The global media job market: A comparison of requirements in job listings for six broadcast news organizations • Mariam Alkazemi; Wayne Wanta, University of Florida • ob listings for six broadcast news media were content analyzed for required qualifications for new hires. Only seven of the 120 job notices did not mention some technological skills, supporting a trend of media convergence. Another common requirement mentioned was a college degree. In comparing the six media, Al-Jazeera America differed from other organizations most often. Job postings for Al-Jazeera America were more likely to mention ethics and less likely to mention foreign language knowledge. Both Al-Jazeera America and Al-Jazeera were more likely to mention good news judgment as a requirement for their jobs. The findings have implications for hiring practices in the media industry.

Closed-Cohort Structure In Online Graduate Programs: Advancing Career Opportunities For Mid-Career Communication Professionals • Justin Blankenship, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Rhonda Gibson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • In a closed-cohort educational program design, students enter a program together, take the same courses together, and graduate together. This article surveyed students in one of the few closed-cohort graduate programs in a communication school, one intended for mid-career professionals. Results indicate that students found several aspects of closed-cohort important, felt a sense of community among their cohort, and used their cohort to create a professional network of peers.

Avoiding the Bad Jump Cut: Developing a Senior Year Experience For Journalism Students • Lorie Humphrey, Colorado State University; Michael Humphrey, Colorado State University • Leaving college and beginning life outside of the familiar institution is one of the major transitions in many people’s life. This can be especially daunting for journalism students at a time when career paths are muddied by regularly changing economics, platforms and best practices. Both professor and career counselors often struggle to support students in this transition. One initiative, The Senior Year Experience, offers a variety of approaches to alleviate that struggle. This paper discusses the challenges soon-to-be graduating journalism students face, and the types of programs available including formal coursework, experiential learning opportunities, and campus events and activities aimed at smoothing the pathway. Teachers, advisors, and career counselors can play an integral role in developing programs and building coalitions with other partners on campus to guide journalism students in successful transitions.

Inside The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and the Noetic Crisis of the WGA Strike • Nathan Rodriguez, University of Kansas • I was a production intern at The Daily Show with Jon Stewart at a time when the Writer’s Guild of America was on strike. I borrow ethnographic tools to document all-staff meetings and patterns of interaction during the strike. This essay illuminates not only the inner-workings of one of the more successful television programs in recent history, but also shows how a group of individuals dedicated to comedy managed to navigate a workplace crisis.

Revisiting Entering the Game at Halftime: Engaging students in internships and co-curricular activities. • Lauren Vicker, St. John Fisher College • This paper reports a large-scale follow-up to a pilot study that examined ways that mass communication programs engage transfer students in internships and co-curricular activities. The author conducted a large-scale survey of students enrolled in programs listed in the AEJMC directory and also conducted interviews with some survey respondents. Results indicate differences between transfer and native students in key areas and offer suggestions for ways to improve experiences for both populations.

2015 Abstracts

Digital Gumshoes: Investigative Journalists’ Use of Social Media in Television News Reporting • Jesse Abdenour, University of Oregon • A nationwide survey (N=165) showed evidence that investigative journalists at local television stations are frequently using social media for public interaction, story ideas, and story production, and are doing so significantly more than other types of journalists. However, data analysis indicated that regular social media use did not translate into higher levels of investigative productivity, quality or efficiency.

Valence Framing and Egypt’s Country Reputation • Amal Bakry • While country reputation and country branding scholarship has mainly focused on its effect on product marketing and place marketing (Kaneva, 2009), this study aims to shed light on the intersection of mass media and country reputation from the news framing perspective. The present study examines public opinion regarding Egypt by looking at recent Pew Research survey data. The media framing comes from a content analysis of news related to Egypt on network newscasts. By examining framing of news related to Egypt and relating it to public opinion polls, we hope to understand whether such frames are negatively or positively valenced and whether or not such frames affect public opinion towards a Middle Eastern country of strategic importance to the U.S.

We’re Just Good People: Corporate Sustainability Communications and Human Values • Lauren Bayliss, University of Florida • The nature of organizations’ relationships with publics is changing, leading to increased potential for developing parasocial relationships with publics. Parasocial relationships, however, require publics to view an organization as human-like. By examining the human values and time orientations present on these companies’ websites, this paper establishes current best communication practices. The findings, contrary to expectations based on a human model of communicating values, provide directions for future research.

Guilt by Disassociation: Millennials’ Opinions Regarding News Consumption and the Prevalence of “Should” • Ginger Blackstone, University of Florida • The purpose of this study was to investigate news avoidance behaviors of upwardly mobile Millennial undergraduates. Focus group participants were more interested in non-news content, but there were occasions when news did catch their attention. Participants believed they “should” consume news, but often lacked the initiative or interest. Others deliberately avoided news because of information overload or negative content. Some participants saw themselves consuming more news as they matured, which challenged recent Pew Research findings.

The usage of soft and hard news delivery techniques in articles of women’s weight: A content analysis of differences across media genres • Calli Breil, University of Missouri; Samuel Tham, University of Missouri School of Journalism • Thin ideal messages have been found to promote that being thin is attractive and essential in being successful and happy. Women exposed to thin-ideal messages suffer from body dissatisfaction, and psychological, physiological harm. This paper used a quantitative content analysis to analyze the delivery techniques of these messages in three media genres. This study found significant differences delivery techniques, with women’s magazines using more soft news and attempting to build a relationship with its audience.

A Qualitative Framing Analysis of HPV Vaccine Coverage in U.S. Newspapers • Jieun Chung, University of Florida • This mixed methods framing analysis investigated newspaper articles framing of the HPV vaccine. This study found six major frames: Cancer prevention frame, male eligibility frame, STD prevention frame, insufficient recommendation frame, sexual promiscuity frame, and low rates frame. Of the six frames, the cancer prevention frame was most common frame. With respect to the HBM constructs, effectiveness of the HPV vaccine and severity of HPV were presented most of them, while susceptibility to HPV was barely presented in the U.S. newspapers.

Bellwether County: Macomb County, Michigan, and the Construction of Reagan Democrats in US Political News • Christopher Cimaglio, University of Pennsylvania • With a focus on the political celebrity of Macomb County, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit that received considerable attention in news media as a bellwether for the attitudes of Reagan Democrats, white working class voters whose racial anxieties and cultural fears had alienated them from the Democratic Party, this paper examines the significance of the Reagan Democrat figure for 1980s and 1990s US politics and the role of political journalism in its construction.

