regional journalists’ adaptations to COVID-19. Interviews with journalists showed that a worsened economic situation has led to increased dependence on government subsidies. Generally, journalists avoided questioning authorities’ response to COVID, with some publishing government press releases and others focusing on practical tips for readers. There was also some minor deviance via social media. Overall, the crisis aggravated ongoing problems that have already been crippling these newspapers. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Teri Finneman, University of Kansas; Will Mari, Louisiana State University; Ryan Thomas • “I Didn't Know How We Were Going to Survive”: COVID-19’s Disruption of U.S. Community Newspapers • As journalists dealt with a nonstop news cycle in the early months of the pandemic, many of their newspapers also faced financial distress. Unable to rely on their centuries-old, ad-centric business model, U.S. community newspapers had to turn to other resources to survive. This study features oral histories with 24 journalists and state newspaper association directors in six states for a deeper understanding of how community newspapers survived the industry’s economic crisis in early 2020. Research Paper • Open Competition • Professional • Lei Guo • Elephant in the room: A study of the impact of emotional experiences on burnout among Chinese reporters • Drawing on Grandey’s model of emotional regulation at work, this study is conceived to examine emotional experience of Chinese frontline reporters and its effects on their job burnout. The survey with 276 Chinese reporters reveals the effect of the demand on emotions at work and reporters’ experience of engaging in emotional labor magnify their levels of job burnout. Meanwhile, the use of problem-focused coping strategies can help reporters reduce their job burnout caused by emotional labor engagement. Findings in this study fill the gap in understanding the mechanism of reporters’ emotional labor engagement and its impacts on their job burnout. The theoretical and empirical implications of these findings are discussed. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Amanda Comfort; Beverly Horvit, University of Missouri; Camille McManus • How partisan is partisan? Media framing of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Job Act • In 2017, Congress passed huge changes to the tax code. A mixed methods framing analysis of Fox News and CNN online news and Associated Press coverage shows they reported the same issues – the wealthy and corporations would benefit, and deficits would rise. All three relied most on Republican sources, but Fox News turned more frequently to conservatives than did CNN, and CNN cited more liberal sources than Fox. AP coverage fell between the two. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Su Jung Kim, University of Southern California; Jacob Nelson, Arizona State University • Predicting News Sharing in Social Media from an Integrated Approach • News sharing on social media has become one of the central components of news production, consumption, and (re)distribution. Yet studies of social media platforms as a news channel have suffered from three significant limitations: a failure to consider the interplay between situational and individual factors, a dependence on U.S.-based data, and a lack of distinction between types of sharing behavior. The result is a portrait of social media news sharing that exaggerates the role of news content and downplays the characteristics of social media platforms as well as people’s own preferences and perceptions when it comes to news and social media more generally. This study addresses these gaps by drawing on survey data collected from a representative sample (N=1,008) of the South Korean population by Nielsen Company Korea (Nielsen, hereafter) to examine how individual and situational factors within the social media environment influence different types of social media news. Our results offer a clearer portrait of how and why people share news via social media, one where the individual characteristics of both news stories and news audiences are just one piece of the puzzle that determines news sharing. Extended Abstract • Open Competition • Faculty • Allie Kosterich, Fordham University Gabelli School of Business; Ziek Paul • A Reckoning for the Media Industry: Examining the implementation of CSR communication on diversity • In this paper, we aim to understand if and how corporate social responsibility communication related to diversity from news organizations deemed to have more successful diversity practices differs from that of those with less successful diversity practices. Understanding the relationship between successful, institutionalized diversity practices and CSR communication is important, especially as news organizations attempt to integrate and institutionalize their diversity commitments within the context of other CSR priorities and the news media landscape at large. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Juan Liu, Columbus State University • Media and Good Governance: Examining Role of Valenced Framing in Perceptions of Good Governance • Media play a vital role in strengthening and promoting good governance. This study explores how valenced frames affect perceptions of good governance by examining two governance issues (Flint water crisis and Syrian refugee crisis). The study reveals that participants exposed to good governance framing of issues yield higher approval of government performance than participants exposed to bad governance news stories. An analysis of moderating influence of political knowledge reveals that participants with higher levels of political knowledge are more susceptible to valence framing effect, but this pattern is only found in the case of Syrian refugees. These findings contribute to a growing body of research and literature around valence framing effect. The study then addresses these results in the context of on-going critical governance issues. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Justin Martin; Krishna Sharma • Getting News from Social Media Influencers and from Legacy News Media in Seven Countries: The ‘More-and-more’ Phenomenon and the New Opinion Leadership • This study examined media use and media-related attitudes as predictors of getting news from social media influencers (SMIs) in seven Arab countries (N=5,166). The study hypothesized that getting news from SMIs is not an “alternative” for people who are disenchanted with mainstream news, but rather that SMI news use is, itself, a form of mainstream news consumption. Specifically, we hypothesized that getting news from legacy digital media and even from print media would positively predict SMI news use. This hypothesis was largely supported. In all seven countries, digital legacy news use was a strong, positive predictor of actively acquiring news from SMIs, providing strong evidence of the more-and-more phenomenon first identified by Lazarsfeld et al. (1944). Moreover, in none of the countries was a belief in media credibility negatively associated with acquiring news from SMIs, a relationship we would expect to see if SMIs represented a mainstream news alternative. Implications for research on SMIs, digital news acquisition, and media credibility are discussed. Extended Abstract • Open Competition • Faculty • Karen McIntyre, Virginia Commonwealth University; Kyser Lough • Evaluating the effects of solutions and constructive journalism: A systematic review of audience-focused research • The practice and study of constructive and solutions journalism has been growing in recent years, led by claims of positive audience effects. However, the results sometimes conflict with one another. At this stage, we find it necessary to systematically review the existing literature on the effects of solutions and constructive journalism in order to 1) better understand the bigger picture of potential effects and 2) provide guidance for future research. Extended Abstract • Open Competition • Faculty • Dylan McLemore, University of Central Arkansas; Christopher Roland, University of Central Arkansas • The Role of Self-Categorization and Perceptual Media Effects in Selective Exposure to Election Fact-Checking • As newsrooms devote more resources to fact-checking, this study considers the social psychological factors that influence whether people will actually read them, and if they do, what perceptions they’ll take away. Third-person perception and hostile media perception predicted avoidance of fact-checking election content. The degree to which a supporter self-categorized with a candidate, however, did not significantly affect selective exposure to or perceptions of fact-checking. A summary of the study is presented within the confines of a 1,500-word extended abstract. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Newly Paul, University of North Texas; Gwendelyn Nisbett, University of North Texas • The numbers game: How local newspapers used statistics to frame the coronavirus pandemic • Data and visualizations are an important part of local health news. Systematic data sourced from credible sources provide context to stories and educate audiences. Data visualizations help simplify complex statistical information and increase audience interactivity. Journalists associate statistics with objectivity, and use them to quantify risk in crisis situations. This study explores how local news used data to cover the coronavirus pandemic. We examined 170 data-driven articles published in the Dallas Morning News and the Houston Chronicle to examine the predominant data sources, data-driven narratives, and use of interactive elements. Results indicate reliance on government sources, prevalence of hard news stories, localization of statistics, contextual presentation of data, and abundant use of visualizations. However, the coverage lacked human-interest stories, interactivity in infographics, and failed to adequately reflect the diversity of the communities covered by the two newspapers. Data-driven stories did not always provide access to the underlying databases; nor did they always explain the methodology used to gather and analyze the data. While the readable format of the articles and the updates on infection rates can inform audiences, we argue that coverage that ignores broader data trends can cause readers to feel negative, which can push them toward news avoidance. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Gregory Perreault; Jon Peters; Brett Johnson; Leslie Klein • How Journalists Think About the First Amendment Vis-à-Vis Their Coverage of Hate Groups • This study, based on in-depth interviews with U.S.-based journalists (n=18), explores the increasingly fraught circumstances in journalistic reporting on white supremacists. We examine how journalists think about the First Amendment vis-à-vis their coverage of hate groups. Through the lens of media ecology, and First Amendment principles and theories, we argue ultimately that journalists who cover hate groups use the First Amendment to identify their place in the journalistic environment. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Frank Russell, California State University Fullerton; Miguel Hernandez; Korryn Sanchez • #BREAKING in L.A.: Twitter Use in a Regional News Market • This quantitative content analysis, based on gatekeeping theory, examines Twitter use by Los Angeles news media. Network broadcasters, nonprofit news media, and the Los Angeles Times demonstrated skillful use of Twitter affordances: quote tweets, retweets, hashtags, mentions, and video. However, commercial broadcasters used these functions mainly for branding. Broadcasters were more likely to post or share tweets about weather, crime, and traffic, while two resource-constrained newspapers were more likely to post about sports. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Arthur Santana; Toby Hopp • Seeing Red: Reading Uncivil News Comments Guided by Personality Characteristics • Whether on a news or a social networking site, comments following news stories are often beset with incivility. This article uses a Uses & Gratifications framework to understand why certain people are more drawn to uncivil comments than civil ones. Using eye-tracking technology, this research compares the attention a reader gives to uncivil comments and compares it against certain personality characteristics. Findings suggest that certain readers spend more time reading uncivil comments than civil ones. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Jared Schroeder, Southern Methodist University • Who, What, and How: Analyzing Judicial Constructions of Journalism in Twenty-First Century Cases • Emerging technologies have increasingly challenged the role of journalism in the information ecosystem, leaving journalists and journalism scholars to reexamine the role and mission of journalism in democratic society. At the same time, state and federal judges have constructed a discourse regarding how they define journalism in the twenty-first century. They have done so while facing a variety of cases in which bloggers, message board posters, website publishers, and others have claimed protections that have historically been primarily associated with traditional journalists. Ultimately, judges have constructed a discourse about journalism that combined concerns regarding how closely the process and practices the publishers used to gather and communicate the information aligned with traditional journalistic work, the public-service value of the information, and the journalistic credentials of the publisher. Though concern for how the work was created and who communicated it, jurists consistently conveyed the public-service role was most instrumental in their evaluations, often rationalizing broad expansions of what legally constitutes journalism. Research Paper • Open Competition • Student • Hanxiao Wang; Jian Shi, Syracuse University • Intermedia Agenda Setting during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Computational Analysis of China’s Online News • Based on intermedia agenda setting, the current study examines how official media and semi-privatized commercial media on Weibo platform covered the COVID-19 pandemic. Both supervised machine learning and time series analysis were employed to analyze 350,059 Weibo posts released by 3,883 news sources between December 2019 and April 2020. Our results indicated that China’s official media did not necessarily set the agenda for semi-privatized commercial media in this highly controlled media environment. Implications were discussed. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Burton Speakman, Kennesaw State University; Aaron Atkins; Marcus Funk • Flooding the Gates: Conservative Media, Hunter Biden’s Laptop Conspiracy and Gatekeeping in the Social Media Era • Social media have eroded gatekeeping abilities of traditional, mainstream journalists and publications, allowing coordinated campaigns to force popular social media topics into mainstream news coverage. Analysis of a coordinated conservative campaign to promote a baseless conspiracy about Hunter Biden’s laptop in the waning weeks of the 2020 general election indicates that far right actors can overwhelm gatekeeping functions at conservative media by flooding social media with constant conversation on a favored topic. Similar efforts to flood mainstream news media with the same topic were partially successful but failed to overwhelm or manipulate mainstream gatekeeping. Findings suggest a new concept of “gateflooding” to describe manipulative and repetitive social media activity. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • ESTHER THORSON, Michigan State University; Carin Tunney, Michigan State University; Kevin Kryston, Michigan State University • An Evolutionary Approach to Why People Seek and Avoid More Information About Negative News Stories • Americans are awash in negative news. This study examines how people respond to reading negative stories. The amount of fear induced, story importance, efficacy feelings, and individuals’ attributes of optimism and perceived utility of news are all significant predictors of the degree to which people report intending to seek and avoid more information about the stories. The evolutionary psychology of human approach and avoidance is the guide to the design and interpretation of the study. Research Paper • Open Competition • Professional • Patrick Walters, Kutztown University • Redemption vs. #MeToo: How Journalists Addressed Kobe Bryant's Rape Case in Crafting His Memory • This study examines how journalists addressed Kobe Bryant’s 2003 rape case in coverage of his death. The qualitative textual analysis examines 488 stories, produced by 18 news organizations across the U.S. between Jan. 26 and Oct. 31, 2020. It finds most omitted the case, and that stories referencing it often included a sanitized version as part of a redemption narrative, a speed bump on Bryant’s road to greatness. Research Paper • Open Competition • Faculty • Andrea Wenzel, Temple University • Auditing whiteness: Structural barriers to antiracist newsrooms • Newsrooms across the U.S. are struggling to address the effect of structural racism on stories they tell and who gets to tell them. This study explores the efforts of one news organization to pursue greater equity and inclusion. Using a combination of participant observation and interviews, it follows a metro newspaper through the process of conducting a diversity and inclusion audit of its content and newsroom practices. Drawing on Gidden’s structuration theory, it examines how whiteness is supported by layered and invisible structures including journalism norms, traditions, and practices that overrepresent white sources and center white audiences, structural racism that limits workplace opportunities, and limited local journalism funding. It then explores how journalistic agents either reproduce these norms and traditions or seek to transform the institution and its practices. Finally, taking a normative stance that more inclusive and antiracist journalistic practices are a goal that can and should be pursued, the paper reflects on how transformation may be aided by efforts that attempt to make visible and challenge structures of whiteness. Extended Abstract • Open Competition • Faculty • Lars Willnat, Syracuse University; Yu Tian, Syracuse University • Passive News Consumption, Social Media Use, and Public Perceptions of Journalistic Roles • This study explores the relationship between passive news consumption ("News Finds Me”) and public support for traditional journalistic roles. Based on data from an online survey conducted in March 2021 with a national sample of 1,200 U.S. adults, we investigate how the individual components of the "News Finds Me" concept are associated with perceptions of journalists, trust in media, and four traditional journalistic roles (interpreter, disseminator, adversarial, and populist-mobilizer). Research Paper • Open Competition • Student • Avery Holton, University of Utah; Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Salamanca/Penn State University • Discerning Whether It’s ‘Fake’ News: The Relationship Between Social Media Use, Political Knowledge, Epistemic Political Efficacy, and Fake News Literacy • This study contributes to unpacking mechanisms that help people identify fake news, seeking to theoretically connect people’s general social media use, political knowledge, and political epistemic efficacy with individuals’ fake news literacy. Results from a two-wave panel US survey data suggested that the more people used social media, were politically knowledgeable, and were able to find the truth in politics (epistemic political efficacy), the better the chances they could discern whether the news is ‘fake.’ Research Paper • Open Competition • Student • Jingwei Zheng, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University; Edson Tandoc Jr • What You See and What You Think: Exploring News-ness Perceptions and News Media Repertoires in Singapore • This research explored how audiences in Singapore define news (i.e., news-ness) and how such understanding is shaped by the ways they access news (i.e., news media repertoires). Through a national survey, this study found five types of news repertoires as well as five types of news-ness perceptions. We also found that news-ness perceptions are related to how users access news. For example, news-ness perceptions of news omnivores differ from those of other types of users. Research Paper • Student Papers • Student • Kathleen Alaimo • A profession in flux: How Covid-19 coverage is pushing the boundaries of traditional journalism • This study argues that Covid-19 is a “critical incident” leading journalists to reconsider how and why they conduct newswork. A textual analysis of metajournalistic discourse in webinars and newspaper op-eds examines how journalists are evaluating news practice in response to Covid-19. Findings indicate that to protect standards of accuracy journalistic role conceptions, norms, and practices are in a state of renegotiation as journalists push the boundaries of “normal” journalism toward an emerging “post-normal” journalism. Research Paper • Student Papers • Student • Kathleen Alaimo • It’s all rhetoric: Dominant climate change discourses in a UK and US newspaper • This study argues that media discourse is influential in the formation of national climate legislation. Using the dominant climate discourses identified by Leichenko and O’Brien (2019), critical discourse analysis was employed to investigate the language of The Guardian and the New York Times. Findings indicate that UK elite press coverage is more integrative and critical than US reportage. Regarding the UK’s policy success US media might consider incorporating integrative and critical discourse in climate coverage. Research Paper • Student Papers • Student • Ahmed Shatil Alam, University of Oklahoma; Wahida Alam, New Age • How Newspapers’ Social Media Editors in Bangladesh Use Official Social Media Accounts • For the last several years, the newspaper industry in Bangladesh has been using social media for disseminating news and connecting with readers. This exploratory study sheds light on both issues through the lens of the Gatekeeping theory. Following interviews with 17 social media editors who worked for 14 national newspapers in Bangladesh, the study found that the overall traditional gatekeeping roles of these journalists had undergone substantial changes as they were heavily concerned about audience demands and reactions. Social media editors also feel pressured from their bosses, advertisers, and the audience to maintain their gatekeeping roles. These journalists even considered their jobs as “marketing” or “selling” of news and experienced volatile treatments from their colleagues in the newsrooms. Although they are in charge of multiple most of them had no prior training of any sort in social media management. Research Paper • Student Papers • Student • Matthew Chew, Nanyang Technological University • Journalists as Platypuses? — Understanding the Hysteresis and Habitus of media startups • "Media startups tend to stretch the boundaries of journalism, but are still influenced by values and ideas from legacy journalists. Guided by Bourdieu’s field theory, this study will utilize in-depth interviews to examine the disconnect between these new entrants and legacy newsrooms. This study proposes that there is a hysteresis in the field, which set the stage for media startups to flourish. These new agents don a media startup habitus, a blend of the traditional journalistic habitus and the startup habitus that is developed out of circumstance and as a response to the changing requirements of media and journalistic work. Keywords: Field Theory, Startups, Habitus, Hysteresis, Journalistic Identity, Qualitative, Innovation, Mismatch" Research Paper • Student Papers • Student • Meagan Doll, University of Washington • For People, For Policy: Journalists’ Perceptions of Peace Journalism • Compared to studies on peace-journalism content, little research examines journalists’ perceptions of peace journalism despite theoretical suggestions that individuals influence content production. To address this relative disparity, this study examines the social conditions shaping journalists’ perceptions of peace journalism using a hierarchy-of-influences perspective and data from 20 interviews with East African journalists. Findings suggest that journalists understand peace journalism as either more people-oriented or policy-oriented and these perceptions correspond to varying degrees of professional precarity. Research Paper • Student Papers • Student • Laura Harbert, Ohio University • The Public’s Frame: News outlets, YouTube comments and the 2018 Teacher Strike in West Virginia • This paper summarizes a study of comments (N=1,961) posted on YouTube videos about the 2018 teacher strike in West Virginia. Analytics software and a hand-coded qualitative analysis of the text showed that themes of teachers, education, and people were prevalent, along with the nature of work in education, and fairness in teacher pay. Interdisciplinary and inter-methodological approaches in social analytics were discussed as a way to deepen understanding of media and journalism texts. Research Paper • Student Papers • Student • Andrea Lorenz Nenque, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill • Post-Ghosting: The depletion of local government coverage after a county’s newspapers became ‘ghosts’ • This case study documents the decline over time of news about a rural county’s local government entities through quantitative and qualitative content analysis as the community lost its newspapers, finding that despite multiple online startups that sought to fill the gap, local government coverage suffered significant declines in both the quantity and quality of news stories once the newspapers disappeared. The community’s critical information need for local government news was left unfilled in the years following the closures. Extended Abstract • Student Papers • Student • Margaret McAlexander, University of Memphis • Extended Abstract: The State of Online News Advertising • This research explores the prevalence of display and native advertising in online print news media. To achieve this goal, this research uses a content analysis of three newspapers ranking highly in circulation among major U.S. outlets over a full calendar year. This research provides an analysis of the state of online news advertising in 2020 through the collection of data regarding the presence or absence of advertisements and the qualities of such advertisements. Extended Abstract • Student Papers • Student • Rowan McMullen Cheng, University of Minnesota: Twin Cities - Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication • Busking the News: Metajournalistic Discourse and Author-Audience Relationships on Substack • This study examines author-audience relationships through Substack newsletters. Using the metajournalistic discourse framework, newsletter discourse is analyzed around two primary trends: (1) author-audience relationship maintenance, (2) boundaries between legacy media and newsletter authors. A qualitative textual analysis of 57 texts across 25 newsletters identifies that authors construct boundaries between themselves and legacy media as well as encourage audience participation. This study furthers research on journalistic labor, news audiences, metajournalistic discourse, and emerging digital formats. Research Paper • Student Papers • Student • Kelsey Mesmer, Wayne State University • An “assumption of bad faith”: Using fake news rhetoric to create journalistic teaching moments • Using the Communication Theory of Resilience, this project explores how journalists negotiate, adapt, and work to transform a social climate of hostility toward news media. Interviews with 38 journalists who frequently encounter anti-media rhetoric revealed strategies for mitigating this rhetoric, most commonly by turning conversations into teaching moments. By doing this, journalists educate the public about the purpose of the press and journalists’ routines, illuminating a critical, overlooked aspect of media and news literacy interventions. Extended Abstract • Student Papers • Student • Sohana Nasrin, University of Maryland; Bobbie Foster, University of Maryland Phillip Merrill College of Journalism; Md Mahfuzul Haque • “Without a fixer, it is just an idea, but with a fixer, it will be a story.”: Bangladeshi local news producers’ perspectives on their work and extant challenges • Local news producers (referred to as LNP hereafter), sometimes known as "news fixers" or "fixers," are an integral part of foreign news production. These local media workers serve as the eyes and ears of foreign correspondents in an unknown land and ensure the safety of foreign correspondents, especially in conflict zones. But perhaps the most important contribution of their labor is rendered through their interpretation of the events and occurrences so that the rest of the world can make sense of it all through the lens of journalistic storytelling. In this study, we present Bangladeshi local news producers' case to understand their perspectives on their job. Through semi-structured in-depth interviews, we try to understand who they are and what impact they seek to have on the global journalism industry through their work. All of our interview participants identified cultural differences as a challenge. Our most important finding perhaps is that the local news producers still operate within a colonial framework. By focusing on Bangladeshi local news producers, we inform the existing literature in three significant ways: 1)We introduce local news producers labor in a developing country (i.e., Bangladesh) that usually gets international media attention while grappling with frequent natural disasters, poverty, migration, and other social anomalies, 2) We add the non-western perspective by focusing on the Global South, and 3)We contribute to understanding of the local news producers' perspectives on their job instead of focusing on the foreign correspondents' views on the local producers' jobs. Research Paper • Student Papers • Student • Michelle Rossi • How different market oriented news organizations portrayed news coverage about the CARES Act? • Drawing from the CARES Act’s news coverage, this study investigated how different funding models in news organizations modulated the debate on the most expansive stimulus bill in modern American history. Market theory, news sources, and journalistic role performance in news content were the frameworks applied to this qualitative study. Some of the findings consist of differences in the assessment of objectivity as a journalistic norm, and similarities as the indirect use of government-official sources. Research Paper • Student Papers • Student • William Singleton, University of Alabama • The Role of Anonymity and Race in Online News Story Comment Sections • This study expands upon previous research examining incivility and negativity of online comments. Guided by deindividuation theory and its connection to anonymity, this study explores whether online comment forums associated with crime stories involving Black suspects yield more racially charged language than comment forums associated with crime stories involving white perpetrators. A quantitative content analysis of the comment sections in Advance Local’s news websites examined racial comments about crime stories involving Black and White criminal perpetrators and suspects. Findings revealed a significant association between crime stories and racial comments based on the race of the suspect. In addition, the study’s prediction that comment sections connected to Black crime stories would feature multiple comments with racial language also was supported. Research Paper • Student Papers • Student • Wencai Hu; Mengru Sun, Zhejiang University; WEI HUANG • Public Perceptions and Attitudes towards the Application of Artificial Intelligence in Journalism: From a China-based Survey • "In the face of the pervasive influence of artificial intelligence (AI) on journalism and media, the current research probe deeply into the public perceptions and attitudes towards the application of AI in Chinese journalism. The current study aims to answer several highly concerning questions by academics, the AI industry, and the journalism industry. A large online survey was conducted to examine the public’s existing knowledge, emotions, concerns, preferences, and expectations of AI in the Chinese journalism industry. It was found that the public is in general familiar with the application of AI technology in the field of journalism and media, among which the most acquainted aspect was describing some news products that apply the AI. The public's emotions towards the news broadcast by AI simulated anchors were mainly positive. Compared with the news content, the public believed that the form of news report benefits most from the application of AI. The public prefers the types differently in terms of different media content and news production processes. Finally, the majority of the public believed that AI and traditional modes should be complementary to each other in future news production. Practical suggestions were proposed to the AI industry, journalism, government, and the public." Research Paper • Student Papers • Student • Huu Dat Tran, Kansas State University; PHAM PHUONG UYEN DIEP, Kansas State University • “Timely, Accurately, Avoid Unnecessary Panic”: How Vietnamese Newspapers Framed the COVID-19 Pandemic during the Initial Stage • Via content analysis of COVID-related articles (N = 1127) published in three prominent Vietnamese newspapers between January 23 and March 6, 2020, this study investigates how Vietnamese newspapers framed COVID-19 when it was first recognised in Vietnam, as well as their attempts to shape the public’s perception and behaviours towards the pandemic. Two frames, namely health severity and attribution of responsibility, were found to be predominantly used by VnExpress, Thanh Nien, and Tuoi Tre, thus highlighting the media’s role in Vietnam in disseminating information and calling for collective participation in pandemic precautions. Other elements, including the messages’ tone and sources, were also examined. Findings were then compared to previous studies concerning COVID-19 framing to illustrate the different approaches the media of various countries adopted. It should be noted that during the period, newspapers in Vietnam had to follow governmental orders, which required the media to provide punctual, accurate information while also avoid causing unnecessary panic. The argument that Vietnamese newspapers were a bridge connecting the Vietnamese government and their citizens and that they contributed to Vietnam’s initial victory against COVID-19 was supported. Research Paper • Student Papers • Student • Carolina Velloso • Source Diversity in Nonprofit News: A Comparative Analysis of The 19th* and The New York Times • This paper compares source diversity in The 19th*, a woman-focused nonprofit newsroom, and The New York Times. It also asks whether reporter gender influences sourcing patterns. Through a quantitative content analysis of 236 articles and 857 sources, this study interrogates whether The 19th* – which has the centering and elevating of women’s issues as its core objective – carries out that mission through greater inclusion of women as sources, both expert and non-expert, in its articles. Extended Abstract • Student Papers • Student • Courtney Weider, California State University, Northridge • Local Newspapers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Understanding Journalists and Communities in Los Angeles • This study examines how local newspapers have adapted during the COVID-19 pandemic, including how routines of journalists have been impacted and how they are engaging their communities. In-depth interviews were conducted with 25 journalists throughout Los Angeles, focusing on those serving Black and Latino neighborhoods that have been disproportionately impacted by the pandemic. Findings will advise newspapers, educators, and funders on how to support the local newspaper ecosystem to ensure communities stay informed and engaged. Research Paper • Student Papers • Student • Yiyan Zhang; Briana Trifiro, Boston University • "The Chinese Virus” and Conditional Partisan Framing? An analysis of the cross-platform partisan framing in American news coverage of China’s role in the COVID-19 pandemic • The COVID-19 pandemic – a global public health crisis – has given rise to US new coverage about China, where the first cases were identified. However, the framing strategies used among different news outlets remain understudied. By conducting a structural topic modeling (STM) analysis on both website news and tweets published by 27 major US news outlets regarding China’s role in the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper examines how framing varied across left and right media and whether the publishing platform moderates the partisan framing. The results show support for both cross-partisan and cross-platform differences. Right media tend to adopt more sensational and attitudinal frames compared to left media. The gap between the two partisans was in general wider on Twitter than on news websites. Implications on media effects studies and activism against hate crimes are discussed. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21546 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/pjig-2021-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Jun 2021 15:14:30 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21550 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Faculty • Kenzie Burchell, University of Toronto Scarborough; Stephanie Fielding, University of Toronto • I did my best to show their pain: Participatory genres of photojournalistic witnessing • This paper analyzes an emerging genre of participatory reporting by eyewitness image producers turned professional photojournalist stringers of the Syrian conflict. Borrowing the subjective authenticity of UGC and the diaristic war blog, their AFP Correspondent blog posts stand in contrast to traditional international agency content by providing accounts of the embodied, relational, and temporal dimensions of their experience, each central to the practices of witnessing and bearing witness by UGC producers and photojournalists alike. Research Paper • Faculty • Deborah Chung, University of Kentucky; Hyun Ju Jeong; Yung Soo Kim • Working together? Contributing and Adopting Citizen Visuals From the Lens of Social Media Usage, Perception, and Visual Attributes • We examined how visual professional journalists and citizen journalists use and view Facebook and Twitter and investigate the role of three visual attributes on their tendency to contribute or adopt citizen visuals. Findings reveal citizens adopt Twitter for dissemination and interpretation; professionals use both platforms mainly for interpretation. The visual quality attribute functions as a mediator for citizens primarily on Facebook for soft news. No significant mediating models were found in the visual professionals’ data. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Jennifer Cox, Salisbury University • Reacting to Black Lives Matter: Facebook Engagement with News Coverage During the Summer 2020 Protests • This study examined 286 posts from the six most-viewed U.S. news outlets on their Facebook feeds about the Black Lives Matter movement and protests following George Floyd’s death by during summer 2020. Users engaged with stories at a high rate, though engagement declined throughout the summer. Users engaged most frequently with posts featuring anti-BLM and pro-police frames using a variety of reactions. Additional analysis will reveal specific ways in which users engaged with posts. Research Paper • Faculty • Letrell Crittenden, Thomas Jefferson University; Andrea Wenzel, Temple University • “I Think We Are Truly Ignored” – An Assessment of How Small Town Media Serves the Information Needs of BIPOC Residents • Much has been written recently about how emerging news deserts have impacted small towns across America, and how the loss of news coverage has had an impact upon the sense of community in such places. Nevertheless, little effort has been made to detail how BIPOC communities in particular are served by local media. This is an issue, given the changing nature of small towns, which are increasingly becoming more diverse. This study, which uses a Communication Infrastructure Theory framework, assesses how BIPOC residents of a small town in the Mid-Atlantic are served by local media within their community. Through a series of focus groups and a community discussion involving local media, we interrogate how BIPOC members of this town feel about their place in local news coverage, and investigate how they share and receive important information inside of their community through an assessment of the community’s storytelling network. We find that BIPOC residents do not feel represented in local media, and that storytelling networks, which are siloed by racial and language barriers, have also failed to adequately serve BIPOC residents. Research Paper • Faculty • Muhammad Fahad Humayun, U of Colorado-Boulder; Patrick Ferrucci, U of Colorado-Boulder • Understanding social media in journalism practice: A typology • While the intersection of social media usage and journalism practice enjoys a prominent place in many scholarly inquiries throughout the field of journalism studies, a comprehensive understanding of this body of literature is lacking. This study attempts to alleviate this problem. Through a systematic analysis of more than 200 studies primarily focusing on how journalists utilize social media in newswork, this paper first classifies social media usage into three broad categories: news construction, news dissemination, and branding. Next, this study introduces a typology that visualizes and explores three dimensions of social media use: motivation (self vs organization), prevalence (sporadic vs prevalent) and disruption (disruptive vs normalization). Our findings illustrate potential future research areas. Research Paper • Faculty • Avery Holton, University of Utah; Valérie Bélair-Gagnon; Diana Bossio, Swinburne University; Logan Molyneux • “When You’re Out Here On Your Own”: Journalists, Harassment and News Organization Responses • Drawing on interviews with American newsworkers, this study finds that journalists are facing acute, chronic, and escalatory forms of harassment on social media at a time when they are being asked to be more engaged and participatory. Harassment is reported more by journalists self-identifying as women. Journalists also report a lack of resources from news organizations to help prevent and cope with this harassment. Left to address increasing amounts of harassment on their own, journalists report searching for ways to alleviate harassment, including consideration of disengaging from social media and audiences and leaving the profession. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21550 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/plcd-2021-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Jun 2021 15:23:24 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21553 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Faculty • Saifuddin Ahmed; Teresa Gil-Lopez • Engaging with vilifying stereotypes: The role of algorithmic use in perpetuating misinformation about Muslim congresswomen • We examine the role of algorithmic use in believing and sharing misinformation about US Muslim congresswomen. Analysis of survey data suggests that those with more frequent algorithmic use and lower cognitive ability were more likely to believe and share misinformation. Those high on nationalism and prejudice against Muslims were also likely to believe misinformation. Most importantly, higher algorithmic use tends to strengthen such beliefs. The study highlights the role of algorithms in perpetuating misinformation. Extended Abstract • Student • Osama Albishri, University of Florida; Ghada Alwaily, University of Leicester; Ahmed Alqarni, Virginia Commonwealth University; Wyne Wanta • Iran and the U.S. Elections: Building an Agenda of Anxiety and Concern • This study investigates the relationship among political candidates’ messages, news coverage, and congressional legislation regarding Iran’s related issues during four U.S. presidential elections between 2004 and 2020. A dictionary-based approach and sentiment analysis were conducted to explore the three levels of agenda-building. The preliminary analysis shows that U.S. interests in the Middle East was the most salient issues for media and Congress, while Iran's nuclear program was the most emphasized issue in the presidential debates. Research Paper • Student • Shola Aromona, University of Kansas • To share or not to share? Political actors and the spread of political misinformation on Twitter • The continued interest in misinformation remains unarguably relevant, given the political climate not just in the US but all around the world. In a post-truth era, social media has not only been used to spread information that are untrue, but it has also been used to counter false narratives. Also, the connectedness of the world makes information travel faster and social networks and social media play a role in how misinformation is spread. Nowadays, it is easier for information to be shared within one’s close social networks which usually consist of friends and family, especially if the information originated from someone in that network. However, little is known about other potential sources of misinformation, such as political elites, who are not necessarily one’s friends or family and who do not belong in one’s close social network, but who are opinion leaders and are influential in the information that an individual consumes on social media. This pilot study used an online experiment to investigate individuals’ likelihood to spread political misinformation based on whether a political leader or non-political leader is the initiator of the [mis]information. By looking at the political attribute of a misinformation initiator, this study contributes to scholarship on misinformation as it extends our knowledge on how misinformation is diffused on social media. Extended Abstract • Faculty • megan boler, University of Toronto • Polarization, Emotion and Race in Social Media: Innovative Methodologies and Challenges of Affective Discourse Analysis • In the context of the so-called "post-truth" crisis, emotions have resoundingly replaced facts in our fast-moving, affectively-driven internet-based culture. Scholars are challenged to develop innovative methods for studying emotion and affect within studies of popular culture, social media, and political communications. This talk presents methodological innovation and research findings from our cross-platform digital ethnography of social media from Twitter, Gab, and Facebook, and qualitative discourse analysis of 1800 social media posts related to Black Lives Matter and the Capitol Riots. Our work provides a significant contribution to a nascent field of studies by specifically engaging an interdisciplinary theoretical framework that includes affect theory or politics of emotion alongside qualitative research of social media. Research Paper • Faculty • Porismita Borah; Rico Neumann • The 2016 presidential election coverage: Use of Twitter as a source and the media framing of the race • Informed by gatekeeping, agenda-setting, and framing theory, the main purposes of this paper are to examine (1) the use of Twitter as a source in the media coverage, and (2) the media content of that coverage to better understand how they framed those stories, and if there was any relationship between the two. Findings show that compared to Clinton, Trump’s Twitter posts got more attention, and the media coverage continue to be more strategically framed. Research Paper • • Gayle Jansen Brisbane • “Strong enough to battle the liberals”: How social identity solidified White evangelical Christian women’s support of Donald J. Trump and sustained their distrust of news outlets • This research examines White evangelical Christian women’s social/religious identity and how this distinctiveness influences their political standpoints, voting behaviors, and opinions of perceived out-groups, including news outlets. While appreciating that numerous theoretical aspects are at play in this complex subject matter, an analysis of social/religious identity can provide focal insight and understanding when deliberating Christianity, politics, gender and the media in reference to the nature of evangelical Christian women’s support of Donald J. Trump as the United States President.This qualitative study employed focus groups and semi-structured in-depth interviews with evangelical Christian women. The participants in this study consider their religious identity as such a vital aspect of their character, it motivates their viewpoints in numerous aspects of their lives, including individual motivations, group stimuli and political impulses. Consequently, how they construct their religious identity, as well as how and why they react to in-group threats is a focal element for this exploration. Research Paper • Faculty • Xiaoxia Cao, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Atinc Gurcay, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee • The Anxiety Factor: Moral Traditionalism, Interpersonal Contact Diversity and Support for Transgender Candidates and Rights • An online survey was conducted to investigate what influence public support for transgender candidates and rights. It found that moral traditionalism was negatively associated with support for transgender candidates and rights. The diversity of interpersonal contact with transgender individuals not only was positively related to the support but undermined the negative relationships between moral traditionalism and the support. More importantly, the study showed that anxiety toward transgender people mediated all the relationships observed here. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Yingying Chen, University of South Carolina • (Extended Abstract) The Contagion of Political Incivility in Response to Donald Trump’s Election Campaign Videos on YouTube • This study examines what factors predict the contagion of political incivility in response to a highly polarized political campaign video on Donald Trump’s official YouTube channel. It perceived incivility as a behavioral contagion process and examined the formation and the evolution of incivility in YouTube comments. I used dynamic network analysis to track the temporal changes in the uncivil comments from the most controversial presidential election campaign video on Donald Trump’s official YouTube page. The study contributes to the current literature by understanding what explains online political incivility. Findings also provide implication to the platform intervention to the spread of uncivil behavior. Research Paper • Faculty • Hsuan-Ting Chen, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Wai Yin, Ivy Fong • When exposure to fake news and fact-checking promote fake news sharing: The moderating role of partisan strength and need to evaluate • Using data from a panel survey, this study examines the extent to which exposure to fake news and fact-checking lead to fake news sharing and investigates the moderating roles of partisan strength and need to evaluate that represent motivated reasoning in the relationship. The findings suggest that exposure to fake news not only directly but also indirectly affects fake news sharing through fact-checking. In addition, partisan strength enhances the direct effect of exposure to fake news on fake news sharing, while need to evaluate strengthens the indirect effect of exposure to fake news on fake news sharing through fact-checking. This study highlights the threat of exposure to fake news, but also calls attention to the risk of politically motivated and biased fact-checking for the spread of misinformation and disinformation. Extended Abstract • Student • Yujia Cheng, Department of Journalism, Hong Kong Baptist University • Extended Abstract: [Understanding Citizens' Reaction to Political Scandals in Taiwan: A Survey Study] • Previous research on public opinion towards politicians’ scandals shows that citizens may have different perceptions on them: some scandals may have severe consequences while some may not. Based the theory of motivated reasoning and literature on media influence, this article constructs a model that draw political attitudes, media use, perceptions on scandals and evaluation of the politicians together to explain the underlying mechanism of political psychology and media preference. Most of the hypotheses are supported. Research Paper • Student • Shreenita Ghosh, University of Wisconsin -Madison; Porismita Borah • Behavioral Effects of Partisan URLs sharing on Social Media Users: How Partisan Coverage of Vaccines receives differential Networked Sharing and Interaction on Facebook • Vaccination is widely known as one of the most successful methods of preventing communicable infectious diseases (Andre, Booy, Bock, Clemens, Datta, John, Lee, Lolekha, Peltola, and Ruff, 2008). However, researchers have noticed a hesitation in many individuals to take the vaccine ranging from cautious adapters to outright deniers (Puri, Coomes, Haghbayan, and Gunaratne, 2020). Researchers argue that an individual’s information consumption (Dixon, 2021) and political affiliation (Krupenkin, 2020) may impact both how they perceive the vaccine and have a behavioral impact on whether they get vaccinated. Past research has concentrated self-reported behavioral impact of self-reported surveys (Krupenkin, 2021), social media data (Puri et. al. 2021; Jennings, Stoker, Willis, Valgardsson, Gaskell, Devine, McKay and Mills, 2021), or news media data (Dixon, 2021) on people’s Covid-19 related behavior. However, given the hybrid hyper-partisan media ecology which engulfs citizen, it is important to analyze the interaction between traditional media and social media coverage on Vaccines to understand its impact on public’s thoughts, affect and behavior. This study fills this gap in current literature by analyzing the articles by 23 publications (8 left-leaning, 7 right-leaning, and 8 centrist). A triangulation of topic modeling, Facebook link sharing analysis, and ANOVA analysis help the study conclude that partisan news URLs with differential topic prevalence have varied sharing patterns and emotive responses from the public. Research Paper • Faculty • Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Salamanca/Penn State University; Pablo González-González, University of Salamanca; Manuel Goyanes, Carlos III University • Pathways to Political Persuasion: Linking Online, Social Media, and Fake News with Political Attitude Change Through Political Discussion • "There is a vast research tradition examining the antecedents that lead people to be politically persuaded. However, political opinion and attitude change in social media has received comparatively scarcer attention. This study seeks to shed light on this strand of the literature by theoretically advancing, and empirically testing a structural equation model linking online, social media, and fake news exposure, with political discussion, and political persuasion in social media. Drawing on autoregressive causal tests from a two-wave USA survey panel data collected in 2019 and 2020, results indicate that online, social media, fake news and political discussion are all positive predictors of individual political attitude change. Furthermore, structural equation tests reveal that online and social media news lead individuals to be exposed to fake news which, in turn, predict higher levels of political discussion, ultimately facilitating political persuasion in the social media realm. Limitations and further suggestions for future research are also included in the study. Research Paper • Faculty • Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Salamanca/Penn State University; Zicheng Cheng, Pennsylvania State University; Pablo González-González, University of Salamanca • Effects of the News Finds Me Perception on Algorithmic News Attitudes and Social Media Political Homophily • Prior literature on political filter-bubbles suggests an overall positive association between social media use and political news diversification. Sometimes, this might not be the case. There is a burgeoning literature examining three important but distinct strands of scholarship: news finds me perception (NFM), people’s attitudes toward algorithmic news, and political homophilic discussion and information networks. For the first time in the literature, this study theoretically and empirically connects these independent but interrelated issues. We argue that NFM or the perception that ‘one’ can be well informed about public affairs without actively seeking information as news will find ‘me’ through ‘my’ networks, also tend to nurture a positive attitude towards news being presented by algorithmic decisions, rather than human editorial ones. We also contend that the NFM’s over-reliance on news generated from peers within one’s social network support the development of homogeneous political networks in social media (political homophily). Results based on a variety of OLS regression models (e.g., crossectional, lagged, and autoregressive) from a US representative panel survey, as we all as autoregressive structural equation model tests, indicate that this is indeed the case. This study serves to specifically clarify when and how social media and the NFM facilitate politically homogeneous filter-bubbles. Research Paper • Student • Jing GUO, Chinese Univeristy of Hong Kong • Examining how digital platform diversity contributes to social media news engagement in China • This study examines how digital platform diversity contributes to social media news engagement in China with an on-line survey among mainland Chinese adult netizens regarding their reading of China-U.S. trade war news on-line. Moderated mediation analysis of the data shows that pro-attitudinal exposure and news elaboration are mediating the positive relationship between platform diversity and social media news engagement while inner political efficacy is playing a moderating role on the relationship between the two mediators. Research Paper • • Mark Harmon • Wealth Mindset and Political Division • "The researcher investigates “attitude toward wealth” as a marker containing implicit assumptions that connect politicians with voters. The researcher notes conservative or right-wing individuals, much more than liberal or left-wing individuals, see poverty as a person’s moral failing and wealth as consequence of good choices and moral uprightness. This research examines the universality of that difference by looking at corollary extrapolations on the source, value, and public policy toward wealth. These examinations are done through secondary analysis of five major public opinion surveys: U. S. General Social Survey, 1972-2018; American National Election Study 2016; World Values Survey wave six, 2010 to 2014; European Social Survey, round nine, 2018; and Latinobarómetro, 2018. The researcher also tests corollary extrapolations on four smaller domestic U.S. polls. The connection between political philosophy (left v. right, liberal v. conservative) robustly correlated with the vast majority of 70 measures of wealth-related opinions across all nine surveys analyzed.  The researcher cautions these rather consistent correlations do not imply causation. Instead, political communication should consider wealth attitudes as a globally relevant marker of left-right differences, and an important message factor signaling to voters a shared worldview about the nature, source, value, and desirable public policy about wealth." Research Paper • Faculty • Ceri Hughes, Cardiff University; Marina Morani, Cardiff University; Stephen Cushion, Cardiff University; Maria Kyriakidou, Cardiff University • Due and undue impartiality. How context policed BBC reporting during the UK and US elections • Democracy presupposes an informed electorate, an electorate which largely must rely on media sources to relay the requisite information from the politicians on the ballot. In the UK media ecology, how such information is relayed is strictly mandated during elections and thus often typically operationalised with a “she-said-he-said” style of reporting. This research, with an examination of BBC reporting of the four leading politicians involved in the 2019 UK and 2020 US general elections, questions whether such a model remains apposite when two of the he-saids have a propensity for misinformation. This research further examines the contexts and ways BBC journalists interact with politician’s claims and the manner they employ correctives to instances of misinformation. An uneven employment of fact-checking style reporting is found and a continued employment of balance masquerading as impartiality. Research Paper • Student • Yanru Jiang, University of California, Los Angeles • Conspiracy Mentality, Motivated Reasoning, Conspiracy Adoption: Effects of Ideology and Participation on Electoral Conspiracy Endorsement • From voting fraud to Russian interference, electoral conspiracy theories have circulated on social media since the 2016 presidential election with alarming magnitude. This study selects popular conspiracies reflecting various political ideologies and conducts multiple survey rounds (n=500) to compare and contrast the effect of partisan affiliations on conspiracy endorsement. Based on econometric modeling and the theories of conspiracy mentality, motivated reasoning, as well as the social aspects of conspiracy adoption, the results indicate that higher levels of political affiliation and knowledge correlate to stronger conspiracy endorsement for conservative conspiracy beliefs over liberal ones. Additionally, increased political participation heightens the endorsement of liberal conspiracy theories among both Republicans and Democrats. Extended Abstract • Student • Xin Jin, Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong; Zimeng An; Yanru Jiang, University of California, Los Angeles • Effects of Hong Kong Local Identity on the Intention to Use Health Code during COVID-19 • Combining Kong Kong local identity scale and health belief model, this study proposed an integrative model and confirmed the indirect and negative effect of Hong Kong people’s local identity on their intention to use the health QR code during COVID-19 through the mediation of perceived benefit of using the health code Research Paper • Student • Minos-Athanasios Karyotakis, School of Communication HKBU • Macedonian Name Dispute: Contentious Securitization and the Perceived Role of Media and Journalists in Greece • While research into securitization studies have focused extensively on all the essential elements of Securitization Theory (securitizer, emergency acts, securitized object, acceptance of the audience, and the successful securitization process) the connection amongst the securitization process and the role of the media and journalists are still under-researched. This paper situates itself in that gap. For examining this gap, interviews with 42 important political actors were conducted, such as anti-fascists, Greek parliamentarians, and their staff members. The interviews focused on researching the events associated with the Macedonian Name Dispute (MND), which overshadowed the Greek discourse from 2018 to 2019, leading to solving one of the oldest and the most potent territorial name disputes of the globe. This research paper shows that the process of securitization can be contentious, as there were at least two securitization processes in the MND. One that was promoted by the government and the other one by the dominant right-wing opposition party of New Democracy, which became the new government eventually after the national elections on the 7th of July 2019. In this contentious process, the side that controlled the media and the journalists resulted in successfully maintaining longer its securitization. Research Paper • Student • Minos-Athanasios Karyotakis, School of Communication HKBU • Communicating the Macedonian Name Discourse on the Candidates’ Websites in Northern Greece‘s Regional and Municipal Elections of 2019 • Territorial name disputes are used as political tools at a national or international level to attract people’s interest and to shape the relevant discourse. These disputes can lead to the empowerment of specific actors in political competitions. There are differences though amongst these disputes. For instance, some do not have actual territorial claims, such as the Arabian/Persian Gulf or the Macedonian Name Dispute (MND). Besides, even if there are actual territorial claims, these disputes are represented and perceived as independent entities in the countries’ discourse, primarily when they become a tool in political competition. Nevertheless, they have not been studied in-depth through the lenses of the communication field. Thus, this research paper employed critical discourse analysis (CDA) to study the use of the MND on the websites of the eight most prominent candidates of the regional and municipal elections of 2019 in Thessaloniki and Central Macedonia, as MND is one of the oldest territorial name disputes in the world. Furthermore, it has been used in the political competition of Greece for almost 30 years, primarily through the last years (2018 & 2019) due to the ratification of the “Prespes Agreement” amongst Greece and the country now-named North Macedonia. This study revealed that politicians employ this communication tool for provoking powerful emotions linked with the Greek identity. After all, MND, like other territorial name disputes, seems to preserve a dominant discourse in which the emotional factor dictates the truth and goes against those who oppose this existed regime of truth. Research Paper • Student • John Kelsey • Do Twitter Comments Influence Credibility Perceptions of News Posts? Exploring MAIN Model • Online comments continue to offer a means through which media users can gain information and learn from others as well as express opinions and participate in global conversations. Comments can lead to thoughtful deliberation and present new ways of thinking, but have also demonstrated themselves to be divisive and exacerbate polarization. Collectively, social media networks (SMNs) such as Twitter, Facebook, and Reddit hold almost 3.5 billion users and provide commenting, liking, and sharing as featured affordances through their platforms. Due to such large audiences likely being influenced and learning socially through online comments, an online, 2 X 2 experiment (N = 250) informed by the Modality-Agency-Interactivity-Navigability (MAIN) model tested how susceptible to the effects of user generated comments (positive vs. negative) and metric cues (likes and shares) readers are in their evaluations of credibility, issue importance and comment position. Findings indicate the valence of a comment to be highly predictive as to how credibility may be assessed and the likelihood that a comment position will be adopted; however, engagement cues vary in their influence and predictive ability. Study results also indicate the MAIN model’s bandwagon concept to be a robust tool in explaining information processing and the relationship between identity, collaborative filtering, and credibility. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Devin Knighton, Brigham Young University; Christopher Wilson, Brigham Young University; Alycia Burnett • The Self-Censoring Majority • This study examines the spiral of silence theory in the context of social media and political communication. It finds that the majority of self-censoring to the hardcore minority on both ends of the political spectrum. This study is in progress; however, all data has been collected and most of the analysis is complete. Research Paper • Faculty • Matthew Kushin, Shepherd University; Francis Dalisay, University of Guam; Jinhee Kim, Pohang University of Science and Technology; Amy Forbes, James Cook University; Clarissa David, University of the Philippines, Diliman; Lilnabeth Somera, University of Guam • Creative self-efficacy, political decision-making, and offline and online political participation: Findings from a cross-national survey • This study examined the role of creative self-efficacy in political engagement and civic outcomes. A cross-national survey of participants living in Australia, South Korea, the Philippines, and the U.S. (U.S., Hawaii and Guam) (N = 807) was conducted. Findings suggest that creative self-efficacy was positively associated with political efficacy and skepticism and negatively associated with apathy. Creative self-efficacy was indirectly associated with offline and online political participation through political efficacy and skepticism. Extended Abstract • • Taeyoung Lee; Melissa Santillana; Ivan Lacasa-Mas, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya; Ivy Ashe • The Antecedents and Consequences of Conspiracy Beliefs Around COVID-19 • This study examines several factors that may contribute to COVID-19 related conspiracy beliefs, and the relation between conspiracy beliefs and attitudes toward protective health behaviors. Findings from a U.S. nationally representative, two-wave online panel survey (W1: N= 1,119; W2: N= 543) showed a negative relationship between conspiracy beliefs and mask-wearing attitudes, indicating harmful, real-world consequences hindering global preventive behaviors. We also found the reciprocal causal relationship between trust in scientific institutions and conspiracy beliefs. Extended Abstract • Student • Danielle Ka Lai Lee, Washington State University; Tsz Wa Yip; Mina Park; Kyu-Min Lee • Users’ Engagement to Online Forum in Social Crisis • Civil resistance is facilitated by online discussions and citizens’ engagement is crucial to bring forth collective actions. Under the backdrop of Anti-ELAB movement in Hong Kong, we investigated online discourse that contributed to user’s engagement to forum discussions. With content analysis of 329 posts from a popular online forum, we found that posts that reflected collective intelligence contributed to users’ engagement, whereas posts that purely expressed emotions did not affect the engagement. Implications are discussed. Research Paper • • Taeyoung Lee; Tom Johnson; David H. Weaver, Indiana University • Which Way Do I Go? Need for Orientation, Media Use, and Knowledge about COVID-19 • The present study explores the relationship between the need for orientation (NFO) and knowledge/misperception about COVID-19 using a two-wave national representative survey (W1: N= 1,119; W2: N= 543). The findings suggest that moderate-active NFO rather than high NFO better explains individuals’ level of knowledge and misperception. We also found that different media use (vertical media and horizontal media) and individuals’ epistemic beliefs (intuitionism and rationalism) have distinct implications for knowledge and misperception about COVID-19. Research Paper • Faculty • Sangwon Lee, New Mexico State University; Andreas Nanz, University of Vienna; Raffael Heiss • Platform-dependent Effects of Incidental Exposure to Political News on Political Knowledge and Political Participation • Encountering news on social media is common even for individuals not actively looking for it – a phenomenon referred to as incidental exposure to political news (IE). A growing body of research has explored how IE on social media relates to political knowledge and participation. Yet, little research has considered that the effects of IE may differ across platforms. This study examined platform-dependent effects (across Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube) of IE on political knowledge and participation using panel data collected during the 2020 U.S. election. We found that IE might not be entirely beneficial. While IE on Facebook and Twitter does not affect knowledge or participation, findings suggest that IE on YouTube can dampen political learning. However, at the same time, IE on YouTube leads to more political participation, especially for those with higher level of need for orientation. This raises important questions of the consequences of uninformed political participation. Research Paper • Student • Xining Liao, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Alex Zhi Xiong Koo, School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison • How Fans Become Nationalists in China? Effects of Idol Adoration and Online Fan Community Engagement • While some studies about Chinese fandom politics see Chinese fan groups as a potential force that may challenge the existing political orders, others scholars argue that the Chinese government has been co-opting fan groups and idols to transform fans into nationalists. By utilizing online national survey data collected in 2019 (n=510), this study seeks to test these competing claims. The findings suggest that among individuals who have participated in online fan community activities, stronger idol adoration is associated with stronger nationalistic sentiments, and eventually leads to more frequent online pro-government expression. Moreover, the degree that a fan participates in online fan community activities positively moderates the effect of idol adoration on nationalistic sentiments. While among individuals without online fan community engagement, the aforementioned indirect effect almost disappeared. The implications of these findings to our understanding of fandom nationalism in China are discussed. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Juan Liu, Columbus State University; Bruce Getz, Columbus State University; Lydia Ray, Columbus State University; Florence Wakoko-Studstill, Columbus State University • Examining the Effects of Social Media Fact-checking and Political Knowledge on False Beliefs • This study examines the interplay between two mechanisms (e.g., fact-checking and political knowledge) on misinformation belief during the 2020 Presidential Election. Results show that political knowledge acts a moderator between the effect of exposure to false claims on perceived credibility and belief in misinformation. Participants, who possessed higher levels of political knowledge and were exposed to misinformation with a fact-checking label, perceived the message as less credible and less likely to believe in that claim. Research Paper • • Jo Lukito • All’s (Un)fair in Trade and War: Linguistic Framing Effects in News about U.S.-China Tariffs • This study examines news framing of tariff policy during the U.S.-China trade war using two methods: a computational content analysis and a survey experiment. The results of the former show that outlets varied in their sentiment towards tariffs; however, the majority of articles about U.S.-China used war metaphors. Results of the experiment reveal how pro-tariff framing devices and war metaphors can subsequently affect people’s perceptions of China and language use. Extended Abstract • Professional • Kate Luong; Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick, The Ohio State University • Pre-Election Confirmation Bias vs. Informational Utility: Election Outcome Prediction Affects Selective Exposure • Extant research theorized a reduced preference for ideologically consistent information for partisans who anticipated the opposite party to win an upcoming election, here termed election prediction. The current study explicitly measured election prediction immediately before the 2020 election and tracked selective exposure to consistent and discrepant information. Additionally, stimulus sampling was employed to increase the generalizability of the findings, which provided the first direct evidence for the influence of election prediction on pre-election confirmation bias. Research Paper • Student • Douglas Porpora, Drexel University; Afrooz M., Drexel University • Citizen Videos vs. Legacy Media Visual Reports: The Coverage of the 2019 Iranian Oil Protests • In response to nationwide protests to a government hike in the price of petrol, the Iranian government shut down the internet for over a week during November 2019. The only information to make it out were some 500 citizen videos of the protests. This paper shows how those citizen eyewitness imageries were an important adjunct and corrective to what the Western legacy press otherwise reported. Research Paper • Student • Macau K. F. Mak, School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Alex Zhi Xiong Koo, School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Hernando Rojas, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Social media engagement against fear of restrictions and surveillance: The mediating role of privacy management • As various countries implement restrictions on online speech and online surveillance programs, their impact on social media engagement was widely investigated in communication studies. However, these studies did not capture the moment when these restrictions and programs were just implemented and citizens experienced a high level of uncertainties. Addressing the implementation of national security law in Hong Kong, this study uses two-wave panel data to understand political engagement on Facebook shortly after the implementation of new legal restrictions. The analysis showed that pan-democratic and localist users (those who tend to oppose the government) were less likely to engage on Facebook, compared with pro-establishment users (those who support the government). Meanwhile, we also found a serial mediation path in which pan-democratic and localist users showed greater fear, which encouraged more active privacy management and subsequently a higher level of engagement. This mediation path is moderated by political disagreement encountered on Facebook. Research Paper • Faculty • Michael McCluskey, U. of Tennessee, Chattanooga; Nagwan Zahry, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga • Strategic issue management and COVID-19: Analysis of Twitter from 50 governors • Governors used Twitter to communicate strategic issue management of COVID. Analysis of 51k tweets from 50 governors demonstrated politically polarized differences among followers, with Democrats favoring COVID themes and Republicans liking non-COVID themes. Pandemic fatigue explained less emphasis on COVID tweets over time. Evidence suggests stronger polarization among followers than among the governors’ messaging. Research Paper • • Mike McDevitt • In a Hurry, Bored, Angry at Professors: How Punitive Populism Infiltrates Media Education • This study explores how professional enculturation channels anti-intellectualism into the formative attitudes of college students as they begin to identify with populist conceptions of the press. In this first study of how punitive populism infiltrates media education, data are drawn from questionnaires distributed to undergraduates at five US colleges. A concluding section contemplates implications for cross-national research on media education and for illuminating the hidden curriculum that gives traction to punitive populism. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Patrick Meirick, University of Oklahoma • Fox News, political comedy, and (motivated?) reasoning in beliefs about global warming: Evidence from a large-scale panel survey • A panel survey (N = 6,862) examined the roles of media use, party, political knowledge, and their interactions in the dynamics of belief in global warming. After controlling for prior belief and a host of covariates, 2012 Fox News viewing was negatively related and 2012 political comedy viewing and other news viewing were positively related to belief in global warming in 2016. All three findings were moderated by three-way interactions with party and political knowledge. Extended Abstract • Student • Milos Moskovljevic, City University of Hong Kong; Muhammad Masood, City University of Hong Kong • Differential Outcomes of Political Meme Exposure and Engagement: A Path Towards Political Trust and Participation • The aim of this research is to illuminate both expressive and reception effects of political memes. Most scholars nowadays link online political memes with the qualities of participatory civil culture since they are often seen as a form of political and social critique. The survey data collected from Hong Kong in February 2021 (N = 933) proves that political meme engagement and exposure is correlated to political participation. Research Paper • Student Member • Dinfin Mulupi, University of Maryland, College Park; Linda Steiner, University of Maryland • Gender and Presidential Candidates’ Self-presentation on YouTube Videos • This study interrogates gender differences in the self-presentation strategies of entrants in the 2020 U.S. Democratic Party presidential primaries via campaign advertising-style videos posted on their official YouTube accounts. A qualitative analysis of videos of 18 candidates indicates men and women employed similar props, tropes, and rhetoric, and self-presented as friendly. However, women emphasized their motherhood status more. Women candidates also used clothing to establish professionalism while men did not. Research Paper • Student • Andreas Nanz, University of Vienna; Joerg Matthes, University of Vienna • Seeing Political Information Online Incidentally. Effects of First- and Second-Level Incidental Exposure on Democratic Outcomes • We distinguish two levels of incidental exposure (IE) to political information, first-level (mere scanning) and second-level (effortful processing). In three panel surveys (N1 = 450, N2 = 524, N3 = 901), we investigate the effects of the two levels of IE on multiple political outcomes. We find null effects on political knowledge for both levels. However, second-level IE affects online political participation, social media use for political information, and political expression positively. Implications are discussed. Research Paper • Student • Nana Kwame Osei Fordjour, University of New Mexico; Godwin Etse Sikanku, Ghana Institute of Journalism • Vice-presidential candidates, language frames and functions across two continental divides: An analysis of acceptance speeches • Given calls for the more inclusion of women in the political space and political studies, we analyze the nomination acceptance speeches of two female vice-presidential candidates, from countries with different socio-economic backgrounds. Our analysis builds on two institutionalized theories for studying political discourse. The authors uncover in both speeches, four similar and salient feminine language frames synonymous to women in the political space. We advance the argument that the similarities in the language frames employed by both candidates can be attributed to the biological orientation of women as well as the connection between the role of a vice-presidential candidate and the traditional role of a spouse. Our findings also highlight a slight difference in the salience of functions of political campaign discourse between both politicians. Our findings provide insights into the implications of the language frames employed by both politicians and reinforces the possibilities of comparative studies across continental divides. Research Paper • Student • Danny Parker, University of Wisconsin-Madison • The Politics of Resistance: An Ethnographic Examination of Political Alienation and Radical Disengagement of the Rural Underclass • This study is an examination of the political identity of the rural White American underclass. Topics investigated were political beliefs, information consumption and sharing, and the influences of deprivation and institutional trust on political identity formation. To accomplish this, this study conducted observations daily for a month of a small rural underclass community and conducted five extensive interviews with low-income, rural White people to understand how their lived experiences have shaped their perceptions of democracy. Research Paper • Faculty • Philip Baugut, U of Munich; Sebastian Scherr, Texas A&M University • Perceptions of Media Bias in Reporting on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: On The Influence of Antisemitic Attitudes in Seven Non-Partisan Countries • News about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is of global relevance, and it has been the focus of communication studies aiming to expand our understanding of hostile media perceptions. Drawing on the different faces of antisemitism, this study explains hostile media perceptions among a sample of N = 7,001 individuals from seven non-partisan nations (Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and the USA). The findings indicate that both traditional Judeophobic attitudes and anti-Israelism, a contemporary expression of antisemitism, lead news audiences to perceive media hostility towards Palestine, particularly when the issue has greater subjective importance. However, in line with motivated reasoning, we also observed that anti-Israelism was associated with perceived media hostility towards Israel. These findings demonstrate that individuals may simultaneously perceive hostile media bias towards two parties in a conflict. Arguably, if observers of a conflict are hostile towards one party in the conflict, they will side with the party’s enemy and may be motivated to perceive their hostile attitudes as consistent with mainstream media coverage. Research Paper • Student • Cheryl Shea, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Yanru Jiang, University of California, Los Angeles; Wendy L.Y. Leung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Asking the Enemy of My Enemy for Help: Transnational Grassroots Outreach on Twitter in #HongKongProtests • This study extends the organizational-centred transnational advocacy network by presenting how grassroots users strategically utilize social media platforms for achieving their diplomatic and individual-centered engagement with foreign actors. The network analysis and natural language processing of Twitter outreach on Hong Kong protests (N = 88,800) identify the key opinion leaders and the grassroots narratives under three core themes: geopolitics, moral values and humanitarian concern. The low threshold of Twitter participation provides extra direct channels for grassroots users to engage with foreign politicians and get their narratives heard. The grassroots found to tailor more emotion-charged discussions to trigger sympathy, rather than appealing by traditional moral values. The digital grassroots advocacy network also found to have more actors such as corporates and celebrities being involved, given the ability to instantly respond to political incidents and controversies. Research Paper • Student • Jian Shi, Syracuse University; Adriana Mucedola, Syracuse University; Tong Lin; Kandice Green • The Politics of Behaving Badly: How Ingroup-Outgroup Conditions Affect Individuals’ Perceived Credibility and Partisan Ambivalence • This study inquired how political ingroup biases affect judgments of politicians when they address sexual misconduct allegations. 198 participants viewed a news article about an accused politician in a 2 by 2 between-subjects posttest only factorial design. Results indicated a positive relationship between ingroup perceptions and politician credibility, and a positive relationship between ingroup perceptions and perceived ambivalence. Ingroup-outgroup conditions also moderated the relationship between perceived credibility and perceived ambivalence. Implications are discussed below. Research Paper • Student • Christian Staal Bruun Overgaard, The University of Texas at Austin • Perceiving Affective Polarization: How Media-Induced Meta-Perceptions Drive Affective Polarization • Two studies establish perceived affective polarization, or perceptions about affective polarization, as a theoretically important concept. A nationally representative survey (n = 1,010) reveals that Americans think their political opponents dislike them more than is the case. I theorize a conceptual framework, positing that news and social media content drives perceived affective polarization, which then fuels affective polarization. An experiment (n = 549) provides preliminary evidence of this causal pathway. Theoretical implications are discussed. Research Paper • Student • Marlis Stubenvoll; Alice Binder; Selina Noetzel; Melanie Hirsch; Joerg Matthes, University of Vienna • Living is Easy with Eyes Closed: Avoidance of Targeted Political Advertising in Response to Privacy Concerns, Perceived Personalization and Overload • The following study investigated the effects of privacy concerns, perceived personalization and overload on three different avoidance behaviors in response to targeted political advertising. Findings of a two-wave panel study (N = 428) in the context of the [EUROPEAN CITY] election showed that privacy concerns increased attention withdrawal and privacy protective behaviors. In contrast, perceived personalization decreased avoidance through attention withdrawal and blocking. Attention withdrawal behaviors further inhibited privacy protective behaviors over time. Research Paper • Student • Yan Su • The conditional indirect effects of traditional and social media news use on political participation in Hong Kong: Examining the communication mediation model • In Hong Kong, multiple political activities have attracted the world’s attention recently. However, the extant evidence about the conditionalities under which traditional and social media news use could affect political participation in Hong Kong remains sporadic rather than conclusive; mixed results have abounded. Against this backdrop, the current study is anchored by the communication mediation model and analyzed the 7th wave of the World Value Survey (WVS) data. Findings suggested that both traditional and social media news use were positively associated with political participation in Hong Kong. Moreover, political discussion was a significant mediator between traditional media news use and political participation. Additionally, post-materialistic value was found to be a significant moderator upon which the indirect effect of traditional media news use on political participation was contingent. Findings provided insights into nuanced media effects as well as understanding of social movements in Hong Kong. Research Paper • Faculty • Alec Tefertiller, Baylor University; Jacob Groshek, Kansas State University; Raluca Cozma, Kansas State University • Speak Up or Quiet Down? The Spiral of Silence, Opinion Leadership, Social Capital, and Presidential Candidate Support on Social Media • Recent polling results suggest voters might be hesitant to express their voting intentions in presidential elections, despite the vibrant social media activity of candidate supporters. Using a national, representative survey, this study sought to determine if the spiral of silence influenced social media sharing, or if other factors encouraged the sharing of political endorsements. Based on the study findings, the best predictors of social media sharing intentions were opinion leadership and bridging social capital. Research Paper • Student • Yu Tian, Syracuse University; Lars Willnat, Syracuse University • Anti-Muslimism in a Partisan Hybrid Media Environment: Examining the Relationships Between Media Exposure, Biased Views, Social Trust, and Acceptance of Muslims • This study examines how media exposure might influence Americans’ acceptance of Muslims in a partisan hybrid media environment. Results indicate that Republicans exhibit significantly lower acceptance of Muslims compared to Democrats and Independents. Conservative news reduced acceptance by soaring biased views toward Muslims whereas liberal news increased acceptance by cultivating more social trust. Furthermore, frequent social media use fostered acceptance of Muslims via the mediation of social trust. Thus, social trust functioned as an important mediator between media exposure and higher acceptance of U.S. Muslims. Extended Abstract • Student • Amanda Trigiani; megan boler, University of Toronto • Victimhood, Morality, and Identity Politics in Social Media: Understanding Affective Polarization during the US Election • As people use social media to discuss the US Election and Jan 6 2021 Capitol riot, often in conjunction with the BLM protests from Summer 2020, polarized narratives surface as people try to make meaning of the circulating views and position themselves within those discourses. This cross-platform digital ethnography of social media from Twitter, Facebook, and Gab, and qualitative discourse analysis of 1800 social media posts from the political left and right related to Black Lives Matter and the Capitol riots. We engage the concept of ressentiment to deepen our understanding of affective polarization on social media and how the binary oppositions of "us/them” within social media debates reinscribe collective identities rooted in "victimization", virtues, and perceptions of "others" as perceived threats. The different stories told by in-groups and out-groups shed light on the affects surrounding moral judgment, influenced by race relations, which distinctively shape affective polarization. Research Paper • Student • Mengyao Xu, Missouri School of Journalism; Lingshu Hu • Tracking Moral Divergence with DDR in Presidential Debates Over 60 Years • This study discovered the formation of one crucial challenge that US presidential debate is facing – lack of real clash and issue discussion – from an institutional perspective, manifesting how the transformative process in politics caused by mediatization contribute to this challenge drawing upon Moral Foundation Theory as a prism, and therefore shedding lights to the development of more pointed and fruitful political conversations that may better serve our democracy. Research Paper • Faculty • Masahiro Yamamoto, University at Albany; Jay Hmielowski, University of Florida • An Examination of Social Media Use and Campaign Participation from Cross-Cutting Communication and Social Identity Perspectives • This study, drawing from the literatures on cross-cutting communication and social identity theory, tests the interactive effects of political use of social media, partisan-ideological sorting, and social media network heterogeneity on campaign participation. Data from a two-wave web survey show significant three-way interaction effects. The relationships news consumption and opinion expression on social media have with campaign participation are contingent on levels of sorting and network heterogeneity, such that the relationships are positive for those whose have an aligned political identity and heterogeneous social media networks. Research Paper • Faculty • Michael McCluskey, U. of Tennessee, Chattanooga • Risk Governance during The COVID 19 Pandemic: A Quantitative Content Analysis of Governors’ Narratives on Twitter • We content analyzed 7000 governors’ tweets using the CDC’s Crisis Emergency Risk Communication model. We found that the most salient communication objectives included addressing rumors and misunderstanding, followed by describing response efforts. Acknowledging crisis with empathy and segmenting audience were the least communication objectives. Our results suggested that the salience of communication objectives vary by political partisanship and crisis phases. New emergent sub-categories included attention to mental health, call for social influencers, and hope for the future. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21553 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/prdv-2021-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Jun 2021 15:33:49 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21556 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Faculty • Award submission: Doug Newsome • Donnalyn Pompper, university of oregon; Eric Kwame Adae, Drake University • Public Relations and Sustainability across the African Continent: Using Afro-Centric Philosophies to Remember What’s Been ‘Forgotten or Lost’ • Assuring sustainability across the African continent – the cradle of humankind – is an ethical public relations responsibility. There is insufficient research about public relations as a tool for supporting sustainability goals across the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent (Volk, 2017); one that the rest of the planet relies upon for forests serving as “lungs of the world” (Fleshman, 2008). To begin filling the gap, we address challenges of making sustainability happen here, given a long history of negative colonial and neocolonial forces operating in many of Africa’s nations. Despite these impediments, enduring are indigenous, pre-colonial Afro-centric philosophies of communalism/collectivism and harmony with the natural environment that support sustainability efforts. We interrogate six indigenous philosophies which resonate with values that make contemporary public relations ethical. We discuss why professional public relations shaped by Afro-centric philosophies is welcomed, globally, and is critical for addressing sustainability across the continent. Research Paper • Student • Award submission: Doug Newsome • Erika Schneider, University of Missori • From Saving Face to Saving Lives: Prioritizing the Public in Public Relations • Traditional crisis communication literature emphasizes how organizations use communication to protect reputation by shifting attributions of crisis responsibility. The purpose of this study is to reevaluate this approach by comparing proposed framework strategies that serve to protect stakeholders with reputational messaging. Findings from this between-subjects experimental design study provide insight on how informed organizational decision-making, such as corrective action and organizational learning, can reduce feelings of anger while prioritizing stakeholder wellbeing in public relations. Research Paper • Student • Award submission: Race & Public Relations • Drew T. Ashby-King, University of Maryland • Racism and Social Issues Management: Examining State Universities’ Responses to the Killing of George Floyd • Colleges and universities are social institutions often called on speak about social issues, such as responding to instances of racism on campus. Critics have suggested that when responding instances of racism on their campus, institutional leaders often ignore the racist act and harm caused and focus their discourse on diversity and inclusion. Considering this critique, this study used social issues management as a framework to explore how state flagship universities in the United States (U.S.) responded to an instance of racism that did not occur on their campuses. A qualitative analysis of all 50 U.S. state flagship universities’ initial public statement in response to the police killing of George Floyd led to three key findings: (1) institutions were made to speak on the issue by larger social discourse; (2) through their statements institutions (re)defined the issue as one of diversity and inclusion rather than racism and police brutality; and (3) guided by the logic of whiteness institutions legitimized their definition of the issue. Based on these findings, I argue that the initial conceptualization of social issues management did not adequality consider the power organizations have to define social issues through their discourse. Therefore, I conclude by suggesting an approach to social issues management that centers those most effected by the issue in order to promote social justice. Research Paper • Student • Award submission: Race & Public Relations • Ryan Comfort, Indiana University • Rethinking cultural factors in government communication: A survey of environmental professionals working for indigenous governments • This study examined the use of and attitudes towards communication media by environmental and natural resource management personnel employed by indigenous nations in the U.S. Survey data on professionals’ use of media, attitudes, and perceived obstacles to better use of media for science & environmental communication revealed that concerns about sharing cultural ecological information may carry significant weight in the communication decision making process of indigenous environmental agencies. Research Paper • Faculty • Award submission: Race & Public Relations • Tiffany Gallicano, UNC Charlotte; Olivia Lawless; Abagail Higgins; Samira Shaikh; Sara Levens • The Hybrid Firestorm: A Qualitative Study of Black Lives Matter Activism and the COVID-19 Pandemic • The combination of a global pandemic and an ignited social justice movement has created a saturated digital environment in which people turn to social media to navigate a hybrid firestorm fueled by both the Black Lives Matter movement and the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the circuit of culture has been studied in the context of a pandemic (Curtin & Gaither, 2006) and digital activism (Han & Zhang, 2009), research using any theoretical model to study a hybrid firestorm could not be found. This study consists of interviews with 25 participants involving their experiences in the hybrid firestorm. The circuit of culture is used, which is a model composed of five moments, to explore how meaning is created, interpreted, and contested in the context of a social justice movement and a global pandemic. Research Paper • Faculty • Award submission: Race & Public Relations • Yeunjae Lee, University of Miami; Jo-Yun Li • Discriminated Against but Engaged: The Role of Communicative Behaviors of Racial Minority Employees • Grounded in the situational theory of problem-solving (STOPS), two survey studies investigated how racial minority employees in the U.S. perceive and communicate about the discriminatory situation within their organizations and how it affects their engagement levels. In Study 1 (N = 461), experiences and observance of both formal and informal discriminatory acts at work reduced racial minority employees’ engagement level, while their situational perceptions increased their communicative behaviors toward direct supervisor and peers, respectively. Communicative behaviors with supervisors, not peers, in turn, increased their engagement. Study 2 (N = 454) replicated and extended Study 1 in different contexts, revealing the moderating role of a diverse climate in increasing racial minority employees’ problem and involvement recognition and decreasing their constraint recognition about workplace discrimination situation. Theoretical and practical implications for race in public relations are discussed. Research Paper • Faculty • Award submission: Race & Public Relations • Yvette Sterbenk, Ithaca College; Jamie Ward, EMU; Regina Luttrell; Summer Shelton, Idaho State University • Silence Has No Place A Framing Analysis of Corporate Sociopolitical Activism Statements • This study used a quantitative framing analysis to examine the company statements delivered by 105 Fortune 500 companies across 21 sectors in June 2020 in response to three social justice issues that took prominence that month in the United States: Black Lives Matter, immigration laws, and LGBTQ rights. The study uncovered which companies and sectors did not make statements, and, among those that did, what messages were most common. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Lindsey Anderson, University of Maryland • Serving Public Interests and Enacting Organizational Values: An Examination of Public Interest Relations through AARP’s Tele-Town Halls • Public interest relations (PIR) is an approach to public relations scholarship and practice that contributes to the social good by integrating the concept of public interest into organizational goals and values. The need for PIR was emphasized during the COVID-19 pandemic as publics looked to organizations for information about a variety of topics (e.g., symptoms, vaccines). AARP created a series of tele-townhalls to communicate with its publics, who are considered to be members of a “vulnerable population” during the pandemic. In order to understand how AARP’s Coronavirus Tele-Town Halls reflected the practices of PIR, I completed a critical thematic analysis of 28 virtual sessions that were hosted in 2020-2021. The analysis, which was guided by the tenets of PIR, found that AARP’s communication (1) highlighted common life course milestones of its publics, (2) emphasized the quality of the information, and (3) provided avenues to engage with the organization and its experts. Based on these findings, I developed theoretical implications that reflect a critical perspective on PIR and suggest future research avenues that seek to build this ethical and socially meaningful approach to public relations. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Song AO, University of Macau; XIAO QIAN, University of Macau • Understanding the implementation of Enterprise Social Media on Employee Communication: An Affordance Perspective • The research adopts the technological affordance approach to examine the role of enterprise social media (ESM) in employee communication in the context of mainland China. The research postulated that organizations can actualize affordances of ESM to achieve certain goals. Using Enterprise WeChat (EWeChat) as the example, the research interviewed 37 participants to explore organizational goals and actions of EWeChat affordance actualization in mainland China. Thirteen EWeChat affordances and means of actualization (i.e., association, control, diversity, feedback, outeraction, perpetual contact, persistence, personalization, portability, privacy, social presence, synchronicity, and visibility) for specific organizational goals were identified. The research explicates ESM affordance actualization as the interaction between ESM and organizations, and also between ESM and employees. The research sheds light on how organizations in mainland China can effectively configure their ESM for certain purposes of its mobile application in employee communication. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Anita Atwell Seate, University of Maryland; Brooke Liu, University of Maryland; Samantha Stanley; Yumin Yan; Allison Chatham, University of Maryland • Relational Tensions and Publics during Disasters: Investigating Organizational Relationships Ethnographically • Relationships are essential for a fully functioning society. Through a multi-sited rapid ethnography, we show how organizations achieve their mission through organizational partners and active publics in the context of disasters. We provide insights into relational tensions that occur in organization-public relationships (OPRs) and how communication can address those relational tensions. In doing so, we answer calls for broadening methodologies to examine OPRs. Overall, we demonstrate the value of continuing to theorize the network approach. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Brandon Boatwright • Exploring Online Opinion Leadership: An Analysis of the Influential Users on Twitter During the Online Conversation Around Anthem Protests by Prominent Athletes • The current study explores the role of online opinion leaders on Twitter in conversations around anthem protests by prominent athletes. The aim of the study is twofold: (1) identify the influential opinion leaders in Twitter conversations related to Colin Kaepernick and Megan Rapinoe, and (2) further understand how and why social media users participate in conversations online about controversial subjects. Ultimately, results from this study extend the network paradigm in public relations research by examining the role of individual users in the construction of a discursive landscape of issue networks. The study combines social network analysis with in-depth interviews in order to adopt a more wholistic framework for studying online opinion leadership in the context of public relations research. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Open Competition • Denise Bortree, Penn State University; Michail Vafeiadis; Pratiti Diddi, Lamar University; Ryan Wang • Extended abstract: Promoting diversity and inclusion: How Fortune 500 companies talk about diversity on Twitter • This study examines more than 11,000 tweets on diversity topics posted by Fortune 500 companies in 2019. It identifies the 18 most common topics in six general areas - workplace diversity/inclusion, gender/women, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, disability and activism. Corporations with higher CSR ratings tend to post more diversity-related tweets. Analysis suggests that companies tend to use different topics in original posts and retweets/replies/comments on diversity. Engagement rates on diversity topics vary widely. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Luke Capizzo, James Madison University; Meredith Feinman • Extending civic values in architectures of listening: Arendt, Mouffe and the pluralistic imperative for organizational listening • This conceptual paper introduces the concept of civic listening to augment organizational listening theory and practice. Drawing from the writing of Arendt and Mouffe, it centers pluralism, agonism, deliberation, and reflection as central to listening and delineates the functions and values of civic listening to add to existing architectures. This new perspective points toward deeper, more nuanced, and more equitable organizational engagement in civic discourse and firmer ground for contentious issue engagement. Extended Abstract • Member • Open Competition • Ioana Coman, Texas Tech University; Jiun-Yi Tsai, Northern Arizona University; Shupei Yuan, Northern Illinois University • Extended Abstract: Toward an Audience-Centric Framework of Situational Corporate Social Advocacy Strategy: A pilot study • Increasingly companies engage in Corporate Social Advocacy or Political Activism. Yet how publics expect companies to take a stance (sometimes even action) on controversial issues remains unclear. We propose an audience-centric approach to investigate how audiences expect companies to act on hot button issues and their reasoning process, through a mixed-method analysis of a survey (N=388) conducted at a public University. Results highlight a need to further understand CSA from audience perceptions. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Yuan Wang, City University of Hong Kong; Yi-Hui Christine Huang, City University of Hong Kong; Qinxian Cai, City University of Hong Kong • Exploring the Mediating Effect of Government–Public Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Model Comparison Approach • This study proposed, tested, and compared two models to examine the antecedent and outcome of government–public relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic. It conducted three surveys of 9,675 publics in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. It found that publics’ perceived governmental responsiveness leads to their satisfaction with and trust in the government, which influence their word-of-mouth intention about the vaccines. Furthermore, relational satisfaction and trust mediate the relationship between perceived responsiveness and word-of-mouth intention. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Taisik Hwang, Suffolk University • A Comparison of Twitter Use by Different Sector Organizations • "Given the shifting nature of communication environment, this study attempts to discover how leading nature education organizations utilize social media to effectively reach and build relationship with their audiences. Specifically, it employed a content analysis to examine how the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), U.S. National Park Service (NPS), and National Geographic (NG) take advantage of Twitter to better communicate with their external publics. Out of a total of 6,286 tweets sent by these organizations for a six-month period from January to June 2018, a random sample was used for quantitative analysis. Findings show that there are significant differences in these organizations’ use of message functions as well as mentioning of brand names associated with them. For example, both UNESCO and NPS tend to focus on building community with their external stakeholders, whereas NG’s tweets mainly involves the information function. The current study will benefit other non-profit organizations by revealing ways in which these organizations purposefully use social media to fulfill their mission and suggesting practical guidelines to strategic communicators in public-sector organizations." Extended Abstract • Faculty • Open Competition • Grace Ji, Boston University; Cheng Hong, California State University Sacramento • Feeling elevated: Examine the mediation role of elevation in CEO activism on employee prosocial engagement • With a survey of 600 U.S. employees, this study investigated the effect of authentic leadership on employees' prosocial advocacy engagement in the context of CEO activism. Employees' moral elevation and organizational identification were examined as mediators. Results showed authentic leadership elicited employees' positive emotion of elevation and enhanced their identification with the company. In turn, employees' affective (elevation) and cognitive (organizational identification) responses mediated authentic leadership's impact on motivating employees' activism participation. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Eunyoung Kim, Auburn University at Montgomery; Sung Eun Park, Webster University • Influence of identification, relationship, and involvement of a donor on attitudes towards and behavioral intentions to online donation via SNS • This study seeks what factors predict publics’ behavioral intentions to online donate and share words via social media. Relevant literature was reviewed, and an online survey was conducted to examine hypotheses. The results show that identification, involvement, perceived credibility, and attitudes towards online donation predict intention to donate via social media, while attitudes towards helping others, identification, involvement, and site features affect the intention of Word-of-Mouth. Theoretical and practical implications are presented in the discussion and conclusion. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Sora Kim, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • Public Expectations of Government Pandemic-Crisis Communication What and How to Communicate during the COVID-19 Pandemic • Through two representative online surveys in Hong Kong (HK) and the U.S. (US) during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study investigates, from a public-centric perspective, public expectations of effective government pandemic-crisis communication. It looks specifically at what publics want to be communicated in times of a global pandemic and how. In each region, the findings identify four significant dimensions. Three are culturally universal dimensions—basic responsibility, locus of pandemic-crisis responsibility, and disfavor of promotional tone. The fourth is culture-specific—personal relevance for HK and frequency for the US. Among the significant dimensions, the most highly expected is what people consider government’s basic responsibility in pandemic communication, that is, a basic responsibility dimension. This includes providing instructing and adjusting information and securing accuracy, timeliness, and transparency in pandemic communication. In both regions, respondents preferred by far traditional media and non-governmental sources to social media and governmental sources. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Sining Kong, Texas A & M University at Corpus Christi; Huan Chen, University of Florida • Revisiting SMCC Model: How Chinese Public Relations Practitioners Handle Social Mediated Crisis • As social media is widely used by Chinese organizations, this study comprehensively examines how Chinese public relations practitioners cope with social mediated crisis and how culture interacts with social mediated crisis response. An in-depth interview was used to collect data from twenty-three Chinese public relations practitioners, who had experience in dealing with crises and issues via social media. Results showed that Chinese public relations practitioners use diverse social media platforms to satisfy the publics’ gratifications and social media usage preferences. Besides, results also showed the importance of matching information form and information source in responding social mediated crisis. Furthermore, it revealed how the uniqueness of Chinese culture moderated Chinese public relations social mediated crisis response, such as maintaining harmony and avoiding direct confrontation, collaborating with opinion leaders and influencers to shape publics’ opinions, using no response, apologizing, and self-mockery, and emphasizing the importance of media relations. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Sushma Kumble, Towson University; Pratiti Diddi, Lamar University; Maggie Whitescarver • Social Listening using Machine Learning to Understand Sense Making and Content Dissemination on Twitter: A Case Study of WHO’s Social Listening Strategy During COVID-19 Initial Phase • The study utilized unsupervised machine learning techniques to the CERC framework on 6.1 Million Tweets between January to March 2020 to understand the sensemaking process during COVID-19 among Twitter users. The study also used content analysis to examine WHO’s response to the popular emerging conversations. Results indicate that while WHO’s messaging addressed the dominant topics during the timeframe but did not effectively address misinformation. The paper discusses the implications and recommendations for health communication practitioners. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Sun Young Lee, University of Maryland–College Park; Duli Shi, University of Maryland; John Leach; Saymin Lee; Cody Buntain, New Jersey Institute of Technology • Global Companies’ Use of Social Media for CSR Communication During COVID-19 • The purpose of the study was to examine how companies have communicated their efforts to address COVID-19 on Facebook and Twitter and to evaluate the effectiveness of their message strategies. We conducted a content analysis of 992 Facebook posts and 1,957 tweets between March 11 and May 20, 2020, from the 2020 RepTrak’s 100 most reputable companies. About one-third of the messages (n = 1,059) were related to companies’ responses to COVID-19. Companies mostly highlighted CSR efforts related to their expertise, partnership efforts, or financial resources. The majority of messages did not specify a particular group’s interests, but when they did, the most impacted groups, such as frontline personnel and employees, were addressed. Companies mostly used social media to employ one-way message strategies, but incorporating multimedia and expressing appreciation to others were found to be effective message strategies for engaging publics emotionally. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Hyunmin Lee, Drexel University; Emma Whitehouse, Drexel University • What do you mean by doing the right thing?: Examining corporate social advocacy frames and transparency efforts in Fortune 500 companies’ website • This study examined the state of corporate social advocacy (CSA) initiatives among Fortune 500 companies via a content analysis of their official websites. There is a need to critically examine the ways in which CSA is communicated to create a normative understanding as to what constitutes of ethical and transparent CSA communication. Findings showed that episodic frames were popularly utilized to communicate about CSA and transparency efforts varied according to CSA type and location. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Juan Liu, Columbus State University; Bruce Getz, Columbus State University • How Nike and Gillette Survived the Tension between Corporate Social Advocacy and Boycotting Backlash • Both 2018 Nike’s Colin Kaepernick and 2019 Gillette commercial campaigns received backlash on social media over their messages addressing controversial social-political issues. Drawing on legitimacy theory, this study examines how polarized boycotting and advocating messages on Twitter affect interactive engagement and perceptions of corporate social advocacy. In both Nike and Gillette conditions, individuals who expressed strong value alignment with brands’ campaigns, were more susceptible to be affected by polarized tweets. When evaluating brands’ motivations for corporate social advocacy, results showed that individuals with weak value alignment were more likely to be affected by polarized messages. However, this pattern is only found in the Gillette condition. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Open Competition • Stephanie Madden, Penn State University; Nicholas Eng, Penn State University; Jessica Myrick, Penn State University • Public Perceptions of Using the Wireless Emergency Alert System for COVID-19: Lessons for State Government Crisis Communication • On November 25, 2020, the Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency (PEMA) sent out a COVID-19 public health message via the Wireless Emergency Alert system. Using survey (N = 212) and interview (N = 19) research, this study sought to understand the targeted publics’ reaction to this message and factors impacting potential behavior change after receiving this message. Because COVID-19 response has relied on state governments, this research provides important findings for government communicators at the state level. Research Paper • Student • Open Competition • Yufan "Sunny" Qin, University of Florida; Alexis Fitzsimmons, University of Florida; Eve Heffron, University of Florida; Marcia DiStaso, University of Florida • Communicating the Big Picture with Employees: The Impacts of CEO Vision Communication on Employee Engagement • Communicating an organizational vision with employees can be critical to help employees internalize the vision, which might in turn increase their willingness to get engaged with the work and subsequently achieving higher goals. The aim of this study is to examine whether and how CEO vision communication could influence employee engagement. This study also proposes employees’ perceptions of work meaningfulness and organizational identification as the potential underlying mechanism that mediate the relationship between CEO vision communication and employee engagement. An online survey was conducted with employees across various industries in the U.S. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Margaret Ritsch, Washington State University; Erin Tomson, Washington State University • Internal Activism at Amazon: Rhetorical Strategies and the Public Relations Response • "This study examined the public relations response to employee activism at Amazon during the Covid-19 pandemic. Public relations has typically been examined from a functional perspective, which largely ignores the power dynamics between an organization and its employees, who are important stakeholders that contribute to the organization’s public image. Critical theory provides a useful lens to examine the dynamics of organizational power and control, although this approach has typically been applied to the study of internal communication dynamics. The study addresses this gap by using a critical rhetorical approach to examine Amazon’s response to employee activism. Researchers conducted qualitative content analysis of news media coverage and Amazon’s company content (e.g. websites and public statements). The data indicates that Amazon spokespeople used aggressive rhetorical strategies in their communication with and about employee activists that discouraged unionization and ultimately attempted to prevent current and former Amazon employees from speaking up about their experiences working for the company. Keywords: activism, employee, public relations, internal communication" Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Baobao Song; Weiting Tao • Unpack the Relational and Behavioral Outcomes of Internal CSR: Highlighting Dialogic Communication and Managerial Facilitation • The current study examines how corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication and management contributes to internal public relationship building and employees’ megaphoning behaviors. Specifically, it investigates how organization-public dialogical communication (OPDC) about CSR and the organizational leaders’ facilitation behavior towards employee CSR engagement influence employees’ perceptions of two different distinct types of organization-public relationships (OPRs), i.e., communal and exchange relationships. Structural equation modeling results of 660 on-line survey responses suggest that OPDC has a positive association with communal relationship and negative association with exchange relationship. Facilitation behavior positively contributes to employee exchange relationships. Both communal and exchange relationships are positively associated with employees’ positive megaphoning. Whereas negative megaphoning is negatively linked with communal relationships and positively linked with employees’ exchange relationships with the companies. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on internal CSR communication and management. More importantly, this study uncovers nuanced effects of CSR on internal public communal and exchange relationship building. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Open Competition • Edson Tandoc Jr; Pei Wen Wong, Nanyang Technological; Chen Lou; Hyunjin Kang, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication & Information, Nanyang Technological U; Shruti Malviya, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication & Information, Nanyang Technological U • EXTENDED ABSTRACT: Public Communication in the Age of Fake News • The rise of fake news has posed threats to societies around the world, affecting various institutions. One area that has not been sufficiently explored is how it has affected public communication. This study examines how the rise of fake news has affected the roles, resources, and routines of public communicators in Singapore. Through in-depth interviews, this research explores how various communication officers across Singapore’s government agencies perceive, and respond to, the fake news crisis. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Brooke Witherow, Hood College • The role of community and social capital in community building • While the role of social capital in community building has been discussed previously, the terms community and community building are rarely defined (e.g. Dodd et al., 2015; Jin & Lee, 2013; Sommerfeldt 2013a, 2013b). This qualitative case study examines the role of community and social capital in community building through community policing. 26 semi-structured interviews with police administration, patrol officers, and community leaders were conducted. The interviews with patrol officers occurred during seven ride-alongs. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Leping You; Linda Hon, University of Florida; Yu-Hao Lee • Examining Value Congruence and Outcome-relevant involvement as Antecedents of Corporate Political Advocacy • Drawing from the theoretical foundation of corporate political advocacy (CPA), this study aims to understand value congruence and outcome-relevant involvement as the antecedents of CPA that companies should consider when taking a stance on contentious sociopolitical issues. This study conducted a 2 x 2 online experiment to examine how both antecedents affect consumers’ attitudinal evaluation on the credibility and legitimacy of a CPA and predict consumers’ supportive behavioral intentions toward a CPA. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • April YUE, University of Connecticut • Navigating change in the Era of COVID-19: The Role of Top Leaders’ Charismatic Rhetoric and Employees’ Organizational Identification • "The Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had tremendous and swift effects on organizational change. This study examined how organizations can leverage leadership and employee resources to facilitate positive change outcomes. Drawing from the self-concept based motivational theory of charismatic leadership and substitutes for leadership theory, the current study proposed a theoretical model connecting top leaders’ charismatic rhetoric, employees’ affective commitment to change, and employees’ turnover intention. Furthermore, the study investigated contingencies that may modify the relationship between leadership communication and followers’ outcomes. Results from an online panel of 417 U.S. employees showed that top leaders’ use of charismatic rhetoric during change led to followers’ affective commitment to change, which decreased their turnover intention. Furthermore, employees’ organizational identification moderated this relationship. When employees have low identification with their organizations, top leaders’ charismatic rhetoric to address the immediate change is more needed. Keywords: leadership communication, charismatic rhetoric, change communication, organizational identification, affective commitment, turnover intention" Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Xueying Zhang, North Carolina A&T State; Ziyuan Zhou, Bentley University • The influence of issue attitude on consumers’ reaction toward corporate social advocacy: A moderated mediation path through cognitive dissonance • Corporate social advocacy (CSA) has gained increasing attention in public relations research. The psychological mechanisms regarding how consumers react to a CSA position that conflicts with their own have not yet been examined. Employing cognitive dissonance theory, this study examines how consumers’ preexisting attitude toward an issue influences their reaction to CSA through cognitive dissonance. An experiment (study1) and a survey (study 2) were conducted on Qualtrics with participants recruited from MTurk. Gay marriage rights and gun control issue were chosen as the CSA topics. The results indicated that a conflict between a consumer’s preexisting attitude and a corporation’s stance on a controversial issue leads to cognitive dissonance. Dissonance mediates consumers’ responses to counter-attitudinal CSA, in terms of perceiving the company as biased and intending to boycott the company. Value involvement and CCI significantly moderated the effect of consumers’ attitudes toward CSA on cognitive dissonance, but the effect varies between the two issues. The results help PR practitioners to better understand the segmented consumer audiences and provide a few pieces of practical advice to minimize the potential risk of expressing advocacy on a position of a controversial social political issue. Research Paper • Faculty • Open Competition • Ziyuan Zhou, Bentley University; Chuqing Dong, Michigan State University • Matching words with actions: Understanding the effects of CSA stance-action consistency on negative consumer responses • Corporation social advocacy (CSA) is a popular topic in public relations research. However, few studies have considered the issue of consistency between corporations taking a stance on a controversial issue and acting accordingly. This study proposed a new concept, CSA stance-action consistency, to investigate the negative consumer responses when corporations violate their CSA promises. A 4 × 2 between-subject experiment indicated that CSA stance-action consistency significantly predicted negative word-of-mouth and boycott intentions. Besides, social issue activism moderated such an effect, while CSA record did not. This study added one more piece of evidence on the risks of CSA and encouraged corporations to fully understand stakeholders’ expectations of CSA before getting involved with controversial issues. Research Paper • Student • Student competition • Ayman Alhammad, University of Kansas • How China used Twitter to Repair Its Image amid the COVID-19 Crisis • "In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries have suffered in different ways politically, economically, and socially because of this health crisis. China registered the first case of COVID-19 and found itself the recipient of negative publicity, some of which, stated by scientists, blamed China for the virus in a Wuhan laboratory, or covered the nature of the disease until it was out of control (Verma, 2020). Because of comprehensive widely negative consequences, China’s image has been distorted in many countries. That led the Chinese government to use a different medium to deal with the crisis, one of which is social media platforms. As Saudi Arabia is one of China’s important economic partners, Beijing is concerned that health crises could affect negatively its economic interests in Saudi Arabia. In fact, China has faced serious obstacles in terms of import and export goods (Hayakawa & Mukunoki, 2021). China decided to employ digital diplomacy by making its ambassadors communicate with the local and international communities (Brandt & Schafer, 2020). Chinese ambassador, Chen Weiqing, speaks to Saudis via Twitter as Saudi Arabia is ranked eighth in the world with 12.45 million users (Statista, 2020). This paper examines the image repair strategies that the Chinese ambassador in Saudi Arabia employed during the coronavirus pandemic to restore China’s image there. This study adopted rhetorical analysis, building on the theoretical framework proposed by Brinson & Benoit (1999). An examination of the ambassador’s tweets revealed a variety of image restoration strategies, including denial, bolstering, compensation, and minimization." Research Paper • Student • Student competition • Zahedur Arman, Southern Illinois University Carbondale • The Networked Huawei Agendas during the US-China Trade War: The Interrelationships between Huawei, the News Media, and Public Tweets • This study examines interrelationships between the networked Huawei agendas, the U.S. and Chinese news media agendas, and Twitter users’ issue agendas on Twitter during the US-China Trade War. Social network analysis is used as a theory and method to analyze Huawei’s public relations activities on Twitter, news media, and Twitter users' network. This study found that Huawei's direct networked agenda setting to Twitter users is more successful than the news media's networked agenda-setting to the Twitter users. This study is among the first to explore cross-nation networked agenda building and networked agenda setting effects on Twitter. It also found that the US media did not follow Huawei's networked agendas, but the Chinese media followed the corporation’s issue agendas during the US-China trade war. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. Research Paper • Student • Student competition • Bugil Chang, University of Minnesota • I Distrust You All Because One of You Did Something Wrong: Spillover Effect of Distrust Elicited by an NPO’s Crisis on Overall NPOs • This study examined how public distrust formed by the crisis of an NPO spills over to other organizations in the same and different sectors through experiment. Overall, when faced with a crisis, the participants distrusted not only organizations in the same sector as the crisis-stricken organization but also organizations in a different sector. The effect was fully mediated by participants’ perceived distrust toward the crisis-stricken organization. Research Paper • Student • Student competition • Enzhu Dong, University of Miami; Dongqing Xu • From CSR to Employees' Megaphoning Behavior: The Roles of Communal Relationship and Corporate Reputation • This study examined how employees' perceived overall CSR activities impact employees' positive megaphoning through the mediation of employees' perceived communal relationship and communal willingness, taking the moderation effect of perceived reputation into consideration. To address the hypotheses, a survey among employees across different organizations was conducted. Results of the moderated mediation examination supported the hypotheses. These findings contributed to the understanding of CSR effects on employee communication behavior and provided implications for organizational management. Research Paper • Student • Student competition • Yoosun Ham, Indiana University; Ejae Lee, Indiana University; Eugene Kim, The Media School, Indiana University Bloomington; Sung Hyun Lee • Examining Publics’ Comparative Evaluations of Government Communication and Strength Ties as Predictors of Country Reputation • During the COVID-19 outbreak, media tended to report on how different Asian countries — China, Japan, and South Korea — were handling the situation by using comparisons. U.S. citizens have been exposed to information about Asian countries and could compare and evaluate how those countries’ governments communicate with their citizens to help contain the new coronavirus. This study attempted to examine how country reputation could be associated with publics' comparative evaluations about the dialogic communication competency of a foreign country’s government through news media exposure about how that government contained and/or mitigated the new coronavirus. This study also investigated associations between the perceived tie strength between the U.S. and Asian countries and those countries’ reputations. This study used online experimental surveys. Its findings suggest that country reputation was significantly associated with comparative evaluations about mutuality and openness in Asian countries’ government dialogic communication and perceived tie strength with the U.S. government. Theoretical implications and practical contributions are discussed. Research Paper • Student • Student competition • Jie Jin, University of Florida • Can CEO Activism be Good for the Organization? The Way CEO Activism on Sexual Orientation Equality Achieves High Young Employee Work Engagement • "Whether a CEO should speak out about controversial issues is a hotly debated topic across the United States. In today's politically polarized environment, Americans have changed their expectations about whether companies and CEOs should lead social change. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that CEOs shouldn't avoid taking actions unrelated to their business, the purpose of this study is to examine how CEOs' pro-sexual orientation equality statements may lead to young employee work engagement from the perspective of social exchange theory. A conceptual model with nine propositions is proposed to reveal how CEO activism generates positive employee outcomes. Keywords: CEO activism, sexual orientation equality, work engagement, social exchange theory" Research Paper • Student • Student competition • Nana Kwame Osei Fordjour, University of New Mexico; Timothy Kwakye Karikari, University of International Business and Economic, Beijing, China • Twitter styles by the leaders of the 116th US House: A concurrent triangulation • Situating our study in the context of a global pandemic and a time of seeming polarization in the US, we analyzed the tweets (n = 480) of Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy. We employ the concurrent triangulation approach and blend three theoretical approaches to analyze their credit-claiming behavior, position-taking, attacks as well as the salient frames in their tweets. Findings indicate there is no significant difference in their position-taking and credit-claiming tweets, however, Majority Leader McCarthy tweeted more negatively than Speaker Pelosi. We uncover four salient frames which are: Economic debate, electoral integrity, COVID-19 response, and the appointment of Supreme Court Justice. Ultimately, we juxtapose the qualitative frames with the quantitative findings to give deeper understanding into the three quantitative categories and provide insights into the implications of such tweets. Research Paper • Student • Student competition • Michelle Rossi • How has the United Nations portrayed International Women’s Day before and after founding UN Women? • By applying feminist theory and framing for public relations, this research explored the range of debate within press releases distributed about International Women’s Day before and after the founding of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, UN Women, in 2011. Using Ethnographic Content Analysis (ECA), this study found that press releases were more descriptive about events in the decade before, and more focused on actions in the decade after. Research Paper • Student • Student competition • Dongqing Xu • Different Brands Stealing Thunder: How Brand Personality Impacts Crisis Response Strategy Choice • This study aimed to examine the impact of brand personality on participants’ brand perceptions and crisis response evaluation. To be more specific, the study aimed to examine how stealing thunder (i.e., brands disclosing the crisis and response before revealed by the third-party) as a proactive response strategy could impact brands with different personalities in crises. Employing a 2 (brand personality: sincere vs. exciting) × 2 (crisis response type: proactive vs. reactive) experimental design, the study found the buffering effect of sincere brand personality on participants’ perceived credibility, brand attitude, and purchase intention in crisis. In terms of crisis performance evaluations, brand personality was found moderating the effectiveness of the stealing thunder strategy, such that stealing thunder lost its power when employed by a sincere brand. These findings contributed to the extant brand personality literature and suggested a potential boundary of the stealing thunder strategy. Research Paper • Faculty • Teaching competition • Virginia Harrison, Clemson University • Teaching Philanthropy: How Can Public Relations Courses Prepare Future Fundraisers and Motivate Giving? • Scholars have suggested that fundraising education is a specialty of public relations. This study examines how a fundraising-specific service-learning project may help prepare future fundraisers. A survey of qualitative and quantitative data was administered to public relations students in a fundraising-focused class and in other service-learning classes. Students in the fundraising-focused class were more knowledgeable about nonprofits but were not more inclined to enter the profession. However, they were more motivated to donate after graduation. Research Paper • Faculty • Teaching competition • KiYong Kim • Dynamic Capabilities and Social Media Education: Professional Expectations and Curricular Preparation • "When Covid-19 impacted regular communication dynamics for organizations, social media became even more prominent in brand communications. A growing body of research confirms training in social media is an essential part of knowing ""how to"" reach one's organization's publics (Kruset et al., 2018; Plowman et al., 2015), making social media a mainstay in the public relations educational curriculum (Meganck et al., 2020). This study seeks to bridge the themes found by Kim (2021) related to public relations practice and dynamic capabilities (Teece, 2007) with social media educational practices. This study suggests that there is a link between dynamic capabilities and social media educational practices. Keywords Dynamic Capabilities, Social media education, public relations professionals, Case studies, scenarios, experiential learning, digital leadership, VUCA" Research Paper • Faculty • Teaching competition • Amanda Weed, Kennesaw State University; Adrienne Wallace, Grand Valley State University; Betsy Emmons, Samford University; Alisa Agozzino, Ohio Northern University • Leveling the Playing Field: Assessing Issues of Equity, Transparency, and Experiential Learning in the PRSSA Bateman Case Study Competition • This study provides the first academic research examination about the Public Relations Student Society of America Bateman Case Study Competition. Research-based insights identify varying perspectives on if the competition meets current students’ needs. Through insights gained from a survey of faculty and professional advisers of 2017-2020 Bateman competition teams, the authors have identified critical perspectives and areas for improvement to the competition along the issues of equity, transparency, and experiential learning. Study results address alignment of knowledge, skills, and abilities identified by the Commission on Public Relations Education and university curricula. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21556 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/rmig-2021-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Jun 2021 15:43:18 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21559 2021 Abstracts Extended Abstract • Faculty • Ibrahim Abusharif • Competing Binaries: “Sufism” vs “Salafism” in The New York Times • In recent years, there have been a string of violent acts committed by extremist Salafists and Taliban against Sufi Muslim worshipers, mosques, and shrines. In covering these acts, The New York Times reporters employ terminologies that seek to explain to readers what Sufism is. In doing so, the newspaper often uses words that unintentionally create a news frame that indicates a binary between Sufism and Islam itself. This study examines through qualitative textual analysis the usage of framing terminologies (such as “sect” or “strain” of Islam) in articles describing Sufism. Research Paper • Student • LaRisa Anderson, University of Texas at Austin • “You can’t fight what’s already happening, right?”: A Case Study of Christian Live-Streaming • Amongst the myriad expressions of church, live-streaming services are a growing format of evangelism. This case study investigates two churches of varying sizes, demographics, and resources in Austin, Texas who use live-stream services in unique ways. Current literature on the interplay of religiosity and media are discussed including the influence of televangelism. I specifically focus on the nature of communal engagement in the context of live-stream as a definitive characteristic of church. As explicated by John Wright (1987)’s framing of community within the Church, this project explores: How do churches who use live-stream technology facilitate communal engagement? Or rather, how do church leaders intentionally replicate community online? To what extent are the producers of content for churches cognizant of the necessity for community formation? A total of six church officials and other religious personnel were interviewed for approximately 60 minutes. Each were asked to operationalize the community of their church in the physical space and the community they suspect is developing online. Interview data as well as observational field notes were used as source material for content analysis. The hypothesis that churches might neglect the online audience or minimize its use was supported. Findings indicate three suppositions for live-stream approaches: healthy discourse, points-of-entry, and innovation and expansion. These are aided by one constructive finding regarding the reactionary nature of technology adoption in the church. Limitations and future research suggestions are also discussed. Research Paper • Student • Ruta Kaskeleviciute; Helena Knupfer; Joerg Matthes, University of Vienna • Who Says “Muslims are not Terrorists”? News Differentiation, Muslim vs. Non-Muslim Sources, and Attitudes Toward Muslims • In a quota-based experiment (N = 291), participants were confronted with news about terrorism. We manipulated source (non-Muslim, Muslim) and degree of differentiation between Muslims and terrorists to analyze effects on explicit and implicit attitudes toward Muslims. Undifferentiation predicted negative explicit attitudes but did not affect implicit attitudes. Participants perceived non-Muslim sources as more similar. The effects of undifferentiation on hostile attitudes were more pronounced when sources were perceived as similar compared to less similar. Research Paper • Faculty • Suman Mishra, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville • Branded Spirituality: Gurus, Globalization, and Neo-Spiritual Nationalism in Indian Marketplace • Scholars have examined the role of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism in marketing practices and in shaping consumption, but similar research related to Hindu religion and associated spirituality in the Eastern marketplace has been scant. This study informs about the new trend of commodification of spirituality in India by examining the advertising of brands associated with prominent spiritual gurus in India. The study highlights how Indian gurus are harnessing the power of Hindu religion and spirituality and combining it with political ideology to add value to their brands and structure consumer choice. The process has worked to direct Indian consumers toward local brands and away from multinational brands by fostering spiritual nationalism, a movement expressed through messages such as sudhta (purity), Ayurveda (nature and naturopathy), rejuvenation, divinity, and swadeshi (local) in brand advertising. Research Paper • Faculty • Gregory Perreault; Kathryn Montalbano • From Lifestyle Journalism to General News: Field Theory in the hard news turn of religion reporting • In the spirit of Ranly (1979) and Buddenbaum (1988), the present study analyzes the role of religion reporting with the journalistic field. Personnel cuts within newsrooms and the development of “religion reporters” operating from religious institutions necessitate a re-exploration of the field. At stake is the coverage of religion, a topic that continues to be near-and-dear to the vast majority of people in the United States, nearly 79 percent of which identify as religious (Putnam & Campbell, 2010). Simultaneously, the majority of the United States tends to think journalists cover religion poorly. Through the lens of field theory, this study analyzes 20 interviews with U.S.-based religion reporters who work for both mainstream and religious publications. This study finds that as a result of weak economic capital, religion reporting shifted to the general news beats of courts, crime and education. This shift yielded two results: a loss of specialization in reporting of religion, and a loss of much of the lifestyle journalism, or audience-oriented, guidance-oriented news, within the specialty. New entrants, in the form of reporting from religious organizations, offer a means with which to reintroduce lifestyle journalism into the field, thereby facilitating their entry into the field. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Brian Smith, Brigham Young University; Danielle Hallows; Maggie Vail; Caleb Porter; Alycia Burnett; Camilla Owens; Kateryna Kravchenko • Rise of the Religious Influencer? Examining Faith-Based Influence on Social Media • With their increasing impact, social media influencers are an emerging focus in communication research. Their influence on religious activity is of particular relevance, given the growing use of social media for religious and faith-based purposes. This study examined religious advocacy on social media through in-depth interviews with 20 faith-based influencers. Results showed a duality of social media use among influencers—evangelism and self-transcendence were primary motivations. Additionally, dialogic rather than monologic communication was dominant. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21559 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/schj-2021-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Jun 2021 15:51:06 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21562 2021 Abstracts Extended Abstract • The Future of the Field: Journalism Degree Motivations, Roles and Relevancy of the Field • Faculty Papers • "Journalism students represent the future of the industry. Learning how they conceptualize journalism may build understanding of the field’s evolution. This survey research examines the motivations and perceptions of journalism students about the profession. Preliminary results show that students’ top motivations for pursuing journalism were related to creative reporting skills, continual learning, and travel in their job. They were also interested in current affairs and displayed a modest drive for addressing social injustices." • Brian J. Bowe, American Univ. in Cairo / Western Washington Univ.; Lucinda Davenport, Michigan State University; Robin Blom, Ball State University Research Paper • Student Activism vs. Student Journalism: Racial Justice, Free Speech, and Journalism Ethics in College Newspapers • Faculty Papers • Using two recent controversies involving campus social justice protests and student news organizations, this study uses an interdisciplinary lens to examine free expression and normative journalism ethics discourse. It explores themes related to First Amendment rights and values, journalism ethics, and racial justice, asking which are evident and absent in opinion journalism focused on the cases. It examines universities’ dual missions of supporting free expression and advancing the goals of diversity, equity, and inclusion. • Jason Shepard Extended Abstract • Extended Abstract: “We’re Playing a Telephone Game”: Understanding How Teenagers Engage with News Through a Simulation • Faculty Papers • With misinformation at an all-time high, this study explores how high school students cope with inaccurate information and perceive journalists through observation of their skills in a breaking news simulation and post-study interviews. Results reveal that young people desire accurate information but lack the tools to correct it and that immersive learning experiences, like the one used in this study, can teach about the role of quality journalism in stopping the spread of false information. • Theresa de los Santos, Pepperdine University; Elizabeth Smith, Pepperdine University; Jillian Johnson, Pepperdine University Research Paper • The long-term value of networking and diverse professional experience in online communication master’s program cohorts • Faculty Papers • A survey of alumni from a 10-year-old cohort-based online master’s program in digital communication showed that respondents felt high levels of sense of community both during the program and after graduation. Respondents reported regular interteraction with cohort members and valued the ability to network with peers from a wide range of communication subfields. Results suggest a cohort structure has strong networking benefits for online master’s students, although more identity-based diversity among cohort members is needed. Universities that currently utilize a cohort structure should more robustly promote this aspect of their programs in marketing and recruitment efforts. They should also take steps to maximize interactions between and among cohorts after graduation to enhance connections with a professionally accomplished base of alumni. • Shanetta Pendleton, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Rhonda Gibson Research Paper • Pandemic grading strategies: A natural experiment with audio feedback in an introductory mass communications course • Faculty Papers • The COVID-19 pandemic realities of the Fall 2020 semester provided an opportunity to try integrated technology grading strategies. The natural experiment deployed personalized and generalized feedback to two sections of an introductory mass communications class for their first written assignment. A survey captured students’ perspectives about ‘helpfulness’ and ‘purpose’ of the grading implements. The results indicated that personalized feedback is preferred, and the combination of grading efforts, in general, is helpful. • Carolyn Hedges, Syracuse University Extended Abstract • The Inconsistency of Journalism Education and Trauma-related Instruction • Faculty Papers • Although journalism educators believe trauma topics are important, curricular coverage is inconsistent. This survey examined the extent educators covered specific trauma topics. Participants rated the importance and extent of coverage across four domains in required classes: self-care, trauma-informed interviewing, trauma impact on community, and best community reporting practices. The commonly deemed highly valued topics include ethics of accuracy, sensitivity, respect for survivors, and privacy rights. Self-care was deemed important but often not covered in courses. • Joe Hight, University of Central Oklahoma; Elana Newman, University of Tulsa; Ilissa Madrigal; Bret Arnold Research Paper • Teaching Data Science through Storytelling: Improving Undergraduate Data Literacy • Faculty Papers • This study notices a significant gap of data literacy between communication students and science students across four U.S. universities. This project develops an experiential teaching and learning platform (OCEL.AI) and proposes a story-centric approach to teach data gathering, analysis, modeling, application, and ethics to students. The results showed that the storytelling approach had significant impacts on students’ knowledge, appreciation, motivation, confidence, and competence in data science, even after controlling the effects of major and gender. • You Li, Eastern Michigan U; Ye Wang; Yugyung Lee; Huan Chen, University of Florida; Alexis Nicolle Petri; Teryn Cha Research Paper • Student Journalists Exhibit Different Mindsets, Agree on the Need for Truthful Reporting • Faculty Papers • "This study investigates journalism students’ beliefs about the profession they seek to enter. Using Q methodology to explore the participants’ subjective conceptions of journalism, we map their attitudes and beliefs along four dimensions: impartial, neutral, point-of-view, and involved. Participants (n = 54) sorted 28 statements about journalism from “most like” their journalistic mindset to “most unlike.” Factor analysis identified two distinct mindsets among the participants, one expressing a traditional journalistic mindset, the other embracing a more involved, vocal journalism. Yet both factors expressed strong support for many facets of traditional journalism. Extended Abstract • A Systematic Review of Media Literacy Interventions and the Case for Teaching a Logic-Based Debunking Approach • Faculty Papers • This study uses a systematic review to examine pedagogical approaches used to teach media consumers to debunk falsehoods and evaluate claims. We find that the fact-based “checklist approach” is dominant. This approach, while useful in some contexts, is limited. We make the case for teaching media literacy lessons through a less commonly used logic-based debunking approach in which students ask the question: In what world could this information or claim possibly be true? • Alexander Sussman; Elia Powers, Towson University Research Paper • A mission-based argument for private K-12 student press • Faculty Papers • While the First Amendment does not guarantee student press within public schools, it does help affirm the value of such opportunities to student communities. Private schools do not enjoy such constitutional support, but may have a more powerful tool closer to home: their own school mission statements. This study analyzes nearly 500 private K-12 school mission statements to determine if the priorities identified by these programs align with the documented benefits of student journalism. • Erica Salkin, Whitworth University Department of Communication Studies Research Paper • An Exploration of and Intervention to Increase Children’s Critical Analysis of News • Faculty Papers • To take the first steps in increasing children’s critical analysis of fake news, this study (N = 298, 10–12 y/o) looks into children’s fake news knowledge (qualitative) and a theory-based fake news e-learning intervention for children (quantitative). Results show that children do have knowledge on fake news, but that there a large individual differences. The fake news intervention (e-learning) did not increase children’s fake news knowledge and awareness, but it did increase their self-efficacy. • Sanne Tamboer, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University; Anne Vlaanderen; Kirsten Bevelander, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University; Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University and Medical Centre.; Mariska Kleemans Extended Abstract • How to Increase News Literacy via Interventions: Insights from Early Adolescents • Faculty Papers • As a first step in the development of news literacy interventions for early adolescents, we discussed with the target group what a successful intervention targeting their own age group’s news literacy should look like. In the focus groups, participants mentioned that it is a challenge to motivate their news literacy, but also discussed intervention elements that they believe can be effective. These are: competition and rewards, tailored content, the accessibility of the intervention, and interactivity. • Sanne Tamboer, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University; Mariska Kleemans; Serena Daalmans, Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute; Inge Molenaar, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University; Tibor Bosse, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University <2021 Abstracts]]> 21562 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/spig-2021-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Jun 2021 16:02:00 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21565 2021 Abstracts Extended Abstract • Faculty • Dawn Francis, Cabrini University • Methods for Teaching Social Justice Journalism • The roots of social justice journalism are over a century old. However, today, there are very few studies defining this genre and preparing journalism and mass communication educators to teach it to their students. This paper provides the results of an exploratory qualitative study into the pedagogical methods for teaching storytelling for social justice. It also takes the insights gained from this analysis and presents an initial model for teaching social justice journalism. Research Paper • Faculty • Chris McCollough, Jacksonville State University • Building Sustainable Client Partnerships: a Non-Profit Outreach Center's Value to Developing a Service-Learning Pedagogy • Pedagogical literature documents service-learning’s impact on students, the community, and educators alike. Benefits aside, concerns remain about the time- and resource-intensive nature of building, cultivating, and sustaining client-partnerships (Fall & Bourland-Davis, 2004). The paper is a case study of the development of a non-profit outreach center, its operating practices, its cultivation and maintenance of client partnerships, as well as a consideration of some of the challenges it faces. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21565 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/sprt-2021-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Jun 2021 16:17:41 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21568 2021 Abstracts Extended Abstract • Faculty • Kim Bissell, University of Alabama; Bummsoo Park, University of Alabama • Narratives and frames of firsts in women’s sports: A content analysis of newspaper coverage of Sarah Fuller and Power Five Football Introduction • Sarah Fuller became the first woman to ever play in a SEC or Power Five football game in November 2020, and news coverage of the event touted the historic nature of it all. Social media users, however, were critical of everything from her actual play to the words on the back of her helmet--Play Like a Girl. Using framing as the underlying theoretical framework, the present study represents a content analysis of news stories published about her play in two NCAA football games. Using a coding protocol developed by Billings and Eastman (2003) to identify descriptors used and the nature of those descriptors, 71 (of 107) news articles were included in the analysis. Of the 5,628 total descriptors coded, a majority were positively valenced and emphasized the historic nature of the event and that it represented a “first” for women in sport. These and other findings are discussed. Research Paper • Faculty • Patrick Ferrucci, U of Colorado-Boulder • Covering sports, when there’s no sports: COVID, market orientation, paywalls and The Athletic • This study incorporates in-depth interviews with 43 journalists from the digitally native, venture-capital-backed sports journalism organization The Athletic. Through the lens of gatekeeping theory and utilizing the concept of market orientation, findings illustrate how having a somewhat strong market orientation could positively impact gatekeeping processes. Data illustrated that, during the pandemic, journalists at The Athletic collaborated more, and included more diversity in content. This positive result, which led to a subscription increase, is primarily due to market orientation, leadership, staff size and technological adoption, all organization-level influences on gatekeeping. This study concludes with analysis on how these findings can impact journalism in general and sports journalism specifically now and after Covid-19. Extended Abstract • Student • Adrianne Grubic, The University of Texas at Austin • Proud: A Case Study of the Social Media Representation of Ibtihaj Muhammad • Media portrayals of sportswomen along with Black and Muslim women in general tend to be monolithic, focusing only on oppression of the body and the barriers they face for entry into sport. Using fencer Ibtihaj Muhammad as a case study wiht an eye towards transnational feminism, this multimodal discourse analysis study found her social media representation provides complex insight into what it means to Black, Muslim, and a woman in a traditionally white and elitist sport. Research Paper • Faculty • Virginia Harrison, Clemson University; Brandon Boatwright; Joseph Bober • “A manifestation of their city as a god”: Gritty memes, the 2020 U.S. presidential election, and online representations of home • During the 2020 U.S. presidential election, Philadelphia Flyers mascot Gritty starred in political election-related memes. Using systematic discourse analysis, this paper analyzes 14 Gritty memes to understand the interplay of sport mascots, fandom and home, and meme co-creation. Evidence was found for meme intertextuality and polyvocality as well as four personas of Gritty that propelled the mascot to transcend sport and become a historic symbol of Philadelphia’s role in determining the election outcome. Research Paper • Faculty • Guy Harrison, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Charli Kerns, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Jason Stamm, The University of Tennessee • Covering the Rooney Rule: A Content Analysis of Print Coverage of NFL Head Coach • While scholars and football insiders have given much attention to the NFL’s ongoing head coaching diversity crisis, the (mostly White) sports media’s coverage of the issue -- and of systemic racism in general -- has been uneven. 2020’s racial upheaval -- and the ensuing commitments made by individuals and corporations to fight systemic racism -- offered sports journalists an opportunity to reflect on and recalibrate their coverage of these issues, however. Employing agenda building as a theoretical framework (Lang & Lang, 1991; Rogers et al., 1993), and taking into account the United States’ racial upheaval in 2020, this study uses the content analysis method to compare the rate at which print sports journalists assigned to cover specific NFL teams broadly discussed race in their written coverage of the 2020 and 2021 NFL head coaching hiring cycles. Previous agenda building research has found that the media’s story selection has been influenced at times by external actors and events. In statistically comparing the written coverage of both hiring cycles, which took place before and after the events of 2020, this study explores the possibility that NFL beat writers may have been influenced by those events. The study found statistically significant increases in the amount of web articles that mentioned race during the 2021 hiring cycle, including stories that were written after a head coach was hired. These findings suggest that social movements may influence otherwise routine sports reporting. Extended Abstract • Faculty • MILES ROMNEY, Brigham Young University; Kevin Hull, University of South Carolina; Kirstin Pellizzaro, University of South Carolina; Denetra Walker • “Where do I even begin?”: The Harassment of Female Local Sports Broadcasters • This study examines the harassment faced by female local sports broadcasters throughout the United States. The women in this study overwhelming report they experience sexism, gender discrimination, and harassment based on their gender. This poor treatment comes from the audience, station management, and the athletes on whom they are reporting. The participants share their stories and reveal some of the many difficulties they face while simply trying to do their job. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Kevin Hull, University of South Carolina; John Carvalho, Auburn University; Blake Waddell, Auburn University • Who’s Got Game? A Survey of College-Level Sports Media Programs and Classes • As more higher education programs throughout the United States begin sports media programs, this research answers the call to take a closer look at what types of classes are being offered. An examination of the programs at 90 different journalism schools found that the majority offered some type of sports media class. These classes involved both theoretical, lecture-style classes and hands-on skills classes. Further breakdowns of the classes within type of school will be discussed. Research Paper • Student • Muhammad Fahad Humayun, U of Colorado-Boulder • Construction of Mediated National Identity Through Sports Journalists Twitter Feed • The purpose of this study is to analyze how Pakistani and Indian national identity was portrayed in selected Pakistani and Indian journalists tweets about the 2017 International Cricket Council (ICC) champions trophy final. This study draws on the conceptual framework of mediated national identity, which has been extensively covered in previous sociological literature (e.g., Bale, 1986; Li, Stokowski, Dittmore, & Scott, 2016; Nossek, 2004). This study employed textual analysis to analyze Tweets from 10 sports journalists during the Champions Trophy final 2017. Results indicate that Pakistani and Indian sports journalists attempted to construct narratives of national identity while tweeting during the live match. They did so by employing metaphors, symbols, and semiotic anecdotes unique to their own countries. As one of the first attempts to evaluate how Pakistani and Indian sports journalists construct narratives around national identity and national belonging through their live tweets during a global sporting contest, this study helps push forward an understanding of sporting national identity in South Asia through a study of social media. Research Paper • Faculty • Mark Mederson, Loras College; Michael Mirer, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee • Flipping the Frame: Rudy Gobert's journey from episodic bad actor to thematic hero • Rudy Gobert’s positive COVID-19 diagnosis started the process that led to American sports shutting down in the early days of the pandemic. After the diagnosis, video of him touching reporters’ voice recorders at a press availability went viral. This framing analysis in five mainstream newspapers finds that over the course of 72 hours, Gobert went from a bad actor to a hero in news copy as an episodic frame focusing on his actions gave way to a thematic frame about the virus and its effects on the country. Research Paper • Student Member • Dinfin Mulupi, University of Maryland, College Park • “Stick to tennis”? Media and public narratives in reaction to Naomi Osaka’s #BLM activism • This study examined social media commentary and news media framing of a Black woman athlete’s racial justice activism. Comments (N = 1,400) published to Naomi Osaka’s official Facebook page and online articles published by seven U.S. news organizations (N = 63) were analyzed qualitatively guided by framing and critical race theories. Facebook comments revealed frames of support, infantilization, and silencing of Osaka. News media framed Osaka’s activism as compatible with sports but sidestepped discussing racism. Research Paper • Student • Vincent Peña, University of Texas at Austin • (Un)fair Pay to Play: Alienation, Exploitation, Labor Power and the NCAA • The argument about paying college athletes is not a new one and has long been a thorn in the side of the NCAA. However, there is a resurgence in the push for compensating college athletes amid a rash of legislation at the state level and court cases headed before the Supreme Court. This paper conducts a critical discourse analysis of this debate surrounding the compensation of college athletes that appears in both the popular and academic press. It examines news and sports media, as well as academic literature, major academic blog sites, and college newspapers. Using a Marxist lens, this paper examines the alienation, exploitation and labor power of major college athletes, especially those in the so-called moneymaking sports of basketball and football. It attempts to explicate the concepts in the context of college athletics and then look at the way various media outlets discursively perpetuate, challenge, or reify the alienation and exploitation of college athletes. Findings suggest that although there is a growing sentiment toward paying the players in some form, whether through granting them the rights to their name, image and likeness or providing them direct compensation, the arguments made by the media contribute to the alienation of college athletes from their athletic labor, and ultimately set the stage for the exploitation of these athletes. Research Paper • Faculty • Gregory Perreault; Mildred Perreault • eSports as a news specialty gold rush: Communication ecology in the domination of traditional journalism over lifestyle journalism • Esports are becoming more popular with adults as they often result in prize money for those who play, and now even academic scholarships for Division 1 athletes. Therefore, online news might expand these opportunities to understand the impact of business news even further on investors and markets centering around eSports. This study included an analysis of news coverage in The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Forbes and Business Insider from January 2018 to December 2020 has yielded 406 articles. Researchers coded these articles for specific marketing and public relations messages, and identified how various entertainment businesses have worked their support of these teams into the news coverage of eSports. We will argue that eSports represents a topic that would typically be covered through lifestyle journalism--after all, both gaming and sports are predominantly lifestyle specialties--that traditional journalism has dominated in order to reaffirm its privileged placement in the communication ecology. Extended Abstract • Student • Brian Petrotta, University of Oklahoma • From Prohibition to Promotion: Discursive Power in the Legalization of Sports Betting • The discursive power perspective has increasingly been employed in the study of political communication, but only recently made its way into sports scholarship. This study will explore which speakers wielded discursive power by introducing, amplifying, and maintaining topics and frames at critical points in time in the evolution of sports betting legalization in the United States. Results will contribute to the emerging study of discursive power within the context of public policy. Research Paper • Student • Shannon Scovel, University of Maryland • #TriathlonSoWhite: A critical assessment of the representation, underrepresentation and branding of intersectional bodies on the @USATriathlon official Instagram account • This paper critically evaluates the representation of intersectional bodies on @USATriathlon’s Instagram account in 2020 to understand how the organization viewed the sport during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results also reveal efforts to diversify representation in triathlon after a June 1 statement that committed the governing body to creating a more inclusive sporting space. @USATriathlon’s Instagram feed reproduces hierarchies of the white, able-bodied sporting male, though the 429 posts do also feature white women prominently. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Matthew Taylor, Middle Tennessee State University • Crowd Pleasers: Exploring Motivations and Measuring Success Among Independent Sports Podcasters • This study uses in-depth interviews with independent sports podcasters to explore their motivations for podcasting and to determine how they measure their success. The findings will contribute to a growing body of podcasting research that has given limited attention to sports thus far despite the rising popularity of the format, which currently ranks among the Top 10 most popular genres for podcast listeners over the age of 18. Research Paper • Student • Maria Tsyruleva, University of South Florida; Travis Bell, University of South Florida • "Golden Spike": Examining Atlanta United's Communication Strategies and Brand Attributes from Launch to Kickoff • This research explores Atlanta United FC, a soccer club that achieved record-breaking average attendance, from the communication perspective. Utilizing thematic analysis of the press releases published between the launch of the club through the team's first official game, the study examines communication strategies the new organization used and core brand attributes it communicated. The results extend the current knowledge on strategic communication in the sports industry and provide insights for public relations practitioners. Research Paper • Student • Carolina Velloso • Making Soufflé with Metal: Effects of the Coronavirus Pandemic on Sports Journalism Routines • This paper investigates the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on sports journalism routines. Through open-ended, semi-structured interviews with 12 journalists, this study examines the challenges reporters faced, their adaptation strategies, and reflections on their professional capabilities. This paper argues that while the pandemic destabilized traditional sports journalism routines, respondents relied on previous experience and knowledge about their job requirements to find creative ways to combat the challenges imposed by the unusual sports seasons. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21568 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/06/visc-2021-abstracts/ Wed, 09 Jun 2021 16:25:36 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21571 2021 Abstracts Research Paper • Student • Mohammad Ali, Syracuse University; Dennis Kinsey, Syracuse University • Crisis Management in this Visual Era: How People Perceive a Crisis-hit Brand Through News Media Pictures • Visuals in a crisis phenomenon remain largely understudied. This paper analyzes the post-crisis pictures relating to the 2020 Mauritius oil-spill incident. Utilizing Q Methodology, designed to understand people’s subjective perceptions, we identify at least two groups of people who had variant perceptions of recognizing various pictures as (un)forgiving of this crisis-hit Japanese company. The Attribution Theory is used to explain what pictures are more likely to shift people’s perceived crisis responsibility attributions toward the company. Research Paper • Student • Christopher T. Assaf, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN • Video [Dis]Convergence and Discernable Logocentrism: Visual Journalists’ Experience during Video Implementation • This project examines visual journalists’ experience with legacy print leaders’ logocentrism during video platform implementation. Recognizing video’s potential as a digital-disruption solution, with prospects for increasing revenue and reaching new audiences, organizational leaders chose individual photojournalists for still and video platform convergence. Adhering to a word-centric ideology, leadership underestimated guidance, communication, and knowledge factors, creating uncertainty and slowing adoption. Collected through 14 interviews with visual journalists and viewed through Rogers’ (2003) diffusion of innovations theory. Extended Abstract • Student • Alejandro Bruna, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile • Extended abstract - From “Betty, la fea” to “Betty in NY” - the impact of digital storytelling on telenovelas • This work investigates whether digital narrative (or “digital storytelling”) affects visual language and structure of Latin America’s most relevant television product: telenovelas. Using the most successful telenovela in television history (Ugly Betty) two versions were analyzed at a dramatic and narrative level: the original Colombian version (Yo soy Betty, la fea) and its most recent adaptation (Betty in NY). Findings show that digital narrative influences the melodramatic matrix of telenovelas, themes, motivations, plot and situations. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Sungwon Chung, Ball State University; Johnny Sparks, Ball State University • Extended Abstract: Cognitive and Attitudinal Processing of Visual Frames in 360-Degree Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Messages • This experiment examined the influence of visual content frames (gain vs. loss) and presentation modality (non-360 vs. 360-degree videos) on cognitive and attitudinal processing of environmental corporate social responsibility (eCSR) messages on viewers’ memory and attitudes. Frame and modality influenced storage (cued recall) of company names, but only modality influenced encoding (recognition) of company names. However, neither frame nor modality affected encoding of company logos. Content frame also impacted perceived message effectiveness. Extended Abstract • Student • Umberto Famulari, Indiana University Bloomington; Lesa Hatley Major; Osman Mohamed Osman • Visualizing criminal jury trials: A quantitative content analysis of images in U.S. news outlets • "This study will contribute to the scholarship of visual framing and journalism by analyzing for the first time how U.S. news outlets visually represented criminal jury trials in the last eighty years. Drawing from visual framing theory (Coleman, 2010; Bock, 2020), the images that accompanied all the news stories about criminal jury trials from 1940 to 2020 were analyzed at the denotative and stylistic level (Rodriguez and Dimitrova, 2011). Preliminary findings showed differences between different types of news outlets (national U.S. televisions, cable news, local news outlets and newspapers) in relation to how defendants, victims and jurors were portrayed in terms of gender, race, emotions and camera distance used. Implications of the study were discussed and analyzed." Research Paper • Faculty • Robin Hoecker, DePaul University • Paradise or propaganda? Jack Delano’s FSA images of public housing in Chicago • This study looks at Jack Delano’s 1942 photographs of the Ida B. Wells homes in Chicago, and how they shaped narratives of public housing and wartime propaganda. Delano’s photographs show well-dressed Black families in immaculate, furnished apartments, with structured community programs. These images are part of the U.S. government-sponsored photography project of the Farm Security Administration, later Office of War Information, that documented life among working class Americans between 1935-1944. Research Paper • Student • Omneya Ibrahim, The University of Texas at Austin; Shahira Fahmy, The American University in Cairo • Revealing the Veil in Internet Memes and GIFs: A Comparative Framing and Stereotyping Analysis • This study bridges a gap in visual communication research based on an integrative framing analysis of internet memes and GIFs using the hashtag #Hijab following the 2019 attacks on Muslim mosques in New Zealand. We analyzed both the textual and visual elements used in these digital tools to unravel their framing and stereotyping of veil. While significant differences between memes and GIFs existed, both tools displayed support for the hijab, revealing clear patterns regarding a new progressive image of hijabi women in the contemporary digital environment. Findings show that memes and GIFs challenge the traditional stereotyping and submissive image of Muslim women that has long been portrayed in media. They also suggest that memes and GIFs are each unique and, although sometimes regarded as one by scholars, ought to be evaluated and examined separately and independently from each another in future research. Research Paper • Faculty • Jin Kim, The College of Saint Rose • Crisis of Cosmopolitan Citizenship in Hong Sang-soo’s Films • Drawing on complex narrative as a heuristic tool, this study aims to provide one reading about narrative structure of Korean director Hong Sang-soo’s films. While his movies seemingly lack logic and coherency, the Korean auteur creates a unique sense of meaningless, intuition, and fragile memory in his movies. Examining similarities and differences among his 2017 and 2018 movies (The Day After, Grass, Hotel By The River, and Claire’s Camera), one of the major arguments of this study is that Hong’s film narratives consist of repetition, fragmentation, looped causalities, lucid subjectivities and, multiple universes. While Hong might defy ideological-social analysis of his films, one of the major arguments in this study is that is resistance against spatial-temporal linearity and narrative consistency is symptomatic to understand crisis of citizenship within global pandemic and political turmoil. Extended Abstract • Student • William Kohler, Southern Illinois University; Yuhosua Ryoo, Southern Illinois University • Truly Korean? A Quantitative Study of Film Style Under a Colonial System • Was Korean cinema identical to or distinct from Japanese cinema in its use of film techniques during the colonial period? Using a statistical style analysis, we demonstrated that the two are different in every stylistic category, including sound, cinematography, editing, and mise-en-scene. We concluded that Korean films retained their own film style and identity under colonization and should be considered just as truly Korean as films from any other period. Extended Abstract • Student • Anat Leshnick, University of Colorado boulder; Rivka Ribak • A powerful, spiritual, win-win situation: Commercial authenticity in professional birth photography • Online repositories of professional birth photography present a radical alternative to the medicalized depiction of birth in commercial reality programs. Arguably, birth photographers allow women to see birth and learn about it, document it from their own perspective, and share this personally significant event in the public sphere. However, these images are produced and consumed within a market economy in which notions of resistance – and compliance – appear naïve (Banet-Weiser, 2012). From this perspective, rather than medicalized as opposed to natural, and rather than passive as opposed to resistant, we propose to see birth photography as a site of commercial authenticity, in which birth photographers and birthing women co-produce a neoliberal birth story that is at once liberating and cynical. Drawing on interviews with nine birth photographers and nine women who hired photographers to document their birth, we explore the ways in which these artisans develop professional and aesthetic practices that distinguish them from others in the delivery room, highlighting the complicated ways in which authenticity is created and sold in contemporary cultural production. Research Paper • Student • Ajia Meux, University of Oklahoma • Constructing Love: Visual Representation of Blackness in the Obama Marriage • A content analysis of 346 images was employed to study differences in racial presentations of Barack and Michelle Obama between the White House and African American media. The literature on symbolic interactionism, presidential and first lady presentation, African marriage, minority media, framing and visual representation suggested that there would be differences by medium in portrayals of the president and first lady on racial variables (egalitarianism, marital affection, racialist, ethnic/cultural, kinship, political). Findings indicate that, across White House and African American media, the couple were often presented as egalitarian and affectionate. Statistical testing indicate that African American media were significantly more likely to depict Michelle Obama with racialist elements and the Obamas as a happy and affectionate married couple than the White House. A contradictory finding indicated that the White House was significantly more likely to focus on the extended family bonds of African Americans by depicting the Obamas in the presence of other black people. This study is important because the Obamas are the first ethnic minority to hold the offices of president and first lady of the United States, and this study is the first to explore the two as an African American married couple. Findings extends research on how minority media help construct reality for their audiences and have implications for new White House image management strategies of presidents and first ladies. Research Paper • Faculty • Danielle Kilgo, University of Minnesota; Robert F. Potter; Ryan Comfort, Indiana University • A Winning Combination: Effects of Visual Frames in Solutions Journalism Stories • Solutions journalism approaches in recent years have tried to combat pessimistic and avoidant responses in audiences by producing stories about social issues that also focus on attempts to solve the problems. Although scholarship on visuals in solutions journalism has lagged behind research about text, some studies have shown that visual framing emphasizing solutions leads to higher levels of narrative engagement and behavioral intentions (Dahmen, Their & Walth, 2019) and lower levels of negative affect (McIntyre, Lough & Manzanares, 2018) than visual framing emphasizing problems. This study adds to theory about visual frames in solutions journalism with an online 2 (story topic: drug addiction, homelessness) x 4 (visual frame condition: no photo, solutions only, problems only, combination) mixed design experiment that investigated the question of what visual frame might arouse the ideal mix of affective responses to leave people concerned and interested in solutions journalism stories. The results have implications for visual communication theory and for photojournalism practice. Research Paper • Faculty • Chunbo Ren, Central Michigan University; Viorela Dan • Frames and Journalistic Roles in Chinese Reporting on HIV: Insights from a Content Analysis and Qualitative Interviews Focused on the Verbal and Visual Modalities • Extant work largely neglects visuals’ contribution to news framing and how journalists perform their professional roles. We address this research gap in two studies, and use HIV reporting in China as a test case. Study 1, a content analysis in seven newspapers (2000-2015), shed light on how words and visuals suggest different frames and journalistic roles. Study 2 used in-depth interviews with journalists to contextualize the findings in Study 1, especially on the word-visuals rapport. Research Paper • Student • Yimeng Sun, New York University; Hiu Yan Ping; Lei Guo; Boqi Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; David Assefa Tofu • Cross-Platform Visual Framing: Climate Visuals on News Websites and Twitter • To examine how the U.S. news media visually frame climate change, the study investigates how news media of different political orientations frame the issue differently across media platforms. We used content analysis to analyze 761 images covering climate change from news websites and Twitter. The results show that major U.S. news media of different political orientations used different visual elements to frame the issue, including various image types and image subjects. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Keith Greenwood; Ryan Thomas; Cory Macneil • What “Lens-Based Workers” Are Owed: An Exploration of the Photo Bill of Rights • This study will examine the Photo Bill of Rights, a recent initiative that centers the rights of “lens-based workers” and which presents an opportunity to evaluate the position of photojournalism within an evolving society. Through a textual analysis of the Bill’s contents, and a comparison with traditional ethical codes, the paper argues that the Bill represents a challenge to existing frameworks about what journalists owe the public by focusing on what journalists are themselves owed. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Darryl Frazier; Fred Vultee, Wayne State University • Extended Abstract: Ye Olde Europa Gin Mill: How war looked in isolationist cartoons of 1941 • This paper uses fantasy theme analysis to examine the rhetorical vision created by cartoonists for three major isolationist newspapers in the months leading up to US entry in the Second World War. These cartoons draw on both indexical and allusive properties to challenge or reinforce interpretations of current events, whether it is Uncle Sam stumbling toward a fight in someone else’s bar or a brave Charles Lindbergh landing at an unfriendly field. Research Paper • Student • Yiting Wang, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa • Multimodal Analysis: Researching Short-form Videos and the Theatrical Practices • "Short-form video is one of the major approaches for people to present themselves on visual social media, such as TikTok. What is behind this type of visual communication? With the emerging field of social media and performance studies, can theatrical or performative discourse make sense of the video data? What would be a good method to study user-generated short-form videos (UGSVs)? Digital living is performative, and theater is often integrated with social or political practices. This paper uses multimodal analysis for video analysis and draws concepts and practices from Chinese and western theater. Building on three theories (situation, suspense, and mimesis) in which the ontology of theater is often discussed, this paper demonstrates the modes and modalities of five videos originating from TikTok. The preliminary findings suggest three types of suspense and three types of mimesis practices that respectively answer how attention of audiences is retained, and how and why videos are reproduced and disseminated. We argue that imitation as a phenomenon and as a process can generate memes, and memes in turn invites more imitation. The crux at the back are the video practices that ridicule and critique, when different levels of resistance to politics, authority, or societal classes are shown. Video analysis, under today’s ubiquitous visual data, requires robust updates. In addition to the contribution of a performative and theatrical perspective for the sense-making of short-form videos, this paper also contributes to the methods of video analysis in general and video analysis by using modes and multimodalities." Extended Abstract • Student • Frankie Ho Chun Wong • Extended abstract: [Multifaceted protest paradigm: the visual coverage of the 2019 Hong Kong protests in international news] • This study probed into the intersection between the protest paradigm and influence from national interests in news images, crucial in nonverbal news framing, in international news. International outlets’ visuals in reporting an iconic episode in the 2019 Hong Kong protests were comparatively investigated through framing and critical discourse analysis. Results suggest visual news frames consisted of spectacles but not explaining underlying causes, yet showing a between-outlet variance where frames reflected outlets’ political values at home. Extended Abstract • Faculty • Shannon Zenner, Elon University • That’s a Good Sign: The Typography and Design of Political Yard Signs • Most political communication researchers have focused on the textual content of political messaging, while ignoring how that same text is conveyed visually. This study is a content analysis of yard signs (n=151) posted in North Carolina during the November 2019 and March 2020 elections and the typography and colors used in those yard signs. Preliminary analysis indicates an overall preference for sans serif, all “caps” treatments but with some compelling differences by political party. <2021 Abstracts]]> 21571 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/07/2022-senior-scholar-grants/ Fri, 16 Jul 2021 21:49:00 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21648 AEJMC Members Can Apply for 2022 Senior Scholar Grants The AEJMC Senior Scholar Research Program will award up to two $5,000 grants to senior scholars to fund innovative and timely research projects in journalism and mass communication. Senior scholars who are AEJMC members may submit proposals for these grants in the fall of 2021, and selections will be announced by early January 2022. The AEJMC Senior Scholar Research Program is designed to support researchers in a wide area of study. These funds may sup­ port research assistants, travel to research centers or relevant locations, or pay for supplies and services associated with the re­ search. This program seeks to recognize senior (typically tenured) scholars who aim to engage in extended research projects. For at least one of the two awards, priority will be given to a project that requires travel. Members holding an endowed professorship or an endowed chair are not eligible to apply. Proposals should outline the applicant’s significant research project. Proposals may also be submitted by a team of scholars who would share the award if selected. AEJMC will showcase initial results from the projects selected for the 2022 grants at a special session at the AEJMC 2022 conference in Detroit. In addition to the $5,000 grant, AEJMC will also provide $750 for each selected proposal to assist scholars with travel expenses to that conference. Deadline for submitting proposals is Friday, Oct. 1, at 4:59 p.m. Eastern Time. All application materials should be emailed as one attachment to Lillian Coleman at lillian@aejmc.org (attachment MUST have a document suffix, such as .doc, .docx or .pdf). All material should come in ONE file in the order outlined under the “Application Process” section of this call. Incomplete proposals will NOT be reviewed. PROPOSAL CRITERIA