Persuasive Social Media Inference. Online social climate and perceptions of public opinion • David Coppini, University of Wisconsin Madison; Stephanie Jean Tsang, University of Wisconsin-Madison • The traditional hypothesis of “persuasive media inference” posited that media slant on an issue influences citizens’ perceptions of public opinion’s position on an issue. In the social media environment, people continuously receive cues about what other individuals think about specific issues.Does this affect individuals’ perceptions of public opinion? Our study manipulates opinion climate on social media investigate effects on perceptions of public opinion.Results from a sample of college students show that individuals use cues from social media to form their impressions about public opinion.Theoretical implications for application of theories of presumed influence in the online environment are discussed.

Icy challenges: Consumer perceptions of brands’ social activism in ALS Ice Bucket Challenge • Naa Amponsah Dodoo, University of Florida • The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge, a social media viral campaign in the summer of 2014 campaign for the ALS Association, presented an opportunity for brands/companies to show their involvement in a reactive form of social activism. Evidence in literature suggests that consumers regard cause related activities by brands/companies with some skepticism. This study therefore examined consumers’ awareness of brands’ involvement in the challenge as well as responses to brands/companies involvement in the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge. Consumers’ brand identification, self-congruity and intent to share information about the brand were also examined. Results indicated favorable attitude towards brands’ involvement in the challenge. Additional analyses were conducted in the form of multiple regression analysis and revealed interesting results on the predictive ability of brand attitude, brand identity as well as brand awareness on the intent to share information about brands/companies involvement in the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge. Findings and implications are discussed.

Citizen in-group bias effects on credibility in Ebola news coverage • Megan Duncan, University of Wisconsin-Madison • In an experiment, participants read a story that manipulated the main characters’ citizenship status (American-born, naturalized, resident) to examine social identity cues in news and activation of in-group bias. Further, it extends social identity cues to credibility. It finds people are less concerned about diversity issues in the case where a message features a naturalized citizen than an American citizen, offering support for in-group bias. Results show citizenship status cues effect perception of news credibility.

A survey of Egyptian journalists’ perception of press freedom in post-revolutionary Egypt • Goran Ghafour, The university of Kansas; Amr El-Afifi, The University of Kansas • This study examined the perception of Egyptian journalists on the concept of press freedom in transition and conflict. Surveying 136 Egyptian journalists, this study found that individual, attitudinal, and organizational factors relatively determine the Egyptian journalists’ perception of press freedom. Differences in perception of press freedom among the Egyptian journalists reflect different types of news media ownerships with different goals and policies.

How do people choose from different reading platforms? The comparison between online reading and offline reading • WEIWEI JIANG; Ying Xu • With the decreasing number of newspaper readers and the increasing number of online readers, researchers are willing to understand why some media are more favorable and who are reading which medium. In this paper we examined the relationship of online reading and print reading in terms of media attributes, people`s demographic differences, and time spending on media. Also, we also studied hybrid readers who read on both online and print media. We compared them with online and print media consumer. We found that online media have more favorable attributes than traditional media. Also, we found that digital divide does exist due to age differences. People who only use online media to read show their dependency on internet, but there were no statistical significant found on people who only read traditional media and their media dependency.

Access Denied: Consequences of Ablebodied Students Communication Apprehension Toward College Students with Disabilities • Davi Kallman, Washington State University • The following study examines the uncertainty that ablebodied students have when interacting with students with disabilities in higher education. The author explains how uncertainty and communication apprehension (Griffin, 2006) are leading factors for ablebodied students avoidance in interaction with out-group members. The author provides suggestions to decrease uncertainty and reduce communication apprehension among ablebodied university students in order to increase the comfort level in interactions.

Constructive journalism: A definition and practical guide for applying positive psychology techniques to news production • Karen McIntyre, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Critical issues in journalism, including audience decline, highlight the need for a new approach. This paper defines and situates in the field the interdisciplinary concept of constructive journalism — an emerging form of news that applies positive psychology techniques to journalism in an effort to create more productive, engaging news stories. After conceptualizing the term, techniques by which constructive journalism can be practiced and the psychological frameworks that support the use of each technique are discussed.

Tribunes of the Marginalized? Institutional Role Performance in the American Alternative Press • Joseph Moore, University of Missouri • This study examined institutional role conception and role performance among several prominent U.S. alternative news publications to discover whether the gap between role conception and performance uncovered by previous studies of the mainstream commercial press also existed among alternative media. A textual analysis of alternative news coverage of the 2013 NSA mass surveillance disclosures was employed. Alternative news organizations had mixed success at translating their institutional role conceptions into practice.

The Effects of In-game Advertising On Gamers and the Video Game Industry • Matthew Morley • Advertisements and product tie-ins in video games have become increasingly prevalent in the video game industry. This paper reviews the literature surrounding product placement and advertising found within video games and discusses the current and past trends of in-game advertising. Additionally, this paper investigates whether in-game advertisements make a game more immersive and lifelike or if they are seen as intrusive and distracting by gamers.

Propagation of prosociality • Yu Leung Ng, School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University • Propagation of prosociality is the repeated dissemination of prosocial messages. The unpredictability of this phenomenon is worth an understanding of its nature and process, yet no previous literatures were reviewed systematically to investigate this phenomenon. This review article adopted an evolutionary perspective to examine the attributes of prosocial messages dissemination (‘what’) and a psychology perspective to investigate the psychological antecedents and consequences of it (‘why’) for communication scholars to understand ‘how’ prosocial messages get propagated.

The Invisible Race: Analysis of Racial Hierarchy in Contemporary Mexican Cinema • Alberto Orellana-Campos, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This paper examines representations and meanings of racial hierarchy in contemporary Mexican films, as well as the commentary these images provide on racial identity, in a country that is not majority-white. Mexican cinema, as both a product and producer of cultural and racial ideologies, normalizes through its images a hierarchy where mestizo characters often experience a treatment that normalizes poverty and disadvantage because of ‘who they are.’

The Spiral of Silence on the new media environment • Mustafa oz, The University of Texas at Austin • This study was designed to specifically examine fear of isolation in social media and offline environment. The results have shown that the respondents place higher value for assessing the climate of opinion on Facebook (m=3.55, sd=1.170) than Twitter and offline environment. Results also have shown that individuals were less likely to speak out on Facebook (m=3.72, sd=1.097) than offline (m=2.81, 1.176) environments and Twitter (m=2.32, sd=1.178).

Something creepy this way comes: PAC advertising’s attack on Obamacare, a visual narrative analysis • Marguerite Page, Northern Illinois University • PAC money’s influence in political messaging has accelerated the appearance of negative attack ads. A viral Internet video attacking Obamacare in July 2014 urged young adults to opt out. Through an analysis of its visual rhetoric, this study finds that use of dark humor, popular culture references, and most significantly, its narrative fidelity, make it likely “believable” by its ideal audience.

Network agenda-building during the Ebola crisis: Exploring the impact of government messages on newspaper coverage • Yanqin Lu, Indiana University; Young Eun Park, Indiana University • The current study explored network agenda-building during the Ebola crisis. The results indicated that during the crisis, the salience of network relationships of attributes is transferred from public relations materials to news media articles. However, network centrality results also suggested that journalists do not completely follow the agenda of public relations messages. Specifically, the central position of “reassurance” in public relations materials was replaced by “consequence” in news media articles.

The Effect of Facebook Use and Social Comparison Orientation on Subjective Well-Being • Alexander Pfeuffer; Hannah Murphy • This study examined the relationship between Facebook use and subjective well-being considering a hypothesized moderating effect of social comparison orientation on this relationship. The study did not find support for Facebook use being a reliable predictor of subjective well-being. Instead of acting as a moderator, social comparison orientation emerged as the significant predictor of subjective well-being. This study’s results challenge previous literature’s findings and the popular perception that Facebook use is correlated with subjective well-being.

How do National and Regional Newspapers Cover Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder? A Content Analysis • Lu Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Nearly 500,000 U.S. troops who served in Afghanistan and Iraq have been diagnosed with PTSD. This study conducted a content analysis to compare how coverage of PTSD would differ between bigger newspapers with a national audience versus smaller regional newspapers located near major U.S. military bases. Findings show that national newspapers engaged in higher-level policy discussion, while regional newspapers tended to focus on human impact of the disorder.

Relationship Building in Nation Branding: The Central Role of Nation Brand Commitment • Linwan Wu, University of Florida • Nation brand commitment indicates the strength of one’s relationship with a nation brand. A conceptual model is proposed to explain how a nation brand impacts consumers’ traveling and product purchasing intentions. It is posited that nation brand commitment is influenced by consumers’ perceived nation brand trustworthiness, their orientations of cultural values and perceived cultural distance. An online survey was conducted to test the model by using two nation brands (China & the United Kingdom) among undergraduate students who are American citizens. The results demonstrated that nation brand trustworthiness and cultural value of power distance were positively correlated with nation brand commitment, while cultural distance was negatively correlated with nation brand commitment. It also found that nation brand commitment positively influenced consumers’ traveling and product purchasing intentions. Implications, limitations and directions for future research are also included.

User-generated Content on News Websites: Why Do People Comment on A News Story? • Chuanli XIA, City University of Hong Kong • “This study proposes a theoretical framework in which it addresses the relationship between gratifications of various needs and user-generated content behavior on news websites. Two theoretical moderators, namely perceived information of UGC and attitude to news making by major media organizations are examined. With a secondary data in U.S. 2010, this study finds that different needs are related to UGC behavior, and the perceived importance of UGC enhances this relationship.”

Same or Different across Countries:Multinational Corporations’ Relationship Cultivation Strategies on Social Network Sites • Ning Xie, University of Maryland • This study explores multinational corporations (MNCs)’ relationship management with publics in two different countries by examining MNCs’ relationship cultivation strategies on Social Network Sites (SNSs). Through a content analysis of 29 MNCs’corporate Twitter accounts in the United States and Sina Weibo (Twitter’s counterpart) accounts in China, this study reveals that MNCs use disclosure, information dissemination, and interactivity and involvement in both countries, on both Twitter and Sina Weibo. Findings indicate that MNCs do not use the same strategies on both SNSs. Patterns of MNCs’ use of relationship cultivation strategies on SNSs in the United States and China are identified. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

SNS as Intimacy Zone: Social Intimacy, Loneliness, and Self-disclosure on SNS • yafei zhang; Qi Ling, The University of Iowa • This study explores factors that may influence one’s self-disclosure on SNS where one self-disclose information in the public eye. Social intimacy and loneliness as indicators of one’s social relationship status are found to be both significantly, though contradictorily related to self-disclosure on SNS. Social intimacy and loneliness function are mediators in the direct effect of personality on self-disclosure on SNS. This study enhances the understanding of self-disclosure on SNS rather than interpersonal connections.

2015 Abstracts

“A Symbolic Sacrifice”: Journalists’ Coverage of Queers Challenging The University of Texas • Jose Araiza • The Gay Liberation Front (GFL) made Texas history in 1970, as group members tried to become the first officially recognized student organization on the campus of the University of Texas in Austin. This paper represents a qualitative analysis of the media coverage as the university’s administration denied the group official recognition, setting the stage for a series of demonstrations and hearings that garnered widespread attention. This textual analysis focused on the media coverage from the city’s mainstream daily newspaper, the university’s student-operated newspaper and a local weekly liberal magazine. This project found that while the group faced exclusion from the larger public sphere, mainstream media and the university’s own student operated newspaper marginalized and delegitimized the group of students who were challenging the status quo.

Use of Pro- and Anti- GLBT Organizations in the News: A Longitudinal Content Analysis • Joseph Cabosky, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Rhonda Gibson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • “A content analysis of New York Times and Washington Post from 1977-2013 examined use of pro- and anti-GLBT organizations as sources to explore change over time and differences in coverage of mainstream vs. radical organizations. Stories about marriage/families, entertainment, AIDS, and politics were most likely to source GLBT organizations. Only AIDS and protests/boycotts were more likely to source radical organizations. Anti-GLBT organizations were used as sources in one-fifth of stories. Implications of how story topic trumps time in source selection are discussed.”