• The proposed topic should center on Journalism and Mass Communication and related disciplines. Topics in related disciplines should also include a central element within mass communication.
• Applicants must be current AEJMC members. Check your membership status before you submit your proposal. Proposals submitted by non­members, or members whose memberships are not current, will be eliminated from the competition.
• Only one proposal per person will be considered. (If you submit as part of a team, that is the only proposal you may submit.)
• The program is looking for proposals from senior faculty members teaching full­-time (preferably tenured).
• The proposal should include a demonstration of past research success and the likelihood that this project can be completed by February 2023.
• For the proposals selected, a five-­page interim report is due to AEJMC by July 15, 2022, and will be part of the 2022 conference session. Applicants should submit proposals for projects on which they would be able to make significant progress by that time.

APPLICATION PROCESS Applications should contain five sections and include the following materials:

1. A cover sheet that lists the following information: (a) name, address, telephone number and email address; (b) a 200­word bio of applicant(s); and (c) a 300­word abstract of the project.
2. A proposal written for a general mass communication scholarly audience, of no more than 1,500 words (excluding endnotes) describing the project, which must include the following: (a) scope and purpose of project; (b) how the project will expand knowledge; (c) detailed description of the project, including methods, survey information (if used), etc.; (d) current status and timeline for completion; (e) anticipated outcomes; (f) a list of potential publication venues for the finished project. (Proposals that exceed this word count will NOT be reviewed.)
3. A one­-page, detailed budget that fully explains the expenses necessary to complete the project. Maximum grant amount is $5,000. Funds may not be used for university indirect costs or PI stipend. If project will cost more than the maximum grant amount, explain where you will get the remaining funds to complete the project.
4. One letter of support from your immediate supervisor. For proposals with more than one author: if co­authors are in same department at the same school, one support letter is sufficient, but if co­authors are at different colleges/universities each must have separate letter of support.
5. A three-­page vitae — edit it so it is only three pages. If project has more than one author, each author must submit a three­-page vita.