Inching Away from the Toy Department: Daily Newspaper Sports Coverage of Jason Collins and Michael Sam’s Coming Out • Bill Cassidy, Northern Illinois University • This study examined daily newspaper sports coverage of the coming out of NBA veteran Jason Collins and college football All-American Michael Sam. A content analysis of 248 articles published in the first 30 days after each athlete’s announcement revealed that while there were significant differences, individual and present frames dominated for both. Results also suggested that a substantive amount of coverage addressed pertinent issues related to gay athletes in major professional sports.

The Role of Ideology in Media Framing of Same-Sex Marriage, 1998-2014 • Dominic Lasorsa; Jiyoun Suk; Deepa Fadnis • In an attempt to advance understanding of how media frames are constructed, this paper uncovered a link between a newspaper’s ideological orientation and how it has framed the issue of same-sex marriage over 17 years. A random sample of articles about same-sex marriage published in the years 1998-2014 in the ideologically conservative New York Post and the ideologically liberal New York Times were analyzed. It was found that whenever one of the newspapers framed same-sex marriage it did so either in terms of morality or equality, which replicates previous research. Furthermore, it was found here that while the two newspapers employed the morality frame about equally, the Times employed an equality frame much more frequently than did the Post. Shifts in framing over the 17 years also were identified, with the morality frame generally decreasing over time and the equality frame increasing over time. It also was found that most articles merely mentioned same-sex marriage without engaging in framing, and that newspaper articles designed to persuade (editorials, op-ed pieces, letters) engaged in no more framing than did news articles. The implications of these findings for the advancement of media framing theory are discussed.

Egalitarian Values and Media Use: An Examination of Gay Rights Supporters’ Traditional and New Media Habits • Tien-Tsung Lee, University of Kansas; Gary Hicks • While social and mobile media are fertile ground for hate groups to spread their messages, these new media platforms can be used by equal rights activists to advocate their causes. Using a large survey of American adult consumers, this study examines the traditional, social and mobile media habits of consumers who are sympathetic to equal rights for gay couples. These potential targets frequent social networking sites, and often send as well as receive text messages.

The Instagrammed Trans Body: The Renegotiation of Gender and Bodies in the Instagram-Based Transgender Community • Minjie Li, Louisiana State University • Instagram has formed a new type of online transgender community through hashtags. Through the lens of visual journaling personal transgender experience in the public sphere, this study examines how transgender people renegotiate the relationships between gender and body, public and private, and self and politics. The findings indicate that while enhancing traditional gender scripts through encouraging transgender people to make medical transition and prompting gender policing, instagram also makes emerging forms of resistance order visible.

Can we talk? Kenyan LGBTI advocates and media representatives launch a conversation • Teresa Mastin, DePaul University; Alexandra Murphy, DePaul University; Dustin Goltz; Jason Zingsheim, Governors State University • Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) persons in Kenya face an array of legal, social, and political discrimination. “Homosexual” sexual activity is criminalized, punishable by years in prison. Many sectors of Kenyan society are openly hostile to LGBTI persons and organizations contributing to a high level of stigma and discrimination. This study chronicles an ongoing university-LGBTI advocates-media collaboration designed to broach a relationship between Kenya’s LGBTI community and Kenyan society-at-large.

Harvey Milk’s Political Columns, 1974-1978 • Heidi Mau, Temple University • This paper examines Harvey Milk’s political columns published in the local gay press in San Francisco, 1974-1978. Harvey Milk’s assassination happened less than eleven months after he was sworn into office – local mass media barely had time to document him once he arrived on the larger media radar, but Milk’s political columns for the San Francisco Sentinel and the Bay Area Reporter, provide over four years of Harvey Milk’s presentation of his public, political self.

The heartbeat of a locker room: Reactions to Jason Collins and Michael Sam coming out • Monique Robinson, The University of Kansas; Timothy Luisi, University of Kansas; Mugur Geana • Jason Collins (National Basketball Association) and Michael Sam (National Football League) announced their sexual orientation, becoming the first openly gay athletes in their sports leagues. Under the lenses of hegemonic masculinity and inclusive masculinity theories, quotations (n = 405) from U.S. newspapers were analyzed to discuss the mediated representations of reactions from the sports industry. The findings highlight differing levels of acceptance of openly gay athletes in popular U.S. American sports.

Strategic Communication Through Social Media by LGBTI NGOs • Nathian Rodriguez, Texas Tech University • The plight and struggles of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) refugees from around the globe often go unheard. Currently, at least 78 countries have specific regulations persecuting LGBTIs. Without protection, these global citizens are forced to seek asylum in other countries. This paper investigates how LGBTI-specific refugee/asylee NGOs (Organization for Refuge, Asylum & Migration and International Gay & Lesbian Human Rights Commission) are using Facebook and Twitter to build organizational-public relationships. Research provided here uncovers the use of social media messages as functions of information, community and action. Furthermore, it shows whether the conventional public relations measures of cognitive learning, affective responses and resulting behaviors are manifested within these functions. The research also reveals the social media messages focused more on the global regions of North America, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Additionally, the NGOs linked their messages/posts to more to LGBTI-specific entities around the world.

2015 Abstracts

International Satiric TV Shows As Critical Infotainment (A Comparative Analysis) • Paul Alonso, Georgia Tech • This article analyzes, contrasts and compares the discourse of three satiric infotainment television shows built around their hosts: American Jon Stewart (host of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart); British comedian Sacha Baron Cohen (the actor who incarnates the popular characters Borat, Bruno and Ali G, in the Da Ali G Show), and Peruvian Jaime Bayly (host of the Peruvian TV show El Francotirador/The Sniper). These three cases not only responded to their specific national, social, and political contexts, but also demonstrate important similarities: they parody journalistic genres questioning its authority and values, they use humor to develop socio-political and cultural critiques, the shows revolve around a talented character who is a media celebrity, and all of these characters perform interventions on reality. This research goes beyond the notion of fake news identifying deeper connections between international cases, in order to illuminate the transnational phenomenon of satiric infotainment, its potential and contradictions.

Musicality and uses of music in satirical animation: A qualitative analysis • Calli Breil, University of Missouri; Samuel Tham, University of Missouri School of Journalism • Music has long been ignored as an essential part that influences mood and understanding of a show and stereotypes. This study used a qualitative analysis to examine specific musical choices of three animated shows and found differences in racial stereotypes, characters, and even usage of popular songs to convey a plot, or a character’s experience.

Rich and Fabulous: The Marginalizing Power of Television Situational Comedies and the Contrived Gay Market • Robert Byrd, University of Memphis • The purpose of this paper is to examine issues of class and consumption in the programs, which excludes any queer individual not belonging to a constructed gay buying bloc consisting of affluent gay men with large disposable incomes. This exclusion from the homonormative notions of affluent gay men further marginalizes LGBTQ people from lower socio-economic groups, which often includes LGBTQ people of color and women. The study uses discourse analysis through a queer theory lens to examine five television situational comedies aired during the 2012-2013 television season to better understand the role of affluence and consumption in the visibility of sexual minorities.

Time-Shifting vs. Appointment Viewing: The Role of Fear of Missing Out within TV Consumption Habits • Lindsey Conlin, The University of Southern Mississippi; Andrew Billings, University of Alabama; Lauren Auverset, University of Alabama • Employing a national sample of 160 respondents, this study investigates the phenomenon of fear-of-missing-out (FoMO). Results indicated that FoMO plays a role in the pace that people choose to watch TV, as well as whether they are likely to watch some one-time TV entertainment programs, yet not for one-time sporting events. FoMO also predicted social media use as it relates to TV watching. Implications and directions for future research are discussed

Melfi’s choice: Morally conflicted content leads to moral deliberation in viewers • Serena Daalmans, Radboud University; Allison Eden, VU University Amsterdam; Merel van Ommen; Addy Weijers • This study investigates if morally conflicted and controversial content, which is often denounced as morally desensitizing, may lead to moral deliberation in viewers. The results of a quasi-experiment reveal that moral deliberation was predicted by transportation into the narrative and was related to increased appreciation for the episode. The results support the notion that media potentially function as a morality sandbox in which to play with or test out moral concerns, even in regards to controversial and violent content.

The Influence of Social Identity Salience on Mediated Contact: Examining the Effect of a Common Ingroup Identity • Jannath Ghaznavi, University of California, Davis; Laramie Taylor, University of California Davis • The present study examines the role of social identity salience and entertainment programming on facilitating positive intergroup outcomes. Applying the common ingroup identity model to a mediated contact setting, we examined the influence of shared or exclusive group identities (familial identity, gay identity) and entertainment genres (comedy, drama) on social category salience, perceived similarity to gay male media characters, and attitudes toward gay men among heterosexual viewers. Exposure to entertainment programming in which gay male characters are depicted in a familial or gay identity context influenced the extent to which corresponding social identities were salient. Frequency of social contact with sexual minorities moderated the effect of exposure to media content emphasizing a particular group identity on perceived similarity and attitudes toward gay men. Results provide initial evidence into the effects of social identity salience on social perceptions and evaluations of often-stigmatized minority groups.

Effect of Narcissism, Para-social Interaction, and Gratifications Sought on Singing Competition Reality Shows among Chinese Audiences • Lei Guo; Deya Xu, Department of Communication, CUHK • In recent years, reality shows, especially the singing competition reality shows, have dominated Mainland Chinese TV program market gradually. However, there is a lack of literature specializes in studying singing competition reality shows. To fill this gap, this research focuses on exploring the viewing gratifications of the shows among Chinese audiences, at the same time classifies these shows into two genres from developmental perspective for the first time. Data was collected from 411 Chinese audiences aged 19 to 65. Additional analysis reveals that the most salient motives for watching the shows are meeting the ambition, high production quality pursuing, social interaction, emotional elements attraction, individual interests, and relaxation. In addition, both narcissism and para-social interaction are found significantly related to gratification sought from the shows viewing. Concurrently, the gratifications, narcissism, and para-social interaction are significantly associating with certain genres of Chinese singing competition reality shows.

Gender, Sex and Violence: The Differences in Sexual and Violent Content in Male and Female Musicians’ Lyrics and Music Videos • Stacey Hust, Washington State University; Kathleen Rodgers, Department of Human Development, Washington State University; Nicole O’Donnell, Washington State University; Weina Ran; Stephanie Ebreo, Washington State University • An analysis of music lyrics and their corresponding music video segments (n = 610 stanzas) from Billboard’s Hot 100 reveals popular music offers numerous variations of sexual and violent scripts by gender of musician. The results provide insight into the impact of gender on content creation. It extends prior research by identifying that female objectification in mainstream music videos is an artifact of the video production, and not a factor associated with the musician’s lyrics.

Subtitles in Entertainment Television in South Korea: Focused on a Third-Person Effect • Hyeri Jung, The University of Texas at Austin • The Korea Communications Standards Commission (KCSC) has announced a ban on the use of subtitles consisting of vulgar language in South Korean entertainment television, arguing that they deteriorate the quality of audiences’ ordinary language use. This study attempts to investigate whether the argument of the KCSC is valid by analyzing the subtitles with a substantial use of multiple methods and a third-person effect hypothesis. The findings of this study illustrate interesting aspects that may revisit the third-person effect model and linguistic values in entertainment television.

The appeal of sad comedies and funny dramas: Exploring oppositional affective responses and their implications for culture • Jinhee Kim, Pohang University of Science and Technology; Keunyeong Karina Kim, Pennsylvania State University; mihye seo • This study explores the appeal of entertainment messages that include two extreme opposite ends of comedy (as one extreme) and tragedy (as the other extreme). A cross-cultural experiment that assesses real-time responses reveals that South Koreans are more likely than U.S. Americans to enjoy and appreciate entertainment messages that induce opposing affective (comic and tragic) as well as physical (laughing and crying) responses via heightened naïve dialecticism. Findings are interpreted as suggesting East Asians’ great acceptance for contradiction as well as reversible change that emphasize harmonious integration of any two opposing elements in the universe.

Under Pressure: Explaining the Role of Character Development in the Evaluation of Morally Ambiguous Characters in Entertainment Media • Mariska Kleemans; Serena Daalmans, Radboud University; Merel van Ommen; Allison Eden, VU University Amsterdam; Addy Weijers • The current project aims at better understanding of how narrative characteristics in stories function in the liking, moral evaluation, and enjoyment of narratives featuring morally ambiguous characters. Results of both a qualitative content analysis and an experiment provide support for the claim that character development is a central mechanism to explain viewer responses to MACs in narrative content. Therewith, the study provides new directions for affective disposition research.