All proposals will undergo peer review by JMC scholars. After a competitive judging process, applicants will be notified of the status of their proposals by early January 2022. Questions about the program should be directed to Lillian Coleman at lillian@aejmc.org. <AEJMC Calls]]> 21648 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/07/virtual-social-media-symposium/ Mon, 19 Jul 2021 14:43:07 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21679 The Virtual Social Media Symposium will be Sept. 30-Oct. 1, 2021. Cathy Hughes School of Communications Call for papers, panel proposals, posters, audio, video and interactive presentations From COVID-19 to the ballot box: Social media and race-based disinformation in 2020 and beyond http://socialmediatechnologyconference.com/ The NAACP has said disinformation—falsehoods and rumors, purposefully meant to cause harm—is “a perpetual attempt to tarnish and erode our democracy.”  The theme of this year’s Social Media Symposium focuses on dissecting how disinformation campaigns used real-world instances of systemic racism to discourage Black participation in COVID vaccination protocols, voting and debates about reexamining police power following the murder of George Floyd. Social media recommendation algorithms control what we see and when, based on previous engagement habits, pushing some of us into filter bubbles designed to convince us the earth is flat (yes, that is a real Facebook community endorsed by NBA player Kyrie Irving). The problem is when these communities convince social media users elections have been stolen and lead to Jim Crow-era mob violence like we saw at the Capitol on January 6, 2021. Journalists at the MIT Tech Review discovered the spread of dis- and misinformation that are part of the Facebook business model. However, opportunities for foreign-based Internet trolls to control the national discourse have not been stopped at Facebook and have found their way into mainstream news and information outlets. The interdisciplinary conference seeks to discuss this and more. The presentations during the two-day virtual conference will examine these challenges and new possibilities as social media matures into the mainstream, and it will create opportunities for scholars, practitioners and observers to make more informed assessments about the information appearing on their social media timelines, and often in the news media, and how it impacts their analogue lives. The Symposium also will provide a special track for graduate students and undergraduate journalism and communications students. Select students will receive grants to work with a mentor to develop research for the conference. Students will present research papers, posters, reported articles and interactive pieces related to the conference theme. Their work will appear on the student-focused fact-checking site, TruthBeTold.news and selected students will receive monetary awards for exemplary work in these categories: History, Current Events, News Reporting, Multimedia (audio, video, mixed media). To submit, click here: https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=smtcw21 SUBMISSION GUIDELINES CALL EXTENDED TO August 27, 2021 Paper Submissions Respondents for this category should submit a 3-5 page proposal that includes an overview of the study as well as research design that includes brief review of the literature, methodology and findings, if possible. with a 100-word abstract. All respondents in this paper category should clearly identify the submission type on their proposal and send the proposal through EasyChair by August 27, 2021 at the following site:  https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=smtcw21 Panel Submissions Respondents should submit a 3-5 page proposal addressing the purpose of the panel and specific issue(s) to be covered. The proposal should include a list of the confirmed guests or those who will be solicited for the panel as well as their brief biographies. In addition to the proposal, a file should be uploaded with a 100-word description of the proposed panel as well as a 100-word biography for each presenter. Submission without the biography will be rejected. Presenters will be notified by late-July of the status of their acceptance and should register to attend the conference by September 1, 2021. All respondents in this category should send the proposal through EasyChair by July 30, 2021 at the following site: https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=smtcw21 Workshop Submissions Respondents should submit a 1-page proposal addressing the purpose of the workshop, details about the technology, social media trend or tool to be explored and what attendees will gain from attending it. Workshops are scheduled for 90 minutes, so content should be sufficient enough to fill the time slot. If applicable, the proposal should include a list of the confirmed guests or those who will be solicited for the workshops as well as their brief biographies. In addition to the proposal, a file should be uploaded with a 100-word description of the proposed workshop as well as a 100-word biography accompanied by a photograph for each workshop presenter. Submission without the biography will be rejected. All respondents in this category should send the proposal through EasyChair by August 27, 2021 at the following site: https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=smtcw21 STUDENT SUBMISSIONS The Symposium also will provide a special track for graduate students and undergraduate journalism and communications students. Students will present research papers, posters, reported articles and interactive pieces related to the conference theme. Their work will appear on the student-focused fact-checking site, TruthBeTold.news and selected students will receive monetary awards for exemplary work in these categories: History, Current Events, News Reporting, Multimedia (audio, video, mixed media). All respondents in the student category should clearly identify the submission type on their proposal and send the proposal through EasyChair by August 27, 2021 at the following site: https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=smtcw21 Contact: Ingrid Sturgis, isturgis@howard.edu <Call for Nominations]]> 21679 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/08/macd-50th-anniversary/ Wed, 04 Aug 2021 17:44:23 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21744 Congratulations to the Minorities and Communication Division (MACD) of AEJMC for 50 years of leadership!

[caption id="attachment_21746" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Click the image to enlarge[/caption]

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 MACD Presidential Proclamation from AEJMC 2021 President Dr. Tim Vos on July 30, 2021, in observance of the division's 50th Anniversary.

   ]]> 21744 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/09/presidential-task-force-on-awards/ Tue, 28 Sep 2021 11:00:56 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21962 AEJMC Presidential Task Force on Awards For the 2021 – 2022 term Brett Johnson, CHAIR University of Missouri johnsonbg@missouri.edu Jyotika Ramaprasad University of Miami jyotika@miami.edu Lanier Holt Ohio State University holt.341@osu.edu Manuel Chavez Michigan State University chavezm1@msu.edu Julie Andsager University of Tennessee jandsage@utk.edu AEJMC Office Staff Liaisons Lillian Coleman Lillian@aejmc.org Amanda Caldwell Amanda@aejmc.org <Appointed Committees]]> 21962 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/10/what-is-the-aejmc-community/ Thu, 21 Oct 2021 14:46:52 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=22152 AEJMC has a new online community! The membership portion is live now. Current features include the ability for members to login, view, update and customize their memberships; renew quickly and easily (there is even an auto-renew feature); access division, interest group and commission memberships and lists; see committee lists; browse the AEJMC Membership Directory; and more! Exciting additional features coming in January 2022 include a full AEJMC Online Community with networking features; division, interest group and commission websites; mentorship opportunities; grant and program information; an association-wide calendar; and so much more]]> 22152 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2021/10/llk-outstanding-early-career-woman-scholar-award/ Tue, 26 Oct 2021 18:10:00 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=22178 Nominations deadline: May 15, 2022 Nominations are now accepted for the 2022 Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver Award honoring a woman-identifying early-career scholar who demonstrates outstanding research and potential for future scholarship. Sponsored by The Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver Center for the Advancement of Women in Communication at Florida International University and the AEJMC Commission on the Status of Women, this recognition is designed to honor early-career women faculty researchers and encourage them as they pursue their research agendas in the academy. An early-career faculty member is defined as a scholar who has the Ph.D., but does NOT have tenure, and is preferably on a tenure-track, but might be considered if a collegiate-level instructor/lecturer. Nominees must be members of AEJMC. To nominate a scholar, please send:

• a letter outlining qualifications
• a one-page summary of her research agenda
• a curriculum vita

We welcome nominations for scholars from various cultural backgrounds and institutions, including international scholars. We realize that outstanding scholarship can manifest itself differently from scholar to scholar, so we encourage the nomination letters and research statements to be explicit about highlighting the candidates’ unique strengths. Both quantity and quality will be taken into account. Self-nominations are accepted and encouraged. The winner will be chosen by a panel of scholars and honored with a check for $250 and a plaque in August 2022 at the AEJMC conference in Detroit. Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, dean emeritus and professor at Florida International University’s School of Journalism and Mass Communication, will present the award. Please send any questions and award nominations by May 15, 2022 to the award committee chair, Jaime Loke, at j.loke@tcu.edu <AEJMC Award Calls]]> 22178 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/02/comjig-brown-bag-on-news-academic-partnerships/ Fri, 04 Feb 2022 22:13:02 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=22501 Friday, Feb. 25 12:30-1:30 p.m. EST

 

The Community Journalism Interest Group will host a discussion on news-academic partnerships –addressing regional news gaps, integrating practical work into the classroom

The present crisis in journalism is much talked about, tens of thousands of layoffs, papers shuttered around the country or turned into “ghosts” by predatory owners, and more than 1300 counties with no local news.

What is the role of universities to address this crisis? In this brown bag, we talk about news partnerships with scholars and practitioners – the latest research and some examples from around the country where Universities and our students have stepped in to fill the void, innovating new approaches, providing badly needed local content while giving students substantive learning experiences.

Joining us on the panel are two leading scholars of Partnerships with the university, Christina Smith, Lara Salahi, Barabra Allen, and Patrick Ferrucci.

Professors Smith and Salahi are the authors of "Perceptions of News-Academic Partnerships as a Sustainable Business Model" (https://aejmc.us/spig/volume-11-number-1-2021/). Salahi is at Endicott College and Smith is at Georgia College & State University. Smith is also the current chairperson of the Community Journalism Interest Group (COMJIG).

Barbara Allen is the director of college programming for Poynter. Prior to that, she served as managing editor of Poynter.org. She spent two decades in local media in her hometown of Tulsa, Oklahoma, and in education at her alma mater, Oklahoma State University.

Patrick Ferrucci is an Associate Professor and the Associate Chair for Graduate Studies in the Department of Journalism at The University of Colorado (Boulder). His research is in media sociology and primarily concerns itself with how shifting notions of “organization” in journalism lead to influence on journalism practice.

The panel will be moderated by Richard Watts, the founder of an Academic-News partnership at the University of Vermont (the Community News Service), and is coordinated by COMJIG Teaching Chair, Dr. Mimi Perreault from East Tennessee State University (perreault@etsu.edu).

Register here: https://etsu.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJIpcemhqD8vGtDj8EyPMt4_wfVqFgESG_c0

]]> 22501 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/03/11-statement/ Fri, 11 Mar 2022 19:00:05 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=22725 Susan Keith, Rutgers University, 2021-2022 AEJMC President and Al Stavitsky, University of Nevada, Reno, 2021-2022 ASJMC President | March 11, 2022

Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC)

We, the boards of directors of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication and the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication, are writing in strong support of the safety, security and well-being of the citizens and residents of Ukraine and those fleeing the country. As we write this, Russian military forces are invading the independent nation, which has had noted promise for building a pluralistic democracy. As academic organizations that support scholarship, education, and professional practice – which focus in part on media ethics, media criticism, diversity, equity, inclusion, and public service – we point out the importance of news media coverage in the fog of armed conflict and information warfare. We stand in solidarity with the people of Ukraine and the brave journalists who are reporting from the ground, bringing to light news and information to citizens of the world – or wishing that the political contexts in which they work allowed them to do so. We note the risks of mis/disinformation in this global context. We are cognizant of the importance of language when reporting on conflicts and conducting subsequent research. We warn against use of language in reporting and research that humanizes some civilians yet dehumanizes, marginalizes, or excludes some peoples. Ultimately, we acknowledge the importance of news media coverage of the conflict and research on the short- and long-term impact of the coverage. Going forward, we encourage critical media coverage and research on other invasions and the nearly three dozen armed conflicts presently going on around the world. As organizations that support diversity in scholarship and thought, we call on researchers around the world to study media coverage of stakeholders in this conflict from local and global contexts.

________________________________________

Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC)

The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a nonprofit organization comprised of educators, students and practitioners from around the globe. Founded in 1912, by Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, the first president (1912-13) of the American Association of Teachers of Journalism, as it was then known, AEJMC is the oldest and largest alliance of journalism and mass communication educators and administrators at the college level. AEJMC's mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to encourage the widest possible range of communication research, to encourage the implementation of a multi-cultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice, a better informed public, and wider human understanding.  

Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC) ASJMC is a non-profit, educational association composed of some 190 JMC programs at the college level. The majority of the association’s members are in the United States and Canada. ASJMC promotes excellence in journalism and mass communication education. Founded in 1917, ASJMC works to support the purposes of schools of journalism and mass communication in order to achieve the following goals: to foster, encourage and facilitate high standards and effective practices in the process and administration of education for journalism and mass communication in institutions of higher learning; to cooperate with journalism and mass communication organizations in efforts to raise professional standards and promote a public understanding of the role of journalism and mass communication in a democratic society; and to support and participate in the accreditation process of journalism and mass communication units through the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC).

]]> 22725 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/05/covid-coping-and-narratives-project/ Mon, 16 May 2022 19:07:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=22925 Exhibit Hall at the AEJMC 2022 Detroit Conference in August. The AEJMC COVID-19 Narratives Project is an oral history StoryCorps-like project around our experiences with COVID-19 as media and communication teachers, scholars, and professionals. This will involve an interactive exhibit online and in the AEJMC Conference Hall during the Detroit Conference- (look for the launch of social accounts and the #aejmccovidnarratives). We invite all AEJMC members and potential members to participate by sharing their experiences, collaborations, challenges, and joys during the Covid-19 pandemic. We will be recording short audio and video stories and have a space for participation with photos, words, and phrases or other representations you feel comfortable sharing with the group. These can be attributed or deidentified to the degree you wish to share your experiences. This can be done in pairs or on your own, over email or in person at the conference. There will be an oral history agreement and informed consent agreement which participants can opt in or out of. In addition, we are looking for graduate students to participate in the research and curation of this project during the event. If you are interested, we provide free conference registration for graduate students who provide support. We are grateful for the support of AEJMC in this endeavor and to provide this support space during the conference. For more information, contact CSW vice head Mimi Perreault (perreault@etsu.edu)]]> 22925 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 13:15:29 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23045 This may not represent the finalized papers presented at the actual conference. Due to personal decisions of the authors, they may not present at the conference.) Divisions:

• Advertising
• Broadcast and Mobile Journalism (Formerly Electronic News)
• Communicating Science, Health, Environment, and Risk (ComSHER)
• Communication Technology (CTEC)
• Communication Theory and Methodology
• Cultural and Critical Studies
• History
• International Communication
• Law and Policy
• Magazine Media
• Mass Communication and Society
• Media Ethics
• Media Management, Economics, and Entrepreneurship
• Minorities and Communication (MAC)
• Newspaper and Online News
• Political Communication
• Public Relations
• Scholastic Journalism
• Visual Communication (VisCom)

Interest Groups:

• Community Journalism
• Entertainment Studies
• Graduate Student
• Internships and Careers
• Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer
• Participatory Journalism
• Religion and Media
• Small Programs (SPIG)
• Sports Communication (SPORTS)

Commissions:

• Status of Women

<< AEJMC Abstracts Index]]> 23045 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/advd-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 13:19:55 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23047 2022 Abstracts]]> 23047 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/sher-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 13:22:27 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23049 2022 Abstracts]]> 23049 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/ctec-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 13:26:10 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23053 2022 Abstracts]]> 23053 0 0 0 Communicating Science, Health, Environment, and Risk Division]]> https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/ctam-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 13:27:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23055 2022 Abstracts]]> 23055 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/ccsd-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 13:29:08 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23057 2022 Abstracts]]> 23057 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/bamj-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 13:31:11 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23060 2022 Abstracts]]> 23060 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/hist-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 13:33:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23063 2022 Abstracts]]> 23063 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/intc-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 13:35:00 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23065 2022 Abstracts]]> 23065 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/lawp-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 13:35:59 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23068 2022 Abstracts]]> 23068 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/magd-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 13:37:04 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23070 2022 Abstracts]]> 23070 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/mcsd-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 13:43:23 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23073 2022 Abstracts]]> 23073 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/2002-etch-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 19:03:51 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23075 2022 Abstracts]]> 23075 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/mmee-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 19:05:54 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23078 2022 Abstracts]]> 23078 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/macd-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 19:08:16 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23080 2022 Abstracts]]> 23080 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/nond-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 19:09:22 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23082 2022 Abstracts]]> 23082 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/plcd-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 19:15:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23084 2022 Abstracts]]> 23084 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/prdv-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 19:16:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23086 2022 Abstracts]]> 23086 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/schj-2002-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 19:18:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23089 2022 Abstracts]]> 23089 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/ccsd-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:06 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20389 Cultural and Critical Studies Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Karin Assmann, University of Georgia Vice Head/Program Chair Joy Jenkins, University of Tennessee Secretary David Wolfgang, Colorado State University Research Chair Ted Gutsche PF&R Chair Jeanne Criswell, University of Indianapolis Teaching Chair Loren Saxton Coleman, Howard University Web Master Sohana Nasrin, University of Maryland Newsletter Editor Steven Wang, University of Wisconsin Madison Research Co-Chair Sara Shaban, Seattle Pacific University Social Media Coordinator Rebecca Kern, Manhattan College Journal Liaison Rachel Reynolds, Drexel University]]> 20389 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/ctam-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:04 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20391 Communication Theory and Methodology for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Magdalena Saldaña, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Vice Head/Program Chair Rosie Jahng, Wayne State University Research Chair Lindsey Sherrill, University of North Alabama PF&R Chair Slgi (Sage) Lee, University of Michigan Ann Arbor Teaching Chair Judith Rosenbaum, University of Maine Web Master Jill Wurm, Wayne State University Membership Chair and Barrow Scholarship Chair Isabelle Freiling, University of Utah Newsletter Editor Namyeon Lee, University of North Carolina Pembroke Social Media Director Michael Vosburg, North Dakota State University Communication Methods and Measures Social Media Director Kathryn Thier, University of Maryland Graduate Student Liaison Ava Francesca Battocchio, Michigan State University Graduate Student Liaison Sang Jung Kim, University of Wisconsin Madison Communication Methods and Measures Editor-in-Chief and Editorial Board Liaison Lijiang (L.J.) Shen, Pennsylvania State University]]> 20391 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/plcd-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:04 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20470 Political Communication Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Mallory Perryman, Virginia Commonwealth University Vice Head/Program Chair Megan Duncan, Virginia Tech Secretary Briana Trifiro, Boston University Research Chair Oluseyi Adegbola, DePaul University PF&R Chair Maria De Moya, DePaul University Teaching Chair Lindita Camaj, University of Houston Second Research Chair Josephine Lukito, University of Texas Austin Midwinter Conference Chair Ying Zhu, Kent State University Midwinter Conference Junior Chair Alexander Moe, SUNY Brockport Communication Officers Olushola Aromona, LeMoyne-Owen College Leo Shan Graduate Student Liaisons Brittany Shaughnessy Jessica Sparks, University of Florida Kimberli Conro, Colorado State University]]> 20470 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/sher-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:07 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20477 Communicating Science, Health, Environment, Risk Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Timothy Fung, Hong Kong Baptist University Vice Head/Program Chair Matthew VanDyke, University of Alabama Secretary Shupei Yuan, Northern Illinois University Research Chair Ashley Anderson, Colorado State University Kang Namkoong, University of Maryland PF&R Chair Sojung Kim, George Mason University Teaching Chair Roma Subramanian, University of Nebraska Omaha Web Master CJ Calabrese, University of California Davis Vice Head Elect Jessica Willoughby, Washington State University]]> 20477 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/visc-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:04 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20479 Visual Communication Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Michael Fagans, University of Mississippi Vice Head/Program Chair Shannon Zenner, Elon University Vice Head Keith Greenwood, University of Missouri Secretary Andrea Hudson, University of Georgia Research Chair Matt Haught, University of Memphis PF&R Chair Robin Hoecker, DePaul University Teaching Chair Jennifer Midberry, Lehigh University Incoming Web Master Tara Mortenson, University of South Carolina Contest Ross Taylor, University of Colorado Boulder Research Vice Head Kai Xu, University of Minnesota Duluth Graduate Students TJ Messing By-laws Robin Hoecker, DePaul University TJ Thompson Shane Epping, University of Wyoming]]> 20479 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/comj-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:04 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20484 Community Journalism Interest Group for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Burton Speakman, Kennesaw State University Vice Head/Program Chair Aaron Atkins, Weber State University Research Chair Joy Jenkins, University of Tennessee PF&R Chair Nick Mathews, University of Minnesota Teaching Chair Jennifer Cox, Salisbury University Web Master Kyle Miller, University of South Dakota]]> 20484 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/icig-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:04 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20491 Internships and Careers Interest Group for the 2022 – 2023 term Co-Heads Jeffrey Ranta, Coastal Carolina University Cessna Winslow, Tarleton State University Vice Head Harold "Hal" Vincent, Elon University Program Chair Harold "Hal" Vincent, Elon University Teaching Chair Jeffrey Ranta, Coastal Carolina University PF&R Chair John Chapin, Penn State University Beaver Newsletter Editor Lona Cobb, Winston-Salem State University Webmaster Lona Cobb, Winston-Salem State University]]> 20491 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/visc-2002-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 19:19:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23091 2022 Abstracts]]> 23091 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/ccja-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 21:42:20 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23094 2022 Abstracts]]> 23094 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/esig-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 21:43:35 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23096 2022 Abstracts]]> 23096 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/gsig-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 21:44:46 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23099 2022 Abstracts]]> 23099 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/icig-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 21:45:38 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23101 2022 Abstracts]]> 23101 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/lgbt-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 21:47:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23103 2022 Abstracts]]> 23103 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/pjig-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 21:49:01 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23106 2022 Abstracts]]> 23106 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/rmig-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 21:50:09 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23108 2022 Abstracts]]> 23108 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/spig-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 21:51:12 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23110 2022 Abstracts]]> 23110 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/sprt-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 21:52:36 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23112 2022 Abstracts]]> 23112 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/07/cswm-2022-abstracts/ Thu, 28 Jul 2022 21:54:24 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23115 2022 Abstracts]]> 23115 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/mapping-the-state-of-mental-health/ Mon, 10 Oct 2022 19:03:53 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23241 https://survey.ifkw.lmu.de/AMHiMCS/ (active until October 18, 2022). AEJMC Calls]]> 23241 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/aejmc-membership-vote-results/ Thu, 13 Oct 2022 20:06:05 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23272

The vote on the proposed tiered membership dues structure was open from September 29 - October 12. The voting period has now closed and the tiered membership dues structure has passed!

AEJMC had 573 members vote with 421 yes votes (73.47%) and 152 no votes (26.53%).

The tier structure, including the new prices for membership dues, will go into effect on Monday, October 17.

Since the change in membership dues structure passed, members will need to approve the necessary amendments to the bylaws to support this fee structure change. They will receive an email next week with the proposed bylaw amendments and a link to an online discussion, along with additional information about the new tiered membership dues structure.

AEJMC President, Dr. Deb Aikat said: “We are gratified that AEJMC members have approved the new membership fees, which are more equitable and affordable for all.”

If you have any questions, please contact Amanda Caldwell, AEJMC Executive Director, at amanda@aejmc.org. Thank you!

]]> 23272 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/advd-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:17 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20387 Advertising Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Harsha Gangadharbatla, University of Colorado Vice Head/Program Chair Saleem Alhabash, University of Minnesota Secretary Jesica Collins, Virginia Commonwealth University Research Chair Linwan Wu, University of South Carolina PF&R Chair Eunjin Anna Kim, University of Southern California Teaching Chair Shanshan Lou, Appalachian State University Web Master Chen Lou, Nanyang Technological University Special Topics Track Chair Chang Dae Ham, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign Grad and Undergraduate Student Track Claire Segijn, University of Minnesota Newsletter Editor Chen Lou, Nanyang Technological University]]> 20387 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/ctec-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:25 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20393 Communication Technology Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Hyunjin Seo, University of Kansas Vice Head/Program Chair Devin Knighton, Brigham Young University Research Chair Brian Smith, Brigham Young University PF&R Chair Anne Oeldorf-Hirsch, University of Connecticut Teaching Chair Gina Baleria, Sonoma State University Web Master Shibo Wang, Texas Tech University Midwinter Mustafa Oz, University of Tennessee Best of Digital Chair Yuchen Liu, University of Kansas Newsletter Editor Annalise Baines, University of Kansas]]> 20393 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/bamj-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:34 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20395 Broadcast and Mobile Journalism Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Dylan McLemore, University of Central Arkansas Vice Head/Program Chair Danielle Deavours, University of Montevallo Secretary Grace Provenzano, Arizona State University Research Chair Volha Kananovich, Appalachian State University PF&R Chair Rana Arafat, University of London Teaching Chair Gina Baleria, Sonoma State University Web Master Stephanie Dean, University of Montevallo Bylaws Chair Bill Davie, University of Louisiana-Lafayette Membership Chair Jeremy Lipschultz, University of Nebraska-Omaha Southeast Colloquium Chair Lindsey Maxwell, University of Southern Mississippi Bliss Award Chair Bill Silcock, Arizona State University Burkum Award Chair Laura Smith, University of South Carolina Graduate Liaison Samantha Kocan, The University of Alabama]]> 20395 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/ethc-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:08 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20397 Media Ethics Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Anita Varma, The University of Texas at Austin Vice Head/Program Chair Yayu Feng, University of St. Thomas Research Chair Joseph Jones, West Virginia University PF&R Chair Kimberly Kelling, Latitude Research Teaching Chair Rhema Zlaten, Colorado Mesa University Web Master Tom Bivins, University of Oregon Newsletter Editor Sorin Nastasia, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville]]> 20397 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/hist-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:37 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20452 History Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Madeleine Liseblad, California State University Long Beach Vice Head/Program Chair Rachel Grant, University of Florida Research Chair Brian Creech, Temple University PF&R Chair Melissa Greene-Blye, University of Kansas Teaching Chair Ken Ward, Pittsburg State University Web Master Dana Dabek, Temple University Membership Co-Chairs Caitlin Cieslik-Miskimen, University of Idaho Flora Khoo, Regent University Ashley Walter, Penn State University Graduate student Co-Liaisons Tara Mesyn, Michigan State University Carolina Velloso, University of Maryland Ava Francesca Battocchio, Michigan State University Southeast Colloquium Scott Morton, Catawba College]]> 20452 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/intc-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:13 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20454 International Communication Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Delaware Arif, University of South Alabama Vice Head/Program Chair Lea Hellmueller, University of Houston Secretary Serajul Bhuyian, Savannah State University Research Chair Vanessa Higgins PF&R Chair Neelam Sharma, Idaho State University Teaching Chair Dhiman Chattopadhay, Shippensburg University Web Master Paromita Pain, University of Nevada Reno Newsletter Editor Neelam Sharma, Idaho State University Markham Student Competition Chair Ruth Moon Membership Chair Zhaoxi Liu, Trinity University Communication Chair Victor Garcia Perdomo, Universidad de la Sabana Social Media Chair Muhammad Ittefaq, University of Kansas Research Reviewer Recruitment Officer Lindsey Bluebell Multimedia Competition Chair Shugofa Dastgeer, Texas Christian University Branding Chair Betty Tsakarestou, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences]]> 20454 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/lawp-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:12 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20456 Law and Policy Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Jared Schroeder, Southern Methodist University Vice Head/Program Chair Jonathan Peters, University of Georgia Secretary Erin Coyle, Temple University Research Chair Brett Johnson, University of Iowa PF&R Chair Amanda Reid, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Teaching Chair Kyla Garrett-Wagner, Syracuse University Webmaster Genelle Belmas, University of Kansas Graduate Student Liaison Jessica Sparks, University of Florida Southeast Colloquium Chair Michael Martinez, University of Tennessee Social Media Coordinator Leslie Klein, University of Georgia]]> 20456 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/macd-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:35 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20458 Minorities and Communication Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Sydney Dillard, DePaul University Vice Head/Program Chair Maria DeMoya, DePaul University Secretary Denetra Walker, University of South Carolina Research Chair Vanessa Bravo, Elon University PF&R Chair Keonte Coleman, Syracuse University Teaching Chair Gheni Platenburg, Auburn University Web Master Mas Biswas, Loyola University Maryland Grants Chair Miya Williams Fayne, California State University Fullerton Student Research Chair Leticia Williams, Howard University Midwinter Research Chair Rafael Matos, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Grants Chair Miya Williams Fayne, California State University Fullerton Newsletter Co-Editors Mohammed Iddrisu Contia' Prince, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Membership Chair Mia Moody-Ramirez, Baylor University Mentoring Co-Chairs Chelsea Peterson-Salahuddin, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Kathleen McElroy, University of Texas Austin Social Media Coordinator Khairul Islam, Wayne State University]]> 20458 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/mmag-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:34 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20460 Magazine Media Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Kelsey Whipple, University of Texas Austin Vice Head/Program Chair Carol Terracina-Hartman, Murray State University Research Chair Ivy Ashe, University of Texas Austin PF&R Chair Ingrid Sturgis, Howard University Teaching Chair Andrea Hall, Troy University Web Master Lexie Little Newsletter Editor Lydia Rui Jun Cheng, University of Sydney Social Media Lexie Little Contest Chair Aileen Gallagher, Syracuse University Journal Editor Joy Jenkins, University of Tennessee]]> 20460 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/mcsd-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:39 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20462 Mass Communication and Society Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Fan Yang, University of Albany Vice Head/Program Chair Xi Cui, College of Charleston Secretary Hyerim Jo Research Chair Terri Hernandez, Mississippi State University PF&R Chair Juan Liu, Towson University Teaching Chair Stella Chia, University of Hong Kong Web Master Kix Patterson, University of Florida Vice-Head elect Alec Tefertiller, Baylor University Mid-Winter Chair Angela Zhang Awards Chair Celine Yunya Song, Hong Kong Baptist University Communications Chair Anastasia Kononova, Michigan State University Graduate Student Liasion Louvins Pierre, University of Connecticut  ]]> 20462 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/nond-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:36 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20468 Newspaper and Online News Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Patrick Ferrucci, University of Colorado Boulder Vice Head/Program Chair Chris Etheridge, University of Kansas Secretary Teri Finneman, University of Kansas Research Chair Gina Masullo, University of Texas at Austin PF&R Chair David Wolfgang, Colorado State University Teaching Chair Patrick Walters, Kutztown University Web Master Chad Sherman, Waynesburg University Junior Research Chair Changsup Park Southeast Colloquium Chair Greg Munno, Syracuse University]]> 20468 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/schj-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:36 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20474 Scholastic Journalism Division for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Marina Hendricks, South Dakota State University Vice Head/Program Chair Bradley Wilson, Midwestern State University Secretary Teresa White, Indiana State University Research Chair Sarah Cavanah, Southeast Missouri State University PF&R Chair David W. Bulla, Augusta University Teaching Chair Candace Perkins Bowen, Kent State University Web Master Melanie Wilderman, University of Oklahoma Newsletter Editor Melanie Wilderman, University of Oklahoma Commission on the Status of Minorities Liaison Calvin L. Hall, North Carolina Central University Commission on the Status of Women Liaison Leslie Dennis, SIPA/SCSPA Awards Chair R.J. Morgan, University of Mississippi Archivist Erica Salkin, Whitworth University]]> 20474 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/csge-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:35 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20489 Commission on Graduate Education for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Patrick R. Johnson, University of Iowa Vice Head/Program Chair Bobbie Foster, University of Maryland Research Chair Nisha Sridharan, Arizona State University PF&R Chair Kimi Conro, Colorado State University Teaching Chair Briana Trifiro, Boston University Web Master Nhung Nguyen, University of Kansas]]> 20489 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/lgbt-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:23 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20493 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Interest Group for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Harrison Hove, University of Florida) Vice Head/Program Chair Kay Colley, Texas Wesleyan University Research Chair Rhonda Gibson, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill PF&R Chair Paro Pain, University of Nevada Reno (Academia Focus) Yidong (Steven) Wang, University of Wisconsin Madison (Industry Focus) Teaching Chair Erica Ciszek, University of Texas-Austin Web Master Kix Patterson, University of Florida Newsletter and External Communications Chair Robert Richardson, University of Texas Austin Membership Chair Lyric Mandell, Louisiana State University]]> 20493 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/pjig-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:17 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20495 Participatory Journalism Interest Group for the 2022 – 2023 term Incoming Head You Li, Eastern Michigan University Incoming Vice Head/Program Chair Andrea Wenzel, Temple University Incoming Research Chair Carrie Brown, The City University of New York Incoming PF&R Chair Ori Tenenboim, University of British Columbia Incoming Web Master Paromita Pain, University of Nevada Reno]]> 20495 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/rmig-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:23 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20497 Religion and Media Interest Group for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Kathryn Montalbano, Appalachian State University Vice Head/Program Chair Cylor Spaulding, California State University Fullerton Research Chair Derek Moscato, Western Washington University PF&R Chair Omar Hammad, Rugters University Teaching Chair Michael Longinow, Biola University Web Master Jordan Morehouse, Clemson University Newsletter Editor Doug Mendenhall, Abilene Christian University]]> 20497 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/spig-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:20 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20500 Small Programs Interest Group for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Jackie Incollingo, Rider University aVice Head/Program Chair Mary Liz Brooks, West Texas A&M University Secretary Dawn Francis, Cabrini University Research Chairs Dave Madsen, Morningside University Janice Colvin, Wilmington University PF&R Chairs Tamara Welter, Biola University Katherine Orloff, Hood College Teaching Chair KiYong Kim, Biola University Web Masters Mitzi Lewis, Midwestern State University Dave Madsen, Morningside College Immediate Past Head Jeremy Sarachan, St. John Fisher College Second Vice Head / TOY Contest Masudal Biswas, Loyola University Maryland Newsletter Editor Doug Mendenhall, Abilene Christian Listserv Brian Steffen, Simpson Membership Kelly Poniatowski, Elizabethtown College Social Media Chair Kim Fox, The American University in Cairo Bylaws Subcommittee Chair Cindy Simoneau, Southern Connecticut State University]]> 20500 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/sprt-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:26 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20503 Sports Communication Interest Group for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Jennifer Harker, West Virginia University Vice Head/Program Chair Betsy Emmons, Samford University Research Chair Michael Mirer, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Brian Petrotta, University of Nebraska, Lincoln PF&R Chair Matthew Taylor, Middle Tennessee State University Teaching Chair Virginia Harrison, Clemson University Web Master Brian Petrotta, University of Nebraska, Lincoln Graduate Liaison Shannon Scovel, University of Maryland]]> 20503 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/cswm-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:33 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20505 Commission on the Status of Women for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Mildred F. "Mimi" Perreault Vice Head/Program Chair Carolyn Nielsen, Western Washington University Secretary Erin Whiteside, University of Tennessee Research Chairs Deepa R. Fadnis, University of Hartford Miglena Sternadori, Texas Tech University Stephanie Madden, Pennsylvania State University Andrea Mehlhaff Weare, University of Nebraska-Omaha Zehui Dai, Radford University Web Master Mikayla Pevac, Penn State University Midwinter Paper Competition Chairs Kelsey Mesmer, Saint Louis University Katie Olsen, Kansas State University Parent and Caregiver Policy Review Committee Chair Cara Hawkins-Jedlicka, Washington State University Undergraduate Research and Engagement Committee Chair Danielle Deavours, Samford University]]> 20505 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/10/csmn-current-officers/ Wed, 19 Oct 2022 11:00:39 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=21906 Commission on the Status of Minorities for the 2022 – 2023 term Head Nathaniel Frederick II, Winthrop University Vice-Head/Programming Chair Kathleen McElroy, University of Texas Austin Secretary LaShonda Eaddy, Penn State University Web Master Silvia DalBen Furtado, The University of Texas at Austin Newsletter Editor Carolyn Walcott, Georgia State University]]> 21906 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/10/committee-on-career-development/ Tue, 01 Oct 2024 11:00:38 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20058 AEJMC Committee on Career Development for the 2024 – 2025 term Steve Bien-Aimé (Chair) (Term: 2021-2025) Northern Kentucky University Richard Ganahl (Term: 2024-2027) Commonwealth University of Pennsylvania Matt Ragas (Term: 2024-2027) DePaul University Natalie Tindall (Term: 2024-2027) University of Texas at Austin Kristen Eddy (Term: 2024-2026) Pew Research Center HongMei Shen (Term: 2023-2026) San Diego State University Weiwu Zhang (Term: 2023-2026) Ball State University Sabine Baumann (Term: 2021-2025) Jade University Kelly Kaufhold (Term: 2022-2025) Texas State University <Appointed Committees