Parasocial Processing of a Situational Comedy: An Experimental Study • Travis Loof, Texas Tech University • This post-test only experimental design revealed that audio-only direct address by the title character was significantly associated with more feelings of subjective address and indirectly the experience of parasocial interaction (EPSI). Additionally, this study demonstrated an empirical link between content, interpersonal theories, and mediated characters. This study examined perceived self-disclosure and attributional confidence as predictors of parasocial relationship (PSR) interaction. Findings are discussed in terms of the growing use of character address and flashbacks within narrative television.

I Give the Civil Rights Four Stars: Film Criticism of The Help, The Butler and Selma • Kathleen McElroy, Oklahoma State; Danny Shipka • Three recent Hollywood films, The Help (2011), Lee Daniels’ The Butler (2013) and Selma (2014), drew attention for depicting the Civil Rights Movement and the Jim Crow South. While Hollywood has been scrutinized for its role in racial discourse, less attention has been paid to film critics’ discussion of race in their reviews. This paper examines the critical response to these films, with an emphasis on the reviewers’ reliance on memory and history in forming their opinions. A textual analysis found that critics were reverential toward the movement and the black experience but still mistrustful of the Hollywood system to do a credible job in explaining or understanding the events. The reviewers shaped and shared a memory of nightmarish race relations and prescribed corrections for both Hollywood and America.

Self-Confidence, Stardom and Post-Racial Culture: Gabourey Sidibe in Entertainment Journalism • Russell Meeuf, University of Idaho • The rise to fame of Gabourey Sidibe—the overweight, black actress from Precious and American Horror Story—illustrates the prevalence of post-racial discourse in U.S. entertainment media. Examining the discursive construction of Sidibe’s fame in entertainment magazines, this paper demonstrates how the insistent focus on Sidibe’s self-confidence reflects post-racial discourse and the denial of structural racism. Instead, Sidibe’s star persona celebrates individual solutions to social problems and a colorblind model of universal womanhood.

Millennial Audience Reception to Lyrics Depicting Independent Women • Mia Moody-Ramirez, Baylor University; Lakia Scott • This case study used a Black feminist lens and a constructivist approach to encourage college students to discuss representations of women and independence. After an initial assessment of students’ definitions of independence, researchers provided various videos on the topic and gauged their changes in perceptions. Findings indicated that participants had various definitions and opinions of independence based on personal and family beliefs. While their definitions did not change after watching rap videos, participants were able to discuss more dimensions of independence following this exercise. At the beginning of the study, participants mainly associated independence with issues related to their parents, relationships, and finances. After viewing the videos, they noted that rappers had many different perceptions of independence that linked the term to sexuality, beauty, gender, and power which ultimately influenced their developing perceptions of independence. One of the goals of constructivism is to help students become life-long learners and better critical thinkers. We encourage scholars to build on this article to develop curriculum that will enable young adults to become their own version of independent.

Watching American Entertainment Television in India • Jane O’Boyle, University of South Carolina • India has increasing access to American entertainment programs, through a growing economy, expanding satellite systems and internet access. Founded on cultivation theory, this qualitative study included telephone and online interviews with India residents on Reddit.com (N=182) and found Breaking Bad is the most popular American program among respondents, followed by Game of Thrones, The Big Bang Theory, Friends and Seinfeld. This study also found most viewed the programs by downloading them illegally, largely for avoiding government censors. Discussion addresses the implications for American identity around the world and cross-cultural media effects.

Broadcasting upon a shooting star: An exploratory study of Afreeca TV’s live-stream self broadcast model • Soo-Kwang Oh, William Paterson University; Hyun-Ju Choi • This exploratory study examined the newly emerging and increasingly popular online personal broadcasting service, Afreeca TV. The website features a livestream self-broadcasting system accompanied by a live chat window. This study sought employed a qualitative content analysis of most popular shows on Afreeca TV to identify the elements that make its model successful in today’s digital media landscape. The researchers discuss following key elements that may explain Afreeca TV’s success: diversified content, audience participation/influence, virtual celebrity, the Star Balloon feature, sociality, and the livecast management system.

Identification through Online Mediated Sports: Examining Parasocial Interaction with Sports Players of Color • Po-Lin Pan, Arkansas State University; Li Zeng, Arkansas State University • A two (Race of sports players: Black vs. Asian) by two (Race of sports viewers: Black vs. Asian) by two (Gender difference: Male vs. female) mixed factorial experiment was designed to examine online sports viewers’ parasocial interaction (PSI) with sports players of color. Results found that online sports viewers were more likely to exhibit a higher level of PSI when viewing athletes of the same racial group than viewing those from a different racial group. Black viewers showed a higher level of PSI with the Black player than with the Asian player. Correspondingly, Asian viewers exhibited a higher level of PSI with the Asian player than with the Black player. Evidence for similarity identification suggested that the more similar media viewers are to media characters, the more likely the former are to develop affective bonds with the latter. In the context of online mediated sports, these affective bonds would direct online sports viewers to desire even greater similarity to sports players, and activate online sports viewers to take sports players’ perspective, eventually leading to a higher level of PSI.

Mythmaking in Singapore: The case of Ah Boys to Men 1 and II • Stacy Lai; Daoyi Lin; Wirdayu Binte Safie; Phoebe Seow; Hazel Wee; Fernando Paragas • This paper uses discourse analysis to surface how the myths of nationhood, masculinity and male adulthood are negotiated in the Singapore movies Ah Boys to Men Part 1 and Ah Boys to Men Part II. Our analysis shows that while the narratives contain viewpoints on nationhood, masculinity and the male rite of passage that reflect accepted socio-political and cultural norms and values, certain aspects of nation-building as portrayed in the movies do not match the national rhetoric.

The effects of insulting weight jokes and online comments on explicit and implicit weight-based attitudes • Scott Parrott • This study investigates weight-based disparagement humor, or communication in which one person uses humor to insult another person because he/she is overweight or obese. Decades ago, researchers began examining reasons people enjoy witnessing the ridicule of others. Nevertheless, we remain unclear on whether exposure to disparagement humor informs attitudes concerning the target. This study, an experiment, investigates how exposure to weight-based disparagement humor and normative cues informs explicit and implicit attitudes concerning weight. The data suggest short-term exposure to disparagement humor does not elicit explicit attitude change. However, data suggest that exposure informs implicit affect concerning people who are obese.