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About the AEJMC Committee on Career Development The AEJMC Committee on Career Development works to:

• Implement plans for institutionalizing career service sessions at AEJMC conferences
• Foster coordination among AEJMC groups that conduct career development sessions
• Hold its own unique recurring career development events related to careers and
• Support AEJMC initiatives to aid underrepresented groups in journalism and mass communication education.

The appointed committee consists of at least a chair plus eight members, approved by the AEJMC President. Members meet over the course of the year to work on committee activities.]]> 20058 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/10/professional-freedom-and-responsibility-comittee-members/ Tue, 01 Oct 2024 11:00:00 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20593 AEJMC Professional Freedom and Responsibility Committee for the 2024 – 2025 term George L. Daniels (Chair) (Term: 2022-2025) University of Alabama Celeste González de Bustamante (Term: 2024-2027) University of Texas at Austin Holly Overton (Term: 2024-2027) Pennsylvania State University Mimi Perreault (Term: 2024-2027) University of South Florida Ingrid Sturgis (Term: 2024-2027) Howard University Genelle Belmas (Chair) (Term: 2023-2026) University of Kansas Steve BienAime (Term: 2023-2026) University of Northern Kentucky Pallavi Guha (Term: 2023-2026) Towson University Meg Heckman (Term: 2023-2026) Northeastern University Sabine Baumann (Term: 2022-2025) Jade University, Germany Colleen Connolly-Ahern (Term: 2022-2025) Penn State University Katie Place (Term: 2022-2025) Quinnipiac University Elected Standing Committees]]> 20593 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/10/committee-on-teaching-members/ Tue, 01 Oct 2024 11:00:11 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20606 AEJMC Committee on Teaching for the 2024 – 2025 term Tiffany Gallicano (Chair) (Term: 2022-2025) University of North Carolina Charlotte Laura K. Smith (Term: 2024-2027) University of South Carolina Mas Biswas (Term: 2024-2027) Loyola University Maryland Jeremy Littau (Term: 2024-2027) Lehigh University Hazel Cole (Term: 2024-2027) University of West Georgia Nandini Bhalla (Term: 2023-2026) Texas State University Lisa Burns (Term: 2023-2026) Quinnipiac University Theresa de los Santos (Term: 2023-2026) Pepperdine University Gabriel Tait (Term: 2023-2026) Ball State University Tracy Everbach (Term: 2022-2025) University of North Texas Chris Roberts (Term: 2022-2025) The University of Alabama Amanda Weed (Term: 2022-2025) Kennesaw State University Elected Standing Committees]]> 20606 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/10/acejmc-representatives/ Tue, 01 Oct 2024 11:00:11 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20609 Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism & Mass Communication (ACEJMC) for the 2024 – 2025 term Dorothy Bland (Term: 2024-2027) University of North Texas Christopher McCollough (Term: 2024-2027) Jacksonville State University Jessica Pucci (Term: 2023-2026) Arizona State University Suzanne Horsley (Term: 2022-2025) University of Alabama Elected Standing Committees]]> 20609 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2023/10/hr-committee-members/ Mon, 02 Oct 2023 11:00:44 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20806 AEJMC/ASJMC Human Resource Committee for the 2024 – 2025 term Mia Moody (Chair) (Term: 2024-2028) Baylor University Bey-Ling Sha (Term: 2023-2027) California State University, Fullerton Kim Bissell (Term: 2024-2027) Louisiana State University Teresa Mastin (Term: 2022-2026) Michigan State University Hub Brown (Term: 2023-2026) University of Florida Linda Aldoory (Term: 2021-2025) American University Emily Metzgar (Term: 2022-2025) Kent State University <Appointed Committees

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About the Committee The AEJMC Board of Directors instituted on Nov. 20, 2020, a permanent human resources committee to fulfill our commitment to sustain a workplace that thrives on talent, leadership, innovation, collaboration, belonging, and professionalism. Chaired by the AEJMC vice-president, the HR committee will advance AEJMC’s commitment to a fulfilling and engaging employment experience for AEJMC/ASJMC’s Office Staff. The subcommittee will be charged with the following:

• Conduct annual surveys of office staff members to assess and support the overall functioning and optimal operation of the association and the AEJMC Central Office
• Coordinate and conduct annual performance reviews of the executive director
• Recommend to the AEJMC Board any steps necessary, to address the overall functioning and optimal operation of the AEJMC Central Office. Examine long- term issues related to human resources, for example, addressing and assessing the adequacy of employee benefits for staff members.

The AEJMC Central Office staff also serves and supports the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC). To that end, the AEJMC HR Subcommittee may seek inputs from the ASJMC president and the ASJMC Executive Committee in accomplishing our shared mission of promoting excellence in journalism and mass communication education. — Tim Vos, Michigan State University, 2020-21 AEJMC President]]> 20806 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/12/2022-resolutions/ Thu, 08 Dec 2022 11:00:28 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23493 AEJMC members approved resolutions during the 2022 year. December 8, 2022 Four resolutions recently put forth by the AEJMC Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility (PF&R) and voted on by AEJMC members have all overwhelmingly passed. The vote for all of the 4 resolutions closed Nov. 17. AEJMC has developed a strategic, multi-pronged approach on releasing the four resolutions in conjunction with action items for each resolution. The first resolution regarding educational gag order legislation and academic freedom involves a news release distribution to AEJMC members and appropriate media organizations; collaborations between AEJMC and other organizations such as the AAUP to remain vigilant on efforts to restrict free speech in the classroom; and a partnership with ASJMC to develop best practices and guidance for deans, directors and chairs to support faculty in responding to legislation that may impact the classroom. Information regarding the other three resolutions will follow as they are released during the next month.

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• Resolution One: Educational Gag Order Legislation and Academic Freedom
• Resolution Two: New Voices Laws
• Resolution Three: The 40th Anniversary of the Death of Vincent Chin and Anti-AAPI Violence
• Resolution Four: Anti-Critical Race Theory Laws

  < AEJMC Resolutions]]> 23493 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/12/resolution-one-2022/ Thu, 08 Dec 2022 11:05:33 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23496 Educational Gag Order Legislation and Academic Freedom   News Release: December 8, 2022 CONTACT: Samantha Higgins, AEJMC Communications Director, 803-798-0271 Deb Aikat, Ph.D., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, AEJMC president Gabriel B. Tait, Ph.D., Ball State University, AEJMC PF&R Committee chair MASS COMMUNICATION EDUCATORS URGE LAWMAKERS TO OPPOSE GAG ORDERS COLUMBIA, S.C.-- As state legislatures gear up for their 2023 legislative sessions, members of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), with support from leaders of the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC), overwhelmingly oppose any legislation restricting topics related to diversity, equity and inclusion. “The academic freedom of a teacher to speak and associate freely as exemplars of open-mindedness and free inquiry is of utmost importance,” said Gabriel Tait, a Ball State University professor who leads the committee that oversees First Amendment issues for AEJMC. “We believe our collective voice can send a strong message to those who would create a chill on the great work that media educators do in making our society more inclusive and diverse,” Dr. Tait adds. In recent years, more than 50 so-called educational gag order (EGO) bills have been introduced in state legislatures across the U.S. This month, AEJMC members overwhelmingly passed a resolution opposing educational gag order legislation that restricts training on “prohibited” or “divisive” concepts, and imposes government dictates on teaching and learning. “For more than 110 years, AEJMC has thrived as a resolutely non-partisan, interdisciplinary organization fostering excellence in education, research, and professional freedom,” said AEJMC President Deb Aikat, a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. “We, as educators, foster academic freedom and cherish its impact in our classroom and beyond.” AEJMC, among the nation’s largest organizations of journalism and mass communication educators, students, and media professionals, vigorously defends the right of free expression, in alignment with its Professional Freedom and Responsibility mission. In fact, one of the standards of academic work environments is an individual faculty member’s freedom to educate in a manner most appropriate for the curriculum designed for the discipline or craft. AEJMC and ASJMC are primed to assist in continuing to advocate for academic freedom and free expression in the classroom. Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a nonprofit scholarly organization with more than 2,000 members in about 40 countries who teach and research journalism, public relations, advertising, digital media, film, and media literacy. Founded in 1912, AEJMC is the oldest and largest alliance of communication educators and administrators at the college level. AEJMC’s mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to encourage the broadest possible range of communication research, to promote the implementation of a multicultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice, a better-informed public, and wider human understanding. For more information about AEJMC, please visit www.AEJMC.org.

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Resolution One:  Whereas, the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) vigorously defends the right of free expression as one of its core areas of professional freedom and responsibility; and Whereas, the association, through its Elected Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility (PF&R), focuses on the standards and work environments of teaching and research; and Whereas, one of the standards of academic work environments is an individual faculty member’s freedom to educate in a manner they determine is most appropriate with the curriculum designed for their profession and understanding of the discipline or craft; and Whereas, the academic freedom of a teacher to speak and associate freely as exemplars of open-mindedness and free inquiry is of utmost importance; and Whereas, according to the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), more than 50 so-called educational gag order (EGO) bills have been introduced in state legislatures across the U.S., including the states of Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina and Tennessee; and Whereas, educational gag orders restricting training on “prohibited” or “divisive” concepts chill academic and educational discussions and impose government dictates on teaching and learning; Be it resolved:

1. That AEJMC go on record opposing such legislation that creates a chilling effect on academic freedom and freedom of communication;
2. That the AEJMC president, working with the Elected Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility, make a public statement about the issue of Educational Gag Order Legislation and the importance of academic freedom;
3. That AEJMC, through its Elected Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility, work with organizations such as the AAUP in remaining vigilant on efforts to restrict free speech in the classroom; and
4. That AEJMC work with the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC) to develop best practices and guidance for deans, directors and chairs to support faculty in responding to legislation that may impact classroom

  <AEJMC 2022 Resolutions]]> 23496 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/12/resolution-three-2022/ Wed, 14 Dec 2022 18:54:21 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23542 The 40th Anniversary of the Death of Vincent Chin and Anti-AAPI Violence   CONTACT: Samantha Higgins, AEJMC Communications Director, 803-798-0271 Deb Aikat, Ph.D., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, AEJMC president Resolution Three:  Whereas, as part of its mission, the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) promotes the implementation of a multi-cultural society in the classroom and curriculum; and Whereas, as part of its “Professional Freedom and Responsibility” mission works to address issues of marginalization, systemic racism and unequal treatment of underrepresented groups; and Whereas, the association held its 2022 Annual Conference in Detroit, Michigan, the same city where 40 years ago on June 19, 1982, 27-year-old Vincent Chin, a Chinese American, was brutally attacked with a baseball bat by two White men seeking to incite racist hatred of anyone who appeared Japanese, because of the rise of Japanese car companies that they believed put U.S. autoworkers out of jobs; and Whereas, after four days in a coma, Chin, the only child of Chinese immigrants Lily and Bing Hing “David” Chin, died; and Whereas, Chin’s killers, Ronald Ebens and his stepson, Michael Nitz, pleaded guilty to state charges of manslaughter and only received a $3,000 fine each and three years’ probation; and Whereas, the brutal murder and the lenient sentence, and Lily Chin’s courageous pursuit for justice and visibility in their aftermath, galvanized the Asian American civil rights movement, which continues today with an added degree of importance because of the recent rise in Anti-Asian violence; and Whereas, between March and August 2020, more than 2,500 Asian Americans reported being attacked by people blaming them for the COVID-19 pandemic because of its origination in Wuhan, China; and Whereas, more Americans should be aware of Vincent Chin’s death and its role in the Asian American movement; Now, therefore, be it resolved, that AEJMC as an organization take an active role in standing with organizations such as the Asian American Journalists Association (AAJA), Asian American Advertising Federation (3AF), and the Asian Pacific Islander American Public Affairs Association (APAPA) in working to cover stories about and combat the rise of Asian Americans being singled out in incidents of violence and ongoing systemic racism facing those in the larger Asian American Pacific Islander community. And; Be it further resolved that AEJMC commends 2022 media efforts to address the underrepresentation of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, such as the Coalition of Asian Pacifics in Entertainment’s (CAPE) My Life: Growing Up Asian in America; Jeff Yang, Phil Yu and Philip Wang’s RISE: A Pop History of Asian America from the Nineties to Now; and ABC News’s “Soul of a Nation” Together As One: Celebrating Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Heritage. And: Be it further resolved that AEJMC, through its divisions and interest groups, offer programming and resources at both regional and national conferences that empower journalism and mass communication faculty to include Vincent Chin and the stories of other Asian Americans overlooked and under-addressed in their teaching and curricula.   <AEJMC 2022 Resolutions]]> 23542 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2023/02/resolution-four-2022/ Wed, 08 Feb 2023 17:08:49 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23659 Anti-Critical Race Theory Laws   CONTACT: Samantha Higgins, AEJMC Communications Director, 803-798-0271 Deb Aikat, Ph.D., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, AEJMC president Resolution Four:  Whereas, as part of its mission the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (AEJMC) promotes the implementation of a multi-cultural society in the classroom and curriculum; and Whereas, the association works to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve a better-informed public; and Whereas, Critical Race Theory (CRT) is an intellectual and social movement begun in legal studies in the late 1980s based on the idea that racism is inherent in law and legal institutions insofar as they function to create and maintain social, economic, and political inequalities between white and non-whites; and Whereas, mass communication educators are charged with preparing students who can produce news and strategic communication content related to CRT; and Whereas, courses that focus on mass communication theories and research should include CRT as one potential approach to producing scholarship; and Whereas, state legislatures recently have considered legislation that bans or limits Critical Race Theory from being discussed in classroom settings, including those at universities; and Whereas, Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC) accrediting standards mandate continuing education for faculty in diversity, equity, and inclusion; Whereas, to achieve compliance with those accrediting standards, units are expected to demonstrate the impact of faculty professional development aimed at enhancing their ability to teach courses related to diversity, equity, and inclusion; BE it resolved that AEJMC divisions and interest groups be encouraged to continue sponsoring research and teaching panels and programming that educates members about what Critical Race Theory is and its application to education and research in mass communication; and continue to educate faculty members about ways to respond to legislation that serves to restrict viewpoint diversity in the classroom; AND AEJMC members or mass communication units should provide faculty training on educating students about issues related to diversity, equity, and inclusion which may include CRT.   <AEJMC 2022 Resolutions]]> 23659 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2023/02/resolution-two-2022/ Wed, 08 Feb 2023 17:17:40 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23661 New Voices Laws   CONTACT: Samantha Higgins, AEJMC Communications Director, 803-798-0271 Deb Aikat, Ph.D., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, AEJMC president Resolution Two:  Whereas, in its mission the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (AEJMC), as part of its “Professional Freedom and Responsibility” goals, works to promote freedom of speech and the press as embodied in the First Amendment; and Whereas, the association encourages its members to promote and defend those rights vigorously; and Whereas, in 2022, Hawaii became the 16th state to adopt a New Voices law, which restores and protects the freedom of Hawaii’s student media; and Whereas, Hawaii’s HB 1848 ensures that student journalists alone determine the content of school-sponsored media, including but not limited to video, audio, print and digital outlets, and are protected from censorship except in narrow, well-defined circumstances while protecting student media advisers from retaliation for refusing to illegally censor their students’ work; and Whereas, similar laws have been or are currently being considered by a number of state legislatures, including New York, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia; and Whereas, First Amendment rights of student journalists are now protected by state law in Arkansas, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey, North Dakota, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and the state of Washington. Now, therefore, be it resolved, that AEJMC take an active role in supporting the passage of New Voices laws through its Elected Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility and the AEJMC Scholastic Journalism Division, one of the association’s original divisions; and Be it further resolved that through units such as the AEJMC Law and Policy Division, AEJMC strongly encourages research and teaching about New Voices laws and student press freedom in courses in the law of mass communication required in programs accredited by the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications, as well as in other courses as appropriate.   <AEJMC 2022 Resolutions]]> 23661 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2023/07/pac-072423/ Mon, 24 Jul 2023 21:05:32 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=23973 Deb Aikat, UNC Chapel Hill, 2022-23 AEJMC President or Raul Reis, UNC Chapel Hill, 2022-23 ASJMC President

Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC) and Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC)

We, the boards of directors of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) and the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC), support the Protect Reporters from Exploitative State Spying (PRESS) Act. While 48 states and the District of Columbia have some form of a shield law or reporter’s privilege, the protections vary widely from state to state. There is currently no federal shield law. The PRESS Act empowers the media to play its essential role as a watchdog holding our government accountable. The bill would protect the free flow of information against government overreach. Specifically, the PRESS Act would shield journalists from court-ordered disclosure of information about a source and what the source told them unless disclosure of the protected information is necessary to prevent, or to identify any perpetrator of, an act of terrorism against the United States, or necessary to prevent the threat of imminent violence, significant bodily harm, or death, including specified offenses against a minor. The PRESS Act as introduced by Senators Dick Durbin, Mike Lee, and Ron Wyden in the U.S. Senate and Representatives Jamie Raskin and Kevin Kiley in the House of Representatives directly links to free expression, which is one of the five core areas of Professional Freedom and Responsibility of AEJMC. In issuing this statement today, AEJMC stands with our colleagues in the News/Media Alliance, Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, the Radio Television Digital News Association, and the National Association of Broadcasters, all of whom have endorsed the PRESS Act. AEJMC members will actively advocate for the passage of the PRESS Act by contacting representatives in Congress. We will also educate the next generation of journalists about the importance of such federal legislation to support the work of a journalist.

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Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a nonprofit organization comprised of educators, students and practitioners from around the globe. Founded in 1912, by Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, the first president (1912-13) of the American Association of Teachers of Journalism, as it was then known, AEJMC is the oldest and largest alliance of journalism and mass communication educators and administrators at the college level. AEJMC’s mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to encourage the widest possible range of communication research, to encourage the implementation of a multi-cultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice, a better-informed public, and wider human understanding.   Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC) ASJMC is a non-profit, educational association composed of some 190 JMC programs at the college level. The majority of the association’s members are in the United States and Canada. ASJMC promotes excellence in journalism and mass communication education. Founded in 1917, ASJMC works to support the purposes of schools of journalism and mass communication in order to achieve the following goals: to foster, encourage and facilitate high standards and effective practices in the process and administration of education for journalism and mass communication in institutions of higher learning; to cooperate with journalism and mass communication organizations in efforts to raise professional standards and promote a public understanding of the role of journalism and mass communication in a democratic society; and to support and participate in the accreditation process of journalism and mass communication units through the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC).]]> 23973 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2023/08/aejmc-2023-resoultions/ Wed, 30 Aug 2023 12:29:27 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=24048 AEJMC members approved resolutions during the 2023 year. August 30, 2023 The AEJMC Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility (PF&R) has endorsed the three proposed resolutions which were developed by the PF&R subcommittee on resolutions and members of the AEJMC Council of Divisions (CoD). AEJMC plays a key role of representing the interests of its more than 2000 members on topics such as freedom of information, diversity, equity, and inclusion, as well as academic freedom. In accordance with the recently amended bylaws, four separate online discussion forums were opened in the AEJMC Community for members to discuss the four proposed resolutions.

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• Resolution One: The Dylan Lyons Resolution
• Resolution Two: Inclusive History Resolution
• Resolution Three: Learn From History Resolution
• Resolution Four: Recommitment to College/University Diversity Programs and Minority Faculty Hiring Resolution

  < AEJMC Resolutions]]> 24048 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2023/08/resolution-one-2023/ Wed, 30 Aug 2023 12:37:25 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=24050 The Dylan Lyons Resolution   News Release: August 30, 2023 CONTACT: Samantha Higgins, AEJMC Communications Director, 803-798-0271 Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a nonprofit scholarly organization with more than 2,000 members in about 40 countries who teach and research journalism, public relations, advertising, digital media, film, and media literacy. Founded in 1912, AEJMC is the oldest and largest alliance of communication educators and administrators at the college level. AEJMC’s mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to encourage the broadest possible range of communication research, to promote the implementation of a multicultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice, a better-informed public, and wider human understanding. For more information about AEJMC, please visit www.AEJMC.org.

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Resolution One:  Whereas, Dylan Lyons and Jesse Walden were both shot while reporting on a homicide in Central Florida on February 22, 2023; and Whereas, Lyons, who had just joined Spectrum News 13 in July 2022, died from injuries sustained when the suspect in the case returned to the crime scene in Pine Hills community, just outside of Orlando, and fired fatal shots at the reporting team; and Whereas, Lyons was a proud graduate of the Nicholson School of Communication and Media at University of Central Florida where he anchored the UCF Knightly News, a student-run news program; and Whereas, part of the Professional Freedom & Responsibility mission of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is to promote the practice of the First Amendment by reporters like Lyons while preparing students for the dangers of a profession made even worse by a recent spike in mass shootings; and Whereas, the Committee to Protect Journalists noted that Lyons’ death came nearly six months after another reporter, Jeff German, an investigative reporter at Las Vegas Review Journal, was stabbed to death on September 2, 2022; and Whereas, Lyons’ death brings to 14 the number of the journalists killed while working in the U.S. since 1992, the year Committee to Protect Journalists began keeping records; Now, therefore, be it resolved that AEJMC joins the faculty at the Nicholson School in celebrating the short life and award-winning journalism of Dylan Lyons while keeping in mind AEJMC members and colleagues whose lives were touched or changed by incidents of violence such as a mass shooting; and Be it further resolved that AEJMC divisions and interest groups sponsor research and teaching panels and programming that educate attendees about how to facilitate learning in various courses on covering mass shootings and their aftermath including lessons that help prepare students to handle and confront vicarious trauma; and Finally, as evidence of fulfillment of public service, one of the five core areas of AEJMC’s professional freedom and responsibility, be it resolved that copies of this resolution be presented to the family of Dylan Lyons and the faculty, staff and students of the Nicholson School of Communication and Media in Orlando, Florida.   <AEJMC 2023 Resolutions]]> 24050 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2023/08/resolution-two-2023/ Wed, 30 Aug 2023 12:42:12 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=24052 Inclusive History Resolution   News Release: August 30, 2023 CONTACT: Samantha Higgins, AEJMC Communications Director, 803-798-0271 Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a nonprofit scholarly organization with more than 2,000 members in about 40 countries who teach and research journalism, public relations, advertising, digital media, film, and media literacy. Founded in 1912, AEJMC is the oldest and largest alliance of communication educators and administrators at the college level. AEJMC’s mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to encourage the broadest possible range of communication research, to promote the implementation of a multicultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice, a better-informed public, and wider human understanding. For more information about AEJMC, please visit www.AEJMC.org.

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Resolution Two:  Whereas, the Florida Department of Education (FLDOE) in May 2023 issued a ruling banning educators from providing classroom instruction to students in grades 4-12 on sexual orientation or gender identity unless such instruction is expressly required by state academic standards; and Whereas, such a ruling flattens the story of America’s long Civil Rights Movement that includes examining cultures, religions and societies that have embraced traditions of gender fluidity and homosexuality as meaningful categories of social identity and organization; and Whereas, according to the Movement Advancement Project, an independent, nonprofit think tank, at least nine other states have passed laws censoring discussion of LGBTQ people or issues in school; and Whereas, removing parts of a society’s history amounts to censorship; and Whereas, the AEJMC has been a longstanding advocate for The First Amendment and free expression; and Whereas, for more than twenty years, much of the AEJMC’s advocacy for sexual minorities has been led through the work of its Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Queer (LGBTQ+) Interest Group along with organizations such as NLGJA: The Association of LGBTQ+ Journalists; and Whereas, diversity is one of the five core areas of the Professional Freedom & Responsibility (PF&R) mission of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC); and Whereas, the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC) has established “Diversity and Inclusiveness” as one of the eight standards by which all 119 accredited units have programs that empower those traditionally disenfranchised in the areas that include sexual orientation; and Now, therefore, be it resolved that AEJMC joins the coalition of at least 49 organizations lead by the American History Association that call for the Florida Department of Education to reconsider its vague and destructive policy of censorship; Be it further resolved that AEJMC supports in any way possible its members and journalism and mass communication units in any state where efforts are being made to censor discussions of LGBTQ people or issues in school; and Be it further resolved that AEJMC encourages the teaching of accurate and inclusive histories of the U.S. and the world not only in the state of Florida at the K-12 schools, but in the entirety of the U.S. and at colleges and universities around the world.   <AEJMC 2023 Resolutions]]> 24052 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2023/08/resolution-three-2023/ Wed, 30 Aug 2023 12:46:07 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=24054 Learn From History Resolution   News Release: August 30, 2023 CONTACT: Samantha Higgins, AEJMC Communications Director, 803-798-0271 Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a nonprofit scholarly organization with more than 2,000 members in about 40 countries who teach and research journalism, public relations, advertising, digital media, film, and media literacy. Founded in 1912, AEJMC is the oldest and largest alliance of communication educators and administrators at the college level. AEJMC’s mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to encourage the broadest possible range of communication research, to promote the implementation of a multicultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice, a better-informed public, and wider human understanding. For more information about AEJMC, please visit www.AEJMC.org.