Fun versus Meaningful Video Game Experiences: A Qualitative Analysis of User Responses • Ryan Rogers; Julia Woolley; Mary Beth Oliver; Nicholas Bowman; Brett Sherrick, Penn State; Mun-Young Chung, Pennsylvania State University • Traditionally, entertainment research has focused on the hedonic gratifications of media consumption but media scholars have recently begun to expand their focus to include both meaningfulness and enjoyment as orthogonal dimensions of viewer experience. In other words, experiences of enjoyment result from the fulfillment of hedonic needs, such as enhancing positive mood and decreasing negative mood, experiences of meaningfulness result from the fulfillment of eudaimonic needs, such as insight into the human condition or understanding of life truths. Most of these studies are limited to film but this study examines video games. To explore how video games might provide individuals with meaningful experiences, we conducted an online study that implemented open-ended questions. Participants could respond however they saw fit to best explain their answers to the questions. This allowed participants to describe in detail what they felt made a video game meaningful or enjoyable.

If You Can’t Beat Them, Join Them- Hollywood’s Answer to Bollywood Remakes. • Enakshi Roy, Ohio University • This study examines Bollywood remakes of Hollywood movies from a perspective of international law and how it is applied to copyright violations, infringement and fair use in the context of content appropriation. By scrutinizing the four court cases in which a Bollywood producer was sued by a Hollywood studio for content appropriation or infringement this paper analyses how Bollywood gets away with making blatant copies from Hollywood. The analysis reveals that the Indian court system, using tests and standards such as the Merger and Scenes c Faire, the lay observer test and derivative work argument often rule in favor of the Indian movie makers, by considering the remade Bollywood movies are distinct non-infringed products. Getting monetary damages become further difficult as the Hollywood studios find it difficult to prove any loss of income, because Bollywood earnings are lower than Hollywood. The paper explores the possibility of a middle ground where the two movie producing markets could meet. The paper tries to understand movie adaptation from a legal perspective rather than a content creation perspective.

But First, Let Me Take a #selfie: An Examination of Self-objectification and Face-ism on Instagram • Erin Ryan, Kennesaw State University; Cynthia Nichols, Oklahoma State University • Decades of research on face-ism in traditional media consistently report women are more likely to be pictured from a more distant perspective than men, showing more of their bodies. In a cultivation-like manner, women are socialized to believe that their most important characteristics are located in the body. In the online arena, however, individuals have much more control over their image and may self-present in any way they choose. Unfortunately, it appears that online users of social networks are mirroring the traditional, gendered manner of presenting the self. To examine this phenomenon within the framework of self-objectification and impression management on the image-focused social network Instagram, this content analysis used the face-ism index and shot type to determine the facial prominence of 382 female and male posters of selfies. Results indicated that the face-ism effect prevails: women posted significantly more body-centric selfies than men, had a lower degree of facial prominence on the face-ism index than men, and engaged in a duckface pose significantly more often than men. These results conform to traditional media-based theoretical expectations, indicating that Instagram users self-objectify when posting online. Results are discussed in the context of Baumeister and Hutton’s (1987) self-presentation theory and Leary’s (1996) self-presentational tactics.

All I Want for Christmas is You: ‘Tis the Season for Holiday Romance • David Staton, University of Oregon SOJC; Kathleen Ryan, University of Colorado Boulder • This paper looks at tropes found in made-for-television holiday films, using Sontag’s concept of camp and Barthes’ concept of myth. The authors find three tropes, each based prior Christmas theatrical films/stories. While the original films or stories inspired lessons about the need to devote oneself to charity and social justice (A Christmas Carol), the ever-expanding circles of influence an individual’s selfless actions can have on a community (It’s a Wonderful Life), and the importance of faith in humanity (Miracle on 34th Street), the authors argue the made-for-television versions boil down to a different message: the reinforcement of hetero-normative relationships and the myth of true love.

The Intersection of the Disney Princess Phenomenon & Eating Disorders: A Case Study of @BunnieJuice on Twitter • Erin Ryan, Kennesaw State University • The Disney Princess phenomenon has been well documented in recent years, and results of such studies indicate that these characters exert a powerful influence on children’s media and self-identity, defining girlhood in a highly gendered fashion, rife with stereotypical representations. And for girls who have grown up with this princess-like beauty ideal, body dissatisfaction is at an all-time high. Increased media exposure is related to children’s preference for thin adult figures that could represent their future selves. And, unfortunately, social comparison to these figures has resulted in a proliferation of eating disorders. To examine this intersection of the Disney Princess and the prevalence of eating disordered lifestyles, this case study presents a thematic analysis of anonymous Twitter user @BunnieJuice, a self-professed Disney princess fan and active anorexic. Through the analysis of her 11 months of tweets, pictures, and retweets, three overall themes emerged: harmful thinspiration, self-destructive behavior (i.e., starvation, binging, and cutting), and negativity aimed at others. Examples of Disney-inspired tweets include Disney princess thinspo pictures, the use of a Tinker Bell box for her cutting instruments, and quoting from Disney movies to others who have wronged her. @BunnieJuice has clearly co-opted the princess image to justify her eating disordered lifestyle and to motivate herself to continue this behavior.

Gypsies, Tramps & Thieves: Examining Representations of Roma Culture in 70 Years of American Television • Adina Schneeweis, Oakland University; Katie Foss, Middle Tennessee State University • Most Americans have very little first-hand experience with Roma culture, commonly known as Gypsies, and therefore base their perceptions on media representations. Yet news and entertainment media have perpetuated negative stereotypes, disseminating misinformation about this minority group. Further, there is thin anthological attention to the representation of the Roma and Gypsy ethnicity in U.S. media. To examine the evolution of knowledge-production in American TV content, this research examined portrayals of Gypsies and their culture in fictional programs, from 1953 through 2014. The textual analysis of 84 episodes from 35 shows revealed that television has reinforced negative stereotypes, suggesting that Gypsies are consistently different and other, intrinsically inclined to a criminal lifestyle, a closed ethnic community that is resistant to change and has its own internal rules. More recent representations convey that Gypsies may be misunderstood due to their cultural history, yet this depiction is not only considerably less visible than the others, but also emerges as a mere nod toward tolerance, far from a complex narrative of historical trauma.