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Resolution Three:  Whereas, history plays a key role in helping students of all ages avoid repeating the mistakes of the past, succeed in diversity workplaces and create a better society; and Whereas, a multicultural journalism history, in particular, is a requirement for journalism and mass communication programs to remain in compliance with the Curriculum standards for the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications; and Whereas, as educators, the members of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) believe wholeheartedly that it is essential to provide students with a fact-based history education while teaching them to reject racism and respect the equal value of every person; and Whereas, it is a fact that racism played a significant role in our past, and sadly continues to be widespread and harmful to us all; and Whereas, the members of AEJMC in 2022 passed a resolution opposing education gag orders or legislation restricting topics related to diversity, equity and inclusion; and Whereas, the members of AEJMC in 2022 also passed a resolution supporting educators responding to any legislation that bans or limits discussions of so-called “divisive concepts” and topics such as Critical Race Theory in the classroom;  and Whereas, with organizations such as the American Historical Association, The National Association for Media Literacy Education, and the Organization of American Historians among its members, the Learn from History coalition seeks to combat deliberate misinformation about the current state of history education and the ways that historians write about and teach the centrality of racism in the evolution of American institutions; and Whereas, removing parts of a society’s history amounts to censorship; and Whereas, the AEJMC has been a longstanding advocate for The First Amendment and free expression; and Now, therefore, be it resolved that AEJMC as an organization joins the nearly 30 organizations that are part of the Learn from History Coalition, which exists solely to facilitate broad-based effective communication about the vital importance of students learning thorough, accurate and fact-based history while demonstrating the harm of restricting what is taught in the classroom; Be it further resolved that working through its Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility and units such as the History Division and Commission on the Status of Minorities, AEJMC designates a “Learn From History liaison” to participate in Learn from History meetings and serve as a point of contact for education initiatives that warrant future action by AEJMC and its members.   <AEJMC 2023 Resolutions]]> 24054 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2023/09/resolution-four-2023/ Wed, 27 Sep 2023 17:46:16 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=24096 Recommitment to College/University Diversity Programs and Minority Faculty Hiring Resolution   News Release: October 31, 2023 CONTACT: Samantha Higgins, AEJMC Communications Director, 803-798-0271 Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a nonprofit scholarly organization with more than 2,000 members in about 40 countries who teach and research journalism, public relations, advertising, digital media, film, and media literacy. Founded in 1912, AEJMC is the oldest and largest alliance of communication educators and administrators at the college level. AEJMC’s mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to encourage the broadest possible range of communication research, to promote the implementation of a multicultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice, a better-informed public, and wider human understanding. For more information about AEJMC, please visit www.AEJMC.org.

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Resolution Four:  Whereas, since its creation of the Ad-Hoc Coordinating Committee on Minority Education in 1968, AEJMC has had recruiting a diverse faculty and student body in media education as one of its priorities; and Whereas, in 1989 the AEJMC membership passed a resolution calling on the association and on the schools and departments of journalism and mass communications to make every effort to achieve 50 percent minority and/or female faculty and administrators by the year 2000; and Whereas, in 2023, such parity in faculty and administrators in mass communication units has remained unfulfilled; and Whereas, multiple state legislatures in 2023 either considered or successfully passed bills banning diversity, equity, and inclusion programs at higher education institutions; and Whereas, in May 2023, a bill signed into law in the state of Florida restricts how race and gender can be taught in Florida’s public higher education institutions and bans them from using state or federal funding for diversity programs; and Whereas, a new Texas law mandates that starting in January 2024, Texas campuses must eliminate DEI offices, mandatory DEI statements, and training; and Whereas, multiple colleges and universities eliminated their diversity, equity, and inclusion divisions or units; and Whereas, in 2023, for the second time in two years, hiring decisions involving faculty from racial minority groups were influenced by outside forces resistant to the faculty members’ points of view on diversity; and Whereas, critics of diversity, equity, and inclusion programs argue such initiatives stand for discrimination, exclusion, and indoctrination; Now, therefore, be it resolved that AEJMC officially go on record as supporting college and university offices, programs, and initiatives focused on diversity, equity, and inclusion; and Be it further resolved that AEJMC through its Professional Freedom & Responsibility mission continue to challenge journalism and mass communication units to remain steadfast in their efforts to recruit and retain faculty from groups minoritized along the lines of gender identity, race, color, religion, age, ethnicity/national origin, disability/differently abled, sexuality or sexual orientation, marital status, family/parental status; and Finally, be it resolved that AEJMC leaders work to create spaces for training and development for association members that offer support for their research and teaching on topics related to diversity, equity, and inclusion.   <AEJMC 2023 Resolutions]]> 24096 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2023/10/pac-101923/ Thu, 19 Oct 2023 14:26:07 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=24278 Linda Aldoory, American University, 2023-24 AEJMC President or Johnny Sparks, Ball State University, 2023-24 ASJMC President

Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC)

“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. Education is the key to eliminating gender inequality, to reducing poverty, to creating a sustainable planet, to preventing needless deaths and illness, and to fostering peace.” – Nelson Mandela We, the Boards of Directors of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) and the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC), write to support minoritized and marginalized administrators and faculty in their efforts to lead universities in addressing their inclusive excellence goals, in the recruitment and retention of faculty from minoritized groups, and in the development of strategies that will further efforts and investments related to inclusive excellence. AEJMC’s mission is “to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to encourage the widest possible range of communication research, to encourage the implementation of a multi-cultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication to achieve better professional practice, a better-informed public, and wider human understanding.” Similarly, ASJMC works “to foster, encourage, and facilitate high standards and effective practices in the process and administration of education for journalism and mass communication in institutions of higher learning.” We cannot stand idly by while our members are under attack. Author Zora Neale Hurston stated, “If you are silent about your pain, they’ll kill you and say you enjoyed it.” AEJMC has a long history of advocating for the recruitment and implementation of a diverse faculty and student body in media education, and has invoked its membership to “make every effort to achieve 50 percent minority and/or female faculty and administrators by the year 2000.” While this goal has not yet been realized, current efforts in multiple state legislatures are threatening to undo any progress that has been made. Several state legislatures have considered or successfully passed bills banning diversity, equity, and inclusion programs at higher education institutions. Furthermore, a few states have gone so far as to restrict how race and gender topics can be taught in public higher education institutions. These efforts seek to change uncomfortable truths about the American experience to “convenient lies” which further undermine the experiences and accomplishments of minoritized populations in this country. As a result of these measures, multiple colleges and universities have eliminated their diversity, equity, and inclusion divisions or units, and hiring decisions involving faculty from racial minority groups have been based on political agendas and rhetoric rather than the qualifications and academic contributions of faculty candidates. We are troubled by the rise of anti-diversity and inclusion activism and its undue influence on universities’ hiring procedures. Furthermore, we are committed to developing processes and systems that will enable us to map and monitor incidents and systemic practices that negatively impact our members of color and other marginalized groups. Now, more than ever, AEJMC and ASJMC leadership realize the importance of a diverse faculty and student body in media education, and we vehemently support college and university offices, programs, and initiatives focused on diversity, equity, and inclusion. Representation matters, and we stand with our members. We encourage them to remain steadfast in their efforts to recruit and retain faculty from minoritized groups. We are committed to the fulfillment of our mission and will continue to advocate for our members until the goal of achieving minority and female faculty and administrators is realized.

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Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a nonprofit organization comprised of educators, students and practitioners from around the globe. Founded in 1912, by Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, the first president (1912-13) of the American Association of Teachers of Journalism, as it was then known, AEJMC is the oldest and largest alliance of journalism and mass communication educators and administrators at the college level. AEJMC’s mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to encourage the widest possible range of communication research, to encourage the implementation of a multi-cultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice, a better-informed public, and wider human understanding.   Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC) ASJMC is a non-profit, educational association composed of some 190 JMC programs at the college level. The majority of the association’s members are in the United States and Canada. ASJMC promotes excellence in journalism and mass communication education. Founded in 1917, ASJMC works to support the purposes of schools of journalism and mass communication in order to achieve the following goals: to foster, encourage and facilitate high standards and effective practices in the process and administration of education for journalism and mass communication in institutions of higher learning; to cooperate with journalism and mass communication organizations in efforts to raise professional standards and promote a public understanding of the role of journalism and mass communication in a democratic society; and to support and participate in the accreditation process of journalism and mass communication units through the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC).]]> 24278 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2023/11/accrediting-council-on-education-in-journalism-and-mass-communications/ Thu, 02 Nov 2023 18:53:14 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=24369 Mission Statement of The Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC)

The Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications is dedicated to excellence and high standards in professional education in journalism and mass communications.  The Council endorses professional education that recognizes and incorporates technological advances, changing professional and economic practice, and public interests and demands.

The Council believes that students can best prepare for careers in journalism and mass communications by studying in accredited professional programs at colleges and universities.  The Council embraces the value of a broad, multidisciplinary curriculum that nurtures critical thinking, analytic reasoning and problem-solving skills that are the essential foundation for journalism and mass communications education.

The Council is committed to freedom of inquiry, freedom of expression and freedom of the press as indispensable values in a free society. It expects the professional education offered by accredited programs to encourage inquiry, dissent and free expression.

To serve this mission, the Council has established educational requirements and standards and provides a process of voluntary program review by professionals and educators, awarding accredited status to programs that meet its standards.  Through this process, the Council assures students, parents, journalism and mass communications professionals and the public that accredited programs meet rigorous standards for professional education.

The Council recognizes and safeguards the individual nature of each accredited program. It encourages educational innovation by programs in their efforts to meet accreditation requirements and standards to prepare students for careers in journalism and mass communication around the world.

— Revised and approved by the Accrediting Council Aug. 23, 2013 (ACEJMC Mission Statement is courtesy of the ACEJMC website)

Duties and Responsibilities of AEJMC representatives to the Accrediting Council:

• AEJMC Accrediting Council representatives are expected to attend BOTH the fall and spring meetings of the Council. The association pays for the travel expenses of its reps to attend each meeting.
• Each representative should issue a written report to the AEJMC Board of Directors following each meeting, or the reps may work together to file a single report. The reports may also be published in the AEJMC newsletter.
• The representatives should work with the Executive Director to schedule a session during the annual conference, as needed, so that members can be notified about, and discuss, current accrediting issues.
• Elected representatives serve three-year terms on the Council.

<Elected Standing Committees]]> 24369 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2023/11/aejmc-presidential-task-force-on-aejmcs-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-dei/ Thu, 02 Nov 2023 21:02:51 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=24380 AEJMC Presidential Task Force on AEJMC’s Diversity, Equity & Inclusion (DEI) for the 2023 – 2024 term Laura Castañeda University of Southern California Jerry Crawford Virginia State University George Daniels University of Alabama Melissa Greene-Blye University of Kansas Patrick Johnson Marquette University Teresa Mastin Michigan State University Mimi Perreault University of South Florida Nathian Rodriguez San Diego State University Bey-Ling Sha California State University, Fullerton Gabriel Tait Ball State University Elizabeth L. Toth University of Maryland <Appointed Committees]]> 24380 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/09/southeast-colloquium-submissions/ Mon, 23 Sep 2024 14:01:31 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=25017 Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill March 13-15, 2025 SUBMISSIONS ARE CLOSED for the 50th annual AEJMC Southeast Colloquium regional conference, March 13-15, 2025, in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Decisions will be sent no later than January 16, 2025. See contact information for DIG SEC Research Chairs below.

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The conference will be fully in-person. We encourage undergraduate and graduate students, faculty, and independent scholars to be part of the 2025 Southeast Colloquium. You can present and receive feedback on your work in time to revise and submit work for the 2025 AEJMC national conference in San Francisco in August. Research Competition Submission Portal Submission Portal opens October 1, 2024 Submission Deadline: 5 p.m. EST December 11, 2024 Decisions will be sent no later than January 16, 2025 Ways to participate

• Submit completed research to a participating division or interest group (Broadcast & Mobile Journalism, Community Journalism, History, Law & Policy, LGBTQ, Magazine Media, Newspaper & Online News, Scholastic Journalism, Visual Communication, Commission on Graduate Education). All groups allow submission of research-in-progress.
• Submit a completed research paper to the Open Division.
• Submit an innovative teaching activity to the Great Ideas for Teaching competition (G.I.F.T.)
• Review for the Southeast Colloquium by volunteering to your division or interest group.
• Volunteer to serve as a moderator or discussant at the conference.

Research Papers – General Call Authors should prepare submissions as either a Microsoft Word or PDF file. Submissions must be original work that has not been previously presented at a conference or undergone review for publication. Remove all author identifying-information from the title page, body of the manuscript, and document properties. Include a 250-word abstract. The page limit for completed papers is 30 pages, including references and tables (note: Law and Policy papers can be up to 50 pages). Papers that do not adhere to these guidelines will be disqualified. Authors must present in-person at the Colloquium (at least one author of co/multi-authored papers) or they will not be listed in the final program. Research in Progress – General Call All divisions and interest groups participating accept Research-in-Progress. Your research-in-progress submission should include a blinded title page and must be limited to 1,500 words (note that the abstract isn’t included in the word count). Submissions should briefly address the conceptual idea, background/literature, research questions/hypotheses, method, either the plan for findings/results or preliminary findings/results, and a reference section (not included in the word count). All research-in-progress submissions should be anonymous – remove identifying information from the title page, manuscript body, and document properties. Submissions will undergo review and be evaluated according to the division/interest group’s specific rubric, including relevance. Research-in-progress papers are not eligible for Southeast Colloquium awards. Research in progress is not allowed in the Open Division. G.I.F.T. Proposals We invite you to submit your Great Ideas for Teaching (G.I.F.T.) proposals. G.I.F.T. submissions can include class activities, assignments, interventions, or pedagogy practices and approaches. Accepted G.I.F.T.s will be presented during a poster session. Authors must design and present their G.I.F.T. in poster format. Details and poster specifications will be forthcoming in acceptance emails. G.I.F.T. Submission Guidelines Complete the following information and upload your file(s)

• Name of presenter(s)
• Title (faculty, student, independent scholar, etc.)
• University/college, school/department name
• Email of corresponding author

Upload a PDF file with no author information Include:

• Title of submission
• List the class(es) in which the G.I.F.T. can be used.
• What makes this an innovative G.I.F.T.?
• In 150- to 300-words, describe the activity, assignment, intervention, G.I.F.T.-related practice, or approach.
• Identify the student learning outcomes and detail your assessment/evaluation.

Upload any supplemental materials (e.g., assignment instructions, grading rubric) as a PDF file.

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DIG SEC Research Chairs and Submission Links

• Great Ideas for Teaching Tori Ekstrand — torismit@email.unc.edu
• Open Division Rhonda Gibson, North Carolina at Chapel Hill — gibsonr@email.unc.edu
• Broadcast and Mobile Journalism Karin Assmann, University of Georgia — kba@uga.edu
• Community Journalism Nick Matthews, Missouri — nmathews@missouri.edu
• Graduate Education Sohana Nasrin, Tampa — snasrin@ut.edu
• History Brian Creech, Lehigh — brc623@lehigh.edu
• Law and Policy Michael Martinez, Tennessee — mmarti82@utk.edu
• LGBTQ Rhonda Gibson, North Carolina at Chapel Hill — gibsonr@email.unc.edu
• Magazine Media Andrea Hall, Middle Tennessee State — andrea.hall@mtsu.edu
• Newspaper and Online News Amber Hinsley, Texas State — ahinsley@txstate.edu
• Scholastic Journalism Theresa De Los Santos, Pepperdine — theresa.m.delossantos@pepperdine.edu
• Visual Communication Shannon Zenner, Elon — shannonzenner@gmail.com

]]> 25017 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2025/02/election-candidate-profiles/ Sat, 01 Feb 2025 11:00:19 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=19745 It's Time to Cast Your Vote!

Vote February 28 through March 29

AEJMC members are encouraged to vote in our upcoming election from February 28 through March 29. AEJMC will use an online voting system. Eligible members will receive an email with a builtin link to the AEJMC ballot. Response deadline is March 29. After March 29, the online system will be closed, and votes will be tallied. If you have not received an email with your ballot link, contact Samantha Higgins (Samantha@aejmc.org).

Click on the profile image to read about the candidates:

 ]]> 19745 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/10/publications-committee-members/ Tue, 01 Oct 2024 11:00:42 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20583 AEJMC Publications Committee for the 2024 – 2025 term Teri Finneman (Chair) (Term: 2023-2026) University of Kansas Stephanie Craft (Term: 2024-2027) University of Illinois Keren Henderson (Term: 2024-2027) Syracuse University Alyssa Appelman (Term: 2024-2027) University of Kansas Uche Onyebadi (Term: 2023-2026) Texas Christian University Hyejoon Rim (Term: 2023-2026) University of Minnesota Maria DeMoya (Term: 2022-2025) University of Tennessee, Knoxville Chelsea Reynolds (Term: 2022-2025) Arizona State University Sun Young Lee (Term: 2022-2025) University of Maryland Elected Standing Committees]]> 20583 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/10/research-committee-members/ Tue, 01 Oct 2024 11:00:44 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20597 AEJMC Standing Committee on Research for the 2024 – 2025 term Yong Volz (Chair) (Term: 2022-2025) University of Missouri Lucinda Austin (Term: 2024-2027) University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Valérie Bélair-Gagnon (Term: 2024-2027) University of Minnesota Patrick Ferrucci (Term: 2024-2027) University of Colorado Boulder Jessica Willoughby (Term: 2024-2027) Washington State University Deborah Chung (Term: 2023-2026) University of Kentucky Melita Garza (Term: 2023-2026) Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Amber Roessner (Term: 2023-2026) University of Tennessee Denis Wu (Term: 2023-2026) Boston University Summer Harlow (Term: 2022-2025) Texas A&M University/University of Texas at Austin Jasmine McNealy (Term: 2022-2025) University of Florida Radhika Parameswaran (Term: 2022-2025) Indiana University Elected Standing Committees]]> 20597 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/11/membership-committee-members/ Fri, 01 Nov 2024 11:00:54 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20622 AEJMC Membership Committee for the 2024 – 2025 term Keonte Coleman (Chair) (Term: 2023 – 2026) Syracuse University Mariam Alkazemi (Term: 2024 – 2027) Virginia Commonwealth University Irene Segopolo (Term 2024 – 2027) University of Bostwana Ron W. Sitton (Term: 2024 – 2027) Arkansas State University Jennifer Vardeman (Term: 2023 – 2026) University of Houston Valerie White (Term: 2023 – 2026) Florida A&M University Prabu David (Term: 2022 – 2025) Michigan State University Seungahn Nah (Term: 2022 – 2025) University of Florida Shafiqur Rahman (Term: 2022 – 2025) South Carolina State University <Appointed Committees]]> 20622 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/10/nominations-and-elections-committee-members/ Tue, 01 Oct 2024 11:00:41 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20684 AEJMC Nominations and Elections Committee for the 2024 – 2025 term Dorothy Bland (Chair) (Term: 2022-2025) University of North Texas Chuqing Dong (Term: 2024-2027) Michigan State University Yeuseung Kim (Term: 2024-2027) Chung-Ang University Damion Waymer (Term: 2024-2027) University of South Carolina Derigan Silver (Term: 2023-2026) University of Denver Ryan J. Thomas (Term: 2022-2025) Washington State University Suman Mishra (Term: 2022-2025) Southern Illinois University Edwardsville <Appointed Committees]]> 20684 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/10/finance-committee-members/ Tue, 01 Oct 2024 11:00:47 +0000 https://www.aejmc.org/home/?p=20687 AEJMC Finance Committee for the 2024 – 2025 term Bey-Ling Sha (Chair) (Term: 2023-2027) California State University, Fullerton Mia Moody (Term: 2024 – 2028) Baylor University Samuel Tham (Term: 2024 – 2027) Colorado State Carl Ciccarelli (Term: 2023 – 2026) University of South Carolina Aiken Teresa Mastin (Term: 2022 – 2026) Michigan State University Linda Aldoory (Term: 2021 – 2025) University of Maryland Maria Marron (Term: 2022 – 2025) University of Nebraska, Lincoln Amanda Caldwell (Ex Officio Member) AEJMC Executive Director Felicia Brown (Ex Officio Member) AEJMC Assistant Director <Appointed Committees]]> 20687 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/03/wp-global-styles-corporate_20/ Thu, 03 Mar 2022 20:24:42 +0000 http://www.aejmc.com/home/2022/03/wp-global-styles-corporate_20/ 22671 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/10/aejmc-gene-burd-award-committee-members/ Tue, 01 Oct 2024 11:00:50 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=24208 AEJMC/Gene Burd Award Committee for the 2024 – 2025 term Dani Brown (Term: 2024-2027) Michigan State University Susan Keith (Term: 2023-2026) Rutgers University Rauf Arif (Term: 2022-2025) Towson University <Appointed Committees]]> 24208 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/10/aejmc-2024-resolutions/ Wed, 09 Oct 2024 13:20:15 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=25133 AEJMC members approved resolutions during the 2024 year. October 18, 2024 The AEJMC Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility (PF&R) has endorsed the three proposed resolutions which were developed by the PF&R subcommittee on resolutions and members of the AEJMC Council of Divisions (CoD). AEJMC plays a key role in representing the interests of its more than 2000 members on topics such as freedom of information, diversity, equity, and inclusion, as well as academic freedom. In accordance with the recently amended bylaws, three separate online discussion forums were open in the AEJMC Community for members to discuss the three proposed resolutions. Questions? Contact Amanda Caldwell, AEJMC Executive Director, at amanda@aejmc.org.

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Resolution One: Supporting Black Women in Higher Education Leadership Resolution Two: Supporting Indigenous Scholars and Indigenous-Owned Media Resolution Three: Proposing the LGBTQ Interest Group Become a Commission   <AEJMC Resolutions]]> 25133 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/10/resolution-one-2024/ Wed, 09 Oct 2024 13:16:28 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=25135 Supporting Black Women in Higher Education Leadership Whereas, the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) has diversity and inclusion as a core area of professional freedom and responsibility; and Whereas, Dr. Antoinette Candia-Bailey, vice president of Lincoln University of Missouri, which is home to the nation's first journalism school at a Historically Black College or university, received a termination letter on January 3, 2024, after having accused the school's president of bullying, harassment, and discrimination; and Whereas, on January 8, 2024, Dr. Candia-Bailey died by suicide, shining the spotlight on Black women's struggles in higher education; and Whereas, the nationwide controversy came less than a year after the mishandling and mistreatment of Dr. Kathleen McElroy, a Black woman, as a candidate for founding director of the journalism program at Texas A&M University; and Whereas, research published in 2024 in Journalism & Mass Communication Educator shows that since 1983, when the association’s name changed to AEJMC, 15 of 30 AEJMC presidents have been women, including three who identify as African American; and Whereas, women have had a dominant presence in several other positions within AEJMC, reflecting the organization's leadership role in creating gender parity in leadership; and Whereas, since 1999 when two Black women, AEJMC President Marilyn Kern-Foxworth and ASJMC President Shirley Staples Carter, developed what was then known as the Journalism and Mass Communication Leadership Institute for Diversity (JLID), more than 100 women of color have been among those participating in and receiving mentoring and leadership training; Now, therefore, be it resolved that AEJMC go on record supporting women of color generally, and Black women in particular, as they seek roles of leadership in higher education, including but not limited to department chair, dean, director, president, vice president and provost; and Be it further resolved that AEJMC through its divisions, interest groups, and commissions sponsor programming that brings a new level of attention to the importance of mental health status of women leaders; and Finally, be it resolved that AEJMC through its Institute for Diverse Leadership (IDL) in Journalism and Communication include intentional programming related to mental health and self-care as a part of its leadership development program.

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CONTACT: Samantha Higgins, AEJMC Communications Director, 803-798-0271 Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a nonprofit scholarly organization with more than 2,000 members in about 40 countries who teach and research journalism, public relations, advertising, digital media, film, and media literacy. Founded in 1912, AEJMC is the oldest and largest alliance of communication educators and administrators at the college level. AEJMC’s mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to encourage the broadest possible range of communication research, to promote the implementation of a multicultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice, a better-informed public, and wider human understanding. <AEJMC 2024 Resolutions]]> 25135 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/10/resolution-two-2024/ Wed, 09 Oct 2024 13:19:25 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=25137 Supporting Indigenous Scholars and Indigenous-Owned Media Whereas, the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) has diversity and inclusion and ethics as two of its core areas of professional freedom and responsibility; and Whereas, when it comes to professional freedom and responsibility of Indigenous scholars and scholarship, one must balance the right to engage in research on Indigenous issues with the responsibility to do so in an ethical and respectful way, especially if he or she is not a member of the Indigenous community; and Whereas, in recent years, there have been instances within AEJMC when researchers have sought to engage with Indigenous topics and issues without necessarily ensuring that Native voices are prominent in such efforts as programming, research, or teaching; and Whereas, the Indigenous Journalists Association (IJA), formerly the Native American Journalists Association, recently celebrated its 40th anniversary; and Whereas, in the United States, less than one half of one percent of newsroom employees identify as Indigenous and the majority of journalism and mass communication faculties still have no Indigenous faculty members; and Whereas, IJA President Christine Trudeau, Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation, recently called for at the 23rd session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues to encourage states to legally recognize Indigenous-owned media; Now, therefore, be it resolved, that the members of AEJMC go on record supporting a more intentional effort to make AEJMC a better space for Indigenous scholars to feel welcome and know their perspective, time, and expertise will be respected and heard; and Be it further resolved that AEJMC join the call for legal recognition of Indigenous-owned media and increased recruitment of Indigenous scholars as instructors in journalism and mass communication programs; and Be it further resolved that in consultation with the Elected Standing Committee on Professional Freedom and Responsibility, that Indigenous scholars be front and center in conceiving, planning, and executing at least one program element on the topic of ethics and responsibility in Indigenous scholarship and the state of Indigenous-owned media in at least the next two AEJMC annual conferences in 2025 and 2026; and Finally, be it resolved, that all AEJMC divisions, interest groups, and commissions be strongly encouraged to seek out Indigenous scholars to serve as leaders in their units.

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CONTACT: Samantha Higgins, AEJMC Communications Director, 803-798-0271 Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a nonprofit scholarly organization with more than 2,000 members in about 40 countries who teach and research journalism, public relations, advertising, digital media, film, and media literacy. Founded in 1912, AEJMC is the oldest and largest alliance of communication educators and administrators at the college level. AEJMC’s mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to encourage the broadest possible range of communication research, to promote the implementation of a multicultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice, a better-informed public, and wider human understanding. <AEJMC 2024 Resolutions]]> 25137 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/10/resolution-three-2024/ Wed, 09 Oct 2024 13:24:29 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=25141 Proposing the LGBTQ Interest Group Become a Commission Whereas, since the establishment of the Lesbian, Gay and Family Interest Group in 1993, AEJMC has had units focused on issues of those in sexual marginalized groups; and Whereas, what is now known as the AEJMC Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ+) Interest Group was first formed in 2003; and Whereas, for more than twenty years, much of AEJMC’s advocacy for sexual and gender minorities has been led through the work of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ+) Interest Group; and Whereas, diversity is one of the five core areas of the Professional Freedom & Responsibility (PF&R) mission of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC); and Whereas, the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC) has established “Diversity and Inclusiveness” as one of the eight standards by which all 119 accredited units are evaluated, tasking those units with empowering individuals traditionally disenfranchised based on their sexual orientation, gender and/or sex assigned at birth; and Whereas, other marginalized groups within AEJMC are represented among membership as Commissions, with their heads serving as members of the AEJMC Board of Directors; and Whereas, moving the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ+) Interest Group will create a more equitable, diverse and inclusive environment for marginalized groups in AEJMC; Now, therefore, be it resolved, that AEJMC members support the establishment of the Commission on the Status of the LGBTQ+ Community; and Be it further resolved that based on the recommendation of the AEJMC Board of Directors, AEJMC members be urged to participate in the online voting required to amend the AEJMC bylaws to establish a fourth Commission on the Status of the LGBTQ+ Community.

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CONTACT: Samantha Higgins, AEJMC Communications Director, 803-798-0271 Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a nonprofit scholarly organization with more than 2,000 members in about 40 countries who teach and research journalism, public relations, advertising, digital media, film, and media literacy. Founded in 1912, AEJMC is the oldest and largest alliance of communication educators and administrators at the college level. AEJMC’s mission is to promote the highest possible standards for journalism and mass communication education, to encourage the broadest possible range of communication research, to promote the implementation of a multicultural society in the classroom and curriculum, and to defend and maintain freedom of communication in an effort to achieve better professional practice, a better-informed public, and wider human understanding. <AEJMC 2024 Resolutions]]> 25141 0 0 0 https://www.aejmc.com/home/2024/11/aejmc-presidential-task-force-on-undergraduate-research-and-engagement/ Mon, 04 Nov 2024 01:41:29 +0000 https://www.aejmc.com/home/?p=25180 AEJMC Presidential Task Force on Undergraduate Research and Engagement for the 2024 – 2025 term Jan Lauren Boyles (Co-chair) Iowa State University Laura K. Smith (Co-chair) University of South Carolina Mackenzie Cato Kennesaw State University Michel Haigh Texas State University Erin Kim-Cho Grand View University Claudia Kozman Northwestern University in Qatar Nick Mathews University of Missouri <Appointed Committees]]> 25180 0 0 0