How do readers contribute to processing of a fictional text? Analyzing readers’ performance of a narrative by using mental models approach • Neelam Sharma • Narrative performance is a process by which readers bring both facts and emotions to construct distinct story worlds into which they can travel. This study advances narrative processing literature by examining readers’ inferential, affective, evaluatory, and self-referential responses to a narrative. Sixteen participants in India read a short fictional story, drew story-related pictures and participated in depth interviews. The study demonstrated that empathy with characters resulted in more evaluation by the readers, and that self-referencing aided in narrative performance.

GIRLS and Sex: A Content Analysis of Sexual Health Depictions in HBO’s GIRLS • Elise Stevens, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Kyla Garret • GIRLS is a fictional comedy-drama show with 4.1 million viewers. It follows Millennial women living in New York City dealing with relationships, sex, and careers. GIRLS has received much attention for its portrayals of sex, dialogue about sexual risk and responsibility, and the inclusion of humor. This systematic, quantitative content analysis of the first three seasons of GIRLS examines sexual behaviors, sexual talk, sexual risk and responsibility, and the usage of humor. Results revealed light kissing to be the most prevalent of all sexual behaviors followed by passionate kissing, intimate touching, and sexual intercourse. Sexual talk was greatest when talking about future sexual actions or interests. Negative emotions due to sex, endorsement of contraceptives, and HIV/STIs had the greatest mentions of risk and responsibility. Additionally, humor was incorporated more frequently in scenes with risk and responsibility. Since humor can increase attention and interest in a topic, implications of GIRLS employing this appeal with risk and responsibility is discussed, especially as GIRLS paves the way for programming like it.

Let’s Just Wait Until It’s on Netflix: Movie Attendance in the Digital Age • Alec Tefertiller, University of Houston • Innovations in digital technology have provided consumers with a variety of screens and portals through which they can access motion picture entertainment. The purpose of this study is to understand what factors motivate consumers to experience a film in the theater versus waiting to see the film at home. Using the uses and gratifications framework coupled with the theory of reasoned action, this study found that affective gratifications exert the biggest influence on theatrical attendance.

Power Women: Exploring the Effects of Political Women on Television • YAOJUN YAN; Peta Long, Syracuse University; Jasmine Vickers, SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY; Hanna Birkhead • This paper explores the intersection between the rise of political women characters in televised narratives and the rise of the number of women in the United States Congress. It examines data collected via an online survey (N=232), which indicates that there is a relationship between audience consumption of several popular entertainment narratives (The Good Wife, House of Cards, Madam Secretary, Parks and Recreation, Scandal, and Veep,) and attitude towards female politicians, and political participation.

2015 Abstracts

Advocates, Guardians, and Promoters: Factors that Influence Community Journalists’ Coverage of Rural Poverty • Michael Clay Carey, Samford University • Incorporating research on structural pluralism and gatekeeping as a framework, this research utilizes interviews with local journalists at four different rural Appalachian community news outlets to consider factors that influence news coverage of poverty. Journalists described external and internal pressures that influenced the gatekeeping process, such as the urge to push for substantive change in their communities, the desire to protect residents viewed as vulnerable, and philosophies about what journalists generally and community journalists specifically should strive to accomplish. The strongly expressed at times conflicting personal motives heavily influenced the presence and tone of social issue, shaping coverage as much as (if not more than) the external pressures described in previous studies of structural pluralism. Often, they led journalists to limit or altogether avoid stories about social need. The problematic nature of that exclusion and strategies journalists might use to reorient coverage of poverty are discussed.

Health News Coverage in Kentucky Newspapers • Molly Burchett, University of Kentucky; Al Cross, University of Kentucky; Melissa Patrick, University of Kentucky • In Kentucky, a state with poor health status, the health coverage in community newspapers deals mainly with health behavior, primarily prevention, but though the state ranks No. 1 or 2 in smoking, very little behavior coverage is devoted to smoking. The broadest source of the coverage is from news releases and other subsidies of the news operation, including wire services. A new, specialized service aimed at rural media provided 1.6 percent of the coverage. Resistance to coverage of localities’ poor health status was illustrated by the paucity and nature of coverage of the annual County Health Rankings.

Community Journalism: Relentlessly Deviant? CATA of Normative Deviance and Localness in American Community Newspaper Websites • Marcus Funk, Sam Houston State University • Computerized content analysis software, or CATA, offers intriguing insight into the publication of normative deviance on the websites of American community and non-local newspapers. CATA of news factors, ANOVAs, and Pearson’s correlations indicate that community newspaper websites remain relentlessly local, but are otherwise as focused on normative deviance as metropolitan and national publications. Put another way: Once localness is established, online community newspaper content is statistically indistinguishable from online metropolitan and national newspaper content.

High Stakes in the High Plains: Attitudes of Rural Editors and Publishers in Areas Facing Depopulation • David Guth, University of Kansas • This survey research focuses on the attitudes of rural newspaper editors and publishers in the U.S. High Plains. The region faces depopulation that threatens the existence of their newspapers and communities. The editors and publishers are comfortable in their potential conflicting roles of community watchdog and booster. While respondents have positive attitudes toward the future of their publications, they are concerned about succession – Who will take their place when they are gone?

Building community through branding at NPR member stations • Joseph Kasko, University of South Carolina • This research is composed of 20 in-depth, qualitative interviews with managers at NPR stations across the U.S. to examine how they are attempting to build a sense of community through branding. The findings suggest public radio stations are promoting the NPR brand and local brand messages to build community. Stations are also promoting brand messages through events, community partnerships and electronic communication.

Cultivating News Coverage: An analysis of California agriculture reporting • Sandra Robinson, Cal State Monterey Bay • Agriculture is one of the largest industries in the world, the United States and California. The industry has an impact on our environment, economy and society. Since the 1950s, information about agriculture topics and issues has decreased in mainstream media, while niche agriculture and trade publications have become more prevalent. Media coverage of this industry matters. Newspapers remain a useful source for agriculture news, as this is often the most local media outlet in prime agriculture areas. This study examines agriculture reporting in select California newspapers and compares data with a previous study of Illinois newspapers. A topical and framing analysis determined California newspapers publish fewer, but longer articles about agriculture. In interviews, editors in both states said the loss of full time reporters is the greatest challenge to news coverage of all types. Both studies indicate a lack of critical coverage of the agriculture industry.

2015 Abstracts